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11,050
and that was that in the mainstream media world there is only one definition for news release and it turns out that is press release as in p r now my company deals with news ostensibly and as a result we were not in violation of this patent so case closed right wrong one of the major problems with patent law is that in the case that when you are sued by a patent troll the burden of proof that you did not infringe on the patent is actually on the defendant which means you have to prove that you do not infringe on the patent they're suing you on and this can take quite a while you need to know that the average patent troll defense costs two million dollars and takes months when you win that is your best case outcome when you get sued by a patent troll now i had hoped to team up with some of these larger companies in order to defend against this lawsuit but one they settled out of the case even though and this is important none of these companies infringed on this patent not a one of them
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to team up with some of these larger companies in order to defend against this lawsuit but one they settled out of the case even though and this is important none of these companies infringed on this patent not a one of them and they started settling out the reason they settled out is because it's cheaper to settle than to fight the lawsuit clearly two million dollars cheaper in some cases and much worse if you actually lose it would also constitute a massive distraction for management of a company especially a small eight man shop like my company six months into the lawsuit we finally reached the discovery phase and in discovery phase we asked the patent troll to please provide of where the infringement of their patent was actually occurring now perhaps it's because no such actually existed but suddenly gooseberry wanted to settle their attorney ah yes
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the study of fishes it looks like a big boring word but it's actually quite exciting because is the only with in it
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now to the cool kids in the audience you already know stands for you only live once and because i only have one life i'm going to spend it doing what i always dreamt of doing seeing the hidden wonders of the world and discovering new species and that's what i get to do now in recent years i really focused on caves for finding new species and it turns out there's lots of new species out there you just have to know where to look and to maybe be a little thin
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now i love this species despite the fact that it tried to kill us and that's because this species in madagascar its closest relatives are kilometers away in australia now there's no way a three freshwater can swim across the indian ocean so what we found when we compared the of these species is that they've been separated for more than million years or about the time that the southern continents were last together so in fact these species didn't move at all it's the continents that moved them and so they give us through their this precise model and measure of how to date and time these ancient geological events now this species here is so new i'm not even allowed to tell you its name yet but i can tell you it's a new species from mexico and it's probably already extinct
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now this species here is so new i'm not even allowed to tell you its name yet but i can tell you it's a new species from mexico and it's probably already extinct it's probably extinct because the only known cave system it's from was destroyed when a dam was built nearby unfortunately for their groundwater habitat is also our main source of drinking water now we actually don't know this species' closest relative yet it doesn't appear to be anything else in mexico so maybe it's something in cuba or florida or india but whatever it is it might tell us something new about the geology of the caribbean or the biology of how to better diagnose certain types of blindness but i hope we discover this species before it goes extinct too and i'm going to spend my one life as an trying to discover and save these humble little blind that can tell us so much about the geology of the planet and the biology of how we see
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now while these findings are suggestive countries can be different in so many different ways that it's very very difficult sometimes to account for all of these possible differences what i'm going to show you though is something that i've been engaging in for a year which is trying to gather all of the largest that we have access to as economists and i'm going to try and strip away all of those possible differences hoping to get this relationship to break and just in summary no matter how far i push this i can't get it to break let me show you how far you can do that one way to imagine that is i gather large from around the world so for example there is the survey of health aging and retirement in europe from this you actually learn that retired european families are extremely patient with survey takers
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the global economic financial crisis has reignited public interest in something that's actually one of the oldest questions in economics dating back to at least before adam smith and that is why is it that countries with seemingly similar economies and institutions can display radically different savings behavior now many brilliant economists have spent their entire lives working on this question and as a field we've made a tremendous amount of headway and we understand a lot about this what i'm here to talk with you about today is an intriguing new hypothesis and some surprisingly powerful new findings that i've been working on about the link between the structure of the language you speak and how you find yourself with the propensity to save let me tell you a little bit about savings rates a little bit about language and then i'll draw that connection let's start by thinking about the member countries of the or the organization of economic cooperation and development
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i've talked about education and employment some of the habits of mind that we have developed over the century have paid off in unexpected areas i'm primarily a moral philosopher i merely have a holiday in psychology and what interests me in general is moral debate now over the last century in developed nations like america moral debate has escalated because we take the hypothetical seriously and we also take seriously and look for logical connections when i came home in from university at the time of martin luther king a lot of people came home at that time and started having arguments with their parents and grandparents my father was born in and he was mildly racially biased as an irishman he hated the english so much he didn't have much emotion for anyone else
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now i should say one thing that's very disheartening we haven't made progress on all fronts one of the ways in which we would like to deal with the sophistication of the modern world is through politics and sadly you can have humane moral principles you can classify you can use logic on abstractions and if you're ignorant of history and of other countries you can't do politics we've noticed in a trend among young americans that they read less history and less literature and less material about foreign lands and they're essentially they live in the bubble of the present they don't know the korean war from the war in vietnam they don't know who was an ally of america in world war think how different america would be if every american knew that this is the fifth time western armies have gone to afghanistan to put its house in order and if they had some idea of exactly what had happened on those four previous occasions
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we are going to take a quick voyage over the cognitive history of the century because during that century our minds have altered dramatically as you all know the cars that people drove in have altered because the roads are better and because of technology and our minds have altered too we've gone from people who confronted a concrete world and analyzed that world primarily in terms of how much it would benefit them to people who confront a very complex world and it's a world where we've had to develop new mental habits new habits of mind and these include things like clothing that concrete world with classification introducing abstractions that we try to make logically consistent and also taking the hypothetical seriously that is wondering about what might have been rather than what is now this dramatic change was drawn to my attention through massive i
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and it's pressure sensitive to the forces both in the plane of the screen x y and z at least in one direction we couldn't figure out how to come in the other direction but let me get rid of the slide and let's see if this comes on ok so there is the pressure sensitive display in operation the person's just if you will pushing on the screen to make a curve but this is the interesting part i want to stop it for a second because the movie is very badly made and the particular display was built about six years ago and when we moved from one room to another room a rather large person sat on it and it got destroyed so all we have is this record
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now imagine a program where some of those objects are physically heavy and some are light one is an anvil on a fuzzy rug and the other one is a ping pong ball on a sheet of glass and when you touch it you have to really push very hard to move that anvil across the screen and yet you touch the ping pong ball very lightly and it just scoots across the screen and what you can do oops i didn't mean to do that what you can do is actually feed back to the user the feeling of the physical properties so again they don't have to be weight they could be a general trying to move troops and he's got to move an aircraft carrier versus a little boat in fact they funded it for that very reason
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so it knows or at least there is computer readable information in the medium itself it's just not a static movie frame that's one thing the other is that you have to realize that it is a random access medium and you can in fact branch and expand and elaborate and shrink and here again my favorite example is the cookbook the and i think i use the example all too often but it's a great one because there is a classic ending in that little encyclopedia style cookbook that tells you how to do something like penguin and you get to the end of the recipe and it says cook until done now that would be if you will the top green track which doesn't mean too much but you might have to elaborate for me or for somebody who isn't an expert and say cook at degrees for minutes and then for a real beginner you would go down even further and elaborate more say open the oven wait for the light to go out open the door don't leave it open too long put the penguin in and shut the door
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we highlight the text as we go through the movie repairman not too far out front poles preferably don't loosen them too far if you loosen them too far you'll have a big mess i suspect that some of you might not even understand that language
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and they all got up and they all went downstairs and the child was still there and they did something very intelligent they asked the child can you read and the child said no i can't and then they said but wait a minute you just looked through that manual and you found and he said oh but that's not reading and so they said well what's reading then he says well reading is this junk they give me in little books to read it's absolutely irrelevant and i get nothing for it
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and that story has many other anecdotes that are similar but wow the key to the future of computers in education is right there and it is when does it mean something to a child there is a myth and it truly is a myth we believe and i'm sure a lot of you believe in this room that it is harder to read and write than it is to learn how to speak and it's not but we think speech my god little children pick it up somehow and by the age of two they're doing a mediocre job and by three and four they're speaking reasonably well and yet you've got to go to school to learn how to read and you have to sit in a classroom and somebody has to teach you hence it must be harder well it's not harder what the truth is is that speaking has great value to a child the child can get a great deal by talking to you reading and writing is utterly useless there is no reason for a child to read and write except blind faith and that it's going to help you
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in this rather long sort of marathon presentation i've tried to break it up into three parts the first being a whole lot of examples on how it can be a little bit more pleasurable to deal with a computer and really address the qualities of the human interface and these will be some simple design qualities and they will also be some qualities of if you will the intelligence of interaction then the second part will really just be examples of new technologies new media falling very much into that mold again i will go through them as fast as possible and then the last one will be some examples i've been able to collect which i think illustrate this at least as best i can in the world of entertainment people have this belief and i share most of it that we will be using the tv screens or their equivalents for electronic books of the future
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well what's happened how did people get into this mess where you are now all of a sudden sitting in front of personal computers and video text teletext systems and somewhat horrified by what you see on the screen well you have to remember that tv was designed to be looked at eight times the distance of the diagonal so you get a whatever tv and then you should multiply that by eight and that's the distance you should sit away from the tv set now we've put people inches in front of a tv and all the artifacts that none of the original designers expected to be seen all of a sudden are staring you in the face the shadow mask the scan lines all of that and they can be treated very easily there are actually ways of getting rid of them there are actually ways of just making absolutely beautiful pictures i'm talking here a little bit about display technologies let me talk about how you might input information and my favorite example is always fingers
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but the bug in our case was in touch sensitive displays we wanted to be able to draw you know rub your finger across the screen to input continuous points and there was just too much friction created between your finger and the glass if glass was the substrate which it usually is so we found that that actually was a feature in the sense you could build a pressure sensitive display and when you touch it with your finger you can actually then introduce all the forces on the face of that screen and that actually has a certain amount of value let me see if i can load another disc and show you quickly an example now imagine a screen which is not only touch sensitive now it's pressure sensitive and it's pressure sensitive to the forces both in the plane of the screen x y and z at least in one direction we couldn't figure out how to come in the other direction
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the whole notion then is one that at the interface there are physical properties in that transducer in this case it's pressure and touches that allow you to present things to the user that you could never present before so it's not simply looking at the quality or if you will the luxury of that interface but it's actually looking at the idea of presenting things that previously couldn't be presented before i want to move on to another example which is one of a different sort where we're trying to use computer and video disc technology now to come up with a new kind of book here the idea is that you're going to take this book if you will and it's going to come alive you're going to sort of breathe life into it we are so used to doing monologues
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filmmakers for example are the experts in monologue making you make a film and it has a well formed beginning middle and end and in some sense the art of it is that and you then say there's an opportunity for making conversational movies well what does that mean and it sort of nibbles at the core of the whole profession and all the assumptions of that medium so book writing is the same thing what i'll show you very quickly is a new kind of book where it is mixed now with all sorts of things live in there but you have to keep a few things in mind one is that this book knows about itself
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and that's a much more elaborate one than you dribble back that's one kind of use of random access and the other is where you want to explain the same thing in different ways if you're in a classroom situation and somebody asks a question the last thing you do is repeat what you just said you try and think of a different way of saying the same thing or if you know the particular student and that student's cognitive style then you might say it in a way that you think would have a good impedance match with that student there are all sorts of techniques you will use and again this is a different kind of branching
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it's a rather boring book but i'm afraid sometimes you have to do boring books because your sponsors aren't necessarily interested in fiction and entertainment and this is a book on how to repair a transmission now i don't even know what vintage the transmission is but let me just show you very quickly some of it and we'll move on narrator and continue to get descriptions for each of these chapters nicholas now this is his table of contents just a picture of the transmission and as you rub your finger across the transmission it highlights the various parts when i find a chapter that i want to see i just touch the text and the system will format pages for me to read
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mais des on voir que les gens faire des on manger mais tu es c'est pas pass the first time and that's one of the things that i enjoy most about this convention it's not so much as so little has to do with what everything is
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so i have a strange career i know it because people come up to me like colleagues and say chris you have a strange career
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but i'm going to tell you about something else today i'm going to tell you about how i learned something about life and i was actually a rocket scientist i wasn't really a rocket scientist but i was working at the jet propulsion laboratory in sunny california where it's warm whereas now i am in the mid west and it's cold but it was an exciting experience one day a nasa manager comes into my office sits down and says can you please tell us how do we look for life outside earth and that came as a surprise to me because i was actually hired to work on quantum computation yet i had a very good answer i said i have no idea
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except if you look a little bit closer you see in fact that this thing is way too small to be anything like that so he was convinced but in fact most people aren't and then of course nasa also had a big announcement and president clinton gave a press conference about this amazing discovery of life in a martian meteorite except that nowadays it's heavily disputed if you take the lesson of all these pictures then you realize well actually maybe it's not that easy maybe i do need a definition of life in order to make that kind of distinction so can life be defined well how would you go about it well of course you'd go to encyclopedia britannica and open at l no of course you don't do that you put it somewhere in and then you might get something
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and i can see their point because i started my career as a theoretical nuclear physicist and i was thinking about quarks and and heavy ion collisions and i was only years old no no i wasn't years old but after that i actually had my own lab in the computational neuroscience department and i wasn't doing any neuroscience later i would work on evolutionary genetics and i would work on systems biology but i'm going to tell you about something else today i'm going to tell you about how i learned something about life
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and then i thought about it a little bit and i said well is it really that easy because yes if you see something like this then all right fine i'm going to call it life no doubt about it but here's something and he goes right that's life too i know that except if you think that life is also defined by things that die you're not in luck with this thing because that's actually a very strange organism
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she's right we have got to retire those tired old narratives of the strong black woman and the super masculine black man who no matter how many times they get knocked down just shake it off and soldier on having feelings isn't a sign of weakness feelings mean we're human and when we deny our humanity it leaves us feeling empty inside searching for ways to self medicate in order to fill the void my drug was high achievement these days i share my story openly and i ask others to share theirs too i believe that's what it takes to help people who may be suffering in silence to know that they are not alone and to know that with help they can heal now i still have my struggles particularly with the anxiety but i'm able to manage it through daily mediation yoga and a relatively healthy diet
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took weeks before i could admit it but the doctor was right i was depressed still i didn't tell anybody about my diagnosis i was too ashamed i didn't think i had the right to be depressed i had a privileged life with a loving family and a successful career and when i thought about the unspeakable horrors that my ancestors had been through in this country so that i could have it better my shame grew even deeper i was standing on their shoulders
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so this chap here he thinks he can tell you the future his name is nostradamus although here the sun have made him look a little bit like sean connery
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fact there have been so many studies conducted on publication bias now over a hundred that they've been collected in a systematic review published in that took every single study on publication bias that they could find publication bias affects every field of medicine about half of all trials on average go missing in action and we know that positive findings are around twice as likely to be published as negative findings this is a cancer at the core of evidence based medicine if i flipped a coin times but then withheld the results from you from half of those tosses i could make it look as if i had a coin that always came up heads but that wouldn't mean that i had a two headed coin that would mean that i was a and you were an idiot for letting me get away with it
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and to me this is research misconduct if i conducted one study and i withheld half of the data points from that one study you would rightly accuse me essentially of research fraud and yet for some reason if somebody conducts studies but only publishes the five that give the result that they want we don't consider that to be research misconduct and when that responsibility is diffused between a whole network of researchers academics industry sponsors journal editors for some reason we find it more acceptable but the effect on patients is damning and this is happening right now today this is a drug called is a drug which governments around the world have spent billions and billions of dollars on stockpiling and we've stockpiled in panic in the belief that it will reduce the rate of complications of influenza complications is a medical euphemism for pneumonia and death
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now we expect that to happen with silly stories about but the problem is we have exactly the same problem in academia and in medicine and in this environment it costs lives so firstly thinking just about as it turns out just last year a researcher called daryl bem conducted a piece of research where he found evidence of powers in undergraduate students and this was published in a peer reviewed academic journal and most of the people who read this just said okay well fair enough but i think that's a fluke that's a freak because i know that if i did a study where i found no evidence that undergraduate students had powers it probably wouldn't get published in a journal and in fact we know that that's true because several different groups of research scientists tried to replicate the findings of this study and when they submitted it to the exact same journal the journal said no we're not interested in publishing replication
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firstly thinking just about as it turns out just last year a researcher called daryl bem conducted a piece of research where he found evidence of powers in undergraduate students and this was published in a peer reviewed academic journal and most of the people who read this just said okay well fair enough but i think that's a fluke that's a freak because i know that if i did a study where i found no evidence that undergraduate students had powers it probably wouldn't get published in a journal and in fact we know that that's true because several different groups of research scientists tried to replicate the findings of this study and when they submitted it to the exact same journal the journal said no we're not interested in publishing replication we're not interested in your negative data so this is already evidence of how in the academic literature we will see a biased sample of the true picture of all of the scientific studies that have been conducted but it doesn't just happen in the dry academic field of psychology it also happens in for example cancer research so in march just one month ago some researchers reported in the journal nature how they had tried to replicate different basic science studies looking at potential treatment targets in cancer and out of those studies they were only able to successfully replicate six forty seven out of those were and they say in their discussion that this is very likely because freaks get published
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it is made for a diet which is soft mushy which is reduced in fibers which is very easily and digestible sounds like fast food doesn't it
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no no no no better to live of cooked food so cooking is a very important technology it's technology i don't know how you feel but i like to cook for entertainment and you need some design to be successful so cooking is a very important technology because it allowed us to acquire what brought you all here the big brain this wonderful cerebral cortex we have because brains are expensive those have to pay tuition fees know
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we walked out of africa two times we populated all the if you can cook nothing can happen to you because whatever you find you will try to transform it it keeps also your brain working now the very easy and simple technology which was developed actually runs after this formula take something which looks like food transform it and it gives you a good very easy accessible energy this technology affected two organs the brain and the gut which it actually affected the brain could grow but the gut actually shrunk okay it's not obvious to be honest
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now how did the gut actually participate in this development and the gut is a silent voice it's going more for feelings i use the euphemism digestive comfort actually it's a digestive discomfort which the gut is concerned with if you get a stomach ache if you get a little bit bloated was not the right food was not the right cooking manipulation or maybe other things went wrong so my story is a tale of two brains because it might surprise you our gut has a full fledged brain all the managers in the room say you don't tell me something new because we know gut feeling this is what we are using
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the lower layer our gut brain has its own goals digestion defense and we have the higher brain with the goal of integration and generating behaviors now both look and this is the blue arrows both look to the same food which is in the lumen and in the area of your intestine the big brain integrates signals which come from the running programs of the lower brain but means that the higher brain can interfere with the lower it can replace or it can inhibit actually signals so if we take two types of signals a hunger signal for example if you have an empty stomach your stomach produces a hormone called it's a very big signal it's sent to the brain says go and eat you have stop signals we have up to eight stop signals at least in my case they are not listened to
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this technology made a very important impact on us it changed the way our history developed but it's a technology so pervasive so invisible that we for a long time forgot to take it into account when we talked about human evolution but we see the results of this technology still so let's make a little test so everyone of you turns to their neighbor please
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you now our brain is two to three percent of the body mass but actually it uses percent of the total energy we use it's very expensive where does the energy come from of course from food if we eat raw food we cannot release really the energy so this ingenuity of our ancestors to invent this most marvelous technology
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now having a large brain as you know is a big advantage because you can actually influence your environment you can influence your own technologies you have invented you can continue to innovate and invent now the big brain did this also with cooking but how did it actually run this show how did it actually interfere what kind of criteria did it use and this is actually taste reward and energy you know we have up to five tastes three of them sustain us sweet energy this is a meaty taste you need proteins for muscles recovery
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this is a meaty taste you need proteins for muscles recovery salty because you need salt otherwise your electric body will not work and two tastes which protect you bitter and sour which are against poisonous and rotten material but of course they are hard wired but we use them still in a sophisticated way think about bittersweet chocolate or think about the acidity of yogurt wonderful mixed with strawberry fruits so we can make mixtures of all this kind of thing because we know that in cooking we can transform it to the form reward this is a more complex and especially form of our brain with various different elements the external states our internal states how do we feel and so on are put together and something which maybe you don't like but you are so hungry that you really will be satisfied to eat
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but what it means to have a brain there is that not only the big brain has to talk with the food the food has to talk with the brain because we have to learn actually how to talk to the brains now if there's a gut brain we should also learn to talk with this brain now years ago described very very carefully here is a model of a wall of a gut i took the three elements stomach small intestine and colon and within this structure you see these two pinkish layers which are actually the muscle
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inexplicable versus understood you know too often we want to understand everything but architecture is not the language of words it's a language but it is not a language that can be reduced to a series of programmatic notes that we can verbally write too many buildings that you see outside that are so banal tell you a story but the story is very short which says we have no story to tell you
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i'll start with my favorite muse emily dickinson who said that wonder is not knowledge neither is it ignorance it's something which is suspended between what we believe we can be and a tradition we may have forgotten and i think when i listen to these incredible people here i've been so inspired so many incredible ideas so many visions and yet when i look at the environment outside you see how resistant architecture is to change you see how resistant it is to those very ideas we can think them out
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these are the ones where you have to press what floor you're going to go to before you get in the elevator and it uses what's called a bin packing algorithm so none of this of letting everybody go into whatever car they want everybody who wants to go to the floor goes into car two and everybody who wants to go to the third floor goes into car five and the problem with that is that people freak out people panic and you see why you see why it's because the elevator is missing some important instrumentation like the buttons
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unfortunately we have our work cut out for us this is just theoretical this is some mathematicians at mit and the truth is i don't really understand a lot of what they're talking about it involves light cones and quantum entanglement and i don't really understand any of that but i can read this map and what this map says is that if you're trying to make money on the markets where the red dots are that's where people are where the cities are you're going to have to put the servers where the blue dots are to do that most effectively and the thing that you might have noticed about those blue dots is that a lot of them are in the middle of the ocean so that's what we'll do we'll build bubbles or something or platforms we'll actually part the water to pull money out of the air because it's a bright future if you're an algorithm
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this is a photograph by the artist michael najjar and it's real in the sense that he went there to argentina to take the photo but it's also a fiction there's a lot of work that went into it after that and what he's done is he's actually reshaped digitally all of the contours of the mountains to follow the vicissitudes of the dow jones index so what you see that precipice that high precipice with the valley is the financial crisis the photo was made when we were deep in the valley over there
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so what you see that precipice that high precipice with the valley is the financial crisis the photo was made when we were deep in the valley over there i don't know where we are now this is the hang seng index for hong kong and similar topography i wonder why and this is art this is metaphor but i think the point is that this is metaphor with teeth and it's with those teeth that i want to propose today that we rethink a little bit about the role of contemporary math not just financial math but math in general
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in kenya is known as the year of the cup or the the is a cup used to measure two kilograms of maize flower on the market and the maize flower is used to make a like cake that is eaten together with vegetables both the maize and the vegetables are grown on most kenyan farms which means that most families can feed themselves from their own farm one can feed three meals for an average family and in the whole harvest could fit in one it was and still is one of the worst droughts in living memory now today i insure farmers against droughts like those in the year of the cup or to be more specific i insure the rains i come from a family of missionaries who built hospitals in indonesia and my father built a psychiatric hospital in tanzania this is me age five in front of that hospital i don't think they thought i'd grow up to sell insurance
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in i was working for the ministry of agriculture of rwanda and my boss had just been promoted to become the minister she launched an ambitious plan to start a green revolution in her country and before we knew it we were importing tons of fertilizer and seed and telling farmers how to apply that fertilizer and plant a couple of weeks later the international monetary fund visited us and asked my minister minister it's great that you want to help farmers reach food security but what if it doesn't rain my minister answered proudly and somewhat defiantly i am going to pray for rain that ended the discussion on the way back to the ministry in the car she turned around to me and said rose you've always been interested in finance
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i'm here because i have a very important message i think we have found the most important factor for success and it was found close to here stanford psychology professor took kids that were four years old and put them in a room all by themselves and he would tell the child a four kid johnny i am going to leave you here with a marshmallow for minutes if after i come back this marshmallow is here you will get another one so you will have two to tell a four kid to wait minutes for something that they like is equivalent to telling us we'll bring you coffee in two hours
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so what happened when the professor left the room as soon as the door closed two out of three ate the marshmallow five seconds seconds seconds seconds two minutes four minutes eight minutes some lasted minutes
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i had a question in my mind would hispanic kids react the same way as the american kids so i went to colombia and i reproduced the experiment and it was very funny i used four five and six years old kids and let me show you what happened
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happened in colombia hispanic kids two out of three ate the marshmallow one out of three did not this little girl was interesting she ate the inside of the marshmallow
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they would play with their skirts and pants that child already at four understood the most important principle for success which is the ability to delay gratification
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that child already at four understood the most important principle for success which is the ability to delay gratification self discipline the most important factor for success years later or years later follow up study what did they find they went to look for these kids who were now and and they found that percent of the children that had not eaten the marshmallow were successful they had good grades they were doing wonderful
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they had good grades they were doing wonderful they were happy they had their plans they had good relationships with the teachers students they were doing fine a great percentage of the kids that ate the marshmallow they were in trouble they did not make it to university they had bad grades
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and this applies for everything even in sales the sales person that the customer says i want that and the person says okay here you are that person ate the marshmallow
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is a year that is similar in its importance to with similar challenges and similar potential there will be two big summits this year the first one in september in new york is the summit for the sustainable development goals and then the summit in paris in december to give us a climate agreement the sustainable development goals are intended to help countries to live in tune with mother earth not to take out of mother earth and destroy ecosystems but rather to live in harmony with mother earth by living under sustainable development and the sustainable development goals will come into operation for all countries on january the climate agreement a binding climate agreement is needed because of the scientific evidence that we're on a trajectory for about a four degree world and we have to change course to stay below two degrees so we need to take steps that will be monitored and reviewed so that we can keep increasing the ambition of how we cut emissions and how we move more rapidly to renewable energy so that we have a safe world the reality is that this issue is much too important to be left to politicians and to the united nations
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and those issues stayed with me and guided me and in particular when i was elected the first woman president of ireland from to i dedicated my presidency to having a space for those who felt marginalized on the island of ireland and bringing together communities from northern ireland with those from the republic trying to build peace and i went as the first irish president to the united kingdom and met with queen elizabeth and also welcomed to my official residence which we call ras an the house of the president members of the royal family including notably the prince of wales and i was aware that at the time of my presidency ireland was a country beginning a rapid economic progress we were a country that was benefiting from the solidarity of the european union indeed when ireland first joined the european union in there were parts of the country that were considered developing including my own beloved native county county mayo
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as i listened to president tong describing the situation i really felt that this was a problem that no leader should have to face and as i heard him speak about the pain of his problems i thought about eleanor roosevelt i thought about her and those who worked with her on the commission on human rights which she chaired in and drew up the universal declaration of human rights for them it would have been unimaginable that a whole country could go out of existence because of human induced climate change i came to climate change not as a scientist or an environmental lawyer and i wasn't really impressed by the images of polar bears or melting glaciers it was because of the impact on people and the impact on their rights their rights to food and safe water health education and shelter and i say this with humility because i came late to the issue of climate change when i served as un high commissioner for human rights from to climate change wasn't at the front of my mind i don't remember making a single speech on climate change
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the need for food has cuisine the need for shelter has given rise to architecture the need for cover fashion and for being subjected to the clock well we invented music so since dying is a necessary part of life what might we create with this fact by play i am in no way suggesting we take a light approach to dying or that we mandate any particular way of dying there are mountains of sorrow that cannot move and one way or another we will all kneel there rather i am asking that we make space physical psychic room to allow life to play itself all the way out so that rather than just getting out of the way aging and dying can become a process of crescendo through to the end we can't solve for death i know some of you are working on this
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my father wears it now in solidarity that night began my formal relationship with death my death and it also began my long run as a patient it's a good word it means one who suffers so i guess we're all patients now the american health care system has more than its fair share of dysfunction to match its brilliance to be sure
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my purpose today is to reach out across disciplines and invite design thinking into this big conversation that is to bring intention and creativity to the experience of dying we have a monumental opportunity in front of us before one of the few universal issues as individuals as well as a civil society to rethink and redesign how it is we die so let's begin at the end for most people the scariest thing about death isn't being dead it's dying suffering it's a key distinction
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let's imagine a sculptor building a statue just chipping away with his chisel michelangelo had this elegant way of describing it when he said every block of stone has a statue inside of it and it's the task of the sculptor to discover it but what if he worked in the opposite direction not from a solid block of stone but from a pile of dust somehow millions of these particles together to form a statue i know that's an absurd notion it's probably impossible
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and her tribe has had to move three times in the last years because of the oil spills and we never hear about that and the latest infraction against these people is as part of plan colombia we're spraying or round up whatever it is we're thousands of acres of the ecuadorian amazon in our war on drugs and these people are the people who take the brunt of it this is he's the shaman of the and he said to us you know i'm an older man now i'm getting tired you know i'm tired of spearing these oil workers i wish they would just go away and i was i usually travel alone when i do my work but i did this i hosted a program for discovery and when i went down with the team i was quite concerned about going in with a whole bunch of people especially into the deep into the tribe and as it turned out these guys really taught me a thing or two about blending in with the locals
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came out of mit couple of years ago ken hale who's a linguist said that of the languages spoken on earth right now aren't spoken by the children so that in one generation we're going to halve our cultural diversity he went on to say that every two weeks an elder goes to the grave carrying the last spoken word of that culture so an entire philosophy a body of knowledge about the natural world that had been empirically gleaned over centuries goes away and this happens every two weeks
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george and charlotte who were a married couple living in the bronx in new york city invented something they got a patent in for what they call a device to assist women in giving birth this device consists of a large round table and some machinery when the woman is ready to deliver her child she lies on her back she is strapped down to the table and the table is rotated at high speed the child comes flying out through centrifugal force if you look at their patent carefully especially if you have any engineering background or talent you may decide that you see one or two points where the design is not perfectly adequate
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they live in a city that has huge hills san francisco grade hills and in the winter there it gets very cold and very icy there are lots of injuries the tradition that they tested they tested by asking people who were on their way to work in the morning to stop and try something out try one of two conditions the tradition is that in the winter in that city you wear your socks on the outside of your boots and what they discovered by experiment and it was quite graphic when they saw it was that it's true that if you wear your socks on the outside rather than the inside you're much more likely to survive and not slip and fall now i hope you will agree with me that these things i've just described to you each of them deserves some kind of prize
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the design is different every year these are always handmade from extremely cheap materials you're looking at a picture of the prize we gave last year most prizes in the world also give their winners some cash some money we don't have any money so we can't give them in fact the winners have to pay their own way to come to the nobel ceremony which most of them do last year though we did manage to scrape up some money last year each of the nobel prize winners received from us trillion dollars a trillion bill from zimbabwe
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the basic problem i'm sure you're familiar with that you're looking inside a long narrow dark place and so you want to have a larger space you add some gas to inflate it so you have room to look around now that's added to the gas the methane gas that's already inside the gas that they used at first in many cases was oxygen so they added oxygen to methane gas and then they wanted to be able to see they needed light so they'd put in a light source which in the was very hot so you had methane gas which is flammable oxygen and heat they stopped using oxygen pretty quickly
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the final thing that i want to tell you about is a prize we gave to dr elena bodnar dr elena bodnar invented a that in an emergency can be quickly separated into a pair of protective face masks one to save your life one to save the life of some lucky bystander
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happen their brain does not slosh around like ours does their brain is packed in very tightly at least for blows coming right from the front not too many people paid attention to this research until the last few years when in this country especially people are becoming curious about what happens to the brains of football players who bang their heads repeatedly and the woodpecker maybe relates to that there was a paper published in the medical journal the lancet in england a few years ago called a man who pricked his finger and smelled putrid for years dr caroline mills and her team received this patient and didn't really know what to do about it the man had cut his finger he worked processing chickens and then he started to smell really really bad
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caroline mills and her team received this patient and didn't really know what to do about it the man had cut his finger he worked processing chickens and then he started to smell really really bad so bad that when he got in a room with the doctors and the nurses they couldn't stand being in the room with him it was intolerable they tried every drug every other treatment they could think of after a year he still smelled putrid after two years still smelled putrid three years four years still smelled putrid after five years it went away on its own
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it's that you've done something that makes people laugh and then think what you've done makes people laugh and then think
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it's that you've done something that makes people laugh and then think what you've done makes people laugh and then think whatever it is there's something about it that when people encounter it at first their only possible reaction is to laugh and then a week later it's still rattling around in their heads and all they want to do is tell their friends about it that's the quality we look for every year we get in the neighborhood of new nominations for the nobel prize of those consistently between percent and percent of those nominations are people who nominate themselves those self nominees almost never win it's very difficult numerically to win a prize if you want to
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the man responsible who runs the national bank there by the way won an nobel prize in mathematics the other thing you win is an invitation to come to the ceremony which happens at harvard university and when you get there you come to harvard's biggest meeting place and classroom it fits people it's jammed to the gills and up on the stage waiting to shake your hand waiting to hand you your nobel prize are a bunch of nobel prize winners that's the heart of the ceremony
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com with my photos if you want to learn about this participate be a spectator we had to call it rocket mavericks this one was great went to feet but didn't quite actually it went feet into solid clay and became a bunker buster it had to be dug out rockets often spiral out of control if you put too much propellant in them here was a drag race at night you can see what happened in a second in daytime we call them land sharks sometimes they just explode before your eyes or come down supersonic
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by day i'm a venture capitalist on weekends i love rockets i love photography i love rockets i'm going to talk about a hobby that can scale and show you photos i've taken over the years with kids like these that hopefully will grow up to love rocketry and eventually become a richard branson or diamandis my son designed a rocket that became stable a golf ball rocket i thought it was quite an interesting experiment in the principles of rocket science
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can i please just see a raise of hands for how many of you have children in this room today put your hands up you can continue to put your hands up and uncles as well most of you ok we the adults of the last four generations have blessed our children with the destiny of a shorter lifespan than their own parents your child will live a life ten years younger than you because of the landscape of food that we've built around them two thirds of this room today in america are statistically overweight or obese you lot you're all right but we'll get you eventually don't worry
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every single one of those in the red is a diet related disease any doctor any specialist will tell you that fact diet related disease is the biggest killer in the united states right now here today this is a global problem it's a catastrophe it's sweeping the world england is right behind you as usual
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i know they were close but not that close we need a revolution mexico australia germany india china all have massive problems of obesity and bad health think about smoking it costs way less than obesity now obesity costs you americans percent of your health care bills billion dollars a year in years it's set to double billion dollars a year let's be honest guys you haven't got that cash
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the time is now we're in a tipping point moment i've been doing this for seven years i've been trying in america for seven years now is the time when it's ripe ripe for the picking i went to the eye of the storm i went to west virginia the most unhealthy state in america or it was last year we've got a new one this year but we'll work on that next season
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you are but we can stop that normal let's get on schools something that i'm fairly much a specialist in ok school what is school who invented it what's the purpose of school school was always invented to arm us with the tools to make us creative do wonderful things make us earn a living etc etc you know it's been kind of in this sort of tight box for a long long time ok but we haven't really evolved it to deal with the health catastrophes of america ok school food is something that most kids million a day actually have twice a day more than often breakfast and lunch days of the year so you could say that school food is quite important really judging the circumstances
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immediately you get a really clear sense of do the kids know anything about where food comes from who knows what that is child uh pear what do you think this is child i don't know if the kids don't know what stuff is then they will never eat it
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i'm from essex in england and for the last seven years i've worked fairly tirelessly to save lives in my own way i'm not a doctor i'm a chef i don't have expensive equipment or medicine i use information education
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i want to show a picture of my friend brittany she's years old she's got six years to live because of the food that she's eaten she's the third generation of americans that hasn't grown up within a food environment where they've been taught to cook at home or in school or her mom or her mom's mom she has six years to live she's eating her liver to death stacy the edwards family this is a normal family guys stacy does her best but she's third generation as well she was never taught to cook at home or at school
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the daughter there katie she's four years old she's obese before she even gets to primary school marissa she's all right she's one of your lot but you know what her father who was obese died in her arms and then the second most important man in her life her uncle died of obesity and now her step dad is obese you see the thing is obesity and diet related disease doesn't just hurt the people that have it it's all of their friends families brothers sisters an inspirational man one of my early allies in huntington west virginia he's at the sharp knife edge of this problem he has to bury the people ok and he's fed up with it he's fed up with burying his friends his family his community
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he has to bury the people ok and he's fed up with it he's fed up with burying his friends his family his community come winter three times as many people die he's sick of it this is preventable disease waste of life by the way this is what they get buried in we're not geared up to do this can't even get them out the door and i'm being serious
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i need you to understand it you've probably heard all this before over the last years what's happened that's ripped the heart out of this country let's be frank and honest well modern day life let's start with the main street fast food has taken over the whole country we know that the big brands are some of the most important powers powerful powers in this country supermarkets as well big companies
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i was just talking about the things that i cared about but with the click of a button and an incendiary viral video i propelled myself into overnight stardom when i say overnight i mean i literally woke up the next morning with so many notifications on my phone i thought i slept through a national tragedy
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it was the craziest thing guys but when it came to my influence and my exposure i literally took a quantum leap so i made more videos and the subject matter of my videos was often the most divisive subject in american life but it was the way that i articulated race that made me somewhat of a digital lightning rod see being a survivor myself of police brutality and having lost a childhood friend alonzo ashley at the hands of the police i had a little something to say about the topic you see this was at the height of the black lives matter furor and people seemed to be turning to me to articulate their viewpoints and honestly it was sort of overwhelming you see the internet has this interesting quality in one way it totally brought the world together and i remember being a kid and all of this utopian propaganda was being dumped on us about how the world wide web was going to span the reaches of people across the globe but as it turns out people are people
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so what i decided to do was trick the algorithm into feeding me more news that i didn't necessarily agree with and this worked fine for a while but it wasn't enough because my online footprint already established the patterns that i like to hear so with the anonymity of the internet i went undercover
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a lot of these ideas easily debunked alt facts have that quality
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the point is that to get to this point of understanding you have to let go of that fear and embrace your curiosity and sadly too many people will not take that journey to see the world from the other side and i mean let's be honest that doesn't just go for progressives but also to the right wing and conservatives you know as fair as some of their points were they were still trapped in their own echo chambers recycling old outdated points of view never getting a diversity in perspective not making them well rounded in their so they're not hearing certain anti racist and political voices voices like tim wise and michelle alexander dr joy boyce watkins tariq all of these voices have the answers to the questions that they want but unfortunately they will not hear them due to the power of these echo chambers we have got to break out of these digital divides because as our technology advances the consequences of our tribalism become more dangerous
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