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343339 | Emperor He of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20He%20of%20Han | Emperor He of Han
had Liu assassinated and blamed Liu's brother Liu Gang (劉剛), the Marquess of Li. Several judges who were unafraid of Dou Xian, however, carried out a thorough investigation, and Dou Xian's involvement was discovered. Empress Dowager Dou was enraged, and she put Dou Xian under arrest, and Dou Xian offered to lead an army against the North Xiongnu (Xiongnu having been divided into two since the times of Emperor Guangwu, with South Xiongnu being a loyal vassal and North Xiongnu being a constant nuisance, at most) to atone for his crimes.
Empress Dowager Dou agreed, and Dou Xian led an army and crushed the North Xiongnu in 89. After this great military victory, he became even more arrogant, however—and | 9,500 |
343339 | Emperor He of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20He%20of%20Han | Emperor He of Han
Empress Dowager Dou permitted him to be. He had another major victory over the North Xiongnu in 91, essentially wiping North Xiongnu out as a political entity. As a result, Dou Xian so dominated the government that all dissenting officials faced the threat of demotion or even death.
# The coup d'etat against the Dous.
In 92, however, the Dous would suddenly fall as the result of a coup d'etat. The details are unclear now, but it appeared that Emperor He, perhaps encouraged by his brother Prince Qing (whose mother had died at the Dous' hand and whose status as crown prince had been stripped away by their machinations) and the eunuch Zheng Zhong (鄭眾).
Based on the traditional historical accounts, | 9,501 |
343339 | Emperor He of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20He%20of%20Han | Emperor He of Han
some of the Dous' relatives (but not the Dous themselves) had considered murdering the emperor. (The utter lack of motive, however, has led modern historians to generally discredit this assertion.) Emperor He, fearful of being murdered, planned along with Zheng and Liu Qing to destroy the Dous' power. They received some help—in the form of historical accounts that would inspire them as to what to do—from another brother of the emperor, Liu Kang (劉伉), the Prince of Qiancheng.
In the summer, Emperor He made a sudden move, issuing an edict ordering the imperial guards to go on alert and to close the gates of the capital Luoyang. The Dous' relatives who were accused of plotting to murder the emperor | 9,502 |
343339 | Emperor He of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20He%20of%20Han | Emperor He of Han
were executed. An imperial messenger was sent to seize Dou Xian's seal as the commander of the armed forces. All of the empress dowager's brothers were sent back to their march but under close guard—the emperor wanted to execute them but did not want to do so publicly, so once they returned to their marches, he ordered all of them, except for the more humble Dou Gui, to commit suicide.
# Late reign.
After the coup d'état against the Dous, Emperor He appeared actually take power, and Empress Dowager Dou lost all power, although he continued to honor her as his mother, apparently having some inkling but not knowing for sure that she was not his birth mother. Prince Qing became a trusted advisor | 9,503 |
343339 | Emperor He of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20He%20of%20Han | Emperor He of Han
of his, as did Zheng—which started an escalating trend of eunuchs being involved with government matters, lasting for the rest of the Eastern Han Dynasty; in fact, in 102, Zheng was created marquess, in an unprecedented action. In the aftermaths of the coup d'état, innumerable officials accused of being the Dous' associates were arrested or removed from their posts. The chief among them were the historian Ban Gu, who was a chief assistant of Dou Xian and who had apparently been complicit in Dou's autocracy, as well as the commander of the armed forces Song You (宋由), although Ban Gu's brother Ban Chao was not affected and continued to enjoy imperial support in his Xiyu (modern Xinjiang and former | 9,504 |
343339 | Emperor He of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20He%20of%20Han | Emperor He of Han
Soviet central Asia) campaigns. In 97, Ban Chao would send his assistant Gan Ying (甘英) (Kan Ying) on a mission to the Roman Empire—but Gan would turn back after reaching an unnamed shore in the Parthian Empire, which might have been the shore of the Persian Gulf—without reaching Rome. In 102, after Ban Chao's retirement, however, mismanagement would lead to the Xiyu kingdoms to rebel against Han authority, and the suzerainty over Xiyu was lost.
The reign of Emperor He was generally one free of major corruption, and the young emperor was himself humble and unassuming. He also appeared to genuinely care for the people. However, he was also undistinguished as an emperor, as he appeared to lack | 9,505 |
343339 | Emperor He of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20He%20of%20Han | Emperor He of Han
the abilities of his father and grandfather in actively doing what is good for the people.
In 97, Empress Dowager Dou died. It was only at this time that officials revealed to Emperor He that he was born of Consort Liang. He sought out her brothers and honored them with powerful posts—and from this point on, the Liang clan would become one of the most powerful in the Eastern Han aristocracy. He also posthumously rewarded her with an empress title. However, he rejected a suggestion that Empress Dowager Dou be posthumously demoted, and he buried her with full imperial honors with his father Emperor Zhang. (He also posthumously honored his brother Prince Qing's mother with lesser honors and awarded | 9,506 |
343339 | Emperor He of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20He%20of%20Han | Emperor He of Han
her brothers with minor posts.)
## Issues with the Qiang.
Qiang rebellions — a persistent problem for the Eastern Han - also took place during Emperor He's reign. (They had first started during his father Emperor Zhang's reign, but were not a major problem until his reign.) In 92, when the official in charge of Qiang affairs, Deng Xun (鄧訓) died, the Qiang had been pacified apparently by Deng's good governing tactics, but after Deng's death, the new official Nie Shang (聶尚) apparently inadvertently offended the Qiang chief Mitang (迷唐), and Mitang rebelled. In 93, the new official in charge of Qiang affairs, Guan You (貫友), was able to defeat Mitang by alienating the other tribes from Mitang's | 9,507 |
343339 | Emperor He of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20He%20of%20Han | Emperor He of Han
own, but Mitang was not captured and remained a threat. After Guan's death, his successor Shi Chong (史充), indeed, would suffer major losses against Mitang. Mitang, however, would eventually surrender in 98 after running out of allies, and Emperor He in fact received Mitang in an official audience that year. In 100, however, Mitang, suspicious of Han officials' intentions in ordering him to move a long distance—under the rationale that his people were then living on poor soil and the new location provided better opportunities—rebelled again. However, for the rest of his years, Mitang would basically be a nuisance and not a major threat.
## Marital issues.
In 96, Emperor He created one of his | 9,508 |
343339 | Emperor He of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20He%20of%20Han | Emperor He of Han
favorites, Consort Yin—who came from the noble lineage of a brother of Emperor Guangwu's wife, Empress Yin Lihua—empress. She was described as beautiful but short and clumsy, and also jealous. In particular, she became jealous of another of Emperor He's favorites, Consort Deng Sui, who also came from a noble lineage, as the granddaughter of Emperor Guangwu's prime minister Deng Yu (鄧禹). Consort Deng was described to have tried to alleviate this situation by acting humbling before Empress Yin, but this further drew her wrath. Once, when Emperor He was ill, Empress Yin made the remark that if she became empress dowager, the Dengs would be slaughtered—and upon hearing that remark, Consort Deng | 9,509 |
343339 | Emperor He of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20He%20of%20Han | Emperor He of Han
considered committing suicide, and one of her ladies in waiting saved her by falsely telling her that the emperor had recovered. However, the emperor did soon recover, so Consort Deng and her family escaped a terrible fate.
In 102, Empress Yin and her grandmother, Deng Zhu (鄧朱), were accused of using witchcraft to curse imperial consorts (probably including Consort Deng). Lady Deng and her sons, as well as Empress Yin's brother Yin Fu (陰輔), died under interrogation and torture. Empress Yin was deposed, and her father Yin Gang (陰綱) committed suicide. The rest of her family was exiled. She herself died in sorrow, probably in 102 as well.
After Empress Yin was deposed, Consort Deng was created | 9,510 |
343339 | Emperor He of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20He%20of%20Han | Emperor He of Han
empress. While she was empress, she constantly rejected Emperor He's offers to promote her brothers, so they did not have much power during Emperor He's reign.
## Death and succession problems.
Empress Deng and all of the imperial consorts were sonless for a long time. (Emperor He was described to have had a number of sons who died in young age; it is unclear whether Empresses Yin or Deng ever gave birth, but it appears that they did not.) Late in Emperor He's reign, he had two sons—whose mothers were not mentioned in history—Liu Sheng (劉勝) and Liu Long (劉隆). Under the superstition of the time, it was thought that they might survive better if they grew up outside the palace in light of their | 9,511 |
343339 | Emperor He of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20He%20of%20Han | Emperor He of Han
other brothers' early deaths, so both were given to foster parents.
In 106, Emperor He died. At that time, Liu Sheng, the older son, was still young (but actual age is not recorded in history) and believed to be constantly ill. The younger, Liu Long, was only 100 days old. Both were welcomed back to the palace, and Empress Deng created Liu Long crown prince, believing that he would be healthier, and then that night he was proclaimed emperor, as Emperor Shang. Emperor Shang would only live to age one, however, and died later in 106. After Emperor Shang's death, Empress Dowager Deng was apprehensive that Liu Sheng might resent her for not making him emperor first, refused to make him emperor, | 9,512 |
343339 | Emperor He of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20He%20of%20Han | Emperor He of Han
but made Prince Qing's son Liu Hu (劉祜) emperor, as Emperor An.
# Era names.
- "Yongyuan" (永元 py. yǒng yuán) 89–105
- "Yuanxing" (元興 py. yuán xìng) 105
# Family.
- Parents:
- Liu Da, Emperor Xiaozhang (; 57–88)
- Empress Gonghuai, of the Liang clan (; 61–83)
- Consorts and Issue:
- Empress, of the Yin clan (; 80–102), third cousin
- Empress Hexi, of the Deng clan (; 81–121), third cousin once removed, personal name Sui ()
- Unknown
- Liu Sheng, Prince Huai of Pingyuan (; d. 114), first son
- "Liu Long, Emperor Xiaoshang" (; 105–106), second son
- Princess Xiuwu (), personal name Bao (), first daughter
- Princess Gongyi (), personal name Cheng (), second daughter
- Princess Linying | 9,513 |
343339 | Emperor He of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20He%20of%20Han | Emperor He of Han
iaozhang (; 57–88)
- Empress Gonghuai, of the Liang clan (; 61–83)
- Consorts and Issue:
- Empress, of the Yin clan (; 80–102), third cousin
- Empress Hexi, of the Deng clan (; 81–121), third cousin once removed, personal name Sui ()
- Unknown
- Liu Sheng, Prince Huai of Pingyuan (; d. 114), first son
- "Liu Long, Emperor Xiaoshang" (; 105–106), second son
- Princess Xiuwu (), personal name Bao (), first daughter
- Princess Gongyi (), personal name Cheng (), second daughter
- Princess Linying (), personal name Li (), third daughter
- Married Jia Jian, Marquis Mo () in 114
- Princess Wenxi (), personal name Xing (), fourth daughter
# See also.
- 1. Family tree of the Han Dynasty | 9,514 |
343346 | Emperor Shang of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Shang%20of%20Han | Emperor Shang of Han
Emperor Shang of Han
Emperor Shang of Han (; early 105 – 21 September 106) was an infant emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty and the fifth emperor of the Eastern Han.
The Empress Dowager Deng placed him on the throne when he was barely over 100 days old, despite his having an older brother, Liu Sheng (劉勝), whose age was unknown but was likely to be young as well.
Empress Dowager Deng also kept Liu Hu (劉祜), the twelve-year-old cousin of Shangdi and future Emperor An of Han in the capital Luoyang as insurance against the baby emperor's death. Liu Hu ascended to the throne when Emperor Shang died in 106; however, Dowager Deng still remained as the regent for the teenager Emperor An. A decree by | 9,515 |
343346 | Emperor Shang of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Shang%20of%20Han | Emperor Shang of Han
Empress Dowager Deng during this reign shed light on bureaucratic inefficiency.
# Early life.
Then-Prince Long was born in autumn 105 to Emperor He and a concubine whose identity is unknown. Because Emperor He had, during his reign, frequently lost sons due to illnesses in childhood, according to the superstitions of the time, both Prince Long and his older brother Prince Sheng were given to foster parents outside the palace to nurture.
When Emperor He died early 106, his wife, Empress Deng Sui, retrieved the young princes back to the palace. Prince Sheng was older but regarded as frequently ill and unfit for the throne, for Empress Deng first created the infant Prince Long crown prince. | 9,516 |
343346 | Emperor Shang of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Shang%20of%20Han | Emperor Shang of Han
The same night, he was proclaimed emperor with Empress Deng as Empress Dowager.
# Reign.
After Emperor Shang was proclaimed emperor, his brother Prince Sheng was created the Prince of Pingyuan.
Concerned that Emperor Shang might not live long, Empress Dowager Deng also kept Liu Hu, the twelve-year old cousin of Emperor Shang and the future Emperor An of Han in the capital Luoyang as insurance against the infant emperor's death. (Prince Hu was the son of Prince Qing of Qinghe—who was once a crown prince under Emperor He's father Emperor Zhang but was deposed due to machinations of Emperor Zhang's wife Empress Dou. Therefore, he was viewed by some as the rightful heir.)
As Emperor Shang was | 9,517 |
343346 | Emperor Shang of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Shang%20of%20Han | Emperor Shang of Han
an infant, actual and formal power were in Empress Deng's hands. Her brother Deng Zhi (鄧騭) became the most powerful official in the imperial government. She issued a general pardon, which benefitted the people who had had rights stripped from them for associating with the family of Empress Dou.
## Death.
Late in 106, Emperor Shang died. The officials had by this time realized that Prince Sheng, his older brother, was not as ill as originally thought, and wanted to make him emperor. However, Empress Dowager Deng was concerned that he might bear a grudge at not being made emperor before his brother, and therefore insisted on making Emperor Shang's cousin Prince Hu emperor instead, and he took | 9,518 |
343346 | Emperor Shang of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Shang%20of%20Han | Emperor Shang of Han
older brother, was not as ill as originally thought, and wanted to make him emperor. However, Empress Dowager Deng was concerned that he might bear a grudge at not being made emperor before his brother, and therefore insisted on making Emperor Shang's cousin Prince Hu emperor instead, and he took the throne as Emperor An.
Emperor Shang, having died as a toddler, was not given a separate tomb, as is customary for emperors. Rather, in order to avoid unnecessary expenses, he was buried in the same tomb complex as his father Emperor He.
# Era name.
- "Yanping" (延平 py. yán píng) 106
# Family.
- Parents:
- Liu Zhao, Emperor Xiaohe (; 79–106)
# See also.
- 1. Family tree of the Han Dynasty | 9,519 |
343335 | Constructible universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructible%20universe | Constructible universe
Constructible universe
In mathematics, in set theory, the constructible universe (or Gödel's constructible universe), denoted L, is a particular class of sets that can be described entirely in terms of simpler sets. L is the union of the constructible hierarchy L. It was introduced by Kurt Gödel in his 1938 paper "The Consistency of the Axiom of Choice and of the Generalized Continuum-Hypothesis". In this, he proved that the constructible universe is an inner model of ZF set theory, and also that the axiom of choice and the generalized continuum hypothesis are true in the constructible universe. This shows that both propositions are consistent with the basic axioms of set theory, if ZF itself | 9,520 |
343335 | Constructible universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructible%20universe | Constructible universe
is consistent. Since many other theorems only hold in systems in which one or both of the propositions is true, their consistency is an important result.
# What L is.
L can be thought of as being built in "stages" resembling the von Neumann universe, V. The stages are indexed by ordinals. In von Neumann's universe, at a successor stage, one takes V to be the set of "all" subsets of the previous stage, V. By contrast, in Gödel's constructible universe L, one uses "only" those subsets of the previous stage that are:
- definable by a formula in the formal language of set theory,
- with parameters from the previous stage and,
- with the quantifiers interpreted to range over the previous stage.
By | 9,521 |
343335 | Constructible universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructible%20universe | Constructible universe
limiting oneself to sets defined only in terms of what has already been constructed, one ensures that the resulting sets will be constructed in a way that is independent of the peculiarities of the surrounding model of set theory and contained in any such model.
Define
L is defined by transfinite recursion as follows:
- formula_2
- formula_3
- If formula_4 is a limit ordinal, then formula_5 Here α<λ means α precedes λ.
- formula_6 Here Ord denotes the class of all ordinals.
If z is an element of L, then z = {y | y ∈ L and y ∈ z} ∈ Def (L) = L. So L is a subset of L, which is a subset of the power set of L. Consequently, this is a tower of nested transitive sets. But L itself is a proper | 9,522 |
343335 | Constructible universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructible%20universe | Constructible universe
class.
The elements of L are called "constructible" sets; and L itself is the "constructible universe". The "axiom of constructibility", aka "V=L", says that every set (of V) is constructible, i.e. in L.
# Additional facts about the sets L.
An equivalent definition for L is:
For any finite ordinal n, the sets L and V are the same (whether V equals L or not), and thus L = V: their elements are exactly the hereditarily finite sets. Equality beyond this point does not hold. Even in models of ZFC in which V equals L, L is a proper subset of V, and thereafter L is a proper subset of the power set of L for all α ω. On the other hand, V equals L does imply that V equals L if α = ω, for example | 9,523 |
343335 | Constructible universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructible%20universe | Constructible universe
if α is inaccessible. More generally, V equals L implies H equals L for all infinite cardinals α.
If α is an infinite ordinal then there is a bijection between L and α, and the bijection is constructible. So these sets are equinumerous in any model of set theory that includes them.
As defined above, Def("X") is the set of subsets of "X" defined by Δ formulas (that is, formulas of set theory containing only bounded quantifiers) that use as parameters only "X" and its elements.
An alternate definition, due to Gödel, characterizes each L as the intersection of the power set of L with the closure of formula_8 under a collection of nine explicit functions, similar to Gödel operations. This definition | 9,524 |
343335 | Constructible universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructible%20universe | Constructible universe
makes no reference to definability.
All arithmetical subsets of ω and relations on ω belong to L (because the arithmetic definition gives one in L). Conversely, any subset of ω belonging to L is arithmetical (because elements of L can be coded by natural numbers in such a way that ∈ is definable, i.e., arithmetic). On the other hand, L already contains certain non-arithmetical subsets of ω, such as the set of (natural numbers coding) true arithmetical statements (this can be defined from L so it is in L).
All hyperarithmetical subsets of ω and relations on ω belong to formula_9 (where formula_10 stands for the Church–Kleene ordinal), and conversely any subset of ω that belongs to formula_9 | 9,525 |
343335 | Constructible universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructible%20universe | Constructible universe
is hyperarithmetical.
# L is a standard inner model of ZFC.
L is a standard model, i.e. it is a transitive class and it uses the real element relationship, so it is well-founded. L is an inner model, i.e. it contains all the ordinal numbers of V and it has no "extra" sets beyond those in V, but it might be a proper subclass of V. L is a model of ZFC, which means that it satisfies the following axioms:
- Axiom of regularity: Every non-empty set x contains some element y such that x and y are disjoint sets.
- Axiom of extensionality: Two sets are the same if and only if they have the same elements.
- Axiom of empty set: {} is a set.
- Axiom of pairing: If x, y are sets, then {x,y} is a set.
- | 9,526 |
343335 | Constructible universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructible%20universe | Constructible universe
Axiom of union: For any set x there is a set y whose elements are precisely the elements of the elements of x.
- Axiom of infinity: There exists a set x such that {} is in x and whenever y is in x, so is the union y U {y}.
- Axiom of separation: Given any set S and any proposition P(x,z...,z), {x|x∈S and P(x,z...,z)} is a set.
- Axiom of replacement: Given any set S and any mapping (formally defined as a proposition P(x,y) where P(x,y) and P(x,z) implies y = z), {y | there exists x∈S such that P(x,y)} is a set.
- Axiom of power set: For any set x there exists a set y, such that the elements of y are precisely the subsets of x.
- Axiom of choice: Given a set x of mutually disjoint nonempty | 9,527 |
343335 | Constructible universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructible%20universe | Constructible universe
sets, there is a set y (a choice set for x) containing exactly one element from each member of x.
Notice that the proof that L is a model of ZFC only requires that V be a model of ZF, i.e. we do NOT assume that the axiom of choice holds in V.
# L is absolute and minimal.
If W is any standard model of ZF sharing the same ordinals as V, then the L defined in W is the same as the L defined in V. In particular, L is the same in W and V, for any ordinal α. And the same formulas and parameters in Def (L) produce the same constructible sets in L.
Furthermore, since L is a subclass of V and, similarly, L is a subclass of W, L is the smallest class containing all the ordinals that is a standard model | 9,528 |
343335 | Constructible universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructible%20universe | Constructible universe
of ZF. Indeed, L is the intersection of all such classes.
If there is a "set" W in V that is a standard model of ZF, and the ordinal κ is the set of ordinals that occur in W, then L is the L of W. If there is a set that is a standard model of ZF, then the smallest such set is such a L. This set is called the minimal model of ZFC. Using the downward Löwenheim–Skolem theorem, one can show that the minimal model (if it exists) is a countable set.
Of course, any consistent theory must have a model, so even within the minimal model of set theory there are sets that are models of ZF (assuming ZF is consistent). However, those set models are non-standard. In particular, they do not use the normal | 9,529 |
343335 | Constructible universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructible%20universe | Constructible universe
element relation and they are not well founded.
Because both the L of L and the V of L are the real L and both the L of L and the V of L are the real L, we get that V=L is true in L and in any L that is a model of ZF. However, V=L does not hold in any other standard model of ZF.
## L and large cardinals.
Since On⊂L⊆V, properties of ordinals that depend on the absence of a function or other structure (i.e. Π formulas) are preserved when going down from V to L. Hence initial ordinals of cardinals remain initial in L. Regular ordinals remain regular in L. Weak limit cardinals become strong limit cardinals in L because the generalized continuum hypothesis holds in L. Weakly inaccessible cardinals | 9,530 |
343335 | Constructible universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructible%20universe | Constructible universe
become strongly inaccessible. Weakly Mahlo cardinals become strongly Mahlo. And more generally, any large cardinal property weaker than 0 (see the list of large cardinal properties) will be retained in L.
However, 0 is false in L even if true in V. So all the large cardinals whose existence implies 0 cease to have those large cardinal properties, but retain the properties weaker than 0 which they also possess. For example, measurable cardinals cease to be measurable but remain Mahlo in L.
If 0 holds in V, then there is a closed unbounded class of ordinals that are indiscernible in L. While some of these are not even initial ordinals in V, they have all the large cardinal properties weaker | 9,531 |
343335 | Constructible universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructible%20universe | Constructible universe
than 0 in L. Furthermore, any strictly increasing class function from the class of indiscernibles to itself can be extended in a unique way to an elementary embedding of L into L. This gives L a nice structure of repeating segments.
# L can be well-ordered.
There are various ways of well-ordering L. Some of these involve the "fine structure" of L, which was first described by Ronald Bjorn Jensen in his 1972 paper entitled "The fine structure of the constructible hierarchy". Instead of explaining the fine structure, we will give an outline of how L could be well-ordered using only the definition given above.
Suppose x and y are two different sets in L and we wish to determine whether xy or | 9,532 |
343335 | Constructible universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructible%20universe | Constructible universe
xy. If x first appears in L and y first appears in L and β is different from α, then let xy if and only if αβ. Henceforth, we suppose that β=α.
The stage L = Def (L) uses formulas with parameters from L to define the sets x and y. If one discounts (for the moment) the parameters, the formulas can be given a standard Gödel numbering by the natural numbers. If Φ is the formula with the smallest Gödel number that can be used to define x, and Ψ is the formula with the smallest Gödel number that can be used to define y, and Ψ is different from Φ, then let xy if and only if ΦΨ in the Gödel numbering. Henceforth, we suppose that Ψ=Φ.
Suppose that Φ uses n parameters from L. Suppose z...,z is the | 9,533 |
343335 | Constructible universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructible%20universe | Constructible universe
sequence of parameters that can be used with Φ to define x, and w...,w does the same for y. Then let xlexicographic ordering; if there are multiple sequences of parameters that define one of the sets, we choose the least one under this ordering. It being understood that each parameter's possible values are ordered according to the restriction of the ordering of L to L, so this definition involves transfinite recursion on α.
The well-ordering of the values of single parameters is provided by the inductive hypothesis of the transfinite induction. The values of n-tuples of parameters are well-ordered by the product ordering. The formulas with parameters are well-ordered by the ordered sum (by | 9,534 |
343335 | Constructible universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructible%20universe | Constructible universe
Gödel numbers) of well-orderings. And L is well-ordered by the ordered sum (indexed by α) of the orderings on L.
Notice that this well-ordering can be defined within L itself by a formula of set theory with no parameters, only the free-variables x and y. And this formula gives the same truth value regardless of whether it is evaluated in L, V, or W (some other standard model of ZF with the same ordinals) and we will suppose that the formula is false if either x or y is not in L.
It is well known that the axiom of choice is equivalent to the ability to well-order every set. Being able to well-order the proper class V (as we have done here with L) is equivalent to the axiom of global choice, | 9,535 |
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which is more powerful than the ordinary axiom of choice because it also covers proper classes of non-empty sets.
# L has a reflection principle.
Proving that the axiom of separation, axiom of replacement, and axiom of choice hold in L requires (at least as shown above) the use of a reflection principle for L. Here we describe such a principle.
By mathematical induction on nω, we can use ZF in V to prove that for any ordinal α, there is an ordinal βα such that for any sentence P(z...,z) with z...,z in L and containing fewer than n symbols (counting a constant symbol for an element of L as one symbol) we get that P(z...,z) holds in L if and only if it holds in L.
# The generalized continuum | 9,536 |
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hypothesis holds in L.
Let formula_12, and let "T" be any constructible subset of "S". Then there is some β with formula_13, so formula_14, for some formula Φ and some formula_15 drawn from formula_16. By the downward Löwenheim–Skolem theorem and Mostowski collapse, there must be some transitive set "K" containing formula_17 and some formula_18, and having the same first-order theory as formula_16 with the formula_18 substituted for the formula_15; and this "K" will have the same cardinal as formula_17. Since formula_23 is true in formula_16, it is also true in "K", so formula_25 for some γ having the same cardinal as α. And formula_26 because formula_16 and formula_28 have the same theory. | 9,537 |
343335 | Constructible universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructible%20universe | Constructible universe
So "T" is in fact in formula_29.
So all the constructible subsets of an infinite set "S" have ranks with (at most) the same cardinal κ as the rank of "S"; it follows that if α is the initial ordinal for κ, then formula_30 serves as the "power set" of "S" within "L". And this in turn means that the "power set" of "S" has cardinal at most ||α||. Assuming "S" itself has cardinal κ, the "power set" must then have cardinal exactly κ. But this is precisely the generalized continuum hypothesis relativized to "L".
# Constructible sets are definable from the ordinals.
There is a formula of set theory that expresses the idea that X=L. It has only free variables for X and α. Using this we can expand | 9,538 |
343335 | Constructible universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructible%20universe | Constructible universe
the definition of each constructible set. If s∈L, then s = {y|y∈L and Φ(y,z...,z) holds in (L,∈)} for some formula Φ and some z...,z in L. This is equivalent to saying that: for all y, y∈s if and only if [there exists X such that X=L and y∈X and Ψ(X,y,z...,z)] where Ψ(X...) is the result of restricting each quantifier in
Φ(...) to X. Notice that each z∈L for some βα. Combine formulas for the z's with the formula for s and apply existential quantifiers over the z's outside and one gets a formula that defines the constructible set s using only the ordinals α that appear in expressions like X=L as parameters.
Example: The set {5,ω} is constructible. It is the unique set, s, that satisfies the | 9,539 |
343335 | Constructible universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructible%20universe | Constructible universe
formula:br
formula_31,br
where formula_32 is short for:br
formula_33br
Actually, even this complex formula has been simplified from what the instructions given in the first paragraph would yield. But the point remains, there is a formula of set theory that is true only for the desired constructible set s and that contains parameters only for ordinals.
# Relative constructibility.
Sometimes it is desirable to find a model of set theory that is narrow like L, but that includes or is influenced by a set that is not constructible. This gives rise to the concept of relative constructibility, of which there are two flavors, denoted L(A) and L[A].
The class L(A) for a non-constructible set A | 9,540 |
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is the intersection of all classes that are standard models of set theory and contain A and all the ordinals.
L(A) is defined by transfinite recursion as follows:
- L(A) = the smallest transitive set containing A as an element, i.e. the transitive closure of {A}.
- L(A) = Def (L(A))
- If λ is a limit ordinal, then formula_34.
- formula_35.
If L(A) contains a well-ordering of the transitive closure of {A}, then this can be extended to a well-ordering of L(A). Otherwise, the axiom of choice will fail in L(A).
A common example is L(R), the smallest model that contains all the real numbers, which is used extensively in modern descriptive set theory.
The class L[A] is the class of sets whose | 9,541 |
343335 | Constructible universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructible%20universe | Constructible universe
construction is influenced by A, where A may be a (presumably non-constructible) set or a proper class. The definition of this class uses Def (X), which is the same as Def (X) except instead of evaluating the truth of formulas Φ in the model (X,∈), one uses the model (X,∈,A) where A is a unary predicate. The intended interpretation of A(y) is y∈A. Then the definition of L[A] is exactly that of L only with Def replaced by Def.
L[A] is always a model of the axiom of choice. Even if A is a set, A is not necessarily itself a member of L[A], although it always is if A is a set of ordinals.
The sets in L(A) or L[A] are usually not actually constructible and that the properties of these models may | 9,542 |
343335 | Constructible universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructible%20universe | Constructible universe
of formulas Φ in the model (X,∈), one uses the model (X,∈,A) where A is a unary predicate. The intended interpretation of A(y) is y∈A. Then the definition of L[A] is exactly that of L only with Def replaced by Def.
L[A] is always a model of the axiom of choice. Even if A is a set, A is not necessarily itself a member of L[A], although it always is if A is a set of ordinals.
The sets in L(A) or L[A] are usually not actually constructible and that the properties of these models may be quite different from the properties of L itself.
# See also.
- Axiom of constructibility
- Statements true in L
- Reflection principle
- Axiomatic set theory
- Transitive set
- L(R)
- Ordinal definable | 9,543 |
343344 | High-altitude military parachuting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-altitude%20military%20parachuting | High-altitude military parachuting
High-altitude military parachuting
High-altitude military parachuting (or military free fall (MFF)) is a method of delivering military personnel, military equipment, and other military supplies from a transport aircraft at a high altitude via free-fall parachute insertion. Two techniques are used: HALO (high altitude – low opening) and HAHO (high altitude – high opening).
In the HALO technique, the parachutist opens their parachute at a low altitude after free-falling for a period of time, while in the HAHO technique, the parachutist opens their parachute at a high altitude just a few seconds after jumping from the aircraft.
Although HALO techniques were first developed in the 1960s for military | 9,544 |
343344 | High-altitude military parachuting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-altitude%20military%20parachuting | High-altitude military parachuting
uses, in recent years HALO parachute designs have been more widely used in non-military applications, including as a form of skydiving.
In military operations, HALO is also used for delivering equipment, supplies, or personnel, while HAHO is generally used exclusively for personnel. In typical HALO/HAHO insertions the troops jump from altitudes between and .
# HALO – High Altitude Low Opening.
The origins of the HALO technique date back to 1960 when the United States Air Force began conducting experiments that followed earlier work by Colonel John Stapp in the late 1940s through early 1950s on survivability for pilots ejecting at high altitude. Stapp, a research biophysicist and medical doctor, | 9,545 |
343344 | High-altitude military parachuting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-altitude%20military%20parachuting | High-altitude military parachuting
used himself in rocket sled tests to study the effects of very high g-forces. Stapp also solved many of the problems of high-altitude flight in his earliest work for the Air Force and subjected himself to exposure to altitudes of up to . He later helped develop pressure suits and ejection seats, which have been used in jets ever since. As part of the experiments, on August 16, 1960, Colonel Joseph Kittinger performed the first high-altitude jump at above the Earth's surface. Kittinger's friend and United States Naval Parachute Test Jumper Joe Crotwell was also among the consultants and test jumpers of the original program. The first time the technique was used for combat was during the Vietnam | 9,546 |
343344 | High-altitude military parachuting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-altitude%20military%20parachuting | High-altitude military parachuting
War in Laos by members of MACV-SOG. SEAL Team Six of the United States Navy expanded the HALO technique to include delivery of boats and other large items.
The technique is used to airdrop supplies, equipment, or personnel at high altitudes, where aircraft can fly above surface-to-air missile (SAM) engagement levels through enemy skies without posing a threat to the transport or load. In the event that anti-aircraft cannons are active near the drop zone, the HALO technique also minimizes the parachutist's exposure to flak.
For military cargo airdrops, the rigged load is cut free and rolls out of the plane as a result of gravity. The load then proceeds to fall under canopy to a designated drop | 9,547 |
343344 | High-altitude military parachuting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-altitude%20military%20parachuting | High-altitude military parachuting
zone.
In a typical HALO exercise, the parachutist will jump from the aircraft, free-fall for a period of time at terminal velocity, and open their parachute at an altitude as low as 3,000 feet AGL depending on the mission. The combination of high downward speed, minimal forward airspeed, and the use of only small amounts of metal helps to defeat radar and reduces the amount of time a parachute might be visible to ground observers, enabling a stealthy insertion.
# HAHO – High Altitude High Opening.
The HAHO technique is used to airdrop personnel at high altitudes when aircraft are unable to fly above enemy skies without posing a threat to the jumpers. In addition, HAHO parachute jumps are | 9,548 |
343344 | High-altitude military parachuting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-altitude%20military%20parachuting | High-altitude military parachuting
employed in the covert insertion of military personnel (generally special operations forces) into enemy territory, in circumstances where the covert nature of an operation may be compromised by the loud noise of parachutes opening at low altitude.
HAHO jumps also allow a longer travel distance due to increased under-canopy time, allowing travelling distances of more than 40 miles (64 km).
In a typical HAHO exercise, the jumper will jump from the aircraft and deploy the parachute at a high altitude, 10–15 seconds after the jump (typically at or so). The jumper will use a compass or GPS device for guidance while flying for 30 or more miles (48+ kilometres). The jumper must use way points and | 9,549 |
343344 | High-altitude military parachuting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-altitude%20military%20parachuting | High-altitude military parachuting
terrain features to navigate to their desired landing zone, and correct their course to account for changes in wind speed and direction. If deploying as a team, the team will form up in a stack while airborne with their parachutes. Usually, the jumper in the lowest position will set the travel course and act as a guide for the other team members.
Whilst in the British Special Forces (22 SAS), due to his extensive skydiving background, Charles "Nish" Bruce was pivotal in the original trials and development of the HAHO tactic now routinely used as a conflict insert for special forces.
# Health risks.
All types of parachuting techniques are dangerous, but HALO/HAHO carry special risks. At high | 9,550 |
343344 | High-altitude military parachuting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-altitude%20military%20parachuting | High-altitude military parachuting
altitudes (greater than 22,000 feet, or 6,700 m), the partial pressure of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere is low. Oxygen is required for human respiration and lack of pressure can lead to hypoxia. Also, rapid ascent in the jump aircraft without all nitrogen flushed from the bloodstream can lead to decompression sickness (also known as caisson disease or "the bends").
A typical HALO exercise will require a pre-breathing period (30–45 minutes) prior to jump where the jumper breathes 100% oxygen in order to flush nitrogen from their bloodstream. Also, a HALO jumper will employ an oxygen bottle during the jump. Danger can come from medical conditions affecting the jumper. For example, cigarette | 9,551 |
343344 | High-altitude military parachuting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-altitude%20military%20parachuting | High-altitude military parachuting
smoking, alcohol and drug use (including histamine antagonists, sedatives, and analgesics), anemia, carbon monoxide, fatigue and anxiety can all lead to a jumper being more susceptible to hypoxia. In addition, problems with the oxygen bottle and during the changeover from the pre-breather to the oxygen bottle can result in the return of nitrogen to the jumper's bloodstream and, therefore, an increased likelihood of decompression sickness. A jumper suffering from hypoxia may lose consciousness and therefore be unable to open his parachute. A jumper suffering from decompression sickness may die or become permanently disabled from nitrogen bubbles in the bloodstream, which causes inflammation of | 9,552 |
343344 | High-altitude military parachuting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-altitude%20military%20parachuting | High-altitude military parachuting
joints.
Another risk is from the low ambient temperatures prevalent at higher altitudes. At an altitude of 35,000 feet, the jumper faces temperatures of –45 °C (–50 °F), and can experience frostbite. However, HALO jumpers generally wear polypropylene knit undergarments and other warm clothing to prevent this.
HALO carries the additional risk that if the parachute fails to deploy or lines become tangled, there is less time to resort to the reserve (back-up parachute) or untangle the lines.
# Example of use.
- The first combat high-altitude jump took place during the Vietnam War when a six-man team called SOG Recon Team Florida parachuted from 18,000 feet (5,500 m) into Laos.
- In November | 9,553 |
343344 | High-altitude military parachuting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-altitude%20military%20parachuting | High-altitude military parachuting
2001, a small team of U.S. troops from the 75th Ranger Regiment Regimental Reconnaissance Company freefall parachuted into Afghanistan in order to establish a landing strip.
- In 2002, U.S. Air Force pararescue jumpers conducted a high altitude low opening jump in Afghanistan as a means of reaching a gravely wounded member of the Australian Special Air Service who was stranded in a minefield.
- Free fall parachute insertions were utilized during Operation Iraqi Freedom, as a means of bypassing enemy early warning systems.
- In 2009, during the rescue of Captain Richard Phillips off the coast of Somalia, a team of Navy SEALs carried out a nighttime high altitude low-opening jump into the sea | 9,554 |
343344 | High-altitude military parachuting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-altitude%20military%20parachuting | High-altitude military parachuting
in order to reach the USS "Bainbridge" which was towing a lifeboat containing Philips' hostage takers.
- In 2012, Navy SEALs used the technique to insert into Somalia to rescue two hostages being held by pirates near the town of Adow.
- Tom Cruise became the first actor to perform a HALO jump on camera for the 2018 film "".
# See also.
- Project Excelsior
- John Stapp
- Billy Waugh
# References.
- Black, Mike. HALO jump over Yuma Proving Ground, AZ. US Marine Corps. United States of America.
- Divine, Mark (2004). Navy SEALs Air Operations – Free Fall: HALO/HAHO (). US Navy SEAL 1989 to present. Founder of NavySEALs.com.
- McKenna, Pat (July 1997). A Bad Altitude. "Airman Magazine". | 9,555 |
343344 | High-altitude military parachuting | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-altitude%20military%20parachuting | High-altitude military parachuting
US Air Force. United States of America.
- McManners, Hugh (2003), Ultimate Special Forces, pub Dorling Kindersley https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043005/http://doi.contentdirections.com/mr/dk.jsp?doi=10.1221%2F0789499738
- US Army Infantry School (November 1, 1995). Lesson 3: Airlift Requests and Personnel Used in Airborne. "Fundamentals of Airborne Operations, Edition B". US Army Infantry School. US Army. United States of America.
- US DOD (June 5, 2003). US DOD Dictionary of Military Terms: Joint Acronyms and Abbreviations. US Department of Defense. United States of America.
- http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1986/nov-dec/boyd.html
- http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/airborne-halo-haho.htm
# | 9,556 |
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ey https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043005/http://doi.contentdirections.com/mr/dk.jsp?doi=10.1221%2F0789499738
- US Army Infantry School (November 1, 1995). Lesson 3: Airlift Requests and Personnel Used in Airborne. "Fundamentals of Airborne Operations, Edition B". US Army Infantry School. US Army. United States of America.
- US DOD (June 5, 2003). US DOD Dictionary of Military Terms: Joint Acronyms and Abbreviations. US Department of Defense. United States of America.
- http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1986/nov-dec/boyd.html
- http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/airborne-halo-haho.htm
# External links.
- Photo of Billy Waugh's Combat HALO Badge, etc. | 9,557 |
343333 | Cotentin Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotentin%20Peninsula | Cotentin Peninsula
Cotentin Peninsula
The Cotentin Peninsula (, ; ), also known as the Cherbourg Peninsula, is a peninsula in Normandy that forms part of the northwest coast of France. It extends north-westward into the English Channel, towards Great Britain. To its west lie the Channel Islands and to the southwest lies the Brittany Peninsula.
The peninsula lies wholly within the department of Manche, in the region of Normandy.
# Geography.
The Cotentin peninsula is part of the Armorican Massif (with the exception of the Plain lying in the Paris Basin) and lies between the estuary of the Vire river and Mont Saint-Michel Bay. It is divided into three areas: the headland of Cap de la Hague, the Cotentin Pass | 9,558 |
343333 | Cotentin Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotentin%20Peninsula | Cotentin Peninsula
(the Plain), and the valley of the Saire River (Val de Saire). It forms the bulk of the department of Manche. Its southern part, known as "le Marais" (the Marshlands), crosses from east to west from just north west of Saint Lo and east of Lessay and marks a natural border with the rest of Manche.
The largest town in the peninsula is Cherbourg on the north coast, a major cross-channel port.
The western coast of the peninsula, known as the "Côte des Îles" ("Islands Coast"), faces the Channel Islands. Ferry links serve Carteret and the islands of Jersey, Guernsey and Alderney from Dielette. Off the east coast of the peninsula lies the island of Tatihou and the Îles Saint-Marcouf.
The oldest | 9,559 |
343333 | Cotentin Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotentin%20Peninsula | Cotentin Peninsula
stone in France is found in outcroppings on the coast of Cap de la Hague, at the tip of the peninsula.
Cotentin was almost an island at one time. Only a small strip of land in the heath of Lessay connected the peninsula with the mainland. Thanks to the so-called "portes à flot" (), which close at flood and open at ebb and which were built in the west coast and in the Baie des Veys, on the east coast, the Cotentin has become a peninsula.
The Côte des Havres lies between the Cape of Carteret and the Cape of Granville. To the northwest, there are two sand dune systems: one stretching between Siouville-Hague and Vauville, the other one stretching between Cap of Carteret and Baubigny.
# History.
## | 9,560 |
343333 | Cotentin Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotentin%20Peninsula | Cotentin Peninsula
Roman Armorica.
The peninsula formed part of the Roman geographical area of Armorica. The town known today as Coutances, capital of the Unelli, a Gaulish tribe, acquired the name of "Constantia" in 298 during the reign of Roman emperor Constantius Chlorus. The base of the peninsula, called in Latin the "pagus Constantinus", joined together with the "pagus Coriovallensis" centred upon Cherbourg to the north, subsequently became known as the Cotentin. Under the Carolingians it was administered by viscounts drawn successively from members of the Saint-Sauveur family, at their seat Saint-Sauveur on the Douve.
## Medieval history.
King Alan the Great of Brittany (d. 907) waged war successfully | 9,561 |
343333 | Cotentin Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotentin%20Peninsula | Cotentin Peninsula
on the Norsemen. As the result of his conquests, the Cotentin Peninsula was included theoretically in the territory of the Duchy of Brittany, after the Treaty of Compiègne (867) with the king of the Franks. The Dukes of Brittany suffered continuing Norse invasions and Norman raids, and Brittany lost the Cotentin Peninsula (and Avranchin nearby) after only 70 years of political domination.
Meanwhile, Vikings settled on the Cotentin in the ninth and tenth centuries. There are indications of a whaling industry there dating to the ninth century, possibly introduced by Norsemen. They were followed by Anglo-Norse and Anglo-Danish people, who established themselves as farmers. The Cotentin became | 9,562 |
343333 | Cotentin Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotentin%20Peninsula | Cotentin Peninsula
part of Normandy in the early tenth century. Many placenames there are derived from the Norse language. Examples include La Hague, from "hagi" ("meadow" or "enclosure"), and La Hougue, from "haugr" ("hill" or "mound"). Other names are typical: all those ending with "-tot" (Quettetot..) from "topt" "site of a house" (modern "-toft"), "-bec" (Bricquebec, Houlbec..) from "bekkr" "brook", "stream", etc.
In 1088 Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, enfeoffed the Cotentin to his brother Henry, who later became king of England. Henry, as count of the Cotentin, established his first power base there and in the adjoining Avranchin, which lay to the south, beyond the River Thar.
During the Hundred Years | 9,563 |
343333 | Cotentin Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotentin%20Peninsula | Cotentin Peninsula
War, King Edward III of England landed in the bay of La Hogue, and then came to the Church of Quettehou in Val de Saire. It was there that Edward III knighted his son Edward, the Black Prince. A remembrance plaque can be seen next to the altar.
## Modern history.
The naval Battle of La Hogue in 1692 was fought off Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue near Barfleur.
The town of Valognes was, until the French Revolution, a provincial social resort for the aristocracy, nicknamed the "Versailles of Normandy". The social scene was described in the novels of Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly (himself from the Cotentin). Little now remains of the grand houses and châteaux; they were destroyed by combat there during the | 9,564 |
343333 | Cotentin Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotentin%20Peninsula | Cotentin Peninsula
Battle of Normandy in World War II.
During World War II, part of the 1944 Battle of Normandy was fought in the Cotentin. The westernmost part of the D-Day landings was at Utah Beach, on the southeastern coast of the peninsula, and was followed by a campaign to occupy the peninsula and take Cherbourg.
# Economy.
The peninsula's main economic resource is agriculture. Dairy and vegetable farming are prominent activities. Along the coast, aquaculture of oysters is a growing industry. Cider and calvados are produced from locally grown apples and pears.
The region hosts two important nuclear power facilities. At Flamanville there is a nuclear power plant, where the second European Pressurized | 9,565 |
343333 | Cotentin Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotentin%20Peninsula | Cotentin Peninsula
Reactor in the world is being constructed, with commissioning delayed to 2016 or later. COGEMA La Hague site, a large nuclear waste reprocessing and storage complex operated by Areva NC, is located a few miles to the north, at Beaumont-Hague. The facility stores all high level waste from the French nuclear power program in one large vault. Nuclear industry provides a substantial portion of jobs in the region. The roads used for transport of nuclear waste have been blocked many times in the past by environmental action group Greenpeace. Local environmental groups have voiced concerns about the radioactivity levels of the cooling water of both these nuclear sites, which is being flushed into the | 9,566 |
343333 | Cotentin Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotentin%20Peninsula | Cotentin Peninsula
bay of Vauville; however, the emitted radioactivity is several orders of magnitude below natural background levels and does not pose any hazard.
There are two important naval shipyards in Cherbourg. The state-owned shipyard DCNS has built French nuclear submarines since the 1960s. Privately owned CMN builds frigates and patrol vessels for various states, mostly from the Middle East.
Tourism is also an important economic activity in this region. Many tourists visit the D-Day invasion beaches, including Utah Beach in the Cotentin. At Sainte-Mère-Église a few miles away from the beach, there is a museum commemorating the action of the 82nd Airborne Division and 101st Airborne Division. The "Cité | 9,567 |
343333 | Cotentin Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotentin%20Peninsula | Cotentin Peninsula
de la Mer" in Cherbourg is a museum of oceanic and underseas subjects. The main attraction is "Redoutable", the first French nuclear submarine, launched in 1967.
# Culture.
After quitting political life, the political thinker Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859) retreated to the family estate of Tocqueville where he wrote much of his work.
Due to its comparative isolation, the peninsula is one of the remaining strongholds of the Norman language, and the local dialect is known as Cotentinais. The Norman language poet Côtis-Capel (1915-1986) described the environment of the peninsula, while French language poet Jacques Prévert made his home at Omonville-la-Petite. The painter Jean-François Millet | 9,568 |
343333 | Cotentin Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotentin%20Peninsula | Cotentin Peninsula
ng strongholds of the Norman language, and the local dialect is known as Cotentinais. The Norman language poet Côtis-Capel (1915-1986) described the environment of the peninsula, while French language poet Jacques Prévert made his home at Omonville-la-Petite. The painter Jean-François Millet (1814-1875) was also born on the peninsula.
The Norman language writer Alfred Rossel, native of Cherbourg, composed many songs which form part of the heritage of the region. Rossel's song "Sus la mé" ("on the sea") is often sung as a regional patriotic song.
# Other sources.
- Renaud, Jean: "Les Vikings et la Normandie" (Ouest-France. 2002)
- Renaud, Jean: "Les dieux des Vikings" (Ouest-France. 2002) | 9,569 |
343353 | List of cities and towns in Andorra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities%20and%20towns%20in%20Andorra | List of cities and towns in Andorra
List of cities and towns in Andorra
This is a list of cities, towns and villages in Andorra. The country, divided into 7 parishes, counts 44 official statistical "poblacions" (i.e.: towns and villages) and other villages.
# List.
1. Les Escaldes and Engordany are former villages and nowadays the parish of Escaldes-Engordany is only one city./small
# Largest towns.
As of 2011-12-31, Source: CityPopulation | 9,570 |
343354 | List of cities and towns in Angola | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities%20and%20towns%20in%20Angola | List of cities and towns in Angola
List of cities and towns in Angola
This is a list of cities and towns in Angola.
# References.
- City Population: Angola | 9,571 |
343355 | Municipalities of Armenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipalities%20of%20Armenia | Municipalities of Armenia
Municipalities of Armenia
A municipality in Armenia referred to as community ( "hamaynk", plural: "hamaynkner"), is an administrative subdivision consisting of a settlement ( "bnakavayr") or a group of settlements ( "bnakavayrer") that enjoys local self-government. The settlements are classified as either towns ( "kaghakner", singular "kaghak") or villages ( "gyugher", singular ( "gyugh"). The administrative centre of a community could either be an urban settlement (town) or a rural settlement (village).
Two-thirds of the population are now urbanized. As of 2017, 63.6% of Armenians live in urban areas as compared to 36.4% in rural. As of the end of 2017, Armenia has 503 municipal communities | 9,572 |
343355 | Municipalities of Armenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipalities%20of%20Armenia | Municipalities of Armenia
-including Yerevan- of which 46 are urban and 457 are rural. The capital, Yerevan, also has the status of a community.
Each municipality bears the same name as its administrative centre, with the exception of 7 municipalities, of which 4 are located in Shirak Province (Ani Municipality with its centre Maralik, Arpi Municipality with its centre Berdasehen, Marmashen Municipality with its centre Mayisyan, Sarapat Municipality with its centre Torosgyugh), 1 is located in Gegharkunik Province (Geghamasar Municipality with its centre Sotk), 1 is located in Syunik Province (Tatev Municipality with its centre Shinuhayr), and 1 is located in Vayots Dzor Province (Yeghegis Municipality with its centre | 9,573 |
343355 | Municipalities of Armenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipalities%20of%20Armenia | Municipalities of Armenia
Shatin).
Here is a list of the municipalities of Armenia as of January 2018, classified by province and type:
# Aragatsotn Province.
Aragatsotn Province is currently divided into 72 municipal communities, of which 3 are urban and 69 are rural:
Rural communities and included settlements:
- Agarak
- Agarakavan
- Aghdzk
- Akunk
- Alagyaz
- Avshen
- Charchakis
- Jamshlu
- Kaniashir
- Mijnatun
- Mirak
- Rya Taza
- Shenkani
- Sipan
- Antarut
- Aragatsavan
- Arteni
- Getap
- Lusakn
- Aragatsotn
- Artashavan
- Aruch
- Ashnak
- Avan
- Khnusik
- Arevut
- Bazmaghbyur
- Byurakan
- Dashtadem
- Davtashen
- Ddmasar
- Dian
- Dprevank
- Garnahovit
- Ghazaravan
- Hako
- | 9,574 |
343355 | Municipalities of Armenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipalities%20of%20Armenia | Municipalities of Armenia
Hatsashen
- Irind
- Kakavadzor
- Kanch
- Karbi
- Karmrashen
- Katnaghbyur
- Kosh
- Lernarot
- Mastara
- Dzoragyugh
- Melikgyugh
- Metsadzor
- Nerkin Bazmaberd
- Nerkin Sasnashen
- Nor Amanos
- Nor Artik
- Nor Yedesia
- Ohanavan
- Orgov
- Oshakan
- Otevan
- Parpi
- Partizak
- Saghmosavan
- Sasunik
- Karin
- Shamiram
- Shgharshik
- Sorik
- Suser
- Tatul
- Tegher
- Tlik
- Tsaghkahovit
- Berkarat
- Geghadir
- Geghadzor
- Gegharot
- Hnaberd
- Lernapar
- Norashen
- Sadunts
- Tsilkar
- Vardablur
- Tsaghkasar
- Tsamakasar
- Ujan
- Ushi
- Verin Bazmaberd
- Verin Sasunik
- Verin Sasnashen
- Voskehat
- Vosketas
- Voskevaz
- Yeghnik
- Zarinja
- Zovasar
# | 9,575 |
343355 | Municipalities of Armenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipalities%20of%20Armenia | Municipalities of Armenia
Ararat Province.
Ararat Province is currently divided into 95 municipal communities, of which 4 are urban and 91 are rural:
Rural communities and included settlements:
- Abovyan
- Araksavan
- Aralez
- Ararat
- Arbat
- Arevabuyr
- Argavand
- Arevshat
- Armash
- Avshar
- Aygepat
- Aygestan
- Aygavan
- Aygezard
- Ayntap
- Azatashen
- Azatavan
- Baghramyan
- Bardzrashen
- Berdik
- Berkanush
- Burastan
- Byuravan
- Dalar
- Darakert
- Darbnik
- Dashtakar
- Dashtavan
- Deghdzut
- Dimitrov
- Ditak
- Dvin
- Geghanist
- Getapnya
- Getazat
- Ghukasavan
- Ginevet
- Goravan
- Hayanist
- Hnaberd
- Hovtashat
- Hovtashen
- Jrahovit
- Jrashen
- Kaghtsrashen
- Kanachut
- | 9,576 |
343355 | Municipalities of Armenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipalities%20of%20Armenia | Municipalities of Armenia
Khachpar
- Lanjar
- Lanjazat
- Lusarat
- Lusashogh
- Marmarashen
- Masis
- Mkhchyan
- Mrganush
- Mrgavan
- Mrgavet
- Narek
- Nizami
- Nor Kharberd
- Nor Kyank
- Nor Kyurin
- Nor Ughi
- Norabats
- Noramarg
- Norashen
- Noyakert
- Nshavan
- Paruyr Sevak
- Tigranashen
- Pokr Vedi
- Ranchpar
- Sayat-Nova
- Shahumyan
- Sipanik
- Sis
- Sisavan
- Surenavan
- Taperakan
- Urtsadzor
- Lanjanist
- Shaghap
- Urtsalanj
- Vanashen
- Vardashat
- Vardashen
- Verin Artashat
- Verin Dvin
- Vosketap
- Vostan
- Yeghegnavan
- Yeraskh
- Zangakatun
- Zorak
# Armavir Province.
Armavir Province is currently divided into 97 municipal communities, of which 3 are urban and | 9,577 |
343355 | Municipalities of Armenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipalities%20of%20Armenia | Municipalities of Armenia
94 are rural:
Rural communities and included settlements:
- Aghavnatun
- Aknalich
- Aknashen
- Alashkert
- Amasia
- Amberd
- Apaga
- Aragats
- Araks (Armavir)
- Araks (Vagharshapat)
- Aratashen
- Arazap
- Arevadasht
- Arevashat
- Arevik
- Argavand
- Argina
- Armavir
- Arshaluys
- Artamet
- Artashar
- Artimet
- Aygek
- Aygeshat (Armavir)
- Aygeshat (Vagharshapat)
- Aygevan
- Bagaran
- Baghramyan (Armavir)
- Baghramyan (Vagharshapat)
- Bambakashat
- Berkashat
- Dalarik
- Dasht
- Doghs
- Ferik
- Gai
- Geghakert
- Getashen
- Griboyedov
- Hatsik
- Haykashen
- Haykavan
- Haytagh
- Hovtamej
- Hushakert
- Janfida
- Jrarat
- Jrarbi
- Jrashen
- Karakert
- | 9,578 |
343355 | Municipalities of Armenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipalities%20of%20Armenia | Municipalities of Armenia
Khanjyan
- Khoronk
- Koghbavan
- Lenughi
- Lernagog
- Lernamerdz
- Lukashin
- Lusagyugh
- Margara
- Mayisyan
- Merdzavan
- Metsamor
- Mrgastan
- Mrgashat
- Musaler
- Myasnikyan
- Nalbandyan
- Norakert
- Nor Armavir
- Nor Artagers
- Nor Kesaria
- Norapat
- Noravan
- Parakar
- Tairov
- Pshatavan
- Ptghunk
- Sardarapat
- Shahumyan
- Shahumyani trchnafabrika
- Shenavan
- Shenik
- Talvorik
- Tandzut
- Taronik
- Tsaghkalanj
- Tsaghkunk
- Tsiatsan
- Vanand
- Vardanashen
- Voskehat
- Yeghegnut
- Yeraskhahun
- Yervandashat
- Zartonk
# Gegharkunik Province.
Gegharkunik Province is currently divided into 57 municipal communities ("hamaynkner"), of which 5 are | 9,579 |
343355 | Municipalities of Armenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipalities%20of%20Armenia | Municipalities of Armenia
urban and 52 are rural.
Rural communities and included settlements:
- Akhpradzor
- Akunk
- Artsvanist
- Astghadzor
- Berdkunk
- Chkalovka
- Ddmashen
- Dzoragyugh
- Gandzak
- Geghakar
- Geghamasar Municipality, centre: Sotk
- Areguni
- Arpunk
- Avazan
- Azat
- Daranak
- Geghamabak
- Geghamasar
- Jaghatsadzor
- Kakhakn
- Kut
- Kutakan
- Norabak
- Pambak
- Pokr Masrik
- Shatjrek
- Shatvan
- Tretuk
- Geghamavan
- Gegharkunik
- Geghhovit
- Lernahovit
- Hayravank
- Karchaghbyur
- Karmirgyugh
- Khachaghbyur
- Lanjaghbyur
- Lchap
- Lchashen
- Lchavan
- Lichk
- Lusakunk
- Madina
- Makenis
- Mets Masrik
- Nerkin Getashen
- Norakert
- Norashen
- Noratus
- | 9,580 |
343355 | Municipalities of Armenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipalities%20of%20Armenia | Municipalities of Armenia
Sarukhan
- Semyonovka
- Shoghakat
- Aghberk
- Artanish
- Drakhtik
- Jil
- Tsapatagh
- Torfavan
- Tsaghkashen
- Tsaghkunk
- Tsakkar
- Tsovagyugh
- Tsovasar
- Tsovazard
- Tsovak
- Tsovinar
- Vaghashen
- Vanevan
- Vardadzor
- Vardenik
- Varser
- Verin Getashen
- Yeranos
- Zolakar
- Zovaber
# Kotayk Province.
Kotayk Province is currently divided into 42 municipal communities, of which 7 are urban and 35 are rural:
# Lori Province.
Lori Province is currently divided into 57 municipal communities, of which 7 are urban and 50 are rural:
# Shirak Province.
Shirak Province is currently divided into 42 municipal communities, of which 3 are urban and 39 are rural:
# Syunik | 9,581 |
343355 | Municipalities of Armenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipalities%20of%20Armenia | Municipalities of Armenia
Province.
Syunik Province is currently divided into 8 municipal communities, of which 5 are urban, and 3 are rural:
# Tavush Province.
Tavush Province is currently divided into 24 municipal communities, of which 5 are urban, and 19 are rural:
# Vayots Dzor Province.
Vayots Dzor Province is currently divided into 8 municipal communities ("hamaynkner"), of which 3 are urban, and 5 are rural:
# Yerevan.
The capital Yerevan holds the status of a single municipal community divided into 12 administrative districts:
Sources: Armenia 2011 census
# External links.
- Khachatryan, Anush; Karapetyan, Arsen: "Public Green Space in Armenian Cities: A Legal Analysis" in the Caucasus Analytical Ddigest | 9,582 |
343355 | Municipalities of Armenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipalities%20of%20Armenia | Municipalities of Armenia
yunik Province is currently divided into 8 municipal communities, of which 5 are urban, and 3 are rural:
# Tavush Province.
Tavush Province is currently divided into 24 municipal communities, of which 5 are urban, and 19 are rural:
# Vayots Dzor Province.
Vayots Dzor Province is currently divided into 8 municipal communities ("hamaynkner"), of which 3 are urban, and 5 are rural:
# Yerevan.
The capital Yerevan holds the status of a single municipal community divided into 12 administrative districts:
Sources: Armenia 2011 census
# External links.
- Khachatryan, Anush; Karapetyan, Arsen: "Public Green Space in Armenian Cities: A Legal Analysis" in the Caucasus Analytical Ddigest No. 23 | 9,583 |
343356 | List of cities in Azerbaijan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities%20in%20Azerbaijan | List of cities in Azerbaijan
List of cities in Azerbaijan
This is a list of cities in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan is a country in the South Caucasus region, situated at the crossroads of Southwest Asia and Southeastern Europe. In total, Azerbaijan has 77 cities (including 12 Federal-level cities), 64 smaller -class cities, and one special legal status city. These are followed by 257 urban-type settlements and 4,620 villages.
# Cities in Azerbaijan.
There are 77 urban settlements in Azerbaijan with the official status of a city (). They are:
- Agdash
- Agjabadi
- Agstafa
- Agsu
- Astara
- Babek
- Baku – the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan
- Balakən
- Barda
- Beylagan
- Bilasuvar
- Dashkasan
- Davachi
- | 9,584 |
343356 | List of cities in Azerbaijan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities%20in%20Azerbaijan | List of cities in Azerbaijan
Fuzuli
- Gadabay
- Ganja
- Goranboy
- Goychay
- Goygol, formerly Khanlar (Xanlar)
- Hajigabul
- Imishli
- Ismailli
- Jabrayil
- Julfa
- Kalbajar
- Karabakh
- Khachmaz
- Khojavend
- Khyrdalan
- Kurdamir
- Lankaran
- Lerik
- Masally
- Mingacevir
- Nakhichevan
- Naftalan
- Neftchala
- Oguz
- Ordubad
- Qabala
- Qakh
- Qazakh
- Quba
- Qubadli
- Qusar
- Saatly
- Sabirabad
- Shakhbuz
- Shaki
- Shamakhy
- Shamkir
- Şərur
- Shirvan
- Siazan
- Sumqayit
- Tartar
- Tovuz
- Ujar
- Yardimly
- Yevlakh
- Zaqatala
- Zardab
- Zangilan
# Most populous Azerbaijani cities.
List of ten cities, including the capital Baku, with the largest urban population in 2018.
# | 9,585 |
343356 | List of cities in Azerbaijan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities%20in%20Azerbaijan | List of cities in Azerbaijan
hojavend
- Khyrdalan
- Kurdamir
- Lankaran
- Lerik
- Masally
- Mingacevir
- Nakhichevan
- Naftalan
- Neftchala
- Oguz
- Ordubad
- Qabala
- Qakh
- Qazakh
- Quba
- Qubadli
- Qusar
- Saatly
- Sabirabad
- Shakhbuz
- Shaki
- Shamakhy
- Shamkir
- Şərur
- Shirvan
- Siazan
- Sumqayit
- Tartar
- Tovuz
- Ujar
- Yardimly
- Yevlakh
- Zaqatala
- Zardab
- Zangilan
# Most populous Azerbaijani cities.
List of ten cities, including the capital Baku, with the largest urban population in 2018.
# See also.
- Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan
- List of geographic names of Iranian origin
- List of cities by country
- List of cities in Asia
- List of cities in Europe | 9,586 |
343358 | List of cities in Chad | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities%20in%20Chad | List of cities in Chad
List of cities in Chad
This is a list of cities and towns in Chad. In brackets there is the Arabic name of the city.
# Alphabetical list.
- Abéché (أبشي)
- Abou-Deïa (أبو ديا)
- Adé (أدي)
- Adré (أدري)
- Am Dam (أم دام)
- Amdjarass (أم جرس)
- Am Timan (أم تيمان)
- Aouzou (أوزو)
- Arada (أردا)
- Ati (أتي)
- Baïbokoum (بيبوكمم)
- Bardaï (برداي)
- Bébédjia (بيبيدخيا)
- Béboto (بيبوتو)
- Beinamar (بينامار)
- Bénoye (بينوي)
- Béré (بيري)
- Biltine (بلتن)
- Bitkine (نيتكتن)
- Bokoro (بوكورو)
- Bol (بول)
- Bongor (بونقور)
- Bousso (بوسو)
- Djédaa (جيدا)
- Doba (دوبا)
- Dourbali (دوربالي)
- Fada (فادا)
- Faya-Largeau (فايا لارجو)
- Fianga (فيانكا)
- Gaoui (غاوي)
- Goré | 9,587 |
343358 | List of cities in Chad | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities%20in%20Chad | List of cities in Chad
(غوري)
- Goundi (غوندي)
- Gounou Gaya (غونو غايا)
- Goz Beïda (قوز بيدا)
- Guélengdeng (جليندينغ)
- Guéréda (غيريدا)
- Haraze (حراز)
- Iriba (هريبا)
- Kélo (كيلو)
- Koro Toro (كورو تورو)
- Koumra (قمرة)
- Kyabé (كيابي)
- Laï (لادي)
- Léré (ليري)
- Linia (لينيا)
- Mangalmé (مانقالمي)
- Mao (ماو)
- Massaguet (مساقط)
- Massakory (ماساكوري)
- Massenya (ماسينيا)
- Melfi (ملفي)
- Moïssala (مويسالا)
- Moundou (ماوندو)
- Mongo (مونقو)
- Moussoro (موسورو)
- N'Djamena (انجامينا)
- Ngama (نجمة)
- Ouara (وارا)
- Oum Hadjer (أم هاجر)
- Pala (بالا)
- Sarh (ساره)
- Zouar (زوار)
# Largest cities.
- 1. N'Djamena - انْجَمِينا) 951,418)
- 2. Moundou - 137,929 (موندو)
- 3. Sarh | 9,588 |
343358 | List of cities in Chad | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities%20in%20Chad | List of cities in Chad
قالمي)
- Mao (ماو)
- Massaguet (مساقط)
- Massakory (ماساكوري)
- Massenya (ماسينيا)
- Melfi (ملفي)
- Moïssala (مويسالا)
- Moundou (ماوندو)
- Mongo (مونقو)
- Moussoro (موسورو)
- N'Djamena (انجامينا)
- Ngama (نجمة)
- Ouara (وارا)
- Oum Hadjer (أم هاجر)
- Pala (بالا)
- Sarh (ساره)
- Zouar (زوار)
# Largest cities.
- 1. N'Djamena - انْجَمِينا) 951,418)
- 2. Moundou - 137,929 (موندو)
- 3. Sarh - 137,251 (ساره)
- 4. Abéché - 97,963 (أبشي)
- 5. Kélo - 57,859 (كيلو)
- 6. Koumra - 37,867 (قمرة)
- 7. Pala - 49,461 (بالا)
- 8. Am Timan - 52,270 (أم تيمان)
- 9. Mongo - 37,628 (مونقو)
- 10. Bongor - 44,578 (بونقور)
# See also.
- List of cities by country
- Subdivisions of Chad | 9,589 |
343361 | List of cities, towns and villages in East Timor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities,%20towns%20and%20villages%20in%20East%20Timor | List of cities, towns and villages in East Timor
List of cities, towns and villages in East Timor
This is a list of cities, towns, and villages in East Timor.
- Aileu District
- Aileu
- Ainaro District
- Ainaro
- Hato-Udo
- Maubara
- Baucau District
- Baguia
- Baucau 14,960
- Bucoli
- Quelicai
- Laga
- Venilale
- Bobonaro District
- Atabae
- Balibo
- Bobonaro
- Lolotoe
- Maliana
- Cova Lima District
- Fatululik
- Fohoren
- Suai
- Tilomar
- Zumalai
- Dili District
- Dare
- Dili
- Metinaro
- Ermera District
- Atsabe
- Ermera
- Gleno
- Hatolina
- Lautém District
- Com
- Fuiloro
- Iliomar
- Laivai
- Lautém
- Lore
- Lospalos
- Luro
- Mehara
- Tutuala
- Liquiçá District
- Bazartete
- Liquiçá
- Maubara
- | 9,590 |
343361 | List of cities, towns and villages in East Timor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities,%20towns%20and%20villages%20in%20East%20Timor | List of cities, towns and villages in East Timor
- Cova Lima District
- Fatululik
- Fohoren
- Suai
- Tilomar
- Zumalai
- Dili District
- Dare
- Dili
- Metinaro
- Ermera District
- Atsabe
- Ermera
- Gleno
- Hatolina
- Lautém District
- Com
- Fuiloro
- Iliomar
- Laivai
- Lautém
- Lore
- Lospalos
- Luro
- Mehara
- Tutuala
- Liquiçá District
- Bazartete
- Liquiçá
- Maubara
- Manatuto District
- Laclubar
- Laleia
- Manatuto
- Natarbora
- Manufahi District
- Alas
- Fatuberlio
- Same
- Turiscai
- Oecusse District
- Citrana
- Nitibe
- Oe Silo
- Pante Macassar
- Passabe
- Viqueque District
- Beacu
- Lacluta
- Ossu
- Uatolari
- Viqueque
- Atauro Island
- Berau
- Biquele
# External links.
- Map | 9,591 |
343362 | List of cities in El Salvador | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities%20in%20El%20Salvador | List of cities in El Salvador
List of cities in El Salvador
This article shows a list of cities in El Salvador.
# Cities.
Over 100,000 or a High Human Development Index, and a high urbanization.
AMSS = San Salvador Metropolitan Area
- Acajutla - Pop. 47,678
- Apopa - Pop. 217,733 (AMSSIOO)
- Antiguo Cuscatlán - Highest HDI in the country (0.896-very high) Pop. 55,608 (AMSS)
- Ciudad Delgado - Pop. 174,825 (AMSS)
- Cuscatancingo - Pop. 117,013 (AMSS)
- Ilopango - Pop. 159,232 (AMSS)
- La Unión - Pop. 26,739
- Mejicanos - Pop. 211,878(AMSS)
- Metapán - Pop.59,004
- San Miguel - Pop. 218,410
- San Salvador - (capital) Pop. City 540,989; Metro 2,290,000 (AMSS)
- Santa Tecla - Pop. 164,171 (AMSS)
- Santa Ana - | 9,592 |
343362 | List of cities in El Salvador | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities%20in%20El%20Salvador | List of cities in El Salvador
Pop. 280,000
- San Martin - Pop. 144,722 (AMSS)
- Sonsonate - Pop. 110,501
- Soyapango - Pop. 262,975 (AMSS)
# Towns.
Over 50,000, medium to low urbanization, or departmental capital.
- Ahuachapán - Pop. 110,511
- Chalatenango - Pop. 29,271
- Cojutepeque - Pop. 70,000
- Nejapa - Pop. 50,966
- San Vicente - Pop. 53,213
- Tacuba - Pop. 50,000
- Usulután - Pop. 71,636
- Zacatecoluca - Pop. 62,576
# Villages.
Within the range of 1,001 to 49,999 or have a really low urbanization, and keeps the colonial look of the country.
- Alegria - Pop. 15,000
- Arambala - Pop. 1,821
- Apaneca - Pop. 8,597
- Berlín - Pop. 15,000
- Chirilagua - Pop. 24,000
- Comasagua - Pop. 11,870
- Conchagua | 9,593 |
343362 | List of cities in El Salvador | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities%20in%20El%20Salvador | List of cities in El Salvador
d keeps the colonial look of the country.
- Alegria - Pop. 15,000
- Arambala - Pop. 1,821
- Apaneca - Pop. 8,597
- Berlín - Pop. 15,000
- Chirilagua - Pop. 24,000
- Comasagua - Pop. 11,870
- Conchagua - Pop. 37,362
- Concepción de Ataco - Pop. 18,101 - Tourist's favorite village.
- Juayúa - Pop. 24,465
- Jujutla - Pop. 39,596
- La Palma, Chalatenango - Pop. 24,000 - village with coolest temperature (Daily Mean. 53F/12C Lowest Record 19.6F/-6C)
- Nahuizalco - Pop. 49,081
- Santa Rosa de Lima - Pop. 27,693
- Suchitoto - Pop. 24,786
# See also.
- Municipalities of El Salvador
- List of Salvadoran departmental capitals
- Geography of El Salvador
- Salvadoran Departments by HDI | 9,594 |
343363 | List of cities in The Gambia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities%20in%20The%20Gambia | List of cities in The Gambia
List of cities in The Gambia
This is a list of cities and major towns in Gambia.
- Abuko 6,570
- Bakau
- Banjul
- Bansang
- Basse Santa Su
- Brikama
- Brufut
- Farafenni
- Gunjur
- Janjanbureh (Georgetown)
- Jufureh
- Kalagi
- Kanilai
- Kerewan
- Kololi
- Kuntaur
- Lamin (North Bank Division)
- Lamin (Western Division)
- Mansa Konko
- Nema Kunku
- Serekunda
- Soma
- Sukuta
- Tanji
# See also.
- List of villages in The Gambia | 9,595 |
343370 | List of cities in Jordan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities%20in%20Jordan | List of cities in Jordan
List of cities in Jordan
This article shows a list of cities in Jordan.
# List.
Cities and urban localities with a population are listed below.
# See also.
- Palestinian refugee camps in Jordan
- Zaatari refugee camp
- Mrajeeb Al Fhood refugee camp
- List of twin towns and sister cities in Jordan
- Governorates of Jordan
- Nahias of Jordan | 9,596 |
343371 | List of cities in Libya | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities%20in%20Libya | List of cities in Libya
List of cities in Libya
This is a list of the 100 largest populated places in Libya. Some places in the list could be considered suburbs or neighborhoods of some large cities in the list, so this list is not definitive.
# List.
"Source:Amraja M. el Khajkhaj, "Noumou al Mudon as Sagheera fi Libia", Dar as Saqia, Benghazi-2008, pp. 118-123."
- Tawarga became a ghost city after Libyan Civil War (2011).
# See also.
- Transliteration of Libyan placenames
- List of metropolitan areas in Africa
- List of largest cities in the Arab world | 9,597 |
343367 | List of cities and towns of Hungary | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities%20and%20towns%20of%20Hungary | List of cities and towns of Hungary
List of cities and towns of Hungary
Hungary has 3,152 localities as of July 1, 2009. 328 towns (Hungarian term: "város", plural: "városok"; the terminology doesn't distinguish between cities and towns – the term town is used in official translations) and 2,824 villages (Hungarian: "község", plural: "községek"). The number of towns can change, since villages can be elevated to town status by act of the President. The capital Budapest has a special status and is not included in any county while 23 of the towns are so-called urban counties ("megyei jogú város" – town with county rights). All county seats except Budapest are urban counties.
Four of the cities (Budapest, Miskolc, Győr, and Pécs) | 9,598 |
343367 | List of cities and towns of Hungary | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20cities%20and%20towns%20of%20Hungary | List of cities and towns of Hungary
have agglomerations, and the Hungarian Statistical Office distinguishes seventeen other areas in earlier stages of agglomeration development.
The largest city is the capital, Budapest, the smallest town is Pálháza with 1038 inhabitants (2010). The largest village is Solymár (population: 10,123 as of 2010) There are more than 100 villages with fewer than 100 inhabitants while the smallest villages have fewer than 20 inhabitants.
# Largest cities in Hungary.
Bold: Town with county rights ("megyei jogú város").
# All other towns in Hungary.
25,000 – 15,000
15,000 – 5,000
5,000
# Largest cities in Hungary in 1910.
In 1910, the ten largest cities in the Kingdom of Hungary (including Croatia-Slavonia) | 9,599 |
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