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9,985
i want to change those feelings you have for these birds because they need our sympathy they really do
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but i want to challenge that i want to challenge that do you know why because do not keep the environment clean
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why are vultures important first of all they provide vital ecological services they clean up they're our natural garbage collectors they clean up carcasses right to the bone they help to kill all the bacteria they help absorb anthrax that would otherwise spread and cause huge livestock losses and diseases in other animals recent studies have shown that in areas where there are no vultures carcasses take up to three to four times to decompose and this has huge ramifications for the spread of diseases
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what is the problem with vultures we have eight species of vultures that occur in kenya of which six are highly threatened with extinction the reason is that they're getting poisoned and the reason that they're getting poisoned is because there's human wildlife conflicts the pastoral communities are using this poison to target predators and in return the vultures are falling victim to this in south asia in countries like india and pakistan four species of vultures are listed as critically endangered which means they have less than or years to go extinct and the reason is because they are falling prey by consuming livestock that has been treated with a drug like this drug has now been banned for veterinary use in india and they have taken a stand because there are no vultures there's been a spread in the numbers of feral dogs at carcass dump sites and when you have feral dogs you have a huge time bomb of rabies the number of cases of rabies has increased tremendously in india
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thesis in this book is that there are seven billion people in the world and actually seven billion unique ways to express one's gender and while people may have the genitals of a male or a female the genitals don't determine your gender or even really your sexual identity that's just a matter of anatomy and reproductive tracts and people could choose whatever gender they want if they weren't forced by society into categories of either male or female the way south africa used to force people into categories of black or white we know from anthropological science that race is fiction even though racism is very very real and we now know from cultural studies that separate male or female genders is a constructed fiction the reality is a gender fluidity that crosses the entire continuum from male to female you yourself don't always feel percent female correct i would say in some ways i change my gender about as often as i change my hairstyle
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so you took this company public right and made an absolute fortune and how much have you paid glaxo by the way after that yeah well every year we pay them percent of billion million dollars last year million dollars it's the best return on investment they ever received
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and about a year after this picture you married a beautiful woman was this love at first sight what happened there it was love at the first sight i saw bina at a discotheque in los angeles and we later began living together but the moment i saw her i saw just an aura of energy around her i asked her to dance
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and each of them had a different take on this bina said i love your soul and whether the outside is martin and martine it doesn't it matter to me i love your soul my son said if you become a woman will you still be my father and i said yes i'll always be your father and i'm still his father today my youngest daughter did an absolutely brilliant five thing she told people i love my dad and she loves me so she had no problem with a gender blending whatsoever and a couple years after this you published this book the apartheid of sex what was your thesis in this book my thesis in this book is that there are seven billion people in the world and actually seven billion unique ways to express one's gender and while people may have the genitals of a male or a female the genitals don't determine your gender or even really your sexual identity
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used to be a lot easier to be from iceland because until a couple of years ago people knew hardly anything about us and i could basically come out here and say only good things about us but in the last couple of years we've become infamous for a couple of things first of course the economic meltdown it actually got so bad that somebody put our country up for sale on
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then there was the volcano that interrupted the travel plans of almost all of you and many of your friends including president by the way the pronunciation is none of your media got it right
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but i'm more of the revolutionary and i should be i'm from iceland we have a long history of strong courageous independent women ever since the viking age and i want to tell you when i first realized that women matter to the economy and to the society i was seven it happened to be my mother's birthday october women in iceland took the day off from work or from home they took the day off and nothing worked in iceland
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but i'm not here to share these stories about these two things exactly i'm here to tell you the story of capital which is a financial firm founded by me and kristin who you see in the picture in the spring of just over a year before the economic collapse hit why would two women who were enjoying successful careers in investment banking in the corporate sector leave to found a financial services firm well let it suffice to say that we felt a bit overwhelmed with testosterone and i'm not here to say that men are to blame for the crisis and what happened in my country but i can surely tell you that in my country much like on wall street and the city of london and elsewhere men were at the helm of the game of the financial sector and that kind of lack of diversity and sameness leads to disastrous problems
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so we decided a bit fed up with this world and also with the strong feeling in our stomach that this wasn't sustainable to found a financial services firm based on our values and we decided to incorporate feminine values into the world of finance raised quite a few eyebrows in iceland we weren't known as the typical women women in iceland up until then so it was almost like coming out of the closet to actually talk about the fact that we were women and that we believed that we had a set of values and a way of doing business that would be more sustainable than what we had experienced until then and we got a great group of people to join us principled people with great skills and investors with a vision and values to match ours and together we got through the eye of the financial storm in iceland without taking any direct losses to our equity or to the funds of our clients
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so let me share with you our values we believe in risk awareness what does that mean we believe that you should always understand the risks that you're taking and we will not invest in things we don't understand not a complicated thing but in at the height of the sub prime and all the complicated financial structures it was quite opposite to the reckless risk taking behaviors that we saw on the market
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and how has this system of law worked for government it doesn't seem to be working very well does it neither in sacramento nor in washington the other day at the state of the union speech president said and i think we could all agree with this goal from the first railroads to the interstate highway system our nation has always been the first to compete there is no reason europe or china should have the fastest trains well actually there is a reason environmental review has evolved into a process of no pebble left unturned for any major project taking the better part of a decade then followed by years of litigation by anybody who doesn't like the project then just staying above the earth for one more second people are acting like idiots all across the country
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idiots a couple of years ago broward county florida banned running at recess
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my favorite though are all the warning labels caution contents are hot on billions of coffee cups will dig us up in a thousand years and they won't know about defensive medicine and stuff but they'll see all these labels contents are extremely hot they'll think it was some kind of aphrodisiac that's the only explanation because why would you have to tell people that something was actually hot my favorite warning was one on a five inch fishing lure i grew up in the south and away the summers fishing five inch fishing lure it's a big fishing lure with a three pronged hook in the back and outside it said harmful if swallowed
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soon the doctor's saying well i doubt if that headache could be a tumor but who would protect me if it were so maybe i'll just order the then you've wasted billion dollars in unnecessary tests if you make people self conscious about their judgments studies show you will make them make worse judgments if you tell the pianist to think about how she's hitting the notes when she's playing the piece she can't play the piece self consciousness is the enemy of accomplishment edison stated it best he said hell we ain't got no rules around here we're trying to accomplish something
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i've always been interested in the relationship of formal structures and human behavior if you build a wide road out to the outskirts of town people will move there well law is also a powerful driver of human behavior and what i'd like to discuss today is the need to overhaul and simplify the law to release the energy and passion of americans so that we can begin to address the challenges of our society you might have noticed that law has grown progressively denser in your lives over the last decade or two if you run a business it's hard to do much of anything without calling your general counsel
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you might have noticed that law has grown progressively denser in your lives over the last decade or two if you run a business it's hard to do much of anything without calling your general counsel indeed there is this phenomenon now where the general counsels are becoming the it's a little bit like the invasion of the body snatchers you need a lawyer to run the company because there's so much law but it's not just business that's affected by this it's actually pressed down into the daily activities of ordinary people a couple of years ago i was hiking near cody wyoming it was in a grizzly bear preserve although no one told me that before we went and our guide was a local science teacher
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it was in a grizzly bear preserve although no one told me that before we went and our guide was a local science teacher she was wholly unconcerned about the bears but she was terrified of lawyers the stories started pouring out she'd just been involved in an episode where a parent had threatened to sue the school because she lowered the grade of the student by percent when he turned the paper in late the principal didn't want to stand up to the parent because he didn't want to get dragged into some legal proceedings so she had to go to meeting after meeting same arguments made over and over again after days of sleepless nights she finally capitulated and raised the grade she said life's too short i just can't keep going with this
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the same time she was going to take two students to a leadership conference in laramie which is a couple of hours away and she was going to drive them in her car but the school said no you can't drive them in the car for liability reasons you have to go in a school bus so they provided a bus that held people and drove the three of them back and forth several hours to laramie her husband is also a science teacher and he takes his biology class on a hike in the nearby national park but he was told he couldn't go on the hike this year because one of the students in the class was disabled so the other students didn't get to go on the hike either at the end of this day i could have filled a book just with stories about law from this one teacher now we've been taught to believe that law is the foundation of freedom
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now for years tort reformers have been sounding the alarm that lawsuits are out of control and we read every once in while about these crazy lawsuits like the guy in the district of columbia who sued his dry cleaners for million dollars because they lost his pair of pants the case went on for two years i think he's still appealing the case but the reality is these crazy cases are relatively rare they don't usually win and the total of direct tort cost in this country is about two percent which is twice as much as in other countries but as taxes go hardly crippling
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can you help us so we launched some tools we let them track their blood levels we let them share the data and exchange it you know a data network and they said you know jamie can you guys tell us whether this works or not and we went around and we talked to people and they said you can't run a clinical trial like this you know you don't have the blinding you don't have data it doesn't follow the scientific method it's never going to work you can't do it so i said okay well we can't do that then we can do something harder
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so remember i told you about my brother's stem cell transplant i never really knew whether it worked and i put million cells in his magna in his lumbar cord and filled out the and did all this work and i never really knew how did i not know i mean i didn't know what was going to happen to him i actually asked tim who is the quant in our group we actually searched for about a year to find someone who could do the sort of math and statistics and modeling in healthcare couldn't find anybody so we went to the finance industry and there are these guys who used to model the future of interest rates and all that kind of stuff and some of them were available so we hired one
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he'd just been diagnosed with als which is a disease that the average lifespan is three years it paralyzes you it starts by killing the motor neurons in your spinal cord and you go from being a healthy robust old male to someone that cannot breathe cannot move cannot speak
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this has actually been to me a gift because we began a journey to learn a new way of thinking about life and even though steven passed away three years ago we had an amazing journey as a family we did not even i think adversity is not even the right word we looked at this and we said we're going to do something with this in an incredibly positive way and i want to talk today about one of the things that we decided to do which was to think about a new way of approaching healthcare because as we all know here today it doesn't work very well i want to talk about it in the context of a story
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you might also be asking whether it's possible that this is illegal for her to do this well it turns out that it's actually not illegal in the fashion industry there's very little intellectual property protection they have trademark protection but no copyright protection and no patent protection to speak of all they have really is trademark protection and so it means that anybody could copy any garment on any person in this room and sell it as their own design the only thing that they can't copy is the actual trademark label within that piece of apparel that's one reason that you see logos splattered all over these products it's because it's a lot harder for knock off artists to knock off these designs because they can't knock off the logo but if you go to alley yeah
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and they've been faced with a lot of lawsuits but those lawsuits are usually not won by fashion designers the courts have said over and over again you don't need any more intellectual property protection when you look at copies like this you wonder how do the luxury high end brands remain in business if you can get it for bucks why pay a thousand well that's one reason we had a conference here at a few years ago we invited tom ford to come the conference was called ready to share fashion and the ownership of creativity and we asked him exactly this question here's what he had to say he had just come off a successful stint as the lead designer at gucci in case you didn't know and we found after much research that actually not much research quite simple research that the counterfeit customer was not our customer imagine that the people on alley are not the ones who shop at gucci
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now of course there's a bunch of effects that this culture of copying has on the creative process and stuart weitzman is a very successful shoe designer he has complained a lot about people copying him but in one interview i read he said it has really forced him to up his game he had to come up with new ideas new things that would be hard to copy he came up with this bowden wedge heel that has to be made out of steel or titanium if you make it from some sort of cheaper material it'll actually crack in two it forced him to be a little more innovative and that actually reminded me of jazz great charlie parker i don't know if you've heard this anecdote but i have he said that one of the reasons he invented bebop was that he was pretty sure that white musicians wouldn't be able to replicate the sound
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they're trying to put together a signature look an aesthetic that reflects who they are when people knock it off everybody knows because they've put that look out on the runway and it's a coherent aesthetic i love these okay we'll move on
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i heard this amazing story about prada she's an italian fashion designer she goes to this vintage store in paris with a friend of hers she's rooting around she finds this one jacket by she loves it she's turning it inside out she's looking at the seams
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she's turning it inside out she's looking at the seams she's looking at the construction her friend says buy it already she said i'll buy it but i'm also going to replicate it now the academics in this audience may think well that sounds like plagiarism but to a what it really is is a sign of genius that she can root through the history of fashion and pick the one jacket that doesn't need to be changed by one iota and to be current and to be now you might also be asking whether it's possible that this is illegal for her to do this well it turns out that it's actually not illegal
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now the reason for this the reason that the fashion industry doesn't have any copyright protection is because the courts decided long ago that apparel is too utilitarian to qualify for copyright protection they didn't want a handful of designers owning the seminal building blocks of our clothing and then everybody else would have to license this cuff or this sleeve because joe blow owns it but too utilitarian i mean is that the way you think of fashion this is vivienne westwood no we think of it as maybe too silly too unnecessary now those of you who are familiar with the logic behind copyright protection which is that without ownership there is no incentive to innovate might be really surprised by both the critical success of the fashion industry and the economic success of this industry what i'm going to argue today is that because there's no copyright protection in the fashion industry fashion designers have actually been able to elevate utilitarian design things to cover our naked bodies into something that we consider art because there's no copyright protection in this industry there's a very open and creative ecology of creativity
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and i really wanted to set a world record myself but there was just one small problem i had absolutely no talent so i decided to set a world record in something that demanded absolutely no skill at all i decided to set a world record in crawling
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i knew i still had to prove my strength and fitness so one day a call came in for a fire and sure enough when my engine group pulled up there was black smoke billowing from a building off an alleyway and i was with a big guy named skip and he was on the nozzle and i was right behind and it was a typical sort of fire it was smoky it was hot and all of a sudden there was an explosion and skip and i were blown backwards my mask was knocked sideways and there was this moment of confusion and then i picked myself up i groped for the nozzle and i did what a firefighter was supposed to do i lunged forward opened up the water and i tackled the fire myself the explosion had been caused by a water heater so nobody was hurt and ultimately it was not a big deal but later skip came up to me and said nice job caroline in this surprised sort of voice
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then it got dark now by now my knees were bleeding through my jeans and i was hallucinating from the cold and the pain and the monotony and to give you an idea of the suffer fest that i was undergoing the first lap around the high school track took minutes
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and i was confused because the fire hadn't been difficult physically so why was he looking at me with something like astonishment and then it became clear skip who was by the way a really nice guy and an excellent firefighter not only thought that women could not be strong he thought that they could not be brave either and he wasn't the only one friends acquaintances and strangers men and women throughout my career ask me over and over caroline all that fire all that danger aren't you scared honestly i never heard a male firefighter asked this and i became curious
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there was a study involving a playground fire pole ironically in which researchers saw that little girls were very likely to be warned by both their moms and dads about the fire risk and if the little girls still wanted to play on the fire pole a parent was very likely to assist her but the little boys they were encouraged to play on the fire pole despite any that they might have and often the parents offered guidance on how to use it on their own so what message does this send to both boys and girls well that girls are fragile and more in need of help and that boys can and should master difficult tasks by themselves it says that girls should be fearful and boys should be gutsy now the irony is that at this young age girls and boys are actually very alike physically in fact girls are often stronger until puberty and more mature and yet we adults act as if girls are more fragile and more in need of help and they can't handle as much
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and you're right it does i assure you i did feel fear but on that mountaintop waiting for the wind to come in just right i felt so many other things too exhilaration confidence
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i assure you i did feel fear but on that mountaintop waiting for the wind to come in just right i felt so many other things too exhilaration confidence i knew i was a good pilot i knew the conditions were good or i wouldn't be there i knew how great it was going to be a thousand feet in the air so yes fear was there but i would take a good hard look at it assess just how relevant it was and then put it where it belonged which was more often than not behind my exhilaration my anticipation and my confidence so i'm not against fear i'm just pro bravery now i'm not saying your girls must be firefighters or that they should be but i am saying that we are raising our girls to be timid even helpless and it begins when we caution them against physical risk
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we're in big trouble hand me one of those waters i'm extremely dry
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what i would do without my women friends i mean it's i have my friends therefore i am
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you know they make me stronger they make me smarter they make me braver they tap me on the shoulder when i might be in need of course correcting and most of them are a good deal younger than me too you know i mean it's nice thank you
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no i do i include you in that because listen you know it's nice to have somebody still around to play with and learn from when you're getting toward the end i'm approaching i'll be there sooner than you no i'm glad to have you parallel aging alongside me
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you're adding decades to our lives right now so among the books that jane sent us both to read on female friendship was one by a woman we admire greatly sister joan who said about female friendship that women friends are not just a social act they're a spiritual act do you think of your friends as spiritual do they add something spiritual to your lives spiritual i absolutely think that because especially people you've known a long time people you've spent time with i can see the spiritual essence inside them the tenderness the vulnerability
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no but it's a great quote i think we're not better than men we just don't have our masculinity to prove and that's really important but men are so inculcated in the culture to be comfortable in the patriarchy and we've got to make something different happen women's friendships are like a renewable source of power
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and we need to do it soon and one of the things that we need to do and we can do it as women for one thing we kind of set the consumer standards we need to consume less we in the western world need to consume less and when we buy things we need to buy things that are made locally when we buy food we need to buy food that's grown locally we are the ones that need to get off the grid we need to make ourselves independent from fossil fuels
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we in the western world need to consume less and when we buy things we need to buy things that are made locally when we buy food we need to buy food that's grown locally we are the ones that need to get off the grid we need to make ourselves independent from fossil fuels and the fossil fuel companies the and the shell oils and those bad guys cause they are are going to tell us that we can't do it without going back to the stone age you know that the alternatives just aren't quite there yet and that's not true there are countries in the world right now that are living mostly on renewable energy and doing just fine and they tell us that if we do wean ourselves from fossil fuel that we're going to be back in the stone age and in fact if we begin to use renewable energy and not drill in the arctic and not drill oh boy and not drill in the alberta tar sands right that we will be there will be more democracy and more jobs and more well being and it's women that are going to lead the way
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in addition the lack of sharing that we experienced was pervasive researchers competed with each other because the ecosystem was designed to reward competition rather than to alleviate suffering we realized that we would have to do work on this condition ourselves to find solutions for ourselves and others like us but we faced two major barriers the first one pat and i have no science background at the time he's the manager of a construction company and i'm a former college chaplain stay mom hardly the backgrounds to take the research world by storm the second barrier researchers don't share people told us you can't herd cats well yes you can if you move their food
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kids are ahead of me on that path still at ages and they declare they are happy and healthy despite having manifestations of in their skin and eyes and arteries and so i invite you us we to turn toward our fear to embrace the things that scare us and find the love at the center we'll not only find ourselves there but we'll also be able to step into the shoes of those we fear and those who fear us if we breathe into that fear and are vulnerable with the systems and people who challenge us our power as grows exponentially and when we realize that working on our inner life is working on our outer life and outer work is inner work we get down to what is real and shit gets done
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the best christmas my children ever had was also the worst christmas my husband and i ever had elizabeth age seven and her brother ian age five couldn't imagine why they were getting everything they wanted for christmas the reason santa was so generous was because of something my husband pat and i knew and the kids couldn't comprehend something that we had just learned and it terrified us this was and the story actually starts a few years earlier for a couple of years i had noticed a rash on the sides of elizabeth's neck that looked like prickly heat
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this was and the story actually starts a few years earlier for a couple of years i had noticed a rash on the sides of elizabeth's neck that looked like prickly heat for those same years my father and brother both died of cancer and i was probably about illness the doctors assured us there was nothing wrong and i shouldn't worry but i wasn't so sure and so without a referral and paying out i took elizabeth to a dermatologist she was probably just allergic to something but why did it appear just on the sides of her neck this rash so it's two days before christmas and the dermatologist takes a quick look at her neck and says she has and then he shuts off the lights and looks in her eyes it turns out by chance this dermatologist also trained in ophthalmology
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we call that the concept of passive dynamic locomotion what you're doing is when you stand up potential energy to kinetic energy potential energy to kinetic energy it's a constantly falling process so even though there is nothing in nature that looks like this really we're inspired by biology and applying the principles of walking to this robot thus it's a biologically inspired robot what you see here this is what we want to do next we want to fold up the legs and shoot it up for long range motion and it deploys legs it looks almost like star wars so when it lands it absorbs the shock and starts walking what you see over here this yellow thing this is not a death ray
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we developed our adaptive gait planner we actually have a very interesting payload on there the students like to have fun and here you can see that it's walking over unstructured terrain it's trying to walk on the coastal terrain a sandy area but depending on the moisture content or the grain size of the sand the soil model changes so it tries to adapt its gait to successfully cross over these kind of things it also does some fun stuff as you can imagine we get so many visitors visiting our lab so when the visitors come mars walks up to the computer starts typing hello my name is mars welcome to the robotics mechanisms laboratory at virginia tech
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now this robot is currently our star robot we actually have a fan club for the robot darwin dynamic anthropomorphic robot with intelligence as you know we're very interested in human walking so we decided to build a small robot this was in at that time this was something really really revolutionary this was more of a feasibility study what kind of motors should we use is it even possible what kinds of controls should we do this does not have any sensors so it's an open loop control for those who probably know if you don't have any sensors and there's any disturbances you know what happens
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looks around searches for the ball and it tries to play a game of soccer autonomously artificial intelligence let's see how it does this was our very first trial and spectators goal there is actually a competition called i don't know how many of you have heard about it's an international autonomous robot soccer competition and the actual goal of is by the year we want to have full size autonomous robots play soccer against the human world cup champions and win
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thank you darwin also has a lot of other talents last year it actually conducted the roanoke symphony orchestra for the holiday concert this is the next generation robot darwin much smarter faster stronger and it's trying to show off its ability i'm macho i'm strong
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it's a robot that has three legs which is inspired by nature but have you seen anything in nature an animal that has three legs probably not so why do i call this a biologically inspired robot how would it work but before that let's look at pop culture so you know h g wells's war of the worlds novel and movie and what you see over here is a very popular video game and in this fiction they describe these alien creatures and robots that have three legs that terrorize earth but my robot strider does not move like this this is an actual dynamic simulation animation
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this is an actual dynamic simulation animation i'm going to show you how the robot works it flips its body degrees and it swings its leg between the two legs and catches the fall so that's how it walks but when you look at us human beings walking what you're doing is you're not really using muscle to lift your leg and walk like a robot what you're doing is you swing your leg and catch the fall stand up again swing your leg and catch the fall you're using your built in dynamics the physics of your body just like a pendulum we call that the concept of passive dynamic locomotion
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this is just to show you that if you have cameras or different types of sensors because it's meters tall you can see over obstacles like bushes and those kinds of things so we have two prototypes the first version in the back that's strider i the one in front the smaller is strider the problem we had with strider i is it was just too heavy in the body we had so many motors aligning the joints and those kinds of things
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the problem we had with strider i is it was just too heavy in the body we had so many motors aligning the joints and those kinds of things so we decided to synthesize a mechanical mechanism so we could get rid of all the motors and with a single motor we can coordinate all the motions it's a mechanical solution to a problem instead of using so with this now the top body is lighted up it's walking in our lab this was the very first successful step it's still not perfected its coffee falls down so we still have a lot of work to do the second robot i want to talk about is called it stands for intelligent mobility platform with spoke system
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second robot i want to talk about is called it stands for intelligent mobility platform with spoke system it's a wheel leg hybrid robot so think of a wheel or a spoke wheel but the spokes individually move in and out of the hub so it's a wheel leg hybrid we're literally reinventing the wheel here let me demonstrate how it works so in this video we're using an approach called the reactive approach just simply using the tactile sensors on the feet it's trying to walk over a changing terrain a soft terrain where it pushes down and changes and just by the tactile information it successfully crosses over these types of terrains
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take the obese mouse and give it an inhibitor it loses weight the treatment gains the weight back restart the treatment loses the weight the treatment it gains the weight back and in fact you can cycle the weight up and down simply by inhibiting so this approach that we're taking for cancer prevention may also have an application for obesity the truly interesting thing about this is that we can't take these obese mice and make them lose more weight than what the normal weight is supposed to be in other words we can't create supermodel mice
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we get most of these blood vessels when we're actually still in the womb and what that means is that as adults blood vessels don't normally grow except in a few special circumstances in women blood vessels grow every month to build the lining of the uterus during pregnancy they form the placenta which connects mom and baby and after injury blood vessels actually have to grow under the scab in order to heal a wound and this is actually what it looks like hundreds of blood vessels all growing toward the center of the wound
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it would be nice to be objective in life in many ways the problem is that we have these color tinted glasses as we look at all kinds of situations for example think about something as simple as beer if i gave you a few beers to taste and i asked you to rate them on intensity and bitterness different beers would occupy different space but what if we tried to be objective about it in the case of beer it would be very simple what if we did a blind taste well if we did the same thing you tasted the same beer now in the blind taste things would look slightly different most of the beers will go into one place you will basically not be able to distinguish them and the exception of course will be guinness
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similarly we can think about physiology what happens when people expect something from their physiology for example we sold people pain medications some people we told them the medications were expensive some people we told them it was cheap and the expensive pain medication worked better
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these are from the daily mail every country in the world has a newspaper like this it has this bizarre ongoing philosophical project of dividing all the inanimate objects in the world into the ones that either cause or prevent cancer here are some of the things they said cause cancer divorce fi toiletries and coffee some things they say prevent cancer crusts red pepper licorice and coffee so you can see there are contradictions coffee both causes and prevents cancer as you start to read on you can see that maybe there's some political valence behind some of this for women housework prevents breast cancer but for men shopping could make you impotent
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so we know that we need to start the science behind this and what i hope to show is that the evidence behind claims isn't a kind of nasty carping activity it's socially useful but it's also an extremely valuable explanatory tool because real science is about critically appraising the evidence for somebody else's position that's what happens in academic journals it's what happens at academic conferences the session after a presents data is often a bloodbath and nobody minds that we actively welcome it it's like a consenting intellectual activity
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here's another example this is from britain's leading diet nutritionist in the daily mirror our second biggest selling newspaper an australian study in found that olive oil in combination with fruits vegetables and pulses offers measurable protection against skin and give the advice if you eat olive oil and vegetables you'll have fewer wrinkles they helpfully tell you how to find the paper and what you find is an study obviously nobody has been able to go back to get all the people born in one maternity unit and half of them eat lots of fruit and and olive oil half of them eat mcdonald's and then we see how many wrinkles you've got later you have to take a snapshot of how people are now and what you find is of course people who eat and olive oil have fewer wrinkles but that's because people who eat fruit and and olive oil are freaks they're not normal they're like you they come to events like this
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they're posh they're wealthy less likely to have outdoor jobs less likely to do manual labor they have better social support are less likely to smoke for a host of fascinating interlocking social political and cultural reasons they're less likely to have wrinkles that doesn't mean it's the vegetables or olive oil
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as you go up towards the top of the graph what you see is each dot is a trial as you go up those are bigger trials so they've got less error they're less likely to be randomly false positives or negatives so they all cluster together the big trials are closer to the true answer then as you go further down at the bottom what you can see is on this side spurious false negatives and over on this side spurious false positives if there is publication bias if small negative trials have gone missing in action you can see it on one of these graphs so you see here that the small negative trials that should be on the bottom left have disappeared this is a graph demonstrating the presence of publication bias in studies of publication bias and i think that's the funniest epidemiology joke you will ever hear
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and it's best understood through example as the science of those crazy wacky newspaper headlines and these are just some of the examples these are from the daily mail
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she it turns out has a non accredited correspondence course from somewhere in america she also boasts that she's a certified professional member of the american association of nutritional consultants which sounds very glamorous you get a certificate this one belongs to my dead cat hettie
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she also boasts that she's a certified professional member of the american association of nutritional consultants which sounds very glamorous you get a certificate this one belongs to my dead cat hettie she was a horrible cat you go to the website fill out the form give them it arrives in the post that's not the only reason we think this person is an idiot she also says things like eat lots of dark green leaves they contain chlorophyll and really oxygenate your blood and anybody who's done school biology remembers that chlorophyll and chloroplasts only make oxygen in sunlight and it's quite dark in your bowels after you've eaten spinach next we need proper science proper evidence so red wine can help prevent breast cancer
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we need proper science proper evidence so red wine can help prevent breast cancer this is a headline from the daily telegraph in the a glass of red wine a day could help prevent breast cancer so you find this paper and find that it is a real piece of science it's a description of the changes in the behavior of one enzyme when you drip a chemical extracted from some red grape skin onto some cancer cells in a dish on a bench in a laboratory somewhere and that's a really useful thing to describe in a scientific paper but on the question of your own personal risk of getting breast cancer if you drink red wine it tells you absolutely bugger all actually it turns out that your risk of breast cancer increases slightly with every amount of alcohol you drink
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it's straightforward take a bunch of people split them in half treat one group one way the other group the other way a while later you see what happened to each of them i'm going to tell you about one trial which is probably the most well reported trial in the news media over the past decade
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what else could it possibly be if it wasn't the pills they got older we all develop over time and of course there's the placebo effect one of the most fascinating things in the whole of medicine it's not just taking a pill and performance or pain improving it's about our beliefs and expectations the cultural meaning of a treatment and this has been demonstrated in a whole raft of fascinating studies comparing one kind of placebo against another so we know for example that two sugar pills a day are a more effective treatment for gastric ulcers than one sugar pill two sugar pills a day beats one a day that's an outrageous and ridiculous finding but it's true
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so firstly trials against placebo everybody thinks a trial should be a comparison of your new drug against placebo but in a lot of situations that's wrong often we already have a good treatment currently available so we don't want to know that your alternative new treatment is better than nothing but that it's better than the best available treatment we have and yet repeatedly you consistently see people doing trials still against placebo and you can get licensed to bring your drug to market with only data showing that it's better than nothing which is useless for a doctor like me trying to make a decision but that's not the only way you can rig your data you can also rig your data by making the thing you compare your new drug against really rubbish you can give the competing drug in too low a dose so people aren't properly treated you can give the competing drug in too high a dose so people get side effects
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a few days after my husband paul was diagnosed with stage lung cancer we were lying in our bed at home and paul said it's going to be ok and i remember answering back yes we just don't know what ok means yet paul and i had met as first year medical students at yale he was smart and kind and super funny he used to keep a gorilla suit in the trunk of his car and he'd say it's for emergencies only
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i've always thought of myself as a caregiver most physicians do and taking care of paul deepened what that meant watching him reshape his identity during his illness learning to witness and accept his pain talking together through his choices those experiences taught me that resilience does not mean bouncing back to where you were before or pretending that the hard stuff isn't hard it is so hard it's painful messy stuff but it's the stuff and i learned that when we approach it together we get to decide what success looks like one of the first things paul said to me after his diagnosis was i want you to get remarried and i was like whoa i guess we get to say anything out loud
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i fell in love with paul as i watched the care he took with his patients he stayed late talking with them seeking to understand the experience of illness and not just its technicalities he later told me he fell in love with me when he saw me cry over an of a heart that had ceased beating we didn't know it yet but even in the heady days of young love we were learning how to approach suffering together we got married and became doctors i was working as an internist and paul was finishing his training as a neurosurgeon when he started to lose weight
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we got married and became doctors i was working as an internist and paul was finishing his training as a neurosurgeon when he started to lose weight he developed excruciating back pain and a cough that wouldn't go away and when he was admitted to the hospital a ct scan revealed tumors in paul's lungs and in his bones we had both cared for patients with devastating diagnoses now it was our turn we lived with paul's illness for months he wrote a memoir about facing mortality i gave birth to our daughter cady and we loved her and each other we learned directly how to struggle through really tough medical decisions
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that's how we did it in the pre ted com days it was fun that was pretty much it when i got home though the emails started coming in from people who had seen the talk live beginning with and this is still my favorite here's another one for your collection the friends you can call up at a m that matter the sentiment is marlene dietrich the email itself was from another very sexy european type ted curator chris anderson
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and when i got to that point i embraced it i got my curator on i started fact checking downloading illegally screen grabbing i started my hobby had become a habit and my habit gave me possibly the world's most eclectic queue at one point it went guys and dolls the musical last tango in paris diary of a wimpy kid porn star legend of ron jeremy why porn star legend of ron jeremy because someone told me i would find this clip in there ron jeremy i was born in flushing queens on march at four o'clock in the morning of course he was
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the most romantic thing to ever happen to me online started out the way most things do without me and not online on december the man on the medal alfred nobel died one hundred years later exactly actually december this charming lady won the nobel prize for literature she's a polish poet she's a big deal obviously but back in i thought i had never heard of her and when i checked out her work i found this sweet little poem four in the morning the hour from night to day
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from night to day the hour from side to side the hour for those past thirty and it goes on but as soon as i read this poem i fell for it hard so hard i suspected we must have met somewhere before had i shared an elevator ride with this poem did i flirt with this poem in a coffee shop somewhere i could not place it and it bugged me and then in the coming week or two i would just be watching an old movie and this would happen groucho marx charlie you should have come to the first party
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people sent me magazine ads they took photographs in grocery stores i got a ton of graphic novels and comics a lot of good quality work too the sandman there's a very cute example here from calvin and hobbes
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so somewhere along the line i realized i have a hobby i didn't know i wanted and it is but i was also thinking what you might be thinking which is really couldn't you do this with any hour of the day first of all you are not getting clips like that about four in the afternoon secondly i did a little research you know i was kind of interested if this is confirmation bias there is so much confirmation i am biased
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but what about a recycled paper towel that comes in those little half sheets well now a paper towel looks better screw the paper towels let's go to a sponge i wipe it up with a sponge and i put it under the running water and i have a lot less energy and a lot more water unless you're like me and you leave the handle in the position of hot even when you turn it on and then you start to use more energy or worse you let it run until it's warm to rinse out your towel and now all bets are off
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is that sometimes the things that you least expect the position in which you put the handle have a bigger effect than any of those other things that you were trying to optimize now imagine someone as twisted as me trying to build a house
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we wanted to know how much better we could do and so like many people we start with a house on a lot and i'm going to show you a typical construction on the top and what we're doing on the bottom so first we demolish it it takes some energy but if you deconstruct it you take it all apart you use the bits you can get some of that energy back we then dug a big hole to put in a rainwater tank to take our yard water independent and then we poured a big foundation for passive solar now you can reduce the embodied energy by about percent by using high fly ash concrete we then put in framing and so this is framing lumber composite materials and it's kind of hard to get the embodied energy out of that but it can be a sustainable resource if you use certified lumber
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we then go on to the first thing that was very surprising if we put aluminum windows in this house we would double the energy use right there now is a little bit better but still not as good as the wood that we chose we then put in plumbing electrical and and insulate now spray foam is an excellent insulator it fills in all the cracks but it is pretty high embodied energy and sprayed in cellulose or blue jeans is a much lower energy alternative to that we also used straw bale for our library which has zero embodied energy when it comes time to if you use it's about a quarter of the embodied energy of standard
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i'm a textile artist most widely known for starting the yarn bombing movement yarn bombing is when you take knitted or crocheted material out into the urban environment graffiti style or more specifically without permission and unsanctioned but when i started this over years ago i didn't have a word for it i didn't have any ambitious notions about it i had no visions of grandeur all i wanted to see was something warm and fuzzy and human like on the cold steel gray facade that i looked at everyday so i wrapped the door handle i call this the alpha piece
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soon after that a disgraced pop science writer called jonah lehrer he'd been caught and faking quotes and he was drenched in shame and regret he told me and he had the opportunity to publicly apologize at a foundation lunch this was going to be the most important speech of his life maybe it would win him some salvation he knew before he arrived that the foundation was going to be live streaming his event but what he didn't know until he turned up was that they'd erected a giant screen feed right next to his head
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let me tell you a story it's about a woman called justine sacco she was a woman from new york with followers and she'd tweet little acerbic jokes to them like this one on a plane from new york to london weird german dude you're in first class it's get some deodorant monologue as inhale bo thank god for pharmaceuticals so justine chuckled to herself and pressed send and got no replies and felt that sad feeling that we all feel when the internet doesn't congratulate us for being funny
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hope i don't get aids just kidding i'm white and she chuckled to herself pressed send got on the plane got no replies turned off her phone fell asleep woke up hours later turned on her phone while the plane was taxiing on the runway and straightaway there was a message from somebody that she hadn't spoken to since high school that said i am so sorry to see what's happening to you and then another message from a best friend you need to call me right now you are the worldwide number one trending topic on
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a lot of companies were making good money that night you know name was normally times a month that month between december the and the end of december her name was times and one internet economist told me that that meant that made somewhere between dollars and dollars from annihilation whereas those of us doing the actual shaming we got nothing
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so let's talk about your experience because you stood up by writing this book by the way it's mandatory reading for everybody okay you stood up because the book actually puts the spotlight on and i assume you didn't only have friendly reactions on it didn't go down that well with some people
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if a newspaper ran some racist or homophobic column we realized we could do something about it we could get them we could hit them with a weapon that we understood but they didn't a social media shaming
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