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ever notice how we tend to identify ourselves by our wounds and where i have seen this survivor identity have the most consequences is in the cancer community and i've been around this community for a long time because i've been a hospice and a hospital chaplain for almost years and in i was working at a big cancer center when i received the news that my mother had breast cancer and then five days later i received the news that i had breast cancer my mother and i can be competitive but i was really not trying to compete with her on this one
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this is what i heard from a lot of outraged people what you're the chaplain you should be immune like maybe i should have just gotten off with a warning instead of an actual ticket because i'm on the force so i did get my treatment at the cancer center where i worked which was amazingly convenient and i had chemotherapy and a mastectomy and a saline implant put in and so before i say another word let me just say right now this is the fake one
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so the other thing i learned was that i don't have to take on cancer survivor as my identity but boy are there powerful forces pushing me to do just that now don't please misunderstand me cancer organizations and the drive for early screening and cancer awareness and cancer research have normalized cancer and this is a wonderful thing we can now talk about cancer without whispering we can talk about cancer and we can support one another but sometimes it feels like people go a little overboard and they start telling us how we're going to feel so about a week after my surgery we had a houseguest that was probably our first mistake
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it was at that point where i felt like oh my god this is just taking over my life and that's when i told myself claim your experience don't let it claim you we all know that the way to cope with trauma with loss with any life changing experience is to find meaning but here's the thing no one can tell us what our experience means we have to decide what it means
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and just like my new dog it was an idea that got bigger than i'd imagined we garnered much support along the way and the hunts point riverside park became the first waterfront park that the south bronx had had in more than years we leveraged that seed grant more than times into a million park and in the fall i'm going to exchange marriage vows with my beloved thank you very much that's him pressing my buttons back there which he does all the time
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we're at best ignored and maligned and abused at worst by negligent regulatory agencies pernicious zoning and lax governmental accountability neither the destruction of the ninth ward nor the south bronx was inevitable but we have emerged with valuable lessons about how to dig ourselves out we are more than simply national symbols of urban blight or problems to be solved by empty campaign promises of presidents come and gone now will we let the gulf coast languish for a decade or two like the south bronx did or will we take proactive steps and learn from the homegrown resource of grassroots activists that have been born of desperation in communities like mine now listen i do not expect individuals corporations or government to make the world a better place because it is right or moral this presentation today only represents some of what i've been through like a tiny little bit you've no clue but i'll tell you later if you want to know
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listen when i spoke to mr gore the other day after breakfast i asked him how environmental justice activists were going to be included in his new marketing strategy his response was a grant program i don't think he understood that i wasn't asking for funding i was making him an offer what troubled me was that this top down approach is still around now don't get me wrong we need money
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are extremely reliable indicators as to where one might find the good stuff like parks and trees and where one might find the bad stuff like power plants and waste facilities as a black person in america i am twice as likely as a white person to live in an area where air pollution poses the greatest risk to my health i am five times more likely to live within walking distance of a power plant or chemical facility which i do these land use decisions created the hostile conditions that lead to problems like obesity diabetes and asthma why would someone leave their home to go for a brisk walk in a toxic neighborhood our percent obesity rate is high even for this country and diabetes comes with it one out of four south bronx children has asthma our asthma hospitalization rate is seven times higher than the national average these impacts are coming everyone's way and we all pay dearly for solid waste costs health problems associated with pollution and more the cost of imprisoning our young black and latino men who possess untold amounts of untapped potential
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jesus i grew up with a crack house across the street yeah i'm a poor black child from the ghetto
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jesus i grew up with a crack house across the street yeah i'm a poor black child from the ghetto these things make me different from you but the things we have in common set me apart from most of the people in my community and i am in between these two worlds with enough of my heart to fight for justice in the other so how did things get so different for us in the late my dad a pullman porter son of a slave bought a house in the hunts point section of the south bronx and a few years later he married my mom at the time the community was a mostly white working class neighborhood my dad was not alone and as others like him pursued their own version of the american dream white flight became common in the south bronx and in many cities around the country
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my dad was not alone and as others like him pursued their own version of the american dream white flight became common in the south bronx and in many cities around the country red lining was used by banks wherein certain sections of the city including ours were deemed off limits to any sort of investment many landlords believed it was more profitable to torch their buildings and collect insurance money rather than to sell under those conditions dead or injured former tenants notwithstanding hunts point was formerly a walk community but now residents had neither work nor home to walk to a national highway construction boom was added to our problems in new york state robert moses spearheaded an aggressive highway expansion campaign one of its primary goals was to make it easier for residents of wealthy communities in westchester county to go to manhattan the south bronx which lies in between did not stand a chance
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now why is this story important because from a planning perspective economic degradation begets environmental degradation which begets social degradation the disinvestment that began in the set the stage for all the environmental injustices that were to come antiquated zoning and land use regulations are still used to this day to continue putting polluting facilities in my neighborhood are these factors taken into consideration when land use policy is decided what costs are associated with these decisions and who pays who profits does anything justify what the local community goes through this was planning in quotes that did not have our best interests in mind once we realized that we decided it was time to do our own planning that small park i told you about earlier was the first stage of building a greenway movement in the south bronx i wrote a one dollar federal transportation grant to design the plan for a waterfront esplanade with dedicated on street bike paths physical improvements help inform public policy regarding traffic safety the placement of the waste and other facilities which if done properly don't compromise a community's quality of life they provide opportunities to be more physically active as well as local economic development
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now this matter is vitally important to me as a young muslim woman i am very proud of my faith it gives me the strength and conviction to do my work every day it's the reason i can be here in front of you but i can't overlook the damage that has been done in the name of religion not just my own but all of the world's major faiths the misrepresentation and misuse and manipulation of religious scripture has influenced our social and cultural norms our laws our daily lives to a point where we sometimes don't recognize it my parents moved from libya north africa to canada in the early and i am the middle child of children yes but growing up i saw my parents both religiously devout and spiritual people pray and praise god for their blessings namely me of course but among others
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out it's not the same as a old young lady i very quickly became introduced to the cultural aspect of religion the words meaning religiously prohibited and meaning culturally inappropriate were exchanged carelessly as if they meant the same thing and had the same consequences and i found myself in conversation after conversation with classmates and colleagues professors friends even relatives beginning to question my own role and my own aspirations and even with the foundation my parents had provided for me i found myself questioning the role of women in my faith so at the school of international affairs we go very heavy on the debate and rule number one is do your research so that's what i did and it surprised me how easy it was to find women in my faith who were leaders who were innovative who were strong politically economically even militarily
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and they wanted to be welcoming to the outside community they thought a fireplace could draw people in and help start conversations and everybody wanted the work of social justice to be visible to the outside world there really wasn't a precedent for this kind of space so we looked around the globe and found examples of community meeting houses community meeting houses are places where there's very specific relationships between people like this one in mali where the elders gather the low roof keeps everybody seated and at equal eye level it's very egalitarian i mean you can't stand up and take over the meeting you'd actually bump your head
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if we can focus the design mind on creating positive reinforcing relationships in architecture and through architecture i believe we can do much more than create individual buildings we can reduce the stress and the polarization in our urban habitats we can create relationships we can help steady this planet we all share see architects really are relationship builders
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i'm a relationship builder when you think of a relationship builder don't you just automatically think architect probably not that's because most people think architects design buildings and cities but what we really design are relationships because cities are about people they're places where people come together for all kinds of exchange and besides are highly specific urban habitats with their own insects plants and animals and even their own weather
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example of what i mean recently we were asked to design a center for social justice leadership called the center they asked us for a building that could break down traditional barriers between different groups and in doing so create possibilities for meaningful conversations around social justice the students wanted a place for cultural exchange they thought a place for preparing food together could do that and they wanted to be welcoming to the outside community they thought a fireplace could draw people in and help start conversations and everybody wanted the work of social justice to be visible to the outside world
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i read loads of stuff about it and i couldn't really find the answers i was looking for so i thought okay i'll go and sit with different people around the world who lived this and studied this and talk to them and see if i could learn from them and i didn't realize i would end up going over miles at the start but i ended up going and meeting loads of different people from a crack dealer in brownsville brooklyn to a scientist who spends a lot of time feeding to mongooses to see if they like them it turns out they do but only in very specific circumstances to the only country that's ever all drugs from cannabis to crack portugal and the thing i realized that really blew my mind is almost everything we think we know about addiction is wrong and if we start to absorb the new evidence about addiction i think we're going to have to change a lot more than our drug policies but let's start with what we think we know what i thought i knew let's think about this middle row here imagine all of you for days now went off and used heroin three times a day some of you look a little more enthusiastic than others at this prospect
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is heroin it's actually much better heroin than you're going to buy on the streets because the stuff you buy from a drug dealer is contaminated actually very little of it is heroin whereas the stuff you get from the doctor is medically pure and you'll be given it for quite a long period of time there are loads of people in this room you may not realize it you've taken quite a lot of heroin and anyone who is watching this anywhere in the world this is happening and if what we believe about addiction is right those people are exposed to all those chemical hooks what should happen they should become addicts this has been studied really carefully it doesn't happen you will have noticed if your grandmother had a hip replacement she didn't come out as a junkie
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be years this year since that experiment began and the results are in injecting drug use is down in portugal according to the british journal of criminology by percent five zero percent overdose is massively down is massively down among addicts addiction in every study is significantly down one of the ways you know it's worked so well is that almost nobody in portugal wants to go back to the old system now that's the political implications i actually think there's a layer of implications to all this research below that we live in a culture where people feel really increasingly vulnerable to all sorts of addictions whether it's to their or to shopping or to eating before these talks began you guys know this we were told we weren't allowed to have our on and i have to say a lot of you looked an awful lot like addicts who were told their dealer was going to be unavailable for the next couple of hours
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imagine you did that right what would happen now we have a story about what would happen that we've been told for a century we think because there are chemical hooks in heroin as you took it for a while your body would become dependent on those hooks you'd start to physically need them and at the end of those days you'd all be heroin addicts right that's what i thought
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they're really simple you can do them tonight at home if you feel a little sadistic you get a rat and you put it in a cage and you give it two water bottles one is just water and the other is water laced with either heroin or cocaine
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they're really simple you can do them tonight at home if you feel a little sadistic you get a rat and you put it in a cage and you give it two water bottles one is just water and the other is water laced with either heroin or cocaine if you do that the rat will almost always prefer the drug water and almost always kill itself quite quickly so there you go right that's how we think it works in the professor alexander comes along and he looks at this experiment and he noticed something he said ah we're putting the rat in an empty cage it's got nothing to do except use these drugs let's try something different
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s and all around the world this is how products are being distributed so for instance in one street market on rua de maro in so paulo brazil you can buy fake designer glasses
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you can buy new york yankees caps in all sorts of unauthorized patterns you can buy designer underwear that isn't really manufactured by a designer and even pirated evangelical
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now businesses tend to complain about this and their they i don't want to take away from their entire validity of complaining about it but i did ask a major sneaker manufacturer earlier this year what they thought about piracy and they told me well you can't quote me on this because if you quote me on this i have to kill you but they use piracy as market research the sneaker manufacturer told me that if they find that are being pirated or adidas are being pirated and their sneakers aren't being pirated they know they've done something wrong
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this is a global business smokes fish in in lagos and i asked her where does the fish come from and i thought she'd say oh you know up the lagoon somewhere or maybe across africa but you'll be happy to know she said it came from here it comes from the north sea it's caught here frozen shipped down to lagos smoked and sold for a tiny increment of profit on the streets of lagos and this is a business incubator this is dump the largest garbage dump in lagos and people work here and i found this out from this fellow andrew andrew spent years scavenging materials on the dump earned enough money to turn himself into a contract which meant he carried a scale and went around and weighed all the materials that people had from the dump now he's a scrap dealer that's his little depot behind him and he earns twice the nigerian minimum wage
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this is a shopping mall this is market in lagos jorge luis borges had a story called the aleph and the aleph is a point in the world where absolutely everything exists and for me this image is a point in the world where absolutely everything exists so what am i talking about when i talk about system d it's traditionally called the informal economy the underground economy the black market i don't conceive of it that way i think it's really important to understand that something like this is totally open
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i don't conceive of it that way i think it's really important to understand that something like this is totally open it's right there for you to find all of this is happening openly and aboveboard there's nothing underground about it it's our prejudgment that it's underground i've pirated the term system d from the former french colonies there's a word in french that is that means to be self reliant and the former french colonies have turned that into system d for the economy of self reliance or the economy but governments hate the economy and that's why i took this picture in and this is the same market in and i think when the organizers of this conference were talking about radical openness they didn't mean that the streets should be open and the people should be gone
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and i saw my sister's face this wail of pain and suffering and surprise threatening to erupt from her mouth and wake my parents from the long winter's nap for which they had settled so i did the only thing my frantic seven year old brain could think to do to avert this tragedy and if you have children you've seen this hundreds of times i said amy wait don't cry did you see how you landed no human lands on all fours like that amy i think this means you're a unicorn
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studying you i would be thrilled because there's a trend there and that means that i can get published which is all that really matters there is one weird red dot above the curve there's one weirdo in the room i know who you are i saw you earlier that's no problem that's no problem as most of you know because i can just delete that dot i can delete that dot because that's clearly a measurement error and we know that's a measurement error because it's messing up my data
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reason this graph is important to me is on the news the majority of the information is not positive in fact it's negative most of it's about murder corruption diseases natural disasters and very quickly my brain starts to think that's the accurate ratio of negative to positive in the world this creates the medical school syndrome during the first year of medical training as you read through a list of all the symptoms and diseases suddenly you realize you have all of them
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embedded within that question is the key to understanding the science of happiness because what that question assumes is that our external world is predictive of our happiness levels when in reality if i know everything about your external world i can only predict of your long term happiness percent of your long term happiness is predicted not by the external world but by the way your brain processes the world and if we change it if we change our formula for happiness and success we can change the way that we can then affect reality what we found is that only of job successes are predicted by percent of job successes are predicted by your optimism levels your social support and your ability to see stress as a challenge instead of as a threat i talked to a new england boarding school probably the most prestigious one and they said we already know that
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silence on the phone and into the silence i said i'd be happy to speak at your school but that's not a wellness week that's a sickness week you've outlined all the negative things that can happen but not talked about the positive the absence of disease is not health
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the absence of disease is not health here's how we get to health we need to reverse the formula for happiness and success in the last three years i've traveled to countries working with schools and companies in the midst of an economic downturn and i found that most companies and schools follow a formula for success which is this if i work harder i'll be more successful and if i'm more successful then i'll be happier that most of our parenting and managing styles the way that we motivate our behavior and the problem is it's scientifically broken and backwards for two reasons every time your brain has a success you just changed the goalpost of what success looked like
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if we can find a way of becoming positive in the present then our brains work even more successfully as we're able to work harder faster and more intelligently we need to be able to reverse this formula so we can start to see what our brains are actually capable of because dopamine which floods into your system when you're positive has two functions not only does it make you happier it turns on all of the learning centers in your brain allowing you to adapt to the world in a different way we've found there are ways that you can train your brain to be able to become more positive in just a two minute span of time done for days in a row we can actually rewire your brain allowing your brain to actually work more optimistically and more successfully we've done these things in research now in every company that i've worked with getting them to write down three new things that they're grateful for for days in a row three new things each day and at the end of that their brain starts to retain a pattern of scanning the world not for the negative but for the positive first about one positive experience you've had over the past hours allows your brain to relive it
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thank you for those images nadia and they do in many ways tell a different story than the story of yemen the one that is often in the news and yet you yourself defy all those characterizations so let's talk about the personal story for a moment your father is murdered the yemen times already has a strong reputation in yemen as an independent english language newspaper how did you then make the decision and assume the responsibilities of running a newspaper especially in such times of conflict well let me first warn you that i'm not the traditional yemeni girl i've guessed you've already noticed this by now
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and even my mother i owe it to my family a story i studied in india and in my third year i started becoming confused because i was yemeni but i was also mixing up with a lot of my friends in college and i went back home and i said daddy i don't know who i am i'm not a yemeni i'm not an indian and he said you are the bridge and that is something i will keep in my heart forever so since then i've been the bridge and a lot of people have walked over me i don't think so
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it just helps tell that some people are change agents in the society and when i became editor after my brother actually my father passed away in and then my brother until and everybody was betting that i will not be able to do it what's this young girl coming in and showing off because it's her family business or something it was very hard at first i didn't want to clash with people but with all due respect to all the men and the older men especially they did not want me around it was very hard you know to impose my authority but a woman's got to do what a woman's got to do and in the first year i had to fire half of the men
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probably something i'm going to share with you in western media probably and how there's a lot of stereotypes thinking of yemen in one single frame this is what yemen is all about and that's not fair it's not fair for me it's not fair for my country a lot of reporters come to yemen and they want to write a story on al or terrorism and i just wanted to share with you there's one reporter that came he wanted to do a documentary on what his editors wanted and he ended up writing about a story that even surprised me hip hop that there are young yemeni men who express themselves through dancing and
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pm rap break dancing yeah break dancing i'm not so old i'm just not in touch
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images from the yemen times and take us through those and introduce us to another yemen nadia al well i'm glad to be here and i would like to share with you all some of the pictures that are happening today in yemen this picture shows a revolution started by women and it shows women and men leading a mixed protest the other picture is the popularity of the real need for change
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this picture shows a revolution started by women and it shows women and men leading a mixed protest the other picture is the popularity of the real need for change so many people are there the intensity of the this picture shows that the revolution has allowed opportunities for training for education these women are learning about first aid and their rights according to the constitution i love this picture i just wanted to show that over percent of the yemeni population are years and below and they were excluded from decision making and now they are in the forefront of the news raising the flag
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i just wanted to show that over percent of the yemeni population are years and below and they were excluded from decision making and now they are in the forefront of the news raising the flag english you will see this is jeans and tights and an english expression the ability to share with the world what is going on in our own country and expression also it has brought talents are using cartoons and art paintings comics to tell the world and each other about what's going on obviously there's always the dark side of it and this is just one of the less gruesome pictures of the revolution and the cost that we have to pay the solidarity of millions of across the country just demanding the one thing and finally lots of people are saying that yemen's revolution is going to break the country
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obviously there's always the dark side of it and this is just one of the less gruesome pictures of the revolution and the cost that we have to pay the solidarity of millions of across the country just demanding the one thing and finally lots of people are saying that yemen's revolution is going to break the country is it going to be so many different countries is it going to be another somalia but we want to tell the world that no under the one flag we'll still remain as yemeni people thank you for those images nadia and they do in many ways tell a different story than the story of yemen the one that is often in the news and yet you yourself defy all those characterizations so let's talk about the personal story for a moment
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but there's so much potential i wish i could show you my yemen i wish you could see yemen through my eyes then you would know that there's so much to it and i was privileged because i was born into a family my father would always encourage the boys and the girls he would say we are equal
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so these are as far as we can tell classical whistleblowers and we have a number of ways for them to get information to us so we use this state art encryption to bounce stuff around the internet to hide trails pass it through legal jurisdictions like sweden and belgium to enact those legal protections we get information in the mail the regular postal mail encrypted or not vet it like a regular news organization format it which is sometimes something that's quite hard to do when you're talking about giant databases of information release it to the public and then defend ourselves against the inevitable legal and political attacks so you make an effort to ensure the documents are legitimate but you actually almost never know who the identity of the source is that's right yeah very rarely do we ever know and if we find out at some stage then we destroy that information as soon as possible god damn it
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and we got a report a sort of engineering analysis into what happened saying that in fact security guards from some rival various competing oil firms had in fact parked trucks there and blown them up and part of the albanian government was in this etc etc and the engineering report had nothing on the top of it so it was an extremely difficult document for us we couldn't verify it because we didn't know who wrote it and knew what it was about so we were kind of skeptical that maybe it was a competing oil firm just sort of playing the issue up so under that basis we put it out and said look we're skeptical about this thing we don't know but what can we do the material looks good it feels right but we just can't verify it and we then got a letter just this week from the company who wrote it wanting to track down the source saying hey we want to track down the source
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so this is the kroll report this was a secret intelligence report commissioned by the kenyan government after its election in prior to kenya was ruled by daniel moi for about years he was a soft dictator of kenya and when got into power through a coalition of forces that were trying to clean up corruption in kenya they commissioned this report spent about two million pounds on this and an associated report and then the government sat on it and used it for political leverage on moi who was the richest man still is the richest man in kenya it's the holy grail of kenyan journalism so i went there in and we managed to get hold of this just prior to the election the national election december
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and i mean to cut a long story short word of the report leaked into kenya not from the official media but indirectly and in your opinion it actually shifted the election ja yeah so this became front page of the guardian and was then printed in all the surrounding countries of kenya in tanzanian and south african press and so it came in from the outside and that after a couple of days made the kenyan press feel safe to talk about it and it ran for nights straight on kenyan tv shifted the vote by percent according to a kenyan intelligence report which changed the result of the election
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so we've got to rethink sanitation and we've got to reinvent the sanitation infrastructure and i'm going to argue that to do this you have to employ systems thinking we have to look at the whole sanitation chain we start with a human interface and then we have to think about how feces are collected and stored transported treated and reused and not just disposal but reuse so let's start with the human user interface i say it doesn't matter if you're a washer or a wiper a sitter or a squatter the human user interface should be clean and easy to use because after all taking a dump should be pleasurable
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billion people in the world who don't have access to adequate sanitation for them there's no modern toilet
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million child deaths because of inadequate sanitation that's one preventable death every seconds every hour every day and so to avoid open municipalities and cities build infrastructure for example like pit latrines in urban and rural areas for example in kwazulu natal province in south africa they've built tens of thousands of these pit latrines but there's a problem when you scale up to tens of thousands and the problem is what happens when the pits are full this is what happens people around the toilet in schools children on the floors and then leave a trail outside the building and start around the building and these pits have to be cleaned and manually emptied and who does the emptying you've got these workers who have to sometimes go down into the pits and manually remove the contents it's a dirty and dangerous business
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do you think it's possible to control someone's attention even more than that what about predicting human behavior i think those are interesting ideas for me that would be the perfect superpower actually kind of an evil way of approaching it but for myself in the past i've spent the last years studying human behavior from a rather unorthodox way picking pockets when we think of we think of something as looking off to the side when actually the things right in front of us are often the hardest to see the things that you look at every day that you're blinded to for example how many of you still have your cell phones on you right now great double check make sure you still have them i was doing some shopping before
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ar good i won't put my hand in your pocket i'm not ready for that kind of commitment once a guy had a hole in his pocket and that was rather for me i wanted his wallet he gave me his number big miscommunication
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no it's not here open your hand while we're focused on the hand it's sitting on your shoulder go ahead and take it off now let's try that again hold your hand out flat open it up put your hand up a little bit higher but watch it close if i did it slowly it'd be on your shoulder
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i was checking mine i couldn't find everything but i noticed you had something here can i feel the outside for a moment down here i noticed this is this something of yours sir i have no idea that's a shrimp yeah i'm saving it for later you've entertained all of these people in a wonderful way better than you know so we'd love to give you this lovely watch as a gift
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now that you're done close them down every phone has something in common no matter how you organize the icons you still have a clock on the front so without looking at your phone what time was it you just looked at your clock right interesting idea let's take that a step further with a game of trust
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now you've been watching me for about seconds with your eyes closed what am i wearing make your best guess what color is my shirt what color is my tie now open your eyes show of hands were you right interesting isn't it some of us are a little bit more perceptive than others it seems but i have a different theory about that model of attention they have fancy models of attention posner's trinity model of attention for me i like to think of it very simple like a surveillance system
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they have fancy models of attention posner's trinity model of attention for me i like to think of it very simple like a surveillance system it's kind of like you have all these fancy sensors and inside your brain is a little security guard for me i like to call him frank so frank is sitting at a desk he's got lots of cool information in front of him high tech equipment he's got cameras he's got a little phone that he can pick up listen to the ears all these senses all these perceptions but attention is what steers your perceptions it's what controls your reality it's the gateway to the mind if you don't attend to something you can't be aware of it
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if i ask you to access a memory like what is that what just happened do you have a wallet do you have an american express in your wallet and when i do that your frank turns around he the file he has to rewind the tape what's interesting is he can't rewind the tape at the same time that he's trying to process new data this sounds like a good theory but i could talk for a long time tell you lots of things and a portion of them may be true but i think it's better if i tried to show that to you here live
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we're developing these tools but we share them freely with hundreds of groups all over the world so people can study and try to treat different disorders and our hope is that by figuring out brain circuits at a level of abstraction that lets us repair them and engineer them we can take some of these intractable disorders that i told you about earlier practically none of which are cured and in the century make them history thank you so some of the stuff is a little dense
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think about your day for a second you woke up felt fresh air on your face as you walked out the door encountered new colleagues and had great discussions and felt in awe when you found something new but i bet there's something you didn't think about today something so close to home that you probably don't think about it very often at all and that's that all the sensations feelings decisions and actions are mediated by the computer in your head called the brain now the brain may not look like much from the outside a couple pounds of pinkish gray flesh amorphous but the last hundred years of neuroscience have allowed us to zoom in on the brain and to see the intricacy of what lies within and they've told us that this brain is an incredibly complicated circuit made out of hundreds of billions of cells called neurons
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an extraordinary journey extraordinarily rewarding journey actually which brought me into training rats to save human lives by detecting landmines and tuberculosis as a child i had two passions one was a passion for rodents i had all kinds of rats mice hamsters squirrels you name it i bred it and i sold them to pet shops
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but barring such an anomalous upbringing it is strange to imagine other realms separate from ours most with fundamentally different features that would rightly be called universes of their own and yet speculative though the idea surely is i aim to convince you that there's reason for taking it seriously as it just might be right i'm going to tell the story of the in three parts in part one i'm going to describe those nobel prize winning results and to highlight a profound mystery which those results revealed in part two i'll offer a solution to that mystery it's based on an approach called string theory and that's where the idea of the will come into the story
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humble breakfast radio announcer from sydney australia to be here on the ted stage literally on the other side of the world and i wanted to let you know a lot of the things you've heard about australians are true from the youngest of ages we display a prodigious sporting talent on the field of battle we are brave and noble warriors what you've heard is true australians we don't mind a bit of a drink sometimes to excess leading to embarrassing social situations
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to talk about prime numbers most of you i'm sure remember that six is not prime because it's x seven is prime because it's x but we can't break it down into any smaller chunks or as we call them factors now a few things you might like to know about prime numbers one is not prime the proof of that is a great party trick that admittedly only works at certain parties
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and one of the things about the search for massive primes that i love so much is some of the great mathematical minds of all time have gone on this search this is the great swiss mathematician leonhard euler in the other mathematicians said he is simply the master of us all he was so respected they put him on european currency back when that was a compliment
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euler discovered at the time the world's biggest prime it's over two billion he proved it was prime with nothing more than a quill ink paper and his mind you think that's big we know that is a prime number it's an absolute brute look at it here digits long proven to be prime in by a mathematician called lucas word up l dog
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this is the largest prime number we knew in a very emotional year for me it was the year i left university i was torn between mathematics and media it was a tough decision i loved university my arts degree was the best nine and a half years of my life
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because of curtis cooper that we know currently the largest prime number we know is don't forget to subtract the one this number is almost and a half million digits long if you typed it out on a computer and saved it as a text file that's meg for the slightly less geeky of you think about the harry potter novels okay this is the first harry potter novel this is all seven harry potter novels because she did tend to on a bit near the end
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i took one look at the road map of life and i ran off down the street marked geek as fast as my chubby asthmatic little legs would carry me i fell in love with mathematics from the earliest of ages i explained it to all my friends
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i fell in love with mathematics from the earliest of ages i explained it to all my friends is beautiful it's natural it's everywhere numbers are the musical notes with which the symphony of the universe is written the great descartes said something quite similar the universe is written in the mathematical language and today i want to show you one of those musical notes a number so beautiful so massive i think it will blow your mind
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but he didn't know what the factors were we knew it was like six but we didn't know what are the x that multiply together to give us that massive number we didn't know for almost years until frank nelson cole came along
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it took him by his estimate three years of sundays but then in the field of mathematics as in so many of the fields that we've heard from in this ted the age of the computer goes along and things explode these are the largest prime numbers we knew decade by decade each one dwarfing the one before as computers took over and our power to calculate just grew and grew
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we're not talking sport today they found another the girls just shook their heads put them in their hands and let me go my own way it's because of curtis cooper that we know currently the largest prime number we know is don't forget to subtract the one
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i know what you're thinking adam we're happy that you're happy but why should we care let me give you just three reasons why this is so beautiful first of all as i explained to ask a computer is that number prime to type it in its abbreviated form and then only about six lines of code is the test for primacy is a remarkably simple question to ask it's got a remarkably clear answer and just requires phenomenal grunt large prime numbers are a great way of testing the speed and accuracy of computer chips
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but secondly as curtis cooper was looking for that monster prime he wasn't the only guy searching my laptop at home was looking through four potential candidate primes myself as part of a networked computer hunt around the world for these large numbers the discovery of that prime is similar to the work people are doing in unraveling sequences in searching through data from seti and other astronomical projects we live in an age where some of the great breakthroughs are not going to happen in the labs or the halls of academia but on laptops desktops in the palms of people's hands who are simply helping out for the search but for me it's amazing because it's a metaphor for the time in which we live when human minds and machines can conquer together we've heard a lot about robots in this ted we've heard a lot about what they can and can't do
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it's a complex topic so we're just going to dive right in at a complex place new jersey because years ago i'm from jersey and i was six and i lived there in my parents' house in a town called livingston and this was my childhood bedroom around the corner from my bedroom was the bathroom that i used to share with my sister and in between my bedroom and the bathroom was a balcony that overlooked the family room and that's where everyone would hang out and watch tv so that every time that i walked from my bedroom to the bathroom everyone would see me and every time i took a shower and would come back in a towel everyone would see me and i looked like this i was awkward insecure and i hated it i hated that walk i hated that balcony i hated that room and i hated that house and that's architecture
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so how is it possible that in the same year in the same country two buildings both called libraries look so completely different and the answer is that architecture works on the principle of a pendulum on the one side is innovation and architects are constantly pushing pushing for new technologies new new solutions for the way that we live today and we push and we push and we push until we completely alienate all of you we wear all black we get very depressed you think we're adorable we're dead inside because we've got no choice we have to go to the other side and those symbols that we know you love so we do that and you're happy we feel like sellouts so we start experimenting again and we push the pendulum back and back and forth and back and forth we've gone for the last years and certainly for the last years okay years ago we were coming out of the architects had been busy experimenting with something called it's about concrete
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so as we get closer to the we start to those symbols we push the pendulum back into the other direction we take these forms that we know you love and we update them we add neon and we add pastels and we use new materials and you love it and we can't give you enough of it we take and we turned those into skyscrapers and skyscrapers can be medieval castles made out of glass forms got big forms got bold and colorful dwarves became columns
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it was crazy but it's the it's cool
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this is the thing about this is the thing about symbols they're easy they're cheap because instead of making places we're making memories of places because i know and i know all of you know this isn't tuscany this is ohio
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in this building opened this is the guggenheim bilbao by frank gehry and this building fundamentally changes the world's relationship to architecture paul goldberger said that bilbao was one of those rare moments when critics academics and the general public were completely united around a building the new york times called this building a miracle tourism in bilbao increased percent after this building was completed so all of a sudden everybody wants one of these buildings l a seattle chicago new york cleveland springfield
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architects can hear you and you're not intimidated by architecture that means that that pendulum swinging back and forth from style to style from movement to movement is irrelevant we can actually move forward and find relevant solutions to the problems that our society faces this is the end of architectural history and it means that the buildings of tomorrow are going to look a lot different than the buildings of today it means that a public space in the ancient city of seville can be unique and tailored to the way that a modern city works it means that a stadium in brooklyn can be a stadium in brooklyn not some red brick historical pastiche of what we think a stadium ought to be it means that robots are going to build our buildings because we're finally ready for the forms that they're going to produce and it means that buildings will twist to the whims of nature instead of the other way around it means that a parking garage in miami beach florida can also be a place for sports and for yoga and you can even get married there late at night
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makes us a little bit gullible and very very predictable it means that when i show you a building like this i know what you think you think power and stability and democracy and i know you think that because it's based on a building that was build years ago by the greeks this is a trick this is a trigger that architects use to get you to create an emotional connection to the forms that we build our buildings out of it's a predictable emotional connection and we've been using this trick for a long long time we used it years ago to build banks we used it in the century to build art museums
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we used it years ago to build banks we used it in the century to build art museums and in the century in america we used it to build houses and look at these solid stable little soldiers facing the ocean and keeping away the elements this is really really useful because building things is terrifying it's expensive it takes a long time and it's very complicated and the people that build things developers and governments they're naturally afraid of innovation and they'd rather just use those forms that they know you'll respond to that's how we end up with buildings like this this is a nice building
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he is our very first now how is it possible that these forms they're wild and radical how is it possible that they become so ubiquitous throughout the world and it happened because media so successfully galvanized around them that they quickly taught us that these forms mean culture and tourism we created an emotional reaction to these forms so did every mayor in the world so every mayor knew that if they had these forms they had culture and tourism
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so we knew awareness would lead to funding we just didn't know it would only take a couple of days so we got together put our best on pete's website and off we went so week one boston media week two national media it was during week two that our neighbor next door opened up our door and threw a pizza across the kitchen floor saying i think you people might need food in there
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week four global bbc irish radio did anyone see lost in translation my husband did japanese television it was interesting
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it takes me back to the summer of my family my kids had all grown up we were officially empty nesters and we decided let's go on a family vacation jenn my daughter and my son came down from new york my youngest andrew he came down from his home in charlestown where he was working in boston and my son pete who had played at boston college baseball had played baseball professionally in europe and had now come home and was selling group insurance he also joined us and one night i found myself having a beer with pete and pete was looking at me and he just said you know mom i don't know selling group insurance is just not my passion
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we all know that it's bill and in this case the stereotype corresponds to reality it really is a fact that liberals are much higher than conservatives on a major personality trait called openness to experience people who are high in openness to experience just crave novelty variety diversity new ideas travel people low on it like things that are familiar that are safe and dependable if you know about this trait you can understand a lot of puzzles about human behavior you can understand why artists are so different from accountants you can actually predict what kinds of books they like to read what kinds of places they like to travel to and what kinds of food they like to eat once you understand this trait you can understand why anybody would eat at applebee's but not anybody that you know
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the main researcher of this trait robert mccrae says that open individuals have an affinity for liberal progressive left wing political views they like a society which is open and changing whereas closed individuals prefer conservative traditional right wing views this trait also tells us a lot about the kinds of groups people join so here's the description of a group i found on the web what kinds of people would join a global community welcoming people from every discipline and culture who seek a deeper understanding of the world and who hope to turn that understanding into a better future for us all this is from some guy named ted
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please raise your hand if you'd say you're libertarian ok about a two dozen and please raise your hand if you'd say you are right of center or conservative one two three four five about eight or ok this is a bit of a problem because if our goal is to understand the world to seek a deeper understanding of the world our general lack of moral diversity here is going to make it harder because when people all share values when people all share morals they become a team and once you engage the psychology of teams it shuts down open minded thinking when the liberal team loses as it did in and as it almost did in we comfort ourselves
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the third foundation is in you do find groups in the animal kingdom you do find cooperative groups but these groups are always either very small or they're all siblings it's only among humans that you find very large groups of people who are able to cooperate join together into groups but in this case groups that are united to fight other groups this probably comes from our long history of tribal living of tribal psychology and this tribal psychology is so deeply pleasurable that even when we don't have tribes we go ahead and make them because it's fun
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this effect is so robust that we find it no matter how we ask the question in one recent study we asked people to suppose you're about to get a dog you picked a particular breed you learned some new information about the breed suppose you learn that this particular breed is independent minded and relates to its owner as a friend and an equal well if you are a liberal you say hey that's great because liberals like to say fetch please
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so you might say ok there are these differences between liberals and conservatives but what makes those three other foundations moral aren't those just the foundations of xenophobia and authoritarianism and puritanism what makes them moral the answer i think is contained in this incredible triptych from bosch the garden of earthly delights in the first panel we see the moment of creation all is ordered all is beautiful all the people and animals are doing what they're supposed to be doing where they're supposed to be but then given the way of the world things change we get every person doing whatever he wants with every aperture of every other person and every other animal some of you might recognize this as the
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so right now please raise your hand down in the simulcast rooms too let's let everybody see who's here please raise your hand if you would say that you are liberal or left of center please raise your hand high right now ok please raise your hand if you'd say you're libertarian
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now because i know ok i assume that answers my question i was going to ask you which one you picked but no need you're all high in openness to experience and besides it looks like it might even taste good and you're all so anyway let's go with the red pill let's study some moral psychology and see where it takes us let's start at the beginning what is morality and where does it come from the worst idea in all of psychology is the idea that the mind is a blank slate at birth developmental psychology has shown that kids come into the world already knowing so much about the physical and social worlds and programmed to make it really easy for them to learn certain things and hard to learn others the best definition of i've ever seen this just clarifies so many things for me is from the brain scientist gary marcus
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