wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
|---|---|---|---|---|
343294 | Bridget Fonda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridget%20Fonda | Bridget Fonda
Valley, south of Livingston, Montana. Fonda attended Westlake School for Girls in Los Angeles.
# Career.
Fonda became involved with the theatre when she was cast in a school production of "Harvey". She studied method acting at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute as part of New York University's Tisch School of the Arts acting program and graduated from NYU in 1986.
Earlier, she had made her film debut at the age of five in the 1969 movie "Easy Rider" as a child in the hippie commune that Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper visit on their trek across the United States.
Her second (non-speaking) part was in the 1982 comedy "Partners". In 1988, she got her first substantial film role in "Scandal". | 9,300 |
343294 | Bridget Fonda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridget%20Fonda | Bridget Fonda
That same year she appeared in "You Can't Hurry Love" and "Shag".
Her breakthrough role was as a journalist in "The Godfather Part III". After gaining additional work experience in a few theater productions she was cast in the lead in Barbet Schroeder's "Single White Female", followed by a role in Cameron Crowe's ensemble comedy "Singles" (both 1992).
She starred in 1993's "Point of No Return", an American remake of the 1990 French film "Nikita". A review in "The New Yorker" cited her "provocative, taunting assertiveness". In 1997, she was on the same flight as Quentin Tarantino when he offered her the part of Melanie in "Jackie Brown", which she undertook. She starred in Lake Placid" (1999). | 9,301 |
343294 | Bridget Fonda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridget%20Fonda | Bridget Fonda
She was also reportedly offered the lead, eponymous role in the television series "Ally McBeal" but turned it down to concentrate on her film career.
She starred with Jet Li in the action thriller film "Kiss of the Dragon" in 2001, played the title role in the TV movie "Snow Queen" in 2002 and has not appeared in films since then.
# Personal life.
In 1986, Bridget met Eric Stoltz and, in 1990, they began dating. The relationship ended after eight years.
On February 27, 2003, she suffered a serious car crash in Los Angeles that caused a fracture in her vertebra. In March of the same year, she became engaged to soundtrack composer and former Oingo Boingo frontman Danny Elfman, and they married | 9,302 |
343294 | Bridget Fonda | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridget%20Fonda | Bridget Fonda
Angeles that caused a fracture in her vertebra. In March of the same year, she became engaged to soundtrack composer and former Oingo Boingo frontman Danny Elfman, and they married in November. They have a son named Oliver.
# Award nominations.
- 1990: Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture for "Scandal"
- 1997: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie for "In the Gloaming"
- 2002: Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress In A Mini-series or Motion Picture Made for Television for "No Ordinary Baby" (also known as "After Amy")
# External links.
- Bridget Fonda at TVGuide.com
- Bridget Fonda at Emmys.com | 9,303 |
343306 | Pacific Grand Prix | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Grand%20Prix | Pacific Grand Prix
Pacific Grand Prix
The Pacific Grand Prix () was a round of the Formula One World Championship twice in the mid-1990s. Both races were held at the Tanaka International Aida circuit (now Okayama International Circuit), a slow, twisty track deep in the countryside in Aida (near Kobe), Japan. Following the 1995 Kobe earthquake, the Pacific Grand Prix was moved from early in the calendar to the end.
The Pacific Grand Prix has also been held at Laguna Seca from 1960 through 1963, but these events were non-Championship.
The inaugural Championship race in 1994 saw Michael Schumacher take an easy victory after Ayrton Senna was involved in a first corner accident with Mika Häkkinen and Nicola Larini. | 9,304 |
343306 | Pacific Grand Prix | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Grand%20Prix | Pacific Grand Prix
Schumacher overtook Senna into the first corner and was never threatened for the lead from that point onward. Schumacher could have lapped second placed Gerhard Berger in the last third of the race, but chose not to. The fastest lap was set on lap 3. The race was notable for the Jordan team and Rubens Barrichello's first podium finishes in F1 with third place. The more recent Pacific Grand Prix in 1995 was a more eventful affair, with some close racing throughout the field. The race culminated in a tactical victory for Michael Schumacher, securing his second World Championship, and making him the youngest double World Champion at the time. Fernando Alonso surpassed Schumacher's record by winning | 9,305 |
343306 | Pacific Grand Prix | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Grand%20Prix | Pacific Grand Prix
his second World Championship in 2006. Alonso's record was in turn surpassed by Sebastian Vettel in 2011.
This race made Japan one of only seven countries (the others being Great Britain, Spain, Germany, Italy, France and the USA) to ever host more than one Formula One event in the same year. It was discontinued primarily due to the TI Circuit's location in a remote area of Japan.
With the announcement that the Japanese Grand Prix would switch from the Suzuka Circuit to the Fuji Speedway from 2007, there had been media speculation that Suzuka may retain a race under a resurrection of the Pacific Grand Prix title. However, it was later announced that the Japanese Grand Prix would alternate | 9,306 |
343306 | Pacific Grand Prix | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Grand%20Prix | Pacific Grand Prix
between Fuji and Suzuka from 2009 onward although the alternation was cancelled as Toyota, the current Fuji Speedway owner discontinued further F1 races at Fuji, having pulled out of F1 at the end of 2009.
# Sponsors.
- 1994: Foster's Pacific Grand Prix
# Winners of the Pacific Grand Prix.
## Repeat winners (drivers).
"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship."
## Repeat winners (constructors).
"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship."
## Repeat winners (engine manufacturers).
"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship."
* Built | 9,307 |
343306 | Pacific Grand Prix | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific%20Grand%20Prix | Pacific Grand Prix
ued further F1 races at Fuji, having pulled out of F1 at the end of 2009.
# Sponsors.
- 1994: Foster's Pacific Grand Prix
# Winners of the Pacific Grand Prix.
## Repeat winners (drivers).
"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship."
## Repeat winners (constructors).
"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship."
## Repeat winners (engine manufacturers).
"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship."
* Built by Cosworth
## Year by year.
"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship." | 9,308 |
343305 | Hyesan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyesan | Hyesan
Hyesan
Hyesan () is a city in the northern part of Ryanggang province of North Korea. It is a hub of river transportation as well as a product distribution centre. It is also the administrative centre of Ryanggang Province. As of 2008, the population of the city is 192,680.
# Area.
Around 1940s, this city corresponded nearby Paektu Mountains. However, due to the several changes, the area of this city was reduced, and now it only corresponds nearby Yalu River.
Due to the reunification matter with South Korea, this city is claimed by South Korea, with the area of 1940s, not the one edited by North Korea. Therefore, this city in South Korea still corresponds nearby Baekdu Mountains.
With this | 9,309 |
343305 | Hyesan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyesan | Hyesan
problem, South Korea has a conflict with the People's Republic of China because of Baekdu Mountains. The mountain is actually divided in two: the south parts are ruled by North Korea while the north parts are ruled by the PRC. However, South Korea still claims the northern parts. It is not officially claimed, but from maps printed by South Korea, it is "de facto" claimed. In addition, the Republic of China claims the entire mountain.
# Geography.
The city is located in the Paektu Mountains at the border with the People's Republic of China (Jilin province), from which it is separated by the Yalu (Amrok) River. Changbai is the closest Chinese city across the river.
## Climate.
Hyesan has an | 9,310 |
343305 | Hyesan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyesan | Hyesan
elevation-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification "Dwb"). It is located in the coldest area of Korea, which holds a record low temperature of -42 °C (-44 °F) in 1915.
# Administrative divisions.
Hyesan City is divided into 25 "tong" (neighbourhoods) and 4 "ri" (villages):
# Economy.
Hyesan has lumber processing mills, paper mills and textile mills. Since the North Korean economic crisis that intensified in the mid-1990s the city has suffered from economic stagnation and some factories in the city are closed. Reports and pictures taken from the Chinese side of the river show a "Ghost City": there is almost no movement in the streets, and at night the city is dark | 9,311 |
343305 | Hyesan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyesan | Hyesan
and doesn't have electricity. Residents of the city reputedly wash their clothes in the river because homes have no running water.
First explored in the 1960s, Hyesan Mine produces 10,000 tons of copper concentrates annually. This area has 80% of North Korea's available copper, and the North had estimated that it will be able to continue mining copper there for the next forty years. When Kapsan Tongjum Mine, explored during the Japanese colonial period, was finally depleted and closed in 1990, Hyesan Mine became the lifeline of the nation’s copper production. At that time, the mine flooded because the pumping device stopped operating due to the lack of electricity across the country. Although | 9,312 |
343305 | Hyesan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyesan | Hyesan
the workers at the mine did their best to pump the water, they could not stop the water flowing into the mine at a speed of 480㎥/hour. In 1996, during the North's 'Arduous March', electricity was not provided to the mine, leading to flooding in the mineshafts in January 1997. Hyesan Mine flooded again, as did other mines throughout the country, and lost all mining facilities. Since 1998, Kim Jong Il budgeted 8.2 million USD to dewater the mine, and the mine was recovered using electricity and equipment provided by China.
# Transportation.
Hyesan is connected to other cities in North Korea by road, and by the Paektusan Ch'ŏngnyŏn and Pukpu lines of the Korean State Railway.
# Education.
Schools | 9,313 |
343305 | Hyesan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyesan | Hyesan
in Hyesan include Hyesan High School and Hyesan Girls' School. Higher education institutions include the Hyesan Medical University, the Hyesan University of Agriculture and Forestry, Kim Jŏng-suk College of Education, the Hyesan College of Light Engineering, and the Hyesan University of Industry.
The countryside near Hyesan has various attractions, including the Kwaegung Pavilion, Naegŏk Hot Spring and Mount Paektu.
# Notable people.
- Park Yeon-mi (b. 1993), activist and defector, escaped North Korea in 2007.
- Lee Hyeon-seo (b. 1980), activist and defector, escaped North Korea in 1997.
# See also.
- List of cities in North Korea
- Administrative divisions of North Korea
- Changbai–Hyesan | 9,314 |
343305 | Hyesan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyesan | Hyesan
Hot Spring and Mount Paektu.
# Notable people.
- Park Yeon-mi (b. 1993), activist and defector, escaped North Korea in 2007.
- Lee Hyeon-seo (b. 1980), activist and defector, escaped North Korea in 1997.
# See also.
- List of cities in North Korea
- Administrative divisions of North Korea
- Changbai–Hyesan International Bridge
# Further reading.
- Dormels, Rainer. North Korea's Cities: Industrial facilities, internal structures and typification. Jimoondang, 2014.
# External links.
- North Korea Uncovered, (North Korea Google Earth) see most of Hyesan's political and industrial infrastructure on Google Earth.
- Maps and satellite images of Hyesan Airfield
- City profile of Hyesan | 9,315 |
343314 | Pennant | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennant | Pennant
Pennant
Pennant may refer to:
# Flag or banner.
- Pennon (or pennant), a narrow, tapering flag commonly flown by ships at sea
- Pennant (commissioning), the traditional sign of a warship, flown from its masthead while the ship is in commission
- Broad pennant, flown from the masthead of a British Royal Navy ship to indicate the presence of a commodore on board
- Pennant (church), flown by navies during services on board ships
- Pennant number, a number used to identify ships by the British Royal Navy and other navies of Europe and the Commonwealth
- Pennant (sports), a commemorative flag displayed or flown by a league-winning team
- Pennant race, the race to clinch the division title | 9,316 |
343314 | Pennant | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennant | Pennant
in a regular baseball season
- Pennant, a reference to Flag and pennant patterns in technical analysis of a stock market chart
# Places.
- Pennant, Ceredigion, Wales
- Pennant, Powys, Wales
- Pennant, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Pennant Point, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Pennant Hills, New South Wales, Australia
# Other.
- Pennant, the common name of the dragonfly genus "Celithemis"
- Pennant (automobile) (1924–25), manufactured by the Barley Motor Car Co. in Kalamazoo, Michigan, US
- "The Pennant", a newspaper in Penola, South Australia
- Pendant Productions, an online audio drama podcast company
- Vympel, Russian for "Pennant", a Spetznas unit specialised in infiltration and assassination
- | 9,317 |
343314 | Pennant | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennant | Pennant
nant, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Pennant Point, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Pennant Hills, New South Wales, Australia
# Other.
- Pennant, the common name of the dragonfly genus "Celithemis"
- Pennant (automobile) (1924–25), manufactured by the Barley Motor Car Co. in Kalamazoo, Michigan, US
- "The Pennant", a newspaper in Penola, South Australia
- Pendant Productions, an online audio drama podcast company
- Vympel, Russian for "Pennant", a Spetznas unit specialised in infiltration and assassination
- Pennant Measures, a stratigraphic division of the South Wales Coal Measures and including the Pennant Sandstone
- Pennant station, a light rail station in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States | 9,318 |
343309 | Felicitas Corrigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felicitas%20Corrigan | Felicitas Corrigan
Felicitas Corrigan
Dame Felicitas Corrigan OSB (6 March 1908 – 7 October 2003) was an English Benedictine nun, author and humanitarian.
She was born Kathleen Corrigan into a large Liverpool family, and developed a talent as an organist. In 1933, she entered Stanbrook Abbey in Worcestershire as a nun, and eventually became director of its choir. One of her projects was to develop an English language version of the office of Compline for the abbey. In the course of her career, Dame Felicitas befriended and/or corresponded with several famous figures who converted to Catholicism, including poet Siegfried Sassoon, actor Alec Guinness; and novelist Rumer Godden.
Dame Felicitas' biography of Helen | 9,319 |
343309 | Felicitas Corrigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felicitas%20Corrigan | Felicitas Corrigan
Waddell was awarded the 1986 James Tait Black Memorial Prize. Her book, "The Nun, the Infidel, and the Superman", inspired by the life of Laurentia McLachlan, was turned into a play by Hugh Whitemore and later became a film for television starring Wendy Hiller. She also wrote about other figures in whom she was interested, including Hildegard of Bingen and the poet Coventry Patmore. She also edited publications for the Stanbrook Abbey Press. Other works include:
- "In a Great Tradition" (1956)
- "George Thomas of Soho" (1970)
- "Siegfried Sassoon: Poet's Pilgrimage" (1973)
- "Benedictine Tapestry" (1991)
Dame Felicitas was Stanbrook Abbey's organist from 1933 until 1990. She died at Cheltenham.
# | 9,320 |
343309 | Felicitas Corrigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felicitas%20Corrigan | Felicitas Corrigan
ok, "The Nun, the Infidel, and the Superman", inspired by the life of Laurentia McLachlan, was turned into a play by Hugh Whitemore and later became a film for television starring Wendy Hiller. She also wrote about other figures in whom she was interested, including Hildegard of Bingen and the poet Coventry Patmore. She also edited publications for the Stanbrook Abbey Press. Other works include:
- "In a Great Tradition" (1956)
- "George Thomas of Soho" (1970)
- "Siegfried Sassoon: Poet's Pilgrimage" (1973)
- "Benedictine Tapestry" (1991)
Dame Felicitas was Stanbrook Abbey's organist from 1933 until 1990. She died at Cheltenham.
# External links.
- "Guardian" obituary by Peter Stanford | 9,321 |
343315 | Nicholas Grimald | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas%20Grimald | Nicholas Grimald
Nicholas Grimald
Nicholas Grimald (or Grimoald) (1519–1562) was an English poet and dramatist.
# Life.
Nicholas Grimald was born to a modest yeoman family of farmers in 1519–20. His parents are unknown, despite the popular belief that his father was Giovanni Baptista Grimaldi. The poem "A funeral song, upon the death of Annes his moother", accounts for his mother's death. Grimald's mother has been speculated to be Agnes Gyrmbold, who dies in 1555. The poem mentions his hardworking father, but focuses upon the fondness that he had for his mother. Grimald saw his parents love and devotion for each other and expressed that in the poem. He was the only boy out of many girls.
Maps found of Huntingdonshire | 9,322 |
343315 | Nicholas Grimald | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas%20Grimald | Nicholas Grimald
in the 16th century do not show a place that could be Brownshold. What was found was an estate named Leighton Bromswold. This is the closest match to how Grimald describes his home in the poem "A funeral song, upon the death of Annes his moother".
The Grimald family was seen to be living in Leighton Bromswold for close to four hundred years. Their last name had gone through variations as shown by legal documents kept by the town. Variations include: Grymbaud, Grymbold, Grymbolde, Grimbold, Grimald, Grimbald, and Grymbalde.
There has been no evidence of Grimald ever being married or having children. Some of his contributed verses in Tottle's "Songes and Sonnettes" refer to two women Grimald | 9,323 |
343315 | Nicholas Grimald | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas%20Grimald | Nicholas Grimald
my have admired, Carie Day and Mistress Damascene Awdley. These verses show a debate on if marriage has the desired result that is wanted.
Grimald's connection to Nicholas Ridley, bishop of London, brought him under suspicion, and he was imprisoned in the Marshalsea. It is said that he escaped the penalties of heresy by recanting his errors, and was despised accordingly by his Protestant contemporaries.
The exact date, cause, and location of his death are unknown. Barnabe Googe, in his "Eglogs, Epythaphes, and Sonettes"(1563), included "An Epytaphes on the Death of Nicholas Grimaold", which was written before Googe's departure abroad in 1562.
# Education and early career.
When Nicholas Grimald | 9,324 |
343315 | Nicholas Grimald | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas%20Grimald | Nicholas Grimald
was fifteen years old, he started showing signs of poetic talent. His mother, who placed an emphasis on education, sent him to continue his education at Cambridge. This separation was hard for Grimald's mother, as he was the only boy in the family.
In 1539–40, Grimald graduated from Christ's College with a B.A.. Grimald travelled to Oxford a year later, when the prebendary of Leighton Bromswold Gilbert Smith, a family friend, was impressed by his work. In his first few years in Oxford, Grimald attended Brasenose College. When Grimald was unable to continue his school work because he lacked his books, his first drama was written. Grimald received encouragement from the Matthew Smith, the president | 9,325 |
343315 | Nicholas Grimald | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas%20Grimald | Nicholas Grimald
of the school, along with other teachers and students who were eager to participate in the arts. The play was the Latin resurrection play "Christus Redivivus". Grimald dedicated his work to Smith. It was written in 1541, but was published two years later in Germany in 1543.
At twenty-three years old in 1542, Grimald was able to acquire his B.A. at Oxford. This degree allowed his admission into Merton College, where he received his M.A. in 1544. In that same year, Grimald travelled back to Cambridge to get his M.A. at Christ's College. Grimald chose to stay in Oxford after his degrees in 1544. His next work was another Latin tragedy based on the life and death of John the Baptist called "Archipropheta" | 9,326 |
343315 | Nicholas Grimald | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas%20Grimald | Nicholas Grimald
in 1548. Grimald was licensed as a lecturer in 1552 by Richard Sampson, this allowed him to preach at Eccles. The next year he was appointed chaplain to Nicholas Ridley, bishop of London. Ridely's high opinion of Grimald was shown when the bishop chose him to deliver a Latin address in April 1553, "Oratio ad pontifices".
# Involvement with Nicholas Ridley.
Nicholas Grimald was appointed chaplain to Nicholas Ridley, bishop of London, in 1552. Previously, in a letter written to Sir John Gates and Sir William Cecil, Ridley praised Grimald for his preferment and commended him for his 'eloquence in both English and Latin' (Matthew; Harrison 13). Ridley's high opinion was later confirmed when the | 9,327 |
343315 | Nicholas Grimald | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas%20Grimald | Nicholas Grimald
Bishop appointed Grimald to deliver the Latin address in April 1553, at an assembled bishops' meeting on absentee clergy.
The possible apostasy under Mary I put considerable strife on their relationship, and ultimately lead to its demise. Following Ridley's successful recommendation for Grimald to be appointed chantership of St.Paul's Cathedral, Queen Mary acquired the throne. Queen Mary's brutal prosecution of Protestants led to Ridley's imprisonment. While in prison, Ridley wrote to Grimald and potentially sent him Laurentius Valla's De falso credia et ementita Constantini Donatione declmatio, a text denouncing the pope's claim to dominion (13). The correspondence caught the attention of | 9,328 |
343315 | Nicholas Grimald | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas%20Grimald | Nicholas Grimald
the Catholic authority and consequently led to Grimald's imprisonment at Marshalsea in 1555.(Stephen;Lee 1917).
Grimald's imprisonment was brief, and many speculated the poet's apostate to Catholicism. Originally, Grimald quelled the accusations. In response to rumours of Grimald's collusion with the Catholic Church, Ridley said, 'it will not sink into my head to think that Grimbol would ever play me such a Judas's part' (Matthew;Harrison 13). Ridley later confirmed Grimald's betrayal, and said, in response Grimald's imprisonment and apostate to Catholicism, that 'he (Grimald) escaped not without some becking and bowing (alas) of is knee uno Baal' (13). It is unclear whether or not there was | 9,329 |
343315 | Nicholas Grimald | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas%20Grimald | Nicholas Grimald
reconciliation prior to Ridley's execution.
# Works.
Upon arriving at Oxford, Grimald began his first major work; the Latin resurrection and tragicomedy "Christus Redivus" or "The Resurrection of Christ". His motivation for starting the play was to redeem not being able to perform his studies because his books had come late. When proposing the idea of writing a play, Grimald received support from his peers, teachers, and even the schools president. The story of the play consisted of the resurrection of Christ and is thought to have been made for an Easter time performance. It is believed Grimald wrote a companion play later in his life called "Christus nascens", a nativity play made to be | 9,330 |
343315 | Nicholas Grimald | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas%20Grimald | Nicholas Grimald
performed for Christmas. "Christus Redivus" was dedicated to the Archdeacon of Peterborough; Gilbert Smith and eventually published in 1543 at Cologne.
It cannot be determined whether Grimald was familiar with George Buchanan's "Baptistes" (1543), or with Jakob Schöpper's "Johannes decollatus vel Ectrachelistes" (1546). Grimald provides a purely romantic motive for the catastrophe in the passionate attachment of Herodias to Herod Antipas, and constantly resorts to lyrical methods. As a poet Grimald is memorable as the earliest follower of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey in the production of blank verse. He writes sometimes simply enough, as in the lines on his own childhood addressed to his mother, | 9,331 |
343315 | Nicholas Grimald | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas%20Grimald | Nicholas Grimald
but in general his style is more artificial, and his metaphors more studied than is the case with the other contributors to the "Miscellany". His classical reading shows itself in the comparative terseness and smartness of his verses.
"Archipropheta" or "The Archprophet" published in 1548, was a Latin drama that depicted the life of John the Bapist. Grimald submitted the play with his application for a fellowship with the new Dean of Christ Church, Dr. Richard Cox. The application got him a job at the school as "a senior or theologist" where he would do lectures on rhetoric. "Archipropheta" is one of the first tragedies to be penned by an Englishman.
Grimald's name is attributed to the work | 9,332 |
343315 | Nicholas Grimald | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas%20Grimald | Nicholas Grimald
"Vox Populi", or "The People's Complaint", published in 1549. The piece of writing criticised Church officials for failing to carry out their jobs correctly According to Merrill, the work revolves around "those rectors, vicars, archdeacons, deans, prebendaries, etc., who spend their lives far from their flocks, or do not perform their sacred duties."
He translated Cicero's "De Officiis" as "Marcus Tullius Ciceroes thre bokes of duties" (1556); a Latin paraphrase of Virgil's "Georgics" (printed 1591) is attributed to him, but most of the works assigned to him by John Bale are lost. Two Latin tragedies are extant; "Archipropheta sive Johannes Baptista", printed at Cologne in 1548, probably performed | 9,333 |
343315 | Nicholas Grimald | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas%20Grimald | Nicholas Grimald
at Oxford the year before, and "Christus redivivus" (Cologne, 1543), edited by JM Hart (for the Modern Language Association of America, 1886, separately issued 1899).
Grimald contributed forty poems to the original edition (June 1557) of "Songes and Sonettes" (commonly known as Tottel's "Miscellany"). Two of Grimald's poems printed in "Miscellany", "The Death of Zoroas" and "Marcus Tullius Ciceroes Death", are regarded as some of the first examples of English blank verse ever published. It is also possible that Grimald was an editor of the first edition of Miscellany. It is speculated that most of Grimald's work was removed from the second edition due to his recantation of Protestantism. Tottel | 9,334 |
343315 | Nicholas Grimald | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas%20Grimald | Nicholas Grimald
feared that Grimald's recantation would cause book sales to decline, and thus decided to omit many of Grimald's original works from the updated version. All of Grimald's more personal works were left out of the second edition, and only his initials were used to signify his authorship of the nine remaining poems.
# Bibliography.
- "Christus Redivus" (1543)
- "Archipropheta" (1548)
- "Vox Popli" (1549)
- "Marcus Tullius Ciceroes thre bokes of duties" (Translation of Cicero's "De Officiis") (1556)
- Contributed poems to the collection "Songes & Sonettes" (1557)
# See also.
- Canons of Elizabethan poetry
# References.
- Attribution
- Endnotes:
- C. H. Herford, "Studies in the Literary | 9,335 |
343315 | Nicholas Grimald | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas%20Grimald | Nicholas Grimald
dition, and only his initials were used to signify his authorship of the nine remaining poems.
# Bibliography.
- "Christus Redivus" (1543)
- "Archipropheta" (1548)
- "Vox Popli" (1549)
- "Marcus Tullius Ciceroes thre bokes of duties" (Translation of Cicero's "De Officiis") (1556)
- Contributed poems to the collection "Songes & Sonettes" (1557)
# See also.
- Canons of Elizabethan poetry
# References.
- Attribution
- Endnotes:
- C. H. Herford, "Studies in the Literary Relations of England and Germany" (pp. 113–119, 1886).
- "A Catalogue of printed books ... by writers bearing the name of Grimaldi" (ed. A. B. Grimaldi), printed 1883
- Edward Arber's reprint of Tottel's Miscellany. | 9,336 |
343318 | Tyseley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyseley | Tyseley
Tyseley
Tyseley is a district in the southern half of the city of Birmingham, England, near the Coventry Road and the districts of Acocks Green, Small Heath and Yardley. It is located near the Grand Union Canal.
# Etymology.
Tyseley means "Tyssa's clearing" with "-ley" meaning woodland clearing.
# Education.
The local comprehensive secondary school (on Reddings Lane) is Yardleys School, which was newly constructed on the site of a former brick works. The school moved from its previous split site location in 2001. There is also several primary schools located in Tyseley, among those an Islamic school called Al Furqan which was established on site a decade ago.
# Industry.
Tyseley was once | 9,337 |
343318 | Tyseley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyseley | Tyseley
a thriving industrial area with thousands of people working in the area for major companies such as TI Reynolds (formally Reynolds Tubes) and Corona, attracting a large number of bicycle and motorcycle manufacturers to the area, and component suppliers. Other companies based in the area in the past include Abingdon Motorcycles (later becoming "King Dick Tools"), Dawes Cycles, Girling Brakes, Slumberland, Smiths Crisps, MEM Electrical, Harmo Exhausts, Wilmot Breedon and also the factory where Co-Operative Society (CWS) toys, motorcycles, prams and bicycles were made. They marketed their toys as 'Tyseley Toys'.
The area contains many Victorian buildings that housed many manual workers reflecting | 9,338 |
343318 | Tyseley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyseley | Tyseley
the heritage of the area and the city. There is now a large incineration plant, the Tyseley Energy from Waste Plant, which burns rubbish and in the process produces electricity for the National Grid.
Much of Tyseley remains industrial, with many companies, including Klaxon, SCC, Western Pegasus Limited and Bakelite Limited, basing themselves there. One of the local attractions is the Tyseley Locomotive Works, located inside a large railway depot.
The area is now a popular furniture retail destination with over a dozen furniture retail outlets such The Modern Home and the well known Cousins store in close proximity.
# Transport.
The 36 and 37 bus services, operated by National Express West | 9,339 |
343318 | Tyseley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyseley | Tyseley
lands, serve the Tyseley area.
Tyseley railway station was a predominant junction for the ex-Great Western Railway mainline between Birmingham Snow Hill and London Paddington, with the North Warwickshire Line (via Shirley to Stratford upon Avon) diverging here. Tyseley is on the Chiltern Main Line between London Marylebone and Birmingham Moor Street and Birmingham Snow Hill.
The North Warwickshire Line used to run beyond Stratford upon Avon onto Honeybourne railway station (which is on the Cotswold Line) as the Honeybourne Line to Cheltenham.
# External links.
- Tyseley Locomotive Works
- Western Pegasus
- Yardleys School
- Made in Birmingham - Birmingham's Industrial History Web Site | 9,340 |
343322 | Embrace (American band) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Embrace%20(American%20band) | Embrace (American band)
Embrace (American band)
Embrace were a short-lived hardcore punk band from Washington, D.C., which lasted from the summer of 1985 to the spring of 1986. Along with Rites of Spring, and Beefeater, it was one of the mainstay acts of the 1985 Revolution Summer movement, and was one of the first bands to be dubbed in the press as emotional hardcore, though the members had rejected the term since its creation. The band included lead vocalist Ian MacKaye of the defunct hardcore punk act Minor Threat and three former members of his brother Alec's band, the Faith: guitarist Michael Hampton, drummer Ivor Hanson, and bassist Chris Bald. Hampton and Hanson had also previously played together in S.O.A. | 9,341 |
343322 | Embrace (American band) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Embrace%20(American%20band) | Embrace (American band)
The band played their first show in July 28, 1985 at Food for Thought, a former restaurant and music venue located on Washington, D.C.'s Dupont Circle; their ninth and final show was held at the in March 1986. The only recording released by the quartet was their posthumous 1987 self-titled album, "Embrace", being influenced by the Faith EP "Subject to Change".
Following the breakup of Embrace, MacKaye and ex-Minor Threat drummer, Jeff Nelson, tried turning their recent one-off musical experiment in England, dubbed "Egg Hunt", into an actual band, but the project never surpassed the rehearsal stage. Hampton, for his part, teamed up with former members of Rites of Spring to form the short-lived | 9,342 |
343322 | Embrace (American band) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Embrace%20(American%20band) | Embrace (American band)
post-hardcore outfit One Last Wish, while Bald moved on to the band Ignition. MacKaye eventually directed his energy and creativity toward the forming of Fugazi in 1987, and Ivor Hanson would pair up with Hampton again in 1988 for Manifesto.
During the band's formative years, some fans started referring to them and fellow innovators Rites of Spring as emocore (emotive hardcore) bands, a term MacKaye publicly disagreed with.
# Discography.
## Albums.
- "Embrace" (1987)
## Compilation appearances.
- "20 Years of Dischord" (2002)
# See also.
- Revolution Summer
# External links.
- Zararity (December 29, 2014). "Embrace - Live at the 9:30 Club, Washington, D.C. 1986 (Complete and remastered)" | 9,343 |
343322 | Embrace (American band) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Embrace%20(American%20band) | Embrace (American band)
Bald moved on to the band Ignition. MacKaye eventually directed his energy and creativity toward the forming of Fugazi in 1987, and Ivor Hanson would pair up with Hampton again in 1988 for Manifesto.
During the band's formative years, some fans started referring to them and fellow innovators Rites of Spring as emocore (emotive hardcore) bands, a term MacKaye publicly disagreed with.
# Discography.
## Albums.
- "Embrace" (1987)
## Compilation appearances.
- "20 Years of Dischord" (2002)
# See also.
- Revolution Summer
# External links.
- Zararity (December 29, 2014). "Embrace - Live at the 9:30 Club, Washington, D.C. 1986 (Complete and remastered)" (Embrace's final show). "YouTube". | 9,344 |
343319 | Emperor Zhang of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Zhang%20of%20Han | Emperor Zhang of Han
Emperor Zhang of Han
Emperor Zhang of Han (; 57 – 9 April 88) was an emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty from 75 to 88. He was the third emperor of the Eastern Han.
Emperor Zhang was a hardworking and diligent emperor. He reduced taxes and paid close attention to all affairs of state. Zhang also reduced government spending as well as promoted Confucianism. As a result, Han society prospered and its culture flourished during this period. Along with his father Emperor Ming, Emperor Zhang's reign has been highly praised and was regarded as the golden age of the Eastern Han period, and their reigns are collectively known as the Rule of Ming and Zhang.
During his reign, Chinese troops under the | 9,345 |
343319 | Emperor Zhang of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Zhang%20of%20Han | Emperor Zhang of Han
leadership of General Ban Chao, progressed far west while in pursuit of Xiongnu insurgents harassing the trade routes now collectively known as the Silk Road.
The Eastern Han dynasty, after Emperor Zhang, would be plagued with internal strife between royal factions and eunuchs struggling for power. The people for the coming century and a half would yearn for the good days of Emperors Ming and Zhang. (However, part of the strife came from the power obtained by consort clans – and the precedent was set by Emperor Zhang's bestowing of power on both his adoptive mother Empress Dowager Ma's clan and his wife Empress Dou's clan.)
# Family background.
Then-Prince Da was born to then-Crown Prince | 9,346 |
343319 | Emperor Zhang of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Zhang%20of%20Han | Emperor Zhang of Han
Liu Zhuang and one of his consorts, Consort Jia, in 57. As Crown Prince Zhuang's favorite, Consort Ma – Consort Jia's aunt (her mother's sister) – had no sons, at Crown Prince Zhuang's instruction, Consort Ma adopted Prince Da as her own son. Prince Da therefore grew up considering Consort Ma as his mother, and while he clearly knew that Consort Jia was his birth mother, he never treated her as mother.
Also in 57, Prince Da's grandfather Emperor Guangwu died, and his father Crown Prince Zhuang succeeded to the throne as Emperor Ming. In 60, at the behest of his mother Empress Dowager Yin Lihua, Emperor Ming created Consort Ma empress, and Prince Da, as her son, was created crown prince, even | 9,347 |
343319 | Emperor Zhang of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Zhang%20of%20Han | Emperor Zhang of Han
though he had four brothers older than he was.
# As crown prince.
Not much was recorded about Crown Prince Da's career as crown prince, other than he was taught of the Confucian classics at a young age and was encouraged in his studies by his adoptive mother, Empress Ma, with whom he had a close relation. He was also close to his uncles of the Ma clan.
In 75, Emperor Ming died, and Crown Prince Da succeeded to the throne as Emperor Zhang at the age of 18. Empress Ma received the title of empress dowager.
# Early reign.
Emperor Zhang continued his father's hardworking tendencies as emperor, but he was more lenient than his strict father. He sought out honest officials and promoted them, | 9,348 |
343319 | Emperor Zhang of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Zhang%20of%20Han | Emperor Zhang of Han
and he himself lived thriftily. He was generally humble and honored the senior officials who had served his grandfather and father faithfully in accordance.
In 76, at the suggestion of his advisor Yang Zhong (楊終) and prime minister Diwu Lun (第五倫), Emperor Zhang ordered that his father's Xiyu (modern Xinjiang and former Soviet central Asia) campaigns be abandoned. However, one of the Han generals in Xiyu, Ban Chao, seeing the importance of maintaining Han presence in Xiyu, refused to withdraw, and Emperor Zhang eventually relented and put Ban in charge of Han's operations in Xiyu.
Being close to his Ma uncles, Emperor Zhang wanted to create them marquesses from the early start of his reign. | 9,349 |
343319 | Emperor Zhang of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Zhang%20of%20Han | Emperor Zhang of Han
This was initially rebuffed by Empress Dowager Ma, who found this inappropriate. In 79, however, he created them marquesses over her objection and over their requests to only be made acting marquesses.
In 77, Emperor Zhang took a daughter of his cousin, the Princess Piyang (沘陽公主), and great-granddaughter of the statesman Dou Rong (竇融), as consort. He greatly loved her, and in 78, he created Consort Dou empress.
In 79, Empress Dowager Ma, who had given him much good counsel, died. Even after her death, Emperor Zhang did not honor his birth mother Consort Jia as his mother, but merely permitted her to take on the style of an imperial prince.
# Palatial intrigue.
After his mother's death, Emperor | 9,350 |
343319 | Emperor Zhang of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Zhang%20of%20Han | Emperor Zhang of Han
Zhang continued to be a diligent emperor, but within the palace, there was much struggle between Empress Dou and the other imperial consorts, which would create political instability down the road.
While Empress Dowager Ma was alive, she selected two daughters of Song Yang (宋楊) as consorts for Emperor Zhang. In 78, the elder Consort Song gave birth to a son named Liu Qing, and because Empress Dou was sonless, Prince Qing was created crown prince in 79. The Consorts Song were greatly favored by Empress Dowager Ma.
Later in 79, however, Empress Dou would (perhaps remembering Empress Dowager Ma's example) adopt the son of another imperial consort, Consort Liang, Liu Zhao, as her own son, and | 9,351 |
343319 | Emperor Zhang of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Zhang%20of%20Han | Emperor Zhang of Han
she plotted, along with her mother Princess Piyang and her brothers, to have her adopted son made crown prince. After Empress Dowager Ma's death, she put her plan into action. She had her brothers collect dossiers on faults of the Song clan while bribing the servants and eunuchs of Consorts Song to gather their own faults.
In 82, an opportunity came for Empress Dou. The elder Consort Song had become ill, and in her illness, she craved raw cuscuta, and she requested that her family bring them. Empress Dou seized the cuscuta and falsely accused Consort Song of using it for witchcraft. Emperor Zhang was enraged and expelled Crown Prince Qing from the palace. He had the Consorts Song arrested and | 9,352 |
343319 | Emperor Zhang of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Zhang%20of%20Han | Emperor Zhang of Han
interrogated by the eunuch Cai Lun. The Consorts Song saw that they were in deep straits, and they committed suicide by poison. Crown Prince Qing was deposed and created the Prince of Qinghe instead; he was replaced by Prince Zhao as crown prince. Prince Zhao, however, was friendly to his brother, and they often spent time together.
The Song sisters would not be Empress Dou's only victims. After Prince Zhao was made crown prince, his birth mother's clan, the Liangs, did not dare to openly celebrate, but were secretly happy. When the Dou clan heard of this, they were displeased and fearful, and they felt that they had to destroy the Liangs. Empress Dou began to give false reports about Prince | 9,353 |
343319 | Emperor Zhang of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Zhang%20of%20Han | Emperor Zhang of Han
Zhao's birth mother, Consort Liang, and her sister, also an imperial consort, and they lost Emperor Zhang's favor. In 83, the Dous further submitted false anonymous accusations against the Consorts Liang's father Liang Song (梁竦), causing him to die in prison. The Consorts Liang died of sadness and fear.
The Dous, having made these powerplay, would eventually gain their goals of becoming even more powerful than they were. Also in 83, Emperor Zhang, having seen that his Ma cousins were not following the law, stopped favoring his Ma uncles, and eventually sent them back to their marches. Empress Dou's brothers Dou Xian (竇憲) and Dou Du (竇篤) effectively took over in the power structure – the first | 9,354 |
343319 | Emperor Zhang of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Zhang%20of%20Han | Emperor Zhang of Han
time in Han history that the empress' clan, rather than the empress dowager's clan, was the most powerful consort clan. This trend held sway for the rest of Eastern Han Dynasty and a would prove to be a source of corruption.
# Late reign.
However, Emperor Zhang himself remained fairly diligent and open-minded. For example, in 84, when two university students, Kong Xi (孔僖) and Cui Yin (崔駰) were accused of improperly criticizing his ancestor Emperor Wu and, by criticizing Emperor Wu, making veiled criticism of Emperor Zhang, Emperor Zhang accepted the letter that Kong submitted in his own defense and made him an official in his administration.
In 86, the first of the Qiang (羌) rebellions began, | 9,355 |
343319 | Emperor Zhang of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Zhang%20of%20Han | Emperor Zhang of Han
and while the Qiang were pacified fairly quickly, this would be bad omen for the decades to come, as the Qiang, mistreated frequently by Han officials, would constantly rebel throughout the rest of the Eastern Han Dynasty and become a major factor in the decline of the Han Empire.
In 88, Emperor Zhang died and was succeeded by Crown Prince Zhao, who became Emperor He.
# Era names.
- "Jianchu (76–84)" (建初 py. jiàn chū) 76–84
- "Yuanhe" (元和 py. yuán hé) 84–87
- "Zhanghe" (章和 py. zhāng hé) 87–88
# Family.
- Parents:
- Liu Zhuang, Emperor Xiaoming (; 28–75)
- "Guiren", of the Jia clan ()
- Consorts and Issue:
- Empress Zhangde, of the Dou clan of Fufeng (; d. 97), first cousin once removed
- | 9,356 |
343319 | Emperor Zhang of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Zhang%20of%20Han | Emperor Zhang of Han
Empress Gonghuai, of the Liang clan (; 61–83)
- Liu Zhao, Emperor Xiaohe (; 79–106), fourth son
- Empress Jingyin, of the Song clan (; 58–78)
- Liu Qing, Emperor Xiaode (; 78–106), third son
- "Guiren", of the Shen clan ()
- Liu Shou, Prince Hui of Jibei (; d. 120), fifth son
- Liu Kai, Emperor Xiaomu (; d. 131), sixth son
- Unknown
- Liu Kang, Prince Zhen of Qiancheng (; d. 93), first son
- "Liu Quan, Prince Dao of Pingchun" (; d. 79), second son
- Liu Shu, Prince Huai of Chengyang (; d. 94), seventh son
- "Liu Wansui, Prince Shang of Guangzong" (; d. 90), eighth son
- Princess Wude (), personal name Nan (), first daughter
- Princess Pingyi (), personal name Wang (), second daughter
- | 9,357 |
343319 | Emperor Zhang of Han | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor%20Zhang%20of%20Han | Emperor Zhang of Han
(; 58–78)
- Liu Qing, Emperor Xiaode (; 78–106), third son
- "Guiren", of the Shen clan ()
- Liu Shou, Prince Hui of Jibei (; d. 120), fifth son
- Liu Kai, Emperor Xiaomu (; d. 131), sixth son
- Unknown
- Liu Kang, Prince Zhen of Qiancheng (; d. 93), first son
- "Liu Quan, Prince Dao of Pingchun" (; d. 79), second son
- Liu Shu, Prince Huai of Chengyang (; d. 94), seventh son
- "Liu Wansui, Prince Shang of Guangzong" (; d. 90), eighth son
- Princess Wude (), personal name Nan (), first daughter
- Princess Pingyi (), personal name Wang (), second daughter
- Married Feng You ()
- Princess Yin'an (), personal name Ji (), third daughter
# See also.
- Family tree of the Han Dynasty | 9,358 |
343324 | Edison Disc Record | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edison%20Disc%20Record | Edison Disc Record
Edison Disc Record
The Edison Diamond Disc Record is a type of phonograph record marketed by Thomas A. Edison, Inc. on their Edison Record label from 1912 to 1929. They were named Diamond Discs because the matching Edison Disc Phonograph was fitted with a permanent conical diamond stylus for playing them. Diamond Discs were incompatible with lateral-groove disc record players, e.g. the Victor Victrola, the disposable steel needles of which would damage them while extracting hardly any sound. Uniquely, they are just under in () thick.
Edison had previously made only phonograph cylinders but decided to add a disc format to the product line because of the increasingly dominant market share of | 9,359 |
343324 | Edison Disc Record | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edison%20Disc%20Record | Edison Disc Record
the shellac disc records (later called 78s because of their typical rotational speed in revolutions per minute) made by competitors such as the Victor Talking Machine Company. Victor and most other makers recorded and played sound by a lateral or side-to-side motion of the stylus in the record groove, while in the Edison system the motion was vertical or up-and-down, known as vertical recording, as used for cylinder records. An Edison Disc Phonograph is distinguished by the diaphragm of the reproducer being parallel to the surface of the record. The diaphragm of a reproducer used for playing lateral records is at a right angle to the surface.
In the late summer and early fall of 1929 Edison | 9,360 |
343324 | Edison Disc Record | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edison%20Disc%20Record | Edison Disc Record
also briefly produced a high-quality series of thin electrically recorded lateral-cut "Needle Type" disc records for use on standard record players.
# Historical background.
The record industry began in 1889 with some very-small-scale production of professionally recorded wax cylinder records. At first, costly wet-cell-powered, electric-motor-driven machines were needed to play them, and the customer base consisted solely of entrepreneurs with money-making nickel-in-the-slot phonographs in arcades, taverns and other public places. Soon, some affluent individuals who could afford expensive toys were customers, too. By the late 1890s, relatively inexpensive spring-motor-driven phonographs were | 9,361 |
343324 | Edison Disc Record | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edison%20Disc%20Record | Edison Disc Record
available and becoming a fixture in middle-class homes. The record industry boomed. At the same time, the Berliner Gramophone Company was marketing the first crude disc records, which were simpler and cheaper to manufacture, less bulky to store, much less fragile, and could play louder than contemporary wax cylinders, although they were of markedly inferior sound quality. Their quality was soon greatly improved, and by about 1910 the cylinder was clearly losing this early format war. In 1912, Thomas Edison, who had previously made only cylinders, entered the disc market with his Diamond Disc Phonograph system, which was incompatible with other makers' disc records and players.
# Unusual characteristics.
Like | 9,362 |
343324 | Edison Disc Record | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edison%20Disc%20Record | Edison Disc Record
cylinder records, the sound in a Diamond Disc's groove was recorded by the vertical method, as variations in the depth of the groove cut. At that time, with the notable exception of Pathé Records, which used yet another incompatible format, a disc's groove was normally of constant depth and modulated laterally, side-to-side. The vertical format demanded a perfectly flat surface for best results, so Edison made his Diamond Discs almost one-quarter of an inch (6 mm) thick. They consisted of a thin coating of a phenolic resin virtually identical to Bakelite on a core of compressed wood flour, later also china clay, lampblack for color, all in a rabbit-hide glue binder. With very rare exceptions, | 9,363 |
343324 | Edison Disc Record | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edison%20Disc%20Record | Edison Disc Record
all were about ten inches in diameter, but they used a finer groove pitch (150 threads per inch, or "TPI") and could play longer than lateral ten-inch records—up to minutes per side.
Among their advantages over the competition, they were played with a permanent conical diamond stylus, while lateral-cut records were played with a ten-for-a-penny steel needle that quickly wore to fit the groove contour and was meant to be replaced after one use. A feed screw mechanism inside the Phonograph moved the reproducer across the record at the required rate, relieving the groove of that work and thus reducing record wear. This design was in response to the patent held by the Victor Talking Machine Company | 9,364 |
343324 | Edison Disc Record | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edison%20Disc%20Record | Edison Disc Record
that states that the groove of the record itself is what propelled the reproducer across the surface of the record via the needle. The playing speed for Diamond Discs was specified at exactly 80 revolutions per minute, at a time when other makers' recording speeds had not been standardized and could be as slow as 70 rpm or even faster than 80 rpm, but were typically somewhere around 76 rpm, leaving users who cared about correct pitch to adjust the playback speed for each record until it sounded right. Above all, there was, and still is, general agreement that the Diamond Disc system produced the clearest, most 'present' sound of any non-electronic disc recording technology.
Although Victor's | 9,365 |
343324 | Edison Disc Record | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edison%20Disc%20Record | Edison Disc Record
Victrolas and similar record players could not play Diamond Discs (at best, only very faint sound would be heard, while the crude steel needle seriously damaged the groove) and Edison Diamond Disc Phonographs could not play Victor or other lateral-cut discs, third-party suppliers came up with adapters, such as the Kent adapter, to defeat this incompatibility, but typically with less than optimal sound quality. The Brunswick Ultona, the Sonora, and the expensive "Duo-Vox" phonograph made by the piano manufacturer Bush and Lane were the only non-Edison machines that came from the factory equipped to play Diamond Discs as well as Victor and other 'needle-type' records, along with Pathé's sapphire | 9,366 |
343324 | Edison Disc Record | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edison%20Disc%20Record | Edison Disc Record
ball stylus hill-and-dale format that used a vertical groove that was U-shaped in cross-section, but Edison discouraged all such alternatives by cautioning on some of his record sleeves: "This Re-Creation should not be played on any instrument except the Edison Diamond Disc Phonograph and with the Edison Diamond Disc Reproducer, and we decline responsibility for any damage that may occur to it if this warning is ignored." The very good reason for such discouragement was that Diamond Disc grooves were too narrow and fragile to propel a soundbox across a record surface, as lateral machines did; Edison's precise mechanical feed system on the Disc Phonograph for its weighted "floating" reproducer | 9,367 |
343324 | Edison Disc Record | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edison%20Disc%20Record | Edison Disc Record
replaced that stress on its records.
# Rise and fall.
Diamond Discs enjoyed their greatest commercial success from the mid-1910s to the early 1920s, with sales peaking in 1920. Although they arguably had better audio fidelity, they were more expensive than and incompatible with other makers' products and ultimately failed in the marketplace. Not least among the factors contributing to their downfall was Thomas Edison's insistence on imposing his own musical tastes on the catalog. As an elderly man who favored old-fashioned "heart" songs and had various idiosyncratic preferences about performance practices, he was increasingly out of touch with most of the record-buying public as the "Jazz | 9,368 |
343324 | Edison Disc Record | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edison%20Disc%20Record | Edison Disc Record
Age" 1920s got underway. It was not until mid-decade that he reluctantly ceded control to a younger generation, his sons.
In 1926, an attempt at reviving interest in Edison records was made by introducing a long-playing Diamond Disc which still rotated at 80 rpm but tripled the standard groove pitch to 450 threads per inch by using an ultra-fine groove, achieving a playing time of 24 minutes per 10-inch disc (12 on each side) and 40 minutes per 12-inch disc (these were the only 12-inch Diamond Discs ever sold to the public). A special reproducer and modified feed screw mechanism were required to play them. There were problems with skipping, groove wall breakdown, overall low volume (about 40% | 9,369 |
343324 | Edison Disc Record | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edison%20Disc%20Record | Edison Disc Record
of that of the regular Diamond Discs), and a failure to exploit the format by releasing a limited number of discs. Only 14 different Edison Long Play discs were issued before they were discontinued.
In August 1927, electrical recording began, making Edison the last major record company to adopt it, over two years after Victor, Columbia, and Brunswick had converted from acoustical recording. Sales continued to drop, however, and although Edison Diamond Discs were available from dealers until the company left the record business in late October 1929, the last vertically cut direct masters were recorded in the early summer of that year. Priority had been redirected to introducing a new line of | 9,370 |
343324 | Edison Disc Record | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edison%20Disc%20Record | Edison Disc Record
vailable from dealers until the company left the record business in late October 1929, the last vertically cut direct masters were recorded in the early summer of that year. Priority had been redirected to introducing a new line of Edison lateral or so-called Needle Type thin shellac records, compatible with ordinary record players, but although their audio quality was excellent this concession to commercial reality came too late to prevent the demise of the Edison Phonograph and Records Division just one day before the 1929 stock market crash.
# See also.
- Edison Records
- Brunswick Records
- Victor Records
- Columbia Records
- Phonograph record
- Unusual types of gramophone records | 9,371 |
343308 | Bayeux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayeux | Bayeux
Bayeux
Bayeux () is a commune in the Calvados department in Normandy in northwestern France.
Bayeux is the home of the Bayeux Tapestry, which depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England. It is also known as the first major town secured by the Allies during Operation Overlord. Charles de Gaulle made two famous speeches in this town.
# Administration.
Bayeux is a sub-prefecture of Calvados. It is the seat of the arrondissement of Bayeux and of the canton of Bayeux.
# Location.
Bayeux is located from the coast of the English Channel and north-west of Caen. The city, with elevations varying from above sea level – with an average of – is bisected by the River Aure. Bayeux | 9,372 |
343308 | Bayeux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayeux | Bayeux
is located at the crossroads of RN 13 and the train route Paris-Caen-Cherbourg. The city is the capital of the Bessin, which extends north-west of Calvados.
# Etymology.
The city was known as Augustodurum in the Roman Empire. It means the "durum" (Celtic word "duro-" 'door', 'gate', Welsh ', Breton ' 'door', 'gate') dedicated to Augustus, Roman Emperor. The Celtic word "duron", Latinised as "durum", was probably used to translate the Latin word "forum" (Compare Fréjus "Forum Julii", dedicated to Julius (Caesar)).
In the Late Empire it took the name of the Celtic tribe who lived here: the "Bodiocassi", Latinized in "Bajocassi", "Bajocasses", and this word explains the place-names Bayeux and | 9,373 |
343308 | Bayeux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayeux | Bayeux
Bessin. "Bodiocassi" has been compared with Old Irish "" 'with blond locks'.
# History.
## Origins.
Founded as a Gallo-Roman settlement in the 1st century BC under the name Augustodurum, Bayeux is the capital of the former territory of the Baiocasses people of Gaul, whose name appears in Pliny's Natural History (iv.107). Evidence of earlier human occupation of the territory comes from fortified Celtic camps, but there is no evidence of any major pre-existing Celtic town before the organization of Gaul in Roman "civitates". Any settlement was more likely confined to scattered Druid huts along the banks of the Aure and Drome rivers or on Mount Phaunus where they worshiped. Cemeteries have been | 9,374 |
343308 | Bayeux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayeux | Bayeux
found on the nearby Mount Phaunus indicating the area as a Druid centre. Titus Sabinus, a lieutenant of Julius Caesar, subjected the Bessin region to Roman domination. The 5th-century "Notitia provinciarum et civitatum Galliae" mentions Suevi that had been officially settled here ("laeti").
The town is mentioned by Ptolemy, writing in the reign of Antoninus Pius, under the name "Noemagus Biducassium" (for "*Noviomagus Badiocassium" 'New market of the Badiocassi') and remained so until the time of the Roman Empire. The main street was already the heart of the city. Two baths, under the Church of St. Lawrence and the post office in rue Laitière, and a sculpted head of the goddess Minerva have | 9,375 |
343308 | Bayeux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayeux | Bayeux
been found, attesting to the adoption of Roman culture. In 1990 a closer examination of huge blocks discovered in the cathedral in the 19th century indicated the presence of an old Roman building. Bayeux was built on a crossroads between Lisieux and Valognes, developing first on the west bank of the river. By the end of the 3rd century a walled enclosure surrounded the city and remained until it was removed in the 18th century. Its layout is still visible and can be followed today. The citadel of the city was located in the southwest corner and the cathedral the southeast. An important city in Normandy, Bayeux was part of the coastal defence of the Roman Empire against the pirates of the region, | 9,376 |
343308 | Bayeux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayeux | Bayeux
and a Roman legion was stationed there.
## Middle Ages.
The city was largely destroyed during the Viking raids of the late 9th century but was rebuilt in the early 10th century under the reign of Bothon. In the middle of the 10th century Bayeux was controlled by Hagrold, a pagan Viking who defended the city against the Franks. The 12th-century poet Benoît de Saint-Maure, in his verse history of the dukes of Normandy, remarked on the "Danish" commonly spoken at Bayeux.
The 11th century saw the creation of five villages beyond the walls to the north east evidence of its growth during Ducal Normandy. William the Conqueror's half brother Odo, Earl of Kent completed the cathedral in the city and | 9,377 |
343308 | Bayeux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayeux | Bayeux
it was dedicated in 1077. However the city began to lose prominence when William placed his capital at Caen. When King Henry I of England defeated his brother Robert Curthose for the rule of Normandy, the city was burned to set an example to the rest of the duchy. Under Richard the Lionheart, Bayeux was wealthy enough to purchase a municipal charter. From the end of Richard's reign to the end of the Hundred Years' War, Bayeux was repeatedly pillaged until Henry V of England captured the city in 1417. After the Battle of Formigny, Charles VII of France recaptured the city and granted a general amnesty to its populace in 1450. The capture of Bayeux heralded a return to prosperity as new families | 9,378 |
343308 | Bayeux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayeux | Bayeux
replaced those decimated by war and these built some 60 mansions scattered throughout the city, with stone supplanting wood.
## Post-medieval.
The area around Bayeux is called the Bessin, which was the bailiwick of the province Normandy until the French Revolution. During the Second World War, Bayeux was the first city of the Battle of Normandy to be liberated, and on 16 June 1944 General Charles de Gaulle made the first of two major speeches in Bayeux in which he made clear that France sided with the Allies. The buildings in Bayeux were virtually untouched during the Battle of Normandy, the German forces being fully involved in defending Caen from the Allies.
The Bayeux War Cemetery with | 9,379 |
343308 | Bayeux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayeux | Bayeux
its memorial includes the largest British cemetery dating from the Second World War in France. There are 4,648 graves, including 3,935 British and 466 Germans. Most of those buried there were killed in the invasion of Normandy.
Royal British Legion National, every 5 June at 1530 hrs, attends the 3rd Division Cean Memorial Service and beating retreat ceremony. On the 6th of June, it holds a remembrance service in Bayeux Cathedral starting at 1015 hrs, and later at 1200 hrs, the Royal British Legion National holds a service of remembrance at the Bayeux Cemetery. All services are open to the public, all Standards RBL, NVA, RN, ARMY, and RAF service and Regimental Associations are welcome to attend | 9,380 |
343308 | Bayeux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayeux | Bayeux
and parade. Details can be found at www.rblsomme.org
The French town of Bayeux is also the home of a memorial to all of the journalists who have lost their lives while reporting. The memorial was designed by Samuel Craquelin, who is a French architect. The memorial lists the names of 1,889 journalists killed between 1944 and 2007. The memorial was established in Bayeux because of its historic liberation on 7 June 1944.
# Natural features.
The river Aure flows through Bayeux, offering panoramic views from a number of locations. The Aure has a relatively high level of turbidity and the speed of its brownish water is moderate because of the slight slope of the watercourse, although where it | 9,381 |
343308 | Bayeux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayeux | Bayeux
is narrow in places like the centre of Bayeux, higher surface speeds are generated. In the centre of Bayeux near the Bayeux Tapestry Museum, pH levels were measured at 8.35 and the electrical conductivity of water was tested at 37 microsiemens per centimetre. Turbidity was measured at 13 centimetres by the Secchi disk method. At this point of reference, flows are generally of the order of .
The Bajocian Age in the Jurassic Period of geological time takes its name from the Latinised name of the inhabitants of Bayeux (the Bajocassi)
# Population.
The inhabitants of Bayeux are called "Bayeusains" or "Bajocasses" .
# Sights.
Bayeux is a major tourist attraction, best known to British and French | 9,382 |
343308 | Bayeux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayeux | Bayeux
visitors for the Bayeux tapestry, made to commemorate events in the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. According to the legend, the tapestry was made by Reine Mathilde, wife of William the Conqueror. In fact, it may have been designed and woven in England. It is displayed in a museum in the town centre. The large Norman-Romanesque and Gothic Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Bayeux, consecrated in 1077, was arguably the original home of the tapestry where William's half-brother Odo of Bayeux (represented on the tapestry with a wooden club at the Battle of Hastings), would have had it displayed.
The Jardin botanique de Bayeux is a botanical garden dating from 1864.
# Personalities.
- Muriel Barbery | 9,383 |
343308 | Bayeux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayeux | Bayeux
(born 1965), writer
- Berengar II of Neustria (died 896 AD), Count of Bayeux
- Roger Bésus (1915–1994), sculptor and writer
- Frédéric Née (born 1975), footballer
- Alain Chartier (1392–1430), politician and poet
- Pierre Du Bosc (1623–1692), preacher
- Franck Dumas (born 1968), footballer and coach Stade Malherbe de Caen
- Jean-Léonce Dupont (born 1955), senator and former mayor
- Arcisse de Caumont (1801–1873), archaeologist, founded the Societé des Antiquaires de Normandy
- François de Caumont (1768–1848), designer and painter
- Miss George (1787–1867), actress and mistress of Napoleon
- Georges Lenepveu (1857–1923), inventor and master glassmaker
- François Gérard (1770–1837), | 9,384 |
343308 | Bayeux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayeux | Bayeux
painter and member of Bayeux
- Jean Grémillon (1901–1959), film director
- Joachim Rupalley (1718–1780) painter
- Édouard Lair de Beauvais, (1790–1851), architect
- Alfred Lair de Beauvais (1820–1869), organist and composer
- Robert Lefèvre (1755–1830), painter
- Lionel Lemonchois (born 1960), navigator
- Léon Le Cieux (1821–1873), violinist
- Damien Letulle (born 1973), Olympic archer
- Gabriel-Narcisse Rupalley (1745–1798), painter
- Saint Marcouf (died 588 AD), saint born in Bayeux, best known for the healing of scrofula
- Éric Navet (born 1959), jockey
- Poppa of Bayeux, wife of Rollo
- Saint Vigor (died 537 AD), bishop of Bayeux from 513 to 537, destroyed a pagan temple in | 9,385 |
343308 | Bayeux | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayeux | Bayeux
wn for the healing of scrofula
- Éric Navet (born 1959), jockey
- Poppa of Bayeux, wife of Rollo
- Saint Vigor (died 537 AD), bishop of Bayeux from 513 to 537, destroyed a pagan temple in Bayeux
- William the Conqueror (1028-1087), Duke of Normandy, King of England
- Exuperius, (end of 4th century– died c. 410) Archbishop of Toulouse.
- Alfred-Georges Regner 1902-1987, painter-engraver
# International relations.
Bayeux is twinned with:
# See also.
- Communes of the Calvados department
- Bayeux, Brazil
- Roman Catholic Diocese of Bayeux
# External links.
- Official Web site
- Tourist office Web site
- Minosh Photography
- Satellite photo on Google Maps
- British War Cemetery | 9,386 |
343323 | Copy editing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copy%20editing | Copy editing
Copy editing
Copy editing (also copyediting, sometimes abbreviated ce) is the process of reviewing and correcting written material to improve accuracy, readability, and fitness for its purpose, and to ensure that it is free of error, omission, inconsistency, and repetition. In the context of publication in print, copy editing is done before typesetting and again before proofreading, the final step in the editorial cycle.
In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a "copy editor". An organization's highest-ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the "copy chief", "copy desk chief", or "news editor". In book publishing | 9,387 |
343323 | Copy editing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copy%20editing | Copy editing
in the United Kingdom and other parts of the world that follow British nomenclature, the term "copy editor" is used, but in newspaper and magazine publishing, the term is subeditor (or sub-editor), commonly shortened to "sub". The senior subeditor of a publication is frequently called the "chief subeditor". As the prefix "sub" suggests, copy editors typically have less authority than regular editors.
In the context of the Internet, online copy refers to the text content of web pages on the World Wide Web. Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising the raw or draft text of web pages and reworking it to make it ready for publication.
Copy editing has three levels: light, | 9,388 |
343323 | Copy editing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copy%20editing | Copy editing
medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication, the publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ. The type of editing one chooses (light, medium, or heavy) will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts.
Within copy editing, there is mechanical editing and substantive editing: mechanical editing is the process of making a text or manuscript follow editorial or house style, keeping the preferred style and grammar rules of publication consistent across all content. It refers to editing in terms of spelling, punctuation, and correct usage of grammatical symbols, along with reviewing special elements like tables, charts, formatting footnotes, | 9,389 |
343323 | Copy editing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copy%20editing | Copy editing
and endnotes. Content editing, also known as substantive editing, is the editing of material, including its structure and organization, to correct internal inconsistencies and discrepancies. Content editing may require heavy editing or rewriting as compared to mechanical editing.
In addition, copy editing may change punctuation, spelling and usage for a different country. For a Commonwealth readership, the Oxford British and American spelling of "organize" may be changed to "organise", and "color" changed to "colour".
# Practices.
## Mechanical editing.
Mechanical editing is the process of proofreading a piece of writing for consistency, either internally or in accordance with the publisher's | 9,390 |
343323 | Copy editing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copy%20editing | Copy editing
house style. According to Einsohn, mechanical editors work with such things as the following:
- Abbreviations and acronyms
- Additional elements, such as charts, tables, and graphs
- Capitalization
- Footnotes and endnotes
- Hyphenation
- Italicization and boldfaced type
- Numbers and numerals
- Punctuation
- Quotations
- Spelling
Gilad also mentions the following:
- Charts, graphs, maps, and their keys
- Initialisms
- Page numbers, headers, and footers
- Tables of contents and page numbers
- Underscoring
Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases, where they must be left to the discretion of the copyeditor or the publisher. Most publishing firms use a widely | 9,391 |
343323 | Copy editing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copy%20editing | Copy editing
recognized style manual such as "The Chicago Manual of Style" or "The Associated Press Stylebook". Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense, tend to rely on in-house style guides or on the judgment of the copyeditor.
## Grammar and usage.
The goal of the copyeditor is to enforce inviolable rules while respecting personal stylistic preferences. This can be difficult, as some writers view grammatical corrections of the copyedited manuscript as a challenge to their intellectual ability or professional identity. For this reason, copy editors are encouraged to side with the author. If the author's preference is acceptable, it should | 9,392 |
343323 | Copy editing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copy%20editing | Copy editing
be respected. This practice is complicated further by constantly evolving language conventions as recorded by books on grammar and usage. Additionally, the authors of such books often disagree.
## Content editing.
Content editing consists of reorganizing or restructuring the content of a document. This involves any inconsistent parts of the content as well as any variances. Copyeditors can either fix the content by rewriting it or heavily editing it. However, the copyeditor will often point out any difficult passages for the author to resolve on his or her own time.
Although copyeditors are not responsible for factual correctness of the document, they can provide comments for the author on | 9,393 |
343323 | Copy editing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copy%20editing | Copy editing
any information they know to be incorrect, such as year discrepancies or misleading ideas. This type of fact checking is acceptable for copyeditors that know the document's subject matter.
The copyeditor must also point out any biased language without infringing on the author's meaning. This includes material "that might form the basis for a lawsuit alleging libel, invasion of privacy, or obscenity". Some see censoring biased language as political correctness, so it is important the copyeditor distinguishes between the two. To do this, the copyeditor will permit intentional "politically incorrect" views and censor only marginalized, offensive, or exclusive language.
## Correlating parts, typecoding, | 9,394 |
343323 | Copy editing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copy%20editing | Copy editing
and permissions.
Most manuscripts will require the copyeditor to correlate the parts within it. Copyeditors must carry out the following tasks in this process:
- Verify any cross-references that appear in the text
- Check the numbering of footnotes, endnotes, tables, and illustrations
- Specify the placement of tables and illustrations
- Check the content of the illustrations against the captions and the text
- Read the list of illustrations against the illustrations and captions
- Read the table of contents against the manuscript
- Read the footnotes/endnotes and in-text citations against the bibliography
- Check the alphabetization of the bibliography or reference list
Some manuscripts | 9,395 |
343323 | Copy editing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copy%20editing | Copy editing
may require special cross-checking. For example, in a how-to text, a copyeditor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text.
Typecoding is the process of identifying which sections of the manuscript are not regular running text. These portions of text, known as elements, include the following:
- Part and chapter numbers
- Titles and subtitles
- Headings and subheadings
- Lists
- Extracts
- Displayed equations
- Table numbers
- Source lines
- Footnotes
- Figure numbers and captions
It is the copyeditor's job to typecode (or make note of) all manuscript elements for the publication designer. Hard copy copyeditors are usually | 9,396 |
343323 | Copy editing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copy%20editing | Copy editing
asked to pencil in the typecodes in the left margin of the manuscript. On-screen copyeditors may be asked to insert typecodes at the beginning and end of each element.
Finally, if the manuscript contains long quotations from a published work that is still under copyright, the copyeditor should remind the author to acquire permission to reprint said quotations. The same goes for the reprinting of tables, charts, graphs, and illustrations that have appeared in print. Rules vary for the reproduction of unpublished materials (letters, diaries, etc.)
# Processes.
There are several basic procedures that every copyeditor must follow: copyeditors need a system for marking changes to the author's | 9,397 |
343323 | Copy editing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copy%20editing | Copy editing
text (marking), a process for querying the author and the editorial coordinator (querying), a method for keeping track of editorial decisions (recordkeeping), and procedures for incorporating the author's review of the copyediting into a final manuscript or electronic files (cleanup). These systems were originally developed in an era before that of the computer, but over time these procedures were adapted to exist in a digital on-screen space.
Each medium (in print and on screen) has its own affordances, and although a copyeditor may prefer one editing process over the other, copyeditors are practically required to use both techniques.
## Hard-copy editing.
Traditional markup copy editing, | 9,398 |
343323 | Copy editing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copy%20editing | Copy editing
or hard-copy editing, is still important because screening tests for employment may be administered in hard copy. Also, the author whose text the copy editor is editing may prefer hard-copy markup, and copy editors need to know traditional markup in case documents and materials cannot be exchanged electronically. When editing in hard-copy, all participating parties (the editor, author, typesetter, and proofreader) must understand the marks the copy editor makes, and therefore a universal marking system that signifies these changes exists. This is also why the copy editor should write legibly and neatly. Copy editors working hard-copy write their corrections in the text directly, leaving the | 9,399 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.