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Magnus, in comics, may refer to:
Magnus Lehnsherr, an alternate reality Marvel Comics character; the son of Rogue and Magneto
Magnus the Sorcerer, a fictional character in the Marvel Universe
Magnus, Robot Fighter, a comics character created by Russ Manning
Will Magnus, a scientist character in the DC Comics universe
See also
Magnus (disambiguation)
Roberto Raviola, an Italian comic book artist who used Magnus as a pseudonym
References | wiki |
This is a list of bridges and tunnels on the National Register of Historic Places in the U.S. state of Rhode Island.
References
Rhode Island
Bridges
Bridges | wiki |
Pasadena Police Department may refer to:
Pasadena Police Department (California)
Pasadena Police Department (Texas) | wiki |
A 501(c)(3) organization is a United States corporation, trust, unincorporated association or other type of organization exempt from federal income tax under section 501(c)(3) of Title 26 of the United States Code. It is one of the 29 types of 501(c) nonprofit organizations in the US.
501(c)(3) tax-exemptions apply to entities that are organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, literary or educational purposes, for testing for public safety, to foster national or international amateur sports competition, or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals. 501(c)(3) exemption applies also for any non-incorporated community chest, fund, cooperating association or foundation organized and operated exclusively for those purposes. There are also supporting organizations—often referred to in shorthand form as "Friends of" organizations.
provides a deduction for federal income tax purposes, for some donors who make charitable contributions to most types of 501(c)(3) organizations, among others. Regulations specify which such deductions must be verifiable to be allowed (e.g., receipts for donations of $250 or more).
Due to the tax deductions associated with donations, loss of 501(c)(3) status can be highly challenging if not fatal to a charity's continued operation, as many foundations and corporate matching funds do not grant funds to a charity without such status, and individual donors often do not donate to such a charity due to the unavailability of tax deduction for contributions.
Types
The two exempt classifications of 501(c)(3) organizations are as follows:
A public charity, identified by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) as "not a private foundation", normally receives a substantial part of its income, directly or indirectly, from the general public or from the government. The public support must be fairly broad, not limited to a few individuals or families. Public charities are defined in the Internal Revenue Code under sections 509(a)(0) through 509(a)(4).
A private foundation, sometimes called a non-operating foundation, receives most of its income from investments and endowments. This income is used to make grants to other organizations, rather than being disbursed directly for charitable activities. Private foundations are defined in the Internal Revenue Code under section 509(a) as 501(c)(3) organizations, which do not qualify as public charities.
Obtaining status
The basic requirement of obtaining tax-exempt status is that the organization is specifically limited in powers to purposes that the IRS classifies as tax-exempt purposes. Unlike for-profit corporations that benefit from broad and general purposes, non-profit organizations need to be limited in powers to function with tax-exempt status, but a non-profit corporation is by default not limited in powers until it specifically limits itself in the articles of incorporation or nonprofit corporate bylaws. This limiting of the powers is crucial to obtaining tax exempt status with the IRS and then on the state level. Organizations acquire 501(c)(3) tax exemption by filing IRS Form 1023. , the form must be accompanied by an $850 filing fee if the yearly gross receipts for the organization are expected to average $10,000 or more. If yearly gross receipts are expected to average less than $10,000, the filing fee is reduced to $400. There are some classes of organizations that automatically are treated as tax exempt under 501(c)(3), without the need to file Form 1023:
Churches, their integrated auxiliaries, and conventions or associations of churches. A convention or association of churches generally refers to the organizational structure of congregational churches. A convention or association of churches can also refer to a cooperative undertaking of churches of various denominations that works together to perform religious activities.
Organizations that are not private foundations and that have gross receipts that normally are not more than $5,000
The IRS released a software tool called Cyber Assistant in 2013, which was succeeded by Form 1023-EZ in 2014.
There is an alternative way for an organization to obtain status if an organization has applied for a determination and either there is an actual controversy regarding a determination or the Internal Revenue Service has failed to make a determination. In these cases, the United States Tax Court, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, and the United States Court of Federal Claims have concurrent jurisdiction to issue a declaratory judgment of the organization's qualification if the organization has exhausted administrative remedies with the Internal Revenue Service.
Prior to October 9, 1969, nonprofit organizations could declare themselves to be tax-exempt under Section 501(c)(3) without first obtaining Internal Revenue Service recognition by filing Form 1023 and receiving a determination letter. A nonprofit organization that did so prior to that date could still be subject to challenge of its status by the Internal Revenue Service.
Tax-deductible charitable contributions
Individuals may take a tax deduction on a charitable gift to a 501(c)(3) organization that is organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, literary or educational purposes, or to foster national or international amateur sports competition (but only if no part of its activities involve the provision of athletic facilities or equipment), or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals.
An individual may not take a tax deduction on gifts made to a 501(c)(3) organization that is organized and operated exclusively for the testing for public safety.
In the case of tuition fees paid to a private 501(c)(3) school or a church school, the payments are not tax-deductible charitable contributions because they are payments for services rendered to the payee or the payee's children. The payments are not tax-deductible charitable contributions even if a significant portion of a church school's curriculum is religious education. For a payment to be a tax-deductible charitable contribution, it must be a voluntary transfer of money or other property with no expectation of procuring financial benefit equal to the transfer amount.
Before donating to a 501(c)(3) organization, a donor can consult the searchable online IRS list of charitable organizations to verify that the organization qualifies to receive tax-deductible charitable contributions.
Consumers may file IRS Form 13909, with documentation, to complain about inappropriate or fraudulent (i.e., fundraising, political campaigning, lobbying) activities by any 501(c)(3) organization.
Most 501(c)(3) must disclose the names and addresses of certain large donors to the Internal Revenue Service on their annual returns, but this information is not required to be made available to the public,
unless the organization is an independent foundation.
Churches are generally exempt from this reporting requirement.
Transparency
All 501(c)(3) organizations must make available for public inspection its application for tax-exemption, including its Form 1023 or Form 1023-EZ and any attachments, supporting documents, and follow-up correspondence with the Internal Revenue Service. The same public inspection requirement applies to the organization's annual return, namely its Form 990, Form 990-EZ, Form 990-PF, Form 990-T, and Form 1065, including any attachments, supporting documents, and follow-up correspondence with the Internal Revenue Service, with the exception of the names and addresses of donors on Schedule B. Annual returns must be made publicly available for a three-year period beginning with the due date of the return, including any extension of time for filing.
The Internal Revenue Service provides information about specific 501(c)(3) organizations through its Tax Exempt Organization Search online.
A private nonprofit organization, GuideStar, provides information on 501(c)(3) organizations.
ProPublica's Nonprofit Explorer provides copies of each organization's Form 990 and, for some organizations, audited financial statements.
Open990 is a searchable database of information about organizations over time.
WikiCharities, a nonprofit organization, is a growing global database that allows nonprofits and charities to be searchable by name, location, and topic. WikiCharities also gives each nonprofit a personalized webpage where nonprofits can improve transparency by listing updated contact information, leadership, board members, financials, annual reports, project activities, and more.
Limitations on political activity
Section 501(c)(3) organizations are prohibited from supporting political candidates, as a result of the Johnson Amendment enacted in 1954. Section 501(c)(3) organizations are subject to limits on lobbying, having a choice between two sets of rules establishing an upper bound for their lobbying activities. Section 501(c)(3) organizations risk loss of their tax-exempt status if these rules are violated. An organization that loses its 501(c)(3) status due to being engaged in political activities cannot subsequently qualify for 501(c)(3) status.
Churches
Churches must meet specific requirements to obtain and maintain tax-exempt status; these are outlined in "IRS Publication 1828: Tax Guide for Churches and Religious Organizations". This guide outlines activities allowed and not allowed by churches under the 501(c)(3) designation.
In 1980, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia recognized a 14-part test in determining whether a religious organization is considered a church for the purposes of the Internal Revenue Code:
Having an established congregation served by an organized ministry is of central importance. Points 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, and 13 are also especially important. Nevertheless, the 14-point list is a guideline; it is not intended to be all-encompassing, and other relevant facts and circumstances may be factors.
Although there is no definitive definition of a church for Internal Revenue Code purposes, in 1986 the United States Tax Court said that "A church is a coherent group of individuals and families that join together to accomplish the religious purposes of mutually held beliefs. In other words, a church's principal means of accomplishing its religious purposes must be to assemble regularly a group of individuals related by common worship and faith." The United States Tax Court has stated that, while a church can certainly broadcast its religious services by radio, radio broadcasts themselves do not constitute a congregation unless there is a group of people physically attending those religious services. A church can conduct worship services in various specific locations rather than in one official location. A church may have a significant number of people associate themselves with the church on a regular basis, even if the church does not have a traditional established list of individual members.
In order to qualify as a tax-exempt church, church activities must be a significant part of the organization's operations.
An organization whose operations include a substantial nonexempt commercial purposes, such as operating restaurants and grocery stores in a manner consistent with a particular religion's religious beliefs does not qualify as a tax-exempt church.
Political campaign activities
Organizations described in section 501(c)(3) are prohibited from conducting political campaign activities to intervene in elections to public office. The Internal Revenue Service website elaborates on this prohibition:
Constitutionality
Since section 501(c)(3)'s political-activity prohibition was enacted, "commentators and litigants have challenged the provision on numerous constitutional grounds," such as freedom of speech, vagueness, and equal protection and selective prosecution. Historically, Supreme Court decisions, such as Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington, suggested that the Court, if it were to squarely examine the political-activity prohibition of § 501(c)(3), would uphold it against a constitutional challenge. However, some have suggested that a successful challenge to the political activities prohibition of Section 501(c)(3) might be more plausible in light of Citizens United v. FEC.
Lobbying
In contrast to the prohibition on political campaign interventions by all section 501(c)(3) organizations, public charities (but not private foundations) may conduct a limited amount of lobbying to influence legislation. Although the law states that "no substantial part" of a public charity's activities can go to lobbying, charities with large budgets may lawfully expend a million dollars (under the "expenditure" test) or more (under the "substantial part" test) per year on lobbying.
The Internal Revenue Service has never defined the term "substantial part" with respect to lobbying.
To establish a safe harbor for the "substantial part" test, the United States Congress enacted §501(h), called the Conable election after its author, Representative Barber Conable. The section establishes limits based on operating budget that a charity can use to determine if it meets the substantial test. This changes the prohibition against direct intervention in partisan contests only for lobbying. The organization is now presumed in compliance with the substantiality test if they work within the limits. The Conable election requires a charity to file a declaration with the IRS and file a functional distribution of funds spreadsheet with their Form 990. IRS form 5768 is required to make the Conable election.
Foreign activities
A 501(c)(3) organization is allowed to conduct some or all of its charitable activities outside the United States. A 501(c)(3) organization is allowed to award grants to foreign charitable organizations if the grants are intended for charitable purposes and the grant funds are subject to the 501(c)(3) organization's control. Additional procedures are required of 501(c)(3) organizations that are private foundations.
Allowance of tax-deduction by donors
Donors' contributions to a 501(c)(3) organization are tax-deductible only if the contribution is for the use of the 501(c)(3) organization, and that the 501(c)(3) organization is not merely serving as an agent or conduit of a foreign charitable organization. The 501(c)(3) organization's management should review the grant application from the foreign organization, decide whether to award the grant based on the intended use of the funds, and require continuous oversight based on the use of funds.
If the donor imposes a restriction or earmark that the contribution must be used for foreign activities, then the contribution is deemed to be for the foreign organization rather than the 501(c)(3) organization, and the contribution is not tax-deductible.
The purpose of the grant to the foreign organization cannot include endorsing or opposing political candidates for elected office in any country.
Foreign subsidiaries
If a 501(c)(3) organization sets up and controls a foreign subsidiary to facilitate charitable work in a foreign country, then donors' contributions to the 501(c)(3) organization are tax-deductible even if intended to fund the foreign charitable activities.
If a foreign organization sets up a 501(c)(3) organization for the sole purpose of raising funds for the foreign organization, and the 501(c)(3) organization sends substantially all contributions to the foreign organization, then donors' contributions to the 501(c)(3) organization are not tax-deductible to the donors.
References
External links
Tax Exempt Organization Search. Internal Revenue Service.
0501c
Non-profit organizations based in the United States
Taxation in the United States
Charity law | wiki |
Walk on the Wild Side may refer to:
A Walk on the Wild Side, a 1956 novel by Nelson Algren
Walk on the Wild Side (film), a 1962 film adapted from Algren's novel
"Walk on the Wild Side" the title song of the 1962 film, by Mack David & Elmer Bernstein
"Walk on the Wild Side" a 1972 Lou Reed song
Walk on the Wild Side: The Best of Lou Reed, an album
Walk on the Wild Side (TV series), a 2009 UK comedy sketch show
Walk on the Wild Side, a British TV documentary produced by Daniel Abineri
See also
Take a Walk on the Wildside, a 2017 Canadian documentary | wiki |
Sleeps with angels (album van Neil Young) (1994), muziekalbum van Neil Young
Sleeps with angels (nummer van Neil Young) (1994), nummer van Neil Young | wiki |
Get Used to It may refer to:
"Get Used to It", a 1979 song by Roger Voudouris
"Get Used to It", a song by Giant from Time to Burn
"Get Used to It", a song by Justin Bieber from Purpose
"Get Used to It", a song by Slaughter from Fear No Evil
Get Used to It!, a 1992 musical by Tom Wilson Weinberg, produced by The Glines
Get Used to It (Brand New Heavies album)
Get Used to It (Rhino Bucket album)
See also
"Get Use to It", a song by Ice Cube from Raw Footage | wiki |
Jim Backus
John Warner Backus | wiki |
Brown Girls is an American comedy web series created by Fatimah Asghar and Sam Bailey. It follows two friends, Leila and Patricia, who pursue their dreams in Chicago.
Premise
Two women of color, Leila and Patricia, a queer Pakistani-American writer and an African-American musician respectively, lean on each other to get through the difficulties of their mid-twenties.
Episodes
Episode One - The series opens with Leila getting a call from her Aunty Bushra, who berates her for forgetting to say Eid Mubarak, and asks her if she is having sex which she denies even though Miranda is naked in her bed. As Leila is brushing her teeth Miranda confronts Leila about the state of their relationship as she is frustrated by the lack of commitment on Leila’s end, and they break up. Patricia tells Leila that it is for the best since Miranda never understood how to be in a casual relationship.
Episode Two - Patricia tells her booty-call, Jason, to leave her house as she does not want him to spend the night after they have had sex. Jason encourages her to let him stay over but to no avail. The next day, Patricia has lunch with her mother. They discuss Patricia’s past relationship with Brendon and her mother’s failing relationship with her father.
Episode Three - Leila’s sister Musarrat is visiting her from New York. They discuss the trials and tribulations of Leila’s career as a writer, as well as within her love life. Leila comes out as queer and her sister accepts her. They agree not to tell Bushra Aunty as she would disown her.
Episode Four - Leila, Patricia and Vic go to a party where they run into Miranda with her date, Jessica. Leila gets drunk and insults Jessica. The confrontation between Leila, Miranda and Jessica escalates as Leila asserts that Miranda would rather be with her than with Jessica. It culminates with Leila punching Jessica.
Episode Five - Patricia is working as a bar-tender on a slow day. Jason comes in with his date, Vanessa, and he acts like he has never met Patricia. Patricia tells Vanessa that she slept with Jason two days ago which causes her to leave. Jason and Patricia argue in the bar. Patricia’s colleague, Stacey, says that Patricia is always bringing her personal issues to work and that she will be informing the owner.
Episode Six - Leila, Patricia, and Vic go to brunch and discuss the recent events. Leila says she wants Miranda back but that she is still unsure and afraid to come out. Patricia says she is not interested in Jason and only told Vanessa that they slept together because she had the right to know. She says that after her last relationship where she became completely engrossed in Brendon and did not focus on her music career, she wants to now focus on herself.
Episode Seven - Leila goes to Miranda’s house and says she wants her back. She says that during their conversation in the bathroom (ep 1) she was just scared but she is not anymore. Miranda asserts that if she truly wants her back, she expects Leila to fight for her and they kiss. Patricia calls her mother and initially says she quit her job because it was too stifling but later reveals that she was fired. Her mother agrees to give her some money. Patricia tells Leila that she hasn’t sang publicly in a year and that everyone she knows in the music industry is a connection she made through Brendon. Leila assures her that they will make it work regardless.
Development and production
Directed by Sam Bailey and written by Fatimah Asghar, the series was inspired by Asghar's 10-year-long friendship with singer Jamila Woods. Scripting began in the fall of 2015, and Bailey joined the project after a public reading in early 2016. Founder of Open TV Aymar Jean Christian added the project to the web platform's slate. Filming took place in Chicago's Pilsen neighborhood. The entirety of the onscreen cast are people of colour as well as much of the production team. Over 40% of the funding for the show was crowd sourced and the rest was provided by Open TV, and a grant from the Chicago Digital Media Production Fund.
Reception
The series debuted on Elle.com on February 15, 2017. There were also screenings across 15 cities including London, Lahore, and Williamstown. It attracted immediate attention from HBO, Comedy Central and TBS. HBO put the series into development in June 2017. The show was praised by The Atlantic for having a novel vision of femininity in its representation of matriarchal families, as well as in its centring of women of colour.
The series was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Comedy or Drama Series.
References
External links
Official website
2017 web series debuts
American comedy web series
American LGBT-related web series | wiki |
The 2008 South Africa rugby union tour of Europe was a series of matches played in November 2008 in Great Britain by South Africa national rugby union team.
Results
2008 rugby union tours
2008 in South African rugby union
2008
2008–09 in British rugby union
2008–09 in Welsh rugby union
2008–09 in Scottish rugby union
2008–09 in English rugby union
2008
2008
2008
2008
November 2008 sports events in the United Kingdom | wiki |
This is a list of bridges and tunnels on the National Register of Historic Places in the U.S. state of Tennessee.
References
Tennessee
Bridges
Bridges | wiki |
The Texas Military Department (TMD) is an executive branch agency of the Texas government. Along with the Texas Department of Public Safety, it is charged with providing the security of Texas, which has the second largest population, border, and economy in the United States. It also provides administration of the Texas Military Forces (TXMF), the principle instrument through which it executes security policy. TXMF currently include the Texas Army National Guard, Texas Air National Guard, and Texas State Guard. It formerly included the Texas Rangers, Texas Army, Texas Navy, and Texas Marines.
The Texas Military Department also maintains a variety of civic engagement initiatives to support public relations, accountability, transparency, and safety awareness. It hosts an annual Open House and Toy Drive. It also hosts the Texas ChalleNGe Academy, Texas STARBASE, and Texas Military Forces Museum. It also publishes The Dispatch magazine, TMDTV, smartphone applications, and social media channels.
The Texas Military Department is commanded by the Adjutant General of Texas, who is appointed by and reports to the Governor of Texas. Headquartered at Building Eight in Camp Mabry, TMD's stated mission is to "provide the Governor and President with ready forces in support of state and federal authorities at home and abroad." It is empowered by Article 4, Section 7 of the Texas Constitution to "execute the laws of the State, to suppress insurrections, and to repel invasions."
History
The Texas Military Department was established as the War Department of the Republic of Texas on August 5, 1836. It was empowered by Article II of the Constitution of the Republic of Texas and initially comprised the Office of the Adjutant General, Texas militia, Texas Army, Texas Navy, and Texas Rangers. In the years between the Texas Revolution and Mexican War as a sovereign republic, the department remained active in land, sea, and guerilla combat operations and expeditions. Most notably, the Battle of Salado Creek, Naval Battle of Campeche, Texas-Indian Wars, and Texan Santa Fe Expedition.
When Texas joined the United States, the Texas Army and Navy were integrated into the United States Armed Forces. The War Department was re-designated the Department of Texas and consisted of the Office of the Adjutant General, Texas militia, and Texas Rangers. The department was abolished from February 4, 1856 - April 6, 1860 due a fire on October 10, 1855 that destroyed nearly all records.
During the Civil War, most of the department's service members fought under command of the Confederate States War Department (Texas Confederate Units). Some service members fought under command of the United States War Department (Texas Union Units). However, the Department of Texas maintained provincial "Home Guard" forces for defense of the state. They are credited with leaving Texas the only Confederate state unconquered by the Union Army following three failed efforts, including the Second Battle of Sabine Pass, which is also among the most notable victories of the Civil War. They are also credited with the final battle and victory of the Civil War at the Battle of Palmito Ranch.
The department was again abolished from January 1, 1867 to June 24, 1870 during the military occupation and reconstruction of Texas. After Texas was readmitted to the United States on March 30, 1870, the department was reestablished and empowered by the Constitution of Texas to fight unrest and restore order. It comprised the Office of the Adjutant General, Texas militia, and Texas State Police (Texas Rangers). Following the Militia Act of 1903, the Texas militia became the Texas National Guard. During World War I, the Department of Texas was re-designated the Adjutant General Department and again maintained provincial "Home Guard" forces for defense of the state while the Texas National Guard was under federal command. By 1935, the Texas Rangers had evolved from a paramilitary force to a police force and were reorganized under the Texas Department of Public Safety. During World War II, the United States Congress amended the National Defense Act of 1916 permanently authorizing the "Home Guard" defense forces as the Texas State Guard. The Adjutant General Department was colloquially referred to as the "Texas Military" from 2006 to 2015. On October 28, 2015 the Adjutant General Department was officially rebranded as the Texas Military Department.
The Texas Military Department has not waged a combat operation since the 19th century, however its units have participated in the Mexican War, Spanish War, Philippine War, Mexican Expedition, World War I, World War II, Cold War, and War on Terror under command of the United States Department of Defense.
Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the Texas Military Department has been primarily engaged in military operations other than war, including manmade and natural disaster operations, search and rescue operations, counterdrug operations, and border security operations. Most notably, the Mexican Drug War, Texas City Disaster, Hurricane Harvey, Hurricane Katrina, Hurricane Rita, Bastrop County Complex Fire, Operation Jump Start, Operation Phalanx, Operation Faithful Patriot, Operation Strong Safety, Operation Border Star, Operation Drawbridge, and Operation River Watch.
Authority
The Texas Military Department exists under civilian control. It is empowered by Article 4, Section 7 of the Texas Constitution to "execute the laws of the State, to suppress insurrections, and to repel invasions" and Texas Government Code Title 4, Subtitle C, Chapters 431, 433, and 437. It is governed by the Texas Code of Military Justice and commanded by the Commander-in-Chief of Texas and Adjutant General of Texas.
Administration
The Texas Military Department is required by law to maintain duplicate federal and state offices for many administrative functions such as human resources, finance, and payroll. TMD divides these traditional agency functions between federal administrative offices under the adjutant general's chief of staff and a state executive director.
Office of the Adjutant General
The Adjutant General (TAG) of Texas is the commander and chief executive officer of the Texas Military Department. The adjutant general's position of authority over Texas Military Forces is second only to the commander-in-chief, the Governor of Texas. This position is analogous to the United States Secretary of Defense. The Adjutant General of Texas is appointed by the Governor of Texas with the advice and consent of the Texas Senate from Texas Government Code Title 4, Subtitle C, Chapter 437.003.
The Constitution of Texas vests all military authority in the commander-in-chief, an elected position, to maintain civilian control of the military. Because it is impractical for the Governor of Texas to operate the entire government, the authority is delegated via commission to the adjutant general. The adjutant general, secretary of state, attorney general, and comptroller are generally regarded as the most important executive positions in the Government of Texas.
The current and 52nd Adjutant General of Texas is Major General Tracy R. Norris, the first woman to hold that post.
The Office of the Adjutant General (OAG) is the general and his/her deputy's (mainly) civilian staff.
OAG is the principal staff element of the Adjutant General in the exercise of policy development, planning, resource management, fiscal and program evaluation and oversight, and interface and exchange with other Texas Government departments and agencies, foreign governments, and international organizations, through formal and informal processes. OAG also performs oversight and management of Texas Military Forces.
Office of the Executive Director
The Executive Director is the civilian officer responsible for state administration, such as state payroll, state purchasing, and state human resources. These functions impact almost all of TMD's operations as many routine purchases supporting military operations use state funds, as does payroll for state active duty missions. The executive director oversees 45 state employees carrying out these state support functions, as well as coordinates with the 505 other state employees and approximately 4,300 federal personnel working in other programs and reporting through different chains of command. Despite the implications of the title, the executive director reports to the adjutant general, who ultimately maintains responsibility for all department activities and decisions. Overall, the executive director generally functions as the voice for state administrative concerns within the department's larger military organization.
Joint staff
The joint staff coordinates operations using the Texas Military Forces and advises on common functions such as readiness, planning, and logistics.
Domestic Operations Command
The Domestic Operations Command, commonly referred to as DOMOPS, is a unified command of the Texas Military Department established in 2011 to improve response time, maximize equipment and personnel capabilities, place various critical domestic operations programs on a sustainable footing, and maximize use of public taxes for the Texas Military Forces. It consists of the TMD Joint Staff, Joint Task Force 136th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (MEB), 176th Engineer Brigade, Joint Counter Drug Task Force, and Southwest Border Task Force.
Awards and decorations
Awards and decorations of the Texas Military are the medals, ribbons, badges, tabs, trophies, plaques, certificates, memorials, and monuments that recognize service and achievement while serving in the Texas Military Forces.
Capability
Forces
They include infantry, paratroopers, special forces, armored cavalry, field artillery, communication, cyber, intelligence, support, medical, engineering, civil affairs, and weapon of mass destruction response units totalling over 23,000 service members. It also maintains a fleet of manned and unmanned aircraft with strike and reconnaissance capabilities, a fleet of rotorcraft, and a fleet of brown-water watercraft. It maintains a statewide network of garrison, training, and monitoring installations. It maintains command and control through shelter and mobile tactical operations centers.
Education
The Texas Military Department operates two independent and comprehensive professional military education systems divided between National Guard and State Guard forces. The latter includes basic training through officer candidate school and staff college.
Civic engagement
Media
Application
The Texas Military Department developed and maintains an eponymous software application for smartphone operating systems iOS, Android, and Windows. The app offers a variety of tools and provides realtime press releases, news, and safety alerts.
The Dispatch
In August 1943, the Texas State Guard Officers’ Association launched a monthly magazine called The Texas Guardsman. It was later known as The Guardsman, then The State Guardsman (a national publication), and today as The Dispatch. The Dispatch is a digital magazine published monthly on the Texas Military Department's website.
Public reports
The Texas Military Department makes a variety of reports available to the public through the Texas Military Department's website. They include select military operation after-action reviews, annual and biennial reports and audits, legislative appropriation, sunset reports, select strategic plans, and the "Mission Ready Package Catalog", which outlines its capabilities.
TMDTV
The Texas Military Department provides an inside look at the Texas Military Forces missions, training, and capabilities through video content published on Roku and Amazon Fire TV.
Open House
The Texas Military Department Open House, also known as "American Heroes Weekend", is a free, annual event hosted at Camp Mabry in conjunction with the American Heroes Air Show. It enables citizens to learn about TMD's missions and capabilities and interact with Texas Military Forces service members. The event includes helicopter demonstrations, emergency and first responder displays, World War II reenactments, children's activities, and a career fair. It attracts approximately 20,000 guests each year.
Texas ChalleNGe Academy
The Texas Challenge Academy (styled ChalleNGe) is the Texas affiliate of the Youth Challenge Program operated by the Texas National Guard.
It operates a free, -month residential and 12-month post-residential education program for at-risk 16- to 18-year-old students. The program is designed to help students who are "disengaged, at-risk of dropping out, or have already dropped out of high school and is available to qualified students without regard to race, sex, religious affiliation, or household income."
The program is set in a military environment, complete with uniforms, rank, bearing, and instructors to "help cadets develop personal accountability and earn high school credit recovery, general education development, or a high school diploma." The Texas Challenge Academy is an accredited high school through Rice Consolidated Independent School District.
The Texas Challenge Academy is a volunteer program. There is no military obligation for students, nor is it considered a juvenile detention center, court-ordered boot camp, or drug/alcohol treatment center. It has no affiliation with the Texas Juvenile Justice Department.
Texas STARBASE Austin
The Texas STARBASE Austin is the Texas affiliate of the United States Department of Defense STARBASE program.
It provides 5th grade students with free instruction in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM), in addition to aviation and aerospace. The curriculum consists of rigorous activities, interactive investigations, experiments, simulations, and on-site tours demonstrating use of STEM in the workplace. Classroom instruction includes Newton's laws of motion, Bernoulli's principle, navigation and mapping, flight simulation, investigations of nanotechnology and nanoengineering, atmospheric properties, rocketry, engineering design process, computer-aided design (CAD), and 3D manufacturing. Students explore STEM careers, processes for goal setting and teamwork skills, the importance of staying in school, and remaining a life-long learner. Certified educators teach the curriculum with the assistance of Texas Military Forces service members and community volunteers with technical and content expertise. All curriculum content and student activities are correlated to state and national science, technology, and math standards.
It can host up to 64 students per class. The instruction is typically delivered in five-hour blocks, once a week, for five consecutive weeks.
Young Heroes Toy Drive
The Young Heroes Toy Drive, also known as "Young Heroes of the Guard", is an annual toy drive operated by the Texas State Guard for the Christmas and holiday season. Since 2009, it has collected and distributed nearly 250,000 toys to Texas children.
Installations
65 armories
Camp Bowie
Camp Bullis
Camp Mabry ☆
Camp Maxey
Camp Stanley
Camp Swift
Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base
Fort Wolters
See also
List of conflicts involving the Texas Military
References
Military in Texas
Military Department
1836 establishments in the Republic of Texas
Government agencies established in 1836 | wiki |
Charles Napoleon Moore (1882–1967) was an American mathematician at Bowling Green State University who worked on convergence factors.
He was an Invited Speaker at the ICM in 1932 in Zürich.
Publications
References
External links
20th-century American mathematicians
1882 births
1967 deaths
Harvard University alumni | wiki |
A shotgun start is a golf tournament format in which all groups of players tee off simultaneously from different holes. A shotgun is shot into the air to signal the start of the tournament. Each hole on a course will be the tee off hole for each foursome. Group 1 would start from hole 1, Group 2 from hole 2, etc. Each group starts play at the same time. A shotgun start will allow a tournament to end at the same time it takes the slowest foursome to finish a full round or 18 holes of golf. If there are more than 18 teams, some double up at the 4 and 5 par holes as A & B teams.
The December 2004 issue of Golf Digest reported that in May 1956, Jim Russell, the head pro at Walla Walla Country Club in Walla Walla, Washington, fired a shotgun to sound the start of play. This is purportedly the first time a tournament used such a starting format. Today, a siren is used so that golfers all over the course can hear the signal to start, or a specific time is designated.
This starting format is popular for charity events, as everyone starts and finishes at the same time. This allows for a post-event meal where the prizes can be awarded. It can also be used for large group and corporate tournaments as well as events where the participants arrive at the venue together on a bus.
Most golf courses have strict rules and policies when booking this type of tournament (as the number of players involved essentially closes the course to other golfers), which may include one or more of the following:
There must be a minimum number of players. If this minimum cannot be met, the course may revert the tournament to a first tee or split tee start.
Deposits for this type of event may be higher than normal first tee starts. Cancellation notices may also have to be presented further in advance.
These events may be restricted to being held on weekdays or specific days of the week. Most courses do not allow this type of event on weekends.
A surcharge may apply to quoted rates.
Starting times are usually restricted to either 8 a.m. or 1 p.m. at most courses.
The club usually requires the tournament to have a post-event meal at the clubhouse.
The club may require a minimum prize purchase from the club pro shop.
The course may require the tournament carry weather insurance.
The course may require mandatory carts for all participants, even if the host organization traditionally prohibits carts at their events.
Some clubs subject these tournaments to membership approval.
European Tour
Because of weather issues, the European Tour of professional golf has used the format three times to play ahead of the weather; the final round of the 1994 Czech Open, the final two rounds of the 2015 Portugal Masters and the final round of 2018 Alfred Dunhill Links Championship all used shotgun starts in order to beat the weather. The lead group teed off at the first hole, with groups going by order, with the first golfers on the 18th, then the second group on the 17th, and so forth. There were two groups at some holes, with six of the 18 holes featuring two groups. In those cases, the second group teed off five minutes after the first group.
References
Golf terminology | wiki |
Fork in the road (album van Neil Young) (2009), muziekalbum van Neil Young
Fork in the road (nummer van Neil Young) (2009), nummer van Neil Young | wiki |
Mansion on the hill (Hank Williams) (1947), single van Hank Williams sr.
Mansion on the hill (Bruce Springsteen) (1982), nummer van Bruce Springsteen
Mansion on the hill (Neil Young) (1990), single van Neil Young | wiki |
Internet branding (also referred to as Online branding) is a brand management technique that uses the World Wide Web & Social Media Channels as a medium for positioning a brand in the marketplace. Branding is increasingly important with the advancements of the internet. Most businesses are exploring various online channels, which include search engine, social media, online press releases, online marketplace, to establish strong relationships with consumers and to build their brands awareness.
Online branding techniques
Some professionals believe that the goal of online branding is to increase brand recognition. Others focus on integrating online branding with the overall brand experience of customers in relation to a company, product, or other branded entity. From this perspective, brand recognition is viewed as one component among many, such as brand differentiation (from competitors) and the "Collaboration Age" brand dialog facilitated by Internet and mobile communications. Website development is a key component of online branding as a website is used by companies and individuals to present products and services of a brand. Focusing on a website's appearance, functions, and company message to provide a positive experience to visitors is all part of online branding. Website development for online branding also includes utilizing a blog to generate content for readers interested in topics related to the brand. It has been both recommended and advised against to guest blog on other websites for the purpose of online branding. In 2014, Matt Cutts, the head of Google's Spam team, stated that guest blogging has become more and more spammy and recommended against using guest posting for building incoming links to a website.
Internet branding also involves social media interaction and integration. Display and content networks used with repetition are one method of integrating a brand with social media. Behavioral targeting, re-messaging, and site-specific targeting are used as a way to keep a brand in front of a target audience. Branding through social media involves sharing knowledge about the brand and continuously interacting with customers. Using sites like Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, and YouTube to share knowledge about a brand is a popular form of online branding through social media.
Advantages
Strengthening the customer relationship
The Internet is a powerful branding tool for many businesses as it offers numerous ways to promote a business. Interactivity as one of the natures of the Internet helps companies communicate the brand messages instantly and talk to consumers directly, generating exclusive and individual interactions with them. Consumers potential purchasing behaviours can be influenced by brand knowledge and familiarity, so that good online branding can establish closer customer connections with brands and strengthen customer loyalty and relationship.
Developing brand alliances
Online branding involves different brand positioning and marketing strategies, which can not only differentiate separately branded products but also bring together endorser brands. For example, Library Websites are a prime example of such linking between the university website and other database or publisher websites such as FirstSearch and SpringerLink. In the new economy with the convergence of technology, online branding provides the opportunity for companies to develop brands alliances and networks to maximize the brand influence.
Diversifying the brand meaning
Online branding makes the company have the chance to communicate with customers directly and also provides the opportunity to gather customer information to build a database of customer purchase patterns. The data can be used to segment customers into specific groups with specific needs, even offer customized services. Therefore, the customization and targeting to smaller groups may generate the diversity of experience with the same brand. The same brands have different meanings for different groups of customer.
Challenges
Information overload
The Web is a complicated place, it holds a vast number of websites, each of which has numerous information contained within it. It is an open place for every business, and how to differentiate brand image through the same communicate channels is a challenge for many companies, especially for those that customers have little brand knowledge about them before they implement online branding strategy. Failed cases usually underestimate either the complexity or the connectivity of the web.
Management of different communication channels
Online branding, in general, will cover most popular social media platforms with different websites or mobile applications. Companies need to make sure the consistency of the branding content across these channels.
In addition, it is also a challenge for the company to find and solve the complaint comments on brands in time, minimizing the negative effect.
Ethics problems
Online brands are exposed to scrutiny from consumers through various review and complaint websites with fake reviews being used to damage brands. In 2014, a restaurant owner in Enid, Oklahoma refused to serve a patron in a wheelchair. In an interview, the owner stated that he does not serve "freaks" and made prejudiced remarks about homosexuality. Within days of the interview, people left fake reviews on Yelp about the restaurant in what the media described as "online justice." Social media is also used as a medium for people to leave fake reviews or defame brands. A hotel owner in the United Kingdom won a defamation lawsuit in 2014 against a former employee who set up a Facebook page solely for the purpose of damaging the inn's online brand.
Companies have also manipulated brands by leaving positive online reviews. In September 2013, 19 New York businesses agreed to pay $350,000 in penalties and stop writing faking online reviews about their businesses in an agreement reached with the New York Attorney General. The same year, Yelp sued a lawyer from San Diego for writing fake reviews about his solo practice on the site. Yelp has also posted messages on company pages within its site that have been caught paying for positive reviews. This was after the site conducted a sting operation on Craigslist to find companies paying for reviews. It has been argued that companies posting fake online reviews about their own business violates false advertising laws. United States law requires that people who receive compensation for endorsing a product actually endorse it. The company Legacy Learning Systems was fined $250,000 in 2011 by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission for paying people to post fake reviews.
See also
Personal branding
Brand implementation
Email marketing
Internet celebrity
References
Brand management
Digital marketing
Types of branding | wiki |
In team sports, substitution (or interchange) is replacing one player with another during a match. Substitute players that are not in the starting lineup (also known as bench players, backups, interchange, or reserves) reside on the bench and are available to substitute for a starter. Later in the match, that substitute may be substituted for by another substitute or by a starter who is currently on the bench.
Some sports have restrictions on substituting or interchanging players whereas others do not. Futsal, handball, ice hockey and lacrosse are examples of sports which allow an unlimited number of substitutions at any time during the game, subject to certain rules. American football, basketball, and water polo are examples of sports that allow unlimited substitutions during stoppages of play, but not during live play. Association football, baseball, and rugby are examples of sports where teams are only permitted a limited number of substitutions during a game.
In motorsports, a substitution behind the wheel goes by the term "relief driver."
See also
Interchange (Australian rules football)
Interchange (rugby league)
Substitute (football)
Substitute (cricket)
Basketball#Playing regulations
Baseball rules#Substitutions
Sports terminology | wiki |
PHP est un langage de programmation
PHP est le code du Peso philippin, la monnaie des Philippines, selon la norme ISO 4217 (voir Codes ISO 4217 des monnaies)
est une technique utilisée dans un réseau MPLS.
Code | wiki |
Gun trick may refer to:
Bullet catch, a conjuring illusion in which a bullet appears to be caught safely by a magician at whom the bullet was fired
Quaker Gun trick, a simulated cannon made from a wooden log, sometimes painted black, used to deceive an enemy into believing a foe possesses excess guns | wiki |
Franciaország
Rivas, település Loire megyében
Nicaragua
Rivas, Rivas megye székhelye | wiki |
Yellow jasmine or wild yellow jasmine is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
Gelsemium sempervirens, native to tropical and warm temperate regions of the Americas
Jasminum humile, native to Asia and naturalized in Europe
Jasminum mesnyi, native to Vietnam and southern China and naturalized in North America
Pittosporum revolutum, native to Australia | wiki |
A humor magazine is a magazine specifically designed to deliver humorous content to its readership. These publications often offer satire and parody, but some also put an emphasis on cartoons, caricature, absurdity, one-liners, witty aphorisms, surrealism, neuroticism, gelotology, emotion-regulating humor, and/or humorous essays. Humor magazines first became popular in the early 19th century with specimens like Le Charivari (1832–1937) in France, Punch (1841–2002) in the United Kingdom and Vanity Fair (1859–1863) in the United States.
Contemporary humor magazines
Out-of-print humor magazines
Lists of magazines | wiki |
Joshua Epstein may refer to:
Joshua M. Epstein, professor of epidemiology
Joshua Epstein (violinist), Israeli musician | wiki |
Varzelândia è un comune del Brasile nello Stato del Minas Gerais, parte della mesoregione del Norte de Minas e della microregione di Montes Claros.
Note
Altri progetti
Collegamenti esterni
Comuni del Minas Gerais | wiki |
Brian Kuttner (11 April 1908 London, England – 2 January 1992 Birmingham, England) was an English mathematician who worked on Fourier Series.
References
20th-century English mathematicians
1992 deaths
1908 births | wiki |
A leadership style is a leader's method of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people. Various authors have proposed identifying many different leadership styles as exhibited by leaders in the political, business or other fields. Studies on leadership style are conducted in the military field, expressing an approach that stresses a holistic view of leadership, including how a leader's physical presence determines how others perceive that leader. The factors of physical presence in this context include military bearing, physical fitness, confidence, and resilience. A leader's conceptual abilities include agility, judgment, innovation, interpersonal tact, and domain knowledge. Leaders are characterized as individuals who have differential influence over the setting of goals, logistics for coordination, monitoring of effort, and rewards and punishment of group members. Domain knowledge encompasses tactical and technical knowledge as well as cultural and geopolitical awareness.
One of the key reasons why certain leadership styles are blocked with positive outcomes for employees and organizations is the extent to which they build follower trust in leaders. Trust in the leader has been linked to a range of leadership styles and evidence suggests that when followers trust their leaders they are more willing and able to go the extra mile to help their colleagues and organization. Trust also enables them to feel safe to speak up and share their ideas. In contrast, when a leader does not inspire trust, a follower’s performance may suffer as they must spend time and energy watching their backs.
Daniel Goleman (2000) in his article "Leadership that Gets Results" talks about six styles of leadership.
During the Covid-19, leadership styles are further developed through remote work. The development of leadership styles has led to increased efficiency and virtual team spirit in virtual teams.
Autocratic
The autocratic leadership style particularly emphasises the distinction between authoritarian leaders and their followers. These types of leaders make sure to create only a distinct professional relationship. They regard direct supervision as fundamental in maintaining a successful environment and followership. Authoritarian leadership styles often follow the vision of those that are in control, and may not necessarily be compatible with those that are being led. Authoritarian leaders focus on efficiency, potentially seeing other styles, such as a democratic style, as a hindrance to progress. Examples of authoritarian leadership include a police officer directing traffic, a teacher ordering a student to do their assignment, and a supervisor instructing a subordinate to clean a workstation. All of these positions require a distinct set of characteristics that give the leader the position to get things in order or to get a point across. Authoritarian traits include: setting goals individually, engaging primarily in one-way and downward communication, controlling discussion with followers, and dominating interactions.
Several studies have confirmed a relationship between bullying, on the one hand, and an autocratic leadership and an authoritarian way of settling conflicts or dealing with disagreements, on the other. An authoritarian style of leadership may create a climate of fear, leaving little or no room for dialogue, and where subordinates may regard complaining as futile. As such, authoritarian styles have sometimes been associated with reduced group-member satisfaction as compared to that in more democratic leadership styles.
Authoritarian leadership became trendy for a period in the inter-war years - witness for example Stalin, Mussolini and Pilsudski.
Paternalistic
Paternalistic leadership is useful in advocacy and advocating on behalf of another. A paternalistic leader acts as a parental figure by taking care of their subordinates as a parent would. In this style of leadership, the leader supplies complete concern for their followers or workers. In return they receive the complete trust and loyalty of their people. Workers under this style of leadership are expected to become totally committed to what the leader believes and will forego opportunities to work independently. The relationship between these co-workers and leader are extremely solid. The workers are expected to stay with a company for a longer period of time because of the loyalty and trust. Not only do they treat each other like family inside the work force, but outside too. These workers are able to go to each other with any problems they have because they believe it will truly help them.
One of the downsides to a paternalistic leader is that the leader could start to play favorites in decisions. This leader would include the workers more apt to follow and start to exclude the ones who were less loyal. According to Padavic and Earnest, authors of "Business Dimensional and Organizational Counseling", paternalism is more difficult to come by in today's market. They believe this because there is a rise in lay-offs and stronger unionization. This affects paternalistic leaders because the co-workers may not believe that their jobs are 100% ensured. When this happens, workers begin to look for bigger and better job opportunities instead of staying at one company for a longer period of time. Because of this, the leader may not fully believe an employee staying with their organization when another job opportunity is discussed. This could put the workers and leader at risk for a bad situation.
According to B. M. Bass, who wrote Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations, workers who follow paternalistic leadership also have better organization skills. The leader encourages organization because they allow the workers to complete tasks so that they can stay on top of their work. The workers complete tasks this boosts self-confidence and it makes them work harder to reach a goal and exceed the goal to prove to their boss they are working hard. Having this style of leadership can also help implement a reward system. This system will allow their workers to work even better because there is something for them at the end of the tunnel. While doing this they will also be able to accomplish more work in a set time frame.
Even though paternalistic leadership style is practiced in majority of places such as India, South east Asia, Middle East and Africa, there hasn't been concrete empirical research on the implications of this leadership style due to the pre-conceived negative notions of the Western Literature. These negative notions arise due to differences in the intrinsic cultural aspects defined by Geert Hofstede's study (1980). He stated that North American and Western European countries classify themselves as an individualistic culture that is centred around the principles of egalitarianism, lack of in-group interdependence, direct communication and low power distance. Therefore, from a western perspective, the authoritative aspects of paternalism are not accepted innately whereas the parental aspect of this leadership style is looked upon as an invasion of privacy as personal and professional lives are two separate facets of life. On the other hand, paternalistic leadership style is quite effective and successful in non-western cultures which are collectivistic in nature as these societies look up to their leaders as a fatherly figure and rely upon him for guidance and protection in return of deference and loyalty, thereby aligning with the principles of paternalistic style.
It is essential that extensive research be initiated, from a Non-Western point of view to understand the implications of this leadership style on social, cultural and organisational metrics without any negative bias. This would help in better comprehension of factors which lead to successful leaders and organisations in emerging economies where paternalistic leadership style is practiced at large.
Democratic
The democratic leadership style consists of the leader sharing the decision-making abilities with group members by promoting the interests of the group members and by practicing social equality.
The boundaries of democratic participation tend to be circumscribed by the organization or the group needs and the instrumental value of people's attributes (skills, attitudes, etc.). The democratic style encompasses the notion that everyone, by virtue of their human status, should play a part in the group's decisions. However, the democratic style of leadership still requires guidance and control by a specific leader. The democratic style demands the leader to make decisions on who should be called upon within the group and who is given the right to participate in, make, and vote on decisions.
Research has found that this leadership style is one of the most effective and creates higher productivity, better contributions from group members, and increased group morale. Democratic leadership can lead to better ideas and more creative solutions to problems because group members are encouraged to share their thoughts and ideas. While democratic leadership is one of the most effective leadership styles, it does have some potential downsides. In situations where roles are unclear or time is of the essence, democratic leadership can lead to communication failures and uncompleted projects. Democratic leadership works best in situations where group members are skilled and eager to share their knowledge. It is also important to have plenty of time to allow people to contribute, develop a plan, and then vote on the best course of action.
Laissez-faire
The laissez-faire leadership style is where all the rights and power to make decisions is fully given to the followers. This was first described by Lewin, Lippitt, and White in 1939, along with the autocratic leadership and the democratic leadership styles.
Laissez-faire leaders allow followers to have complete freedom to make decisions concerning the completion of their work. It allows followers a self-rule, while at the same time offering guidance and support when requested. The laissez-faire leader using guided freedom provides the followers with all materials necessary to accomplish their goals, but does not directly participate in decision making unless the followers request their assistance.
This is an effective style to use when:
Followers are highly skilled, experienced, and educated.
Followers have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own.
Followers are experts, in situations where followers have more knowledge than the group leader.
Followers are trustworthy and experienced.
Note that these conditions would intuitively mean that the group is already likely to be effective.
This style should not be used when:
The leader cannot or will not provide regular feedback to their followers.
This leadership style has been associated with lower productivity than both autocratic and democratic styles of leadership and with lower group member satisfaction than democratic leadership. Some researchers have suggested that laissez-faire leadership can actually be considered non-leadership or leadership avoidance.
Transactional
Transactional leaders focus their leadership on motivating followers through a system of rewards and punishments. There are two factors which form the basis for this system: Contingent reward; and management-by-exception.
Contingent reward provides rewards, materialistic or psychological, for effort and recognizes good performance.
Management-by-exception allows the leader to maintain the status quo. The leader intervenes when subordinates do not meet acceptable performance levels and initiates corrective action to improve performance. Management by exception helps reduce the workload of managers being that they are only called-in when workers deviate from course.
This type of leader identifies the needs of their followers and gives rewards to satisfy those needs in exchange for a certain level of performance. Transactional leaders focus on increasing the efficiency of established routines and procedures. They are more concerned with following existing rules than with making changes to the organization. A transactional leader establishes and standardizes practices that will help the organization reach:
Maturity
Goal-setting
Efficiency of operation
Increasing productivity.
Effect on work teams
A survey was conducted by Jun Liu, Xiaoyu Liu and Xianju Zeng on the correlation between transactional leadership and how innovations can be affected by team emotions. The research was composed of 90 work teams, with a total of 460 members and 90 team leaders. The study found that there is a relationship between emotions, labor behavior and transactional leadership that affects the team. Depending on the level of emotions of the team; this can affect the transactional leader in a positive or negative way. Transactional leaders work better in teams where there is a lower level of emotions towards a project. This is because individuals are able to think freely when setting their emotions aside from their work and place all of their focus on a given task. From this, we gather that a transactional leader is negatively affected when the emotional level is high and positively affected when the emotional level is low.
Transactional leadership presents a form of strategic leadership that is important for the organization's development. Transactional leadership is essential for team innovativeness. A strategic orientation encompasses the ability to link long-term ambitions with daily tasks.
Transformational
Advocates of transformational leadership portray the transformational leader as a type of person not limited by followers' perception. Advocates should strive to assist individuals in regaining and enhancing their ideas in an efficient and timely manner which requires leadership. The main objective is to work to change or transform their followers' needs and redirect their thinking. Leaders who follow the transformation style of leading, challenge and inspire their followers ideas with a sense of purpose and excitement.
Transformational leaders also create a vision of what they aspire to be, and communicate this idea to others (their followers). Schultz and Schultz identify three characteristics of a transformational leader:
Charismatic leadership has a broad field of knowledge, has a self-promoting personality, high/great energy level, and willing to take risk and use irregular strategies in order to stimulate their followers to think independently
Individualized consideration
Intellectual stimulation
See also
Narcissistic leadership
Management
Management style
High-performance teams
Charismatic Leadership
References
External links
Leadership
Industrial and organizational psychology | wiki |
Shorty is a nickname, usually for a short person. See Shorty (nickname).
Shorty may also refer to:
Music
Artists
Ras Shorty I, Trinidadian artist and founder of soca music.
Shorty (band), an American rock band formed in 1991
Shorty (American rapper), Member of Platinum recording group Da Lench Mob.
Shorty (Croatian rapper) (born 1980)
Shorty (MC), member of Boy Better Know
Shorty da Prince (born 1989), American radio DJ, rapper, and television personality
Buckshot Shorty (born 1974), member of the hip hop trio Black Moon
Magnolia Shorty (1982–2010), American rapper
Guitar Shorty (born 1939), American blues guitarist David William Kearney
Trombone Shorty (born 1986), stage name of American jazz musician Troy Andrews
Songs
"Shorty" (song), by The Get Up Kids
"Shorty (You Keep Playin' with My Mind)", 1998 debut single from R&B group Imajin
"Shorty" (Casa de Leones song)
"Shorty" (Future and Juice Wrld song)
Film and television
Shorty (film), a 2002 independent comedy film
Shorty, a nickname for the New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street
Characters
Shorty Meeks, a character in the Scary Movie franchise
Shorty, a character in The Land Before Time animated film series
Shorty, a character from Eddie Lawrence's 1960s cartoon film series
Shorty, title character of Shorty McShorts' Shorts, a Disney Channel animated TV series
Shorty Kellums, a recurring character on the TV series The Beverly Hillbillies
Shorty, any of a race of fictional cucumber-sized people in the Dunno children's books by Nikolay Nosov
Other uses
Shorty (crater), on the Moon
Nokia Shorty, a common name for the Nokia 2115i mobile phone
Shorty, a type of wetsuit
Shorty Awards, awards for excellence in social media
Shorty's Lunch, a Washington, Pennsylvania, hot dog lunch counter
Shorty (slang), American slang
Shorty G and Shorty Gable, ring names of Chad Gable (born 1986), American professional wrestler
See also
Shortie (babydoll), a short, sleeveless, loose-fitting nightgown or negligee, intended as nightwear for women
Shawty (disambiguation) | wiki |
This is a list of bridges and tunnels on the National Register of Historic Places in the U.S. state of Washington.
See also
List of bridges in Washington
References
Washington, bridges
Bridges on the National Register of Historic Places
Bridges on the National Register of Historic Places | wiki |
Bishop O'Connell may refer to:
Catholic bishops in the United States
Anthony O'Connell (1938–2012), a confessed child molester who served as a cleric, and the first Bishop of Knoxville, Tennessee
Bishop Denis J. O'Connell (1849–1927), bishop of the diocese of Richmond, Virginia
David M. O'Connell (born 1955), bishop of the Diocese of Trenton
David G. O'Connell (1953–2023), auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles
Other meanings
Bishop O'Connell High School, parochial secondary school in Arlington, Virginia | wiki |
Stephen Cain is the name of
Stephen Cain (poet) (born 1970), Canadian poet
Stephen Cain (athlete) (born 1984), Australian decathlete | wiki |
The following is a list of presidents of CONMEBOL, the South American association football governing body.
Presidents of CONMEBOL
See also
List of presidents of FIFA
List of presidents of AFC
List of presidents of CAF
List of presidents of CONCACAF
List of presidents of UEFA
List of presidents of OFC
References
Presidents of CONMEBOL
CONMEBOL | wiki |
HPY may refer to:
Baytown Airport, in Texas, United States
Happy Air, a defunct Thai airline
Heartland Payment Systems, a subsidiary of Global Payments
Helsingfors telefonförening, now Elisa, a Finnish telecommunications company | wiki |
The Great Inland Way is an Australian road route from Sydney, New South Wales to Cairns in Queensland. It has been designated by the Queensland Government as a State Strategic Touring Route.
The route
The New South Wales section is from Sydney to Hebel, on the Queensland side of the state border, generally following the M4 Western Motorway, the Great Western Highway and the Castlereagh Highway.
The route in Queensland is via the Castlereagh Highway to St George, and then as follows:
Carnarvon Highway from St George to Rolleston
Dawson Highway from Rolleston to Springsure
Gregory Highway from Springsure to Conjuboy (The Lynd Oasis Roadhouse)
Kennedy Developmental Road / Kennedy Highway from Conjuboy to Evelyn (concurrent with Savannah Way from Minnamoolka (Forty Mile Scrub) to Cairns)
State Routes 24, 25 and 52 from Evelyn to Gordonvale
Bruce Highway from Gordonvale to Cairns (concurrent with Pacific Coast Way)
Planned upgrade
The section from St George to is part of a planned upgrade to become the Queensland Inland Freight Route.
RACQ brochure
The Royal Automobile Club of Queensland (RACQ) has published a brochure titled "Great Inland Way" that includes maps showing the route from Hebel to Cairns, with a diversion via Ravenshoe, Atherton and Mareeba, and an extension from Cairns to Cooktown. It breaks the route into the following segments and lists things to see and do in or near each segment:
Hebel to St George (intersections with Balonne Highway and Moonie Highway (Adventure Way))
St George to Roma (intersection with Warrego Highway (Warrego Way))
Roma to Injune
Injune to Emerald (intersection with Capricorn Highway (Capricorn Way))
Emerald to Clermont
Clermont to Charters Towers (intersection with Flinders Highway (Overlanders Way))
Charters Towers to Ravenshoe
Ravenshoe to Atherton
Atherton to Mareeba
Mareeba to Cairns
Cairns to Cooktown
References
State Strategic Touring Routes in Queensland
Roads in New South Wales | wiki |
Missionary Man may refer to:
"Missionary Man" (Eurythmics song), from 1986
Missionary Man (comics), a comic series written by Gordon Rennie
Missionary Man (film), a 2007 film by Dolph Lundgren
See also
Missionary (disambiguation) | wiki |
This is a list of bridges and tunnels on the National Register of Historic Places in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.
References
Wisconsin
Bridges
Bridges | wiki |
A BOSU Balance Trainer (or BOSU ball) is a fitness training device, invented in 1999 by David Weck. It consists of an inflated rubber hemisphere attached to a rigid platform. The device is often used for balance training. When the dome side faces up, the BOSU ball provides an unstable surface while the device remains stable. This combination of stable/unstable allows a wide range of users, from the young, elderly, or injured to the elite level athlete. With the dome side up, the device can be used for athletic drills and aerobic activities. The device can be flipped over so that the platform faces up. In this position, the device is highly unstable and can be used for other forms of exercise.
The name initially came from an acronym standing for “Both Sides Up" - a reference to the two ways a BOSU ball can be positioned. It is also referred to as the "blue half-ball", because it looks like a stability ball cut in half. The acronym now favored by the creators is "BOth Sides Utilised".
Criticism and benefits
In a scientific experiment conducted at Eastern Illinois University in 2009, twelve men performed various physical exercises (back squat, deadlift, overhead press, and curl lifts) with and without the BOSU ball. Using the BOSU ball did not create a real difference in the activity of their muscles. Therefore, it was concluded that the BOSU ball did not bring a significant improvement for these physical exercises and that these exercises performed on stable grounds were as efficient as the ones performed on the BOSU ball. A second study which concentrated on single-leg stance shows very similar results (no difference in muscle activity with and without the BOSU ball). However, an unstable surface increases activation of the rectus abdominis and allows for greater activity per exercise when compared to a stable surface. Exercises such as a curl-up on an exercise ball yields a greater amount of electromyography (EMG) activity compared to exercises on a stable platform.
References
External links
BOSU homepage
BOSU inventor's homepage
Exercise equipment
Exercise-related trademarks | wiki |
Catholic education may refer to:
Catholic school, primary and secondary education organised by the Catholic Church or organisations affiliated with it
Catholic university, private university run by the Catholic Church or organisations affiliated with it
Seminary, a theology based graduate schools for students who become Catholic priests
Convent, a religious educational institution for female Catholic monastics such as nuns
Doctor of Sacred Theology, an academic degree in Catholic theology
Doctor of Canon Law is an academic degree earned by students who specialise in interpreting Canon law of the Catholic Church
See also
Catholic education in Australia
Anglican education in Australia
History of Catholic education in the United States | wiki |
Voyages of Discovery may refer to:
Exploration
The Age of Discovery, the period in history
Exploration (video game), a simulation strategy game designed by Software 2000 in 1994
Voyages of Discovery (cruise line) a cruise line | wiki |
Sacred Songs of Mary is a 2010 compilation album from Valley Entertainment featuring music devoted to Mary (mother of Jesus).
Track listing
References
2010 compilation albums
New-age compilation albums
Valley Entertainment compilation albums | wiki |
Perfect mixing is a term heavily used in relation to the definition of models that predict the behavior of chemical reactors. Perfect mixing assumes that there are no spatial gradients in a given physical envelope, such as:
concentration (with respect to any chemical species)
temperature
chemical potential
catalytic activity
Physical chemistry | wiki |
Mahdjouba (Arabic: محجوبة) or Mhadjeb is a crepe-like semolina based flatbread originating from Algeria.
Mhadjeb is a traditional Algerian dish, it is a fine crepe-like semolina based flatbread typically stuffed with a mixture of onion, garlic, tomato, peppers and spices. It is very popular in all the regions of Algeria, including the southern regions such as Ouargla, Ghardaia, and Tamanrasset. It is one of the essential dishes offered in Algerian street foods. The mahdjouba, which means "covered" or "veiled" in Algerian Darja, originates from southern Algeria Biskra, Touggourt. It is the vegetable filled variation of M'semen, a traditional North African flatbread.
See also
Algerian cuisine
References
Algerian cuisine
African cuisine
Mediterranean cuisine
Arab cuisine
Berber cuisine | wiki |
On the Definition of Word is a 1987 book by Anna Maria Di Sciullo and Edwin S. Williams in which the authors examine the notion of word in linguistics. They distinguish four concepts of "word": listemes, morphological objects, syntactic atoms, and phonological words. The authors' main claim is that there is a strict distinction between syntax and morphology.
Reception
Andrew Carstairs, Mark Baker, Sofia Ananiadou and Masayuki Ike-uchi have reviewed the book.
References
1987 non-fiction books
Morphology books
MIT Press books
Syntax books
Words | wiki |
Dramatic Structure: The Shaping of Experience is a nonfiction book written by Jackson G. Barry and published in 1973 by the University of California Press.
References
American non-fiction books
University of California Press books
Books about literary theory
Literary criticism
1973 non-fiction books | wiki |
Ada Ward was an English actress and singer who became a star in Australia in the 1870s, and later worked in the United States. She caused a sensation in 1897 by leaving the stage and joining the Salvation Army as a preacher and going on to work in the slums of London.
References
English stage actresses
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
19th-century English actresses
English expatriates in Australia | wiki |
Marvel Comics is an American comic book company dating to 1961. This is a list of the publications it has released in its history under the "Marvel Comics" imprint. The list does not include collected editions; trade paperbacks; digital comics; free, promotional giveaways; sketchbooks; poster books or magazines, nor does it include series published by other Marvel imprints such as Epic, Icon or Star. It also does not include titles published by Marvel's pre-1961 predecessors Timely Comics and Atlas Comics.
List of Marvel Comics publications (A)
List of Marvel Comics publications (B–C)
List of Marvel Comics publications (F–G)
List of Marvel Comics publications (H–L)
List of Marvel Comics publications (M)
List of Marvel Comics publications (N–R)
List of Marvel Comics publications (S)
List of Marvel Comics publications (T–V)
List of Marvel Comics publications (W–Z)
D
E
References
External links
Marvel Comics at the Big Comic Book DataBase
The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
D | wiki |
Marvel Comics is an American comic book company dating to 1961. This is a list of the publications it has released in its history under the "Marvel Comics" imprint. The list does not include collected editions; trade paperbacks; digital comics; free, promotional giveaways; sketchbooks; poster books or magazines, nor does it include series published by other Marvel imprints such as Epic, Icon or Star. It also does not include titles published by Marvel's pre-1961 predecessors Timely Comics and Atlas Comics.
List of Marvel Comics publications (A)
List of Marvel Comics publications (B–C)
List of Marvel Comics publications (D–E)
List of Marvel Comics publications (F–G)
List of Marvel Comics publications (M)
List of Marvel Comics publications (N–R)
List of Marvel Comics publications (S)
List of Marvel Comics publications (T–V)
List of Marvel Comics publications (W–Z)
H
I
J
K
L
References
External links
Marvel Comics at the Big Comic Book DataBase
The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
H | wiki |
Marvel Comics is an American comic book company dating to 1961. This is a list of the publications it has released in its history under the "Marvel Comics" imprint. The list does not include collected editions; trade paperbacks; digital comics; free, promotional giveaways; sketchbooks; poster books or magazines, nor does it include series published by other Marvel imprints such as Epic, Icon or Star. It also does not include titles published by Marvel's pre-1961 predecessors Timely Comics and Atlas Comics.
List of Marvel Comics publications (A)
List of Marvel Comics publications (B–C)
List of Marvel Comics publications (D–E)
List of Marvel Comics publications (F–G)
List of Marvel Comics publications (H–L)
List of Marvel Comics publications (N–R)
List of Marvel Comics publications (S)
List of Marvel Comics publications (T–V)
List of Marvel Comics publications (W–Z)
M
Notes
References
External links
Marvel Comics at the Big Comic Book DataBase
The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
M | wiki |
Marvel Comics is an American comic book company dating to 1961. This is a list of the publications it has released in its history under the "Marvel Comics" imprint. The list does not include collected editions; trade paperbacks; digital comics; free, promotional giveaways; sketchbooks; poster books or magazines, nor does it include series published by other Marvel imprints such as Epic, Icon or Star. It also does not include titles published by Marvel's pre-1961 predecessors Timely Comics and Atlas Comics.
List of Marvel Comics publications (A)
List of Marvel Comics publications (B–C)
List of Marvel Comics publications (D–E)
List of Marvel Comics publications (F–G)
List of Marvel Comics publications (H–L)
List of Marvel Comics publications (M)
List of Marvel Comics publications (N–R)
List of Marvel Comics publications (T–V)
List of Marvel Comics publications (W–Z)
S
Notes
References
External links
Marvel Comics at the Big Comic Book DataBase
The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
S | wiki |
Marvel Comics is an American comic book company dating to 1961. This is a list of the publications it has released in its history under the "Marvel Comics" imprint. The list does not include collected editions; trade paperbacks; digital comics; free, promotional giveaways; sketchbooks; poster books or magazines, nor does it include series published by other Marvel imprints such as Epic, Icon or Star. It also does not include titles published by Marvel's pre-1961 predecessors Timely Comics and Atlas Comics.
List of Marvel Comics publications (A)
List of Marvel Comics publications (B–C)
List of Marvel Comics publications (D–E)
List of Marvel Comics publications (F–G)
List of Marvel Comics publications (H–L)
List of Marvel Comics publications (M)
List of Marvel Comics publications (N–R)
List of Marvel Comics publications (S)
List of Marvel Comics publications (W–Z)
T
U
V
Notes
References
External links
Marvel Comics at the Big Comic Book DataBase
The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
T | wiki |
A Seleção Costarriquenha de Futsal Feminino é a seleção oficial de futebol de salão feminino da Costa Rica, e que tem como unidade organizadora a Federação Costarriquenha de Futebol.
Estatísticas
Ver também
Seleção Costarriquenha de Futsal Masculino
Costa Rica | wiki |
A570 may refer to
Amiga A570, an external CD-ROM drive for the Amiga 500 computer
A570 road, a primary route in northern England
Canon PowerShot A570, a digital camera released by Canon | wiki |
Beck's cognitive triad, also known as the negative triad, is a cognitive-therapeutic view of the three key elements of a person's belief system present in depression. It was proposed by Aaron Beck in 1967. The triad forms part of his cognitive theory of depression and the concept is used as part of CBT, particularly in Beck's "Treatment of Negative Automatic Thoughts" (TNAT) approach.
The triad involves "automatic, spontaneous and seemingly uncontrollable negative thoughts" about:
The self
The world or environment
The future
Examples of this negative thinking include:
The self – "I'm worthless and ugly" or "I wish I was different"
The world – "No one values me" or "people ignore me all the time"
The future – "I'm hopeless because things will never change" or "things can only get worse!"
Beck's cognitive model of depression
From a cognitive perspective, depressive disorders are characterized by people's dysfunctional negative views of themselves, their life experience (and the world in general), and their future—the cognitive triad.
People with depression often view themselves as unlovable, helpless, doomed or deficient. They tend to attribute their unpleasant experiences to their presumed physical, mental, and/or moral deficits. They tend to feel excessively guilty, believing that they are worthless, blameworthy, and rejected by self and others. They may have a very difficult time viewing themselves as people who could ever succeed, be accepted, or feel good about themselves and this may lead to withdrawal and isolation, which further worsens the mood.
Cognitive distortions
Beck proposes that those with depression develop cognitive distortions, a type of cognitive bias sometimes also referred to as faulty or unhelpful thinking patterns. Beck referred to some of these biases as "automatic thoughts", suggesting they are not entirely under conscious control. People with depression will tend to quickly overlook their positive attributes and disqualify their accomplishments as being minor or meaningless. They may also misinterpret the care, good will, and concern of others as being based on pity or susceptible to being lost easily if those others knew the “real person" and this fuels further feelings of guilt. The main cognitive distortions according to Beck are summarised below:
Arbitrary inference - drawing conclusions from insufficient or no evidence.
Selective abstraction - drawing conclusions on the basis of just one of many elements of a situation.
Overgeneralisation - making sweeping conclusions based on a single event.
Magnification - exaggerating the importance of an undesirable event.
Minimisation - underplaying the significance of a positive event.
Personalisation - attributing negative feelings of others to oneself.
Depressed people view their lives as devoid of pleasure or reward, presenting insuperable obstacles to achieving their important goals. This is often manifested as a lack of motivation and leads to the depressed person feeling further withdrawal and isolation as they may be seen as lazy by others. Everything seems and feels “too hard to manage” and other people are seen as punishing (or potentially so). They believe that their troubles will continue indefinitely, and that the future will only bring further hardship, deprivation, and frustration. “Paralysis of the will” results from the depressed patients' pessimism and hopelessness. Expecting their efforts to end in failure, they are reluctant to commit themselves to growth-oriented goals, and their activity level drops. Believing that they cannot affect the outcome of various situations, they experience a desire to avoid such situations.
Suicidal wishes are seen as an extreme expression of the desire to escape from problems that appear to be uncontrollable, interminable, and unbearable.
Negative self-schemata
Beck also believed that a depressed person will, often from childhood experiences, hold a negative self-schema. This schema may originate from negative early experiences, such as criticism, abuse or bullying. Beck suggests that people with negative self-schemata are liable to interpret information presented to them in a negative manner, leading to the cognitive distortions outlined above. The pessimistic explanatory style, which describes the way in which depressed or neurotic people react negatively to certain events, is an example of the effect of these schemata on self-image. This explanatory style involves blaming oneself for negative events outside of their control or the behaviour of others (personalisation), believing that such events will continue forever and letting these events significantly affect their emotional wellbeing.
Measuring aspects of the triad
A number of instruments have been developed to attempt to measure negative cognition in the three areas of the triad. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a well-known questionnaire for scoring depression based on all three aspects of the triad. Other examples include the Beck Hopelessness Scale for measuring thoughts about the future and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale for measuring views of the self. The Cognitive Triad Inventory (CTI) was developed by Beckham et al. to attempt to systematically measure the three aspects of Beck's triad. The CTI aims to quantify the relationship between "therapist behaviour in a single treatment session to changes in the cognitive triad" and "patterns of changes to the triad to changes in overall depressive mood". This inventory has since been adapted for use with children and adolescents in the CTI-C, developed by Kaslow et al.
See also
Pessimistic explanatory style
Cognitive therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Self-concept
Cognitive bias
Automatic negative thoughts
Attentional bias
References
Depression (mood)
3 (number) | wiki |
A grace note is a kind of music notation used to denote several kinds of musical ornaments.
Grace note, grace notes, or other variations may also refer to:
Gracenote, a company that maintains a music database
Gracenote (band), a Filipino band
Grace Notes, a 1997 novel by Bernard MacLaverty
"Grace Note" (The Twilight Zone), an episode of the 1985-1989 revival of the TV series | wiki |
Raising Hope is an American comedy television series created by Greg Garcia that premiered on Fox on September 21, 2010. Season 1 of the half-hour single-camera comedy aired on Tuesdays at 9 pm ET/PT. From the beginning of Season 2, Raising Hope moved to the new time slot of Tuesdays at 9:30 pm EP/PT. In Season 4, the show aired on Fridays at 9pm EST, until switching to 9:30pm on January 24, 2014. In March 2014, the show was cancelled.
, 88 episodes of Raising Hope have aired over four seasons.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2010–11)
Season 2 (2011–12)
Season 3 (2012–13)
Season 4 (2013–14)
References
External links
List of Raising Hope episodes at MSN TV
List of Raising Hope episodes at The Futon Critic
Raising Hope | wiki |
When I'm President may refer to:
When I'm President (song), a song from rock band Extreme
When I'm President (album), an album from musician Ian Hunter | wiki |
Manuela may refer to:
People
Manuela (given name), a Spanish and Portuguese feminine given name
Manuela (singer) (1943–2001), German singer of Schlager songs
Film and television
Manuela (1957 film), a British film directed by Guy Hamilton
Manuela (1967 film), a Cuban short film directed by Humberto Solás
Manuela (1976 film), a Spanish film directed by Gonzalo García Pelayo
Manuela (2006 film), a film directed by Marco Castro
Manuela (TV series), a 1991 telenovela starring Grecia Colmenares
Music
"Manuela" (Demis Roussos song), 1974
"Manuela", a song by Julio Iglesias from A flor de piel, 1974
ja:マヌエラ
pl:Manuela | wiki |
Surface se poate referi la:
Microsoft Surface
Surface (serial TV) | wiki |
Donald Pilon may refer to:
Donald Pilon (actor) (born 1938), Canadian actor
Donald Pilon (politician), American politician | wiki |
Severn Sea may refer to:
the Bristol Channel
a rosemary cultivar | wiki |
David Miles (born 1954) is a British continuity announcer and newsreader on BBC Radio 4.
Biography
David Miles joined the BBC in 1975 as a studio manager. Initially working at Bush House, he then transferred to Broadcasting House. Between 1984 and 1987, and again between 1988 and 12 June 1995, he worked as a BBC Television announcer. In the summer of 1995 he became an announcer on Channel 4, but he later rejoined Radio 4. He has also announced for the UK version of the History Channel.
References
1954 births
BBC Radio 4 presenters
British radio personalities
Living people
Radio and television announcers | wiki |
Middletown–Town of Walkill station, often just referred to as the Middletown station, is a stop on the Metro-North Railroad's Port Jervis Line serving the city of Middletown and the town of Wallkill in Orange County, New York. The station is located in the latter municipality along the former Erie Railroad Graham Line. Two trains end at the station on weekdays, with one of them turning back for service to Hoboken. The station contains an elevated platform for access by passengers in wheelchairs, and expanded paid parking. In a switch from the other stations to receive these amenities, the platform roof at Middletown is green rather than red, platform light poles are brown instead of green and the wheelchair platform is not under the roof. While other Metro-North stations such as Cortlandt and Southeast are named after the towns in which they are located, the station is the only one to include "Town of ..." in its official name, to avoid longstanding confusion with the nearby hamlet in Ulster County.
The station replaced the former Erie Railroad station on James Street in Middletown, which maintained service from May 26, 1843 to April 15, 1983. That building now serves as the Thrall Library. Middletown–Town of Walkill station opened on April 18, 1983.
Station layout
The station has one track and a low-level side platform.
References
External links
Metro-North Railroad stations in New York (state)
Railway stations in Orange County, New York
Middletown, Orange County, New York
NJ Transit Rail Operations stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1983
1983 establishments in New York (state) | wiki |
The National League President was the chief executive of the National League of professional baseball until 1999, when the NL and the American League merged into Major League Baseball.
National League presidents
Honorary president
Following the 1999 season, the American and National Leagues were merged with Major League Baseball, and the leagues ceased to exist as business entities. The role of the league president was eliminated. In 2001, Bill Giles, son of Warren Giles, was named honorary president of the NL.
See also
List of American League presidents
References
National League presidents
presidents
National League presidents | wiki |
Gripe water is a non-prescription product sold in many countries around the world to relieve colic and other gastrointestinal ailments and discomforts of infants. No evidence supports the efficacy of gripe water and one limited study in India questions whether the consumption of gripe water is related to vomiting in babies that already showed signs of colic. The original formula contained alcohol and sugar in addition to sodium bicarbonate and dill oil. Present-day products do not contain alcohol, and may contain fennel, ginger, chamomile or lemon balm in addition to or replacement for dill oil. Some gripe water products still contain sugar, while others may contain charcoal. Amounts given are one to several teaspoons (5 ml = one teaspoon) per day.
History
Gripe water was invented in 1851 by William Woodward, an English pharmacist who did his apprenticeship in Lincolnshire and later bought a business in Nottingham. Gripe water was adopted as a prescription by physicians. In the 1840s, babies in Eastern England had a condition known as "fen fever", and during that time there was also an outbreak of malaria in England. Woodward took his inspiration from the treatments for malaria and "fen fever". He noted that the formula used to treat fen fever was an effective "soother of fretful babies and provided relief from gastrointestinal troubles in infants." The original Woodward's Gripe Water contained 3.6% alcohol, dill oil, sodium bicarbonate, sugar, and water. Woodward registered "Gripe Water" as a trademark in 1876. It was initially marketed with the slogan "Granny told Mother and Mother told me." The modern era formula for Woodward's Gripe Water does not contain alcohol or sugar.
Prior to alcohol's removal from the recipe, Woodward's maximum recommended dose of gripe water contained an alcohol content equivalent to five tots of whiskey for an 80kg adult. It was only in 1992 that Britain mandated that alcohol be removed from gripe water, and in 1993 the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ordered an automatic detention of all shipments of Woodward's Gripe Water into the U.S. on the basis of its being an unapproved drug. In response to the FDA's import alert, gripe water products are sold as dietary supplements.
Use
The formulation now varies according to brand and the country of manufacture. In most countries alcohol is no longer in the product. Sugar may or may not be in the product. Sodium bicarbonate, dill seed oil, fennel oil and sometimes ginger extract are the ingredients claimed to be effective. Evidence of gripe water's effectiveness has been limited to anecdotal accounts. Its commercial success has led to imitation brands of varying formulas.
Gripe water is recommended by some pediatricians and alternative practitioners as a 'natural' option. It is available in the United States as an over-the-counter dietary supplement. A 2000 review in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine found that most of the ingredients in Woodward's gripe water are of little value in relieving infantile discomfort and that any benefit may be no more complicated than the baby receiving some sweet-tasting liquid. A 2012 review also came out against the use of these products. Yet, commercial attention has continued to grow as companies have produced product options claiming to provide various digestive benefits, like Wellements who introduced a probiotic gripe water in 2016.
In a 2015 study of 350 infants conducted in Puducherry, India, two-thirds of mothers of infants ages 1 to 6 months admitted to administering gripe water to their children at least once a day. The mothers believed that gripe water helps in digestion and prevents stomach ache. However, infant colic, vomiting and constipation were significantly more common in gripe water administered infants compared to those who were exclusively breast fed. The study did not indicate the rate of constipation or vomiting prior to the use of gripe water to compare with during use. Constipation was reported for 19.5% of the infants who were given gripe water compared to 5.8% for those who were not.
References
Traditional medicine | wiki |
Certified Project Management Professional (CPMP) is a certification created by the National Project Management Association (NPMA) in Taiwan, R.O.C.
See also
Prince2
Certified Associate in Project Management
References
External links
www.NPMA.org.tw
Project management certification
Economy of Taiwan | wiki |
Bollywood, The Greatest Love Story Ever Told ou Bollywood, la plus belle histoire d'amour jamais contée est un film documentaire de Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra et Jeff Zimbalist, sorti en 2011.
Fiche technique
Titre français : Bollywood, la plus belle histoire d'amour jamais contée
Titre original : Bollywood, The Greatest Love Story Ever Told
Réalisation : Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra, Jeff Zimbalist
Scénario : Sabrina Dhawan, Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra
Direction artistique : Mayur Sharma
Son : K.J. Singh
Photographie : Tapan Basu, Ashok Mehta
Montage : Jeff Zimbalist
Production : Shekhar Kapur, Ronnie Screwvala, Trishya Screwvala
Sociétés de production : UTV Motion Pictures
Sociétés de distribution : MFA Filmdistribution, UTV Motion Pictures
Société d'effets spéciaux : Prime Focus
Pays d'origine :
Langues : Hindi, anglais
Genre : Documentaire
Durée : 81 minutes (1 h 21)
Dates de sorties en salles :
(Festival de Cannes), (Festival Lumière)
Notes et références
Liens externes
Film de Bollywood
Film indien sorti en 2011
Film réalisé par Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra | wiki |
Deputy Marshal is a 1949 American Western film directed by William Berke and starring Jon Hall, Frances Langford and Dick Foran.
The film was a more expensive production that usual from Robert L. Lippert who originally hoped for Rod Cameron or George Montgomery.
Plot
A lawman (Jon Hall) tracks bank robbers to Wyoming and gets wind of railroad-land scam.
Cast
Jon Hall as Deputy Ed Garry
Frances Langford as Janet Masters
Dick Foran as Joel Benton/Jed Northey
Julie Bishop as Claire Benton
Joe Sawyer as Eli Cressett/Colt Redword
Russell Hayden as Bill Masters
Clem Bevans as Doc Allen Vinson
Vince Barnett as Hotel Desk Clark
Mary Gordon as Mrs. Lance
Stanley Blystone as Leo Harrold
Keene Duncan as Cal Freelong
Roy Butler as Deputy Sheriff Weed Toler
Wheaton Chambers as Harley Masters
Forrest Taylor as Sheriff Jeff Lance
Production
Filming started 6 July 1949.
References
External links
Deputy Marshal at IMDb
1949 films
1949 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) films
American black-and-white films
1940s English-language films
Films directed by William A. Berke
Lippert Pictures films
1940s American films | wiki |
Battle of Carrickfergus may refer to:
Battle of Carrickfergus (1597) during Tyrone's Rebellion
Battle of Carrickfergus (1760) during the Seven Years' War | wiki |
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Servia (Indiana)
Servia (Nyugat-Virginia)
Servia (Washington) | wiki |
Funding Together () is a South Korean reality show program on MBC. It airs on MBC starting from August 18, 2019 on Sundays at 18:30 (KST).
Synopsis
In this show, the 4 casts, You Hee-yeol, Yoo Jun-sang, Noh Hong-chul, Yoo In-na and Jang Do-yeon will be showcasing their ideas that might be difficult to put into reality alone and through the help of the viewers, they will help to fund the project.
List of episodes
Ratings
Ratings listed below are the individual corner ratings of Funding Together. (Note: Individual corner ratings do not include commercial time, which regular ratings include.)
In the ratings below, the highest rating for the show will be in and the lowest rating for the show will be in each year.
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Official website
MBC TV original programming
South Korean television shows
2019 South Korean television series debuts
Korean-language television shows
South Korean variety television shows
South Korean reality television series | wiki |
Crookedest railroad may refer to:
Mount Tamalpais and Muir Woods Railway
San Joaquin and Eastern Railroad | wiki |
Micro Markets are a retail sector, closely tied to the vending machine industry, that utilizes automated self-checkout technology to operate in locations that require unattended payment capability. Grab-and-go Micro Markets are unattended retail environments where consumers can purchase products from open shelves, coolers, or freezers. Consumers use a self-checkout kiosk to purchase their products, or advanced AI technology that is leveraged to facilitate a seamless experience. They are a hybrid form of vending, foodservice, coffee service, and convenience stores that provide an improved customer experience, exponentially greater product variety, and increased sales within a single location, while keeping labor costs down and increasing operational efficiencies. Given the market sector in which Micro Markets exist, the National Automatic Merchandising Association (NAMA) “recognize[s] [Micro Markets] as one of its focus channels along with vending, foodservice and refreshment services". The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to drive innovation in the self-checkout model as vendors are looking for ways to provide safe, touchless, and easy-to-use self-checkout solutions to protect both employees and customers.
Micro Markets look and feel like modern convenience stores. However, they function as a hybrid of vending, foodservice, and refreshment services. They consist of an open rack display, reach-in refrigerated coolers or/and freezers, and a self-checkout kiosk. Consumers are able to pay using cash, credit/debit cards, or a stored value market account, typically accessed through a market card, email address, fingerprint, or mobile app.
A single Micro Market can easily stock between 150 and 400 products, in contrast to a traditional vending machine, which can hold 40 products. Operators are able to take advantage of the additional products by catering to various diet restrictions (gluten-free, low-carb, etc.) According to Micro Market technology provider 365 Retail Markets, in addition to the increased product variety, the open flow and cashless payment options mean that consumers spend less time in line fumbling with change, purchase multiple items with one transaction, and spend four times as much per transaction than with cash.
Micro markets are an attractive segment of the vending industry for operators due to their profitability. A study conducted by micro market provider Parlevel Systems revealed that in a location with 125 employees, a micro market can generate on average over $1,000 per week. Furthermore, replacing vending machines with a micro market increases location sales by an average of 80%.
As a result of the increased efficiency and convenience for both consumers and operators, Micro Market adoption has grown exponentially, often leading to the removal and replacement of banks of vending machines. Since their inception in 2005, Micro Markets have enjoyed a steady rise in adoption and sales, the most significant growth coming between 2012 and 2016. In that period of time, the number of active Micro Market locations grew 574 percent, from 2,642 locations in 2012 to 17,806 in 2016. Subsequently, Micro Market sales have increased 42 percent between 2015 and 2016 and account for 20 percent of total sales. Total sales for 2016 “included 456 million consumer transactions and 660 million plus product purchase".
Traditionally, Micro Markets function best in closed environments, such as breakrooms in offices where the employee count is between 150 and 500; sales in an office with fewer than 150 employees would not justify the cost of a Micro Market, and offices with more than 500 employees typically have onsite dining services. However, with the increased popularity of Micro Markets, and with the aid of innovations from technology providers, Micro Markets can be found on college campuses. Lower cost technology options like 365 Retail Markets’ "nanomarket"™ are making locations in locations with fewer than 150 patrons a financially viable option, while locations more than 500 patrons benefit from having a “grab and go” option that appeals to a wider variety of consumers.
According to one assessment:
References
Food retailing | wiki |
Judismo may refer to at least the following two languages:
Judeo-Arabic
Ladino language
See also
Judaeo-Romance languages
Jewish languages
Judaism | wiki |
Epiblepharon is a condition characterised by a congenital horizontal fold of skin near the margin of the upper or lower eyelid caused by the abnormal insertion of muscle fibres.This extra fold of skin redirects the lashes into a vertical position, where they may contact the globe of the eye, affecting the cornea or the conjunctivae. This is found most commonly in Asian individuals, especially children. One estimate puts the percentage of affected Asian children aged 7–14 years old at 12.6%.
References
Eye diseases
External links | wiki |
A compound of six cubes has two forms. One form is a symmetric arrangement of six cubes, considered as square prisms. It is a special case of the compound of six cubes with rotational freedom.
Another form is not related to a compound of six cubes with rotational freedom.
See also
Compound of three cubes
Compound of five cubes
Compound of four cubes
Compound of six octahedra
References
Polyhedral compounds | wiki |
Phonaesthetics (also spelled phonesthetics in North America) is the study of beauty and pleasantness associated with the sounds of certain words or parts of words. The term was first used in this sense, perhaps by during the mid-20th century and derives . Speech sounds have many aesthetic qualities, some of which are subjectively regarded as euphonious (pleasing) or cacophonous (displeasing). Phonaesthetics remains a budding and often subjective field of study, with no scientifically or otherwise formally established definition; today, it mostly exists as a marginal branch of psychology, phonetics, or poetics.
More broadly, the British linguist David Crystal has regarded phonaesthetics as the study of "phonaesthesia" (i.e., sound symbolism and phonesthemes): that not just words but even certain sound combinations carry meaning. For example, he shows that English speakers tend to associate unpleasantness with the sound sl- in such words as sleazy, slime, slug, and slush, or they associate repetition lacking any particular shape with in such words as chatter, glitter, flutter, and shatter.
Euphony and cacophony
Euphony is the effect of sounds being perceived as pleasant, rhythmical, lyrical, or harmonious. Cacophony is the effect of sounds being perceived as harsh, unpleasant, chaotic, and often discordant; these sounds are perhaps meaningless and jumbled together. Compare with consonance and dissonance in music. In poetry, for example, euphony may be used deliberately to convey comfort, peace, or serenity, while cacophony may be used to convey discomfort, pain, or disorder. This is often furthered by the combined effect of the meaning beyond just the sounds themselves.
The California Federation of Chaparral Poets uses Emily Dickinson's "A Bird Came Down the Walk" as an example of euphonious poetry, one passage being "...Oars divide the Ocean, / Too silver for a seam" and John Updike's "Player Piano" as an example of cacophonous poetry, one passage being "My stick fingers click with a snicker / And, chuckling, they knuckle the keys".
Research
David Crystal's 1995 paper "Phonaesthetically Speaking" explores lists, created by reader polls and individual writers, of English words that are commonly regarded as sounding beautiful, to search for any patterns within the words' phonetics. Frequently recurring example words in these lists include gossamer, melody, and tranquil. Crystal's finding, assuming a British Received Pronunciation accent, is that words perceived as pretty tend to have a majority of a wide array of criteria; here are some major ones:
Three or more syllables (e.g., goss·a·mer and mel·o·dy)
Stress on the first syllable (e.g., góssamer and mélody)
is the most common consonant phoneme, followed by , then a huge drop-off before other consonants (e.g., luminous contains the first four)
Short vowels (e.g., the schwa, followed in order by the vowels in lid, led, and lad) are favored over long vowels and diphthongs (e.g., as in lied, load, loud)
Three or more manners of articulation (with approximant consonants the most common, followed by stop consonants, and so on)
A perfect example word, according to these findings, is tremulous. Crystal also suggests the invented words and , which he notes are similar to the types of names often employed in the marketing of pharmaceutical drugs.
Cellar door
The English compound noun cellar door has been widely cited as an example of a word or phrase that is beautiful purely in terms of its sound (i.e., euphony) without inherent regard for its meaning. The phenomenon of cellar door being regarded as euphonious appears to have begun in the very early twentieth century, first attested in the 1903 novel Gee-Boy by the Shakespeare scholar Cyrus Lauron Hooper. It has been promoted as beautiful-sounding by various writers; linguist Geoffrey Nunberg specifically names the writers H. L. Mencken in 1920; David Allan Robertson in 1921; Dorothy Parker, Hendrik Willem van Loon, and Albert Payson Terhune in the 1930s; George Jean Nathan in 1935; J. R. R. Tolkien in a lecture, "English and Welsh", delivered in 1955 (in which he described his reverence for the Welsh language and about which he said "cellar doors [i.e. beautiful words] are extraordinarily frequent"; see also Sound and language in Middle-earth); and C. S. Lewis in 1963. Furthermore, the phenomenon itself is touched upon in many sources and media, including a 1905 issue of Harper's Magazine by William Dean Howells, the 1967 novel Why Are We in Vietnam? by Norman Mailer, a 1991 essay by Jacques Barzun, the 2001 psychological drama film Donnie Darko, and a scene in the 2019 movie Tolkien.
The origin of cellar door being considered as an inherently beautiful or musical phrase is mysterious. However, in 2014, Nunberg speculated that the phenomenon might have arisen from Philip Wingate and Henry W. Petrie's 1894 hit song "I Don't Want to Play in Your Yard", which contains the lyric "You'll be sorry when you see me sliding down our cellar door." Following the song's success, "slide down my cellar door" became a popular catchphrase up until the 1930s or 1940s to mean engaging in a type of friendship or camaraderie reminiscent of childhood innocence. A 1914 essay about Edgar Allan Poe's choice of the word "Nevermore" in his 1845 poem "The Raven" as being based on euphony may have spawned an unverified legend, propagated by syndicated columnists like Frank Colby in 1949 and L. M. Boyd in 1979, that cellar door was Poe's favorite phrase.
Tolkien, Lewis, and others have suggested that cellar door auditory beauty becomes more apparent the more the word is dissociated from its literal meaning, for example, by using alternative spellings such as Selador, Selladore, Celador, Selidor (an island name in Ursula K. LeGuin's Earthsea), or Salidar (Robert Jordan's Wheel of Time series,) which take on the quality of an enchanting name (and some of which suggest a specifically standard British pronunciation of the word: ), which is homophonous with "sell a daw."
See also
Affection (linguistics)
Assimilation (linguistics)
Dissimilation
Epenthesis
Inherently funny word
Japanese sound symbolism
Onomatopoeia
Phonestheme
Phono-semantic matching
Phonosemantics
Sandhi ("euphonic" rules in Sanskrit grammar)
Vogon poetry
Vowel harmony
Cacofonix
Notes
References
Linguistics
Phonology
Phonotactics | wiki |
The history of art criticism, as part of art history, is the study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contexts, i.e. genre, design, format, and style, which include aesthetic considerations. This includes the "major" arts of painting, sculpture, and architecture as well as the "minor" arts of ceramics, furniture, and other decorative objects.
As a term, the history of art history (also history of art) encompasses several methods of studying and assessing the visual arts; in common usage referring to works of art and architecture. Aspects of the discipline overlap. As the art historian Ernst Gombrich once observed, "the field of art history [is] much like Caesar's Gaul, divided in three parts inhabited by three different, though not necessarily hostile tribes: (i) the connoisseurs, (ii) the critics, and (iii) the academic art historians".
As a discipline, the history of art criticism is distinguished from art criticism, which is concerned with establishing a relative artistic value upon individual works with respect to others of comparable style, or sanctioning an entire style or movement from the standpoint of its history and of its major scholars. It is also distinguished from art theory or "philosophy of art", which is concerned with the fundamental nature of art. One branch of this area of study is aesthetics, which includes investigating the enigma of the sublime and determining the essence of beauty. Technically, art history is not these things, because the art historian uses historical method to answer the questions: How did the artist come to create the work?, Who were the patrons?, Who were his or her teachers?, Who was the audience?, Who were his or her disciples?, What historical forces shaped the artist's oeuvre, and How did he or she and the creation, in turn, affect the course of artistic, political, and social events? It is, however, questionable whether many questions of this kind can be answered satisfactorily without also considering basic questions about the nature of art. Unfortunately the current disciplinary gap between art history and the philosophy of art (aesthetics) often hinders this.
The history of art criticism is not only a biographical endeavor. The history of art criticism often roots its studies in the scrutiny of individual objects. It attempt to answer in historically specific ways, questions such as: What are key features of this style?, What meaning did this object convey?, How does it function visually?, Did the artist meet their goals well?, What symbols are involved?, and Does it function discursively?
The historical backbone of the discipline is a celebratory chronology of beautiful creations commissioned by public or religious bodies or wealthy individuals in western Europe. Such a "canon" remains prominent, as indicated by the selection of objects present in art history textbooks. Nonetheless, since the 20th century there has been an effort to re-define the discipline to be more inclusive of non-Western art, art made by women, and vernacular creativity.
Definition
The history of art criticism as we know it in the 21st century began in the 19th century but has precedents that date to the ancient world. Like the analysis of historical trends in politics, literature, and the sciences, the discipline benefits from the clarity and portability of the written word, but art historians also rely on formal analysis, semiotics, psychoanalysis and iconography. Advances in photographic reproduction and printing techniques after World War II increased the ability of reproductions of artworks. Such technologies have helped to advance the discipline in profound ways, as they have enabled easy comparisons of objects. The study of visual art thus described, can be a practice that involves understanding context, form, and social significance.
Methodologies
Art historians, in performing their assessment within the history of art criticism, employ a number of methods in their research into the ontology and history of objects.
Practitioners of art criticism often examine work in the context of its time. At best, this is done in a manner which respects its creator's motivations and imperatives; with consideration of the desires and prejudices of its patrons and sponsors; with a comparative analysis of themes and approaches of the creator's colleagues and teachers; and with consideration of iconography and symbolism. In short, this approach examines the work of art in the context of the world within which it was created.
Practitioners of art criticism also often examine work through an analysis of form; that is, the creator's use of line, shape, color, texture, and composition. This approach examines how the artist uses a two-dimensional picture plane or the three dimensions of sculptural or architectural space to create his or her art. The way these individual elements are employed results in representational or non-representational art. Is the artist imitating an object or image found in nature? If so, it is representational. The closer the art hews to perfect imitation, the more the art is realistic. Is the artist not imitating, but instead relying on symbolism, or in an important way striving to capture nature's essence, rather than copy it directly? If so the art is non-representational—also called abstract. Realism and abstraction exist on a continuum. Impressionism is an example of a representational style that was not directly imitative, but strove to create an "impression" of nature. If the work is not representational and is an expression of the artist's feelings, longings and aspirations, or is a search for ideals of beauty and form, the work is non-representational or a work of expressionism.
An iconographical analysis is one which focuses on particular design elements of an object. Through a close reading of such elements, it is possible to trace their lineage, and with it draw conclusions regarding the origins and trajectory of these motifs. In turn, it is possible to make any number of observations regarding the social, cultural, economic, and aesthetic values of those responsible for producing the object.
Many practitioners of art criticism use critical theory to frame their inquiries into objects. Theory is most often used when dealing with more recent objects, those from the late 19th century onward. Critical theory in art history is often borrowed from literary scholars, and it involves the application of a non-artistic analytical framework to the study of art objects. Feminist, Marxist, critical race, queer, and postcolonial theories are all well established in the discipline. As in literary studies, there is an interest among scholars in nature and the environment, but the direction that this will take in the discipline has yet to be determined.
More recently, media and digital technology introduced possibilities of visual, spatial and experiential analyses. The relevant forms vary from movies, to interactive forms, including virtual environments, augmented environments, situated media, networked media, etc. The methods enabled by such techniques are in active development and promise to include qualitative approaches that can emphasize narrative, dramatic, emotional and ludic characteristics of history and art.
Timeline of Prominent Methods
Pliny the Elder and ancient precedents
The earliest surviving writing on art that can be classified as art history or art criticism are the passages in Pliny the Elder's Natural History (c. AD 77-79), concerning the development of Greek sculpture and painting. From them it is possible to trace the ideas of Xenokrates of Sicyon (c. 280 BC), a Greek sculptor who was perhaps the first art historian. Pliny's work, while mainly an encyclopaedia of the sciences, has thus been influential from the Renaissance onwards. (Passages about techniques used by the painter Apelles c. (332-329 BC), have been especially well-known.) Similar, though independent, developments occurred in the 6th century China, where a canon of worthy artists was established by writers in the scholar-official class. These writers, being necessarily proficient in calligraphy, were artists themselves. The artists are described in the Six Principles of Painting formulated by Xie He.
Vasari and artists' biographies
While personal reminiscences of art and artists have long been written and read (see Lorenzo Ghiberti Commentarii, for the best early example), it was Giorgio Vasari, the Tuscan painter, sculptor and author of the Lives of the Painters, who wrote the first true history of art. His writing in early modern artist culture in Naples was considered by Giovanni Previtali. He emphasized art's progression and development, which was a milestone in this field. His was a personal and a historical account, featuring biographies of individual Italian artists, many of whom were his contemporaries and personal acquaintances. The most renowned of these was Michelangelo, and Vasari's account is enlightening, though biased in places.
Vasari's ideas about art were enormously influential, and served as a model for many, including in the north of Europe Karel van Mander's Schilder-boeck and Joachim von Sandrart's Teutsche Akademie. Vasari's approach held sway until the 18th century, when criticism was leveled at his biographical account of history.
Winckelmann and art criticism
Scholars such as Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717–1768), criticised Vasari's "cult" of artistic personality, and they argued that the real emphasis in the study of art should be the views of the learned beholder and not the unique viewpoint of the charismatic artist. Winckelmann's writings thus were the beginnings of art criticism. His two most notable works that introduced the concept of art criticism were "Gedanken über die Nachahmung der griechischen Werke in der Malerei und Bildhauerkunst, published in 1755, shortly before he left for Rome (Fuseli published an English translation in 1765 under the title Reflections on the Painting and Sculpture of the Greeks), and Geschichte der Kunst des Altertums (History of Art in Antiquity), published in 1764 (this is the first occurrence of the phrase ‘history of art’ in the title of a book)". Winckelmann critiqued the artistic excesses of Baroque and Rococo forms, and was instrumental in reforming taste in favor of the more sober Neoclassicism. Jacob Burckhardt (1818–1897), one of the founders of art history, noted that Winckelmann was 'the first to distinguish between the periods of ancient art and to link the history of style with world history'. From Winckelmann until the mid-20th century, the field of art history was dominated by German-speaking academics. Winckelmann's work thus marked the entry of art history into the high-philosophical discourse of German culture.
Winckelmann was read avidly by Johann Wolfgang Goethe and Friedrich Schiller, both of whom began to write on the history of art, and his account of the Laocoön group occasioned a response by Lessing. The emergence of art as a major subject of philosophical speculation was solidified by the appearance of Immanuel Kant's Critique of Judgment in 1790, and was furthered by Hegel's Lectures on Aesthetics. Hegel's philosophy served as the direct inspiration for Karl Schnaase's work. Schnaase's Niederländische Briefe established the theoretical foundations for art history as an autonomous discipline, and his Geschichte der bildenden Künste, one of the first historical surveys of the history of art from antiquity to the Renaissance, facilitated the teaching of art history in German-speaking universities. Schnaase's survey was published contemporaneously with a similar work by Franz Theodor Kugler.
Wölfflin and stylistic analysis
See: Formal analysis.
Heinrich Wölfflin (1864–1945), who studied under Burckhardt in Basel, is the "father" of modern art history. Wölfflin taught at the universities of Berlin, Basel, Munich, and Zurich. A number of students went on to distinguished careers in art history, including Jakob Rosenberg and Frida Schottmuller. He introduced a scientific approach to the history of art, focusing on three concepts. Firstly, he attempted to study art using psychology, particularly by applying the work of Wilhelm Wundt. He argued, among other things, that art and architecture are good if they resemble the human body. For example, houses were good if their façades looked like faces. Secondly, he introduced the idea of studying art through comparison. By comparing individual paintings to each other, he was able to make distinctions of style. His book Renaissance and Baroque developed this idea, and was the first to show how these stylistic periods differed from one another. In contrast to Giorgio Vasari, Wölfflin was uninterested in the biographies of artists. In fact he proposed the creation of an "art history without names." Finally, he studied art based on ideas of nationhood. He was particularly interested in whether there was an inherently "Italian" and an inherently "German" style. This last interest was most fully articulated in his monograph on the German artist Albrecht Dürer.
Riegl, Wickhoff, and the Vienna School
Contemporaneous with Wölfflin's career, a major school of art-historical thought developed at the University of Vienna. The first generation of the Vienna School was dominated by Alois Riegl and Franz Wickhoff, both students of Moritz Thausing, and was characterized by a tendency to reassess neglected or disparaged periods in the history of art. Riegl and Wickhoff both wrote extensively on the art of late antiquity, which before them had been considered as a period of decline from the classical ideal. Riegl also contributed to the revaluation of the Baroque.
The next generation of professors at Vienna included Max Dvořák, Julius von Schlosser, Hans Tietze, Karl Maria Swoboda, and Josef Strzygowski. A number of the most important twentieth-century art historians, including Ernst Gombrich, received their degrees at Vienna at this time. The term "Second Vienna School" (or "New Vienna School") usually refers to the following generation of Viennese scholars, including Hans Sedlmayr, Otto Pächt, and Guido Kaschnitz von Weinberg. These scholars began in the 1930s to return to the work of the first generation, particularly to Riegl and his concept of Kunstwollen, and attempted to develop it into a full-blown art-historical methodology. Sedlmayr, in particular, rejected the minute study of iconography, patronage, and other approaches grounded in historical context, preferring instead to concentrate on the aesthetic qualities of a work of art. As a result, the Second Vienna School gained a reputation for unrestrained and irresponsible formalism, and was furthermore colored by Sedlmayr's overt racism and membership in the Nazi party. This latter tendency was, however, by no means shared by all members of the school; Pächt, for example, was himself Jewish, and was forced to leave Vienna in the 1930s.
Panofsky and iconography
Our 21st-century understanding of the symbolic content of art comes from a group of scholars who gathered in Hamburg in the 1920s. The most prominent among them were Erwin Panofsky, Aby Warburg, and Fritz Saxl. Together they developed much of the vocabulary that continues to be used in the 21st century by art historians. "Iconography"—with roots meaning "symbols from writing" refers to subject matter of art derived from written sources—especially scripture and mythology. "Iconology" is a broader term that referred to all symbolism, whether derived from a specific text or not. Today art historians sometimes use these terms interchangeably.
Panofsky, in his early work, also developed the theories of Riegl, but became eventually more preoccupied with iconography, and in particular with the transmission of themes related to classical antiquity in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. In this respect his interests coincided with those of Warburg, the son of a wealthy family who had assembled an impressive library in Hamburg devoted to the study of the classical tradition in later art and culture. Under Saxl's auspices, this library was developed into a research institute, affiliated with the University of Hamburg, where Panofsky taught.
Warburg died in 1929, and in the 1930s Saxl and Panofsky, both Jewish, were forced to leave Hamburg. Saxl settled in London, bringing Warburg's library with him and establishing the Warburg Institute. Panofsky settled in Princeton at the Institute for Advanced Study. In this respect they were part of an extraordinary influx of German art historians into the English-speaking academy in the 1930s. These scholars were largely responsible for establishing art history as a legitimate field of study in the English-speaking world, and the influence of Panofsky's methodology, in particular, determined the course of American art history for a generation.
Freud and psychoanalysis
Heinrich Wölfflin was not the only scholar to invoke psychological theories in the study of art. Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud wrote a book on the artist Leonardo da Vinci, in which he used Leonardo's paintings to interrogate the artist's psyche and sexual orientation. Freud inferred from his analysis that Leonardo was probably homosexual.
Though the use of posthumous material to perform psychoanalysis is controversial among art historians, especially since the sexual mores of Leonardo's time and Freud's are different, it is often attempted. One of the best-known psychoanalytic scholars is Laurie Schneider Adams, who wrote a popular textbook, Art Across Time, and a book Art and Psychoanalysis.
An unsuspecting turn for the history of art criticism came in 1914 when Sigmund Freud published a psychoanalytical interpretation of Michelangelo's Moses titled Der Moses des Michelangelo as one of the first psychology based analyses on a work of art. Freud first published this work shortly after reading Vasari's Lives. For unknown purposes, Freud originally published the article anonymously.
Jung and archetypes
Carl Jung also applied psychoanalytic theory to art. C.G. Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist, an influential thinker, and founder of analytical psychology. Jung's approach to psychology emphasized understanding the psyche through exploring the worlds of dreams, art, mythology, world religion and philosophy. Much of his life's work was spent exploring Eastern and Western philosophy, alchemy, astrology, sociology, as well as literature and the arts. His most notable contributions include his concept of the psychological archetype, the collective unconscious, and his theory of synchronicity. Jung believed that many experiences perceived as coincidence were not merely due to chance but, instead, suggested the manifestation of parallel events or circumstances reflecting this governing dynamic. He argued that a collective unconscious and archetypal imagery were detectable in art. His ideas were particularly popular among American Abstract expressionists in the 1940s and 1950s. His work inspired the surrealist concept of drawing imagery from dreams and the unconscious.
Jung emphasized the importance of balance and harmony. He cautioned that modern humans rely too heavily on science and logic and would benefit from integrating spirituality and appreciation of the unconscious realm. His work not only triggered analytical work by art historians, but it became an integral part of art-making. Jackson Pollock, for example, famously created a series of drawings to accompany his psychoanalytic sessions with his Jungian psychoanalyst, Dr. Joseph Henderson. Henderson who later published the drawings in a text devoted to Pollock's sessions realized how powerful the drawings were as a therapeutic tool.
The legacy of psychoanalysis in art history has been profound, and extends beyond Freud and Jung. The prominent feminist art historian Griselda Pollock, for example, draws upon psychoanalysis both in her reading into contemporary art and in her rereading of modernist art. With Pollock's reading of French feminist psychoanalysis and in particular the writings of Julia Kristeva and Bracha L. Ettinger, as with Rosalind Krauss readings of Jacques Lacan and Jean-François Lyotard and Catherine de Zegher's curatorial rereading of art, Feminist theory written in the fields of French feminism and Psychoanalysis has strongly informed the reframing of both men and women artists in art history.
Marx and ideology
During the mid-20th century, art historians embraced social history by using critical approaches. The goal was to show how art interacts with power structures in society. One critical approach that art historians used was Marxism. Marxist art history attempted to show how art was tied to specific classes, how images contain information about the economy, and how images can make the status quo seem natural (ideology).
Perhaps the best-known Marxist was Clement Greenberg, who came to prominence during the late 1930s with his essay "Avant-Garde and Kitsch". In the essay Greenberg claimed that the avant-garde arose in order to defend aesthetic standards from the decline of taste involved in consumer society, and seeing kitsch and art as opposites. Greenberg further claimed that avant-garde and Modernist art was a means to resist the leveling of culture produced by capitalist propaganda. Greenberg appropriated the German word 'kitsch' to describe this consumerism, although its connotations have since changed to a more affirmative notion of leftover materials of capitalist culture. Greenberg later became well known for examining the formal properties of modern art.
Meyer Schapiro is one of the best-remembered Marxist art historians of the mid-20th century. Although he wrote about numerous time periods and themes in art, he is best remembered for his commentary on sculpture from the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance, at which time he saw evidence of capitalism emerging and feudalism declining.
Arnold Hauser wrote the first Marxist survey of Western Art, entitled The Social History of Art. He attempted to show how class consciousness was reflected in major art periods. The book was controversial when published during the 1950s since it makes generalizations about entire eras, a strategy now called "vulgar Marxism".
Marxist Art History was refined in the department of Art History at UCLA with scholars such as T.J. Clark, O.K. Werckmeister, David Kunzle, Theodor W. Adorno, and Max Horkheimer. T.J. Clark was the first art historian writing from a Marxist perspective to abandon vulgar Marxism. He wrote Marxist art histories of several impressionist and realist artists, including Gustave Courbet and Édouard Manet. These books focused closely on the political and economic climates in which the art was created.
Nochlin and feminism
Linda Nochlin's essay "Why have there been no great women artists?" helped to ignite feminist art history during the 1970s and remains one of the most widely read essays about female artists. In it she applies a feminist critical framework to show systematic exclusion of women from art training. Nochlin argues that exclusion from practicing art as well as the canonical history of art was the consequence of cultural conditions which curtailed and restricted women from art producing fields. The few who did succeed were treated as anomalies and did not provide a model for subsequent success. Griselda Pollock is another prominent feminist art historian, whose use of psychoanalytic theory is described above. While feminist art history can focus on any time period and location, much attention has been given to the Modern era. Some of this scholarship centers on the feminist art movement, which referred specifically to the experience of women.
Barthes and semiotics
As opposed to iconography which seeks to identify meaning, semiotics is concerned with how meaning is created. Roland Barthes's connoted and denoted meanings are paramount to this examination. In any particular work of art, an interpretation depends on the identification of denoted meaning—the recognition of a visual sign, and the connoted meaning—the instant cultural associations that come with recognition. The main concern of the semiotic art historian is to come up with ways to navigate and interpret connoted meaning.
Semiotic art history seeks to uncover the codified meaning or meanings in an aesthetic object by examining its connectedness to a collective consciousness. Art historians do not commonly commit to any one particular brand of semiotics but rather construct an amalgamated version which they incorporate into their collection of analytical tools. For example, Meyer Schapiro borrowed Saussure's differential meaning in effort to read signs as they exist within a system. According to Schapiro, to understand the meaning of frontality in a specific pictorial context, it must be differentiated from, or viewed in relation to, alternate possibilities such as a profile, or a three-quarter view. Schapiro combined this method with the work of Charles Sanders Peirce whose object, sign, and interpretant provided a structure for his approach. Alex Potts demonstrates the application of Peirce's concepts to visual representation by examining them in relation to the Mona Lisa. By seeing the Mona Lisa, for example, as something beyond its materiality is to identify it as a sign. It is then recognized as referring to an object outside of itself, a woman, or Mona Lisa. The image does not seem to denote religious meaning and can therefore be assumed to be a portrait. This interpretation leads to a chain of possible interpretations: who was the sitter in relation to Leonardo? What significance did she have to him? Or, maybe she is an icon for all of womankind. This chain of interpretation, or “unlimited semiosis” is endless; the art historian's job is to place boundaries on possible interpretations as much as it is to reveal new possibilities.
Semiotics operates under the theory that an image can only be understood from the viewer's perspective. The artist is supplanted by the viewer as the purveyor of meaning, even to the extent that an interpretation is still valid regardless of whether the creator had intended it. Rosalind Krauss espoused this concept in her essay “In the Name of Picasso.” She denounced the artist's monopoly on meaning and insisted that meaning can only be derived after the work has been removed from its historical and social context. Mieke Bal argued similarly that meaning does not even exist until the image is observed by the viewer. It is only after acknowledging this that meaning can become opened up to other possibilities such as feminism or psychoanalysis.
Museum Studies and Collecting
Aspects of the subject which have come to the fore in recent decades include interest in the patronage and consumption of art, including the economics of the art market, the role of collectors, the intentions and aspirations of those commissioning works, and the reactions of contemporary and later viewers and owners. Museum studies, including the history of museum collecting and display, is now a specialized field of study, as is the history of collecting.
New Materialism
Scientific advances have made possible much more accurate investigation of the materials and techniques used to create works, especially infra-red and x-ray photographic techniques which have allowed many underdrawings of paintings to be seen again. Proper analysis of pigments used in paint is now possible, which has upset many attributions. Dendrochronology for panel paintings and radio-carbon dating for old objects in organic materials have allowed scientific methods of dating objects to confirm or upset dates derived from stylistic analysis or documentary evidence. The development of good colour photography, now held digitally and available on the internet or by other means, has transformed the study of many types of art, especially those covering objects existing in large numbers which are widely dispersed among collections, such as illuminated manuscripts and Persian miniatures, and many types of archaeological artworks.
Divisions by period
The field of Art History is traditionally divided into specializations or concentrations based on eras and regions, with further sub-division based on media. Thus, someone might specialize in "19th-century German architecture" or in "16th-century Tuscan sculpture." Sub-fields are often included under a specialization. For example, the Ancient Near East, Greece, Rome, and Egypt are all typically considered special concentrations of Ancient art. In some cases, these specializations may be closely allied (as Greece and Rome, for example), while in others such alliances are far less natural (Indian art versus Korean art, for example).
Non-Western art is a relative newcomer to the Art Historical canon. Recent revisions of the semantic division between art and artifact have recast objects created in non-Western cultures in more aesthetic terms. Relative to those studying Ancient Rome or the Italian Renaissance, scholars specializing in Africa, the Ancient Americas and Asia are a growing minority.
Contemporary Art History refers to research into the period from the 1960s until today reflecting the break from the assumptions of modernism brought by artists of the neo-avant-garde and a continuity in contemporary art in terms of practice based on conceptualist and post-conceptualist practices.
Professional organizations
In the United States, the most important art history organization is the College Art Association. It organizes an annual conference and publishes the Art Bulletin and Art Journal. Similar organizations exist in other parts of the world, as well as for specializations, such as architectural history and Renaissance art history. In the UK, for example, the Association of Art Historians is the premiere organization, and it publishes a journal titled Art History.
See also
Aesthetics
Art criticism
Women in the art history field
References and notes
Further reading
Listed by date
Pollock, Griselda (ed.) (2006). Psychoanalysis and the Image. Oxford: Blackwell.
Charlene Spretnak, The Spiritual Dynamic in Modern Art : Art History Reconsidered, 1800 to the Present.
Shiner, Larry. (2003). "The Invention of Art: A Cultural History". Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mansfield, Elizabeth (2002). Art History and Its Institutions: Foundations of a Discipline. Routledge.
Harrison, Charles, and Paul Wood. (2003). Art in Theory, 1900–2000: An Anthology of Changing Ideas. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Murray, Chris. (2003). Key Writers on Art. 2 vols, Routledge Key Guides. London: Routledge.
Harrison, Charles, Paul Wood, and Jason Gaiger. (2000). Art in Theory 1648-1815: An Anthology of Changing Ideas. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Harrison, Charles, Paul Wood, and Jason Gaiger. (2001). Art in theory, 1815–1900: an anthology of changing ideas. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Buchloh, Benjamin. (2001). Neo-Avantgarde and Culture Industry. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Clark, T.J. (2001). Farewell to an Idea: Episodes from a History of Modernism. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Robinson, Hilary. (2001). Feminism-Art-Theory: An Anthology, 1968–2000. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Minor, Vernon Hyde. (2001). Art history's history. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Pollock, G., (1999). Differencing the Canon. Routledge.
Frazier, N. (1999). The Penguin concise dictionary of art history. New York: Penguin Reference.
Adams, L. (1996). The methodologies of art: an introduction. New York, NY: IconEditions.
Nelson, R. S., & Shiff, R. (1996). Critical terms for art history. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Minor, Vernon Hyde. (1994). Critical Theory of Art History. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Fitzpatrick, V. L. N. V. D. (1992). Art history: a contextual inquiry course. Point of view series. Reston, VA: National Art Education Association.
Kemal, Salim, and Ivan Gaskell (1991). The Language of Art History. Cambridge University Press.
Carrier, D. (1991). Principles of art history writing. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Johnson, W. M. (1988). Art history: its use and abuse. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Holly, M. A. (1984). Panofsky and the foundations of art history. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Arntzen, E., & Rainwater, R. (1980). Guide to the literature of art history. Chicago: American Library Association.
Hauser, A. (1959). The philosophy of art history. New York: Knopf.
Wölfflin, H. (1915, trans. 1932). Principles of art history; the problem of the development of style in later art. [New York]: Dover Publications.
External links
Art History Resources on the Web in-depth directory of web links, divided by period
Dictionary of Art Historians, a database of notable art historians maintained by Duke University
Rhode Island College LibGuide – Art and Art History Resources (archived 15 December 2013)
Art criticism
Academic disciplines
Art criticism
Humanities | wiki |
The clarinet d'amore or clarinet d'amour is a musical instrument, a member of the clarinet family.
Construction and tone
In comparison with the B and A soprano clarinets, the clarinet d'amore has a similar shape and construction, but is generally larger, usually pitched in G. The clarinet d'amore has proportionally smaller tone holes and a proportionally smaller bore compared to the soprano clarinet, generally around the same size as the bore and tone holes found on the soprano clarinet itself. The instrument also has a pear-shaped or globular bell (called Liebesfuss) similar to that of the cor anglais; these features give the instrument its distinctive timbre. Due to their large size, they also feature a curved metal neck to bring the instrument to a more comfortable playing position, though instruments with curved wooden necks exist. Fingerings are generally the same as other members of the clarinet family, however modern examples often have an extension, like the basset horn, allowing them to play an additional 4 semitones.
In addition to the larger sizes, clarinet d'amore have also been constructed in C, B and A, however these do not appear to fill the same musical role as the larger instruments. It has been suggested that these smaller instruments may have been made for aesthetic reasons rather than to serve a musical role.
History
The clarinet d'amore first appeared in southern Germany around 1740, predating the more widely known basset horn by several decades. It has been conjectured that the basset horn, which at the time shared the features of low pitch and a small bore, was developed from the clarinet d'amore. Early instruments featured only 3 or 4 keys, though later instruments from the 19th century, such as an example by Wilhelm Heckel GmbH, have as many as 14 keys. At least 69 extant clarinet d'amour from the 18th and 19th century have survived to the modern era, suggesting the instrument did experience some popularity. By the mid 19th century the instrument was considered obsolete, however Heckel would continue to offer them until the early 20th century.
Modern developments
Recently efforts have been made to resurrect the clarinet d'amore in both period correct and modern forms. Modern developments include a recording project led by Vlad Weverbergh of music by Henri-Joseph de Croes for historical clarinets d'amore (available from Etcetera Records) and the development of an extended modern clarinet d'amore in G (with a written range to low C3, sounding G2) by Richard Haynes, and Schwenk & Seggelke.
Works for the instrument
Works for or including clarinet/clarinette/clarinetto d'amore/d'amour/dolce or "in G" include:
Johann Christian Bach – Temistocles: Act Three – "Ah si resta" (1772) incl. 3 clarinets d'amore in D (although thought most likely to be basset horns in D)
Anonymous – Concertante in G Major for two clarinets d'amore and ensemble
Henri Joseph de Croes — Partita (1788) for two clarinets in G, two violas and violone (recorded on clarinets d'amore by Terra Nova Collective)
Johann Simon Mayr — Qui sedes, for soprano, tenor & clarinetto dolce or corno bassetto
Johann Simon Mayr — Gloria patri, for soprano, horn & clarinetto dolce
Henrik Strindberg — Music for Clarinet d'Amore and Strings (2018)
James Gardner — Carica d'amore (2020)
Richard Haynes — Shorelines (2020)
Samuel Andreyev — A Line Alone (2020)
Chris Dench — ghosts of motion (2020)
Walter Feldmann — ...süsses Unheil... (2020)
Matthias Renaud — Schattenlinie (2020)
Jonah Haven — huso huso (2020)
Sean Quinn — incubation (2020)
Martin Gaughan — Sonatina (Hushed in the Twilight) (2020/21)
See also
Flute d'amore
Oboe d'amore
Viola d'amore
Notes
References
Sources
F. Geoffrey Rendall. The Clarinet. 2nd ed. London: Ernest Benn, 1957.
Albert R. Rice From the Clarinet d’Amour to the Contra Bass: A History of Large Size Clarinets Oxford University Press, 2009.
External links
Brief Introduction To The Modern Clarinet D'Amore
Clarinets | wiki |
This is a sub-list from List of doping cases in sport representing a full list of surnames starting with S.
References
S | wiki |
The Delhi–Pathankot Superfast Express is an Express train belonging to Northern Railway zone that runs between and in India. It is currently being operated with 22429/22430 train numbers on six days in a week basis.
Service
The 22429/Delhi–Pathankot Superfast Express has an average speed of 55 km/hr and covers 554 km in 10h 5m. The 22430/Pathankot–Delhi Superfast Express has an average speed of 55 km/hr and covers 554 km in 10h 5m.
Schedule
Route and stops
The important stops of the train are:
Amritsar Junction
Dinanagar
Coach composition
The train has standard ICF rakes with a maximum speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 16 coaches:
1 AC Chair Car
10 Chair Car
3 General Unreserved
2 Seating cum Luggage Rake
Traction
Both trains are hauled by a Ghaziabad Loco Shed-based WAP-5 electric locomotive from Old Delhi to Pathankot and in return also.
Direction reversal
The train reverses its direction once:
See also
Old Delhi railway station
Pathankot Junction railway station
Dhauladhar Express
Notes
References
External links
22429/Delhi - Pathankot Superfast Express
22430/Pathankot - Delhi Superfast Express
Transport in Delhi
Transport in Pathankot
Express trains in India
Rail transport in Delhi
Rail transport in Haryana
Rail transport in Punjab, India | wiki |
The Battle of Go Cong was a small battle during the Vietnam War. It took place on September 3, 1963 near Gò Công, Tiền Giang Province, after the General Staff of the Viet Cong (VC) called for "another Ap Bac" on South Vietnamese forces. The intent of the operation was to drive out the VC who had survived the earlier Ap Bac engagement. The battle was won by American and South Vietnamese forces, after inflicting heavy casualties on the VC, using artillery to slaughter VC fighters fleeing American special operation troops who ambushed them with intense sniper fire. It was later discovered that the 91 of the captured VC troops were new recruits, and did not have weapons.
References
Quoc Vinh, Tran (1965) Quan doi nhan dan: Resolutely defeat the American aggressors. Hanoi, Vietnam.
Battles and operations of the Vietnam War
Battles involving the United States
Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1963
September 1963 events in Asia
History of Tiền Giang Province | wiki |
With Open Eyes is a 1995 art gallery program developed by American studio The Voyager Company for Macintosh, Pippin, and Windows 3.x.
Critical reception
References
1995 software
Macintosh software | wiki |
Quiet eye is a technique reported to improve outcomes in various tasks requiring human visual attention. It has been the subject of several articles in journalistic periodicals, and of scientific studies that evaluate it in relation to activities such as sports and surgical training.
History
Professor Joan Vickers is credited as the originator of quiet eye theory, and has been working on the topic since the early 1980s.
Applications and mechanism
Quiet eye theory can be used both to predict performance, and sometimes, as quiet eye training, as a means to improve performance.
Quiet eye training is hypothesised to work by improving attentional control, allowing greater cognitive effort to be devoted to the principal task and as such improving motor learning and the robustness of motor skills under pressure.
References
Applied psychology | wiki |
Smart message is a communications protocol designed by Intel and Nokia by which various software upgrades—including ringtones—can be made "over the air", through the wireless connection.
Smart Messaging is basically a special type of short message, with its own prefixes and codes, that makes it possible for the phone to recognize the message as, instead of a text message to the attention of the user, a "functional" message that should be treated as: a ringtone, a screen logo, in some cases even a business card or group graphics that can be used to identify who is calling.
Mobile telecommunication services | wiki |
Below are the rosters of the teams that participated in the 2007 Copa América. Unlike the World Cup and European Championship, squads were 22-man, with many opting to take only two goalkeepers.
Group A
Bolivia
Head coach: Erwin Sánchez
Peru
Head coach: Julio César Uribe
Uruguay
Head coach: Óscar Tabárez
Venezuela
Head coach: Richard Páez
Group B
Brazil
Head coach: Dunga
Chile
Head coach: Nelson Acosta
Ecuador
Head coach: Luis Fernando Suárez
* Replaced Luis Caicedo on 15 June 2007 due to injury.
Mexico
Head coach: Hugo Sánchez
* Replaced Jared Borgetti on 26 June 2007 due to injury.
Group C
Argentina
Head coach: Alfio Basile
Replaced Oscar Ustari on 18 June 2007 due to injury.
Colombia
Head coach: Jorge Luis Pinto
Paraguay
Head coach: Gerardo Martino
United States
Head coach: Bob Bradley
Information and source gathered from ussoccer.com
Footnotes
2007 Copa América
2007 | wiki |
Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes is a book written by Edith Hamilton, published in 1942 by Little, Brown and Company. It has been reissued since then by several publishers, including its 75th anniversary illustrated edition. It retells stories of Greek, Roman, and Norse mythology drawn from a variety of sources. The introduction includes commentary on the major classical poets used as sources, and on how changing cultures have led to changing characterizations of the deities and their myths. It is frequently used in high schools and colleges as an introductory text to ancient mythology and belief.
Contents
The book contains an introduction and seven sections:
Greek gods of Olympus and the Greek creation myths
Greek and Roman myths involving love and adventure, including the tales of Eros and Psyche and Jason's quest for the Golden Fleece
Heroes before the Trojan War, such as Perseus, Theseus, Heracles and Atalanta
Trojan War and its heroes, including Odysseus, Aeneas and Achilles
Significant families in Greek mythology: the house of Atreus, the royal house of Thebes, and the royal house of Athens
Lesser-known stories from Greek and Roman mythology
Tales from Norse myths involving deities such as Odin, Thor and Loki
Most editions include drawings by American illustrator Steele Savage.
References
1942 books
Mythology books | wiki |
Aaron (Georgia)
Aaron (Indiana)
Aaron (Kentucky)
Aaron (Missouri) | wiki |
John Óge Lynch was Mayor of Galway from 1551-52.
Lynch was mayor at a time of unrest in Connacht and Munster provoked by the Irish spy George Paris, and a French agent, M. de Botte. Despite fears to the contrary, no invasion or uprising occurred in Galway.
References
History of Galway, James Hardiman, Galway, 1820.
Old Galway, Maureen Donovan O'Sullivan, 1942.
Henry, William (2002). Role of Honour: The Mayors of Galway City 1485-2001. Galway: Galway City Council.
Martyn, Adrian (2016). The Tribes of Galway: 1124-1642
Mayors of Galway
16th-century Irish politicians | wiki |
In classical scholarship, the editio princeps (plural: editiones principes) of a work is the first printed edition of the work, that previously had existed only in manuscripts, which could be circulated only after being copied by hand. The following is a list of Latin literature works.
Latin works
15th century
16th century
17th century
18th - 20th century
Latin Translations
References
Textual scholarship
Latin-language literature
Lists of firsts
Lists of books | wiki |
A calculator character set is a character encoding scheme for a calculator.
Examples include:
Casio calculator character sets, character sets used by Casio calculators
Hewlett-Packard calculator character sets, character sets used by Hewlett-Packard calculators
Sharp calculator character sets, character sets used by Sharp calculators
Texas Instruments calculator character sets, character sets used by Texas Instruments calculators | wiki |
This is a list of mobile network operators in Rwanda:
MTN Rwandacell Plc
Airtel Rwanda
Market share
As of 31 December 2020, the market share among Rwandan mobile telephone operators was as depicted in the table below.
Note:Totals are slightly off due to rounding.
See also
Economy of Rwanda
References
External links
Airtel’s Tigo Rwanda take-over As of 5 February 2018.
Kigali
Rwanda communications-related lists
Lists of companies of Rwanda | wiki |
Pterostylis stricta, commonly known as the northern greenhood, is a species of orchid endemic to Queensland. It has a rosette of leaves and when flowering a single translucent white flower with green lines, a reddish-brown tip and a curved, protruding labellum.
Description
Pterostylis stricta is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a rosette of wrinkled leaves. Each leaf is long and wide. When flowering, there is a single white flower with green lines and a reddish-brown tip, long and wide which is borne on a flowering spike high. The dorsal sepal and petals are fused to form a hood or "galea" over the column, the dorsal sepal about the same length as the petals, all with a sharp point. There is a wide gap at each side of the flower between the petals and lateral sepals. The lateral sepals are erect with a tapering tip long and there is a broad, bulging sinus between them. The labellum is long, about wide, dark reddish-brown and curved, protruding above the sinus. Flowering occurs from March to July.
Taxonomy and naming
Pterostylis stricta was first described in 1972 by Stephen Clemesha and Bruce Gray and the description was published in The Orchadian from a specimen collected near Ravenshoe. The specific epithet (stricta) is a Latin word meaning "draw together", "hold in check" or "bind".
Distribution and habitat
The northern greenhood grows with grasses and in sheltered gullies in forest between Mount Finnigan and Paluma at altitudes of between .
References
stricta
Orchids of Queensland
Plants described in 1972 | wiki |
The doghead or cynocephaly phenomenon is a widespread legend involving creatures with human bodies and the heads of dogs.
Doghead may also refer to:
Doghead (comics), a 1992 comic book by Al Columbia
Doghead (firearms), a component of matchlock and flintlock guns
Doghead (novel), a novel by Danish author Morten Ramsland | wiki |
Le PADI Discover Scuba Diving (DSD) est le programme d'initiation à la plongée sous-marine de l'organisation internationale PADI.
Les participants doivent être âgés de 10 ans au moins, et renseigner au préalable un simple questionnaire médical.
Le programme comprend :
une plongée en piscine ou milieu protégé (profondeur maximale 6 mètres)
une plongée optionnelle en milieu naturel (profondeur maximale 12 mètres)
Le programme est dirigé par un Instructeur PADI ou un PADI Discover Scuba Diving Leader (cf. PADI Divemaster)
Niveau de plongée | wiki |
Las majas refers to a pair of paintings by Francisco de Goya:
La maja vestida
La maja desnuda | wiki |
Vampire Secrets is a 2006 docudrama about the mythology and lifestyle of vampires, produced by Indigo Films for the History Channel, and narrated by Corey Burton.
The documentary features the history of vampires from Indian (Hindu goddess Kali), Greek, and Chinese origins, and references to the Bible and ancient Mesopotamia. Other topics include:
Bram Stoker's 1897 novel, Dracula
James Spalding, a Scotsman, 1632
Elizabeth Báthory
Haidamaque, Hungary, 1715
Blood ritual
Anne Rice's vampire novels
Vampire: The Masquerade: Rod Ferrell (VTM role-player from Murray, Kentucky who thought he was a real vampire), killed two people in Eustis, Florida, USA, and was sentenced to death (but reduced to life imprisonment)
Sex appeal: Nosferatu (1922 film), 1931 film with Béla Lugosi (The Master of Horror), Vampirella, Demonlover; and others.
Vampire underground and gothic subculture: Susan Walsh (researcher for The Village Voice) who falls for a purported "living vampire" (Christian) and disappears in January 1996
Psychic vampire (Rasputin, aura photography, Joe H. Slate), Sanguine, vampire lifestylers
The documentary also features commentaries by authors Katherine Ramsland, and J. Gordon Melton, parapsychologist Loyd Auerbach, psychic vampire author and spokesperson Michelle Belanger, Father Sebastiaan, forensic biologist Mark Benecke, professor Thomas Garza, and others.
Cast
Deborah Rombaut as Demon Woman
Adrian Balbontin as Gaspard Robilette
Lyndsey Nelson as Susan Walsh
Scott Updegrave as Richard Wendorf
Christa Bella as Elizabeth Bathory
Jack Sale as Rod Ferrell
Thais Harris as Katherine Ramsland
Dan Higgins as James Spalding
George Mauro as Bram Stoker
Kari Wishingrad as Bathory Chambermaid
Jeffery Davis as Vampire
Justin Rodgers Hall as Vampire
Peter Stack as Ficzk
Notes and references
External links
2006 documentary films
2006 television films
2006 films
American documentary television films
History (American TV channel) original programming
American vampire films
Documentary films about the paranormal
Cultural depictions of Elizabeth Báthory
American docudrama films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | wiki |
K&N's Foods USA, LLC, a US based company, produces ready-to-cook and fully cooked chicken products at its manufacturing plant in Fulton, New York.
As the K&N's brand gained recognition internationally, K&N's Foods USA was established in January 2013, for producing products in the US to serve markets across US, Canada and other countries around the world.
K&N's produces a range of kababs, breaded products, skinless frankfurters and cold-cuts.
K&N's products are approved by USDA to be prepared using hand-cut Halal certified chicken.
See also
Chicken patty
Food industry
Food
Broiler industry
References
External links
Official websites
Food manufacturers of the United States
Frozen food brands
American subsidiaries of foreign companies | wiki |
The Certified Correctional Health Professional (CCHP) is a designation of certification from the National Commission on Correctional Health Care. There are additional certifications in Mental Health, the practice of Nursing, and Medicine. There is also an advanced certification. All of these may be obtained after initial CCHP certification.
The CCHP program, which includes the passing of a written exam, recognizes health care professionals from a variety of disciplines and settings, and the credential has been awarded to thousands of individuals throughout the United States. Certification not only demonstrates a commitment to the profession but may reduce liability in legal suits.
References
Professional titles and certifications
Prison healthcare | wiki |
Spare rib may mean or refer to:
Spare ribs, the food
Char siu, the more Cantonese cuisine version of spare ribs
Spare Rib, a magazine in the United Kingdom
Spare Ribs, an album by electronic punk duo Sleaford Mods | wiki |
Argon is een personage in Tolkiens mythologie van Midden-aarde.
Hij is het vierde kind van Fingolfin, de hoge koning van de Noldor in Beleriand. Zijn moeder was Anairë en zijn broers waren Fingon en Turgon. Zijn zus heette Aredhel.
Argons naam was Arakáno ("Hoge Bevelhebber") in het Quenya. Hij had deze naam deels vanwege zijn karakter. Argon kwam aan op Midden-aarde met zijn vader, broers en zus, maar werd gedood tijdens de Slag van Lammoth, toen een leger van Morgoths Orks de Noldor verraste.
Arakáno ontving daarom nooit een echte Sindarijnse naam, maar Argon werd achteraf geconstrueerd in de annalen. Dit werd later een populaire naam onder de Eldar.
Argon komt niet voor in de Silmarillion, doordat zijn personage pas ontstond in tamelijk late geschriften van Tolkien.
Huis van Finwë
Noldo | wiki |
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