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Midnight Mass is a Christmas Eve liturgical tradition in the Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches.
Midnight Mass may also refer to:
Midnight, Mass., a Vertigo comics series
Midnight Mass (EP), a 2010 EP by Acid Witch
Midnight Mass, a 2004 novel by F. Paul Wilson
Midnight Mass (short story collection), a collection by Paul Bowles
Midnight Mass, a movie event series created by Peaches Christ in San Francisco, California
Midnight Mass (miniseries), created by Mike Flanagan for Netflix
"A Midnight Mass", a scene in the play Intimate Exchanges by Alan Ayckbourn
See also
Misa del Gallo, a version of the Midnight Mass in many Spanish-speaking countries
Pasterka, a Midnight Mass celebrated in Poland | wiki |
A McLeod tool (or rakehoe) is a two-sided blade — one a rake with coarse tines, one a flat sharpened hoe — on a long, wooden handle. It is a standard tool during wildfire suppression and trail restoration. The combination tool was created in 1905 by Malcolm McLeod, a United States Forest Service ranger at the Sierra National Forest.
The McLeod was originally designed to rake fire lines with the teeth and cut branches and sod with the sharpened hoe edge. It is also used for finishing and maintaining hiking trails.
Common issues
Because of its large and sharp head, the McLeod is an awkward tool to transport and store, and is often considered undesirable. Some McLeod tools are made with a removable blade to partially mitigate this problem. Ideally, it is carried with the tines pointing toward the ground for safety, with a sheath over the cutting edge. The mass distribution makes it difficult to carry in this orientation consistently.
Desirable traits
Despite the common issues stated above, the McCleod remains a favorite tool among many foresters for hand tool required ground work. The weight and balance of the McCleod allows for a more effective turf busting affect than its lighter weight counterparts. Furthermore, because of its head design, the tool can be stood upright without needing to penetrate the soil, allowing for a safer "standby" configuration reducing tripping hazards and increasing visibility thus effectively reducing the chances that the tool is lost in the woods.
See also
Driptorch
Fire flapper (tool)
Flare
Halligan tool
Pulaski (tool)
Fire rake
Notes
Wildfire suppression equipment
Forestry tools
American inventions | wiki |
The Air Force Medical Support Agency (AFMSA) provides comprehensive consultative support and policy development for the Air Force Surgeon General in medical force management. It also provides operational support for ground and air expeditionary medical capabilities used in global, homeland security and force health protection as well as all aspects of medical and dental services, aerospace medicine operations, and medical support functions. Additionally, the AFMSA executes policy and programs for modernizing medical capabilities to address critical challenges for operational and peacetime health care and for the joint warfighter through technological solutions. The agency ensures strategic initiatives are fully supported through the planning, programming, budget, execution system and the execution of the budget to fully support global medical capability and national security strategies.
AFMSA was inactivated on June 28, 2019 alongside the Air Force Medical Operations Agency, and their functions were consolidated into the new Air Force Medical Readiness Agency.
References
Notes
Bibliography
Air Force Historical Research Agency AFMSA Page
See also
Medical Support Agency
Military in Washington, D.C. | wiki |
A shamal (, 'north') is a northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states (including Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. This weather effect occurs from once to several times a year, mostly in summer, but sometimes in winter. The resulting wind typically creates large sandstorms that impact Iraq, most sand having been picked up from Jordan and Syria.
Synoptic conditions
Summer shamal
When a passing storm with a strong cold front passes over the mountains of Iran, the leading edge of a mass of relatively cooler air kicks up dust and sand, sending it aloft. Temperatures at lower elevations still hover above 42°C (105°F) during these events.
Winter shamal
In Iraq, where winter storms can bring heavy snow to the terrain, a layer of dust can settle onto the snowpack.
A winter shamal is associated with the strengthening of a high-pressure area over the peninsula after the passage of a cold front while a deep trough of low pressure maintains itself over areas east of the Persian Gulf. This leads to strong northerly wind over the Persian Gulf for periods up to five days. They are associated with cold temperatures.
The places around the Middle East most likely to see the winter variety lie near Lavan Island, Halul Island, and Ras Rakan. They persist from 24–36 hours during the winter and occur as frequently as two to three times per month in December–February. A persistent three- to five-day event occurs only once or twice a winter, and is accompanied by very high winds and seas.
Effects
Shamals normally last three to five days. The dust- and sandstorm is several thousand feet deep. Wind speeds can reach up to 70 km/h. Such events can impact health and transport, as visibility becomes limited, and some flights get cancelled. Sand dunes build up on roads and require considerable effort to remove. Some infrastructure, such as street signs, become damaged by the shamals.
Examples
A study by Hokkaido University on fossil corals in Oman provides an evidence that prolonged winter shamal seasons around 2200 BCE led to the salinization of the irrigated fields; hence, a dramatic decrease in crop production triggered a widespread famine and eventually the collapse of the ancient Akkadian Empire.
Some investigations have also reported that dust storms generated over west Asian regions during summer can alter regional circulation features, even affecting the Indian summer monsoon rainfall.
A notable storm caused by a shamal covered Baghdad with sand on 8 August 2005, resulting in a closing of nearly all shops and public activity. The storm also overwhelmed Baghdad's Yarmuk Hospital, which treated more than a thousand people with respiratory distress.
From 1–4 February 2008, a massive dust storm was associated with a shamal wind advected over the Arabian Sea. The leading edge of the dust storm moved at an estimated 20 km/h, and at one point extended from Muqdisho, Somalia, to Mumbai, India. Dust from this storm received press from the sports media as it swept across the Dubai Desert Classic golf tournament, where Tiger Woods was playing.
In May 2022, one person died and 5,000 people were admitted to hospitals with breathing problems in Baghdad, Al Anbar and Najaf Governorates, due to shamal blowing which turned the skies orange in those regions.
Miscellany
A question about this wind was part of the 2003 National Geographic Bee.
Shamal, an Arabic word meaning "north", is a male name in Afghanistan and Kurdistan, and means both "wind" and "north".
A sandstorm caused by shamal winds tore apart a U.S. Marine encampment on HBO's Generation Kill TV series about the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
See also
Dust storm
N'aschi
References
External links
Names of Winds
Winds
Natural history of Iraq | wiki |
USA
Rochester, település Indiana államban
Rochester, település Michigan államban
Rochester, település Minnesota államban
Rochester, település New York államban
Rochester, település Ohio államban
Rochester, település Pennsylvania államban
Rochester, település Texas államban
Rochester, település Vermont államban
Rochester, település Washington államban
Egyesült Királyság
Rochester, település Kent megyében | wiki |
Jessica Williams (?) angol műugró
Jessica Williams (1948–2022) amerikai dzsesszzongorista
Jessica Williams (1989–) színész | wiki |
The Shawshank Redemption is a 1994 American drama film starring Tim Robbins and Morgan Freeman based on the Stephen King story.
The Shawshank Redemption may also refer to:
The Shawshank Redemption (soundtrack), soundtrack to the 1994 film
The Shawshank Redemption (play), a 2009 dramatic stageplay
The Shawshank Redemption/Angola 3, a 2010 album by Bishop Lamont
See also
Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption, a Stephen King novella upon which the film is based
Shawshank State Prison, a fictional prison created by Stephen King
Shawshank tree, a white oak tree featured in the film | wiki |
USA
Rockport, település Indiana államban
Rockport, település Maine államban
Rockport, település Massachusetts államban
Rockport, település Texas államban
Rockport, település Washington államban | wiki |
USA
Rockville, település Alabama államban
Rockville, település Connecticut államban
Rockville, település Indiana államban
Rockville, település Kalifornia államban
Rockville, település Maryland államban | wiki |
The following is a list of Weber State Wildcats football seasons.
Seasons
References
Weber State
Weber State Wildcats football seasons | wiki |
"Set Me Free" is the debut single by Velvet Revolver, released in 2003. It was released as the lead single from their debut album Contraband. It also appeared in the 2003 Marvel Comics film Hulk.
Alternative versions
The album version features different mixing and also contains a slightly different ending, with a drum beat no longer finishing the song.
A live version is also included on the "Slither" single. This version includes an extended guitar solo at the end of the song.
Song Structure
The song's main riff was created by the band's guitarist, Slash. The song then goes through two rotations of verse-chorus, then a bridge and a fairly complicated guitar solo by Slash. The song then finishes with another chorus and guitar solo.
Music video
The music video, directed by Dean Karr, shows the band playing at a club live, which was the first gig where the Velvet Revolver idea was formed. It also shows some scenes from the Hulk movie.
Track listing
Chart performance
References
External links
Music video
Velvet Revolver songs
2003 debut singles
Songs written by Slash (musician)
Songs written by Matt Sorum
Songs written by Duff McKagan
Songs written by Scott Weiland
2003 songs
Songs written by Dave Kushner
Song recordings produced by Nick Raskulinecz
RCA Records singles
Hulk (film) | wiki |
Taro dumpling () is a variety of dim sum served within Chinese cuisine. It is a standard dish in dim sum restaurants in Hong Kong and around the world. Among overseas Chinatowns, it is often sold as a Chinese pastry. It is also known as taro croquette, deep fried taro dumpling, deep fried taro dumpling puff, or simply taro dumpling
The outer shell is made from a thick layer of taro that has been boiled and mashed. The filling is made from seasoned ground pork. The dumpling is deep fried, and the outermost layer of taro becomes crisp, light, and fluffy.
See also
Dim sum
Spring roll
Taro cake
References
Dim sum
Cantonese cuisine
Hong Kong cuisine
Pork dishes
Dumplings
Deep fried foods
Taro dishes | wiki |
XM22 may refer to either:
Gravel mines, small mine
Stoner 63, a rifle | wiki |
Since 1964, various animated and live-action theatrically released films based on Hanna-Barbera cartoons have been created and released to theaters. While alive, Joseph Barbera and William Hanna (the founders of Hanna-Barbera) were involved with each production in some capacity.
Theatrical films list
Direct-to-video and TV movies
Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest is based on both Jonny Quest and Tom and Jerry. However, Tom and Jerry are not considered to be Hanna-Barbera Productions characters since they were created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera while both men were employed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio. Because of this, there are no other Tom and Jerry Feature films and DTV films included on this list.
See also
List of Scooby-Doo media
List of The Flintstones media
References
List of films
Hanna-Barbara
Hanna-Barbera
Hanna-Barbera animated films
Lists of films based on works | wiki |
The Tornado outbreak sequence of March 18–24, 2012 was a long lasting tornado outbreak that occurred due to a slow moving, but powerful trough and cutoff low. The outbreak began in the Great Plains, where, over a two-day period, several tornadoes touched down, some of which were significant. The North Platte area was damaged by an EF3 that was produced by a supercell that spawned many tornadoes throughout its lifespan. The tornadic activity then shifted the Southern United States over subsequent days, particularly in Louisiana and Mississippi. These states were struck by a series of tornadoes for 3 days, most of which were relatively weak on the Enhanced Fujita Scale. However, a few reached EF2 intensity and caused considerable damage. Tornado activity continued across the Ohio Valley on the 23rd, with one confirmed fatality in southern Illinois.
Meteorological synopsis
March 18–19
March 20–22
March 23–24
A slight risk was issued for parts of the Ohio Valley, but notable tornado activity was not expected. However several tornadoes touched down across Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, and Kentucky. Supercell thunderstorms developed and produced large hail as well. One high-end EF1 tornado caused considerable damage to homes in the Louisville metro area. An EF2 tornado caused one fatality in southern Illinois when a mobile home was thrown and completely destroyed. On the 24th, an isolated EF0 touched down in Florida as the outbreak moved eastward and came to an end.
Confirmed tornadoes
March 18 event
March 19 event
March 20 event
March 21 event
March 22 event
March 23 event
March 24 event
See also
List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
List of United States tornadoes in March 2012
References
03-18
Tornadoes in Louisiana
Tornadoes in Mississippi
Tornadoes in Nebraska
Tornado,2012-03-18
Tornado | wiki |
Caribou herds in Canada are discrete populations of seven subspecies that are represented in Canada. Caribou can be found from the High Arctic region south to the boreal forest and Rocky Mountains and from the east to the west coasts.
Arctic peoples, including the Caribou Inuit, the inland-dwelling Inuit of the Kivalliq Region in northern Canada, the Caribou Clan in Yukon, the Iñupiat, the Inuvialuit, the Hän, the Northern Tutchone, and the Gwich'in, who followed the Porcupine caribou (also known as Grant's caribou) for millennia, have depended on caribou for food, clothing, and shelter.
COSEWIC divided caribou ecotypes in Canada into 12 "designatable units" (DU), an adaptation of "evolutionarily significant units" for purposes of conservation and monitoring that, for the most part, follow previously named species and subspecies (see Caribou Subspecies below). They are: Peary DU1, Dolphin and Union DU2, Barren-Ground DU3, Eastern Migratory DU4, Newfoundland DU5, Boreal DU6, Northern Mountain DU7, Central Mountain DU8, Southern Mountain DU9, Torngat Mountains DU10, Atlantic-Gaspésie DU11, and the extinct Dawson's DU12.
The responsibility for the management and monitoring of herds is often shared between Inuit, Métis, and First Nations communities, local hunter and trapper associations, territorial and provincial governments, and the federal government.
Based on the most recent 10-year long assessment of caribou populations in Canada, every designated unit of caribou across the country, is in "some kind of danger." More than half of the DUs were endangered. In 2018, vast herds that used to be numbered in the millions, and were not in danger 15 years ago, are now threatened and scientists have recommended that the eastern migratory caribou be listed as endangered, "the highest level of threat".
Caribou subspecies
Current classification
These subspecies are recognized internationally (before a recent revision; see below): In North America, R. t. caboti, R. t. caribou, R. t. dawsoni, R. t. groenlandicus, R. t. osborni, R. t. pearyi, and R. t. terranovae; and in Eurasia R. t. tarandus, R. t. buskensis (called R. t. valentinae in Europe; see below), R. t. phylarchus, R. t. pearsoni, R. t. sibiricus and R. t. platyrhynchus.
Grant's caribou, originally R. granti Allen, was described as a small, pale form endemic to the west end of the Alaska Peninsula and nearby islands. It was later brought under Arctic caribou (Rangifer arcticus Richardson 1829) as R. a. granti with the same limited distribution. Banfield (1961) initially kept Allen's R. a. granti as restricted to the Alaska Peninsula and archipelago, but later extended it to all Alaskan caribou (except stonei, the montane ecotype) including the former R. ogilviensis (the Porcupine herd). But granti was never accepted internationally as a subspecies of barren-ground caribou, and Youngman (1975) assigned the Porcupine herd (and by inference, all four Alaskan tundra herds) to barren-ground caribou, R. t. groenlandicus.
Banfield (1961) also synonymized stonei with subspecies of woodland caribou, R. t. caribou.
2022 revision
Since 1986, nearly four decades of genetic analysis of Rangifer populations using nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have reported caribou and reindeer population genetics. They have revealed diversity at the species and subspecies level that was not recognized by taxonomic authorities since revisions in the mid-20th Century (see Reindeer: Taxonomy). Genetic data were brought together with morphological, ecological, behavioral and archaeological data, resulting in a new revision of Rangifer. Major changes for caribou in Canada were: (1) resurrection of previous names for Arctic and Woodland caribou; (2) woodland caribou diverged from other species of Rangifer not by isolation in the last glacial maximum (LGM) but deep in the Pleistocene about 357,000 years ago; (3) Canadian barren-ground caribou and Eurasian tundra reindeer, although both of recent (late Pleistocene) Beringian-Eurasian ancestry, clustered separately with genetic distance, private vs. shared haplotypes and alleles indicating they are distinct species; (4) the four western montane ecotypes in Canada and Alaska that had been subsumed under woodland caribou were found to be of Beringian-Eurasian ancestry, but distantly (they diverged > 60,000 years ago, before modern tundra reindeer/barren-ground caribou had evolved; see Reindeer: Evolution), (5) the extinct Dawson caribou is also of Beringian-Eurasian ancestry, (6) R. a. granti was rediscovered when specimens from the original, limited range were found to cluster genetically apart from all other Alaskan caribou, with no interbreeding with nearby ecotypes. (7) Stone's caribou, R. a. stonei, was confirmed as of Beringian-Eurasian ancestry, but clusters apart from osborni, granti and arcticus, resulting in resurrection of this subspecies.
The Porcupine caribou herd of barren-ground caribou, named for a river that flows from Yukon into Alaska, was originally named R. ogilviensis Millais, 1915 for its winter range in the Ogilvie mountains, but morphological and genetic analyses showed it to be nearly indistinguishable from other barren-ground caribou; after the revision, it reverted to R. arcticus arcticus.
In the new taxonomy, nine subspecies of Rangifer are represented in Canada, most of which line up with COSEWIC's designatable units. Woodland caribou, R. caribou, has three subspecies: the nominate subspecies, boreal woodland caribou DU6, (R. c. caribou), Labrador caribou DU4, (R. c. caboti), and Newfoundland caribou DU5 (R. c. terraenovae). Arctic caribou, R. arcticus, has eight living subspecies and one extinct in Canada: the nominate subspecies, barren-ground caribou DU3, R. a. arcticus; Peary caribou DU1 (R. a. pearyi); Osborn's caribou "Northern Mountain" DU7, R. a. osborni; Rocky Mountain caribou "Central Mountain" DU8, R. a. fortidens; and Mountain caribou "Southern Mountain population of southern mountain caribou" DU9, R. a. montanus; and the extinct Dawson's caribou DU12 of Haida Gwaii, R. a. dawsoni. The Dolphin and Union "herd" DU2, is a unique and genetically distinct ecotype of barren-ground caribou, R. a. arcticus, that migrates from winter range on the Barrenlands across Dolphin and Union Strait; it should probably be a named subspecies of R. arcticus but has not been formally described. Likewise, the Atlantic-Gaspésie caribou DU11 is genetically distinct enough for subspecies designation but has not been described. The Torngat Mountains caribou DU10 is a non-migratory ecotype of Labrador caribou, R. c. caboti. The above caribou names and those in following sections reflect a recent revision, but may not be in common use until international organizations adopt the new taxonomy.
Four subspecies are found in Inuit Nunangat.
For purposes of management and conservation, caribou populations are further divided into the boreal population in Yukon, Northwest Territories, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador which includes the George River caribou and the Leaf River caribou, the Atlantic-Gaspésie caribou population in Quebec, the Dolphin-Union caribou in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, the barren-ground population in Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba which includes the large migratory herds such as the Ahiak herd, the Baffin Island herds, the Bathurst herd, the Beverly herd (Beverly Lake in western Nunavut), the Bluenose East herd (southwest of Kugluktuk), the Bluenose West herd, the Porcupine herd, the Qamanirjuaq herd, Lorillard herd, Wager Bay herd, Pen Islands herd, Cape Churchill herd, Southampton Island Herd, and Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Herd. Porcupine caribou herd, Bluenose west herd, and the Dolphin Union herd, the Central Mountain population in British Columbia and Alberta, the Southern Mountain population in British Columbia, the Eastern Migratory population of Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, and the Torngat Mountains population of Nunavut, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, the Newfoundland population in Newfoundland and Labrador and the Northern Mountain population in Yukon, Northwest Territories, and British Columbia, Eastern Migratory in Newfoundland, Northern Mountain in British Columbia, Dolphin and Union, and Peary caribou.
In the following sections, to avoid confusion, Latin name reflect the international consensus before the recent revision.
Woodland caribou, R. t. caribou
Boreal woodland
The boreal forest of Canada is the vital habitat of the endangered subspecies, the boreal caribou. The survival of boreal caribou depends on maintaining "large unbroken swaths" of the forest to protect the animals from their predators. The boreal forest—which is not monolithic but a patchwork—sweeps through parts of all provinces and territories except Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. It covers approximately 25% of Canada's total landmass——and consists of "swamps, bogs, meadows, forests of different types — including hardwoods and conifers — and the rivers and lakes that tie them all together". It represents 75 per cent of the nation's forests.
The boreal woodland caribou are half again the size (males average 180 kg, up to 272 kg) of barren-ground caribou (males average 110 kg, up to 153 kg) and smaller than the three western montane ecotypes. They have dark colored fur (only the Selkirk mountain caribou is darker) and their boreal forest habitat stretches from Newfoundland to British Columbia in an irregular distribution. Most boreal woodland caribou are not migratory. The Labrador caribou, which interbred in ancient times with barren-ground caribou, migrate long distances, while and the Torngat Mountains population of Nunavut, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, and the Atlantic-Gaspésie caribou, move with the seasons to different elevations.
In their August 2008 scientific review and, Environment Canada established that in order to monitor and manage the boreal caribou's recovery, they would use "local population range" as the "relevant spatial scale for the identification of critical habitat" because "habitat conditions within boreal caribou ranges affect their survival and reproduction." This includes the spatial configuration, quantity, quality of habitat that local population need to survive. In 2008, there were "57 recognized local populations or units of analysis for Boreal caribou in Canada." The 2008 report described three measurable criteria for monitoring caribou habitat population trend—Declining (D), Stable (S), Increasing (I) or Unknown (U), population size—Very Small, Small, or Above Critical, and range disturbance— Very Low, Low, Moderate, High or Very High.
By 2018, the boreal woodland caribou (more broadly defined than now) had 51 herds
Atlantic-Gaspésie caribou
In Québec's, the small herds of the Atlantic-Gaspésie woodland caribou in the Gaspésie's isolated "alpine habitats on mountain plateaus" are designated on SARA's Schedule 1 as endangered with fewer than 120 adults in 2014 with an anticipated date of extinction of 2056. They were once widespread with a habitat that spanned New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. Their numbers decreased with development including forest management models that increased the populations of their predators like the Eastern Coyote and black bear.
Labrador caribou (R. t. caboti)
Labrador ("Eastern migratory") caribou herds include four subpopulations such as the George River herd. The George River caribou are one of four subpopulations of Labrador caribou in northern Canada. The herd’s range extends through Labrador and Northern Quebec (Labrador Woodland Caribou Recovery Team, 2004).The George River caribou and the Leaf River caribou, R. t. caboti, migrate between forest and tundra.
In southern Labrador and northeastern Quebec, the range of three herds of the sedentary boreal woodland caribou, R. t. caribou, the Lac Joseph herd (LJH) , the Red Wine Mountains herd (RWMH) , and the Mealy Mountains herd (MMH) is bounded on the north by the George River herd. In the winter the multiple herds intermingle when the George River herd enters the outer portions of the sedentary caribou ranges. The Lac Joseph-Atikonak Lake area is as a major calving and summering area for the Lac Joseph Woodland Caribou herd.
Newfoundland caribou, R. t. terraenovae
The population has fluctuated markedly. In 1975 the total was estimated at 22,818l ; it peaked in 1996 at 93,737 and in 2013 was down to 31,981. In 2014, COSEWIC assessed the status of Newfoundland caribou as Special Concern.
Barren-ground caribou, R. t. groenlandicus
The most abundant caribou with are the migratory barren-ground caribou which consist of huge herds that migrate annually to and from their natal grounds taking routes that are usually predictable. Barren-ground caribou are "slightly larger and darker". In Canada, major barren-ground herds include the Porcupine caribou herd, Cape Bathurst herd, Bluenose West herd, Bluenose east herd, Bathurst herd, Ahiak herd, and the Dolphin-Union herd. Alaska has four herds of barren-ground caribou.
Because they migrate to the tundra, both the Leaf River herd and George River herd have sometimes been included with the barren-ground caribou, but genetic and other data show them to be woodland caribou that acquired some barren-ground caribou genes early in the Holocene (see Reindeer: Taxonomy).
Bluenose East-Bathurst caribou
The Bluenose East-Bathurst caribou, (southwest of Kugluktuk), are cross-border caribou herds, with migrations that bring them into both Nunavut and the Northwest Territories. In 2016, the Nunavut Wildlife Management Board with the endorsement of the Government of Nunavut developed a "community-based caribou plan" for Kugluktuk that limited harvest to 340 caribou. In 2019, government representatives from Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, Kugluktuk MLA Mila Kamingoak, biologists from the Nunavut and N.W.T., representatives from N.W.T. First Nations groups, Nunavut hunters and trappers organizations including Kugluktuk Hunters and Trappers Organization (HTO) worked together to improve management of the Bluenose East-Bathurst caribou herds. In 2016, although both Nunavut and N.W.T. governments opposed mining exploration on Bluenose East caribou calving grounds, the project went ahead.
Gwich’in in the Northwest Territories have hunted Bluenose East and Bluenose West barren-ground caribou (R. t. granti) herds and the Porcupine caribou herds (R. t. groenlandicus) from time immemorial. The word for caribou in the Gwich’in language, which is part of an Athabaskan language, is tradivadzaih.
Bathurst herd
The range of the Bathurst caribou herd range "extends straight north from the northern edge of Saskatchewan to the Arctic coast and eastward across the north side of Great Slave Lake.
The Bathurst caribou herd has suffered a dramatic decline from a record number of about 470,000 in the mid-1980s to only 8,200 in 2018. By 2003 there were 186,000 and by 2009 there were 32,000. As a result, the Government of Northwest Territories (GNWT) imposed a hunting ban for resident and outfitter hunters in 2010. The people of Wekweètì were still allowed to hunt a total of 150 animals, until the winter of 2015 when GNWT imposed a total hunting ban for all hunters. As the population continued to decline, the Tłı̨chǫ Government responded by introducing its own ban on hunting the Bathurst herd in October 2015. Caribou hunting is an important channel for the practice of Tłı̨chǫ culture and way of life on the land. The ban on hunting has created much hardship for families who usually rely on caribou as the main food source. Now they need to rely on the monetary system and financial support to buy store bought food."
"Between 2015 and 2018, the number of breeding cows dropped by almost 40 per cent to about 3,000 animals." In a February 2018 Science Advances journal, concerns were raised about the decline of the Bathurst caribou herd caused by disturbance of "key parts" of their range as governments of the Yukon and Northwest Territories have been opening access "for mining exploration and development" since the early 1990s. The mineral exploration "led to the loss and degradation of key habitat for caribou" which has exacerbated the herd's decline. Researchers described the policies that explicitly support private mining interests at the "expense of Indigenous cultures and livelihoods", as a tragedy of "open access". It is "unfolding particularly in the Bathurst caribou range, where caribou numbers are at critically low levels and mining activity has boomed since the early 1990s."
In 2019, the governments of Canada and the Northwest Territories pledged $61 million towards the construction of a 640 kilometre-long road "connecting Yellowknife to the Arctic Coast to open up mining in the Arctic". The road which cuts through thawing permafrost and the calving grounds of the Bathurst caribou herd, will benefit the Chinese state-controlled mining company—MMG Limited.
Dolphin-Union caribou
Main article: Dolphin-Union caribou
According to the official Canadian government site, the Dolphin-Union caribou are unique and while they partially resemble the Peary Caribou, genetically they are Barren-ground Caribou (see Reindeer: Taxonomy).
Porcupine Caribou Herd (PCH)
Main article: Porcupine Caribou.
The Porcupine Caribou herd (PCH)—formerly R. ogilviensis, now considered a
herd of barren-ground caribou, R. t. groenlandicus—in northwest Canada and northeast Alaska migrate annually from their winter range in the boreal forests of Alaska and Yukon northwest Canada over the mountains boreal forests to their calving grounds on the Porcupine River coastal plain on the Beaufort Sea. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) draft 2018 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) said that in order to reduce the vulnerability of the Porcupine Caribou Herd (PCH) and Central Arctic Herds (CAH) adaptive mitigation had to be undertaken in "[a]ll lands in the Arctic Refuge Coastal Plain are recognized as habitat of the PCH and CAH and would be managed to ensure unhindered movement of caribou through the area."
Caribou calves are born in the first week of June and they are at their most vulnerable from their primary predators on the calving ground – golden eagles, grizzly bears and wolves – during the first three weeks when they are dependent on milk from their mothers. About one quarter of them die during this period.
In February 2019, veteran researchers Don Russell and Anne Gunn, submitted their commissioned report to the Governments of Canada, Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories—signatories to the 1987 International Treaty for the Porcupine herd. They undertook a "science-based risk assessment for how vulnerable the Porcupine Caribou herd (PCH)" is to the proposed oil and gas development of 1002 lands (Coastal Region) in the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge."
Porcupine caribou's annual land migration between their winter range in the boreal forests of Alaska and northwest Canada over the mountains to the coastal plain and their calving grounds on the Beaufort Sea coastal plain, is the longest of any land mammal on earth. In 2019, the herd size was 218,000 compared 100,000 in the early 1970s.
The Porcupine herd has "supported people for thousands of years as well as being a key driver in the mountain and coastal arctic food web". The herd's annual range is contained within the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, established in 1980 by the US Congress. The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) included Section 1002 which "identified a need to assess the oil and gas potential as well as the wildlife values". The 1.57 million acres Coastal Plain had not been included in the ANWR's wilderness designation. In this report we refer to the area covered by Section 1002 of ANILCA as “1002” lands.
Peary caribou (R. t. pearyi)
The smallest North American caribou are the Peary caribou (R. a. pearyi after a recent revision; formerly R. t. pearyi) that live on the Canadian High Arctic archipelago islands. Their fur is the lightest colour. Habitat suitable for their survival is very limited. The estimated population of the Peary caribou was about 13,000 adults in 2016, according to the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, or COSEWIC."
Southampton Island Caribou
Southampton Island caribou are barren-ground caribou, Rangifer t. groenlandicus. Like Coats Island caribou, they have no predators on the island.
In January 2012, a Government of Nunavut's wildlife biologist, Mitch Campbell, said that the Southampton Island Caribou, on the island at the mouth of Hudson Bay, was threatened with disease and overhunting. Southampton Island caribou numbers "declined from about 30,000 caribou in 1997 to 7,800 caribou in 2011, representing a drop of almost 75%." In July 2012, the Government of Nunavut set an "annual harvest limit of 1,000 caribou" in response to an urgent request from the Coral Harbour Hunters and Trappers Organization (HTO). The hunt has become unsustainable as orders for caribou from the island was being flown as country food to places like Iqaluit. After being hunted to extinction in the 1950s, the herd was "re-established when 50 animals were transplanted there in 1968."
Mountain caribou
Selkirk Mountain caribou, considered an ecotype of woodland caribou, R. tarandus caribou, comprised 11 local populations in the Selkirk, Monashee and Purcell Ranges of the Columbia Mountain, six of which (South Selkirk, South Purcell, Central Purcell, South Monashee, Kinbasket and Mount Robson) are now extirpated. It is Designated Unit (DU) 9 in COSEWIC assignment of ecotypes. It is listed here under barren-ground caribou because extensive genetic research confirms its Beringian-Eurasian lineage, but distantly, having diverged > 60,000 years ago.
The cross boundary South Selkirk mountain caribou, of distant Beringian-Eurasian lineage (see above), had roamed the southern end of the Selkirk Mountains crossing the border between British Columbia, Canada and northern Idaho, eastern Washington, in the United States. They were the last naturally occurring caribou herd in the contiguous United States.
In 2009 the herd of 50 animals was declining, by April 2018, only three remained, According to David Moskovitz, author of Caribou Rainforest: From Heartbreak to Hope in 2019, the "last member of the last herd to regularly cross into the lower 48 states from Canada", a female, was moved in January 2019, a captive rearing pen near Revelstoke. By 2019, the South Selkirk herd was extirpated (locally extinct). Meanwhile, the Revelstoke maternity pen, beset with adult and calf mortality, was closed the same year and remaining animals moved to another temporary holding facility.
In British Columbia "Herd plans are currently being developed for each of the 54 herds in B.C." These plans include local populations of Selkirk Mountain caribou, Rocky Mountain caribou and Osborn's caribou.
Three related western montane ecotypes that have been found to be of the Beringian-Eurasian lineage are Stone's caribou of Alaska and just into south-eastern Yukon, Osborn's caribou of northern British Columbia and southern Yukon, (DU7 in COSEWIC parlance); and Rocky Mountain caribou of the east slope of the Rocky Mountains in British Columbia and Alberta, (originally described as R. fortidens Hollister, 1912), DU8. Dawson's caribou of Haida Gwaii was also of the BEL lineage. These were all formerly considered ecotypes of woodland caribou, R. tarandus caribou.
Herds
For purposes of management and monitoring, caribou are subdivided into discrete herds/populations and/or designated units.
In a 2011 article entitled, "Northern caribou population trends in Canada", researchers listed herds/populations including 35 northern caribou herds across the Canadian Arctic. Names in the following table reflect the international consensus before the recent revision.
The Baffin Island caribou are so different genetically and ecologically that they may qualify as a distinct subspecies of barren-ground caribou, but have not been formally described as such (see Reindeer: Evolution and Reindeer: Taxonomy.
Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR), Northwest Territories (NT)
Caribou management and conservation
Caribou are included on the Minister of the Environment's List of Wildlife Species at Risk which federally recognizes species with designations ranging from of special concern, threatened, endangered, extirpated, to extinct under Schedule I of the Species at Risk Act (SARA). The list is update annually based on assessments by Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) experts and scientists. Caribou populations that are on Schedule 1 and are listed as threatened include the Boreal population in Yukon, Northwest Territories, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador. Caribou herds that are listed as endangered and are included on Schedule 1 include the Atlantic-Gaspésie caribou population in Quebec and the Dolphin and Union population in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. The Barren-ground population in Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba are listed as threatened but are not included on Schedule 1. Central Mountain population in British Columbia and Alberta, the Southern Mountain population in British Columbia, the Eastern Migratory population of Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, and the Torngat Mountains population of Nunavut, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador are listed as endangered but are not included on Schedule 1. The Newfoundland population in Newfoundland and Labrador and the Northern Mountain population in the Yukon, Northwest Territories, and British Columbia are listed as Special Concern and are not included on Schedule 1. Dawson's caribou, Rangifer tarandus dawsoni, of British Columbia is extinct.
The April 2018 report by the Auditor General of Canada there are 51 herds of the boreal woodland caribou with 37 of them in decline.
What was once the largest caribou herd in the world with 800,000–900,000 animals, the George River caribou herd (GRCH) in the Ungava Peninsula of Quebec and Labrador in eastern Canada, had declined to 14, 2000 animals by 2014.
By 2011, the Leaf River Herd (LRH) (Rivière-aux-Feuilles) herd decreased to 430,000 caribou in 2011 and could be threatened with extinction by 2080.
In 2018, the Nunatsiavut government asked Newfoundland-Labrador not to classify the George River and Torngat Mountains caribou herds as endangered because Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) used outdated data on the size of the herds.
In a 2018 article, Canadian Geographic listed the declining populations across Canada. These included the Eastern Migratory caribou declining from 1,100,000 to 225,000 and listed as endangered, Newfoundland populations declining from 100,000 to 32,000 listed as special concern, boreal woodland caribou declining at 33,000 listed as threatened, barren ground caribou declining from 2,000,000 to 300,000 listed as threatened, Atlantic-Gaspesie caribou declined from 1,500 to 130 listed as endangered, Torngat Mountains caribou declining from 5,000 to 1,400 listed as endangered, Central mountain declining from 1,300 to 500 listed as endangered, Southern mountain declined from 2,500 to 1,400 listed as endangered, Northern Mountain caribou declining from 48,000 to 43, 000 listed as special concern, Dolphin and Union declining from 100,000 to 20, 000 listed as endangered, and Peary caribou declining from 50,000 to 13,700 listed as threatened.
Designated units for conservation and monitoring
Names follow international convention prior to the recent revision.
For conservation reasons, caribou populations have been also divided into eleven subsets "designatable units" (DU), which include Barren-Ground, Eastern Migratory, Northern Mountain, Boreal, Newfoundland, Dolphin and Union, Peary, Torngat Mountains, Southern Mountain, Central Mountain Current, Atlantic-Gaspésie. These for the most part line up with previously named subspecies (see Reindeer: Taxonomy).
According to conservation biologist Justina Ray at Wildlife Conservation Society Canada (WCSC), who was a co-leader of a 10-year long study on how these "designatable units" (DU) of caribou should be listed" under the federal Species at Risk Act (SARA), the "change in the caribou's fortunes" is "profoundly worrying" since the last assessment was made in 2004.
Based on data collected between 2014 and 2017, Barren-Ground DU (R. t groenlandicus) had declined to about 800,000 animals from the highest estimate of 2,000, 000; the Eastern Migratory DU (R. t. caboti) had declined to c. 225,000 from c. 1,100,000 at its highest; Northern Mountain DU (R. t. osborni), had declined to c.43,000 from c. 48,000, Boreal DU (R. t. caribou, which at that time included the western montane ecotypes that are now recognized as of Beringean-Eurasian lineage, was currently at c. 33,000 animals; Newfoundland DU (R. t. terranovae) had declined to c.32,000 from c. 100,000, Dolphin and Union DU herd of barren-ground caribou declined to c. 20,000 from possibly up to 100,000*; Peary DU declined to c. 13,700 from c. 50, 000; Torngat Mountains DU decreased to c. 1,400 from to c.5,000, Southern Mountain DU declined to c. 1,400 from c.2,500; Central Mountain DU declined to c. 500 from c. 1,300; Atlantic-Gaspésie DU declined to c. 130 from c. 1,500.
The 2018 assessment was undertaken by an independent body that advises the Government of Canada on the status of endangered wildlife. Ray said that the "conclusions startle even those of us who have been paying a lot of attention." Caribou researchers gathered in Ottawa in October 2018 at a government-sponsored meeting.
Most alarming to scientists is the threat to the "vast herds" of Arctic barren-ground caribou and the Hudson Bay "eastern migratory herds" that were not "considered in trouble 15 years ago". By 2018, the researchers recommended that the government list barren-ground caribou as threatened and the eastern migratory caribou as endangered, "the highest level of threat".
R. M. Anderson, who led two expeditions to the Coronation Gulf in 1908-1912 and 1913-1916, made this estimate of Dolphin-Union caribou as sort of an off-the-cuff remark, based on the immense herds that he saw migrating across the Dolphin and Union Strait. as cited by COSEWIC. His published 1917 paper made no such estimate. It should not be taken as rigorous estimate. The herd has probably never exceeded about 30,000.
Migrations
Woodland and barren-ground migratory caribou herds usually return to the calving grounds of the females in the herd and are often named after these areas. This is referred to female natal philopatry or natal homing. Examples include the George River caribou herd (GRCH), Leaf River caribou herd (LRCH), Porcupine caribou, R. t. groenlandicus (formerly R. ogilviensis Millais 1915).
Common indigenous names for caribou
Common indigenous names for caribou are Tuktu (Inuvialuit); Qalipu/Xalibu (Mi’kmaq); Minunasawa atikw (Innu); Ahtik/Atik (Cree); Tǫdzi (Tłįchǫ); T’onzi/Tohzi (North Slavey); Vadzaih (Gwichin); Ch’atthaii (Vuntut Gwichin).
Notes
References
Arctic land animals
Mammals of the Arctic | wiki |
Lotto 6/49 is one of three national lottery games in Canada. Launched on June 12, 1982, Lotto 6/49 was the first nationwide Canadian lottery game to allow players to choose their own numbers. Previous national games, such as the Olympic Lottery, Loto Canada and Superloto used pre-printed numbers on tickets. Lotto 6/49 led to the gradual phase-out of that type of lottery game in Canada.
Winning numbers are drawn by the Interprovincial Lottery Corporation (ILC) every Wednesday and Saturday, executed with a random number generator.
Gameplay
As of the September 14, 2022 draw, the game consists of two components:
The "Classic Draw", in which six numbers are drawn from a set of 49. If a ticket matches all six numbers, a fixed prize of CA$5 million is won. A bonus number is also drawn, and if a player's ticket matches five numbers and the bonus number, the player wins the "second prize" which is usually between $100,000 and $500,000. Should more than one player win the top or second prize, it is split amongst them. Lesser prizes are also awarded if one matches at least two numbers. Until the September 14, 2022 draw, the top prize of this drawing was the main jackpot, which began at $5 million and increased each time it was not won.
The "guaranteed prize draw", held since the September 18, 2013 draw, and known since September 2022 as the "Gold Ball Draw", which is a raffle prize of at least $1 million that is awarded during each drawing. Some drawings (promoted as a "Superdraw") offer multiple secondary raffle prizes.
Since the September 18, 2013 draw, a single line of six numbers costs $3. Each purchased line includes one entry into the guaranteed prize draw, identified by a ticket number; this number can only be matched exactly, and does not offer secondary prizes for matching partial digits.
Beginning with the September 14, 2022 draw, the "Gold Ball Draw" replaces what is now the "Classic Draw" as the means in which the main jackpot is awarded. As before, a guaranteed prize of $1 million is awarded during each draw. However, at least once every 30 draws, a larger jackpot will be randomly awarded to the Gold Ball Draw winner instead. The jackpot begins at $10 million, with a 1 in 30 chance that it will be awarded. If the jackpot is not awarded, the jackpot will increase by $2 million on the next drawing, and the probability of a jackpot win will improve. These changes prevent the main jackpot from increasing without limit for an arbitrarily long time, or being split between multiple tickets.
Until May 2019, Lotto 6/49 and Lotto Max used a lottery machine to draw winning numbers. Since May 14, 2019, both games have switched to using a random number generator.
Largest jackpots
Before the June 2004 increase in ticket prices from $1 to $2, the largest Lotto 6/49 jackpot was $26.4 million, on September 2, 1995.
The largest Lotto 6/49 jackpot, was drawn on October 17, 2015 for a jackpot of $64 million. The jackpot was won by one ticket purchased in Mississauga, Ontario.
The second largest Lotto 6/49 jackpot, was $63.4 million on the draw for April 13, 2013. These were the two largest jackpots in Canadian history, until the jackpot of the Lotto Max was increased to a maximum of $70 million. This $70 million jackpot has been won numerous times in Ontario since it was introduced in May of 2019.
The third largest Lotto 6/49 jackpot was drawn on October 26, 2005. The single winning ticket, worth $54.3 million, was purchased in Camrose, Alberta by a group of 17 oil and gas plant workers. This was the largest Canadian lottery jackpot up to that time, and a significant increase from the previous record of $37.8 million on a Super 7 lottery draw in 2002—rapid sales created by lottery fever across the country pushed this 2005 Lotto 6/49 jackpot far beyond the originally estimated $40 million.
By comparison, while the Canadian Lotto Max lottery has had a main prize pool as high as $128 million, that lottery sets a cap of $70 million for its main jackpot, with excess "main prize pool" money being applied to a series of $1 million MaxMillions prizes on the same Pool.
Organization
The Lotto 6/49 game is administered by the Interprovincial Lottery Corporation, an alliance of the five regional lottery corporations in Canada.
Each of these corporations operate a regional add-on games that, for an extra $1 each, can be added to a 6/49 ticket. This "spiel" game (named "Tag", "Encore" or "Extra" depending on the region), adds a 6- or 7-digit number to the ticket with a top prize of $100,000 if all six digits are matched or $250,000 to $1,000,000 depending on the region for a seven-number match ($1,000,000 in Ontario and Quebec; $250,000 in the Western Canada region of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and the territories).
Alongside the main Lotto 6/49 drawing, the regional corporations also run local versions of the game; Atlantic 49, Quebec 49, Ontario 49, Western 6/49, and BC 49. These draws are held on the same night as each Lotto 6/49 drawing, but with fixed jackpots of $2,000,000 (or $1,000,000 on Atlantic 49). Most of these regional games still use the prize structure used by the national game prior to September 18, 2013; Ontario 49 and Western 6/49 do use the current prize structure, adding a free play for matching two numbers. Most regional variants of 6/49 use only the Classic Draw format, although Atlantic 49 also offers a raffle prize of $25,649 on each drawing.
Prizes and chance of winning
Overall odds of winning a prize are about 1 in 6.6, though the great majority of prizes consist of a free ticket for the next draw (a break-even scenario at best, not a win in the strictest sense).
From the 2004 price change until September 18, 2013, this table was distributed thus:
Before July 2010, if there was no winning ticket for a jackpot of $30 million or higher, the following prize structure was applied to all subsequent draws until the jackpot was won. This did not apply to bonus jackpots.
The probability of winning some prize in one play is 1 in 32.3.
From the game's inception until the 2004 price change, the prize pool consisted of 45% of sales, and was distributed thus:
The overall odds of winning were 1 in 54.
See also
Interprovincial Lottery Corporation
Lotto Max
Lotto Super 7
Millionaire Life
Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation
References
External links
Atlantic Lottery
British Columbia Lottery Corporation
Loto-Québec
Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation
Western Canada Lottery Corporation
Lotteries in Canada
1982 establishments in Canada
Games and sports introduced in 1982 | wiki |
Snake Gorge, also called Wādī Bīmah (), is a gorge or wadi in Ad Dakhiliyah region of Oman. It is popular with hikers. It is a fantastic route for jumping off small cliffs into water pools. There are also natural water slides. However, it is flash-flood prone, and in the 1996, a small group of hikers drowned. In 2014, 11 tourists from Dubai in the UAE were trapped during rains, but managed to survive on the rocks for 2 hours, despite losing their vehicle in the process. The Royal Oman Police and PACDA frequently try to prevent such tragedies by sending out weather warnings.
See also
List of wadis of Oman
References
Further reading
External links
Wadi Bani Awf Adventure | مغامرة وادي بني عوف (YouTube)
Canyons and gorges of Asia
Wadi Bani Awf | wiki |
A repaint is a toy, typically a figure or doll, that was created entirely from a mold was previously available; however, the colors of the plastic and/or the paint operations have been changed. Repaints differ from redecos in that repaints do not alter the actual placement of paint applications while redecos do.
Since molds can be expensive to create, this is often seen as a comparatively inexpensive way for a toy company to make many different toys available in a cost-effective manner. It is also an effective way for toy manufacturers to produce exclusive figures, chase figures or other variants.
One of the many franchises that repaint their figures is Transformers. Bumblebee toys are sometimes repainted the color red to resemble another Transformers character: Cliffjumper.
In the collecting of 1:6th action figures, repainting has several methods. They can generally be narrowed down to 3 categories: paint, pastel and wash.
The term repaint also refers to fashion dolls whose original manufacturer face paint is removed and then repainted by an artist. Repaint styles include highly realistic treatments, fantasy makeovers, and celebrity likenesses. These dolls are often OOAK (one of a kind), although some artists create repaints in small limited editions.
See also
Palette swap, a comparable concept for video game characters
Ball-jointed doll, a type of doll that is often customized and repainted
Reborn dolls, baby dolls customized and repainted for realism
References
Toy collecting
Dolls
Action figures
Toy figurines | wiki |
Strange, in comics, may refer to:
Strange (comic book), a six-issue comic book limited series by Marvel ComicsWorlds of JMS page
Strange, a Marvel Comics character and one of two characters who together were known as the Strangers
Adam Strange, fictional DC Comics superhero
Doc Strange, fictional Thrilling Comics character
Doctor Strange, fictional Marvel Comics sorcerer
Hugo Strange, fictional DC Comics character
Strange Visitor, a DC Comics character who appeared alongside Superman
See also
Strange (disambiguation)
Strangers (disambiguation)
References | wiki |
The following is a list of awards and nominations received by George Lucas.
Major associations
Academy Awards
BAFTA Awards
Golden Globe Awards
Emmy Awards
Guild awards
Directors Guild of America Awards
Producers Guild of America Awards
Writers Guild of America Awards
Miscellaneous awards
Empire Awards
Evening Standard Film Awards
Hugo Awards
Saturn Awards
Other awards
References
Awards
Lucas, George | wiki |
The 1986–87 Los Angeles Clippers season was their 17th season in the NBA, their 3rd in Los Angeles. The Clippers finished 12–70 (.146), the worst winning percentage in team history.
Draft picks
Roster
{| class="toccolours" style="font-size: 95%; width: 100%;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background-color: #CC0033; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" | Los Angeles Clippers 1986-87 roster
|- style="background-color: #106BB4; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! Players !! Coaches
|-
| valign="top" |
{| class="sortable" style="background:transparent; margin:0px; width:100%;"
! Pos. !! # !! Nat. !! Name !! Ht. !! Wt. !! From
|-
Regular season
Season standings
z - clinched division title
y - clinched division title
x - clinched playoff spot
Record vs. opponents
Game log
Player statistics
Awards and records
Transactions
The Clippers were involved in the following transactions during the 1986–87 season.
Trades
Free agents
Additions
Subtractions
References
Los Angeles Clippers seasons | wiki |
There have been three main publishers of the comic book series bearing the name Transformers based on the toy lines of the same name. The first series was produced by Marvel Comics from 1984 to 1991, which ran for 80 issues and produced four spin-off miniseries. This was followed by a second volume titled Transformers: Generation 2, which ran for 12 issues starting in 1993. The second major series was produced by Dreamwave Productions from 2002 to 2004 with multiple limited series as well, and within multiple story continuities, until the company became bankrupt in 2005. The third and fourth series have been published by IDW Publishing with the third series starting with an issue #0 in October 2005 and a regular series starting in January 2006 to November 2018. The fourth series started in March 2019 with issue #1 and is currently still being produced. There are also several limited series being produced by IDW as well. In addition to these three main publishers, there have also been several other smaller publishers with varying degrees of success.
Overview
Marvel Comics
The Transformers (Generation 1), Marvel, U.S.
The Transformers comic by Marvel was the first and arguably the best known Transformers comic. Although it was originally intended to be a 4-issue limited series, it expanded into an ongoing series, which ran for 80 issues before being cancelled. The final cover read "80 in a 4 issue limited series". Issues #5–15, 17–32, 35–42 and 44–56 were written by Bob Budiansky, with Marvel UK writer Simon Furman taking over for the remainder of the comic. The comic did not attempt to follow the show and some elements and characters were completely absent, including Ultra Magnus, Springer, Arcee, and Metroplex. The comic started much the same as the show; a crew crash landing the Ark on Earth in the distant past. They are befriended by Buster Witwicky. His brother Spike eventually joins the cause as Autobot leader when he became the head of commander Fortress Maximus. There occurs a considerable amount of fractioning and in-fighting in both the Autobots and Decepticons. However, the series climax occurs when both sides, Autobots and Decepticons, form an uneasy peace to defend Cybertron from Unicron.
A few of the early issues were reprinted by Marvel in a digest sized magazine called The Transformers Comics Magazine that ran 10 issues from 1987 to 1988. Marvel had also reprinted some of these early issues in 1985, as the Transformers Collected Comics which ran 2 issues.
In latter years, when various other companies were able to obtain the license for the Transformers, they were able to gain access to the Marvel series and reprinted a lot of the issues. From 2001 to 2003, Titan Books reprinted numerous Marvel issues in a series of 14 trade paperbacks. Years later they were able to do more reprints but only in the U.K. market.
IDW Publishing (the current rights holders to the Transformers comic property) reprinted numerous Marvel issues as well, as part of the Transformers: Generations series that ran 12 issues and a collected trade paperback from 2006 to 2007. Issues were also reprinted in The Transformers Magazine, that ran four issues in 2007, while other collections were published in 2008 and 2009. IDW began publishing another new series of reprints called Transformers Classics. This six volume series started getting published in June 2011. Meanwhile, a 100 Penny Press: Transformers Classics #1 mini edition was also published in June 2011. Some issues were also reprinted in the hardcover book Transformers: The Best Of Simon Furman in July 2007. In March 2014, the first issue of the series was reprinted as 100 Penny Press: Transformers #1
In July 2012, to prepare the new series Transformers: Regeneration One (which continued the Marvel series after 21 years), IDW Publishing released Transformers: Regeneration One 100-Page Spectacular. This one-shot reprinted issues 76–80 of the Marvel series.
In August 2013, IDW published the hardcover Transformers: 30th Anniversary Collection. This deluxe book celebrated the 30th anniversary of The Transformers franchise, and as such, many of the original Marvel books were reprinted.
Marvel UK
The sister title in the UK, this series ran for 332 issues, as well as spawning 7 annuals and 28 specials. It was a weekly publication that spliced original stories into the continuity of the reprinted US issues, and was mostly written by Simon Furman. At the start, it had a more serious science fiction approach. Because of the weekly approach, the UK comic was able to flesh out characters and ideas more; in the US comic, the Aerialbots and Stunticons are first shown having just been built and being given life by the Creation Matrix program, whereas the UK comic fleshed it out more and showed the two teams as being created out of new technology created by Shockwave after scanning Buster Witwicky while he had the Matrix downloaded into his brain. Furman also tried to maintain continuity with The Transformers: The Movie, and wrote several stories set in the future after the movie's ending, as well as bringing characters from the future (i.e. Galvatron) into the present day. Due to his epic and mythological approach, he was highly praised and succeeded Bob Budiansky on the US title at issue 56. The mythic tone continued to influence Furman's work on the Dreamwave and IDW comics.
Numerous issues and stories from this series would eventually be reprinted. Marvel UK themselves would reprint some stories in Transformers-The Complete Works Part 1 and Part 2, Plague of the Insecticons and The Transformers Universe Vol. One.
In latter years reprints were done courtesy of Titan Books who published reprints in 14 volumes.
When IDW Publishing acquired the licence to the property, they published various reprints in the hardcover book The Best Of Simon Furman and in the Best of UK Omnibus. Other reprints were featured in mini-series collections such as Target 2006 (#1–5), Dinobots (#1–6), Space Pirates (#1–5), Time Wars (#1–5), City of Fear (#1–5), and Prey (#1–5). A new 8 volume reprint collection called Transformers Classics: UK started getting released in October 2011.
The Transformers: The Movie, Marvel, U.S., 1986
A three-issue mini-series adaptation of the feature film, with no continuity ties to the regular comic series. Differences to the animated feature include the original designs for the Autobot Matrix of Leadership and Ultra Magnus' original death at the hand of Scourge and his Sweeps.
Transformers Universe, Marvel, U.S., 1986
A four-issue limited series in the style of Marvel Universe and G.I. Joe: Order of Battle, featuring lengthy bios of nearly all of the Transformers of the period. Most of the text was the same as the tech specs found on the toy boxes, only much more expanded. The first three issues (as well as the first portion of the fourth) contained all of the first, second and third year Transformers. The latter half of the fourth issue dealt with characters new to The Transformers: The Movie (1986), including characters that were not made as toys at the time.
The series was collected as a trade paperback in July 1987.
G.I. Joe and The Transformers, Marvel, U.S., 1987
A four-issue limited series written by Michael Higgins, G.I. Joe and the Transformers teamed-up the Transformers with the other popular Hasbro property of the 1980s, G.I. Joe. The Joes, the Autobots, and Cobra (after being betrayed by the Decepticons) must join forces to stop the Decepticons from activating an energy drill device to suck up energy from the Earth's core, which would destroy the planet in the process.
The story was hampered by continuity issues (though the storyline was only referred to in the pages of the Transformers comics, as G.I. Joe writer Larry Hama opted to ignore the mini-series), and the absence of several key characters from both franchises, including Cobra Commander, Optimus Prime, and Megatron, as the three characters were presumed dead at the time of the mini-series' publication. The story featured Bumblebee being destroyed by G.I. Joe forces and rebuilt as Goldbug. This plot point was ignored in the UK comic, where the story was not reprinted until much later in the comic's run, and resulted in an alternate story being conceived to change the character into his "Goldbug" persona.
Marvel UK also featured a crossover between these two properties. 'Ancient Relics' began in Issue 125 of the UK comic and continued within issues #24-#27 of Action Force, (the name given to the G.I. Joe comic series in the UK).
The Transformers: Headmasters, Marvel, U.S., 1987–1988
A four-issue mini-series introducing new characters that were incorporated into the ongoing series (issue #38) at the conclusion of the mini-series. The series introduces the Headmasters, Targetmasters, some of the movie Transformers, Monsterbots, Horrorcons, Technobots and Terrorcons.
The plot of this series focuses on Cybertronian Autobot Fortress Maximus, who despite his success as a military commander, longs to find peace by leaving Cybertron's civil war altogether. To that end, he gathers a large crew of followers, and they rocket off to the planet Nebulos, which has not seen war in over 10,000 years. Unfortunately, the Autobots' first encounters with the Nebulans are misinterpreted. Intimidated by the robots' size, the Nebulans initiate aggressions against the Autobots. To end hostilities and show his willingness to protect the planet's fragile peace, Fortress Maximus and a few of his followers discard their weapons in front of the Nebulan capital. When that failed to dissuade them, he made the ultimate sacrifice by offering them his head. Four more Autobots did the same, while the remainder returned to their camp unarmed.
Intending to use the situation to his advantage, corrupt Nebulan politician Lord Zarak learned more about the Autobots and the war they left behind and used this information to contact Cybertron. Zarak's message was received by Fortress Maximus's Decepticon equal, Scorponok. After lying to Zarak about the intentions of the Autobots, Scorponok led an invasion force to the planet. Armed only with weapons that had not seen use in millennia, the Nebulan defense were no match for the intentionally aggressive Decepticons. With little options left, Galen, leader of the Nebulan world council, made arrangements for himself and others to become Autobot Headmasters. Although the Headmaster process made them able to drive off the Decepticons, all Galen had succeeded in doing was re-igniting the Transformers' war on Nebulos. After Scorponok and now-captive Lord Zarak developed a way to duplicate the process (as well as a later Targetmaster Process), the Nebulos theatre of the Transformers' war escalated. After casualties and collateral damage mounted, Galen eventually convinced Zarak to take their conflict off-world, with nearly all Transformers from both factions following a distress beacon sent by Goldbug from Earth.
Because the series was bi-monthly, very little time passed after its end before a smaller group returned to Nebulos, using resources there and the Powermaster Process to rebuild and empower Optimus Prime.
The entire miniseries was reprinted by Titan Books as part of their series of trade paperback collections based on the Marvel series. This reprint occurred in Vol.7 (Trial by Fire) which was published in 2005.
Transformers Generation 2, Marvel, U.S., 1993
A 12-issue series, the series expanded the original G1 mythos from the small war on Earth and Cybertron to enclose the whole of the Galaxy that was fast being altered into a likeness of Cybertron itself by the Cybertronian Empire, a race of later generation Transformers that evolved while the earthbound Autobots and Decepticons were deactivated. The events of this series were actually set in motion with a crossover from the G.I. Joe comic books #138–142, in 1993. Megatron returns in his new tank body to reclaim his leadership from Bludgeon and by the end of the series joins with Optimus Prime to fight against the G2 Decepticons and their genetic offshoot, the Swarm. The series ended with an epic battle between the "Generation 1" Transformers, the Cybertronians and the Swarm. It also introduces the Liege Maximo. However, the series was cancelled with issue #12 due to low sales, forcing a quick conclusion to the series' various plot threads. Outside of the 12 issue series, Marvel published a free 8 page comic that was given away at various stores selling the G2 toyline called The Transformers Generation 2: Halloween Special Edition in 1993.
The series was reprinted as 2 trade paperbacks courtesy of Titan Books in 2003. As well some stories were reprinted in the hardcover book Transformers: The Best Of Simon Furman in July 2007.
As they had done with the Generation 1 series, Marvel published a series based on Generation 2 in England. Because their Marvel UK imprint had folded at this point, Marvel struck a deal with the British comic company Fleetway to handle the series in the English market for them. The series only lasted 5 issues as well as one annual in 1995.
New Avengers/Transformers, U.S., 2007
A crossover with the original holders of the Transformers license, Marvel Comics, this series takes place in both Marvel's ongoing continuity, (pre-Civil War), and IDW's G1 continuity, set in between Infiltration and Escalation. The 4-issue series is written by Stuart Moore and drawn by Tyler Kirkman. Captain America, Iron Man, Wolverine, and Spider-Man all appear, as well as many of the Transformers cast of Escalation.
The series was collected as a trade paperback in January 2008.
Note
The Marvel Comics character Death's Head, a character created by Simon Furman, appeared in certain Marvel UK Transformers stories. In the third issue of the All-New Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A–Z (released on March 22, 2006), the entry for Death's Head's describes his encounters with the Transformers to have taken place in an alternate reality, referred to as Earth-120185, thus separating these stories from existence in standard Marvel Universe continuity. This raises the question of whether or not any of the Marvel Comics Transformers stories take place in the Marvel Universe "proper" (Earth-616), despite such tie-ins as Spider-Man's guest-starring appearance in the original Marvel limited series and Circuit Breaker, a character that originated in the Transformers comics, having a cameo appearance in Marvel's Secret Wars II limited series, which featured nearly every character then existing in the continuity of Earth-616. A case can be made that only the stories that featured Death's Head are separate from standard Marvel continuity, since the character's adventures often involved travel across time and dimensions, not to mention genres; Death's Head also encountered the British science fiction icon the Doctor from Doctor Who once.
Dreamwave Productions
In early 2002, Dreamwave Productions acquired the Transformers comics license and went on to produce a highly successful return of Transformers to the comic world. They started with a limited series focusing on the Generation 1 characters and a monthly series dedicated to Transformers: Armada. The G1 stories were not bound by the previous Marvel stories nor the animated series. Dreamwave produced a large amount of material, but would go bankrupt and lose the Transformers license in early 2005.
Generation 1
Transformers: Generation 1 (2002)
When they acquired the Transformers licence from Hasbro, Dreamwave Productions initially produced a six-issue mini-series, written by Chris Sarracini and drawn by company President Pat Lee, titled Prime Directive. Despite mixed critical reaction and the late shipping of several issues, the series was a huge sales success. Encouraged by this, Dreamwave produced a second series, this time written by Brad Mick, called War and Peace. When the second series emulated the sales of the first, Dreamwave decided to upgrade the Generation One to an ongoing series focusing on the Earthbound Autobots and Decepticons, written by Brad Mick aka James McDonough and Adam Patyk, and drawn by Don Figueroa (although Lee and Joe Ng helped draw the preview issue, and issue #4 featured a back-up story drawn by James Raiz). However, Dreamwave's eventual bankruptcy meant that the series would never be concluded past issue #10. This was the first piece of Transformers fiction to use the term Generation One in the title. After Dreamwave's bankruptcy, the first two miniseries were redistributed in trade paperback form through IDW Publishing.
Of note: there is a magazine that published a 10-page preview in b/w of what was to have been the 11th issue of the series had Dreamwave not gone into bankruptcy, but was of a very low print run.
Transformers: The War Within
After the success of their Generation One series, Dreamwave decided to do a series focusing on the war on Cybertron before the Transformers came to Earth, and recruited Marvel Transformers writer Simon Furman and former fan artist Don Figueroa for a six-issue series focusing on the rise of Optimus Prime. Later, a second volume appeared titled The Dark Ages, again written by Furman and drawn by regular Marvel Transformers artist Andrew Wildman. The second volume introduced The Fallen, an outcast member of the original thirteen Transformers. A third volume, called The Age of Wrath, written by Furman and drawn by Joe Ng, was released up through issue #3, but due to Dreamwave's bankruptcy it was never completed. The first two series were re-released in trade paperback form by IDW Publishing in March and May 2007.
Transformers: Micromasters
Micromasters was a four-issue mini-series written by Brad Mick aka James McDonough and Adam Patyk and drawn by Rob Ruffolo. Set on Cybertron after the disappearance of the Ark, the series focused on the history of the titular Micromasters and the discovery of a mysterious Golden Disk with links to the origins of the Transformers. Despite some vocal readers' complaints regarding the series and its art, it also received its share of praise and sold well to the direct market.
Transformers: More Than Meets the Eye
An eight-issue limited series from 2003 written by Brad Mick aka James McDonough and Adam Patyk (the shapers of Dreamwave's G1 title and its overall Transformers continuity) with art by most of the Dreamwave artists, it featured bios of all the Transformers released as toys in the United States (with the exception of several of the Action Masters). The character entries were done in the same style as the 1986 Marvel limited series, Transformers Universe, with page long bios and art of the characters in both their robot and alternate forms. The character bios included expanded information from the original toys' tech specs, as well as new character development from the Dreamwave Transformers continuity. Issues one through seven contain the character bios, while issue number eight contains entries for key Transformer locations, ideas and technology. The first pages of issue one and the last pages of issue eight feature a mini-comic about where all the information presented in the limited series is coming from, and who is accessing it, which was a prequel story to the Beast Wars television series. The series proved to be popular, and a subsequent More Than Meets The Eye miniseries debuted the next year, this time covering Transformers: Armada.
Armada/Energon
Transformers: Armada (2002–2003)
This comic series was based on the new Transformers toyline of that year, Transformers: Armada. The continuity, while following elements from the cartoon series of the same name, was wholly its own continuity. Differences included the Mini-Cons' ability to talk in a normal way rather than the beeps and boops from the cartoon series. Also, the resolution to the Armada saga was quite different and involved cross-dimensional travel and several Generation 1 characters. The series ended at issue #18 and was retitled as Transformers: Energon with the following issue. Originally written by Sarracini, Simon Furman came on board to do a 2-part filler story and ended up as the ongoing writer as a result.
Issues 1–5, written by Chris Saccarini and drawn by James Raiz, would give some background to the original war on Cybertron, detailing how Megatron's campaign started on Cybertron and how the Mini-Cons originally came to Earth, escaping Megatron's grasp. One million years later the arc would introduce the three main human characters (Rad, Alexis and Carlos) and see both sides battle and gain Mini-Cons for the first time.
Issues 6–7 would see Furman take over the scripting, with Pat Lee on art, detailing the discovery of several more Mini-Con teams on Earth. Issues 8–11, with Guido Guidi taking over on art, would see the discovery of a mysterious Mini-Con monolith that would assemble all the Mini-Cons on a base on the moon, leading the Decepticons to attempt a full-scale assault to capture them all. Issues 12–13 would see Megatron construct a superweapon, a powerful laser focusing satellite, in an attempt to destroy the Autobots, as well as capturing enough Mini-Cons to overload Cyclonus's power.
With the series coming to a close and Energon due to take over as the active franchise comic, issues 14–18 were dedicated to the coming of Unicron, with cameo appearances by several G1 characters. With Don Figueroa on art, it detailed the coming of the Heralds of Unicron into the Armada dimension to secure the Mini-Con Matrix and kill all of Unicron's enemies. The arc introduced Jetfire and the concept of Powerlinking, as well as having a battle between Armada Megatron and G1 Galvatron, Unicron's chief Herald. The final issue, again drawn by Guidi, served as a bridge between the Armada and Energon series, detailing Unicron's defeat and Megatron's disappearance.
Transformers: Energon (2003–2004)
The story to Transformers: Energon picks up ten years after events in Armada. The Energon title was written by Simon Furman and drawn by Guido Guidi and Joe Ng. The first issue was #19 since Armada was not cancelled but rather retitled. The series was discontinued at issue #30 due to Dreamwave's bankruptcy.
Launched in December 2003 Energon would retain the numbering system from Armada, as well as the creative team of Furman and Guidi. Issue 19 would pick up where Armada left off, reintroducing the main cast – as well as Unicron and the new threat of the Terrorcons. Issues 20–23 (drawn by Guidi and Joe Ng) saw the introduction of Unicron's Four Horsemen and most of the relevant cast (Prime, Hot Shot, etc.) receiving their Energon Powerlinking bodies, as well as establishing that Megatron's Spark was trapped within Unicron. It also saw the Terrorcons journey to Earth and saw the return of the principal human cast, as well as the introduction of Kicker. Issue #24, drawn by James Raiz, focused on the past relationship between Ironhide and Tidal Wave. Issue #25, again drawn by Ng, introduced the Omnicons and Snow Cat. Issues 26–29, drawn by Alex Milne, saw a full-scale Terrorcon attack on Earth, Prime aiding Megatron's rebirth and Starscream's return in his Energon form. Issue 30 saw a confrontation between Megatron and Scorponok—but the bankruptcy of Dreamwave prevented this story from being finished.
Transformers Armada: More Than Meets the Eye
In 2004 Dreamwave released a three-issue version of the More Than Meets The Eye series featuring all the Transformers: Armada characters released as toys in the United States. Written by Brad Mick aka James McDonough and Adam Patyk with art by many Dreamwave artists (including the interlocking covers by Joe Ng), the layout was similar to the Transformers: More Than Meets the Eye mini-series released in 2003, and included separate character bios for the Minicons as well as for the other Transformers.
The first pages of issue one and the last pages of issue three feature a mini-comic of the human character Alexis studying the history of the Transformers. The comic was set sometime between the events of the Transformers: Armada and Transformers: Energon Dreamwave comics.
Before Dreamwave's bankruptcy, an Energon edition of More Than Meets The Eye was also planned but not released.
Transformers/G.I. Joe
Dreamwave Productions and Devil's Due, owner of the G.I. Joe license, each produced their own six-issue mini-series and with separate continuities. Dreamwave's approach, rather than follow the previous efforts of Marvel Comics, had the story set in an alternate continuity, and was written by John Ney Rieber and drawn by Jae Lee. Here, Cobra had discovered and awakened the Decepticons, reformatting their vehicle modes into 1940s era war vehicles and weapons. The two evil forces conquered much of Europe in an alternative version of World War II. G.I. Joe, here a group of American infantry men, find the Autobots who aid them in stopping both Cobra and the Decepticons. Since Dreamwave's demise, the mini-series has been reprinted in trade paperback form by IDW Publishing.
Transformers/G.I. Joe: Divided Front
A second volume, Divided Front, was produced. It was written by the writing team of James McDonough and Adam Patyk (who also worked to develop the story treatment for the first volume) and drawn by Pat Lee. Despite strong initial sales of over 44 thousand copies and positive reviews stating the series "exceeded expectations," Dreamwave released only one issue before their financial troubles put a halt to their operations. The story followed Transformers/G.I. Joe, but took place 40 years later in 1985, and was intended to have explained the connection to the first volume's story.
Transformers Summer Special
The Transformers Summer Special was a one-shot produced in the summer of 2004 that featured stories from Generation 1, Energon, Robots in Disguise, and Beast Wars. The latter two were put to a vote by fans, and the winner (Beast Wars) was to be the next Transformers comic series (see Beast Wars (Unreleased) and Beast Wars (IDW Publishing) Background for more information). The Summer Special was to be an annual mini-series, but due to Dreamwave's bankruptcy only one issue was published.
The Generation 1 segment, written by the main G1 creative team of Brad Mick aka James McDonough and Adam Patyk and drawn by Pat Lee and Joe Ng, focused on Megatron and the Predacons. The Predacons were once warlords on Cybertron who were cast into exile in space. Settling on Planet Beest, (a homage to the Battle Beasts toy line), the Predacons sank into a feral state, and lived as inhabitants of that world for untold years, until Megatron arrived. Having been jettisoned into space by Starscream and restored from the brink of death by Wreck-Gar, Megatron now had his sights set on reclaiming the Decepticon leadership, and required the Predacons to bolster his army. Abandoning his personal weaponry, Megatron pursued Razorclaw through the jungle and soundly defeated him in hand-to-hand combat. Subsequently, he re-engineered the Predacons to give them the ability to combine into Predaking. This would later impact the ongoing Generation 1 comic when Megatron brought them to Cybertron to help defeat Shockwave and later to Earth.
There were three other stories, including a Transformers: Energon tale written by Simon Furman and drawn by James Raiz. The tale focused on Slugslinger, Sharkticon and Snow Cat, who had been defeated in an assault by Omega Supreme, telling lies to Megatron in order to excuse their failure. Megatron eventually appoints Slugslinger as his lieutenant, as his lie was the most impressive.
The other two, both written by Brad Mick aka James McDonough and Adam Patyk, focused around Beast Wars and Transformers: Robots in Disguise. The RiD tale, drawn by Rob Ruffolo, focused on Scourge and Sky-Byte stealing a nuclear reactor, while Optimus Prime and Ultra Magnus learn the value of teamwork to stop them. The Beast Wars tale, drawn by Don Figueroa, focused on Rattrap reminiscing on a time when he was attacked by Dinobot 2, only to be saved by a trio of mysterious Maximals.
The Beast Within
The comic shows us a what if there is a Dinobot combiner and the comic can only obtained in Transformers G1 DVDs set split into two comics
Beast Wars (unreleased)
In the Summer Special, a competition was run to choose whether the next Dreamwave Transformers series would be Beast Wars or Transformers: Robots in Disguise. Beast Wars won, and the Generation One team of writers James McDonough and Adam Patyk and artist Don Figueroa were slated as the creative team. However, Dreamwave's bankruptcy would mean that no issues were ever published, although images and issue synopses have appeared on the Internet. After McDonough and Patyk left Dreamwave due to the company's non-payment, writer Simon Furman was added to the series with Figueroa. They would eventually become the creative team on IDW Publishing's Beast Wars series.
IDW Publishing
After Dreamwave's collapse in the winter of 2004, Hasbro awarded the Transformers comic license to IDW Publishing the following spring with plans to relaunch the property. Two miniseries were initially planned: one featuring the Generation One characters and the other focusing on the Beast Wars. The success of these has led to several other projects as listed below. Long-time Transformers writer Simon Furman was brought aboard and given the creative reigns over both series, as well as their spin-offs. He took the opportunity to reboot the Generation One universe, going in a new direction from any previous incarnation, though retaining key elements such as character personalities and paint schemes. By the end of 2022, IDW lost the publishing rights to Transformers.
Generation One
The Transformers: Infiltration
The Transformers: Infiltration premiered in October 2005 with issue #0 and properly launched with issue #1 in January 2006. Simon Furman wrote and E. J. Su penciled a new six-issue re-imagining of the Transformers arriving on Earth. The story concluded in July to be continued by The Transformers: Escalation (see below). A trade paperback of Infiltration has since been released, as well as a pocket sized Manga edition.
A recent press release indicated that The Transformers: Infiltration #0 set a record in the five-year history of IDW Publishing, surpassing over 100,000 copies in initial pre-orders.
The Transformers: Stormbringer
Stormbringer debuted in July 2006 and is set during the same time frame as Infiltration as in the first issue, Optimus Prime receives Ironhide's message from Infiltration. The setting is far from Earth, and the Transformers are scattered across the universe since Cybertron had been made uninhabitable by war. The series' main villain is Thunderwing, and key protagonists include Jetfire and the Technobots. The mini-series was promoted with the tagline "No Humans on Cybertron!", referring to many fans' discontent over the human cast of Infiltration. The four-issue series was written by Simon Furman and drawn by Don Figueroa. The two had previously collaborated on several projects for Dreamwave, as well as IDW's own Beast Wars: The Gathering.
The first issue of Stormbringer contains the number 7 on the UPC, continuing from Infiltration numbering, meaning that despite being sold as mini-series, the G1 comics by Furman are essentially being considered by IDW as a single comic series. This also is continued in Escalation which starts at #10 on the UPC.
The Transformers: Spotlight
The Spotlight series is also set in IDW's new Generation One universe and consists of one-shots focusing on characters who have not yet appeared in IDW's main series. However, their tales will have repercussions on the main story, setting up future events or explaining the history behind events already seen. All issues have so far been written by Simon Furman, except for the issue for Kup which was written by artist Nick Roche. Released Spotlights have included Shockwave, Nightbeat, Hot Rod, Sixshot, Ultra Magnus, Soundwave, Kup, Galvatron, Optimus Prime, Ramjet, Blaster, Arcee, Mirage, Grimlock, and Wheelie; four more Spotlight issues are part of the Revelation mini-series and include Cyclonus, Hardhead, Doubledealer, and Sideswipe.
The Transformers: Escalation
The sequel series to Infiltration. Escalation (again written by Furman and drawn by Su) focuses on the Machination, an organization dedicated to capturing Transformer technology, and on Optimus Prime attempting to stop Megatron's attempts to bring about a war which will decimate humanity. The story began in November 2006 and concluded in April 2007, with Megatron's plans stalled and Sunstreaker captured by the Machination. The story will be followed by The Transformers: Devastation (see below).
The Transformers: Megatron Origin
This 4-issue mini-series, written by Eric Holmes and drawn by Alex Milne, was published in the gap between Escalation and Devastation. Serving as a prequel story to the current IDW Generation One universe Megatron Origin detail the rise of Megatron to power, the origin of the Decepticons and the beginning of the civil war on Cybertron. The series was due to begin in May, with alternative covers by Milne and Marcelo Matere, but began in June due to artist Alex Milne's illness.
The Transformers: Devastation
Devastation picked up where Escalation left off. It is another six-issue miniseries. Issue 1 of Devastation was released on October 3, 2007, and was published monthly through March 2008. A follow-up titled The Transformers: Revelation was also released as part of the Spotlight series (see above).
Transformers: Lost Light
Other series
In addition to their main Generation 1 continuity, IDW has also created a variety of material based on the various Transformers universes, both the original animated series as well as original material and the 2007 live-action movie.
Beast Wars
Beast Wars: The Gathering was released in 2006 as a four-issue series written by the Stormbringer team of Furman and Figueroa. The series takes place after season 2 of the Beast Wars animated series and features characters that had toys produced but were not featured in the cartoon. The trade paperback was released in August 2006. A second series called The Ascending was released in August 2007, with a 3-issue bi-monthly series of More Than Meets The Eye-style profile books titled Beast Wars: Sourcebook released in August. The continuity is separate from the new IDW Generation One universe, and is set in-continuity with the original show.
The Transformers: Generations
Generations is a series that reprints key or best-of issues from the Marvel series but with new cover art. Issues containing Marvel characters (such as the original issue #3, which featured Spider-Man) could not be reprinted for this series. Also, using any Dreamwave material is not possible at this time due to legal ramifications from their bankruptcy. After issue #12 was released in March 2007, the series began to reprint the Marvel UK arc Target: 2006 in condensed form, beginning in April, although the Target: 2006 reprints do not feature the Generations title on the cover. Following this there will be a Best of UK series focusing on the Dinobots.
The Transformers: Evolutions
Evolutions is a title that features stand-alone, out-of-continuity tales from rotating creative teams. Chuck Dixon wrote the first four-part series Hearts of Steel, revolving around steam-powered Transformers on Earth in the 19th Century, with art by former Dreamwave artist Guido Guidi. It premiered in July 2006. At its conclusion, the publishers warned that they needed to be conservative with alternate-reality stories, because both they and Hasbro did not want to make things too confusing before the 2007 movie was released. For this reason, the series is on hold until after the movie premieres, but a trade paperback has been released.
Transformers: The Animated Movie
Transformers: The Animated Movie is a four-issue comic book adaptation of the classic 1986 Transformers movie in correspondence with the 20th anniversary of the film's release. The first issue was released in October 2006 and the run coincided with the release of the Sony/BMG 20th Anniversary The Transformers: The Movie Special Edition DVD, released on November 7, 2006. The adaptation was written by former Marvel Transformers writer Bob Budiansky and illustrated by Don Figueroa. The series included scenes and characters in the comic that did not make it into the movie.
Live-action film seriesTransformers is a comic book series by IDW Publishing, based upon the live-action film series.
Transformers: Cybertron – Balancing Act
Balancing Act, released by IDW in April 2007, is a collection of stories from the Hasbro Collector's Club Magazine that were published from 2005 to 2006. The stories were written by Forrest Lee and illustrated by Dan Khanna.
The Transformers Magazine
IDW also published a bimonthly Transformers Magazine. It features strips from the original Marvel US The Transformers series, Dreamwave's Transformers: Armada comic and IDW's own The Transformers: Stormbringer series. Spotlight artist Robby Musso provides original covers. The first issue came due out in June 2007.
Transformers: Regeneration One
From July 2012 to March 2014, IDW published the series Transformers: Regeneration One. It continued the Marvel Comics canceled Transformers series picking up after the final issue (#80) which was published in July 1991. 21 years later, the series (now under IDW) resumed, and featured the same artists and writer from the final issues of the original Marvel series: Simon Furman, Andrew Wildman, and Stephen Baskerville. The series was revived for the sole purpose of tying up loose ends and ended with #100 where the cover read "#100 in a four issue limited series". In January 2013, IDW began reprinting the series as a 4 volume trade paperback series.
Star Trek vs. Transformers
Transformers/Ghostbusters
Transformers/Back to the Future
Transformers vs. The Terminator
Other publishers
There have been some promotional comics by various small publishers, often lacking a cohesive fictional universe.
3H Enterprises
The previous official Transformers convention had comics printed as merchandise. The comics included Tales from the Beast Wars (2 issues), Transformers: The Wreckers (3 issues) and Transformers: Universe (3 issues).
Benchpress Comics
In spring 1999, new publisher Benchpress Comics announced they acquired the rights to produce new G.I. Joe and Transformers comics. The plan was to release two Transformers monthly series, one would feature the Generation 1 cast of characters and a second title would focus on Beast Wars. Benchpress went bankrupt before a single issue was published.
Blackthorne Publishing
In 1987, Blackthorne Publishing released The Transformers in 3-D, a comic book series that ran separately from the Marvel Transformers comic book series. The series had three issues, with 28 pages per issue. The comic was not widely distributed, affording the collection to be a rare item. The series is set in the post-The Transformers: The Movie era, featuring characters like Galvatron and Ultra Magnus. Other characters include Optimus Prime, Ironhide, Cosmos, Cyclonus, Razorclaw, Ratbat, Scorponok, Octane and the Quintessons. It also introduced a faction known as the Destructons''', who later reappeared in BotCon fiction. Another Blackthorne Publishing Transformers product was a four issue "How to Draw Transformers" series which gave tips and methods to illustrating the characters.
Devil's Due Publishing
Devil's Due Publishing experienced success with their revived G.I Joe series under license by Hasbro. Both companies produced their own six-issue mini-series detailing a crossover between the two with permission from Hasbro, but Dreamwave had the exclusive license to produce Transformers comics, while Devil's Due had the exclusive license to G.I. Joe; hence the two different miniseries from both companies with two different ideas behind each company's respective franchise. A second series followed in late 2004, followed by a third in 2005, and a fourth in 2006.
G.I. Joe vs. the Transformers
The Devil's Due story, written by company president Josh Blaylock and illustrated by Mike S. Miller, takes place in an alternate present day where Cobra has uncovered the Ark. Cobra removes the deactivated Transformers found inside, adapting them into Cobra assault vehicles. G.I. Joe is formed to stop Cobra and receives unexpected help from Wheeljack and Bumblebee. When the Transformers eventually break free, G.I Joe are forced to battle the Autobots, Decepticons and Cobra in order to stop a malfunctioning satellite weapons system and prevent the detonation of a nuclear device reacting with Energon.
G.I. Joe vs. the Transformers 2
The second four-issue mini-series was written by Dan Jolley and drawn by Tim Seeley and E. J. Su. Cobra was shattered in the first series, but Cobra Commander survived and recruited Destro to help steal Teletran-3. An accident occurs, causing several Joes and Cobra members to be transported to Cybertron. The accident pulls several Transformers to Earth, as well as scattering the characters throughout time. The Joes and Cobra travel into the past and future to retrieve the missing Autobots and Decepticons before the Earth is destroyed.
G.I. Joe vs. the Transformers 3: The Art of War
A five-issue series written by Seeley and drawn by Joe Ng (with help from James Raiz and Alex Milne). Parts from Megatron have been used to create a re-imagined version of the classic G.I Joe villain Serpentor. Freed by a Cobra raid, Serpentor travels to Cybertron and gathers a massive Decepticon army to seize the Autobot Matrix of Leadership. Cybertron hangs in the balance, causing a disparate group of Joes and Autobots to unite to stop Serpentor.
G.I. Joe vs the Transformers 4: Black Horizon
A two-part series (written by Seeley and drawn by Andrew Wildman) connecting from the end of "The Art of War". Hawk, now resigned from G.I. Joe, has teamed up with a group of Autobots under Prowl to stop the spread of Cybertronian technology on Earth. They are unaware that a bigger threat looms, an alliance of Cobra-La and Unicron. The series consists of two double-sized issues.
According to writer Seeley, the plot of Black Horizon is the one he initially wanted to use for The Art of War, but was turned down by Hasbro, leading to the use of a re-imagined Serpentor instead. The series' format was also changed from four regular issues to two double-sized issues, as Hasbro wanted to avoid competition with the 2007 Movie tie-in comics.See also Devil's Due's G.I. Joe vs. Transformers section in G.I. Joe (comics).Panini Comics
Panini Comics published a Transformers: Armada comic in the United Kingdom in 2003, aiming at younger readers. The series lasted nine issues. It was written by Simon Furman. The comics included backing stories called "Tales of the Mini-Cons" which spotlighted those particular characters.
Titan Magazines
To coincide with the release of the 2007 movie, Titan Magazines produced a new UK monthly title called Transformers. The first issue went on sale on July 27, 2007. The book contains a ten-page original lead strip, and reprints six or seven pages per issue of IDW's movie prequels and Beast Wars: The Gathering. It is edited by Steve White, who also worked for Marvel UK's Transformers title; the UK strips are written by Simon Furman. Artists have included Geoff Senior and Nick Roche, and are to include Andrew Wildman, Don Figueroa and Nick Roche, with Guido Guidi and Marcelo Matere confirmed on issues 5 and 6.TF UK Comic – New Details RevealedMySpace.com – Transformers Comic UK – 27 – Garçon – UK – www.myspace.com/transformerscomicuk
The UK original strips open each issue and tie into the continuity of the IDW prequel comic. Each one focuses on one character. The first two stories – Optimus Prime and Megatron – focused on Optimus sending the Allspark into space to keep it out of Megatron's hands. Megatron heads after it, following his interrogation of Bumblebee in the movie prequel, and Jazz, Ratchet and Ironhide attempt to stop him. He sends Devastator after them with a foldspace warhead, causing all four to be "lost in space".
Each issue comes with a free gift. #1 had dog tags with Autobot or Decepticon logos on them, #2 had removable tattoos, #3 had a keyring, which would be either the Autobots or Decepticons logo, and #4 had 4 badges.
Hasbro mini-comics
A mini-comic that was packaged with various series of toys, and printed in various languages. The comics told small side stories relating to the premise of the associated toyline and exist in their own continuities.
Optimus Primal/Megatron – "Beast Wars"
An eight-page mini-comic that was sold with the Optimus Primal/bat and Megatron/crocodile Beast Wars toys. The mini-comic establishes the Maximals and Predacons on present-day Earth, which contradicts the time-travel story later set by the Beast Wars television series and toy descriptions.
The mini-comic features appearances by Optimus Primal, Megatron, Cheetor, Razorbeast, Waspinator, and Tarantulas, but only Optimus and Megatron have speaking parts.
Transformers: Armada
A four-part series released throughout the Armada toy line. The series was produced by the same team that started on Dreamwave's Transformers: Armada'' comic, story by Chris Saccarini and illustrated by James Raiz. The first 2 volumes were printed in English, Spanish, and French.
Volume 1 features Optimus Prime, Megatron, Hot Shot, Jolt, Cyclonus and Crumplezone. Volume 2 introduces Scavenger and Rollbar vs. the Mini-Con Destruction Team and Starscream. The third volume features the Mini-Con Air Defense Team captured by Galvatron before being rescued by Optimus Prime and Jetfire. In the final volume, Optimus Prime, Overload and Roll Out face off against Galvatron who combines with Tidal Wave.
References
Sources
External links
IDW Transformers title - Current Transformers comic.
Transformers comics checklist
Transformers Archive – Features issue summaries and scans.
Transfans – Comic reviews and discussion.
Robert Jung's Transformers Comics Guide – A guide to the various Transformers comic book series. Includes issue summaries, annotations, and cross-references.
Target: 2006 – A guide to the two Marvel comics series. Includes The Transformers Chronology Project.
Steve's Transformers Fansite
Transformers @ The Moon – Largest Transformers toy gallery on the web and a huge Transformers resource, founded in 1999.
Transformers Comic at Titan Magazines
Marvel UK titles
Dreamwave Productions titles
IDW Publishing titles
Marvel Comics titles
Comics set on fictional planets | wiki |
George Bowyer had a hit single in the UK Singles Chart in 1998 with the song, "Guardians of the Land". The then 33-year-old agricultural insurance broker George Bowyer, hit the record stores with the backing of the pro-hunting pressure group, the Countryside Alliance.
The single made number 33 in August 1998.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | wiki |
An API well number or API number is a "unique, permanent, numeric identifier" assigned to each
well drilled for oil and gas in the United States. The API number is one of many industry standards established by the American Petroleum Institute. Custody of the API Number standard was transferred in 2010 to the PPDM Association.
Well names
Oil and gas wells have a name which normally consists of three parts: an operator name, a well number, and a lease name. All three parts of the name are subject to change, especially in the case of a producing well. When an oil or gas field is sold, the operator name will change. If a field is unitized for enhanced oil recovery, the well number and lease name will change. Almost three million wells have been drilled for oil and gas in the United States.
History
API well numbers grew out of an internal numbering scheme developed by Petroleum Information for its WHCS (Well History Control System) product. WHCS was first offered to the oil and gas industry at the 1956 annual meeting of the AAPG in Los Angeles. Several companies agreed to underwrite the WHCS project, and the first files were delivered in 1962.
The API Subcommittee on Well Data Retrieval Systems was formed in 1962 to standardize well identification numbers. The first recommendations of the subcommittee were published in 1966 as Appendix A of API Bulletin D12 (Well Data Glossary). In April 1968, API published Bulletin D12A, which dealt solely with well numbering systems. This publication was modified slightly in December 1970 and January 1979, and the 1979 edition (reissued in 1982 and 1985) is the most current version. In 1995, the Subcommittee drafted some modifications to the API numbering scheme, but the group was disbanded before the recommendations were published. The 1979 standards are still in effect, but the publication is no longer available from API. In 2013, the PPDM Association issued an updated standard for the API Number (now called the US Well Number) which includes a requirement to identify all wellbores within each well. The 1979 standard and the 2013 standard, along with supporting materials, are available at PPDM Association's website for well identification.
One of the Subcommittee's original recommendations was that the unique numbers should be assigned by regulatory agencies as part of the oil and gas well permitting process. In general, Petroleum Information assigned API well numbers before January 1, 1967. After that date, most of the numbers were assigned by the appropriate regulatory bodies.
Example number
An API well number can have up to 14 digits divided by dashes as follows:
Example: 42-501-20130-03-00
The "42" means that this well is located in "State Code" 42 which is Texas. The "501" means that this well is located in "County Code" 501 which is Yoakum County. The "20130" is a "Unique Well Identifier" within the county. The "03" is the "Directional Sidetrack Code" for wells that have been sidetracked. The "00" is the "Event Sequence Code" to indicate how many operations have taken place.
Most public databases that use API numbers are maintained by the individual oil and gas commissions, Therefore, they only require the "County Code" and "Unique Well Identifier."
State code
The first two digits (42 in the example above) of the API number represent the state where the surface location of the well is located. The state codes are based on standard state codes proposed by IBM in 1952 for accounting applications. The states are numbered from 01 (Alabama) to 49 (Wyoming), with the District of Columbia being number 08. After this scheme was devised, Alaska (50) and Hawaii (51) joined the United States. Numbers 52 to 54 are reserved for future states, including perhaps Puerto Rico.
There are additional "State Codes" that are reserved for "pseudo-states." The pseudo-state numeric codes for offshore federal waters are Alaska Offshore (55), Pacific Coast Offshore (56), Northern Gulf of Mexico (60), and Atlantic Coast Offshore (61).
The state codes used in an API number are different from another standard which is the Federal Information Processing Standard state code established in 1987 by NIST.
County code
The third through fifth digits (501 in the example above) of the API number represent the county where the surface location of the well is located. The "pseudo-states" like Atlantic Coast Offshore have "pseudo-counties."
The "County Codes" are normally odd numbers. Delaware has the fewest counties (3) of any state, so its "County Codes" are Kent County (07-001), New Castle County (07-003), and Sussex County (07-005). Texas has the most counties of any state (254), so the "County Codes" range from Anderson County (42-001) to Zavala County (42-507).
The odd numbers were chosen for "County Codes" to allow expansion of the database. New counties were added in Arizona and New Mexico, and these were assigned even numbers. These include La Paz County, Arizona (02-012), Cibola County, New Mexico (30-006), and Los Alamos County, New Mexico (30-028).
Kern County, California has a well population that has exceeded the digits available for the "Unique Well Identifier" so 029 is used for the first 99,999 wells, and 030 is used for any additional wells . A list of counties and a downloadable Excel list that includes counties and "pseudo counties" is available from SPWLA.
Unique well identifier
The sixth through tenth digits (20130 in the example above) of the API number is a unique number within the county where the well was drilled. In states with very few wells, the unique number may be based on the permit number, and may be unique within the state rather than the county. This is an unusual situation.
There are four types of unique well identifiers, and these are called historical, current, reserved, and exempt.
Historical API numbers were assigned by Petroleum Information or other service companies and cooperative groups. In most states, wells drilled before 1967 have historical numbers. These numbers range in value from 00001 to 20000, so 42-501-05095 would be a typical historical number.
Current API numbers are assigned by regulatory agencies, usually the oil and gas commission for the state where the well was drilled. These numbers are assigned as part of the well permitting process, and they may be the same as the well permit number. Current numbers are numbered sequentially beginning from 20001-60000 with some exceptions. In the example above, 42-501-20130 is a current number.
Some states have deviated from this recommended system because of their own needs or previously established systems. Illinois and North Dakota have no break between their historical and current well numbers. Arkansas started its current numbers at 10001, while Texas started at 30001. Colorado, Michigan, and Utah have special numbering systems. The wells in the Federal waters of offshore Texas and Louisiana started at 40001.
Reserved API numbers were assigned by Petroleum Information to various wells drilled after 1967. These were for wells that for some reason were not assigned a number by the regulatory agency. If PI deemed the well deemed "information important," it received a number between 60001 and 95000.
There are eight types of wells that may have received a reserved number. These are stratigraphic or core tests, water supply wells, water disposal wells, water or gas injection wells, sulfur wells, underground storage wells, geothermal wells, or prospect tests.
Exempt numbers range in value from 95001 to 99999. These numbers are proprietary, and may not be assigned by any regulatory agency or data vendor like Petroleum Information. This allows the oil company to include information on any wells that are "information important" but confidential.
Directional sidetrack codes
The sidetrack code is the eleventh and twelfth digits (03 in the example above) of the API number. The original vertical well is normally 00. The first directional sidetrack would then be 01. In some states, the regulatory agency assigns the sidetrack codes, while other regulatory agencies do not. This means that the sidetrack code is useful in some places, but not used in others.
Event sequence code
The thirteenth and fourteenth digits (00 in the example above) are to distinguish between separate operations in a single bore hole. In 1995, the API Subcommittee on Well Data Retrieval Systems proposed adding the event sequence code to deal with re-entries, recompletions, and hole deepenings. However, because of industry conditions (low oil prices), the subcommittee was disbanded before the recommendations were published and adopted by API
IHS Energy , the successor to Petroleum Information, adopted these unpublished recommendations in January 1999. Data in the WHCS well completion and the Active well database have this event sequence code. However, this event sequence code is assigned by IHS Energy, and is not found in most oil and gas databases.
Sources for API numbers
There are primary and secondary sources for API numbers. Petroleum Information (now IHS Energy) assigned API numbers for most wells drilled before January 1, 1967. After that date, most numbers were assigned by the various state oil and gas regulatory bodies. The state commissions are therefore the primary, authoritative source for API numbers. However, API numbers can be purchased (along with other well information) from IHS.
Most oil and gas commissions make API numbers (and well header data) available on-line and free of charge. The ability to download the data varies from state to state. Below is a list of the 50 states, along with their state code, and the name and internet address of their oil and gas regulatory agency where available. This list is partially based on information available from the Railroad Commission of Texas.
IHS is now a secondary source for API numbers for most states, since they do not have assigning authority. Other secondary sources include commercial vendors of oil and gas data. API numbers are also used in many private corporate databases.
References
External links
official PPDM web site
PPDM and What is a Well?
Standards and other resources for well identification
Offshore Well Information Page (including the API Lookup query) at the BOEM Data Center website
Well number
Standards of the United States
Oil wells | wiki |
A diamante poem, or diamond poem, is a style of poetry that is made up of seven lines. The text forms the shape of a diamond (◊). The form was developed by Iris Tiedt in A New Poetry Form: The Diamante (1969).
Description
A diamante poem is a poem that makes the shape of a diamond. The poem can be used in two ways, either comparing and contrasting two different subjects, or naming synonyms at the beginning of the poem and then antonyms for the second half for a subject.
In the poems, the subject is named in one word in the first line. The second line consists of two adjectives describing the subject, and the third line contains three verbs ending in the suffix ing which are related to the subject. A fourth line then has four nouns, again related to the subject, but only the first two words are related to the first subject. The other two words describe the opposite subject. The lines then are put in reverse, leading to and relating to either a second subject or a synonym for the first. Here is the order:
'''Noun
Adjective-Adjective
Verb-Verb-Verb
Noun-Noun-Noun-Noun
Verb-Verb-Verb
Adjective-Adjective
Noun
Other forms or structure may also tend to have the middle line provide a phrase or description to the first line and seventh line:
Line 1: Beginning subject
Line 2: Two describing words about line 1
Line 3: Three doing words about line 1 ending with ing
Line 4: A short phrase about line 1, A short phrase about line 7
Line 5: Three doing words about line 7
Line 6: Two describing words about line 7
Line 7: End subject
References
Graphic poetry | wiki |
The Family Corleone is a 2012 novel by Ed Falco, based on an unproduced screenplay by Mario Puzo, who died in 1999. It is the prequel to Puzo's The Godfather. It was published by Grand Central Publishing and released May 8, 2012. It is the fifth and final book published in The Godfather novel series but, being a prequel, it is chronologically set first.
The novel, set in the Great Depression at the end of Prohibition, tells of how Vito Corleone consolidated his power to become the most powerful Don in New York City. Also, it tells of Sonny Corleone's inauguration into the family business and Tom Hagen's graduation from being an adopted member of the Corleone family before becoming the consigliere. The novel also reveals how Luca Brasi first became associated with the Corleones, and introduces a number of new characters, including the crime boss Giuseppe Mariposa.
Plot
In 1933 New York City, 17-year-old Sonny Corleone is aware that his father Vito Corleone's olive oil business is a cover for his Mafia activities. With Prohibition ending, and tensions between the organized crime groups in the city rising, the impulsive Sonny wishes to join his father's criminal empire.
Reception
Reception for the novel was mixed to positive, with George De Stefano in New York Journal of Books arguing that "Ed Falco deftly pulls off a feat of literary necromancy, bringing back to life one of the most iconic figures in American popular culture: Don Vito Corleone." The Washington Posts Patrick Anderson wrote, "Falco has captured Puzo's rich prose style and eye for detail. If you want to read another installment of the Corleone story, The Family Corleone is a solid piece of work." Kirkus Reviews gave it a positive review, calling it: "A worthy addition to the lurid world of the Five Families."
Film adaptation
The estate of Puzo had sought to keep Paramount Pictures from producing a feature film based on the novel. The case was resolved with Paramount gaining the rights to make more Godfather films.
Audiobook
An audiobook of The Family Corleone read by Bobby Cannavale was produced by Hachette Audio.
References
2012 American novels
Novels set in the 1930s
Prequel novels
The Godfather novels
Fiction set in 1933
Novels set in New York City
Grand Central Publishing books | wiki |
Mixibius is a genus of water bear or moss piglet, a tardigrade in the class Eutardigrada.
Species
Mixibius fueginus Pilato and Binda, 1996
Mixibius ninguidus Biserov, 1999
Mixibius ornatus Pilato, Binda, Napolitano and Moncada, 2002
Mixibius saracenus (Pilato, 1973)
Mixibius sutirae Pilato, Binda and Lisi, 2004
References
External links
Parachaela
Tardigrade genera
Polyextremophiles | wiki |
Little Forest is a Japanese manga series.
Little Forest may also refer to:
Entertainment
Little Forest (film), is a 2018 South Korean drama film
Little Forest (TV series), is a 2019 South Korean TV series
Animal
Little forest bat, is a species of vesper bat
Place
Little Forest Hills, Dallas, is a neighborhood in east Dallas, Texas (USA)
Little Forest Park, an undeveloped park located in the Washington, D.C. (USA) | wiki |
F lead may refer to:
F lead (pencil), a classification of pencil
F connector, used for satellite television | wiki |
A bounce address is an email address to which bounce messages are delivered. There are many variants of the name, none of them used universally, including return path, reverse path, envelope from, envelope sender, MAIL FROM, 5321-FROM, return address, From_, Errors-to, etc. It is not uncommon for a single document to use several of these names.
All of these names refer to the email address provided with the MAIL FROM command during the SMTP session.
Background information
Ordinarily, the bounce address is not seen by email users and, without standardization of the name, it may cause confusion.
If an email message is thought of as resembling a traditional paper letter in an envelope, then the "header fields", such as To:, From:, and Subject:, along with the body of the message are analogous to the letterhead and body of a letter - and are normally all presented and visible to the user. However, the envelope in this analogy is the contents of the MAIL FROM and RCPT TO fields from the SMTP session - and neither of these is normally visible to the user.
While it is most common for the To: and From: information in the letter to be the same as the "envelope" values, such is not always the case. For example, on electronic mailing lists, the information seen in the "From:" header will come from the person who sent the email to the list, while the bounce address will be set to that of the mailing list software, so problems delivering the mailing list messages can be handled correctly.
Only the envelope information is looked at to resolve where the email should go; the body of the email is not examined. Mail Transfer Agents (MTA) using the SMTP protocol use the RCPT TO command to determine where the email should go, and the MAIL FROM command to indicate where it came from.
Usage
While its original usage was to provide information about how to return bounce messages, since the late 1990s, other uses have come about. These typically take advantage of properties of the bounce address, such as:
It is given early in the SMTP session, so a message can be rejected without receiving its body.
It is typically not seen by users so it can be altered to include additional information without confusing them.
It is a required part of Mail Transfer Agent software, so it is easy for other programs to use. In contrast, the "from" address in the body of the mail can be on several different headers (e.g. the From:, Sender:, Resent-from:, etc.) or be missing entirely.
Extended uses include mailing list handling in Variable envelope return path (VERP), email authentication via SPF, spam filtering, and backscatter reduction in Bounce Address Tag Validation.
Terminology
The various terms have different origins and sometimes different meanings, although these differences have often become moot on the modern internet.
bounce address - When an email can not be delivered, the MTA will create a bounce message and send it to the address given by the MAIL FROM command. Used in RFC 4406.
return path - When the email is put in the recipient's email box, a new mail header is created with the name "Return-Path:" containing the address on the MAIL FROM command. Earlier forms of email (such as UUCP) would require information about each "hop" along the path that the email traveled to reach the destination, hence the "path" part of the name. Used in RFC 2821, RFC 3834, RFC 4409.
reverse path - the argument of the SMTP MAIL FROM command, whose content is supposed to consist of the envelope sender address. Used in RFC 5321, RFC 3464, RFC 3834, Internet Mail Architecture.
envelope from - information that the SMTP protocol uses analogous to the envelope of a letter. Used in RFC 5230, RFC 5233.
envelope sender address - the mailbox address in a non-empty reverse path excluding any (deprecated) reverse routing info. Used in RFC 2821, RFC 3461, RFC 3464, RFC 3798, RFC 5228.
envelope return address - similar to envelope sender address, used in RFC 3461, RFC 3464, RFC 3834, RFC 4952.
MAIL FROM - This variation comes directly from the SMTP MAIL FROM command name. Used in RFC 5321, RFC 3464, RFC 3834, RFC 4408, RFC 4409, RFC 4952.
2821-FROM - Until October, 2008, SMTP was defined in RFC 2821, while the body of the email was defined in RFC 2822. The term "2821-FROM" makes it clear that the address referred to is the MAIL FROM information, while "2822-From:" refers to the address in the "From:" header seen by end users. Used in RFC 5598.
5321-FROM - Evolution of 2821-FROM as from October, 2008, SMTP has been defined in RFC 5321.
return address - Another term that comes from the letter analogy for email. used in RFC 5321, RFC 3834.
From_ - When an email gets delivered to the user's email box, one file format that may be used is the mbox format. In this format, the email address from the MAIL FROM command was placed on a line beginning with "From" followed by a single space, the "From_" term uses an underscore to represent the space to distinguish it from the "From:" mail header. In this mailbox format, lines in the actual email that begin with a "From " have to be escaped and changed into lines that begin with ">From ".
See also
Bounce message
Email forwarding
Variable envelope return path
Sender Rewriting Scheme
Email
Email authentication | wiki |
Marina Orlova may refer to:
Marina Orlova (actress) (born 1986), Russian actress
Marina Orlova (YouTuber) (born 1980), Russian internet celebrity with the show on YouTube, HotForWords
See also
Orlova (disambiguation) | wiki |
Many US television series are based, copied, or derived from television shows from other countries.
See also
List of television show franchises
Foreign shows
A
Television shows remade overseas | wiki |
Cork Cathedral refers to two cathedrals which are located in Cork, Ireland:
Cathedral of St Mary and St Anne, a Roman Catholic cathedral, often known locally as North Cathedral
Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral, a Church of Ireland cathedral, often known locally as South Cathedral | wiki |
Sideline(s) may refer to:
Extended side, the geometric line that contains the side of a polygon
Sidelines, the lines that mark the outer boundaries of a sports field
Sideline (app), a smartphone app
Sidelines (newspaper), the student newspaper of Middle Tennessee State University
Sideline, a side road in the concession road system of Upper and Lower Canada
Side Line, a 1987 album by Onyanko Club
"Sidelines", a 2022 song by Phoebe Bridgers
See also
Sideliners, an Australian comedy sport television chat show | wiki |
The caper is a perennial spiny shrub that bears rounded, fleshy leaves and big white to pinkish-white flowers, best known for the edible flower buds (capers).
Caper or Capers may also refer to:
Dance
A caper is a jump also known as a cabriole or capriole in ballet and dressage.
People with the name
Capers (name)
Flavius Caper, a 2nd-century Latin grammarian
Organizations
CAPER, the Center for Addiction, Personality and Emotion Research at the University of Maryland, College Park
CBU Capers, the athletic teams of Cape Breton University
Other uses
Capers (album), a 1981 album by saxophonist Steve Lacy
Capers (1937 film), a German film directed by Gustaf Gründgens
The Brooklyn Heist, also released as Capers, a 2008 film
Caper film, another term for a heist film
Caper Peak, located in Glacier National Park, Montana
Caper, a resident of Cape Breton Island
Caper, slang for a crime or mischievous act
Caper elimia (Elimia olivula), a species of gastropod
Caper spurge, Euphorbia lathyris, a plant whose seed pods look like capers
See also
Caper White (disambiguation) | wiki |
Haggis pakora is a Scottish snack food that combines traditional Scottish haggis ingredients with the spices, batter and preparation method of Indian and Pakistani pakoras. It has become a popular food in Indian and Pakistani restaurants in Scotland, and is also available in prepared form in supermarkets.
Origins
Haggis pakora has been described as a "highly improbable Indo-Caledonian alliance making use of the Scots' most potent culinary weapons: sheep pluck (heart, liver and lungs) and deep-fat frying." It has more fondly been called "an inspired example of Indo-Gael fusion". Haggis pakoras are just one of the many haggis fusion foods that have arisen in recent years. Others include haggis samosas, haggis spring rolls, haggis lasagna and haggis quesadillas. Often these use vegetarian haggis rather than the traditional haggis made from a sheep's stomach stuffed with the chopped up lung, heart and liver of the sheep mixed with oatmeal.
The dish appears to have been the creation of the Sikh community during a Scottish Mela held at the SEC in 1992–3, where, with collaboration with the Exec. Chef at the time Bill McMeekin, he was asked for ideas on how to combine Scottish produce and Indian culinary influences. During some practical experiments, it was found that haggis could be used in the same way as other pakora ingredients. Haggis pakoras have become popular appetizers in Indian restaurants in Scotland, where they appeal to what an English food writer (Felicity Cloake) sneeringly described as “the Scottish predilection for deep-frying anything that will stay still long enough to be dunked in batter”. In 2013, it was reported that a Greenock meat products company had launched prepared haggis pakoras. The product had won the Best Innovative Product prize at the BPEX Foodservice Awards 2013. The Scottish celebrity chef Tony Singh served haggis pakora at a pop-up restaurant during the 2015 Edinburgh Festival.
Preparation
The haggis is cooked in its skin in the normal way. The skin is discarded and the contents (meat, oats, etc.) broken up with a fork.
The mixture may be spiced with ginger, cumin seeds, coriander seeds, turmeric and garam masala.
A thick batter is made of gram flour, chili powder, cumin, salt, yogurt and lemon juice.
The meat is shaped into balls, coated with the batter and then deep fried in oil.
The pakora is fried for 3–4 minutes, and is ready when the batter is crisp and golden.
Haggis pakoras may be served with a dipping sauce made of chopped tomatoes, ketchup, cayenne, paprika, chili sauce, lemon juice and beef stock.
They may also be served with a creamy yogurt sauce.
Haggis pakoras may also be made from vegetarian haggis, and may be served with mango chutney in place of the dipping sauce.
Another variant places vegetarian haggis inside mushroom caps, which are then battered and fried as before.
Notes
See also
List of deep fried foods
List of Indian dishes
List of Pakistani dishes
References
Sources
Scottish cuisine
Deep fried foods
British snack foods
Pakora, haggis | wiki |
Yauna (Yahuna) is an extinct Tucanoan language of Colombia.
References
Languages of Colombia
Tucanoan languages
Extinct languages of South America | wiki |
Capercaillie may refer to:
Capercaillie, birds in the genus Tetrao
Western Capercaillie, often known just as "capercaillie"
Capercaillie (band), the Scottish folk band
Capercaillie, an album by the Scottish folk group | wiki |
Desmond Clarke (1942–2016) was an Irish author and professor of philosophy.
Des or Desmond Clarke may also refer to:
Desmond Clarke (writer) (1907–1979), Irish writer and librarian
Des Clarke (comedian) (born 1981), Scottish stand-up comedian, television and radio presenter
Des Clarke (Neighbours), a fictional character in the Australian soap opera Neighbours
See also
Desmond Clark (disambiguation) | wiki |
USA
Blue Jay (Kalifornia)
Blue Jay (Nyugat-Virginia)
Blue Jay (Ohio)
Blue Jay (Pennsylvania) | wiki |
La Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC, ), nota comunemente come Freddie Mac, è una government sponsored enterprise, impresa privata (ha lo status di public company) con sostegno governativo, statunitense.
L'azienda è specializzata nell'emissione di mutui ipotecari e nella loro rivendita sul mercato secondario.
Voci correlate
Fannie Mae
Collegamenti esterni
Aziende statunitensi di servizi finanziari | wiki |
Mother of the Bride is a 1993 American made-for-television drama film that stars Kristy McNichol, who also served as producer of the movie and was directed by Charles Correll Jr. It premiered on CBS on February 27, 1993 and was released on DVD in 2006. It was preceded by Children of the Bride (1990) and Baby of the Bride (1991).
Cast
Rue McClanahan - Margret Becker-Hix
Kristy McNichol - Mary
Brett Cullen - Dennis Becker
Anne Bobby - Anne
Conor O'Farrell - Andrew Becker
Ted Shackelford - John Hix
Greg Kean - Nick
Paul Dooley - Richard Becker
Beverley Mitchell - Jersey
Casey Wallace - Amy
Nan Martin - Beatrice
References
External links
1993 television films
1993 films
1993 drama films
Television sequel films
CBS network films
1990s English-language films
American drama television films
Films directed by Charles Correll
1990s American films | wiki |
The following bridges are named the Third Avenue Bridge:
Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)
Third Avenue Bridge (Minneapolis)
Third Avenue Bridge (Fort Lauderdale) | wiki |
Chelsea Jeanette Wilson (n. 19 de junio de 1987) es una actriz estadounidense.
Biografía
Chelsea interpretó a Parker McKenzie en Lizzie McGuire. Tiene los ojos azules y el pelo castaño.
Nació en Sacramento, California, Estados Unidos.
Enlaces externos
Chelsea Wilson en IMDb
Entrevista a Chelsea Wilson (en inglés)
Actores de televisión de Estados Unidos
Nacidos en Sacramento | wiki |
Coal candy or Candy coal is a confectionery in the United States, Canada, Spain and Italy associated with the Christmas holiday and the tradition of giving lumps of coal instead of presents in the Christmas stockings of naughty children. In Japan it is known as "kaitan'ame" (塊炭飴).
Coal executives were treated to candy coal in the 19th century at lavish dinners. In the 1970s it was reported that lobbyists for the coal industry passed out coal candy to Congressmen.
Kranz's Candies sold coal candy made out of licorice in Chicago during the early 20th century.
A version of coal candy once known as Black Diamonds is produced in the mining town of Pottsville, Pennsylvania by Mootz Candies. The candy was invented by Catherine Mootz in the 1950s and is anise flavored. Black in color and oily, they are made in irregular chunks and packaged in miniature buckets with a small hammer.
They can be made of licorice.
See also
Rock candy
References
Candy | wiki |
A run-off area is an area on a motorsport race track used for racer safety. Run-off areas are usually located along a road racing circuit where racers are most likely to unintentionally depart from the prescribed course. There are different types of run off areas, like gravel trap, AstroTurf, and tarmac. Run-off areas are an alternative to catch fences.
Definition
In motorsports racing, there is a concept called the racing line. This is defined in lay terms as the optimal path around a race course that will allow the racer to complete a lap in the least possible time with the highest possible average speed. The racing line is a function of the track's layout and the combination of a particular type of racing vehicle's (such as a car versus a motorcycle) capabilities, and the physics of motor racing.
Because the physics involved in a motorsports event generally propel the racing vehicles along a certain path, and since the racers tend to work with the forces acting on the vehicle and make course changes while not suddenly confronting the forces in play on the vehicle, their locations at certain points along the track can be predicted and their course of travel extrapolated. As a result, in areas where a vehicle is more likely to depart the course (i.e., around the outside of a corner as opposed to alongside a straight-away), course designers will place a run-off area.
Design
Race tracks have evolved over the years, as have motorsports in general, and through the concerted efforts of certain racers and supporting organizations, safety has become a top priority amongst race organizing constituents such as sanctioning leagues, sponsors, tracks, and team owners. Prior to safety being brought to the forefront of the racing world's consciousness, it was often an afterthought and many racers were injured or lost their lives due to accidents that were preventable. One such example is when World Champion motorcycle racer Wayne Rainey crashed in the accident that would eventually leave him paralyzed from the chest down. In that particular accident he rode slightly too aggressively into a turn and crashed. As he slid into the run-off area's gravel trap, he suffered a broken back. In that particular case the gravel trap had been raked in an effort to more quickly dissipate the kinetic energy of off-course cars. The change was unfortunately left in place for the motorcycle race in which Rainey suffered his back injury.
Another example is the introduction of the air fence. The air fence performs similarly to the air bag in a commercial passenger vehicle, except that rather than inflating upon impact, it is pre-inflated. By acting as a soft, energy-absorbing barrier, air fences can be placed over hard obstacles around tracks that racers might encounter in the course of an accident. With an air fence in place, the racer has a much better chance of sustaining fewer injuries than if he were to simply hit the object without any buffer. Air fences are especially important (and more widely used) in motorcycle road racing.
Run-off areas are an important safety feature of modern motorsports parks and road courses. They are the basis for several other safety features, such as gravel traps and air fences, which could not be placed anywhere, or would be ineffective without a proper run-off area.
Importance in the perception of a motorsports park's standards
When being interviewed about race tracks and what features they like and dislike, many top professional racers will mention the availability, design, and size of the run-off areas of a certain track. Knowing that they are very safe gives them added peace of mind and allows them to push the limits further, since they have less fear of the consequences of making a mistake.
In short, other than personal safety equipment or the safety features of the race vehicle itself, the most important safety feature of a race track is the quantity, size, quality, maintenance, race-type specific configuration and overall design of its run-off areas.
Economics of track safety
In modern racing leagues, if a track does not have adequate safety preparations including proper run-off areas, racers will often threaten to boycott any events that visit that particular track. In actuality, the racing leagues in question have safety standards to which they hold tracks when selecting them; therefore, if the athletes have an issue with a track it is usually because there is some problem that is either beyond the scope of the rules, or that they interpret them differently from the league. In order to prevent such a strike and to make themselves as attractive as possible to various racing sanctioning bodies in the hopes of attracting lucrative professional racing events to their facilities, park managements will often pay substantial attention to such facilities' features as safety devices, including run-off areas, and make substantial financial investments to add or improve such devices as deemed necessary. They will even go so far as to advertise safety as having been a central design tenet during the track's general construction or renovation. By making the facility as attractive as possible to racers, the hope is that the racers will put pressure on the leagues in which they participate to race at that venue. The other theory is that by making the venue as up-to-date, luxurious, safe, and feature-rich as possible, that various racing leagues will want to hold events there and thus, not only will the park make revenues from gate fees, but they will also make more money from sponsorship deals for selling advertising space on track property (such as walls around the course, bridges, infield grass painting, etc.). Such advertising will be seen by many potential consumers, since the more popular racing leagues have more television viewers, so the rates that the facility can charge to advertisers will be higher than if the track received less television air-time, or air-time with lower ratings. Therefore, making safety improvements makes financial sense to a track's management, since it leads to greater demand from event promoters and even larger and more popular events, which in turn increase a track's gate revenues, advertising revenues, and revenues from club racers and other users of the track while major events are not being held since the popularity of a track corresponds to its usage by non-professionals engaging in hobby pursuits. If top racers do not feel that a track is safe they may put pressure on their racing league to not schedule events at that particular venue. Or, if a league has documented safety standards for the tracks on their circuit, they may choose not to schedule events at a deficient facility until it has made the requisite changes.
Until racers became actively involved with promoting race track safety, there was no market pressure on the tracks to make such improvements. Now that safety measures are an integral part of the demand equation (with the racing leagues being the consumers and the tracks being the suppliers), tracks must be competitive in terms of their safety facilities in order to be competitive in luring events from the most popular racing leagues.
Because run-off areas and their associated safety devices (i.e. gravel traps, air fences, tire walls, etc.) are a primary safety feature of tracks, they hold enormous economic sway over the track, a consideration that is not lost on designers of new tracks and existing tracks' renovation projects.
References
Motorsport terminology | wiki |
North White Plains may refer to:
North White Plains (Metro-North station), a railroad station in North Castle, New York
North White Plains, a hamlet in North Castle, New York | wiki |
Devakar Falls also called Vajra Falls or Devamala Falls is a water falls located in Uttara Kannada District, Karnataka, India and it is visible from Devakar village. There are no well developed road to reach the water falls and during rainy season it is not possible to reach. The height of water falls is about 200 meters and after falling the water reaches Kadra reservoir. During October there will be more water in the water falls when compared to water volume during February.
References
Tourist attractions in Uttara Kannada district
Geography of Uttara Kannada district
Waterfalls of Karnataka | wiki |
The Macau Liaison Office, officially known as the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Macao Special Administrative Region ( (abbreviated: ); Portuguese: Gabinete de Ligação do Governo Central na RAEM) is the representative office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China (CPG) in Macau. Under the system "one institution with two names", it is the external name of the Macau Work Committee of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. Its counterpart body in Mainland China is the Office of the Macau Special Administrative Region in Beijing. It is one of the three agencies of the Central People's Government in the Macao Special Administrative Region. The other two are the Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative Region and the People's Liberation Army Macau Garrison.
History
The office was established on January 18, 2000. This superseded the former branch of the Xinhua News Agency. The office is located in Xinhua Building; located in the southern foothills of the Guia Hill. The new building opened on January 16, 2010 at Freguesia da Sé.
When Macau was under Portuguese administration, the People's Republic of China was unofficially represented by the Nanguang trading company. This later became known as China Central Enterprise Nam Kwong (Group). Established in 1949, officially to promote trade ties between Macau and mainland China, it operated as the unofficial representative and "shadow government" of the People's Republic in relation to the Portuguese administration.
It also served to challenge the rival "Special Commissariat of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China" in the territory, which represented the Kuomintang government on Taiwan. This was closed after the pro-Communist 12-3 incident in 1966, after which the Portuguese authorities agreed to ban all Kuomintang activities in Macau. Following the Carnation Revolution, Portugal redefined Macau as a "Chinese territory under Portuguese administration" in 1976. However, Lisbon did not establish diplomatic relations with Beijing until 1979.
In 1984, Nam Kwong was split into political and trading arms. On 21 September 1987, a Macau branch of Xinhua News Agency was established which, as in Hong Kong, became Beijing's unofficial representative, replacing Nam Kwong. On 18 January 2000, a month after the transfer of sovereignty over Macau, the Macau branch became the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Macau Special Administrative Region.
Headquarters building controversy
In 2007, local residents of Macao wrote a letter to UNESCO complaining about construction projects around world heritage Guia Lighthouse (Focal height 108 meters), including the headquarter of the Liaison Office (91 meters). UNESCO then issued a warning to the Macau government, which led former Chief Executive Edmund Ho to sign a notice regulating height restrictions on buildings around the site.
In 2015, the New Macau Association submitted a report to UNESCO claiming that the government had failed to protect Macao's cultural heritage against threats by urban development projects. One of the main examples of the report is that the headquarter of the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government, which is located on the Guia foothill and obstructs the view of the Guia Fortress (one of the world heritages symbols of Macao). A year later, Roni Amelan, a spokesman from UNESCO Press service, said that UNESCO has asked China for relevant information but had yet to receive a reply.
In 2016, the Macau government approved an 81-meter construction limit for the residential project, which reportedly goes against the city’s regulations on the height of buildings around world heritage site Guia Lighthouse.
Professor at Stanford University Dr. Ming K.Chan () and professor at University of Macau Dr. Eilo Yu () commented the Guia Lighthouse case indicated that the Macao government had ignored the conservation of heritage in urban planning.
Administration
Zhou Ding
Guo Dongpo
Wang Qiren
Bai Zhijian
Li Gang
Wang Zhimin
Zheng Xiaosong
Fu Ziying
Zheng Xincong
See also
Office of the Macau Special Administrative Region in Beijing
Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
One Country, Two Systems
References
External links
Future of historic Guia Lighthouse
3D video made by an anonymous architect shows the future of Outer Harbor with several tall buildings in front of Guia Lighthouse
Politics of Macau
2000 establishments in Macau | wiki |
Robert Grodt (February 23, 1989 – July 6, 2017) was an American anarchist and street medic, best known for his involvement with the Occupy Wall Street movement (2011) and his participation and death in the Battle of Raqqa (2017), for the YPG.
In Rojava he took the pseudonym Demhat Goldman in tribute to the anarcha-feminist Emma Goldman. At his funeral, several western anarchist fighters were orators. On the way to the cemetery was accompanied with an anarchist flag.
He is survived by his daughter, Tegan Grodt.
References
Further reading
1989 births
2017 deaths
International Freedom Battalion
Occupy Wall Street
Foreigners killed in the Syrian civil war
American anarchists | wiki |
Signal bleed is a type of filter, usually for cable television, that does not block a targeted channel as designed. Such filters came to public awareness as more channels with adult material began to be available on cable television services and, occasionally, children were able to view faint or partial images of adult material on channels that were supposed to be completely blocked.
Signal bleed was discussed in the 2000 U.S. Supreme Court case United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group.
External links
Channel-surfing Supreme Court takes on 'signal-bleed' dispute
Signal Bleed: How Big a Problem?
How to Keep Pornographic 'Signal Bleed' out of Your Home
Cable television technology | wiki |
Cell, mikroprocesszor-architektúra
Cell, tudományos folyóirat
Cell, francia ambient zenész
Cell, Dragon Ball-szereplő
Lásd még:
Cella | wiki |
Fujian red wine chicken () is a traditional dish of northern Fujian cuisine which is made from braising chicken in wine lees made from red yeast rice (see lees (fermentation) ). This dish is traditionally served to celebrate birthdays and served with "long life" noodle misua.
See also
List of Chinese dishes
List of chicken dishes
External links
Grandma's Ang Chow (Foochow Red Rice Wine)
Red Glutinous Wine Lees
Madame Huang's Kitchen
Chinese chicken dishes
Fujian cuisine | wiki |
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Alger (Michigan)
Alger megye, Michigan
Alger (Minnesota)
Alger (Ohio)
Alger (Washington) | wiki |
Mootz Candies is a historic candy maker in Pottsville, Pennsylvania. Their products include a coal candy known as Black Diamonds.
References
External links
Mootz Candies Pottsville,Pa. Final Day July 20,2010 Part 1 YouTube video
Mootz Candies Pottsville,Pa. Final Day July 20,2010 Part 2 YouTube video
Confectioners | wiki |
Starlight Bowl may refer to:
Starlight Bowl (Burbank), in Burbank, California
Starlight Bowl (San Diego), in San Diego, California | wiki |
Surf punk may refer to:
Surf punk (music genre), a genre of surf music and punk rock
Surf punk (surf culture), a term for a territorial surfer
Surf Punks, a 1976 pop punk band | wiki |
What You Don't Know est le cinquième single de Monrose. Le single est prévu pour le .
Liste des titres (En Allemagne):
01. What You Don't Know
02. What You Don't Know (Candle Light Mix)
03. Say Yes
04. What You Don't Know (Version Instrumental)
Single musical sorti en 2007
Chanson interprétée par Monrose | wiki |
The Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding (or simply Chengdu Panda Base) is a public non-profit breeding and research institute for giant pandas, red pandas, and other rare animals. It is located in Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Chengdu Panda Base was founded in 1987 by the Chengdu Municipal People's Government. It started with 6 giant pandas that were rescued from the wild. By 2008, it had 124 panda births, and the captive panda population has grown to 83.
Its stated goal is to "be a world-class research facility, conservation education center, and international educational tourism destination."
Partnerships
Chengdu Panda Base has partnered with many organizations in improving ways to conserve giant pandas. For example, its partnership with Zoo Atlanta helped the zoo secure the loan of 2 giant pandas. To date, these 2 giant pandas, Yang Yang and Lun Lun, have produced five off-spring: Mei Lan in 2006, Xi Lan in 2008, Po on November 3, 2010, twins Mei Lun and Mei Huan on July 15, 2013 and twins Ya Lun and Xi Lun on September 3, 2016.
Other research partners include:
Adventure World in Shirahama, Wakayama, Japan
East Bay Zoological Society, Oakland, California, United States
University of Liverpool, England, UK
National Institute of Health/National Cancer Institution, United States
National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C., United States
Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
North of England Zoological Society, England, UK
The Oakland China Wildlife Preservation Foundation, California, United States
San Diego Zoo, California, United States
University of Japan
Edinburgh Zoo, Scotland, UK
Calgary Zoo, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Zoo/Tierpark Berlin, Germany
On April 11, 2013, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding and CNTV reached an agreement on the establishment of iPanda.com after an official signing ceremony, and they immediately started preparing for the test launch (which was estimated in June, 2013).
See also
Captive breeding
Wolong National Nature Reserve
Giant pandas around the world
References
External links
1987 establishments in China
Buildings and structures in Chengdu
Organizations based in Chengdu
Tourist attractions in Chengdu
Giant pandas
Biological research institutes
Research institutes in China
Nature conservation in China
Zoos in China
Articles needing infobox zoo | wiki |
Move Me may refer to:
Move Me (film), a 2003 Danish comedy film
Move Me (Nazareth album), 1994
Move Me (Midge Ure album), 2000
"Move Me" (Lewis OfMan and Carly Rae Jepsen song), 2022 standalone single
"Move Me", Charli XCX song from Crash (Charli XCX album)
"Move Me", Gucci Mane song from Woptober II | wiki |
A date square is a Canadian dessert or bar cookie made of cooked dates with an oatmeal crumb topping. In Ohio it is known as matrimonial cake. In Eastern Canada it can also be known as date crumbles. It is often found in coffee shops as a sweet snack food. Sometimes nuts are added to the base layer or crumb topping, or other alterations. There can also be candied peel added to the date stuffing for a contrasting texture.
History
The date square is known as a traditional dish of Newfoundland.
See also
List of desserts
Canadian cuisine
List of cakes
References
Canadian desserts
Cuisine of Newfoundland and Labrador
Date dishes | wiki |
Get Loose may refer to:
Get Loose (album), or the title song, by Evelyn "Champagne" King (1982)
"Get Loose" (Lil Jon song) (2015)
"Get Loose", a song by The D4 from 6twenty (2002)
"Get Loose", a song by Prince from Crystal Ball (1998)
"Get Loose", a song by The Salads from Fold A to B (2003)
"Get Loose", a song by Showtek and Noisecontrollers (2013)
Get Loose Tour, a 2007 concert tour by Nelly Furtado | wiki |
Flush is a 1977 American comedy film directed by Andrew J. Kuehn.
Plot
Billionaire William Randolph Hughes has placed several boxes around the American southwest, burying the first box with the instructions, "Each box has instructions to the next," with the promise of his lost fortune at the end. A collection of oddball characters embark on a comedic race to find the boxes and the lost fortune.
Cast
William Callaway
William Bronder
Jeannie Linero
Pedro Gonzalez Gonzalez
Harvey Solin
Sally Kirkland
References
External links
1977 films
American chase films
1977 comedy films
American comedy films
Films scored by Mark Snow
1970s English-language films
1970s American films | wiki |
Ryan Steele may refer to:
Ryan Steele (comedian), one-half of the duo The Ryan and Amy Show
Ryan Steele (actor), American dancer and actor
Ryan Steele, a VR Troopers character | wiki |
The Supreme Court of Texas (SCOTX) is the court of last resort for civil matters (including juvenile delinquency cases, which are categorized as civil under the Texas Family Code) in the U.S. state of Texas. A different court, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals (CCA), is the court of last resort in criminal matters.
The Court has its seat at the Supreme Court Building on the State Capitol grounds in Austin, Texas.
The Texas Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and eight associate justices. All nine positions are elected, with a term of office of six years and no term limit.
The Texas Supreme Court was established in 1846 to replace the Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas. It meets in Downtown Austin, Texas in an office building near the Texas State Capitol.
Regulation of the practice of law in Texas courts
By statute, the Texas Supreme Court has administrative control over the State Bar of Texas, an agency of the judiciary. The Texas Supreme Court has the sole authority to license attorneys in Texas. It also appoints the members of the Board of Law Examiners which, under instructions of the Supreme Court, administers the Texas bar exam. The Court has the last word in attorney disciplinary proceedings brought by the Commission for Lawyer Discipline, a committee of the State Bar of Texas, but rarely exercises discretionary review in such cases. The Supreme Court accepts fewer than 100 cases per year to be decided on the merits. In addition to its adjudicatory and administrative functions, the Supreme Court promulgates, and occasionally revises, court rules of procedure, which include the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure (TRCP), the Texas Rules of Evidence (TRE), and the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure (TRAP).
Unique procedural aspects
The Texas Supreme Court is the only state supreme court in the United States in which the manner in which it denies discretionary review can actually imply approval or disapproval of the merits of the lower court's decision and in turn may affect the geographic extent of the precedential effect of that decision. In March 1927, the Texas Legislature enacted a law directing the Texas Supreme Court to summarily refuse to hear applications for writs of error when it believed the Court of Appeals opinion correctly stated the law. Thus, since June 1927, over 4,100 decisions of the Texas Courts of Appeals have become valid binding precedent of the Texas Supreme Court itself because the high court refused applications for writ of error rather than denying them and thereby signaled that it approved of their holdings as the law of the state.
While Texas's unique practice saved the state supreme court from having to hear relatively minor cases just to create uniform statewide precedents on those issues, it also makes for lengthy citations to the opinions of the Courts of Appeals, since the subsequent writ history of the case must always be noted (e.g., no writ, writ refused, writ denied, etc.) in order for the reader to determine at a glance whether the cited opinion is binding precedent only in the district of the Court of Appeals in which it was decided, or binding precedent for the entire state. Citations to cases from the Houston-based Courts of Appeals are also longer than others because they require identification of the appellate district number -- [1st Dist.] or [14th Dist.] -- in addition to the name of the city.
Structure of the court and membership
The Texas Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and eight associate justices. All positions are elective. While the chief has special administrative responsibilities, each member has one vote and may issue a dissenting or concurring opinion. Granted cases are assigned to justices' chambers for opinion authorship by draw. Grants require four votes. Judgments are rendered by majority vote. Per curiam opinions may be issued if at least six justices agree. Petitions for review are automatically denied after 30 days unless at least one justice pulls them off the metaphorical conveyor belt.
To serve on the court, a candidate must be at least 35 years of age, a citizen of Texas, licensed to practice law in Texas, and must have practiced law (or have been a lawyer and a judge of a court of record together) for at least ten years. The Clerk of the Court, currently Blake A. Hawthorne, is appointed by the Justices and serves a four-year term, which is renewable.
All members of the Texas Supreme Court typically belong to the same party because all are elected in statewide races, rather than by the electorates of smaller appellate districts, as the justices on the intermediate appellate courts are. Although there are fourteen such courts, the state is geographically divided into thirteen. Two appellate courts (the 1st and the 14th, sitting in Houston) serve coextensive districts covering ten counties, including Harris County. Recent proposals to reorganize the Texas appellate court system by consolidating districts, and creating a specialty court of appeals for government-entity cases, failed in the Texas legislature's 2021 regular session.
Judicial selection: appointments and elections
All members of the court are elected to six-year terms in statewide partisan elections. Because their terms are staggered, only a subset of justices is up for re-election in any one election cycle. When a vacancy arises, the Governor of Texas appoints a replacement, subject to Senate confirmation, to serve out the unexpired term until December 31 after the next general election. The initial term of tenure is therefore often less than six years. Most of the current justices were originally appointed either by former Governor Rick Perry or by the current Governor of Texas, Greg Abbott, who is himself a former member of the SCOTX.
Like the judges on the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, all members of the Texas Supreme Court are currently Republicans.
The most recent appointees are Evan Young, Rebeca Huddle, Jane Bland, Jimmy Blacklock, and Brett Busby.
Prior public service of incumbents
Brett Busby and Jane Bland are former Court of Appeals justices from Houston, whose re-election bids failed in November 2018 when Democrats won all of the judicial races in that election. Blacklock previously served Governor Greg Abbott as general counsel. Huddle was a justice on the First Court of Appeals in Houston.
Blacklock replaced Don Willett, who now sits on the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, the federal appellate court that hears appeals from federal district courts in Texas. Busby succeeds Phil Johnson, who retired in 2018, and was sworn in on March 20, 2019. Jane Bland was appointed in September 2019 to fill the vacancy left by Jeff Brown, who resigned from the SCOTX to accept appointment to a U.S. district court bench. Rebeca Huddle was appointed in October 2020 to replace Paul Green, who retired from the Court on August 31, 2020. Eva Guzman, the second-most senior member of the Court at the time, resigned on June 11, 2021. She is currently challenging Attorney General Ken Paxton in the GOP primary for that office. The vacancy created by Guzman's resignation was filled by Evan Young's appointment on November 10, 2021.
Position designations and seniority
The position of Chief Justice is designated Place 1 and is currently held by Nathan Hecht, the longest-serving member of the Court. He succeeded Wallace B. Jefferson, who is now a frequent advocate before the high court on behalf of private clients, as are several other former members of the Court. The other eight position numbers have no special significance except for identification purposes on the ballot. Informally, justices are ranked by seniority, and their profiles appear on the Court's website in that order. Unlike their counterparts on the U.S. Supreme Court, the official title of incumbents holding Place 2 through Place 9 is Justice, rather than Associate Justice. Their counterparts on the Court of Criminal Appeals, however, use the title Judge.
Women on the court
Hortense Sparks Ward, who became the first woman to pass the Texas Bar Exam in 1910, was appointed Special Chief Justice of an all-female Texas Supreme Court 15 years later. All of the court's male justices recused themselves from Johnson v. Darr, a 1924 case involving the Woodmen of the World, and, since nearly every member of the Texas Bar was a member of that fraternal organization, paying personal insurance premiums that varied with the claims decided against it, no male judges or attorneys could be found to hear the case. After ten months of searching for suitable male replacements to decide the case, Governor Pat Neff decided on January 1, 1925, to appoint a special court composed of three women. This court, consisting of Ward, Hattie Leah Henenberg, and Ruth Virginia Brazzil, met for five months and ultimately ruled in favor of Woodmen of the World.
On July 25, 1982, Ruby Kless Sondock became the court's first regular female justice, when she was appointed to replace the Associate Justice James G. Denton who had died of a heart attack. Sondock served the remainder of Denton's term, which ended on December 31, 1982, but did not seek election to the Supreme Court in her own right. Rose Spector became the first woman elected to the court in 1992 and served until 1998 when she was defeated by Harriet O'Neill.
Following the recent departure of Eva Guzman, the Texas Supreme Court currently has three women members. One of them served as a family court judge in Fort Worth (Lehrmann), the second (Bland) was a district judge in the civil trial division of the Harris County district courts before she was appointed to the intermediate court of appeals, and the third (Huddle) previously served on an intermediate court of appeals in Houston. As of September 2019, women jurists filled almost half of the 80 intermediate appellate positions. Some of the fourteen intermediate courts of appeals have female majorities. The Fourth Court of Appeals, based in San Antonio, is composed entirely of women.
Justice Eva Guzman resigned from Place 9 effective Friday, June 11, 2021 at 3 PM after delivering a final dissenting opinion in the morning.
Current justices
History of membership of the court
Succession of seats
Supreme Court committees
Judicial Committee on Information Technology (JCIT)
Created in 1997 JCIT was established to set standards and guidelines for the systematic implementation and integration of information technology into the trial and appellate courts in Texas.
JCIT approaches this mission by providing a forum for state-local, inter-branch, and public-private collaboration, and development of policy recommendations for the Supreme Court of Texas. Court technology, and the information it carries, are sprawling topics, and Texas is a diverse state with decentralized funding and decision-making for trial court technology. JCIT provides a forum for discussion of court technology and information projects. With this forum, JCIT reaches out to external partners such as the Conference of Urban Counties, the County Information Resource Agency, Texas.gov, and TIJIS (Texas Integrated Justice Information Systems), and advises or is consulted by the Office of Court Administration on a variety of projects.
Three themes consistently recur in the JCIT conversation: expansion and governance of electronic filing; the evolution and proliferation of court case management systems; and the evolution and governance of technology standards for reporting and sharing information across systems in civil, family, juvenile, and criminal justice.
The Founding Chair of JCIT from 1997 to 2009 was Peter S. Vogel, a partner at Gardere Wynne Sewell LLP in Dallas, and since 2009 the JCIT Chair has been Justice Rebecca Simmons.
Texas Supreme Court judicial elections
2020
Two members of the Court (Chief Justice Hecht and Justice Boyd) were up for re-election in 2020, and two more (Busby and Bland) were on the ballot to seek voter approval to serve out the remainder of their respective unexpired terms, following their appointment to supreme court vacancies by Governor Abbott. Although there was some speculation about Texas turning blue in the November 3, 2020 general elections, all GOP candidates in statewide races won, including the four Supreme Court incumbents.
2018
While Republican incumbents suffered massive defeats in the Courts of Appeals on November 6, 2018, bringing about a switch of majorities from Republicans to Democrats in Dallas, Houston, and Austin, the three Republican incumbents on the Texas Supreme Court who faced the entire Texas electorate in statewide races won comfortably.
Incumbent John Devine prevailed over his opponent R.K. Sandill, a sitting district court judge of Asian-American descent in Houston, with 53.75% of the vote and secured a second term. Justice Jeff Brown beat off a challenge by Democratic candidate Kathy Cheng (who unlike her fellow Democratic challengers did not have comparable judicial experience) with the same vote margin. The high court's most recent appointed member at the time, Jimmy Blacklock, defeated Steven Kirkland, who like Sandill served as a district court judge in Houston, with 53.17% of the vote. Neither Sandill nor Kirkland were up for reelection that year.
Justice Blacklock faced the electorate for the first time, having recently been appointed. Blacklock was Governor Abbott's replacement for Justice Don Willett, who ascended to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals before his term on the Texas Supreme Court had expired, thus creating a vacancy and an opportunity for the Governor to fill it with an already-vetted candidate of his own.
All appellate court races were clearly driven by party-line voting. That worked in favor of Republican incumbents at the statewide level as usual, but against Republican incumbents in the courts of appeals, whose members are each elected from one of fourteen appellate districts. Some of those districts favored Democrats in the 2018 midterm elections, which entailed heavy Republican losses at the trial court level likewise.
Under the leadership of Governor Greg Abbott Texas Republicans have since moved to change the way Texas selects judges and justices in the major metropolitan jurisdictions. Their legislative initiative to amend the Texas constitution to forestall Democratic gains in third branch of government was unsuccessful, but a commission was formed to look at alternative selection methods.
2016
The six-year terms of office of the members of the Texas Supreme Court are staggered. Three Republican incumbents -- Green, Guzman, and Lehrmann -- were up for reelection in 2016 and won easily, as was expected, given the statewide nature of their electoral constituency in a Red state. Debra Lehrmann had been challenged by Michael Massengale, then a justice on the First Court of Appeals in Houston, in the Republican primary for not being conservative enough with respect to med-mal suits. Massengale later lost his re-election bid for the First Court of Appeals position to a Democrat, Richard Hightower, in the Democratic sweep of the intermediate courts of appeals in November 2018.
2014
Texas is one of seven states that elects Supreme Court justices on partisan ballots. Four justices of the Texas Supreme Court faced re-election in 2014. Three of the four sitting Supreme Court Justices, Chief Justice Nathan Hecht, Justice Jeff Brown and Justice Phil Johnson, were required to defeat challengers in a March primary before the general election in November. The candidates challenging the incumbent Supreme Court Justices, according to reports filed with the Texas Ethics Commission, were recruited for the election and funded by a Houston plaintiff lawyer and Ali Davari, owner of two strip clubs: Sexy City and Erotic Zone.
Texas for Lawsuit Reform commented on the Texas election by saying, "Plaintiff trial lawyers are making an unprecedented attempt to regain the control of the Supreme Court that they enjoyed in the 1970s and 1980s, when Texas was known as 'The Lawsuit Capitol of the World.'" Also, an airing of Sixty Minutes entitled Justice for Sale gave a devastating critique of the Texas Supreme Court.
Houston plaintiff lawyer Mark Lanier, funded the bulk of the campaign to remove the Texas Supreme Court and business groups. Funding was disclosed in an article titled "Plaintiff Trial Lawyers Attempt to Distort Role of Judges and Juries".
In the years preceding the Texas Judicial Election, Lanier had become a vocal critic of the Texas Supreme Court after the Supreme Court reversed his signature trial verdict against Merck & Co. on behalf of a widow whose husband died after taking Vioxx. After Lanier suffered a second high-profile loss of a Vioxx case, in which the Fourteenth Court of Appeals in Houston concluded in MERCK & CO., INC. v. Ernst, a wrongful death case by a widow, that Lanier failed to show that the ingestion of Vioxx caused the death of his client's spouse. Lanier's publicly criticized the Texas Supreme Court stating that it employs "a simpleton approach that basically white washes the trial, ignores the evidence, and is very conclusion based".
Lanier responded to the appellate setbacks in a press release:
All judicial challengers recruited and funded by the Texas plaintiff lawyers lost to the incumbent Texas Supreme Court justices who won the 2014 Texas election.
References
Further reading
Haley, James L. The Texas Supreme Court: A Narrative History, 1836–1986 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2013). xxviii, 322 pp.
External links
Official Website for the Texas Supreme Court
Texas Supreme Court History: Links to Resources
The Texas Reports, the decisions of the Texas Supreme Court from 1846 to 1885, hosted by the Portal to Texas History
"Judiciary" (by Paul Womack) from The Handbook of Texas Online (Texas State Historical Association)
Texas Supreme Court Historical Society
Texas
Texas state courts
1840 establishments in the Republic of Texas
Government agencies established in 1840 | wiki |
Nom commun
Le compère et la commère sont les deux principaux personnages dans une revue.
Patronyme
Hervé Commère
Jean Commère | wiki |
"Somebody to Love" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Suzy Bogguss. It was released in April 1998 as the first single from the album Nobody Love, Nobody Gets Hurt. The song spent 19 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart, peaking at number 33 during the week of July 4, 1998. It was written by Bogguss, Matraca Berg and Doug Crider.
Chart performance
References
1998 singles
1998 songs
Suzy Bogguss songs
Songs written by Matraca Berg
Capitol Records Nashville singles | wiki |
New Groove may refer to:
New Groove (Bud Shank album), 1961
New Groove (Groove Holmes album), 1974
See also
The New Groove: The Blue Note Remix Project, a 1996 Blue Note Records remix compilation album | wiki |
Bliss point may refer to:
Bliss point (economics), a quantity of consumption where any further increase would make the consumer less satisfied.
Bliss point (food), the amount of an ingredient such as salt, sugar, or fat which optimizes palatability. | wiki |
The men's freestyle 86 kilograms is a competition featured at the 2021 World Wrestling Championships, and was held in Oslo, Norway on 2 and 3 October.
This freestyle wrestling competition consists of a single-elimination tournament, with a repechage used to determine the winner of two bronze medals. The two finalists face off for gold and silver medals. Each wrestler who loses to one of the two finalists moves into the repechage, culminating in a pair of bronze medal matches featuring the semifinal losers each facing the remaining repechage opponent from their half of the bracket.
Results
Legend
F — Won by fall
WO — Won by walkover
Final
Top half
Bottom half
Repechage
Final standing
References
External links
Official website
Men's freestyle 86 kg | wiki |
About intelligent life in the Universe, see:
Life
Extraterrestrial life#Evolution | wiki |
Southeastern Community College may refer to:
Southeastern Community College (Iowa), a public community college in West Burlington, Iowa whose teams are called the Blackhawks
Southeastern Community College (North Carolina), a public community college in Whiteville, North Carolina whose teams are called the Rams
See also
Southeastern Technical College, a technical college in the U.S. state of Georgia and into which Swainsboro Technical College was merged
Southeastern University (disambiguation)
Southeast University (disambiguation) | wiki |
Nothing to Fear may refer to:
Nothing to Fear (Oingo Boingo album), 1982
Nothing to Fear (MC Lars album), 1999
"Nothing to Fear" (song), a 1992 song by Chris Rea
"Nothing to Fear", a song by Depeche Mode from A Broken Frame
Nothing to Fear (Once Upon a Time in Wonderland), an episode of the TV series Once Upon a Time in Wonderland
Nothing to Fear (Batman: The Animated Series), an episode of the TV series Batman: The Animated Series
"Nothing to Fear", an episode of the American children’s television series Bear in the Big Blue House
See also
Nothing to fear but fear itself (disambiguation) | wiki |
French world may refer to:
Francophonie, the quality of speaking French
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, an organization of French-speaking countries and regions
Geographical distribution of French speakers
French colonial empire
Culture of France | wiki |
CyclingChampion is de naam van een online wielerploegmanagerspel dat internationaal wordt gespeeld. Het spel is gecreëerd en gebaseerd in Nederland en biedt competities aan op alle continenten.
Deelnemers worden virtueel manager van een wielerploeg die wordt ingedeeld in een divisie met teams van andere sportdirecteuren. De speler draagt zorg voor de hele ploeg; bijvoorbeeld door renners te kopen en verkopen, te trainen, wedstrijdorders te gevenen opstellingen te maken. Als een seizoen is afgelopen, kan een team promoveren of degraderen. Het hoogste niveau is de ProTour.
CyclingChampion is een spel dat volledig gratis gespeeld kan worden.
Online computerspel
Strategiespel
Sportspel | wiki |
Supervisioni musicali
Roswell
Fastlane
Chuck
Boston Public
Tru Calling
Criminal Minds
Gossip Girl
The O.C.
Grey's anatomy
Twilight
The Twilight Saga: New Moon
The Twilight Saga: Eclipse
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Parte 1
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Parte 2
Collegamenti esterni | wiki |
Epirotic cuisine () is the traditional Greek cuisine of the region of Epirus. It is based mostly on dairy products; butter and various cheeses.
Appetizers and cheeses
Anthotyros
Feta
Galotyri
Kaskavali
Kefalograviera
Kefalotyri
Metsovone, Foumarino, Boukovela and Metsovela from Metsovo
Tyrogliata
Vasilotyri
Ourda cheese
Dishes and specialities
Many types of pites (pies) including kasiopita (kikitsopita), kothropita, kimadopita, pepéki, kasiata and blatsariá
Hilopites
Frog legs
Kontosouvli
Loukaniko
Trahanas
Desserts/drinks
Amygdalopita
Spoon sweets
Klostari
Blatsara
Stegnopita (dry pie)
Kassiopita (flour pie)
Flogera (Metsovo)
Greek wine
References
External links
Greek gastronomy
Gastrotourismos
Greek cuisine
Epirus (region) | wiki |
A URL is a uniform resource locator for a Web resource.
URL may also refer to:
.url, file extension for Internet shortcut files
URL redirection
Ultimate Rap League, a battle rap group from New York City
Unrestricted line officer, in the US Navy
Upper reference limit
Upper rostral length, of a cephalopod beak
Urali language (ISO 639-3: url)
University Ramon Llull, university in Barcelona
Url, an ankylosaurus in the 2000 Disney animated film Dinosaur
See also
UERL, Underground Electric Railways Company of London | wiki |
A tang sight is the rear sight of a pair of iron sights used to aim or align a rifle so the bullet fired will hit the target. The sight is attached to the tang: a steel plate extending toward the butt from a rifle receiver for attachment of the receiver to a wooden buttstock. A tang sight often offers the maximum sight radius, or distance between the front and rear sights attached to the rigid receiver and barrel assembly of a rifle. Large sight radius decreases bullet placement errors caused by sight misalignment.
Tang sights were widely used for long-range shooting during the late 19th century. They became less common as lighter rifles with heavier recoil increased the possibility of eye injury from the proximity of the sight to the shooter's face. Tang sights remain popular with individuals participating in historical re-enactment events and cowboy action shooting matches.
Sources
Firearm sights | wiki |
The Prayag–Bareilly Express is an Express train belonging to Northern Railway zone that runs between (in Allahabad) and in India. It is currently being operated with 14307/14308 train numbers on a daily basis.
Service
The 14307/Prayag–Bareilly Express has an average speed of 36 km/hr and covers 461 km in 12h 40m. The 14308/Bareilly–Prayag Express has an average speed of 38 km/hr and covers 461 km in 12h 15m.
Route and halts
The important halts of the train are:
Coach composition
The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 16 coaches:
8 General Unreserved
2 Seating cum Luggage Rake
Traction
Both trains are hauled by a Lucknow Loco Shed-based WDM-3A diesel locomotive from Allahabad to Bareilly and vice versa.
Rake sharing
The train shares its rake with 54375/54376 Prayag–Jaunpur Passenger.
See also
Prayag Junction railway station
Bareilly Junction railway station
Prayag–Jaunpur Passenger
Notes
References
External links
14307/Prayag - Bareilly Express
14308/Bareilly - Prayag Express
Trains from Allahabad
Trains from Bareilly
Express trains in India | wiki |
Esta é uma lista das áreas urbanas do Brasil superiores a , com dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) referentes a 2019, quando o país possuía um total de inseridos em área urbana.
Urbana | wiki |
Many local variants of the Greek alphabet were employed in ancient Greece during the archaic and early classical periods, until around 400 BC, when they were replaced by the classical 24-letter alphabet that is the standard today. All forms of the Greek alphabet were originally based on the shared inventory of the 22 symbols of the Phoenician alphabet, with the exception of the letter Samekh, whose Greek counterpart Xi () was used only in a sub-group of Greek alphabets, and with the common addition of Upsilon () for the vowel . The local, so-called epichoric, alphabets differed in many ways: in the use of the consonant symbols , and ; in the use of the innovative long vowel letters ( and ), in the absence or presence of Η in its original consonant function (); in the use or non-use of certain archaic letters ( = , = , = ); and in many details of the individual shapes of each letter. The system now familiar as the standard 24-letter Greek alphabet was originally the regional variant of the Ionian cities in Anatolia. It was officially adopted in Athens in 403 BC and in most of the rest of the Greek world by the middle of the 4th century BC.
Aspirate and consonant cluster symbols
A basic division into four major types of epichoric alphabets is commonly made according to their different treatment of additional consonant letters for the aspirated consonants () and consonant clusters () of Greek. These four types are often conventionally labelled as "green", "red", "light blue" and "dark blue" types, based on a colour-coded map in a seminal 19th-century work on the topic, by Adolf Kirchhoff (1867). The "green" (or southern) type is the most archaic and closest to the Phoenician. The "red" (or western) type is the one that was later transmitted to the West and became the ancestor of the Latin alphabet, and bears some crucial features characteristic of that later development. The "blue" (or eastern) type is the one from which the later standard Greek alphabet emerged.
*Upsilon is also derived from waw ().
The "green" (southern) type uses no additional letters beyond the Phoenician set, and typically also goes without (). Thus, the aspirated plosives , are spelled either simply as and respectively, without a distinction from unaspirated , , or as digraphs , . (However, for the analogous there is already a dedicated letter, , taken from Phoenician.) Likewise, the clusters , are simply spelled , . This is the system found in Crete and in some other islands in the southern Aegean, notably Thera (Santorini), Melos and Anaphe.
The "red" (western) type also lacks Phoenician-derived for , but instead introduces a supplementary sign for that sound combination at the end of the alphabet, . In addition, the red alphabet also introduced letters for the aspirates, = and = . Note that the use of in the "red" set corresponds to the letter "X" in Latin, while it differs from the later standard Greek alphabet, where stands for , and stands for . Only for is common to all non-green alphabets. The red type is found in most parts of central mainland Greece (Thessaly, Boeotia and most of the Peloponnese), as well as the island of Euboea, and in colonies associated with these places, including most colonies in Italy.
The "light blue" type still lacks (), and adds only letters for () and (). Both of these correspond to the modern standard alphabet. The light blue system thus still has no separate letters for the clusters , . In this system, these are typically spelled and , respectively. This is the system found in Athens (before 403 BC) and several Aegean islands.
The "dark blue" type, finally, is the one that has all the consonant symbols of the modern standard alphabet: in addition to and (shared with the light blue type), it also adds (at the end of the alphabet), and (in the alphabetic position of Phoenician Samekh). This system is found in the cities of the Ionian dodecapolis, Knidos in Asia Minor, and in Corinth and Argos on the northeastern Peloponnese.
Eta and /h/
The letter eta (, , originally called hēta) had two different functions, both derived from the name of its Phoenician model, hēth: the majority of Greek dialects continued to use it for the consonant , similar to its Phoenician value (). However, the consonant was progressively lost from the spoken language (a process known as psilosis), and in those dialects where this had already happened early on in the archaic period, was instead used to denote the long vowel , which occurred next in its name and was thus, in the -less dialects, its natural acrophonic value. Early psilotic dialects include eastern Ionic Greek, the Aeolic Greek of Lesbos, as well as the Doric Greek of Crete and Elis.
The distribution of vocalic and differs further between dialects, because the Greek language had a system of three distinct e-like phonemes: the long open-mid (classical spelling ), the long close-mid (later merged with the diphthong , classical spelling ), and the short vowel (classical spelling ). In the psilotic dialects of Anatolia and adjacent eastern Aegean islands, as well as Crete, vocalic was used only for . In a number of Aegean islands, notably Rhodes, Milos, Santorini and Paros, it was used both for and for without distinction. In Knidos, a variant letter was invented to distinguish the two functions: was used for , and for . In south Italian colonies, especially Taranto, after c. 400 BC, a similar distinction was made between for , and for . This latter symbol was later turned into the diacritic sign for rough breathing by the Alexandrine grammarians.
In Naxos the system was slightly different: here, too, the same letter was used for and for a long vowel, but only in those cases where a long e-like sound had arisen through raising from older , not – as other users of vocalic eta did – also for the older inherited from proto-Greek. This probably means that while in the dialects of other eta users the old and new long e had already merged in a single phoneme, the raising sound in Naxos was still distinct both from and , hence probably an -like sound.
Yet another distinction was found in a group of cities in the north-east of the Peloponnese, most notably Corinth: here, it was not the open-mid that was distinguished among the three e-sounds, but the closed-mid . The normal letter epsilon () was used exclusively for the latter, while a new special symbol (or, in Sicyon, ) stood both for short and for . Yet another variation of the system is found in neighbouring Tiryns: it uses the letter forms of the Corinthian system, versus E, but with the functional values of the classic eta versus epsilon system.
Archaic letters
Digamma (Wau)
The letter Digamma () for the sound /w/ was generally used only in those local scripts where the sound was still in use in the spoken dialect. During the archaic period, this includes most of mainland Greece (except Attica), as well as Euboea and Crete. In Athens and in Naxos it was apparently used only in the register of poetry. Elsewhere, i.e. in most of the Aegean islands and the East, the sound /w/ was already absent from the language.
The shape of the letter varies locally and over time. The most common early form is . Over time it developed in analogy with Epsilon (which changed from to "E"), becoming either the classical "F" or . Early Crete had an archaic form (which resembled its original model, the Y-shaped Phoenician waw ), or a variant with the stem bent sideways ().
San
Some local scripts used the M-shaped letter San instead of standard Sigma to denote the sound /s/. It is unclear whether the distinction between the two letters originally corresponded to different phonetic realizations of the /s/ phoneme in different dialects. Epigrapher Lilian Hamilton Jeffery (1915–1986) conjectured that San originally stood for a voiced [z] sound, and that those Doric dialects that kept San instead of Sigma may have had such a pronunciation of /s/. Roger Woodard, professor of classics at the University at Buffalo, hypothesizes that San may originally have stood for [ts]. In any case, each dialect tended to use either San or Sigma to the exclusion of the other, and while the earliest abecedaria listed both letter shapes separately in their separate alphabetic positions, later specimens from the sixth century onwards tend to list only one of them. San was used in Argos until the end of the 6th century, in Sicyon until c. 500, in Corinth until the first half of the 5th century, and in Crete for some time longer. Sicyon kept the sign as a local emblem on its coins.
Koppa
The archaic letter Koppa or Qoppa (), used for the back allophone of /k/ before back vowels [o, u], was originally common to most epichoric alphabets. It began to drop out of use from the middle of the 6th century BC. Some of the Doric regions, notably Corinth, Argos, Crete and Rhodes, kept it until the 5th century BC.
Innovative letters
A few letters have arisen from innovative letter distinctions, most of them for local alphabets.
Omega
The new letter Omega () to denote the long half-open sound was invented first in the East, in the Ionian cities of Asia Minor, at some time before 600 BC. It was created by breaking up the closed circle of the Omicron (), initially near the side. The letter was subsequently turned upright and the edges curled outwards (, , , ).
The Dorian city of Knidos as well as a few Aegean islands, namely Paros, Thasos and Melos, chose the exact opposite innovation, using a broken-up circle for the short and a closed circle for the long .
Sampi
Some Ionian cities used a special letter , alphabetically ordered behind , for a sibilant sound in positions where other dialects had either or (e.g. 'four', cf. normal spelling Ionic vs. Attic ). This symbol later dropped out of alphabetic use, but survived in the form of the numeral symbol sampi (modern ). As an alphabetic character, it has been attested in the cities of Miletus, Ephesos, Halikarnassos, Erythrae, Teos (all situated in the region of Ionia in Asia Minor), in the island of Samos, in the Ionian colony of Massilia, and in Kyzikos (situated farther north in Asia Minor, in the region of Mysia). In Pontic Mesembria, on the Black Sea coast of Thrace, it was used on coins, which were marked with the abbreviation of the city's name, spelled . The sound denoted by this letter was a reflex of the proto-Greek consonant clusters , , , or , and was probably an intermediate sound during the phonetic change from the earlier plosive clusters towards the later sound, possibly an affricate similar to .
Arcadian san
In one attested document, the Arcadocypriot Greek of Mantineia used an innovative letter similar to И (), probably derived from a variant of san, to denote what was probably a -like sound in environments reflecting etymological Proto-Greek .
Pamphylian digamma
In the highly-divergent Pamphylian Greek, the letter digamma () existed side by side with another distinctive form . It has been surmised that in this dialect the sound may have changed to labiodental in some environments. The F-shaped letter may have stood for the new sound, while the special И-shaped form signified those positions where the old sound was preserved.
Boeotian raised E
A special letter for a variant realization of the short sound, , was briefly used in the Boeotian city of Thespiae in the late 5th century BC. It occurred in the place of normal epsilon () whenever the sound stood before another vowel. Since its shape suggests a compromise form between an and an , it is thought that it denoted a raised allophone, approaching . It is attested in only one document, a set of grave stelae from 424 BC.
Glyph shapes
Many of the letters familiar from the classical Greek alphabet displayed additional variation in shapes, with some of the variant forms being characteristic of specific local alphabets.
The form of generally had a straight stem () in all local alphabets in the archaic period. was mostly crossed ( or ). typically had a vertical stem (), and was most often . and had frequent variants where the strokes branched out from the bottom of the character, resulting in and respectively. was originally a closed rectangular shape and developed several variants with different numbers of arrangements of connecting bars between the two outer stems.
The early shape of was typically , with the arms diagonal and the stem descending below the lowest arm; it developed to the modern orthogonal form during the archaic era. An analogous change was observed with , which changed from to either or . Early forms of typically had the left stem descending lower than the right stem (); this remained a distinguishing feature in those varieties that also had san () for .
also typically had a shorter right stem (). The top of could be curved rather than angular, approaching a Latin P (). The Greek , in turn, could have a downward tail on the right, approaching a Latin R. In many red varieties, too had variants where the left stroke was vertical, and the right edge of the letter sometimes rounded, approaching a Latin D (, ).
The crooked shape of could be written with different numbers of angles and strokes. Besides the classical form with four strokes (), a three-stroke form resembling an angular Latin S () was commonly found, and was particularly characteristic of some mainland Greek varieties including Attic and several "red" alphabets. The C-like "lunate" form of that was later to become the standard form in late antiquity and Byzantine writing did not yet occur in the archaic alphabets.
The letter had two principal variants: the classical straight vertical line, and a crooked form with three, four or more angular strokes ( ). The crooked type was the older form, and remained common in those varieties where it could not be confused with sigma because sigma was absent in favour of san.
The letters and had multiple different forms that could often be confused with each other, as both are just an angle shape that could occur in various positions. C-like forms of (either pointed or rounded) were common in many mainland varieties and in the West, where they inspired the Italic C; L-like shapes of were particularly common in Euboea, Attica and Boeotia. Achaean colonies had a in the form of single -like vertical stroke.
The letter had different minor variants depending on the position of the middle bar, with some of them being characteristic of local varieties.
The letter had the largest number of highly divergent local forms. Besides the standard form (either rounded or pointed, ), there were forms as varied as (Gortyn), and (Thera), (Argos), (Melos), (Corinth), (Megara, Byzantium), (Cyclades).
, , and displayed little variation and few or no differences from their classical forms.
All letters could additionally occur in a mirrored form, when text was written from right to left, as was frequently done in the earliest period.
Important local alphabets
Old Attic
Athens, until the late 5th century BC, used a variant of the "light blue" alphabet, with for and for . was used for all three sounds (correspondinɡ to classical respectively), and was used for all of (corresponding to classical respectively). was used for the consonant . Among the characteristics of Athens writing were also some variant local letter forms, some of which were shared with the neighbouring (but otherwise "red") alphabet of Euboea: a form of that resembled a Latin L () and a form of that resembled a Latin S ().
By the late 5th century, use of elements of the Ionic alphabet side by side with this traditional local alphabet had become commonplace in private writing, and in 403 BC, a formal decree was passed that public writing would switch to the new Ionic orthography consistently, as part of the reform after the Thirty Tyrants. This new system was subsequently also called the "Eucleidian" alphabet, after the name of the archon Eucleides who oversaw the decision.
Euboean
The Euboean alphabet was used in the cities of Eretria and Chalcis and in related colonies in southern Italy, notably in Cumae and in Pithecusae. It was through this variant that the Greek alphabet was transmitted to Italy, where it gave rise to the Old Italic alphabets, including Etruscan and ultimately the Latin alphabet. Some of the distinctive features of the Latin as compared to the standard Greek script are already present in the Euboean model.
The Euboean alphabet belonged to the "western" ("red") type. It had representing and for . Like most early variants it also lacked , and used for the consonant rather than for the vowel . It also kept the archaic letters digamma () for and qoppa () for . San () for was not normally used in writing, but apparently still transmitted as part of the alphabet, because it occurs in abecedaria found in Italy and was later adopted by Etruscan.
Like Athens, Euboea had a form of lambda that resembled a Latin L and a form of sigma that resembled a Latin S. Other elements foreshadowing the Latin forms include gamma shaped like a pointed C (), delta shaped like a pointed D (), and rho shaped like R ().
The classicist Barry B. Powell has proposed that Euboea may have been where the Greek alphabet was first employed in the late 9th century BC, and that it may have been invented specifically for the purpose of recording epic poetry.
Corinthian
The Doric dialect of Corinth was written in a distinctive alphabet that belonged to the "eastern" ("dark blue") type as far as its treatment of was concerned, but differed from the Ionic and classical alphabet in several other ways. Corinth used san () instead of for , and retained qoppa () for what was presumably a retracted allophone of before back vowels. As described above, it also had an uncommon system for marking its -sounds, with a -shaped letter used for and (classical and respectively), and used only for long close (classical ). For the consonant , in turn, Corinth used the special form . The letter was written like a (, ).
Summary table
The following summary of the principal characteristic forms of representative local Greek scripts is based on the chapters on each dialect in Jeffery (1961). Letters representing long vowels are highlighted in yellow; digraphs are shown in parentheses.
References
Bibliography
Poinikastas – Epigraphic Sources for Early Greek Writing. Epigraphy site based on the archives of Lilian Jeffery, Oxford University.
Revised and expanded translation of the Greek edition. (Christidis is the editor of the translation, not the 2001 original.)
Further reading
Searchable Greek Inscriptions, epigraphical database, Packard Humanities Institute
Greek alphabet
Archaic Greece | wiki |
The following is a list of episodes from the series SuperMansion.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2015)
Season 2 (2017)
Season 3 (2018–2019)
Specials
References
SuperMansion
SuperMansion | wiki |
Un samyaksambuddha est un bouddha parfait dans son atteinte du nirvana. Il est l'une des trois sortes possibles de bouddha, les deux autres étant les arhat et les pratyekabuddha. Bien que l'éveil (bodhi) soit le même, le samyaksambuddha est considéré, notamment par le bouddhisme mahayana, comme celui qui a eu le plus de compassion; il a aussi plus d'omniscience et des pouvoirs spéciaux.
Références
Concept bouddhique | wiki |
Steven R.McQueen (n. 13 iulie 1988 în Los Angeles, California) este un actor american, cel mai notabil datorită rolului Jeremy Gilbert din serialul The Vampire Diaries.
Biografie
Steven s-a născut în Los Angeles, California. Este nepotul actorului Steve McQueen. Are 2 surori și un frate.
Cariera
A jucat în filme ca: Minutemen, Piranha 3D și seriale unde are roluri episodice: Threshold, Everwood, Numb3rs, Without a Trace, CSI: Miami și The Vampire Diaries.
Viața personală
În 2010 s-a întîlnit cu Candice Accola,partenera sa de filmări ai serialului The Vampire Diaries.În momentul prezent se întâlnește cu Olivia Pickren.
Legături externe
Actori americani din secolul al XXI-lea
Nașteri în 1988
Americani în viață | wiki |
Public Health England (PHE) was an executive agency of the Department of Health and Social Care in England which began operating on 1 April 2013 to protect and improve health and wellbeing and reduce health inequalities. Its formation came as a result of the reorganisation of the National Health Service (NHS) in England outlined in the Health and Social Care Act 2012. It took on the role of the Health Protection Agency, the National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse and a number of other health bodies. It was an executive agency of the Department of Health and Social Care, and a distinct delivery organisation with operational autonomy.
On 29 March 2021, the UK Government announced that PHE would be disbanded and that its public health functions would be transferred, in proposals to reform public health structures. From 1 October 2021, PHE's health protection functions were formally transferred into the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), while its health improvement functions were transferred to the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities (DHSC), NHS England, and NHS Digital.
Establishment
Proposals for reorganising the National Health Service were published in the early months of the Cameron–Clegg coalition, in a July 2010 white paper from the Department of Health (under Andrew Lansley) titled "Equity and excellence: Liberating the NHS". This was followed by a more detailed paper "Healthy Lives, Healthy People: Our strategy for public health in England" in November.
The bill to implement the proposals was introduced to the House of Commons in January 2011, and was the subject of a report by the Health Select Committee in October. Responding to criticism, the government published "Healthy Lives, Healthy People: Update and way forward" in July. The Health and Social Care Act gained royal assent in March 2012, with all elements of the new system to be operative by April 2013.
The Act established Public Health England as an executive body accountable to the Secretary of State for Health. It took over public health activity from the department and from the regional strategic health authorities (which were abolished), and all activities of the Health Protection Agency, the National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse, the Public Health Observatories, the cancer registries, the National Cancer Intelligence Network, and the UK National Screening Committee together with its screening programmes.
Mission, funding and resources
Each year the Department of Health and Social Care set out PHE's remit and priorities in a letter to its chief executive. The last of such letters, published in July 2021, included tasks to implement the transition to the UK Health Security Agency and the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities.
PHE's mission was "to protect and improve the nation’s health and to address inequalities". It employed approximately 5,000 staff (full-time equivalent), who were mostly scientists, researchers and public health professionals. It announced plans to move its headquarters and 2,750 staff to Harlow on a former GlaxoSmithKline site in 2017.
PHE laboratories provided an extensive range of microbiological diagnostic tests.
The Secretary of State sets the total budget for public health, and determined how it was allocated between PHE and local authorities.
Relationship with local authorities
The 2012 Act, which established PHE as a national body, also returned to local authorities the responsibility for a range of community and public health services. Each upper tier local authority is required to appoint a director of public health, an officer of the authority who is responsible for the authority's public health functions including responding to emergencies. there are 134 of these posts.
2020–2021 reorganisation
A reorganisation of public health protection in England was announced by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, Matt Hancock, in August 2020. The move was in response to mistakes in decision making during the COVID-19 pandemic, including issues with the supply of personal protective equipment for healthcare workers, low community testing capabilities, and insufficient data resourcing.
Several health experts, including Jeremy Farrar, Director of the Wellcome Trust, criticised the move to abolish PHE during an ongoing pandemic, with Richard Murray, Chief Executive of The King's Fund, stating that PHE "appears to have been found guilty without a trial" and it is "unclear what problem government are hoping to solve". In response, Hancock said the move was needed to bring together disparate leadership to strengthen the UK's response to the pandemic, and that the change would not result in disruption.
PHE would be combined with NHS Test and Trace to form a National Institute for Health Protection, under a new leadership structure headed by Conservative peer Dido Harding as interim CEO. Her appointment was later found to be unlawful. Michael Brodie, current CEO of the NHS Business Services Authority, was appointed as interim PHE CEO, replacing Duncan Selbie. In March 2021, it was announced that the new agency would instead be called the UK Health Security Agency, commencing on 1 April and led by Jenny Harries (formerly a regional director at PHE and Deputy Chief Medical Officer for England).
The new UKHSA would focus on infectious disease control, particularly the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Options for PHE's other roles, such as preventing ill health and reducing health inequalities, were to be discussed, with the decision made in March 2021 that these functions would move to "new homes within the health system" including the creation of an Office for Health Protection within the Department for Health and Social Care. This was subsequently re-named the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities and launched 1 October 2021. A few PHE staff moved to NHS England/Improvement or to NHS Digital.
While it was originally announced that PHE would be wound up on 31 March 2021, the body continued to have a 'shadow existence' until 1 October 2021, to support the transition of responsibilities to its successor organisations. The PHE name and employment contracts remained until 1 October.
Structure
PHE had the following public-facing divisions:
Health protection:
Immunisation, hepatitis and blood safety department
Chemical, radioactive, and environmental hazards
Research
National Poisons Information Service
Services for those working with hazardous materials
Harm reduction in relation to polluted environments
Operations
Field epidemiology, including contact tracing
Contagious disease surveillance and control
Major incident response
Health improvement:
Alcohol, drugs, tobacco and justice (including substance misuse treatment monitoring)
Health promotion (such as healthy diet or anti-smoking marketing)
Health screening programmes (such as cancer screening, STD checks, cardiovascular disease screening, etc.) – supervised by the UK National Screening Committee
Reducing health inequalities
Specialist healthcare commissioning (in relation to major incidents, etc.)
National Cancer Intelligence Network (and other networks)
Knowledge and information
Disease registration
Research and development
Operations:
Microbiology unit
Microbe production
Research
References
Specialist services
Regional units (South / Midlands / North / London)
Preparation and response against major incidents
Local centres (several centres per regional unit, except London)
Local health protection
Substance misuse treatment services support (over more than one centre)
Local specialist commissioning (in relation to major incidents, etc.) and advice
Key people
Duncan Selbie was the chief executive of PHE from its formation until 2020; he was previously chief executive of Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust. In the reorganisation announced in August 2020, Michael Brodie was appointed as interim CEO. Brodie was finance director at PHE from its formation until 2019, when he became CEO of the NHS Business Services Authority.
Other senior personnel include:
Yvonne Doyle, Medical Director and Director of Health Protection from 2019, replacing Paul Cosford who became Emeritus Medical Director until his death in 2021.
Kevin Fenton, Regional Director for London.
Jenny Harries was Regional Director for the South of England until her appointment as Deputy Chief Medical Officer for England in 2019.
Anne Mackie, Director of Screening Programmes.
Professor John Newton, Director of Health Improvement.
Mary Ramsay, Head of Immunisation, Hepatitis and Blood Safety.
Alison Tedstone, nutritionist, Director of Diet, Obesity and Physical Activity.
Campaigns
PHE took over the responsibility for 'Be Clear on Cancer' campaigns after it was created in the Health and Social Care Act 2012. Campaigns have been run on lung cancer, bowel cancer, oesophago-gastric and kidney & bladder cancer.
PHE is also responsible for Change4Life and ACT FAST.
In January 2014 it launched a campaign against smoking called 'Health Harms' on television and billboards across England.
COVID-19
The bullet points setting out PHE's priorities for 2019/20 in the annual directive from the Department of Health and Social Care included coordination of the response to public health emergencies under a heading "Leaving the EU". In addition, an "integrated surveillance system" and "investigation and management of outbreaks of infectious diseases" were listed in an annex.
PHE carried out contact tracing in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, but this ceased on 12 March 2020 in view of the wide spread of infection in the population.
From 19 March, consistent with the opinion of the Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens, PHE no longer classified COVID-19 as a "high consequence infectious disease" (HCID). This reversed an interim recommendation made in January 2020, due to more information about the disease confirming low overall mortality rates, greater clinical awareness, and a specific and sensitive laboratory test, the availability of which continues to increase. The statement said "the need to have a national, coordinated response remains" and added "this is being met by the government’s COVID-19 response". This meant cases of COVID-19 were no longer managed by HCID treatment centres only.
Mortality data
PHE began publishing a weekly COVID-19 epidemiology surveillance summary each Thursday from 23 April, combining community, primary care, secondary care, virology and mortality surveillance data to support national and regional planning in relation to the pandemic. From 29 April, PHE collated daily reporting of the number of deaths of people in England with a positive COVID-19 test; the numbers published each day by the UK government had previously only counted deaths in hospital.
By July, as the number of deaths continued to fall, PHE reported significantly more deaths than those collated weekly by the Office for National Statistics from death certificates. Concerns were raised – by the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine and others – that PHE's figures were over-estimates, since they included anyone who had a positive COVID-19 test, no matter how long ago. On 12 August it was agreed to publish the numbers of deaths within 28 days of a positive test, as was already done by other UK administrations. The cumulative total was recalculated as 41,329, a 12% decrease. John Newton, a PHE director, wrote that the method established in April was designed to avoid undercounting, and that PHE always intended to review the approach as the pandemic progressed.
Handling of test results
On 2 October 2020, it was realised that almost 16,000 COVID-19 test results received by PHE from commercial laboratories since 25 September had not been loaded into dashboards or passed to the outsourced Test and Trace operation (notifications of test results to individuals were not affected). PHE retrieved the missing results after determining that the cause was ill-thought-out use of Microsoft's Excel software. Matt Hancock, Health Secretary, said in Parliament that the error "should never have happened". The following month, economists at the University of Warwick estimated that the delayed contact tracing led to more than 125,000 additional infections and 1,500 deaths, although PHE disputed their findings.
Criticism and other published comment
Public Health England has been criticised for downplaying mental health within its overall resourcing and agenda; in 2011 the Royal College of Psychiatrists, commenting on the plan to create PHE, stated its concern that there appeared to be "few, or no, commitments or resources within either the Department of Health or Public Health England to take the public mental health agenda forward".
The agency was criticised by Professor Martin McKee in January 2014. He said that continuing health inequalities among London boroughs was a scandal, and claimed coalition reforms had left it unclear who was supposed to analyse health data and tackle the problems highlighted.
The agency was criticised by The Lancet for allegedly using weak evidence in a review of electronic cigarettes to endorse an estimate that e-cigarette use is 95% less hazardous than smoking: "it is on this extraordinarily flimsy foundation that PHE based the major conclusion and message of its report" ... this "raises serious questions not only about the conclusions of the PHE report, but also about the quality of the agency's peer review process." Authors of the PHE report subsequently published a document clarifying that their endorsement of the 95% claim did not stand on the single study criticised in The Lancet, but on their broad review of toxicological evidence. The agency has also been criticised for "serious questions about transparency and conflicts of interest" regarding this review, that PHE's response "did not even begin to address the various relationships and funding connections" in question, and that this "adds to questions about the credibility of the organisation’s advice". Scientific evidence accumulated since has cast further doubt on PHE's claim.
A 2017 question in the House of Lords revealed that a position underpinning UK Government policy, namely "that well run and regulated modern municipal waste incinerators are not a significant risk to public health remains valid", was asserted in advance of the results having been obtained from a study commissioned by Public Health England to answer the question whether municipal waste incinerators did, in fact, constitute a significant risk to public health.
See also
Health in the United Kingdom
List of national public health agencies
References
External links
2013 establishments in England
Government agencies established in 2013
Organisations based in the London Borough of Lambeth
National public health agencies | wiki |
Akasa may refer to:
Philosophy
Ākāśa, a concept in Indian cosmology
Ākāśa (Jainism), space in the Jain conception of the cosmos
People and persons
Akasa Singh, Indian singer
Akassa tribe (also called Akasa) from Nigeria
Places
, Hamakita Ward, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan
Akasa Linea, 486958 Arrokoth, Kuiper Belt, Solar System; the neck of Arrokoth
Groups and organizations
Akasa (band), a British music band
Akasa Air, Indian low-cost airline based in Mumbai
Other uses
Udara akasa (U. akasa), a butterfly from India
See also
Acasa
Akasha (disambiguation)
Akasaka (disambiguation) | wiki |
Tristia is a work of poetry written by the Roman poet Ovid at some time after he was banished from Rome in AD 8.
Tristia may also refer to:
Tristia (city), a fictional location in the game Tristia of the Deep-Blue Sea
Tristia (Berlioz), a musical work published in 1852
Tristia Harrison (born 1973), a British businesswoman | wiki |
Mega TV may refer to:
Mega TV (American TV network), a Spanish television network based in Florida
MegaTV (Korea), a Korean IPTV service
Mega Channel, a Greek television station
Mega TV (Malaysia), a now defunct Malaysian cable television station
Mega TV (Tamil), a Tamil language television channel from India
See also
Red Televisiva Megavisión, a Chilean television station
Other Mega television channels | wiki |
Poole Town may refer to:
Poole Town Ward, an electoral ward within the Borough of Poole
Poole Town F.C., a seventh-tier English football team
Poole Town Centre
Poole Town Hall | wiki |
Sister is a 2018 stop motion animated film directed by Siqi Song during her studies at CalArts Experimental Animation Program as her graduation film.
In January 2020, it was nominated for the 2020 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.
Accolades
The short has been presented and won awards in a number of festivals including the Oscar qualifying HollyShorts Film Festival, the Aspen Shortsfest, the Austin Film Festival, and the Foyle Film Festival where it won four Oscar qualifying prizes for best animation.
The short was nominated for the Annie Awards and Shortlisted at the BAFTA Student Film Awards for best student film in 2018. It was also nominated for Best Animated Short Film at the 92nd Academy Awards.
Plot
A man thinks back to his childhood memories of growing up with an annoying little sister in China in the 1990's. What would his life be like if things go different?
See also
2019 in film
The Farewell-a similar 2019 Asian American related film
Abominable-another 2019 Asian American related film
References
External links
Sister on Siqi Song's official Vimeo channel
2018 animated films
2018 films
2010s animated short films
American animated short films
Films set in the 1990s
American student films
2018 short films
2010s American films | wiki |
Incident Light () is a 2015 Argentine drama film directed by Ariel Rotter. It was screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival.
Cast
Érica Rivas
Susana Pampin
Marcelo Subiotto
References
External links
2015 films
2015 drama films
Argentine drama films
Uruguayan drama films
French drama films
Argentine black-and-white films
Uruguayan black-and-white films
French black-and-white films
2010s Spanish-language films
2010s Argentine films
2010s French films | wiki |
Small business software refers to software specifically designed to help small business owners run their operations better, cut costs, and replace paper processes.
The small business software industry covers a wide variety of tools and packages, ranging from small business CRM software and Human Resource Management Systems (HRMS), to accounting, office productivity, and communications software.
The most pressing issue for small businesses has been to organize their financial records, mostly due to government requirements in tax reporting. This perhaps explains why accounting software for small business seems to be a growing market.
See also
Accounting software
References
Business software | wiki |
Tieton is a cultivar of sweet cherry developed in Washington state.
Cultivar history
The Tieton cultivar is a hybrid of Stella and Early Burlat, originally developed at Washington State University's Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center (IAREC).
Tree characteristics
The Tieton tree is vigorous, but not highly productive. It has similar branching angles to Bing trees. It is recommended to use dwarf rootstocks in order to reduce the tree's vigor and increase its productivity. It is considered a mid-season bloomer (about 0-2 days before Bing). It is not self-fertile, and is incompatible with Burlat and Chelan but compatible with Bing.
Fruit characteristics
Tieton is an early-ripening cherry, about 6-9 days before Bing. The cherries are mahogany-red, very large in size, with very firm texture and mild flavor. They have very thick stems, which allow the fruit to retain moisture, and therefore a fresh appearance, longer after picking. Tieton is susceptible to cracking, doubling, and powdery mildew.
References
Cherry cultivars | wiki |
Gender roles in Islam are based on scriptures, cultural traditions, and jurisprudence.
The Quran, the holy book of Islam, indicates that both men and women are spiritually equal. The Quran states:
However, this notion of equality has not been reflected in several laws in Muslim-based institutions.
The Quran does not specify gender roles for women, but Islamic practice does. This is partially because men and women are at times allotted different rights and cultural expectations. Hadith Sahih Bukhari (9:89:252) states that a man is expected to be the “guardian of [his] family,” whereas a woman is expected to be the “guardian of her husband’s home and his children.”
In some Muslim-based countries, women are legally restricted from practicing certain rights.
Traditional Gender Roles
Cultural traditions often impact gender roles, prevailing cultural norms, and the interpretation of the Quran and other Islamic texts.
Family
Some reformist and feminist scholars argue that the concept of guardianship has formed the basis of particular gender roles in Muslim societies. Women are often expected to be obedient wives and mothers, staying within the familial environment. Meanwhile, men are expected to be the protectors and caretakers of their families. However, the majority of Muslim scholars agree that women are not obligated to serve their husbands, do housework, or do any kind of work at home. In Shari'a, it is regarded as permissible for a woman to go out for work if she has the consent of her husband. If there is no mutual consent, then it is not permissible for her to go out and work. Until the period of the rise of Islam, there were many ideas of certain actions and behaviors of women that should be expected that were considered traditional gender roles. Women were seen as inferior to men, and women were supposed to behave and respect men. In earlier times, women were seen as the housekeepers and relied on their husbands to protect them since they were not strong enough to take care of themselves.
According to Sayyid Qutb, a prominent member of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood in the 1950s and 1960s, the Quran "gives the man the right of 'guardianship' or 'superiority' over the family structure to prevent dissension and friction between the spouses. The equity of this system lies in the fact that God both favored the man with the necessary qualities and skills for the 'guardianship' and also charged him with the duty to provide for the structure's upkeep." Qutb's ideologies are still impactful for radical Islamists today, influencing such prominent Middle Eastern leaders as Ayman Zawahiri and terrorists as Osama bin Laden.
In Islamic culture, the roles played by men and women are equally important. Gender roles viewed from an Islamic perspective are based on the Qur'an and emphasize the dynamic structure of the family. As in any socio-cultural group, gender roles vary depending on the conservative or liberal nature of the specific group.
Although there are no elaborate roles for men and women in the Qur'an, it is strongly implied that each gender provides equally significant contributions to the family realm.
Chapter 4, in verse 34, in the Qur'an, states that "men are the maintainers of women," due to them providing for their family. It is implied that a noble "husband’s responsibilities commit him to support his wife and children, provide education for his offspring, be kind and attentive to his spouse, and be good to his affine”. These values have remained rather consistent throughout the history of Islam. It is culturally understood that women do, and should, rely on men. This is viewed not as a restricting reliance, but as an arrangement to protect women from the distress and inconveniences of the public arenas. It is because of this ideology that women traditionally do not contribute to the household financially, leaving men to be the sole breadwinners.
The woman's role in the home, although different from that of men, is also of great value and importance in Islamic culture. In earlier times, from a very young age, girls traditionally grew up in the women's quarters of the house called the harem. The harem was that part of the house where the female members of the family and household lived. It was normally out of bounds to all males except the master of the house, his sons and perhaps a physician. Here, young girls were familiarized with domestic activities and were taught Islamic laws and values.
Clothing
Several passages of the Quran deal with acceptable dress standards for both men and women. Surah 24, Verses 30-31 states:
"And tell the believing men to lower their gaze and be modest. That is purer for them and tell the believing women to lower their gaze and be modest, and to display of their adornment only that which is apparent, and to draw their veils over their bosoms, and not to reveal their adornment save to [those relatives who fall within bounds of close relationship explained in the Qur’an (i.e. the Mahrams)]..."
In Iran, breaking the Islamic dress code or participation in perceived cross dressing is a crime resulting in imprisonment.
Prayer and Worship
For Friday prayers, by custom, Muslim's congregations segregate men, women, and children into separate groups. On other days, the women and children pray at home. Men are expected to offer the five times daily prayers at the nearest mosque. Muhammad specifically allowed Muslim women to attend mosques and pray behind men. Mohammad said, "Do not prevent your wife(s) from going to the mosque, even though their houses are better for them," which implies women are recommended to stay at home. "A woman’s prayer in her house is better than her prayer in her courtyard, and her prayer in her bedroom is better than her prayer in her house." (Reported by Abu Dawud in al-Sunan, Baab maa jaa’a fee khurooj al-nisaa’ ilaa’l-masjid. See also Saheeh al-Jaami‘, no. 3833).
Female Genital Mutilation
Surveys have shown a widespread belief, particularly in Mali, Mauritania, Guinea, and Egypt, that FGM is a religious requirement. Gruenbaum has argued that practitioners may not distinguish between religion, tradition, and chastity, making it difficult to interpret the data. FGM's origins in northeastern Africa are pre-Islamic, but the practice became associated with Islam because of that religion's focus on female chastity and seclusion. There is no mention of it in the Quran. It is praised in a few daʻīf (weak) hadith (sayings attributed to Muhammad) as noble but not required, although it is regarded as obligatory by the Shafi'i version of Sunni Islam. In 2007 the Al-Azhar Supreme Council of Islamic Research in Cairo ruled that FGM had "no basis in core Islamic law or any of its partial provisions".
Sexuality
Sexuality, as discussed in Islamic texts is generally confined to the context of heterosexual marriage, and in all cases, modesty and chastity are strongly encouraged. Premarital sex and same-gender sex are forbidden and abortion is highly discouraged, except in cases where there are medical risks for the mother. Sexuality in Islam is often separated in terms of male versus female sexuality, marital versus premarital versus extramarital sexuality, and heterosexuality versus homosexuality as is pointed out by Abdessamad Dialmy.
Male and Female Sexuality
The Islamic tradition recognizes the sexual desires of both men and women. According to Kecia Ali, "Classical texts note the importance of female fulfillment while stressing the wives' duty to remain sexually available to their husbands... whereas contemporary authors focus on women's sexual rights within their marriages, attempting to prove the importance of female pleasure by highlighting the separation of sex from reproduction and the importance of the female orgasm." Classical authors also stress the importance of male guardianship, as it is required to protect the chastity and modesty of women in their care.
Heterosexuality and Homosexuality
Heterosexuality
Islam considers the heterosexual relationship (marital or female slave without marriage) between a man and a woman- the only acceptable relationship. Within this traditional relationship, the male is allowed more room for expression of his sexual rights than the female is, as mentioned above. There are three types of heterosexual relationships: premarital, marital, and extramarital.
Marital, Premarital and Extramarital Sex
Pre-marital sex is frowned upon in general. However, in Islamic law, there are strict regulations on men and women to keep themselves pure, i.e. a virgin, and only indulge in sexual intercourse after marriage with their partner. Men and women are advised to abstain from indulging in indiscriminate sexual relationships for the mere satisfaction of carnal desires. Marriage is the only acceptable means to indulge in sexual relationships, any other relationship is considered as "Zina", one of the major sins in Islam.
In Islamic marital practices, the male pays a bride-price/dower to his wife, known as the Mahr, which is one of the essentials of marriage. Other essentials are the presence of two witnesses and the 'Wali', or guardian of the bride. A marriage is not considered valid without 'Sadaq', 'Wali', and 'Shahidain' (dower, guardian, and witnesses). The bride-price is a fixed amount of money, jewelry, or property that is given to the bride as her own. A Muslim marriage is usually solemnized in the mosque before an imam, where guardians of both parties appear on their behalf (especially that of the female) and the marriage is announced after payment of the Sadaq. It is not a contract that needs to be signed by either of the parties.
Homosexuality
Traditional Islamic schools of thought, as based on the Quran and Hadith, consider same-gender sex to be a punishable sin. In much of the Islamic world, homosexuality illegal, and in Afghanistan, Iran, Mauritania, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen, homosexual acts are punishable by death. Most Muslim-majority countries continue to oppose LGBT rights movements, with the exceptions of Albania and Sierra Leone. In Albania, Turkey, Bahrain, Jordan, and Mali, homosexual intercourse is legal.
In Iran and other Islamic countries, a common perception of transgender women—discovered in a 2019 study by Zara Saeidzadeh—is that "in many occasions authorities wrongly give permission for sex-change surgery to homosexuals who request it for the sole purpose of being able to be in a homosexual relationship without fear of conviction."
Guardianship, gender roles, and male control over women's sexuality are also tools that allow for the enforcement of heterosexual norms.
Masculinity
Some of what is deemed to be masculine in Muslim cultures stems from the life and actions of Muhammad as put down in the hadith. Muhammad was married to his first wife Khadija monogamously for 25 years. Upon her death he later married a total of ten women. In Sahih al-Bukhari 7:62:142, it is said that Muhammad sometimes had sexual relations with all his wives in one night, and in 1:5:268 he is described as having “the strength of thirty men.” The idea of traditional masculinity is also strongly shaped by the traditional idea of femininity. Several classic Muslim authors such as Sheikh Muhammad Nefzawi and Ahmed Bin Selman describe women as beings with insatiable sexual appetites. It follows that a man who can satisfy multiple women is seen as incredibly powerful and masculine. In many classical arguments, it is the husband's duty to fulfill his wife's sexual needs, which are part of her rights as a married woman. This argument is often paired with the statement that this is how society prevents social unrest (fitna).
In addition to the relationship between Muslim masculinity and female sexuality, some concepts of Muslim masculinity stem from the relationships between Muslim men. Prominent writer of "Islamic Masculinities", Lahoucine Ouzgane, proposes the idea that masculinity is rooted in a fear of emasculation by other men. Additionally, projecting homosexuality onto another man is often seen as a way to emasculate him while reaffirming one's superior virility.
Femininity
What is deemed feminine, and the “ideal” Muslim woman, is constantly changing. These changes are influenced by many things, including the global market and modernization. The Quran requires Muslim men and women to dress modestly. The law of the hijab states that the whole female body aside from the face and hands should be covered when a woman leaves her home as a sign of modesty, obedience to God and respect for Islamic values. Modernization has changed many aspects of femininity, in the past, and in the present. The global market is changing femininity by showcasing and promoting images that are desirable for an ideal Muslim woman, and this change has caused certain traditions for women to become outdated and contested. One tradition that is becoming less accepted is the veil; some women, though not all, now see this as degrading in today's world whereas in the past it was seen as a sign of respect. Regardless of traditions, women have been used throughout history as a cultural symbol of Muslim religious values, which has shaped what it means to be feminine in a society.
Modern Viewpoints
Viewpoints regarding gender roles vary with different interpretations of the Quran, different sects of the religion, and different cultural traditions and geographical locations.
Salafiyyah
Salafiyyah literally means "that which pertains to ancestry". It was first conceived by Muhammad Abduh and refers back to the first generation of Muslims who supported Muhammad during the seventh century.
The ideas of Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah bin Baz are characteristic of much of the salafiyyah sect. Bin Baz believed that the engagement of women in “male domains” separates them from their God-given nature, eventually leading to women's misery and demise. He believed that women entering “male domains” posed a danger to Muslim society, eventually causing it to fall into moral decay. Additionally, he asserted that a woman outside the home was a woman denying her true, God-given character. He viewed the involvement of women in male domains as a detriment to the next generation, which he says may receive a worse education and less compassion from their mothers. Bin Baz also thought that women should only work in certain fields, those that are within a woman's domain, such as female education, nursing, and medical care. But even these must obey a strict separation of gender.
Wasatiyyah
The Qur'anic and prophetic terms for "moderation" are reflected in the word "wasatiyyah," which means the "middle way between extremes" and "upright without losing balance."
Muhammad Al-Ghazali's ideas characterize much of the wasatiyyah school of thought. His ideas are shared by other notable and influential people including Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, Abdel-Haleem AbuShaqua, and Hasan al-Turabi. Together they represent a growing modernist trend. Al-Ghazali indicated that Islam suggests a significant sense of equality between men and women. He maintained that there are traditions created by people and not by God that slow women's development and keeps them in religious ignorance, which he believes results in the degradation of the whole Muslim community. Ghazali asserts that women have been denied a say in their communities and have been restricted to domestic service. He also called for a change in Islamic thinking in general and the re-evaluation of cultural traditions that are attributed wrongly as central to the Islamic faith.
Fatema Mernissi
In her writings, Fatema Mernissi remarks that “if women's rights are a problem for some modern Muslim men, it is neither because of the Qur'an nor the Prophet Muhammad, nor the Islamic tradition, but simply because those rights conflict with the interests of a male elite”. She questions the social norm that a man is dishonored if a woman in their family works outside of domestic space. She asserts that in the male mind, society is divided into an economically productive section that is public and male and, a domestic sphere that is private and female, and that these two areas should not mix.
Heba Ra'uf
Heba Ra'uf (born 1965) stresses the importance of new interpretations of the Quran and Sunnah (traditions and sayings of Muhammad). Ra'uf argues that the advancement of women's causes in Arab and Muslim societies requires a reworking of Islamic thought. She criticizes the efforts of those who draw their inspiration exclusively from Western feminism. On the other hand, some feminists like Nawal El-Saadawi severely criticize the veil: “veiling and nakedness are two sides of the same coin. Both mean women are bodies without mind … ”. But Ra'uf sees wearing a veil as a means of liberation: “the veil neutralizes women's sexuality in the public sphere, making clear that they are citizens – not sexual objects”.
Ra'uf acknowledges that women belong in the public sphere, and she challenges any gender-based separation between the public and private spheres. She has asserted that “breaking the dichotomy would give housewives more social esteem and would encourage working women to fulfill their psychological need to be good mothers and wives,” emphasizing that women's work should extend both into the private and the public sectors.
Countries
Saudi Arabia
As of June 2018, women are allowed to drive in Saudi Arabia. They were the only country in the world which banned woman from driving. In some areas, such as Mecca, they are expected to cover their hair as well. While they have gained increased access to education and a few gender-segregated job opportunities, their representation in the labor market has increased from just over 10 percent in 2002 to 33 percent .
Women's development in Saudi Arabia has been relatively slower than in its neighboring Arab countries, especially regarding the improvement of female participation. In 2004, the fifth Jeddah Economic Forum held in Saudi Arabia had its first ever woman in key activities, with Lubna Olayan delivering the keynote speech.
Iran
The Islamic Republic of Iran has witnessed several advancements and setbacks for women's roles in the past 40 years, especially following the Iranian Revolution in 1979. After the revolution, Iranian women had more opportunities in some areas and more restrictions in others. One of the striking features of the revolution was the large-scale participation of women from traditional backgrounds in demonstrations leading up to the overthrow of the monarchy. The culture of education for women was established by the time of the revolution so that even after the revolution, large numbers of women entered civil service and higher education, After the 1989 Iranian constitutional referendum, changes resulted in an improvement in the lives and opportunities of women. Since then, several women have been elected to the Iranian parliament and more women participate in civil service. This is partially due to women taking advantage of higher educational opportunities. Iranian female education went from a 46 percent literacy rate, to 83 percent. Iran ranked 10th in terms of female literacy in the 1970s, and still holds this position. The Hijab became compulsory as well as modesty requirements; loose-fitting clothing as well as a Rusari (headscarf) that covers all the hair. On the economic front, Women's labor force participation rate and literacy rate have been on the rise. Yet the unemployment rate for women compared to that of men is still considerably higher.
Afghanistan
In the Afghanistan, women's rights have oscillated back and forth depending on the time period. After the fall of Kabul in 2021 during the Taliban insurgency and subsequent takeover of Afghanistan by the Taliban, concern about the future of women in the country increased. For the past 18 years, there were improvements in girls' education in which 4 out of 10 children were girls, according to a report by UNESCO. Due to the pressure from United Nations and International Organizations, Talibans were forced to allow women for education including under-graduate and post-graduate.
Apart from the education rights, the Women's Ministry was also replaced by the Ministry of Vice and Virtue. These groups of Islamic religious police were considered very harsh and even beat women if they were spotted without male guardians or dressed immodestly.
See also
Islamic clothing
Islam and domestic violence
Islamic Feminism
Status of women's testimony in Islam
Notes
References
Works cited
Islam and women
Gender roles
Islam
Islamic culture
Islamic ethics
Women's rights in Islam | wiki |
Pappardelle (; singular: pappardella; from the verb , "to gobble up") are large, very broad, flat pasta, similar to wide fettuccine, originating from the region of Tuscany. The fresh types are two to three centimetres (–1 inches) wide and may have fluted edges, while dried egg pappardelle have straight sides.
References
External links
Pappardelle (slide show), Food & Wine
Cuisine of Tuscany
Wide pasta | wiki |
Skam may refer to:
Skam TV franchise, based on the Norwegian TV show Skam (TV series)
Skam (TV series), a Norwegian 2015–2017 TV series
SKAM Austin, 2018-2019 US adaptation
Skam España, 2018-2020 Spanish adaptation
wtFOCK, 2018-2021 Flemish adaptation
Skam France (aka Skam Belgique, also stylized as "SKAM"), 2018–2022 France-Belgium adaptation
Druck (TV series), 2018-present German adaptation
"Skam" (song), 2001 song by Nanne Grönvall off the album Alla mina ansikten
Skam Records, an English record label
Amalfi Airport (Colombia) (ICAO airport code SKAM), Amalfi, Antioquia Department, Colombia
See also
Scam (disambiguation) | wiki |
Asham is a corn-based Caribbean dessert. It is thought to have originated in Africa, with the name asham derived from the Akan word o-sĭám meaning "parched and ground corn". Other names include Brown George (Jamaica), asham (Grenada), sansam and chilli bibi (Trinidad), caan sham, casham and kasham (Belize).
It is made by shelling dry corn, parching it, and then grinding it finely. Salt or sugar can then be added to the mixture and it can be eaten dry or with water.
See also
Cocktion
Duckunoo
List of desserts
References
Caribbean cuisine
Jamaican desserts
Trinidad and Tobago cuisine
Grenadian cuisine
Belizean cuisine
Desserts
Maize dishes | wiki |
Escalona may refer to:
Escalona, a town in the province of Toledo, Spain
Escalona del Prado, a town in the province of Segovia, Spain
Escalona, a locality in the municipality of Puértolas, province of Huesca, Spain
Alejandro Escalona, a Chilean footballer
Edgmer Escalona (born 1986), Venezuelan baseball pitcher
Miguel Escalona, a Spanish footballer
Rafael Escalona, Colombian composer
Escalona (TV series), a Colombian TV series
Río Escalona, a river in the province of Valencia, Spain
Duke of Escalona, a Spanish noble title.
Spanish-language surnames | wiki |
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