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343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
title of General Gengshi (更始將軍) at the time and who was considered a weak personality, and requested that he be made emperor. Liu Yan initially opposed this move and instead suggested that Liu Xuan carry the title "Prince of Han" first (echoing the founder of the Han dynasty, Emperor Gaozu). The other rebel leaders refused, and in early 23, Liu Xuan was proclaimed emperor. Liu Yan became prime minister. Liu Xiu, along with many other rebel leaders, carried the title "general".
## The Battle of Kunyang.
Liu Xiu would be instrumental in the key victory that sealed Wang Mang's fate. Wang, aware that Gengshi Emperor was becoming a major threat, sent his cousin Wang Yi (王邑) and his prime minister | 9,200 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
Wang Xun (王尋) with what he considered to be overwhelming force, some 430,000 men, intending to crush the newly constituted Han regime. The Han forces were at this point in two groups—one led by Wang Feng (王鳳), Wang Chang (王常), and Liu Xiu, which, in response to the arrival of the Xin forces, withdrew to the small town of Kunyang (昆陽, in modern Ye County, Henan) and one led by Liu Yan, which was still besieging Wancheng. The rebels in Kunyang initially wanted to scatter, but Liu Xiu opposed it; rather, he advocated that they guard Kunyang securely, while he would gather all other available troops in surrounding areas and attack the Xin forces from the outside. After initially rejecting Liu Xiu's | 9,201 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
idea, the Kunyang rebels eventually agreed.
Liu Xiu carried out his action, and when he returned to Kunyang, he began harassing the sieging Xin forces from the outside. Wang Yi and Wang Xun, annoyed, led 10,000 men to attack Liu Xiu and ordered the rest of their troops not to move from their siege locations. Once they engaged in battle, however, after minor losses, the other units were hesitant to assist them, and Liu Xiu killed Wang Xun in battle. Once that happened, the Han forces inside Kunyang burst out of the city and attacked the other Xin units, and the much larger Xin forces suffered a total collapse. The soldiers largely deserted and went home, unable to be gathered again. Wang Yi | 9,202 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
had to withdraw with only several thousand men back to Luoyang. This was a major blow to Xin, psychologically; after this point on, there would be no hope for it.
## Liu Yan's death and Liu Xiu's bare survival.
The very first major incident of infighting in Gengshi Emperor's regime would happen in this time, though. Gengshi Emperor was fearful of Liu Yan's capabilities and keenly aware that many of Liu Yan's followers were angry that he was not made emperor. One, Liu Ji (劉稷), was particularly critical of Gengshi Emperor. Gengshi Emperor arrested Liu Ji and wanted to execute him, but Liu Yan tried to intercede. Gengshi Emperor, encouraged by Li Yi (who had by that point turned against Liu Yan) | 9,203 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
and Zhu Wei (朱鮪), took this opportunity to execute Liu Yan as well.
At this time, Liu Xiu was fighting on the frontlines. When he heard about his brother's death, he quickly left his army and went back to the temporary capital Wancheng to beg forgiveness. When Liu Yan's followers greeted him, he only thanked them but did not speak of his feelings, but rather blamed himself and did not mention of his achievements at Kunyang. He did not dare to mourn his brother. Gengshi Emperor, ashamed of what he had done, spared Liu Xiu and created him the Marquess of Wuxin (武信侯).
Around this time, Liu Xiu married his childhood sweetheart, the famed beauty Yin Lihua. (According to "Hou Han Shu", while much | 9,204 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
younger, when Liu Xiu was visiting the capital Chang'an, he became impressed with the mayor of the capital ("zhijinyu", 執金吾) and, already impressed by Yin's beauty, he made the remarks: "If I were to be an official, I want to be "zhijinyu"; if I were to marry, I want to marry Yin Lihua". He eventually was able to accomplish both of these things and more.)
## Role in reorganization of Gengshi Emperor's regime and dispatch to northern China.
### First Days under the new Emperor.
Soon, Wang Mang's Xin Dynasty and its capital Chang'an fell to the Gengshi Emperor's forces, and Gengshi Emperor was acknowledged by virtually the entire empire as the emperor of the restored Han Dynasty. He initially | 9,205 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
planned to set his capital at Luoyang, and he made Liu Xiu governor of the capital region. Liu Xiu was commissioned to repair the palaces and governmental offices at Luoyang. Of all of the major Han officials following the restoration, Liu Xiu alone quickly showed his talent for organization, and his agency quickly grew to resemble its pre-Wang Mang counterpart.
In any case, Gengshi Emperor's regime was only able to obtain nominal submission from many regions of the empire, and one of the troublesome regions was north of the Yellow River. The Emperor considered dispatching a general to try to pacify the region, and his cousin Liu Ci (劉賜), who had succeeded Liu Yan as prime minister, endorsed | 9,206 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
Liu Xiu for that task. Liu Yan's political enemies, including Li and Zhu, opposed, but after Liu Ci repeatedly endorsed Liu Xiu, the Gengshi Emperor relented and, in autumn 23, he sent Liu Xiu to the region north of the Yellow River.
Liu Xiu was initially met with great gladness by the people north of the Yellow River. It was around this time that Deng Yu joined him (later to be his prime minister); other later important figures who joined him around this time included Feng Yi and Geng Chun (耿純). Deng, seeing that Gengshi Emperor lacked the ability to rule, persuaded Liu Xiu to keep his sights broad and consider eventual independence.
### Northern expedition.
Liu Xiu would soon have a major | 9,207 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
problem on his hand, however, in winter 23, as he faced a pretender for the Han throne. A fortune teller in Handan named Wang Lang claimed to be actually named Liu Ziyu (劉子輿) and a son of Emperor Cheng. He claimed that his mother was a singer in Emperor Cheng's service, and that Empress Zhao Feiyan had tried to kill him after his birth, but that a substitute child was killed indeed. After he spread these rumors among the people, the people of Handan began to believe that he was a genuine son of Emperor Cheng, and the commanderies north of the Yellow River quickly pledged allegiance to him as emperor. In spring 24, Liu Xiu was forced to withdraw to the northern city of Jicheng (modern Beijing). | 9,208 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
Not long after, he faced rebellions in his immediate vicinity, and was nearly killed by rebels who pledged allegiance to Wang. He reached two commanderies in modern central Hebei that were still loyal to Gengshi Emperor—Xindu (信都, roughly modern Hengshui, Hebei), whose governor was Ren Guang (任光), and Herong, (和戎, roughly part of modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei), whose governor was Pi Tong (邳彤). Ren's deputy Li Chong (李忠), Wan Xiu (萬脩) and Liu Zhi (劉植), who was powerful clan in the region, also joined him. Additionally, he began to make Liu Zhi persuade Liu Yang (劉楊) the Prince of Zhending, who held 100,000 troops, to join him. He entered into a political marriage with Guo Shengtong, the niece of | 9,209 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
Liu Yang, and combined his forces. He mobilized their forces and won some major battles against Wang's generals.
Meanwhile, a follower of Liu Xiu, Geng Yan, the son of the governor of Shanggu Commandery (上谷, roughly modern Zhangjiakou, Hebei), had fled back to his father's commandery, and persuaded both his father Geng Kuang (耿況) and the governor of the neighboring Yuyang Commandery (漁陽, roughly modern Beijing), Peng Chong (彭寵), to support Liu Xiu. Geng Yan, being supported by Gen Kuang's deputy Kou Xun (寇恂) and Jing Dan (景丹), and Peng's deputy, Wu Han, led the two commanderies' cavalry and infantry forces south to join Liu Xiu. The combined forces gave Liu Xiu enough strength to make a direct | 9,210 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
assault against Handan, trapping and killing Wang Lang.
After Wang's death, Gengshi Emperor created Liu Xiu the Prince of Xiao and summoned him back to the capital (then moved to Chang'an). Liu Xiu, persuaded by Geng Yan that he should be ready to set out his own course because the people were badly shaken by Gengshi Emperor and his officials' misrule, declined and claimed that the region still needed to be pacified.
# Independence from Gengshi Emperor.
In autumn 24, Liu Xiu, still ostensibly an official under Gengshi Emperor, successfully pacified some of the larger agrarian rebel groups and merged them into his own forces. He also started replacing officials loyal to Gengshi Emperor with | 9,211 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
those loyal to himself. He consolidated his power north of the Yellow River and, as he predicted that the powerful Chimei would destroy Gengshi Emperor's government for him, he waited by for that to happen, not intervening on either side as that conflict was developing. He put Kou Xun in charge of the Henei (modern northern Henan, north of the Yellow River) region and made it the base for food and manpower supplies, while commissioning Deng with an expedition force to the modern Shaanxi region, waiting for the confrontation between Gengshi Emperor and Chimei. In early 25, Deng, on his way west, seized the modern Shanxi region and put it under Liu Xiu's control, before crossing the Yellow River | 9,212 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
into modern Shaanxi.
At this point, territories that Liu Xiu controlled were already impressive, compared to any other regional power in the empire broken apart by civil war—but he still carried just the title Prince of Xiao (which Gengshi Emperor had created him) and still ostensibly was controlling those territories as Gengshi Emperor's deputy, even as he was already engaging militarily against some generals (e.g. Xie Gong – 謝躬) loyal to Gengshi Emperor (During this incident, Liu Xiu succeeded to persuade Ma Wu (馬武), who was the deputy of Xie Gong, to join him.). In summer 25, after repeated urging by his followers, he finally claimed the title of emperor and the right to succeed to the Han | 9,213 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
throne—as Emperor Guangwu.
# Campaign to unify the empire.
## Victory over the Chimei.
Soon after Emperor Guangwu's ascension, his former liege Gengshi Emperor's regime was destroyed by the Chimei, who supported their own pretender to the Han throne, Emperor Liu Penzi. The Chimei leaders, while militarily powerful, were however, even less capable at ruling than Gengshi Emperor, and they soon alienated the people of the Guanzhong (關中, modern central Shaanxi) region, which they had taken over when they overthrew Gengshi Emperor. They pillaged the Guanzhong region for supplies, but as eventually the supplies ran out, they were forced to withdraw east in an attempt to return home (modern Shandong | 9,214 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
and northern Jiangsu). Emperor Guangwu, anticipating this, set up his forces to harass and tire the Chimei out, and then block them off at Yiyang (宜陽, in modern Luoyang, Henan). With their path blocked and their troops exhausted, the Chimei leaders surrendered. Emperor Guangwu spared them, including their puppet pretender Emperor Penzi.
## Gradual victories over other regional powers.
Chimei was the largest of the enemy force that Emperor Guangwu had to deal with in his campaign to reunify the empire under the rule of his Eastern Han Dynasty, but there were a number of regional powers that he had to deal with. These included:
- Liu Yong (劉永), also claiming to be the proper emperor of Han, | 9,215 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
based on his lineage—as the son of Liu Li (劉立), the Prince of Liang under the reigns of Emperor Cheng, Emperor Ai, and Emperor Ping who had been forced by Wang Mang to commit suicide; he controlled the modern eastern Henan and northern Jiangsu region.
- Peng Chong, who had been by this point aggravated by Emperor Guangwu's official Zhu Fu (朱浮) into rebellion (in a rare case of a succession of wrong decisions by Emperor Guangwu—mistakes that he learned from and would not repeat); he claimed the title of the Prince of Yan and controlled the modern Beijing region.
- Zhang Bu (張步), nominally the Prince of Qi under Liu Yong, but who independently controlled the modern Shandong region.
- Wei Xiao | 9,216 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
(隗囂), nominally the commander of the Xizhou (西州) region paying allegiance to Emperor Guangwu, but who independently controlled the modern eastern Gansu region, east of the Yellow River.
- Dou Rong (竇融), nominally the governor of Liang Province (涼州) paying allegiance to Emperor Guangwu, but who independently controlled the modern western Gansu and northern Qinghai region, west of the Yellow River.
- Lu Fang (), who also claimed the name Liu Wenbo (劉文伯) and claimed to be a descendant of Emperor Wu and the proper Han emperor. He, supported by Xiongnu's "Chanyu" Yu (輿), controlled the modern central and western Inner Mongolia region. Some Russian archaeologists have identified a Han-era Chinese-style | 9,217 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
palace unearthed near Abakan (in Southern Siberia) in 1941–45 as Lu Fang's residence after he had left China for the lands of the Xiongnu.
- Gongsun Shu, who proclaimed himself emperor of Chengjia, who controlled the Yi Province, modern Sichuan, Chongqing and parts of Shaanxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan.
Of these powers, Gongsun Shu's Chengjia was wealthy and powerful, but Gongsun was content to maintain his regional empire and not carry out any military expeditions outside his empire. Instead, he sat by as Emperor Guangwu carried out his unification campaign. Emperor Guangwu, hesitant to carry out annihilation campaigns, largely preferred first trying to persuade the regional warlords to submit | 9,218 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
to him. Wei and Dou did in 29, and as they were assisting Eastern Han forces to the north of Chengjia, Gongsun was further discouraged from trying to expand his empire.
Also in 29, Liu Yong's son and heir Liu Yu (劉紆) was defeated by Eastern Han forces and killed. Also in 29, Peng's slaves assassinated him, leading to a collapse of his regime. Zhang, seeing the futility of resistance, surrendered and was created a marquess. By 30, all of eastern China was under Emperor Guangwu's rule.
Wei, seeing that Eastern Han was gradually unifying the empire, inexplicably began considering independence. He tried to persuade Dou to enter into an alliance with him to resist Eastern Han; Dou refused. When | 9,219 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
Eastern Han started considering conquering Chengjia, Wei, apprehensive of the implications of Chengjia's fall, tried to persuade Emperor Guangwu not to carry out a campaign against Chengjia, and later refused to lead his forces south against Chengjia.
Emperor Guangwu, who in any case preferred peaceful resolution, repeatedly wrote both Wei and Gongsun with humble terms, trying to get them to submit to him, promising them titles and honors. Wei continued to nominally submit but act as an independent power, while Gongsun refused outright—but continued to be indecisive and took no actions while Eastern Han's rule was being confirmed throughout the land.
Realizing that neither Wei nor Gongsun | 9,220 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
would voluntarily submit, Emperor Guangwu started a campaign against Wei in summer 30—assisted by Wei's friend Ma Yuan, who had served as Wei's liaison officer to Emperor Guangwu and had tried in vain to persuade him not to take the course of independence. In response, Wei formally submitted to Gongsun and accepted a princely title—Prince of Shuoning—from him, and also tried to persuade Dou to join him. Dou refused, and attacked Wei in coordination with Emperor Guangwu's forces. After some initial successes, Wei's small independent regime eventually collapsed under overwhelming force and was reduced severely. In 33, Wei died and was succeeded by his son Wei Chun (隗純). In winter 34, Shuoning's | 9,221 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
capital Luomen (落門, in modern Tianshui, Gansu) fell, and Wei Chun surrendered.
Emperor Guangwu then turned his attention to Chengjia. He commissioned his generals Wu Han, Cen Peng (岑彭), Lai She (來歙), and Gai Yan (蓋延) to go on a two-pronged attack on Chengjia—Wu and Cen leading an army and a navy up the Yangtze river from modern Hubei, while Lai and Gai led an army south from modern Shaanxi. Instead of fighting the Eastern Han expedition on the battlefield, Gongsun tried to repel them by assassinating their generals—and he was initially successful, assassinating Cen and Lai and temporarily causing the Eastern Han forces to halt. However, Eastern Han forces regrouped, and in 36 they had Gongsun | 9,222 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
surrounded in his capital Chengdu (成都, modern Chengdu, Sichuan). However, initial attempts to siege the city was unsuccessful, and Wu, then in command of the expeditory force, considered withdrawing. Persuaded by his lieutenant Zhang Kan (張堪) that Gongsun was in desperate straits, however, Wu tricked Gongsun into believing that the Eastern Han forces were collapsing from fatigue, drawing him out of the city and engaging in battle. Gongsun was mortally wounded in battle, and Chengdu surrendered in winter 36. Liu's general Wu Han then killed more than 10,000 people.
After Chengjia's fall, Dou turned over the lands under his control to Emperor Guangwu in 36, and was made prime controller. Lu, | 9,223 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
after initially submitting to Emperor Guangwu and made the Prince of Dai (as Emperor Guangwu maintained the fiction that Lu was actually from imperial lineage), eventually rebelled again, but, unable to succeed, eventually fled to Xiongnu in 42. The empire was entirely under Emperor Guangwu's rule. During the wartime, Liu's general Geng Yan massacred 300 cities.
# Reign over unified empire.
Although Emperor Guangwu had already created many of his generals and officials marquesses, in 37, after the conquest of the empire was largely complete, he readjusted their marches in accordance with their accomplishments. He also considered what would be the best way to preserve the relationships between | 9,224 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
him and his generals and to protect their title and position so he therefore resolved to give the generals large marches but not give them official positions in his government. He rewarded them with great wealth and often listened to their advice, but rarely put them in positions of authority. He thereby reduced friction between him and his generals, thus allowing for their relationships to be preserved. In this, he was matched perhaps only by Emperor Taizu of Song (Zhao Kuangyin).
As the emperor of the unified empire, Emperor Guangwu's reign was marked by thriftiness, efficiency, and laxity of laws. For example, in 38, his official Liang Tong (梁統) submitted a petition to restore the criminal | 9,225 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
laws of late Western Han Dynasty—which were far more severe. After discussion with other officials, Emperor Guangwu tabled Liang's suggestion. But he is the one started order servants in the inner palace must be eunuchs.
Emperor Guangwu, however, had to deal with two campaigns against non-Chinese peoples. In 40, a Vietnamese woman named Trưng Trắc (Chinese: Zheng Ce (徵側)) and her sister Trưng Nhị (Chinese: Zheng Er (徵貳)) rebelled. Trưng Trắc claimed the title of queen, and she ruled over an independent kingdom for several years. In 41, Emperor Guangwu sent Ma Yuan against the Trưng sisters. In 43, he defeated the Trưng sisters and killed them. (According to Vietnamese historians, they committed | 9,226 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
suicide by drowning.)
Emperor Guangwu also had to deal with periodic minor battles against the Xiongnu to the north. However, throughout his reign, there were no major wars with Xiongnu. Nevertheless, because of raids by Xiongnu, Wuhuan, and Xianbei, the northern commanderies became largely unpopulated, as the people suffered great casualties and also fled to more southerly lands.
With these engagements, Emperor Guangwu declined yet another foreign engagement. In 46, many Xiyu (modern Xinjiang and former Soviet central Asia) kingdoms were suffering under the hegemony of one of the kingdoms, Shache (Yarkand). They petitioned Emperor Guangwu to again reestablish the Western Han post of the governor | 9,227 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
of Xiyu. Emperor Guangwu declined, stating that his empire was so lacking in strength at the time that he could not expend efforts to protect Xiyu kingdoms. In response, the Xiyu kingdoms submitted to Xiongnu.
# Marital and succession issues.
As alluded above, while still under Gengshi Emperor, Emperor Guangwu married his childhood sweetheart Yin Lihua. Later, in 24, while he was on his expedition north of the Yellow River, he entered into a political marriage with Guo Shengtong (郭聖通), the niece of a regional warlord, Liu Yang (劉楊) the Prince of Zhending. In 25, Guo bore him a son, Liu Jiang (劉疆).
In 26, Emperor Guangwu was prepared to create an empress, and he favored his first love, Yin. | 9,228 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
However, Yin had not yet had a son by that point, and she declined the empress position and endorsed Guo. Emperor Guangwu therefore created Guo empress and her son Prince Jiang crown prince.
By 41, however, Empress Guo had long lost the emperor's favor. She continuously complained about that fact, and this angered Emperor Guangwu. In 41, he deposed her and created Yin empress instead. Rather than imprisoning Guo (as is often the fate of deposed empresses), however, he created her son Liu Fu (劉輔) the Prince of Zhongshan and created her the Princess Dowager of Zhongshan. He made her brother Guo Kuang (郭況) an important official and, perhaps as a form of alimony, rewarded him with great wealth.
Not | 9,229 |
343279 | Emperor Guangwu of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Guangwu%20of%20Han | Emperor Guangwu of Han
having the heart to depose mother and son, Emperor Guangwu initially left Guo's son, Crown Prince Jiang, as crown prince. Crown Prince Jiang, however, realizing that his position was precarious, repeatedly offered to step down. In 43, Emperor Guangwu agreed and created Liu Yang (劉陽), the oldest son of Empress Yin, crown prince instead. Former Crown Prince Jiang was created the Prince of Donghai. He also changed Prince Yang's name to Zhuang (莊).
# Late reign.
In 47, an opportunity arose with regard to Xiongnu. Xiongnu had a succession dispute, pitting the current chanyu, Punu (蒲奴) against his cousin Bi (比), the son of a former chanyu. In 48, Bi also claimed the title of chanyu, and submitted | 9,230 |
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to Emperor Guangwu's authority. Punu also submitted, in response, and the divided Xiongnu stopped waging war against Han.
In 49, a rare blot on Emperor Guangwu's rule occurred. He had once again commissioned Ma Yuan to go on an expedition—against the indigenous people of the Wulin Commandery (modern northwestern Hunan and eastern Guizhou), who had rebelled. While Ma was on the expedition, however, a number of Ma's political enemies made false accusations against Ma. Emperor Guangwu, believing these accusations, began investigating Ma, who happened to die of illness while on the campaign. With Ma dead and unable to defend himself, Emperor Guangwu stripped Ma of his marquess title and denounced | 9,231 |
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him posthumously. (Ma's reputation was not restored until his daughter later became empress to Emperor Guangwu's son Emperor Ming.)
In 57, Emperor Guangwu died. He was succeeded by Crown Prince Zhuang, who ascended the throne as Emperor Ming.
# Era names.
- Jianwu (建武 py. jiàn wŭ): 25–56
- Jianwuzhongyuan (建武中元 py. jiàn wŭ zhōng yuán): 56–58
# Family.
- Parents:
- Liu Qin (; d. 3), a great great grandson of Liu Fa, the sixth son of Liu Qi
- Lady, of the Fan clan (; d. 22), personal name Xiandou ()
- Consorts and Issue:
- Empress Guanglie, of the Yin clan (; 5–64), personal name Lihua ()
- Liu Zhuang, Emperor Xiaoming (; 28–75), fourth son
- Liu Cang, Prince Xian of Dongping (; d. | 9,232 |
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83), sixth son
- Princess Nieyang (), personal name Zhongli (), second daughter
- Married Dou Gu of Fufeng, Marquis Xianqin (; d. 88)
- Liu Jing, Prince Si of Guangling (; d. 67), eighth son
- "Liu Heng, Duke Huai of Linhuai" (; d. 41), ninth son
- Liu Jing, Prince Xiao of Langya (; d. 81), 11th son
- Empress, of the Guo clan (; d. 52), fifth cousin, personal name Shengtong ()
- Liu Qiang, Prince Gong of Donghai (; 25–58), first son
- Liu Fu, Prince Xian of Pei (; d. 84), second son
- Liu Kang, Prince An of Jinan (; d. 97), fifth son
- Princess Guantao (; d. 73), personal name Hongfu (), third daughter
- Married Han Guang (; d. 73), and had issue (one son)
- Liu Yan, Prince Zhi of | 9,233 |
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Fuling (; d. 89), seventh son
- Liu Yan, Prince Jian of Zhongshan (; 39–90), tenth son
- "Meiren", of the Xu clan (; d. 86)
- Liu Ying, Prince Chu (; d. 71), third son
- Unknown
- Princess Wuyang (), personal name Yiwang (), first daughter
- Married Liang Song, Marquis Ling (), and had issue (one son)
- Princess Yuyang (), personal name Liliu (), fourth daughter
- Married Guo Huang, Marquis Yang'an (; d. 92) in 52
- Princess Liyi (; d. 59), personal name Shou (), fifth daughter
- Married Yin Feng (; d. 59)
# See also.
- 1. Family tree of the Han Dynasty
- 2. Resurgence of Guangwu
# References.
- Bielenstein, Hans. (1986). "Wang Mang, the Restoration of the Han Dynasty, and Later | 9,234 |
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'an (; d. 92) in 52
- Princess Liyi (; d. 59), personal name Shou (), fifth daughter
- Married Yin Feng (; d. 59)
# See also.
- 1. Family tree of the Han Dynasty
- 2. Resurgence of Guangwu
# References.
- Bielenstein, Hans. (1986). "Wang Mang, the Restoration of the Han Dynasty, and Later Han", in "The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220", 223–290. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
- "Zizhi Tongjian" by Sima Guang, vols. 38–44 (original available at ), and Modern Chinese Edition edited by Bo Yang (Taipei, 1982–1989).
- "Hou Han Shu" by Fan Ye, vol. 1 (Biography of Emperor Guangwu), . | 9,235 |
343284 | Igo Gruden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Igo%20Gruden | Igo Gruden
Igo Gruden
Igo Gruden (18 April 1893 – 29 November 1948) was a Slovene poet and translator.
He was born as Ignacij Gruden in the small fishing village of Aurisina near Trieste, then part of the Austro-Hungarian County of Gorizia and Gradisca (now in Italy) as first of ten children of Franc Gruden and Justina Košuta. He attended high schools in Trieste and Gorizia, and then studied law in Vienna and Graz. During World War I, he served in the Austro-Hungarian Army and fought in the Battles of the Isonzo, where he was seriously injured. After the war, he continued his studies in Prague, graduating in 1921. The same year, he moved to Ljubljana, then part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, | 9,236 |
343284 | Igo Gruden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Igo%20Gruden | Igo Gruden
where he practiced law.
In the 1920s and 1930s, he was active in spreading the anti-Fascist sentiment among Slovene intellectuals. In 1922, he was arrested by the Italian authorities while visiting his native village, which was then under Italian jurisdiction. He was released after the intervention of the Yugoslav authorities. In Ljubljana, Gruden soon became part of the local left liberal intellectual circles. He collaborated with renowned journals such as "Ljubljanski zvon" and "Sodobnost", and frequented authors such as Josip Vidmar, Juš Kozak, Ferdo Kozak, Fran Albreht, Stanko Leben, Lojze Ude and Anton Vodnik.
During World War II, he collaborated with the Liberation Front of the Slovene | 9,237 |
343284 | Igo Gruden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Igo%20Gruden | Igo Gruden
Nation, and was interned by the Italian occupation forces to the Rab concentration camp. After the Italian armistice, he joined the Partisan resistance. After the war, he worked at the Slovenian section of the Yugoslav Radio in Belgrade, together with Matej Bor and Anton Ingolič. He died in Ljubljana and was buried in the Žale cemetery.
Gruden's poetry was influenced mostly by the Slovene Modern (), particularly Oton Župančič and Dragotin Kette. He was also heavily influenced by Gabriele D'Annunzio and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson. Initially, he followed the vitalist trend, but later moved to more reflexive poetry. During World War II, he published many poems describing the daily life in concentration | 9,238 |
343284 | Igo Gruden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Igo%20Gruden | Igo Gruden
ith Matej Bor and Anton Ingolič. He died in Ljubljana and was buried in the Žale cemetery.
Gruden's poetry was influenced mostly by the Slovene Modern (), particularly Oton Župančič and Dragotin Kette. He was also heavily influenced by Gabriele D'Annunzio and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson. Initially, he followed the vitalist trend, but later moved to more reflexive poetry. During World War II, he published many poems describing the daily life in concentration camps.
# See also.
- Slovene literature
# References.
- Janko Kos, "Slovenska književnost" (Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, 1982), 102–103.
# External links.
- Slovenski pesnik - IGO GRUDEN at users.volja.net (page is in Slovene language) | 9,239 |
343288 | Jorge de Montemor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jorge%20de%20Montemor | Jorge de Montemor
Jorge de Montemor
Jorge de Montemor () (1520? – 26 February 1561) was a Portuguese novelist and poet, who wrote almost exclusively in Spanish. His most famous work is a pastoral prose romance, the "Diana" (1559).
# Biography.
He was born at Montemor-o-Velho (near Coimbra), whence he derived his name, the Spanish form of which is Montemayor.
He seems to have studied music in his youth, and to have gone to Spain in 1543 as chorister in the suite of the Portuguese Infanta Maria, first wife of Philip II. In 1552 he went back to Portugal in the suite of the Infanta Juana, wife of João Manuel, Prince of Portugal, and on the death of this prince in 1554 returned to Spain. He is said to have served | 9,240 |
343288 | Jorge de Montemor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jorge%20de%20Montemor | Jorge de Montemor
in the army, to have accompanied Philip II to England in 1555, and to have travelled in Italy and the Low Countries; but it is certain that his poetical works were published at Antwerp in 1554, and again in 1558.
His reputation is based on a prose work, the "Diana", a pastoral romance published about 1559. Shortly afterwards Montemor was killed in Piedmont, apparently in a love affair; a late edition of the "Diana" gives the exact date of his death. The "Diana" is generally stated to have been printed at Valencia in 1542; but, as the "Canto de Orfeo" refers to the widowhood of the Infanta Juana in 1554, the book must be of later date.
It is important as the first pastoral novel published in | 9,241 |
343288 | Jorge de Montemor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jorge%20de%20Montemor | Jorge de Montemor
Spain; as the starting-point of a widespread literary fashion; and as the indirect source, through the translation included in Googe's "Eglogs, epytaphes and sonnets" (1563), of an episode in "The Two Gentlemen of Verona". Though Portuguese was Montemor's native language, he only used it for two songs and a short prose passage in the sixth book of the "Diana". His mastery of Spanish is amazing, and even Cervantes, who judges the verses in the "Diana" with unaccustomed severity, recognizes the remarkable merit of Montemor's prose style. That he pleased his own generation is proved by the seventeen editions and two continuations of the "Diana" published in the 16th century, by parodies, imitations | 9,242 |
343288 | Jorge de Montemor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jorge%20de%20Montemor | Jorge de Montemor
ad literary fashion; and as the indirect source, through the translation included in Googe's "Eglogs, epytaphes and sonnets" (1563), of an episode in "The Two Gentlemen of Verona". Though Portuguese was Montemor's native language, he only used it for two songs and a short prose passage in the sixth book of the "Diana". His mastery of Spanish is amazing, and even Cervantes, who judges the verses in the "Diana" with unaccustomed severity, recognizes the remarkable merit of Montemor's prose style. That he pleased his own generation is proved by the seventeen editions and two continuations of the "Diana" published in the 16th century, by parodies, imitations and renderings in French and English. | 9,243 |
343289 | Fairhaven, Bellingham, Washington | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fairhaven,%20Bellingham,%20Washington | Fairhaven, Bellingham, Washington
Fairhaven, Bellingham, Washington
Fairhaven (or the Fairhaven Village) was a settlement in Washington state founded in the late 1880s. In 1903 it became part of the city of Bellingham.
# Description.
The Fairhaven area is situated on the south side of Bellingham, and borders Bellingham Bay on the west and Western Washington University on the northeast.
Since 1989 Fairhaven has been the southernmost terminus of the Alaska Marine Highway System, Alaska's state run ferry system. The Bellingham Cruise Terminal is also the departure point for summer passenger ferry service to the San Juan Islands and Victoria, British Columbia, Canada operated by Victoria/San Juan Cruises. Nearby is Fairhaven | 9,244 |
343289 | Fairhaven, Bellingham, Washington | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fairhaven,%20Bellingham,%20Washington | Fairhaven, Bellingham, Washington
Station, a small transportation hub which serves as Bellingham's "Amtrak Cascades" station stop as well as the Greyhound bus depot. Connections can be made to local taxis or local transit. Whatcom Transportation Authority recently upgraded Fairhaven's bus service to every 15 minutes as part of its Red Line.
Fairhaven also plays outdoor movies every weekend during the summer at the Pickford Outdoor Cinema in Fairhaven's historical district.
## Historical district.
In the center of the Fairhaven area is the Fairhaven Historical District, which features a seasonal farmer's market as well as numerous restaurants and shops. The district is a popular tourist destination. All newly constructed buildings | 9,245 |
343289 | Fairhaven, Bellingham, Washington | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fairhaven,%20Bellingham,%20Washington | Fairhaven, Bellingham, Washington
are required to conform in outward appearance to the community's traditional 19th-century style as defined by Bellingham Municipal Code, Design Review District, section 20.26.
# History.
First arriving in the area in 1854, Daniel J. Harris bought property along the coast and founded the town of Fairhaven in 1883. By 1889, he had sold all his interests to developers such as Nelson Bennett and C. X. Larrabee, who were intent on building Fairhaven into a major city on the scale of Seattle or Tacoma.
Fairhaven, like many other coastal Washington cities, competed with other Washington cities for the position of terminal city of the Great Northern Railroad, but that title ultimately fell on Seattle. | 9,246 |
343289 | Fairhaven, Bellingham, Washington | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fairhaven,%20Bellingham,%20Washington | Fairhaven, Bellingham, Washington
During this period of competitiveness, which lasted from the late 1870s through mid-1880s, Fairhaven adopted its iconic 19th century style and took on an aesthetic appeal to architecture and design. Even after it was decided that Seattle would house the Great Northern Railroad terminal, population and aesthetically-minded construction continued to boom until the late 1890s. Fairhaven was officially incorporated on May 13, 1890. On October 27, 1903, citizens of Fairhaven and citizens of two neighboring cities on Bellingham Bay, Whatcom City and Sehome, voted to consolidate into one city named Bellingham. On December 28, 1903 the new city of Bellingham was officially established.
Fairhaven is | 9,247 |
343289 | Fairhaven, Bellingham, Washington | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fairhaven,%20Bellingham,%20Washington | Fairhaven, Bellingham, Washington
w city of Bellingham was officially established.
Fairhaven is also known for its historical ties to salmon canning, and from the late 1800s through to the 1940s was the home of numerous salmon canning operations, employing as many as 4,500 workers in the area. In the 1940s the Pacific American Fisheries was headquartered in Fairhaven, and was known as the largest salmon canning operation in the world.
# See also.
- Fairhaven Station
# External links.
- Fairhaven Historic District, City of Bellingham. Much historical detail and building-by-building description.
- fairhaven.com
- Fairhaven Neighbors (official website)
- Whatcom Museum History of Bellingham
- Bellingham Tourism website | 9,248 |
343292 | William Small | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Small | William Small
William Small
William Small (13 October 1734 – 25 February 1775) was a Scottish physician and a professor of natural philosophy at the College of William and Mary in Virginia, where he became an influential mentor for Thomas Jefferson.
William Small was born in Carmyllie, Angus, Scotland, the son of a Presbyterian minister, James Small and his wife Lillias Scott, and younger brother to Dr Robert Small. He attended Dundee Grammar School, and Marischal College, University of Aberdeen where he received an MA in 1755. In 1758, he was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, then one of Britain’s American colonies.
Small is known for | 9,249 |
343292 | William Small | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Small | William Small
being Thomas Jefferson's professor at William and Mary, and for having an influence on the young Jefferson. Small introduced him to members of Virginia society who were to have an important role in Jefferson's life, including George Wythe a leading jurist in the colonies and Francis Fauquier, the Governor of Virginia.
Recalling his years as a student, Thomas Jefferson described Small as:
a man profound in most of the useful branches of science, with a happy talent of communication, correct and gentlemanly manners, and a large and liberal mind... from his conversation I got my first views of the expansion of science and of the system of things in which we are placed.
In 1764 Small returned | 9,250 |
343292 | William Small | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Small | William Small
to Britain, with a letter of introduction to Matthew Boulton from Benjamin Franklin. Through this connection Small was elected to the Lunar Society, a prestigious club of scientists and industrialists.
In 1765 he received his MD and established a medical practice in Birmingham, and shared a house with the physician John Ash who was the chief campaigner for the Birmingham infirmary. Small was Boulton's physician and became a close friend of Erasmus Darwin, Thomas Day, James Keir, James Watt, Anna Seward and others connected with the Lunar Society. He was one of the best-liked members of the society and an active contributor to their debates.
He helped to bring the Theatre Royal to Birmingham | 9,251 |
343292 | William Small | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Small | William Small
in 1774 and together with Ash was involved in planning and building a hospital that was not completed until 1779, as Birmingham General Hospital.
Small died in Birmingham on 25 February 1775 from malaria contracted during his stay in Virginia. He is buried in St. Philip's church yard, Birmingham.
The William Small Physical Laboratory, which houses the Physics department at the College of William & Mary, is named in his honour.
# References.
- Walcot, Patrick A Sketch of the Life of Dr William Small and his relationship with Matthew Boulton and James Watt. 2016
# Further reading.
- Ganter, Herbert L. "William Small, Jefferson's Beloved Teacher" William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. | 9,252 |
343292 | William Small | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Small | William Small
nvolved in planning and building a hospital that was not completed until 1779, as Birmingham General Hospital.
Small died in Birmingham on 25 February 1775 from malaria contracted during his stay in Virginia. He is buried in St. Philip's church yard, Birmingham.
The William Small Physical Laboratory, which houses the Physics department at the College of William & Mary, is named in his honour.
# References.
- Walcot, Patrick A Sketch of the Life of Dr William Small and his relationship with Matthew Boulton and James Watt. 2016
# Further reading.
- Ganter, Herbert L. "William Small, Jefferson's Beloved Teacher" William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 4, No. 4 (Oct., 1947), pp. 505–511 | 9,253 |
343293 | Howard Nemerov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard%20Nemerov | Howard Nemerov
Howard Nemerov
Howard Nemerov (February 29, 1920 – July 5, 1991) was an American poet. He was twice Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress, from 1963 to 1964 and again from 1988 to 1990. For "The Collected Poems of Howard Nemerov" (1977), he won the National Book Award for Poetry,
Pulitzer Prize for Poetry,
and Bollingen Prize.
Nemerov was brother to photographer Diane Nemerov Arbus and father to art historian Alexander Nemerov, Professor of the History of Art and American Studies at Stanford University.
# Biography.
Born on Leap Day in New York City, his parents were David Nemerov and Gertrude. The Nemerovs were a Russian Jewish couple who lived in New York City | 9,254 |
343293 | Howard Nemerov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard%20Nemerov | Howard Nemerov
and owned Russeks, a Fifth Avenue department store. His younger sisters were the photographer Diane Arbus and sculptor/painter Renee Nemerov Sparkia Brown. The elder Nemerov's talents and interests extended to art connoisseurship, painting, philanthropy, and photography — talents and interests undoubtedly influential upon his son. Young Howard was raised in a sophisticated New York City environment where he attended the Society for Ethical Culture's Fieldston School. Graduated in 1937 as an outstanding student and second string team football fullback, he commenced studies at Harvard University where, in 1940, he was Bowdoin Essayist and he received bachelor's degree at this university. Throughout | 9,255 |
343293 | Howard Nemerov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard%20Nemerov | Howard Nemerov
World War II, he served as a pilot, first in the Royal Canadian Air Force and later the U. S. Army Air Forces. He married in 1944, and after the war, having earned the rank of first lieutenant, returned to New York with his wife to complete his first book.
Nemerov then began teaching, first at Hamilton College and later at Bennington College, Brandeis University, and finally Washington University in St. Louis, where he was Edward Mallinckrodt Distinguished University Professor of English and Distinguished Poet in Residence from 1969 until his death in 1991. In 1999, Washington University dedicated a dormitory, The Howard Nemerov House, to him. Nemerov's numerous collections of poetry include | 9,256 |
343293 | Howard Nemerov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard%20Nemerov | Howard Nemerov
"Trying Conclusions: New and Selected Poems, 1961-1991" (University of Chicago Press, 1991); "The Collected Poems of Howard Nemerov" (1977), which won the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, and the Bollingen Prize; "The Winter Lightning: Selected Poems" (1968); "Mirrors and Windows" (1958); "The Salt Garden" (1955); and "The Image and the Law" (1947). His novels have also been commended; they include "The Homecoming Game" (1957), "Federigo: Or the Power of Love" (1954), and "The Melodramatists" (1949).
Nemerov received many awards and honors, among them fellowships from The Academy of American Poets and The Guggenheim Foundation, a National Endowment for the Arts grant, the National Medal | 9,257 |
343293 | Howard Nemerov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard%20Nemerov | Howard Nemerov
of Arts, the Bollingen Prize for Poetry, the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates, and the first Aiken Taylor Award for Modern American Poetry.
Nemerov served as poetry consultant to the Library of Congress in 1963 and 1964, as a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets beginning in 1976, and two terms as poet laureate of the United States from 1988 to 1990. In 1990 he was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame. Nemerov died of cancer in 1991 in University City, Missouri. The Howard Nemerov Sonnet Award was instituted in 1994 to honor him, and by 2008 about 3000 sonnets were entered annually in the associated competition.
# Poetry.
Nemerov's work | 9,258 |
343293 | Howard Nemerov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard%20Nemerov | Howard Nemerov
is formalist. He wrote almost exclusively in fixed forms and meter. While he is known for his meticulousness and refined technique, his work also has a reputation for being witty and playful. He is compared to John Hollander and Philip Larkin.
"A Primer of the Daily Round" is his most frequently anthologized poem, and highly representative of Nemerov's poetic style. It is an archetypal Elizabethan sonnet, demonstrative of the prosodic creativity for which Nemerov is famous. Another widely appreciated poem is "The War in the Air," which draws on his wartime experience as a pilot.
Nemerov's "Because You Asked about the Line between Prose and Poetry" is frequently taught as an example of an Ars | 9,259 |
343293 | Howard Nemerov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard%20Nemerov | Howard Nemerov
Poetica as it describes the nearly imperceptible change between rain and snow while still maintaining the formal poetic elements of rhyme and meter. A critical review by Mary Kinzie said of it: "the poem imperceptibly thickens itself out of the stream of prose."
Nemerov also published a short story in the book "Stories Selected from the Unexpected" by Bennett Cerf under the pseudonym Joseph Cross called "Exchange of Men". http://www.philsp.com/homeville/anth/s194.htm
# Bibliography.
## Poetry collections.
- "The Image and the Law" (1947)
- "Guide to the Ruins" (1950)
- "The Vacuum" (1955)
- "The Salt Garden" (1955)
- "Mirrors and Windows" (1958)
- "The Next Room of The Dream: Poems | 9,260 |
343293 | Howard Nemerov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard%20Nemerov | Howard Nemerov
and Two Plays" (1962)
- "The Blue Swallows" (1967)
- "The Winter Lightning: Selected Poems" (1968)
- "Gnomes & Occasions: Poems" (1973) University of Chicago Press
- "The Collected Poems of Howard Nemerov" (1977) —winner of the National Book Award, Pulitzer Prize, and Bollingen Prize
- "Sentences" (1980)
- "Inside the Onion" (1984)
- "War Stories: Poems about Long Ago and Now" (1987)
- "Trying Conclusions: New and Selected Poems, 1961-1991" (1992)
- "Grace to be Said at the Supermarket"
- "The War in the Air"
## Prose.
- "The Melodramatists" (1949)
- "Federigo: Or the Power of Love" (1954)
- "The Homecoming Game" (1957)
- "The Commodity of Dreams and Other Stories" (1959)
- "Journal | 9,261 |
343293 | Howard Nemerov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard%20Nemerov | Howard Nemerov
ame" (1957)
- "The Commodity of Dreams and Other Stories" (1959)
- "Journal of the Fictive Life" (1965)
- "Stories, Fables and Other Diversions" (1971)
## Literary scholarship.
- "The Oak in the Acorn: On "Remembrance of Things Past" and on Teaching Proust, Who Will Never Learn" (1987)
# External links.
- Academy of American Poets - Biographical Sketch and Links to Poetry
- Poet Laureate Timeline: 1961-1970
- Poetry Foundation - Biography and Links to Poetry
- The Howard Nemerov Papers at Washington University in St. Louis
- St. Louis Walk of Fame
- Howard Nemerov "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Skylark" The Baltimore Museum of Art: Baltimore, Maryland, 1964 Accessed June 26, 2012 | 9,262 |
343300 | Emperor Ming of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Ming%20of%20Han | Emperor Ming of Han
Emperor Ming of Han
Emperor Ming of Han (15June 28– 5September 75), born and also known as and as , was the second emperor of China's Eastern Han Dynasty.
He was the fourth son and second crown prince of Emperor Guangwu. It was during Emperor Ming's reign that Buddhism began to spread into China.
Emperor Ming was a hard-working, able administrator of the empire who showed integrity and demanded integrity from his officials. He also established the control of the Chinese Empire on the Tarim Basin and eradicated the Xiongnu influence there, through the conquests of his general Ban Chao.
The reigns of Emperor Ming and his son Emperor Zhang were typically considered the golden age of the Eastern | 9,263 |
343300 | Emperor Ming of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Ming%20of%20Han | Emperor Ming of Han
Han Empire and known as the Rule of Ming and Zhang.
# Family background.
Liu Yang was born in 28 to Emperor Guangwu and his first love, Consort Yin Lihua. Emperor Guangwu, then still an official under Gengshi Emperor, had married Yin in 23 and, after he became emperor in 25, had wanted to create her empress, but she declined because she had no sons at that point. Instead, she endorsed Consort Guo, who had already had a son (Liu Jiang (劉疆)), and Emperor Guangwu created Consort Guo empress and Prince Jiang crown prince in 26. However, Prince Yang's birth in 28 was still considered a major event.
# As Duke/Prince of Donghai and crown prince.
In 39, Emperor Guangwu created all of his sons, other | 9,264 |
343300 | Emperor Ming of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Ming%20of%20Han | Emperor Ming of Han
than Crown Prince Jiang, dukes, and Prince Yang was created the Duke of Donghai. He quickly became known for his intelligence even in his young age, and he often made quick judgments of situations that turned out to be correct. Emperor Guangwu became very impressed with him.
At the age of 41, Empress Guo had lost favor, and her constant complaints angered Emperor Guangwu. In 41, he deposed her and made Duke Yang's mother Consort Yin empress instead. All of the imperial dukes were promoted to princes to accommodate Emperor Guangwu's new title for Empress Guo—Princess Dowager of Zhongshan (after appointing her son Liu Fu (劉輔) the Prince of Zhongshan); Duke Yang was created the Prince of Donghai.
After | 9,265 |
343300 | Emperor Ming of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Ming%20of%20Han | Emperor Ming of Han
Empress Guo was deposed, her son, Crown Prince Jiang, became apprehensive about remaining crown prince, and repeatedly requested to be replaced. Emperor Guangwu was initially hesitant to depose both mother and son, but in 43, he resolved to swap Princes Jiang's and Yang's positions. He created Prince Jiang the Prince of Donghai, and created Prince Yang crown prince. At this time, he also changed Prince Yang's name to Zhuang, perhaps because Yang (which means "sun") is such a commonly used character that the law of naming taboo would cause the people too much trouble. The new name was not without its own problems, and many members of the Zhuang clan were forced to change their names.
In 51, | 9,266 |
343300 | Emperor Ming of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Ming%20of%20Han | Emperor Ming of Han
the woman who would eventually become his empress – Consort Ma, the youngest daughter of famed general Ma Yuan – would become a consort of his. She was 12, and he was 23. She would become a favorite of his, but never bore a son. Her niece (the daughter of her older sister), Consort Jia, also a consort of Crown Prince Zhuang, did give birth to a child—Liu Da (劉炟). At Crown Prince Zhuang's direction, Consort Ma adopted Consort Jia's son as her own.
As crown prince, Crown Prince Zhuang was often requested by Emperor Guangwu to render opinions in important matters. In 51, he was involved in making a major correct decision in Han's relationship with Xiongnu. By that point, Xiongnu had a civil war | 9,267 |
343300 | Emperor Ming of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Ming%20of%20Han | Emperor Ming of Han
and divided into two—with North Xiongnu ruled by Chanyu Punu (蒲奴) and South Xiongnu ruled by Chanyu Bi (比). Han had become allied with South Xiongnu, and in response, Chanyu Punu, also wanting peace with Han, requested a "heqin" marriage. Prince Zhuang suggested that Emperor Guangwu refuse the proposal, reasoning that North Xiongnu had only made the proposal to alienate South Xiongnu from Han. Emperor Guangwu agreed.
In 57, Emperor Guangwu died, and Crown Prince Zhuang succeeded to the throne as Emperor Ming.
# Early reign.
Emperor Ming quickly established himself as a diligent and capable administrator of the empire. He did many things to try to stamp out corrupt officials, often putting | 9,268 |
343300 | Emperor Ming of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Ming%20of%20Han | Emperor Ming of Han
them to death if they were discovered.
One thing traditional historians praised him for was his fair treatment of his brothers by the deposed Empress Guo, treating them as if they were also born of his mother Empress Dowager Yin. In 58, when his older brother, Prince Jiang of Donghai (the former crown prince) died, he ordered that the princes and major officials to attend Prince Jiang's funeral—a highly unusual honor—at Lucheng (魯城, in modern Jining, Shandong), the capital of Donghai.
In 59, at the suggestion of his brother Liu Cang (劉蒼) the Prince of Dongping, Emperor Ming instituted a number of Confucian rituals, in which the emperor personally honored the officials who had helped him, to | 9,269 |
343300 | Emperor Ming of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Ming%20of%20Han | Emperor Ming of Han
show humility.
In 60, he created his favorite Consort Ma (who was also a favorite of his mother Empress Dowager Yin) empress, and created her adopted son Prince Da crown prince.
The same year, to honour the generals and officials who had assisted his father Emperor Guangwu in reestablishing the Han Dynasty, Emperor Ming, perhaps echoing what Emperor Xuan had done, had the portraits of 28 of them drawn on a palace tower (known as "Yuntai 28 Generals"). Later, four more portraits were added. However, Ma Yuan, because he was the father of the empress, did not receive this honor.
During the early part of his reign, North Xiongnu continued to be a constant threat to both Han and her ally South | 9,270 |
343300 | Emperor Ming of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Ming%20of%20Han | Emperor Ming of Han
Xiongnu. Emperor Ming engaged in a variety of military and economic tactics to try to maintain peace with North Xiongnu and was largely successful. In 65, he established a permanent border defense force, known as the Duliao Army (度遼營), in charge of protecting the northern boundaries and South Xiongnu, and also to prevent the people of South Xiongnu from defecting to North Xiongnu.
In 66, in what would eventually evolve into the first imperial university in Chinese history, Emperor Ming built a Confucian school at the capital Luoyang, for the children of high officials and marquesses. South Xiongnu nobles' children also attended.
# Late reign.
## The Chu and Huaiyang-related mass executions.
Emperor | 9,271 |
343300 | Emperor Ming of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Ming%20of%20Han | Emperor Ming of Han
Ming was, early in his reign, known for his generosity and affection for his brothers. This, however, apparently caused some of them to engage in behavior that were considered taboo at the time and caused them to be severely punished by Emperor Ming, leading also to two major mass executions that blotted Emperor Ming's reign.
The first of these incidents happened in 66–67 and was relatively bloodless. The ambitious Prince Jing of Guanglin wanted to be emperor, and he plotted with people under him to rebel. When he was informed, he confessed, and Emperor Ming initially spared him and permitted him to remain the Prince of Guanglin but stripped his political powers. However, later Prince Jing | 9,272 |
343300 | Emperor Ming of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Ming%20of%20Han | Emperor Ming of Han
hired warlocks to curse Emperor Ming. After he was discovered, Emperor Ming initially took no action, but in 67 forced Prince Jing to commit suicide.
The next incident would not be so bloodless. In 70, Prince Ying of Chu—incidentally, the only son of Emperor Guangwu not born of either of his empresses but of Consort Xu—hired warlocks to create golden turtles and jade cranes, and carved characters calling for unusual blessings on them—a major taboo at the time. Further, he was discovered to have written revolutionary writings. Emperor Ming did not put him to death, but deposed him from his principality, exiled him, and made him a commoner (but with a small fief of 500 households). In 71, Prince | 9,273 |
343300 | Emperor Ming of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Ming%20of%20Han | Emperor Ming of Han
Ying committed suicide in exile. However, the investigation did not end. By Emperor Ming's orders, Prince Ying's associates (but not his family) were harshly tortured and interrogated, and anyone that they named as a coconspirator was arrested and further tortured and interrogated. The interrogators themselves used this opportunity to falsely accuse many others of conspiracy. Tens of thousands of people died, either of torture or execution, during the investigation. Only after Empress Ma's intercession and persuasive petitions by one of the interrogators, Han Lang (寒朗), did the interrogations taper off.
A similar incident happened in 73, when Prince Yan of Huaiyang was informed to have hired | 9,274 |
343300 | Emperor Ming of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Ming%20of%20Han | Emperor Ming of Han
warlocks to curse Emperor Ming. Several of Prince Yan's associates were executed, and there were also many others who were executed or exiled after Chu-style interrogations were carried out. Prince Yan himself was not executed, but was demoted from his commandery-level principality to be the Prince of Fulin, with only two counties in his principality.
## Campaigns against North Xiongnu and reassertion of suzerainty over Xiyu.
In 73, annoyed at North Xiongnu's constant incursions against Han, Emperor Ming commissioned his generals Geng Bing (耿秉) and Dou Gu (竇固) to lead a major expedition against North Xiongnu. They only had minor successes, but it demonstrated to North Xiongnu that Han was | 9,275 |
343300 | Emperor Ming of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Ming%20of%20Han | Emperor Ming of Han
now in a position to strike back.
Dou, as part of his campaign, sent his assistant Ban Chao to visit the Xiyu (modern Xinjiang and former Soviet central Asia) kingdom of Shanshan (on the eastern edge of the Taklamakan Desert. (Xiyu kingdoms had long submitted to North Xiongnu's authority, and unable to bear the heavy taxes, had often requested that Han step in and reassert suzerainty that had been established during the Western Han Dynasty, starting with Emperor Wu's reign. However, they had been constantly rebuffed by Emperors Guangwu and Ming, who judged Han to be not sufficiently strong to engage in a Xiyu campaign.) Initially, the king of Shanshan was very pleased and welcomed the Han ambassadors | 9,276 |
343300 | Emperor Ming of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Ming%20of%20Han | Emperor Ming of Han
as honored guests, but eventually the welcome faded. Ban realized that North Xiongnu ambassadors must have arrived. He found out where the North Xiongnu ambassadors were, and, in a night raid, massacred the Xiongnu ambassadors. The king of Shanshan was shocked but somewhat pleased, and submitted to Han suzerainty once again.
Emperor Ming promoted Ban and commissioned him to next visit Yutian ("Khotan"), then the strongest kingdom in southern Xiyu, which had a strong alliance with North Xiongnu. Guangde (廣德), the King of Yutian, trusted his chief warlock, who demanded Ban's horse. Ban agreed to give him the horse, and then, when the warlock arrived to pick up the horse, immediately executed | 9,277 |
343300 | Emperor Ming of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Ming%20of%20Han | Emperor Ming of Han
him, and sent his head back to Guangde. Guangde was impressed and submitted to Han's suzerainty. With Yutian having submitted, the Xiyu kingdoms largely all submitted as well.
In 74, Dou and Geng led a major military expedition against a major remaining ally of North Xiongnu, Cheshi (車師, roughly modern Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang). Cheshi submitted, and at Dou's suggestion, the office of the Protector General of Xiyu (都護) was reinstituted. A North Xiongnu expedition in 75 to recapture Cheshi was repelled by Geng Gong (耿恭), one of the deputies of the protector general.
## Death.
In 75, Emperor Ming died. His will ordered that no temple be built for him, and that he only be | 9,278 |
343300 | Emperor Ming of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Ming%20of%20Han | Emperor Ming of Han
worshipped as part of the worship of his mother Empress Dowager Yin. (This became a systematic reform that the rest of the Eastern Han Dynasty emperors largely followed; they did not have separate temples built for themselves, but instead were worshipped along with Emperor Guangwu. This was a major saving compared to the Western Han system of building a separate temple for each emperor.) His son Crown Prince Da succeeded to the throne as Emperor Zhang.
# Era name.
- "Yongping" (永平 py. yŏng píng) 58–75
# Family.
- Parents:
- Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu (; 5 BC – 64)
- Empress Guanglie, of the Yin clan (; 5–64), personal name Lihua ()
- Consorts and Issue:
- Empress Mingde, of the Ma clan | 9,279 |
343300 | Emperor Ming of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Ming%20of%20Han | Emperor Ming of Han
(; 39–79)
- "Guiren", of the Jia clan ()
- Liu Da, Emperor Xiaozhang (; 57–88), fifth son
- Princess Pingyang (), personal name Nu (), second daughter
- Married Feng Shun ()
- "Guiren", of the Yin clan ()
- Liu Chang, Prince Jie of Liang (; d. 98), seventh son
- Unknown
- "Liu Jian, Prince Ai of Qiancheng" (; d. 61), first son
- Liu Xian, Prince Jing of Chen (; d. 97), second son
- Liu Gong, Prince Jing of Pengcheng (; d. 117), third son
- Liu Dang, Prince Jing of Lecheng (; 58–96), fourth son
- Liu Yan, Prince Hui of Xiapi (; 64–126), sixth son
- Liu Bing, Prince Qing of Huaiyang (; d. 87), eighth son
- Liu Chang, Prince Dao of Jiyin (; d. 84), ninth son
- Princess Huojia (), | 9,280 |
343300 | Emperor Ming of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Ming%20of%20Han | Emperor Ming of Han
personal name Ji (), first daughter
- Married Feng Zhu, Marquis Yangyi (), and had issue (one son)
- Princess Longlü (), personal name Ying (), third daughter
- Married Geng Xi, Marquis Mouping ()
- Princess Pingshi (), personal name Ci (), fourth daughter
- Princess Qinshui (), personal name Zhi (), fifth daughter
- Married Deng Gan, Marquis Gaomi (; d. 95)
- Princess Pinggao (), personal name Xiaoji (), sixth daughter
- Married Deng Bo, Marquis Chang'an ()
- Princess Junyi (), personal name Zhong (), seventh daughter
- Married Wang Du, Marquis Yang ()
- Princess Wu'an (), personal name Hui (), eighth daughter
- Married Lai Leng, Marquis Zhengqiang (), and had issue (one son)
- | 9,281 |
343300 | Emperor Ming of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Ming%20of%20Han | Emperor Ming of Han
hong (), seventh daughter
- Married Wang Du, Marquis Yang ()
- Princess Wu'an (), personal name Hui (), eighth daughter
- Married Lai Leng, Marquis Zhengqiang (), and had issue (one son)
- Princess Luyang (), personal name Chen (), ninth daughter
- Princess Leping (), personal name Xiaoying (), tenth daughter
- Princess Cheng'an (), personal name Xiaomin (), 11th daughter
# See also.
- 1. Family tree of the Han Dynasty
# References.
- Zürcher, Erik. 1972. "The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China". Reprint, with additions and corrections. 2 vols. Sinica Leidensia. Leiden: E.J. Brill. First edition, 1959 (see in particular p. 22). | 9,282 |
343299 | Barnabe Googe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnabe%20Googe | Barnabe Googe
Barnabe Googe
Barnabe Googe or Goche (11 June 15407 February 1594) (also spelled Barnaby Goodge) was a poet and translator, one of the earliest English pastoral poets.
# Early life.
Barnabe Googe, born 11 June 1540 (St Barnabas Day), in Alvingham, Lincolnshire, was the son of Robert Googe (d. 5 May 1557) of Chilwell, Nottinghamshire, Recorder of Lincoln during the reign of Queen Mary, son of John Goche of London and Newland, Gloucestershire, in the Forest of Dean, by Jane Bridges, daughter and heir of James Bridges of the Forest of Dean. His mother was Margaret Mantell (d.1540), the daughter of Sir Walter Mantell (d.1529) of Nether Heyford, Northamptonshire, by Margaret Wood (d.1577), one | 9,283 |
343299 | Barnabe Googe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnabe%20Googe | Barnabe Googe
of the daughters and coheirs of Oliver Wood, esquire. Margaret Wood married twice after the death of Sir Walter Mantell (d.1529). Her second husband was Sir William Haute (d.1539) of Bishopsbourne, Kent, whose daughter, Jane Haute (d. in or after 1595), was the wife of the rebel, Thomas Wyatt. Margaret Wood's third husband was Sir James Hales. Googe's mother died when he was six weeks old, and according to Lyne, he 'was probably brought up in Kent by his grandmother, Lady Hales'.
By his father's second marriage to Ellen Gadbury, widow of a husband surnamed Parris, and daughter of a London goldsmith, he had a half brother, Robert Googe. By licence dated 21 May 1563, Ellen (née Gadbury) married | 9,284 |
343299 | Barnabe Googe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnabe%20Googe | Barnabe Googe
William Burnell (d.1570), esquire, of Winkburn, Nottinghamshire, Auditor to Henry VIII. It is said that Googe 'came to dislike his stepmother intensely'.
At his father's death on 5 May 1557 Googe inherited the manor of Horkstow and the lands of Alvingham Priory in Lincolnshire, and a house in London formerly owned by his grandfather. He studied at Christ's College, Cambridge and at New College, Oxford, but does not seem to have graduated from either. He became a ward of the Queen, and it appears his wardship remained unsold until January 1561, when his kinsman, William Cecil, became Master of the Court of Wards and Liveries, and Googe was allowed to purchase his own wardship for £80, payable | 9,285 |
343299 | Barnabe Googe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnabe%20Googe | Barnabe Googe
over an eight-year term. On 26 June 1563 he was granted licence to enter on his lands. In his will Googe's father had requested his executors to have Googe educated at the Inns of Court, and by 29 March 1560 he was a member of Staple Inn, at the time associated with Gray's Inn, where his cousin, William Lovelace, held the position of Reader in 1562 and 1567. Another of Googe's associates at the Inns of Court was his cousin, Alexander Neville, of Gray's Inn.
In a letter dated 1 October 1563, Cecil referred to Googe as his 'servant' and 'near kinsman'. According to Barrett, there is no record of the position he occupied in Cecil's household apart from reference to him as a retainer and the fact | 9,286 |
343299 | Barnabe Googe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnabe%20Googe | Barnabe Googe
that he was present on special occasions such as the Queen's visit to Theobalds in 1572, when he was 'placed high on the list of servants' and referred to as the first server for the first meal'. Previous authorities claimed that he became a gentleman pensioner to Queen Elizabeth, but this has been disproved. Nonetheless Googe did have close associations with the court through his relationship to Cecil. He exploited this important connection in the years that followed, and Cecil extended patronage towards his young protégé. It may have been due to Cecil's encouragement that Googe accompanied the Elizabethan humanist scholar Sir Thomas Challoner on a diplomatic embassy to Spain in 1562.
Googe | 9,287 |
343299 | Barnabe Googe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnabe%20Googe | Barnabe Googe
had begun writing poetry, and found himself in an exciting creative coterie with other young writers, such as Jasper Heywood and George Turberville. During his absence in Spain, Googe's juvenile poems were sent to the printer by a friend, Laurence Blundeston. On his return, Googe learned of Blundeston's actions and reluctantly gave his consent to their publication when he discovered that the printer had already paid for the paper for the print run and the composition was underway. The book appeared in 1563 as "Eglogs, Epytaphes, and Sonettes", with a dedication to William Lovelace. Before the appearance of his book, no writer in England had ever published his own poetry under his own name; in | 9,288 |
343299 | Barnabe Googe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnabe%20Googe | Barnabe Googe
this, Googe was an accidental pioneer.
# Marriage and later life.
Googe married Mary Darrell, one of the nine children of Thomas Darrell, esquire, of Scotney Castle, Kent, by his second wife, Mary Roydon, daughter of Thomas Roydon, esquire, of Roydon Hall (or Fortune) in East Peckham, Kent. Correspondence survives on the subject of Googe's marriage with Mary Darrell, whose father, Thomas Darrell, refused Googe's suit on the ground that she was bound by a previous contract to Sampson Lennard (154520 September 1615), son of John Lennard of Chevening, Kent. More to the point, recent research has shown that Thomas Darrell was a recusant who harboured Jesuit priests in his manor house of Scotney, | 9,289 |
343299 | Barnabe Googe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnabe%20Googe | Barnabe Googe
near Lamberhurst in Kent. When Googe found his suit discouraged by Thomas Darrell, he appealed to his powerful contacts, and after intervention by his 'near kinsman', Sir William Cecil, the marriage duly took place in 1564 or 1565; Googe took his wife to live in Lamberhurst at the manor house of Chingley. They had seven sons, Matthew (c.1566-c.1624), Thomas (b.c.1568), Barnabe, William, Henry, Robert and Francis, and a daughter, Mary.
In 1569 Googe dedicated a long allegorical poem with a moralistic marine topic, "The Shippe of Safegarde", to his sisters-in-law. By this time, Googe had served Cecil on a military expedition to Ireland, where he had contracted dysentery and nearly died. In 1571 | 9,290 |
343299 | Barnabe Googe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnabe%20Googe | Barnabe Googe
he was returned as MP for Aldborough, Yorkshire. Further service in Ireland awaited him in 1582 when Googe was appointed to the position of provost-marshal of the court of Connaught; some twenty letters of his in this capacity are preserved in the Public Record Office. Googe considered the post a hardship. He wrote to Burghley that "I here live amongst a sort of Scythians, wanting the comfort of my country, my poor wife and children". Googe repeatedly petitioned the political masters in London to be allowed to come home. On the death of his stepmother, Ellen (née Gadbury) in 1587 he received his inheritance. He finally succeeded in selling his office in the late 1580s.
Googe's last known letter, | 9,291 |
343299 | Barnabe Googe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnabe%20Googe | Barnabe Googe
dated 19 June 1587, was written from Lord Burghley's chamber at court. In it Googe mentioned his new home at Alvingham. He is thought to have retired there for the remainder of his life. He died at Alvingham about 7 February 1594, and was buried in Cockerington church.
# Poetry.
Googe's poems are written in the plain or native style which preceded and subsequently competed with the Petrarchan style. Petrarchan love poetry (much of the work of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, Sir Philip Sidney, Thomas Campion...) was decorative, metaphorical and often exaggerated; it also involved a more fluid mastery of iambic English poetry than the alliterative Native Style: Googe's tonic accents are heavy, | 9,292 |
343299 | Barnabe Googe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnabe%20Googe | Barnabe Googe
the unaccents light; the result is sometimes deliberately blunt and plodding. The poems of George Turberville, Thomas More, George Gascoigne and Walter Raleigh are examples of a similar style.
Plain Style dealt with serious subjects in a serious way: its goal was not ornamental beauty, but truth. Googe's poem Of Money ("Give money me, take friendship whoso list / For friends are gone come once adversity...") is a well-known example of the tradition.
Googe was an ardent Protestant, and his poetry is coloured by his religious and political views. In the third "Eglog", for instance, he laments the decay of the old nobility and the rise of a new aristocracy of wealth, and he gives an indignant | 9,293 |
343299 | Barnabe Googe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnabe%20Googe | Barnabe Googe
account of the sufferings of his co-religionists under Mary I of England. The other eclogues deal with the sorrows of earthly love, leading up to a dialogue between Corydon and Cornix, in which the heavenly love is extolled. The volume includes epitaphs on Nicholas Grimald, John Bale and on Thomas Phaer, whose translation of Virgil Googe esteemed.
The English pastoral poem "Phyllida was a fayer maid" (from "Tottel's Miscellany" of 1558) has been doubtfully ascribed to Googe, despite showing little stylistic rapport with his acknowledged works. But Googe's important contribution to pastoral poetry in English rests with his cycle of eclogues that synthesise trends from classical pastoral, the | 9,294 |
343299 | Barnabe Googe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnabe%20Googe | Barnabe Googe
work of Mantuan, and the pastoral elements of Spanish romance, and he was the first English writer to reflect the influence of the "Diana Enamorada" of Montemayor.
His other works include: a translation from Marcellus Palingenius (said to be an anagram for Pier Angelo Manzolli) of a satirical Latin poem, "Zodiacus vitae" (Venice, 1531?), in twelve books, under the title of "The Zodyake of Life" (1560); "The Popish Kingdome, or reign of Antichrist" (1570), translated from Thomas Kirchmeyer or Naogeorgus; "The Spiritual Husbandrie" from the same author, printed with the last "Foure Bookes of Husbandrie" (1577), collected by Conradus Heresbachius; "The Overthrow of the Gout" (1577), a translation | 9,295 |
343299 | Barnabe Googe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnabe%20Googe | Barnabe Googe
from Christopher Ballista (Christophe Arbaleste), and "The Proverbes of Lopes de Mendoza" (1579). "The Zodyake of Life" was a significant translation, being adopted as a textbook for English grammar schools. As such, its ideas colour many of the works of English writers of the latter part of the sixteenth and the first part of the seventeenth centuries. Part of the book's appeal, in addition to its poetical astronomy, was its notoriety as a Reformist text: Palingenius was placed on the Index of Prohibited Books by the Inquisition and consequently enjoyed popularity in Protestant regions across Europe.
# See also.
- Canons of Renaissance poetry
# External links.
- Will of Robert Goche of | 9,296 |
343299 | Barnabe Googe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnabe%20Googe | Barnabe Googe
, in addition to its poetical astronomy, was its notoriety as a Reformist text: Palingenius was placed on the Index of Prohibited Books by the Inquisition and consequently enjoyed popularity in Protestant regions across Europe.
# See also.
- Canons of Renaissance poetry
# External links.
- Will of Robert Goche of Chilwell, Nottinghamshire, proved 12 February 1558, PROB 11/40/86, National Archives Retrieved 2 September 2013
- Will of John Goche, Mercer of London, proved 30 December 1541, PROB 11/28/635, National Archives Retrieved 2 September 2013
- Will of William Burnell of Winkburn, Nottinghamshire, proved 28 November 1573, PROB 11/55/486, National Archives Retrieved 2 September 2013 | 9,297 |
343294 | Bridget Fonda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridget%20Fonda | Bridget Fonda
Bridget Fonda
Bridget Jane Fonda (born January 27, 1964) is an American actress. She is known for her roles in "The Godfather Part III" (1990), "Single White Female" (1992), "Singles" (1992), "Point of No Return" (1993), "It Could Happen to You" (1994) and "Jackie Brown" (1997). She is the daughter of Peter Fonda, niece of Jane Fonda and granddaughter of Henry Fonda.
Fonda was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for playing Mandy Rice-Davies in the 1989 film "Scandal" and provided the voice for Jenna in the 1995 animated feature film "Balto".
She received an Emmy Award nomination for the 1997 TV film "In the Gloaming", and a second Golden Globe Award nomination for | 9,298 |
343294 | Bridget Fonda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridget%20Fonda | Bridget Fonda
the 2001 TV film "No Ordinary Baby".
Fonda retired from acting in 2002.
# Early life.
Fonda was born in Los Angeles, California, to a family of actors, including her grandfather Henry Fonda, father Peter Fonda, and her aunt Jane Fonda. Her mother, Susan Jane Brewer, is an artist. She is named after actress Margaret Sullavan's daughter Bridget Hayward. Her maternal grandmother, Mary Sweet, married businessman Noah Dietrich.
Bridget's parents divorced and Peter married Portia Rebecca Crockett (former wife of author Thomas McGuane). Peter and Portia raised Bridget, her brother Justin, and older stepbrother Thomas McGuane Jr. in the Coldwater Canyon section of Los Angeles, as well as in Paradise | 9,299 |
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