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years ago once upon a time i had this beautiful company that created these long journeys for heroic civic engagement and we had this mantra human kind be both and we encouraged people to experiment outrageously with kindness like go help everybody set up their tents and there were a lot of tents
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our dreams of a better life for some future humanity or some other humanity in another country alienate us from the beautiful human beings sitting next to us at this very moment well that's just the price of progress we say
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that is the very definition of being stuck in a comfort zone we are now very comfortable imagining unimaginable technological achievement
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it's time for us to dream in multiple dimensions simultaneously and somewhere that transcends all of the wondrous things we can and will and must do lies the domain of all the unbelievable things we could be it's time we set foot into that dimension and came out about the fact that we have dreams there too
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right when you have free ability for people to freely work together and innovate you get different kinds of solutions and those solutions are accessible in a different way to people who don't have capital right so you know we have open source software we have creative commons and other kinds of solutions and those things lead to things like this this is a in sao paulo this is a pretty remarkable program using free and open source software cheap sort of hacked together machines and basically sort of abandoned buildings has put together a bunch of community centers where people can come in get high speed internet access learn computer programming skills for free and a quarter million people every year use these now in sao paulo and those quarter million people are some of the poorest people in sao paolo i particularly like the little penguin in the back
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another example of this sort of second superpower thing is the rise of these games that are what we call serious play we're looking a lot at this this is spreading everywhere this is from a force more powerful it's a little a force more powerful is a video game that while you're playing it it teaches you how to engage in non violent insurrection and regime change
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this is a crowd that does know what it is so i'll like just do like the crib note version right so just bear with me we'll go real fast you know fill in the blanks so you know sustainability small planet right picture a little earth circling around the sun you know about a million years ago a bunch of monkeys fell out of trees got a little clever harnessed fire invented the printing press made you know luggage with wheels on it and you know built the society that we now live in unfortunately while this society is without a doubt the most prosperous and dynamic the world has ever created it's got some major major flaws one of them is that every society has an ecological footprint
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this is one of the most amazing animals on the face of the earth this is a now this this is a baby the cutest animal offspring in the animal kingdom
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we need field research we need those long term to support conservation action and i told you are very hard to study so we have to rely on indirect methods to study them we have to capture and them so that we can install collars around their necks and follow their movements which is a technique used by many other conservationists around the world and then we can gather information about how they use space how they move through the landscape what are their priority habitats and so much more next we must disseminate what we learn we have to educate people about and how important these animals are and it's amazing how many people around the world do not know what a is in fact many people think this is a let me tell you this is not a
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i have dedicated the past years of my life to the research and conservation of in brazil and it has been absolutely amazing but at the moment i've been thinking really really hard about the impact of my work i've been questioning myself about the real contributions i have made for the conservation of these animals i love so much am i being effective in safeguarding their survival am i doing enough i guess the big question here is am i studying and contributing to their conservation or am i just documenting their extinction the world is facing so many different conservation crises we all know that it's all over the news every day tropical forests and other ecosystems are being destroyed climate change so many species on the brink of extinction tigers lions elephants rhinos this is the lowland the species i work with the largest terrestrial mammal of south america
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to find this out i looked at three things i looked at the topic that you should choose i looked at how you should deliver it and the visuals onstage now with the topic there's a whole range of topics you can choose but you should choose wisely because your topic strongly correlates with how users will react to your talk now to make this more concrete let's look at the list of top words that statistically stick out in the most favorite and in the least favorite so if you came here to talk about how french coffee will spread happiness in our brains that's a go
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if i don't understand something i can just say etc etc you'll all stay with me it's perfectly fine now let's go to the visuals the most obvious visual thing on stage is the speaker
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this actually shows the scaffold the material is actually being coated with the cells when we did the first clinical trial for these patients we actually created the scaffold specifically for each patient we brought patients in six to eight weeks prior to their scheduled surgery did x rays and we then composed a scaffold specifically for that patient's size pelvic cavity for the second phase of the trials we just had different sizes small medium large and extra large
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so these are very tough technologies once you get the formula right you can replicate it but it takes a lot to get there so i always like to show this cartoon this is how to stop a runaway stage and there you see the stagecoach driver and he goes on the top panel he goes a b c d e f he finally stops the runaway stage and those are usually the basic scientists the bottom is usually the surgeons
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this is actually a painting that hangs at the library at harvard medical school and it shows the first time an organ was ever transplanted in the front you see actually joe murray getting the patient ready for the transplant while in the back room you see hartwell harrison the chief of urology at harvard actually harvesting the kidney the kidney was indeed the first organ ever to be transplanted to the human that was back in years ago yet we're still dealing with a lot of the same challenges as many decades ago
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was back in years ago yet we're still dealing with a lot of the same challenges as many decades ago certainly many advances many lives saved but we have a major shortage of organs in the last decade the number of patients waiting for a transplant has doubled while at the same time the actual number of transplants has remained almost entirely flat that really has to do with our aging population we're just getting older medicine is doing a better job of keeping us alive
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i want to start my story in germany in with a mathematician named georg cantor and cantor decided he was going to take a line and erase the middle third of the line and then take those two resulting lines and bring them back into the same process a process so he starts out with one line and then two and then four and then and so on and if he does this an infinite number of times which you can do in mathematics he ends up with an infinite number of lines each of which has an infinite number of points in it so he realized he had a set whose number of elements was larger than infinity and this blew his mind literally he checked into a
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and so he came up with this beautiful curve and there's no particular reason why we have to start with this seed shape we can use any seed shape we like and i'll rearrange this and i'll stick this somewhere down there ok and now upon that seed shape sort of unfolds into a very different looking structure so these all have the property of self similarity the part looks like the whole it's the same pattern at many different scales now mathematicians thought this was very strange because as you shrink a ruler down you measure a longer and longer length and since they went through the an infinite number of times as the ruler shrinks down to infinity the length goes to infinity this made no sense at all so they consigned these curves to the back of the math books they said these are pathological curves and we don't have to discuss them
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so nature has this self similar structure nature uses self organizing systems now in the i happened to notice that if you look at an aerial photograph of an african village you see and i thought this is fabulous i wonder why and of course i had to go to africa and ask folks why so i got a fulbright scholarship to just travel around africa for a year asking people why they were building which is a great job if you can get it
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and finally well isn't this just intuition it's not really mathematical knowledge africans can't possibly really be using fractal geometry right it wasn't invented until the well it's true that some african are as far as i'm concerned just pure intuition so some of these things i'd wander around the streets of dakar asking people what's the algorithm what's the rule for making this and they'd say well we just make it that way because it looks pretty stupid
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and so he came up with this beautiful curve and there's no particular reason why we have to start with this seed shape we can use any seed shape we like
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and then in benoit a french mathematician realized that if you do computer graphics and used these shapes he called you get the shapes of nature you get the human lungs you get acacia trees you get ferns you get these beautiful natural forms if you take your thumb and your index finger and look right where they meet go ahead and do that now and relax your hand you'll see a and then a wrinkle within the and a within the wrinkle right your body is covered with the mathematicians who were saying these were pathologically useless shapes they were breathing those words with fractal lungs it's very ironic and i'll show you a little natural here again we just take these lines and replace them with the whole shape
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and it turns out the royal insignia has a rectangle within a rectangle within a rectangle and the path through that palace is actually this spiral here and as you go through the path you have to get more and more polite so they're mapping the social scaling onto the geometric scaling it's a conscious pattern it is not unconscious like a termite mound fractal this is a village in southern zambia the ila built this village about meters in diameter you have a huge ring the rings that represent the family enclosures get larger and larger as you go towards the back and then you have the chief's ring here towards the back and then the chief's immediate family in that ring so here's a little fractal model for it
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the ila built this village about meters in diameter you have a huge ring the rings that represent the family enclosures get larger and larger as you go towards the back and then you have the chief's ring here towards the back and then the chief's immediate family in that ring so here's a little fractal model for it here's one house with the sacred altar here's the house of houses the family enclosure with the humans here where the sacred altar would be and then here's the village as a whole a ring of ring of rings with the chief's extended family here the chief's immediate family here and here there's a tiny village only this big now you might wonder how can people fit in a tiny village only this big that's because they're spirit people it's the ancestors and of course the spirit people have a little miniature village in their village right so it's just like georg cantor said the continues forever this is in the mountains near the nigerian border in cameroon
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at that time i didn't view my body as broken i reasoned that a human being can never be broken technology is broken technology is inadequate this simple but powerful idea was a call to arms to advance technology for the elimination of my own disability and ultimately the disability of others i began by developing specialized limbs that allowed me to return to the vertical world of rock and ice climbing i quickly realized that the artificial part of my body is malleable able to take on any form any function a blank slate for which to create perhaps structures that could extend beyond biological capability i made my height adjustable i could be as short as five feet or as tall as i'd like
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sadly because of deficiencies in technology disability is rampant in the world this gentleman is missing three limbs as a testimony to current technology he is out of the wheelchair but we need to do a better job in to allow one day full rehabilitation for a person with this level of injury at the mit media lab we've established the center for extreme the mission of the center is to put forth fundamental science and technological capability that will allow the and repair of humans across a broad range of brain and body disabilities today i'm going to tell you how my legs function how they work as a case in point for this center now i made sure to shave my legs last night because i knew i'd be showing them off
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explores the interplay between biology and design as you can see my legs are
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narrow edged feet allowed me to climb steep rock fissures where the human foot cannot penetrate and spiked feet enabled me to climb vertical ice walls without ever experiencing muscle leg fatigue through technological innovation i returned to my sport stronger and better technology had eliminated my disability and allowed me a new climbing prowess as a young man i imagined a future world where technology so advanced could rid the world of disability a world in which neural implants would allow the visually impaired to see a world in which the paralyzed could walk via body
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in the area of design we still do not understand how to attach devices to the body mechanically it's extraordinary to me that in this day and age one of the most mature oldest technologies in the human timeline the shoe still gives us blisters how can this be we have no idea how to attach things to our bodies this is the beautifully lyrical design work of professor neri oxman at the mit media lab showing varying shown here by color variation in this printed model imagine a future where clothing is stiff and soft where you need it when you need it for optimal support and flexibility without ever causing discomfort my limbs are attached to my biological body via synthetic skins with stiffness variations that mirror my underlying tissue to achieve that mirroring we first developed a mathematical model of my biological limb to that end we used imaging tools such as to look inside my body to figure out the geometries and locations of various tissues we also took robotic tools here's a circle that goes around the biological limb
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we combine these imaging and robotic data to build a mathematical description of my biological limb shown on the left you see a bunch of points or nodes at each node there's a color that represents tissue compliance we then do a mathematical transformation to the design of the synthetic skin shown on the right and we've discovered is where the body is stiff the synthetic skin should be soft where the body is soft the synthetic skin is stiff and this mirroring occurs across all tissue with this framework we've produced limbs that are the most comfortable limbs i've ever worn
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this bias seems to show up very early so my colleague and wife karen wynn at yale has done a series of studies with babies where she exposes babies to puppets and the puppets have certain food preferences so one of the puppets might like green beans the other puppet might like graham crackers they test the babies own food preferences and babies typically prefer the graham crackers but the question is does this matter to babies in how they treat the puppets and it matters a lot they tend to prefer the puppet who has the same food tastes that they have and worse they actually prefer puppets who punish the puppet with the different food taste
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so start with stereotypes you look at me you know my name you know certain facts about me and you could make certain judgments you could make guesses about my ethnicity my political affiliation my religious beliefs and the thing is these judgments tend to be accurate we're very good at this sort of thing and we're very good at this sort of thing because our ability to stereotype people is not some sort of arbitrary quirk of the mind but rather it's a specific instance of a more general process which is that we have experience with things and people in the world that fall into categories and we can use our experience to make generalizations about novel instances of these categories so everybody here has a lot of experience with chairs and apples and dogs and based on this you could see unfamiliar examples and you could guess you could sit on the chair you could eat the apple the dog will bark now we might be wrong the chair could collapse if you sit on it the apple might be poison the dog might not bark and in fact this is my dog tessie who doesn't bark
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i had to find a way of solving this problem and the first idea i got was to use fire because i thought lions were scared of fire but i came to realize that that didn't really help because it was even helping the lions to see through the so i didn't give up i continued and a second idea i got was to use a scarecrow i was trying to trick the lions into thinking that i was standing near the but lions are very clever
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so one night i was walking around the with a torch and that day the lions didn't come and i discovered that lions are afraid of a moving light so i had an idea since i was a small boy i used to work in my room for the whole day and i even took apart my mom's new radio and that day she almost killed me but i learned a lot about electronics
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so i set up everything as you can see the solar panel charges the battery and the battery supplies the power to the small indicator box i call it a transformer and the indicator box makes the lights flash as you can see the bulbs face outside because that's where the lions come from and that's how it looks to lions when they come at night the lights flash and trick the lions into thinking i was walking around the but i was sleeping in my bed
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you have no idea how exciting it is to hear a story like yours so you got this scholarship richard yep you're working on other electrical inventions what's the next one on your list my next invention is i want to make an electric fence ca electric fence but i know electric fences are already invented but i want to make mine
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i live in kenya at the south parts of the nairobi national park those are my dad's cows at the back and behind the cows that's the nairobi national park nairobi national park is not fenced in the south widely which means wild animals like zebras migrate out of the park freely so predators like lions follow them and this is what they do they kill our livestock
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it's one of the six lions which were killed in nairobi and i think this is why the nairobi national park lions are few
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so i set up everything as you can see the solar panel charges the battery and the battery supplies the power to the small indicator box
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and i said yes so i put the lights
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and i said yes so i put the lights you can see at the back those are the lion lights since now i've set up seven homes around my community and they're really working and my idea is also being used now all over kenya for scaring other predators like hyenas leopards and it's also being used to scare elephants away from people's farms because of this invention i was lucky to get a scholarship in one of the best schools in kenya international school and i'm really excited about this my new school now is coming in and helping by fundraising and creating an awareness i even took my friends back to my community and we're installing the lights to the homes which don't have any and i'm teaching them how to put them so one year ago i was just a boy in the savanna grassland herding my father's cows and i used to see planes flying over and i told myself that one day i'll be there inside
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you're looking at a fly through of the hubble space telescope ultra deep field one of the most distant images of our universe ever observed everything you see here is a galaxy comprised of billions of stars each and the farthest galaxy is a trillion trillion kilometers away as an astrophysicist i have the awesome privilege of studying some of the most exotic objects in our universe the objects that have captivated me from first crush throughout my career are hyperactive black holes weighing one to billion times the mass of our own sun these galactic black holes are devouring material at a rate of upwards of times more than your average black hole
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these two characteristics with a few others make them at the same time the objects i study are producing some of the most powerful particle streams ever observed these narrow streams called jets are moving at percent of the speed of light and are pointed directly at the earth these jetted earth pointed hyperactive and black holes are called or blazing what makes so special is that they're some of the most efficient particle transporting incredible amounts of energy throughout a galaxy here i'm showing an artist's conception of a
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the key to is what we call social engineering or to use the technical term for it there's one born every minute you would not believe how easy it is to persuade people to do things with their computers which are objectively not in their interest and it was very soon when the learned that the quickest way to do this of course the quickest way to a person's wallet is through the promise of sex and love i expect some of you remember the virus one of the very great worldwide viruses that came i was very fortunate when the virus came out because the first person i received it from was an ex girlfriend of mine now she harbored all sorts of sentiments and emotions towards me at the time but love was not amongst them
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these are grim economic times fellow grim economic times indeed and so i would like to cheer you up with one of the great albeit largely unknown commercial success stories of the past years comparable in its own very peculiar way to the achievements of microsoft or and it's an industry which has bucked the current recession with equanimity i refer to organized crime now organized crime has been around for a very long time i hear you say and these would be wise words indeed
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organized crime has been around for a very long time i hear you say and these would be wise words indeed but in the last two decades it has experienced an unprecedented expansion now accounting for roughly percent of the world's i like to call it the global shadow economy or for short so what triggered this extraordinary growth in cross border crime well of course there is globalization technology communications all that stuff which we'll talk about a little bit later but first i would like to take you back to this event the collapse of communism all across eastern europe a most momentous episode in our post war history now it's time for full disclosure
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love we fall we're struck we are crushed we swoon we burn with passion love makes us crazy and it makes us sick our hearts ache and then they break so our metaphors equate the experience of loving someone to extreme violence or illness
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you will see that it can be defined as both grievous affliction and to be very much in love i tend to associate the word with a very particular context which is the old testament in the book of exodus alone there are references to which is the word that the bible uses for the vengeance of an angry god
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someone more adventurous than me might have seen this as a moment of opportunity but i just froze i just sat there and then i burst into tears but despite my panic some small voice in my head thought wow that was dramatic i must really be doing this love thing right
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and then when i got home i thought that was so terrible and so great this must be a real romance i expected my first love to feel like madness and of course it met that expectation very well but loving someone like that as if my entire well being depended on him loving me back was not very good for me or for him but i suspect this experience of love is not that unusual most of us do feel a bit mad in the early stages of romantic love in fact there is research to confirm that this is somewhat normal because speaking romantic love and mental illness are not that easily distinguished this is true this study from used blood tests to confirm that the serotonin levels of the newly in love very closely resembled the serotonin levels of people who had been diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder
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i decided that if my friends could not understand my grievous affliction then i did not need their friendship so i stopped hanging out with most of them and it was probably the most unhappy year of my life but i think i felt like it was my job to be miserable because if i could be miserable then i would prove how much i loved him and if i could prove it then we would have to end up together eventually this is the real madness because there is no cosmic rule that says that great suffering equals great reward but we talk about love as if this is true our experiences of love are both biological and cultural our biology tells us that love is good by activating these reward circuits in our brain and it tells us that love is painful when after a fight or a breakup that reward is withdrawn and in fact and maybe you've heard this speaking going through a breakup is a lot like going through cocaine withdrawal which i find reassuring
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and then our culture uses language to shape and reinforce these ideas about love in this case we're talking about metaphors about pain and addiction and madness it's kind of an interesting feedback loop love is powerful and at times painful and we express this in our words and stories but then our words and stories prime us to expect love to be powerful and painful what's interesting to me is that all of this happens in a culture that values lifelong monogamy it seems like we want it both ways we want love to feel like madness and we want it to last an entire lifetime that sounds terrible
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i don't know about you but when i this metaphor what i picture is straight out of a cartoon like there's a man he's walking down the sidewalk without realizing it he crosses over an open manhole and he just plummets into the sewer below and i picture it this way because falling is not jumping falling is accidental it's uncontrollable
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right so how did this happen how have we come to associate love with great pain and suffering and why do we talk about this ostensibly good experience as if we are victims these are difficult questions but i have some theories and to think this through i want to focus on one metaphor in particular which is the idea of love as madness
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i was sitting on a bed in a hostel in south america and i was watching the person i love walk out the door and it was late it was nearly midnight we'd gotten into an argument over dinner and when we got back to our room he threw his things in the bag and stormed out while i can no longer remember what that argument was about i very clearly remember how i felt watching him leave
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this really should not be surprising considering that according to there are eight films songs two albums and one novel with the title crazy love about half an hour later he came back to our room we made up
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researchers believe that the low levels of serotonin is correlated with obsessive thinking about the object of love which is like this feeling that someone has set up camp in your brain and most of us feel this way when we first fall in love but the good news is it doesn't always last that long usually from a few months to a couple of years
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i know that this is asking a lot but i'm not actually the first person to suggest this in their book metaphors we live by linguists mark johnson and george suggest a really interesting solution to this dilemma which is to change our metaphors they argue that metaphors really do shape the way we experience the world and that they can even act as a guide for future actions like self fulfilling prophecies
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this version of love allows us to say things like hey we're not very good collaborators maybe this isn't for us or that relationship was shorter than i had planned but it was still kind of beautiful
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the universe is really big we live in a galaxy the milky way galaxy there are about a hundred billion stars in the milky way galaxy and if you take a camera and you point it at a random part of the sky and you just keep the shutter open as long as your camera is attached to the hubble space telescope it will see something like this every one of these little blobs is a galaxy roughly the size of our milky way a hundred billion stars in each of those blobs there are approximately a hundred billion galaxies in the observable universe billion is the only number you need to know the age of the universe between now and the big bang is a hundred billion in dog years
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but we would also like to understand it as a i want to ask why is the universe like this one big clue we have is that the universe is changing with time if you looked at one of these galaxies and measured its velocity it would be moving away from you and if you look at a galaxy even farther away it would be moving away faster so we say the universe is expanding what that means of course is that in the past things were closer together in the past the universe was more dense and it was also hotter if you squeeze things together the temperature goes up that kind of makes sense to us
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it has happened before in history it has happened with the fall of the roman empire it has happened with industrial revolution and it actually happened again with the fall of the berlin wall now i calculated how big was this international economic system composed by crime terror and illegal economy before and it is a staggering trillion dollars it is trillions it's not billions this is about twice the of the united kingdom soon will be more considering where this country is going
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it was introduced only in the united states and it was introduced only for the u s dollars in europe a similar legislation was not introduced so within six months europe became the epicenter of the money laundering activities of the world so this is how incredible are the relationship between the world of crime and the world of terror and our own life so why did i tell you this story i told you this story because you must understand that there is a world that goes well beyond the headlines of the newspapers including the personal relationship that you have with friends and family you got to question everything that is told to you including what i just told you today
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in they declared the end of the armed struggle and they drew a list of people with whom they would talk and tell their story and i was one of those people when i asked my friend why the red brigades want to talk to me he said that the female members of the organization had actually supported my name in particular one person had put it forward she was my childhood friend
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my friend on the other hand she was a good terrorist because she was very good at following orders she also embraced violence
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i'll give you an idea in the the turnover of the red brigades on a yearly basis was seven million dollars
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and if you don't know them that's okay most casual players probably do now we've gotten to a point where today the machine understands complex events like down screens and wide pins basically things only professionals know so we have taught a machine to see with the eyes of a coach so how have we been able to do this if i asked a coach to describe something like a pick they would give me a description and if i encoded that as an algorithm it would be terrible the pick happens to be this dance in basketball between four players two on offense and two on defense and here's kind of how it goes so there's the guy on offense without the ball the ball and he goes next to the guy guarding the guy with the ball and he kind of stays there and they both move and stuff happens and ta da it's a pick
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his teammate chris bosh got a rebound passed it to another teammate named ray allen he sank a three it went into overtime they won the game they won the championship it was one of the most exciting games in basketball and our ability to know the shot probability for every player at every second and the likelihood of them getting a rebound at every second can illuminate this moment in a way that we never could before now unfortunately i can't show you that video but for you we recreated that moment at our weekly basketball game about weeks ago
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rebound noel back to daria shot quality her three pointer bang tie game with five seconds left the crowd goes wild
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that's roughly how it happened roughly that moment had about a nine percent chance of happening in the and we know that and a great many other things i'm not going to tell you how many times it took us to make that happen
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and we're moving in our homes in our offices as we shop and travel throughout our cities and around the world and wouldn't it be great if we could understand all this movement if we could find patterns and meaning and insight in it and luckily for us we live in a time where we're incredibly good at capturing information about ourselves so whether it's through sensors or videos or apps we can track our movement with incredibly fine detail so it turns out one of the places where we have the best data about movement is sports so whether it's basketball or baseball or football or the other football we're our stadiums and our players to track their movements every fraction of a second so what we're doing is turning our athletes into you probably guessed it moving dots so we've got mountains of moving dots and like most raw data it's hard to deal with and not that interesting but there are things that for example basketball coaches want to know
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so we've got mountains of moving dots and like most raw data it's hard to deal with and not that interesting but there are things that for example basketball coaches want to know and the problem is they can't know them because they'd have to watch every second of every game remember it and process it and a person can't do that but a machine can the problem is a machine can't see the game with the eye of a coach at least they couldn't until now so what have we taught the machine to see so we started simply we taught it things like passes shots and rebounds
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so we started simply we taught it things like passes shots and rebounds things that most casual fans would know and then we moved on to things slightly more complicated events like post ups and pick and and if you don't know them that's okay most casual players probably do now we've gotten to a point where today the machine understands complex events like down screens and wide pins basically things only professionals know
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so that is also an example of a terrible algorithm so if the player who's the he's called the screener goes close by but he doesn't stop it's probably not a pick or if he does stop but he doesn't stop close enough it's probably not a pick or if he does go close by and he does stop but they do it under the basket it's probably not a pick or i could be wrong they could all be pick it really depends on the exact timing the distances the locations and that's what makes it hard
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as always i would return to bangalore and often to animated discussions at friend's homes where we would discuss various issues while they complained bitterly about the new pub where a drink often cost more than what they'd paid their old maid i would feel very isolated during these discussions but at the same time i questioned myself and my own integrity and purpose in storytelling and i decided that i had compromised just like my friends in those discussions where we told stories in contexts we made excuses for rather than taking responsibility for i won't go into details about what led to a decision i made but let's just say it involved alcohol cigarettes other substances and a woman
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the second story i'm going to tell you about is about a group of very special fighting women with rather unique peace keeping skills liberia has been devastated by one of africa's bloodiest civil wars which has left more than people dead thousands of women scarred by rape and crime on a spectacular scale liberia is now home to an all woman united nations contingent of indian peacekeepers these women many from small towns in india help keep the peace far away from home and family they use negotiation and tolerance more often than an armed response the commander told me that a woman could gauge a potentially violent situation much better than men and that they were definitely capable of diffusing it non aggressively this man was very drunk and he was very interested in my camera until he noticed the women who handled him with smiles and at the ready of course
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my name is ryan lobo and i've been involved in the documentary filmmaking business all over the world for the last years during the process of making these films i found myself taking photographs often much to the annoyance of the video cameramen i found this photography of mine almost compulsive and at the end of a shoot i would sometimes feel that i had photographs that told a better story than a sometimes sensational documentary i felt when i had my photographs that i was holding on to something true regardless of agendas or politics in i traveled to three war zones
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in my life when i tried to achieve things like success or recognition they eluded me paradoxically when i let go of these objectives and worked from a place of compassion and purpose looking for excellence rather than the results of it everything arrived on its own including fulfillment photography transcended culture including my own and it is for me a language which expressed the intangible and gives voice to people and stories without i invite you into three recent stories of mine which are about this way of looking if you will which i believe exemplify the tenets of what i like to call compassion in storytelling in i went to liberia where a group of my friends and i did an independent self funded film still in progress on a very legendary and brutal war lord named general butt naked
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and he described one of them as very common this was the grouper a big fishery was run on it until the now the fish is on the red list now this story we have heard it lots of times on galapagos and other places so there is nothing particular about it but the point is we still come to galapagos we still think it is pristine the brochures still say it is untouched so what happens here the second story also to illustrate another concept is called shifting waistline
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they connect all of these millions of data points and then it works beautifully for one of them and it doesn't work for the other one so why because logic kind of tells you that this should be working all the time i mean if you're collecting millions of data points on a decision you're going to make then you should be able to make a pretty good decision you have years of statistics to rely on you're amplifying it with very powerful computers the least you could expect is good tv right and if data analysis does not work that way then it actually gets a little scary because we live in a time where we're turning to data more and more to make very serious decisions that go far beyond tv does anyone here know the company multi health systems no one ok that's good actually ok so multi health systems is a software company and i hope that nobody here in this room ever comes into contact with that software because if you do it means you're in prison
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they use data to first understand lots of pieces about their audience that they otherwise wouldn't have been able to understand at that depth but then the decision to take all these bits and pieces and put them back together again and make a show like house of cards that was nowhere in the data ted and his team made that decision to license that show which also meant by the way that they were taking a pretty big personal risk with that decision and amazon on the other hand they did it the wrong way around they used data all the way to drive their decision making first when they held their competition of tv ideas then when they selected alpha house to make as a show which of course was a very safe decision for them because they could always point at the data saying this is what the data tells us but it didn't lead to the exceptional results that they were hoping for so data is of course a massively useful tool to make better decisions but i believe that things go wrong when data is starting to drive those decisions no matter how powerful data is just a tool and to keep that in mind i find this device here quite useful many of you will
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many of you will know this this toy here is called the magic ball and it's really amazing because if you have a decision to make a yes or no question all you have to do is you shake the ball and then you get an answer most likely right here in this window in real time i'll have it out later for tech demos
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should tell you enough about what's going on on that end of the curve now roy price is not worried about getting on the left end of the curve because i think you would have to have some serious brainpower to undercut toddlers and so what he's worried about is this middle bulge here the bulge of average tv you know those shows that aren't really good or really bad they don't really get you excited so he needs to make sure that he's really on the right end of this so the pressure is on and of course it's also the first time that amazon is even doing something like this so roy price does not want to take any chances he wants to engineer success
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and that's not because a company like multi health systems doesn't know what to do with data even the most data savvy companies get it wrong
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it just didn't work that year and of course that again made big news including now a retraction of a publication from the journal nature so even the most data savvy companies amazon and they sometimes get it wrong
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it just didn't work that year and of course that again made big news including now a retraction of a publication from the journal nature so even the most data savvy companies amazon and they sometimes get it wrong and despite all those failures data is moving rapidly into real life decision making into the workplace law enforcement medicine so we should better make sure that data is helping now personally i've seen a lot of this struggle with data myself because i work in computational genetics which is also a field where lots of very smart people are using unimaginable amounts of data to make pretty serious decisions like deciding on a cancer therapy or developing a drug and over the years i've noticed a sort of pattern or kind of rule if you will about the difference between successful decision making with data and unsuccessful decision making and i find this a pattern worth sharing and it goes something like this so whenever you're solving a complex problem you're doing essentially two things the first one is you take that problem apart into its bits and pieces so that you can deeply analyze those bits and pieces and then of course you do the second part you put all of these bits and pieces back together again to come to your conclusion
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as useful as studies like these are i think we risk herding people inadvertently into one of two categories that there are two kinds of people those people that are comfortable with numbers that can do numbers and the people who can't and what i'm trying to talk about here today is to say that i believe that is a false dichotomy it's not an immutable pairing i think you don't have to have tremendously high levels of to be inspired by numbers and that should be the starting point to the journey ahead and one of the ways in which we can begin that journey for me is looking at statistics now i am the first to acknowledge that statistics has got somewhat of an image problem
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rather like this is not just an english problem mori expanded the survey in recent years to go across the world and so they asked saudi arabians for every adults in your country how many of them are overweight or obese and the average answer from the saudis was just over a quarter that's what they thought just over a quarter of adults are overweight or obese the official figures show actually it's nearer to three quarters
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now the truth is when we published this quiz the census data that it's based on was already a few years old we've had online applications that allow you to put in a post code and get statistics back for years so in some senses this was all a little bit old and not necessarily new but i was interested to see what reaction we might get by the data in the way that we have by using animation and playing on the fact that people have their own preconceptions it turns out the reaction was um was more than i could have hoped for it was a long held ambition of mine to bring down a statistics website due to public demand
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and then just to finish going back to the two kinds of people i thought it would be really interesting to see how people who are good with numbers would do on this quiz the national statistician of england and wales john you would expect he would be pretty good he got for his own area
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again a big variation and i love this one they asked in japan they asked the japanese for every japanese people how many of them live in rural areas the average was about a split just over halfway they thought out of every japanese people lived in rural areas the official figure is seven so extraordinary variations and surprising to some but not surprising to people who have read the work of daniel for example the nobel winning economist
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so extraordinary variations and surprising to some but not surprising to people who have read the work of daniel for example the nobel winning economist he and his colleague amos spent years researching this disjoint between what people perceive and the reality the fact that people are actually pretty poor intuitive statisticians and there are many reasons for this individual experiences certainly can influence our perceptions but so too can things like the media reporting things by exception rather than what's normal had a nice way of referring to that he said we can be blind to the obvious so we've got the numbers wrong but we can be blind to our blindness about it and that has enormous repercussions for decision making so at the statistics office while this was all going on i thought this was really interesting
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so i devised a quiz how well do you know your area it's a simple web app you put in a post code and then it will ask you questions based on census data for your local area and i was very conscious in designing this i wanted to make it open to the widest possible range of people not just the percent who can get the numbers i wanted everyone to engage with it
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i wanted to make it open to the widest possible range of people not just the percent who can get the numbers i wanted everyone to engage with it so for the design of the quiz i was inspired by the of otto from the and now these are methods for representing numbers using repeating icons and the numbers are there but they sit in the background so it's a great way of representing quantity without resorting to using terms like percentage fractions and ratios so here's the quiz the layout of the quiz is you have your repeating icons on the left hand side there and a map showing you the area we're asking you questions about on the right hand side there are seven questions
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me tell you that story it started two years ago when i hit my head and got a concussion the concussion didn't heal properly and after days i was left with symptoms like nonstop headaches nausea vertigo memory loss mental fog my doctor told me that in order to heal my brain i had to rest it so i had to avoid everything that triggered my symptoms for me that meant no reading no writing no video games no work or email no running no alcohol no caffeine in other words and i think you see where this is going no reason to live
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everybody ready this is your first quest here we go pick one stand up and take three steps or make your hands into fists raise them over your head as high as you can for five seconds go all right i like the people doing both you are very good
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that is worth physical resilience which means that your body can withstand more stress and heal itself faster we know from the research that the number one thing you can do to boost your physical resilience is to not sit still that's all it takes every single second that you are not sitting still you are actively improving the health of your heart and your lungs and brains everybody ready for your next quest i want you to snap your fingers exactly times or count backwards from by seven like this go don't give up don't let the people counting down from interfere with your counting to
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looking good looking good nice nice keep it up i love it all right everybody that is social resilience which means you actually get more strength from your friends your neighbors your family your community now a great way to boost social resilience is gratitude touch is even better here's one more secret for you shaking someone's hand for six seconds dramatically raises the level of oxytocin in your bloodstream now that's the trust hormone that means that all of you who just shook hands are primed to like and want to help each other this will linger during the break so take advantage of the networking opportunities
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i want to take this problem seriously i want games to be a force for good in the world i don't want gamers to regret the time they spent playing time that i encouraged them to spend so i have been thinking about this question a lot lately when we're on our will we regret the time we spent playing games now this may surprise you but it turns out there is actually some scientific research on this question it's true hospice workers the people who take care of us at the end of our lives recently issued a report on the most frequently expressed regrets that people say when they are literally on their and that's what i want to share with you today the top five regrets of the dying
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one i wish i hadn't worked so hard number two i wish i had stayed in touch with my friends number three i wish i had let myself be happier number four i wish i'd had the courage to express my true self and number five i wish i'd lived a life true to my dreams instead of what others expected of me now as far as i know no one ever told one of the hospice workers i wish i'd spent more time playing video games but when i hear these top five regrets of the dying i can't help but hear five deep human cravings that games actually help us fulfill for example i wish i hadn't worked so hard
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