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Bob Gregory may refer to:
Bob Gregory (comics) (1921–2003), American comics artist and writer
Bob Gregory (cricketer) (1902–1973), English cricketer
Bob Gregory (politician) (born 1936), Australian politician
Bob Gregory (American football), American college football coach and former player
See also
Bob Gregorie or Eugene Turenne Gregorie (1908–2002), American yacht and automobile designer
Bob Gregor (born 1957), American former pro football player
Robert Gregory (disambiguation) | wiki |
Chest infection may refer to:
Upper respiratory tract infection
Lower respiratory tract infection
Bronchitis
Pneumonia
Pleurisy
Tuberculosis | wiki |
Aminoisobutyric acid may refer to either of two isomeric chemical compounds:
2-Aminoisobutyric acid (AIB)
3-Aminoisobutyric acid | wiki |
Wings of Glory is a World War I combat flight simulator video game for DOS, developed by Origin Systems and published by Electronic Arts in 1995. The game uses Origin's RealSpace engine, which was first used in their earlier flight simulator Strike Commander.
Gameplay
The player begins the game as an American novice newly arrived in England who must take part in numerous missions, which involve taking off, completing certain objectives, then returning to base. The various planes that can be piloted are realistic for the time period; the starting plane is a lowly Sopwith Pup, with more advanced planes becoming available as the game progresses. Each plane has its own machine gun and some are able to drop bombs. The gameplay is primarily in first-person with an option to switch to third-person.
In addition to the main campaign there is a Gauntlet mode where the objective is to survive for as long as possible against a constant wave of enemies. There is also a level designer where the player can create their own missions.
Reception
PC Gamer gave it a score of 92%, saying, "Wings of Glory isn't just the most realistic-feeling World War I flight sim on the market, it's also a carefully crafted homage to the great aerial epics of the '20s and '30s" and "Quibbles aside, Origin has given us another superb product in Wings of Glory". Computer Gaming World gave it a score of 90%, noting that a post-release patch fixed a lot of the initial complaints. In general, the game was praised for its visuals, audio and storytelling, with criticisms falling on the sluggish controls and difficulty of flying (much of which was addressed in a patch).
References
External links
Wings of Glory at MobyGames
1995 video games
Combat flight simulators
World War I flight simulation video games
DOS games
DOS-only games
Electronic Arts games
Origin Systems games
World War I video games
Video games produced by Warren Spector
Video games developed in the United States | wiki |
Kabuni is a traditional Albanian dessert. It is made of rice fried in butter, mutton broth (ram's neck only), raisins (rinsed first in warm water), and some salt. It is then boiled before sugar, cinnamon, and ground cloves are added. It is served cold.
See also
List of desserts
References
Desserts
Albanian cuisine | wiki |
Roadster may refer to:
Transportation
Roadster (automobile), an open, two-seat, often sporty car
Roadster utility, an automobile with an open-topped roadster body and a rear cargo bed
Roadster (bicycle), a utilitarian bicycle, typically traditional in design
Roadster (horse), a type of driving competition for horses
A roadster motorcycle, another name for a standard
Vehicle models
Cars
Haynes Roadster, a roadster sports car
Mazda MX-5, a sports car known as the Mazda Roadster in Japan
Morgan Roadster, a roadster sports car
Panoz Roadster, a sports car
Smart Roadster, a sports car
Singer Roadster, a roadster touring car
Tesla Roadster (first generation), an all-electric sports car
Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster launched in to deep space by SpaceX
Tesla Roadster (second generation), an upcoming all-electric sports car
Triumph Roadster, a roadster touring car
Motorcycles
Cagiva Roadster, a motorcycle
Video games
Roadster, a game in the Sports Collection, Japan-exclusive Game Boy video game
Roadsters (video game) released for Nintendo 64, Sega Dreamcast, Sony PlayStation and Game Boy Color
See also
Speedster (disambiguation) | wiki |
The Castle of Soure () is a Portuguese castle in the civil parish of Soure, municipality of Soure, district of Coimbra.
It has been listed as a National monument since 1949.
External links
Soure Castle at IPPAR
Soure
Soure
Tourist attractions in Portugal | wiki |
The Variaș oil field is an oil field located in Variaș, Timiș County. It was discovered in 1968 and developed by Petrom. It began production in 1970 and produces oil. The total proven reserves of the Variaș oil field are around 40 million barrels (5.4×106tonnes), and production is centered on .
References
Oil fields in Romania | wiki |
Super ShowDown è un evento in pay-per-view di wrestling organizzato annualmente dalla WWE dal 2018 al 2020.
Edizioni
Collegamenti esterni | wiki |
Cody White may refer to:
Cody White (offensive guard) (born 1988), American football offensive guard for the Houston Texans
Cody White (wide receiver) (born 1998), American football wide receiver for the Pittsburgh Steelers | wiki |
BHPL may refer to:
Beverly Hills Public Library
Benton Harbor Public Library | wiki |
Rearrange may refer to:
Rearrange EP, a 1998 promotional EP released by God Lives Underwater, and their second EP album
"Rearrange" (God Lives Underwater song), 1998
"Rearrange" (Miles Kane song), 2011 | wiki |
The Way Home may refer to:
The Way Home (2002 film), a South Korean film by Lee Jeong-hyang
The Way Home (2010 film), an American film with Dean Cain
The Way Home, also known as Veettilekkulla Vazhi, a 2010 Indian Malayalam film
The Way Home (novel), a 1925 novel by Henry Handel Richardson in the trilogy The Fortunes of Richard Mahony
The Way Home (short story), a short story by Franz Kafka written between 1904 and 1912
The Way Home (2023 TV series), a 2023 television series starring Andie MacDowell and Chyler Leigh
The Way Home (Russ Taff album), a 1989 album by Russ Taff
The Way Home (album), a 2019 album by The McClures
The Way Home (Kevin Braheny album), a 1978 album by Kevin Braheny
The Way Home (play), a 2006 play by Chloe Moss
The Way Home (Pelecanos novel), a 2009 novel by George Pelecanos
The Way Home (Mary Pride book), a 1985 non-fiction book by Mary Pride
See also
Put Domoi (The Way Home), a Russian street newspaper | wiki |
Early Stage may refer to:
Early Life Stage test, a toxicity test using embryo or larvae
Early stage cancer, referred to as the Clinical Classification of cancer
Early Stages, a box set by rock band Marillion
Early Years Foundation Stage, from Section 39 of the Childcare Act 2006 in the United Kingdom
God of Gamblers 3: The Early Stage, 1997 Hong-Kong film
Monstercat 002 – Early Stage, a 2011 compilation album by Monstercat
See also
Educational stage | wiki |
Pathia is an ancient Indian Parsi form of curry predominantly available in the curry houses of the United Kingdom. It is hot, sweet, and sour, with use of chillies and tamarind.
It is based on a blend of tamarind and lime, with jaggery to help the balance and chillies for heat.
Vinegar is not a traditional ingredient, nor is ginger.
References
Parsi cuisine
Indian cuisine
Indian cuisine in the United Kingdom | wiki |
Classical dance may refer to:
Ballet, particularly classical ballet
Indian classical dance
Traditional forms of dancing in other cultures, such as Japanese traditional dance or Chinese traditional dance
See also
Ballroom dance | wiki |
2901 may refer to:
A member of the AMD Am2900 family of logic chips
The first year of the 30th century | wiki |
That's the Truth may refer to:
That's the Truth (album), an album by Paul Brandt
"That's the Truth" (Paul Brandt song), the title track from the above album
"That's the Truth" (McFly song), 2010
That's the Truth (Johnny Cash song), 1984 | wiki |
A changing bag is a photographic bag specifically designed to be light-proof while in use. It is required for certain applications involving photosensitive materials when a darkroom is not available, like in the field. Common usages include removing film from its canister to put it into a developing tank, or loading and unloading sheet film holders. They are also commonly found on the set of a film, where the clapper loader may need one if shooting on location or far away from a darkroom.
Usage
It is handy to use when a darkroom is not available as is often the case in field shooting. It is also used in commercial photo processing labs, often to change paper.
Description
A changing bag has two sleeves at one end for both the user's arms, and a zipper (often more than one, for double layered changing bags) to insert the tools and film needed. There are several sizes available, from smaller ones for many still photography applications to larger bags used in large-format still photography or film making, which may need to hold both a magazine and a can of film stock which each have a 1000-foot capacity. Larger changing bag sizes are also available as "changing tents", where the top of the bag can be held in a dome-like configuration through the use of two curved rods.
Photography equipment
Bags | wiki |
Stanlio e Ollio (Laurel & Hardy) – duo comico
Stanlio & Ollio (Laurel and Hardy) – serie animata del 1966
Stanlio & Ollio (Stan & Ollie) – film del 2018 diretto da Jon S. Baird | wiki |
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Carney (Maryland)
Carney (Michigan)
Carney (Montana)
Carney (Oklahoma)
Carney (Nyugat-Virginia)
Carney (Pennsylvania)
Írország
Carney (Sligo megye)
Carney (Tipperary megye) | wiki |
A moving violation is a type of traffic infraction.
Moving Violation(s) may also refer to:
Film and television
Moving Violation (film), a 1976 action film
Moving Violations, a 1985 comedy film
"Moving Violation" (CHiPs), a television episode
Other uses
Moving Violation, a 1975 album by the Jackson 5
Moving Violations: War Zones, Wheelchairs and Declarations of Independence, a 1995 book by John Hockenberry | wiki |
Robert Bass (born 1948) is an American businessman and philanthropist.
Robert Bass may also refer to:
Robert Bass (conductor) (1953–2008), American music director and conductor
Robert P. Bass (1873–1960), American farmer, forestry expert, and Republican politician from New Hampshire
Robert Wilton Bass (1921–1998), politician from Texas
Bob Bass (1929–2018), American basketball coach and executive
Robert William Bass (1804–1875), English artist | wiki |
In the restaurant industry, tableside service may refer to:
Service à la russe, where waiters portion and serve food from a sideboard or serving trolley
Gueridon service, where waiters prepare foods on a gueridon trolley. | wiki |
Disk Drill is a data recovery utility for Windows and macOS developed by Cleverfiles. It was introduced in 2010, and is primarily designed to recover deleted or lost files from hard disk drives, USB flash drives and SSD drives with the help of Recovery Vault technology. While Disk Drill was originally exclusive to the Mac, a Windows version was released in 2015.
Recovery vault
The core of Disk Drill is a Recovery Vault technology which allows to recover data from a medium that was secured by Recovery Vault beforehand. Recovery Vault runs as a background service and remembers all metadata and properties of the deleted data. Thus making it possible to restore deleted files with their original file names and location.
Supported file systems
The Mac version of Disk Drill provides recovery from HFS/HFS+ and FAT disks/partitions (only the paid Pro version can actually recover files, the Free version will only allow Previewing files).
In August 2016, Disk Drill 3 announces support of macOS Sierra.
Data backup
Disk Drill can be also used as a backup utility for creating copies of the disk or partition in DMG images format.
Version for Windows
In February 2015, CleverFiles launched a Windows version of its data recovery software for macOS. While in beta, Disk Drill for Windows is licensed as a freeware and allows to recover the deleted files from storage devices that can be accessed from Windows PC. Disk Drill for Windows also includes the Recovery Vault technology and works on any Windows XP system or newer (Windows Vista, 7, 8, 10). The software is compatible with FAT and NTFS, as well as HFS+ and EXT2/3/4 file systems.
In September 2016, CleverFiles announced the availability of Disk Drill 2 for Windows, the new version of the expert-level data recovery app.
Release history
See also
Data recovery
Data remanence
File deletion
List of data recovery software
Undeletion
References
External links
Data recovery software
Utilities for macOS
Freeware | wiki |
White Pudding (deutsch: weißer Pudding) oder Oatmeal Pudding (deutsch: Haferflockenpudding) ist eine in Irland, Schottland und auf Neufundland verbreitete und beliebte Speise. Er besteht üblicherweise aus Schweinefleisch und Fett, Rindernierenfett, Brot und Haferflocken und wird zu einer Wurst geformt. Diese Wurst wird entweder als Ganzes gekocht oder in Scheiben geschnitten gebraten.
In Schottland ist White Pudding auch als Mealy Pudding bekannt und besteht aus Rindernierenfett, Haferflocken, Zwiebeln und Gewürzen, in den südwestenglischen Grafschaften Devon und Cornwall als Hog's Pudding, welcher teilweise auch einen hohen Anteil an Eingeweiden wie Leber und Lunge enthält.
In Irland ist White Pudding Teil des irischen Frühstücks, in Schottland wird in Backteig frittierter White Pudding anstelle von Fisch in Fish’n’Chips-Shops verkauft. White Pudding mit Chips ist auch als White Pudding Supper bekannt. In Schottland wird White Pudding traditionell auch zu Mince and Tatties gegessen.
Neben White Pudding existieren auch Black Pudding (Blutpudding) und Red Pudding, welcher gewürztes Schweinefleisch enthält.
Englische Küche
Fleischgericht | wiki |
Narspi may refer to:
Narspi (poem), a celebrated poem by Chuvash poet Konstantin Vasilyevich Ivanov
Narspi (opera), an opera by Gregory Hirbyu performed in 1967 at the Chuvash State Opera and Ballet Theater | wiki |
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Castle Rock (Colorado)
Castle Rock (Dél-Dakota)
Castle Rock (Missouri)
Castle Rock (Morrow megye, Oregon)
Castle Rock (Tillamook megye, Oregon)
Castle Rock (Clatsop megye, Oregon)
Castle Rock (Washington)
Castle Rock (Wisconsin)
Castle Rock (közösség, Wisconsin)
Castle Rock Township (Dakota megye, Minnesota)
Egyéb
Castle Rock (fiktív település)
Castle Rock Entertainment, volt amerikai filmgyártó cég
Castle Rock (televíziós sorozat) | wiki |
Estadio Olímpico de San Marcos je višenamjenski stadion u nikaragvanskom gradu San Marcos. Većinom se koristi za nogometne utakmice te se na njemu uglavnom igraju domaće utakmice nogometnog kluba FC San Marcos.
Izvori
Nikaragvanski nogometni stadioni | wiki |
Keyboard controller may refer to:
Keyboard controller (computing), a computer hardware which connects a keyboard to the main board
In music, a MIDI keyboard with some additional controls | wiki |
The men's freestyle 97 kilograms is a competition featured at the 2021 World Wrestling Championships, and was held in Oslo, Norway on 4 and 5 October.
This freestyle wrestling competition consists of a single-elimination tournament, with a repechage used to determine the winner of two bronze medals. The two finalists face off for gold and silver medals. Each wrestler who loses to one of the two finalists moves into the repechage, culminating in a pair of bronze medal matches featuring the semifinal losers each facing the remaining repechage opponent from their half of the bracket.
Results
Legend
F — Won by fall
Final
Top half
Bottom half
Repechage
Final standing
References
External links
Official website
Men's freestyle 97 kg | wiki |
Back to the Floor is a corporate reality show in which a senior manager of a company takes on a junior position for a week:
Back to the Floor (Canadian TV series)
Back to the Floor (UK TV series) | wiki |
The first season of the television series Live Rescue began airing April 22, 2019, on A&E in the United States. The season concluded on August 19, 2019, and contained 16 episodes.
Episodes
References
2019 American television seasons | wiki |
Cancer virus refers to:
An oncovirus, a virus that can cause cancer.
Also generally the role of viruses in carcinogenesis.
On the other hand to an oncolytic virus, a virus that preferentially infects and lyses cancer cells. | wiki |
Being Mary Jane is an American drama television series, created by Mara Brock Akil and starring Gabrielle Union, that debuted January 7, 2014, on BET. The series follows the professional and personal life of successful TV news anchor Mary Jane Paul (Union), who lives in Atlanta, Georgia.
On January 6, 2016, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on January 10, 2017. On April 23, 2019, the series finale (Season 5) aired as a two-hour original movie special.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2013–14)
Season 2 (2015)
Season 3 (2015)
Season 4 (2017)
Season 5 (2019)
References
External links
List of Being Mary Jane episodes at BET
Lists of American drama television series episodes
Split television seasons | wiki |
Pterostylis subtilis, commonly known as the thin mountain greenhood, is a species of orchid endemic to New South Wales. It has a rosette of leaves and when flowering a single translucent white flower with dark green lines, a narrow, deeply notched sinus between the lateral sepals and a curved, protruding labellum.
Description
Pterostylis subtilis is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a rosette of fleshy leaves lying flat on the ground. Each leaf is long and wide. When flowering, there is a single white flower with dark green lines, long and wide which is borne on a flowering spike high. The dorsal sepal and petals are fused to form a hood or "galea" over the column, the dorsal sepal slightly longer than the petals and all sharply pointed. There is a narrow gap at each side of the flower between the petals and lateral sepals. The lateral sepals are erect with a tapering tip long and there is a deep, narrow sinus between them. The labellum is long, about wide, blunt and curved, protruding above the sinus. Flowering occurs in December and January.
Taxonomy and naming
Pterostylis subtilis was first described in 2006 by David Jones and the description was published in Australian Orchid Research from a specimen collected in the Barrington Tops National Park. The specific epithet (subtilis) is a Latin word meaning "thin", "fine", "slender" or "acute ".
Distribution and habitat
The thin mountain greenhood grows with grasses on sheltered forest slopes in the Barrington Tops National Park.
References
subtilis
Orchids of New South Wales
Plants described in 2006 | wiki |
Amygdalum is een geslacht van tweekleppigen uit de familie van de Mytilidae.
Soorten
Amygdalum americanum Soot-Ryen, 1955
Amygdalum anoxicolum G. Oliver, 2001
Amygdalum dendriticum Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1811
Amygdalum dolichum (Suter, 1917) †
Amygdalum newcombi (Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938)
Amygdalum pallidulum (Dall, 1916)
Amygdalum peasei (Newcomb, 1870)
Amygdalum politum (Verrill & S. Smith [in Verrill], 1880)
Amygdalum sagittatum (Rehder, 1935)
Amygdalum soyoae Habe, 1958
Amygdalum striatum (Hutton, 1873)
Amygdalum watsoni (E. A. Smith, 1885)
Mytilidae | wiki |
Calmness is the mental state of peace of mind being free from agitation, excitement, or disturbance. It also refers being in a state of serenity, tranquillity, or peace. Calmness can most easily occur for the average person during a state of relaxation, but it can also be found during much more alert and aware states. Some people find that focusing the mind on something external, such as studying, or even internal, such as the breathing, can itself be very calming.
Childhood origins
Parental soothing (by rocking, holding etc.) in infancy lays the foundations of the capacity to self-calm. Thereafter transitional objects can help maintain calmness, while pets as self-objects also promote soothing and calm.
Cultivating calmness
Calmness is a quality that can be cultivated and increased with practice, or developed through psychotherapy. It usually takes a trained mind to stay calm in the face of a great deal of different stimulation, and possible distractions, especially emotional ones. The negative emotions are the greatest challenge to someone who is attempting to cultivate a calm mind. Some disciplines that promote and develop calmness are prayer, yoga, tai chi, martial arts, theatre arts, gardening, relaxation training, breath training, and meditation. Jon Kabat-Zinn states that "Concentration is a cornerstone of mindfulness practice. Your mindfulness will only be as robust as the capacity of your mind to be calm and stable. Without calmness, the mirror of mindfulness will have an agitated and choppy surface and will not be able to reflect things with any accuracy."
Sarah Wilson recommends reducing one's exposure to choices/decisions as a route to calm.
Peace of mind
Another term usually associated with calmness is "peace". A mind that is at peace or calm will cause the brain to produce "good" hormones, which in turn give the person a stable emotional state and promote good health in every area of life, including marriage. Seeing the rise in crime and diseases around the world which are more often than not the consequences of the emotions going 'out-of-control', it is therefore considered beneficial for many to stay calm and cultivate it in every possible situation, especially during stressful events such as demise of a family member or failure in business.
Etymology
The term comes from Middle English calme, from Old French, from Old Italian calmo, from Late Latin cauma, "heat of the day", the "resting place in the heat of the day", from Greek kauma, burning heat, from kaiein, to burn.
Cultural examples
Gibbon praised Boethius: “the sage who could artfully combine in the same work, the various riches of philosophy, poetry, and eloquence, must already have possessed the intrepid calmness, which he affected to seek”.
Rear Admiral Spruance, carrier commander at the Battle of Midway, was nicknamed Electric Brain because of his calmness in the hottest action.
Lord David Cecil saw Wuthering Heights as dominated by the contrast between what he called on the one hand “the principle of storm...and on the other, the principle of calm – of the gentle, the merciful, the passive, and the tame”.
See also
References
Positive mental attitude
Happiness
Emotions | wiki |
Joyland (Stephen King-regény)
Települések
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Joyland (Arkansas)
Joyland (Észak-Karolina) | wiki |
From the Edge of the Deep Green Sea may refer to:
"From the Edge of the Deep Green Sea", a song by The Cure from Wish
"From the Edge of the Deep Green Sea", an episode of the TV series One Tree Hill | wiki |
Steroid reductases are reductase enzymes that are involved in steroid biosynthesis and metabolism. They include:
5α-Reductase
5β-Reductase
See also
Steroidogenic enzyme
References
Oxidoreductases | wiki |
Albania established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union on April 7, 1924. In the following decades, relations between the two countries began to deteriorate and on November 25, 1961, the Soviet government under the instructions of premier Khrushchev recalled its ambassador Iosif Shikin. The two countries reestablished diplomatic ties once again furthered by the Collapse of the Soviet Union (Russia being its successor) and the Fall of communism in Albania.
List of diplomatic representatives of Albania to Russia (1946–present)
References
Russia
Albania | wiki |
Ginger pickle is a very popular pickle in Andhra Pradesh, India. This spicy pickles are also available commercially. Ginger is widely used in Asian and Indian cuisine. The pickles are prepared by peeling and crushing ginger and mixing with the tamarind pulp and seasoning with mustard seeds.
References
Pickles
Indian pickles | wiki |
This is a list of official symbols of the U.S. state of Louisiana. Official symbols of Louisiana are codified in the laws of Louisiana.
State symbols
State oath
State pledge :
I pledge allegiance to the flag of the state of Louisiana and to the motto for which it stands: A state, under God, united in purpose and ideals, confident that justice shall prevail for all of those abiding here.
LL 167, 1981
State poems
State judicial poem, written by Sylvia Davidson Lott Buckley, and entitled, "America, We The People":
LL 155.4, 1995
State Senate poem, written by Jean McGivney Boese and entitled "Leadership":
LL 155.5, 1999
See also
List of Louisiana-related topics
Louisiana flag
Lists of United States state insignia
State of Louisiana
Fleur-de-lis
References
External links
Official State of Louisiana website
History and Culture of Louisiana
Louisiana State Government
State symbols
Louisiana | wiki |
Literatura: Sense and Sensibility, novel·la de 1811 de Jane Austen; vegeu Seny i sentiment
Cinema: Sense and Sensibility, pel·lícula britànica de 1995 dirigida per Ang Lee; vegeu Sentit i sensibilitat (pel·lícula) | wiki |
Па́вел Миха́йлович Ко́жин:
Кожин, Павел Михайлович (1904—1975) — советский скульптор-анималист.
Кожин, Павел Михайлович (1934—2016) — советский историк, религиовед и археолог. | wiki |
Wonder Women! The Untold Story of American Superheroines is a 2012 documentary film exploring the concept of heroic women from the birth of the superhero in the 1940s to the TV and big screen action blockbusters of today.
Cast
Lynda Carter
Jane Espenson
Kathleen Hanna
L.S. Kim
Shelby Knox
Carmela Lane
Mike Madrid
Andy Mangels
Katie Pineda
Trina Robbins
Gloria Steinem
Jennifer K. Stuller
Lindsay Wagner
References
External links
2012 films
Documentary films about comics
Documentary films about women in film
Wonder Woman in other media
SModcast Pictures films
2010s English-language films | wiki |
La Chapelle-Neuve (en bretó Ar Chapel-Nevezh) és un municipi francès, situat a la regió de Bretanya, al departament d'Ar Mor-Bihan. L'any 2006 tenia 1.025 habitants. Limita al nord amb Guénin, a l'est amb Plumelin, al sud amb Pluvigner i a l'oest amb Camors i Baud.
Demografia
Administració
Referències
Chapelle Neuve | wiki |
The escudo is a unit of currency.
Escudo may also refer to:
Escudo hummingbird, a hummingbird in the subfamily Trochilinae
Puerto del Escudo, a mountain pass in Castile and León, Spain
Suzuki Escudo, a 1989–present Japanese compact SUV series
Suzuki Grand Escudo, a 1998–2006 Japanese mid-size SUV | wiki |
Abby Hatcher (originally titled Abby Hatcher, Fuzzly Catcher) is a Canadian CGI-animated television series created by Rob Hoegee. Produced by Guru Studio in conjunction with Spin Master Entertainment, the series premiered on Nickelodeon in the United States on January 1, 2019, TVOKids in Canada on February 11, 2019, and on Channel 5's Milkshake! block on March 2, 2020 in the United Kingdom. It premiered online on December 18, 2018.
On June 4, 2019, the series was renewed for a second season. New episodes moved to the Nick Jr. Channel, where they have been shown since November 10, 2019. The final episode of the series aired on April 2, 2022.
Premise
The series follows an intelligent and energetic seven-year-old girl named Abby Hatcher, and her new friends, the Fuzzlies. The Fuzzlies are quirky creatures that live in her family's hotel. Together with her best Fuzzly friend Bozzly, Abby goes on wild adventures to fix Fuzzly mishaps and help them in any way she can.
Episodes
Characters
Main
Abby Hatcher (voiced by Macy Drouin in the North America, and Maisie Marsh in the UK) is a bespectacled seven-year-old girl of mixed Canadian and Chinese descent who possesses detective skills. She is equipped with a wrist device called the Fuzzly Spotter which notifies her of a trouble involving a Fuzzly, plus it can operate different things in the hotel.
Bozzly (voiced by Wyatt White) is an aquamarine rabbit-like Fuzzly who can turn invisible, and fly (by spinning his ears like a propeller). He also has super sensitive hearing, and has a front pocket containing various objects (some of which are larger than him). He is Abby's best friend and partner.
Fuzzlies
Princess Flug (voiced by Michela Luci) is a pink slug-like Fuzzly who is made of glitter goo which can either be sticky or slippery. She can blow bubbles that could carry away anything that gets inside them, or neutralize sticky glitter gloo.
Teeny Terry (voiced by Jacob Soley) is a small round marigold cat-bird-like Fuzzly with winged arms that allow him to fly. He can inflate like a balloon which enables him to fly higher and carry more load.
Otis (voiced by Christian Dal Dosso) is a red raspberry-like Fuzzly with three extendable tentacles on his head which can be used for swinging or reaching things several feet away. His tentacles also have holes that open which can stick to objects or pump air to inflatables.
Curly (voiced by Sophie Cullingan) is a pink and orange rabbit-like Fuzzly with a spiral tail that can work like a spring, thus allowing her to leap high (and to also hold things as she lacks arms). She often says a word three times.
Mo (voiced by Laaibah Alvi) and Bo (voiced by Leo Orgil, respectively) are twin cat-like Fuzzlies with stretchy torsos that allow them to reach things several feet high, and to slingshot stuff. They also have retractable heads and limbs, the ability to grow multiple extra pairs of legs in the middle, and heads that light up. Mo is a white female while Bo is a black male.
Harriet Bouffant (voiced by Hattie Kragten) is a ragdoll-like Fuzzly with extendable pink and yellow hair which can be used as extra limbs. When her extended hair gets long enough, it can detach, leaving only a normal size portion on her head.
The Squeaky Peepers (all voiced by Kate Miller) are an octet of small, helium-voiced, rainbow-coloured singing rabbit-like Fuzzlies. Their names are in this order: Big Do (the violet peeper), Re (red), Mi (orange), Fa (yellow with glasses), So (green), La (blue), Ti (indigo), and Little Do (small and pink, sometimes with a blue pacifier in her mouth).
Flugtilda (voiced by Holly Gorski) is an orange slug-like Fuzzly with green eyes who wears glasses and a baseball cap who is the cousin of Princess Flug. She neither possesses powers nor does she have a symbol that would represent her.
Grumbles (voiced by Kaden Stephen) is a large purple meerkat-like Fuzzly who has the power to transform into anything. Abby met him in the wilderness, and thought he was some folklore creature.
Mumbles (voiced by Ian Ho) is a small dark blue meerkat-like Fuzzly who is one of Grumbles' younger cousins. There are rules on how to raise him, and doing any rule wrong would cause him to multiply.
The Blossom Band are a quartet of plant-like Fuzzlies who like playing music. Their names are Tulip (voiced by Gracen Daly), Rose (voiced by Molly Lewis), Sweet Pea (voiced by Beatrice Schneider), and Daisy (voiced by Jackson Reid). Tulip, Rose, and Sweet Pea are female, while Daisy is male. Tulip plays a saxophone, Rose plays an electric guitar, Sweet Pea plays maracas, and Daisy plays a keytar.
Humans
Chef Jeff (voiced by Paul Sun-Hyung Lee) is the diminutive chef of Abby's hotel. Chef Jeff is also the subject of a running gag where Abby, in her tricycle, passes by the kitchen where he is working on a dish, therefore resulting a comical accident, but he would nonetheless enjoy or find something positive about it. Besides a chef, he is also a tuba player. He has a mother who is a chef too.
Miranda Hatcher (voiced by Josette Jorge) is Abby's Chinese mother who works as the hotel gardener.
Lex Hatcher (voiced by Terry McGurrin) is Abby's Canadian father who works at the front desk, and fixes things in the hotel when they break.
Melvin (voiced by Christian Campbell in North America and Eden Lawrence in the UK) is Mrs. Melvin's four-year-old son who is an animal fanatic. He owns a pet cat named Elvin.
Mrs. Melvin (voiced by Kim Roberts) is the hotel salon's hairstylist.
Mr. Melvin (voiced by Mac Heywood) is Mrs. Melvin's husband and Melvin's father.
Judge Thorn (voiced by Catherine Disher) is a local judge of contests and events. Judge Thorn has a slight resemblance to Carol Burnett. She is also a TV personality.
Wai Po (voiced by Jane Luk) is Abby's grandmother from China. Despite her age, she is quite athletic.
Allen and Jeffrey are two men who are seen wandering around outside.
Animals
Elvin (voiced by Shayle Simons) is Melvin's pet cat.
Sparkles is Princess Flug's pet slug.
Portia is Chef Jeff's pet fish.
Broadcast
Abby Hatcher made its Canadian debut on educational provincial broadcasters TVOKids and Knowledge Network on February 11, 2019. The show premiered on Nick Jr. in the United Kingdom on May 6, 2019, and on Channel 5's Milkshake! block on March 2, 2020. The series is currently available on Paramount+ and Netflix.
Ratings
| link2 = List of Abby Hatcher episodes#Season 2 (2020–22)
| episodes2 = 25
| start2 =
| end2 =
| startrating2 = 0.31
| endrating2 = 0.10
| viewers2 = |2}}
}}
References
External links
2010s Canadian animated television series
2020s Canadian animated television series
2010s preschool education television series
2020s preschool education television series
2019 Canadian television series debuts
2022 Canadian television series endings
2010s Canadian children's television series
2020s Canadian children's television series
Animated preschool education television series
Canadian children's animated action television series
Canadian children's animated adventure television series
Canadian children's animated comedy television series
Canadian preschool education television series
English-language television shows
Nick Jr. original programming
TVO original programming
Animated television series about children | wiki |
Rosario Tijeras may refer to:
Rosario Tijeras, a 1999 novel by Jorge Franco (writer)
Rosario Tijeras (film) (2005)
Rosario Tijeras (Colombian TV series), TV series by RCN Televisión
Rosario Tijeras (Mexican TV series), TV series by TV Azteca
"Rosario Tijeras" (song), song by Juanes | wiki |
86th Street – stazione della metropolitana di New York della linea IRT Lexington Avenue
86th Street – fermata della metropolitana di New York della linea IND Eighth Avenue
86th Street – fermata della metropolitana di New York della linea IRT Broadway-Seventh Avenue
86th Street – fermata della metropolitana di New York della linea IND Second Avenue
86th Street – fermata della metropolitana di New York della linea BMT Fourth Avenue
86th Street – fermata della metropolitana di New York della linea BMT Sea Beach | wiki |
Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol is a 2011 American action spy film directed by Brad Bird (in his live-action debut) and produced by and starring Tom Cruise from a screenplay by Josh Appelbaum and André Nemec. It is the sequel to Mission: Impossible III (2006) and is the fourth installment in the Mission: Impossible film series. It also stars Jeremy Renner, Simon Pegg, and Paula Patton. In the film, the Impossible Missions Force (IMF) are shut down after being publicly implicated in a bombing of the Kremlin, causing Ethan Hunt (Cruise) and his team to go without resources or backup in the life-threatening effort to clear their names.
Development for Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol began in August 2009, when Appelbaum and Nemec were hired to write the screenplay (which contained uncredited rewrites by eventual series director and writer Christopher McQuarrie). Cruise's return was confirmed by March 2010 after Bird was announced to replace J. J. Abrams, who directed the predecessor. The film was officially titled in October 2010, after which, principal photography took place and lasted until March 2011, with filming locations including Mumbai, Budapest, Moscow, Dubai, and Canadian Motion Picture Park Studios in Vancouver. Like previous entries in the franchise, the cast completed most of their own stunts, while parts of the film was shot in IMAX.
Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol premiered in Dubai on December 7, 2011 and was released in IMAX and select large-format theaters on December 16, before being theatrically released in the United States by Paramount Pictures on December 21. It received highly positive reviews from critics, with praise for the action sequences, Cruise's performance, and Bird's direction. It grossed $694 million worldwide, becoming the fifth-highest-grossing film of 2011 as well as the highest grossing film in the franchise and the highest grossing film starring Cruise until the release of Mission: Impossible – Fallout in 2018. The next film in the series, Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation, was released in 2015.
Plot
IMF agent Trevor Hanaway is killed in Budapest by assassin Sabine Moreau, who steals Russian nuclear launch codes to sell to a man named "Cobalt". IMF agent Ethan Hunt is extracted from a Moscow prison, along with an asset named Bogdan, by Hanaway's handler and girlfriend Jane Carter and newly-promoted field agent Benji Dunn. The team is ordered to infiltrate the Kremlin for information on Cobalt. While they are inside, Cobalt blows the team's cover and they escape before a bomb destroys much of the Kremlin. Jane and Benji escape, but Ethan is arrested by SVR agent Anatoly Sidorov and is blamed for the bombing.
Ethan escapes and meets with the IMF Secretary, who is in Moscow with analyst William Brandt. Brandt identifies Cobalt as Kurt Hendricks, a strategist seeking nuclear war between the U.S. and Russia. They determine that Hendricks bombed the Kremlin to cover his theft of a Russian launch control device. The Secretary explains that the President has initiated "Ghost Protocol", disavowing the entire IMF. He instead orders Ethan to continue pursuing Cobalt before they are suddenly attacked by Sidorov's forces and the Secretary is killed. Ethan escapes with Brandt and regroups with Jane and Benji. They plan to infiltrate a meeting between Hendricks' associate, Wistrom, and Moreau at the Burj Khalifa in Dubai where Wistrom will buy the stolen launch codes. Wistrom is accompanied by Leonid Lisenker, a Polish cryptographer who is blackmailed by Hendricks to authenticate the codes.
The IMF team plans to intercept the codes by faking two meetings: Ethan and Brandt posing as Wistrom and Lisenker to receive the codes from the real Moreau while, one floor away, Jane poses as Moreau, passing counterfeit ones to the real Wistrom and Lisenker. However, because of Lisenker's ability to identify fakes, they are forced to give the real codes, relying on radioactive isotopes on the paper to track Wistrom afterwards. Completing the buy, Wistrom murders Lisenker while Moreau, having deduced that the buy is a setup, attempts to escape, but inadvertently gets into a fight with Jane, who kicks her out a window to her death. Sidorov nearly apprehends Ethan, whom he knocks down.
Ethan pursues Wistrom, who unmasks himself as Hendricks and escapes, while Jane and Benji confront Brandt over his unusual fighting skills in the hotel. Brandt admits that he resigned as a field agent after failing to protect Julia Meade, Ethan's wife, from a hit. Ethan is taken by Bogdan to the Fog, an arms dealer, and learns that Hendricks is buying an obsolete Soviet military satellite from Indian media tycoon Brij Nath. The Fog later gives the same information to Sidorov, in return for clearing his rap sheet. In Mumbai, Jane seduces Nath into his bedroom chambers wearing a flirtatious dress, then overpowers him to get the satellite's override code; the team now pursues Hendricks and Wistrom to one of Nath's broadcast stations to stop him from sending the codes via the satellite.
Hendricks sends launch orders to a Russian nuclear submarine to fire a missile at San Francisco and Wistrom sabotages the system. Jane, Brandt, and Benji fight and kill Wistrom and work to repair the station while Ethan pursues Hendricks. Cornered, Hendricks jumps to his death in order to place the launch device out of reach. The team gets the systems online and Ethan successfully retrieves the launch device and disables the missile moments before detonation. Sidorov and his men arrive, only to realise that Ethan was giving him clues to track them and that the IMF was innocent of the Kremlin bombing, and offers Ethan a ride to the hospital.
In Seattle, Ethan assembles his team for another mission given by Luther Stickell. Brandt confesses his failure to protect Julia, but Ethan reveals that she is alive and her death was staged to give her a new identity safely away from him, and to let him infiltrate the prison to find Bogdan. A relieved Brandt accepts his mission and agrees to become an agent again. Julia arrives at the harbour and spots Ethan watching her from a distance, as they share a warm smile. As he leaves Ethan receives a debrief about a breach in the IMF's military communications network by an emerging terrorist network known as The Syndicate, disappearing into the fog as he listens to it.
Cast
Tom Cruise as Ethan Hunt, an agent of the Impossible Missions Force (IMF) and protagonist of the film
Jeremy Renner as William Brandt, the IMF Secretary's aide and an intelligence analyst
Simon Pegg as Benji Dunn, a new IMF field agent and former IMF technician
Paula Patton as Jane Carter, an IMF agent and Hanaway's handler who works with Ethan
Michael Nyqvist as Kurt Hendricks, a Swedish-born Russian nuclear strategist codenamed 'Cobalt'
Vladimir Mashkov as Anatoly Sidorov, a Russian SVR Agent who is after Ethan
Léa Seydoux as Sabine Moreau, an assassin who worked for Hendricks at Dubai
Josh Holloway as Trevor Hanaway, an IMF agent murdered by Moreau
Anil Kapoor as Brij Nath, a media tycoon at Mumbai
Samuli Edelmann as Marius Wistrom, Hendrick's henchman
Ivan Shvedoff as Leonid Lisenker, a cryptography expert coerced by Hendricks
Miraj Grbić as Bogdan, an informant in a Moscow prison
Ilia Volok as The Fog, an arms dealer and Bogdan's cousin
Andreas Wisniewski as The Fog's contact
Tom Wilkinson (uncredited) as the IMF Secretary
Ving Rhames (uncredited cameo) as Luther Stickell
Michelle Monaghan (uncredited cameo) as Julia Meade-Hunt, Ethan's wife
Production
Despite Mission: Impossible III (2006) earning less than its predecessors at the box office, its critical reception was much better than its predecessors and Paramount Pictures was keen on developing a fourth in the series. In August 2009, Josh Appelbaum and André Nemec were hired to write the film's screenplay. Because of other commitments, J. J. Abrams said that it was unlikely for him to return as director but made note that he will produce the film alongside Tom Cruise. By March 2010, director Brad Bird was in talks of directing the film with Cruise returning to star as Ethan Hunt.
The film was originally announced with a working name of Mission: Impossible 4 and code-named "Aries" during early production. By August 2010, title considerations did not include the Mission: Impossible 4 name, and thought was given to omitting the specific term "Mission: Impossible", which Variety compared to Christopher Nolan's Batman sequel film The Dark Knight. In late October 2010, the title was confirmed as Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol.
Christopher McQuarrie, who later directed Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015) and Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018), did an uncredited rewrite of the screenplay, explaining that:
Filming
The film was partially shot with IMAX cameras, which made up approximately 30 minutes of the film's run time. Bird insisted that certain scenes of the film be shot in IMAX, as opposed to 3D, as he felt that the IMAX format offered the viewer more immersion due to its brighter, higher quality image, which is projected on a larger screen, without the need for specialised glasses. Bird also believed that the IMAX format would bring back "a level of showmanship" to the presentation of Hollywood films, which he believes the industry has lost due to its emphasis on screening films in multiplexes as opposed to grand theaters, and vetoing "first runs" in favor of wider initial releases.
Principal photography took place from October 2010 to March 19, 2011. Filming took place in Budapest, Mumbai, Prague, Moscow, Vancouver, Bangalore, Chennai, and Dubai. Although Cruise appears to be free solo climbing in the film with the help of special gloves, in reality, he was securely attached to the Burj Khalifa at all times by multiple cables. Industrial Light & Magic digitally erased the cables in post-production. Following Cruise's example, Patton and Seydoux also chose to forgo the use of stunt doubles for their fight scene at the Burj Khalifa where Carter exacts her revenge upon Moreau for Hanaway's death.
Many of the film's interior scenes were shot at Vancouver's Canadian Motion Picture Park Studios, including a key transition scene in a specially equipped IMF train car and the fight between Hunt and Hendricks in a Mumbai automated multi-level parking garage (which was constructed over a six-month period just for the film). The Vancouver Convention Centre was modified to double as downtown Bangalore. The film's opening Moscow prison escape scenes were shot on location in a real former prison near Prague.
Bird, having directed several Disney and Pixar films and short films, incorporated the trademark "A113" into the film on two separate occasions. The first is the design print on Hanaway's ring during the flashback sequence, and the second being when Hunt calls in for support and uses the drop callsign, Alpha 1–1–3.
Music
The musical score for Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol was composed by Michael Giacchino, who also composed the music for the third film and collaborated with Bird on The Incredibles (2004) and Ratatouille (2007). As in previous installments, the score incorporates Lalo Schifrin's themes from the original television series. "Lalo is an amazing jazz writer. You know you can't write a straight-up jazz score for a film like this but you can certainly hint at it here and there," said Giacchino, explaining the stylistic influence generated by Schifrin's history with the franchise. A soundtrack album was released by Varèse Sarabande on December 13, 2011.
Marketing
In July 2011, a teaser trailer for Ghost Protocol was released illustrating new shots from the film, one of which being Tom Cruise scaling the world's tallest building, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai. Moreover, prior to its release, the studio presented IMAX footage of the film to an invitation-only crowd of opinion makers and journalists at central London's BFI IMAX theater. One of the many scenes that were included was a chase scene in a Dubai desert sandstorm.
During November 2011, the Paramount released a Facebook game of the film in order to promote it. The new game allowed players to choose the roles of IMF agents and assemble teams to embark on a multiplayer journey. Players were also able to garner tickets to the film's U.S. premiere and a hometown screening of the film for 30 friends.
Release
Theatrical
Following the world premiere in Dubai on December 7, 2011, the film was released in IMAX and other large-format theaters in the U.S. on December 16, 2011, with general release on December 21, 2011. This is the first film to use the current Paramount Pictures logo, with the a brand new fanfare composed by Michael Giacchino, who also composed the film, as part of the studio's 100th anniversary in 2012.
Home media
Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and digital download on April 17, 2012. The home media releases, however, do not preserve the original IMAX imagery, and its aspect ratio is consistently cropped to 2.40:1 rather than switching to a 1.78:1 aspect ratio during the IMAX scenes. Prior Blu-ray Disc releases such as The Dark Knight, Tron: Legacy, and Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen have switched between 2.40:1 for regular scenes and 1.78:1 for IMAX scenes. The film was released on 4K UHD Blu-ray on June 26, 2018.
Reception
Box office
Ghost Protocol grossed $209.4 million in North America and $485.3 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $694.7 million. It is the second-highest-grossing film worldwide in the Mission: Impossible series, and the fifth-highest-grossing film of 2011. It is also the third-highest-grossing film worldwide starring Cruise, surpassing War of the Worlds from the top spot. It was the franchise's highest-grossing film and Cruise's biggest film at the time of release, before being surpassed by Mission: Impossible – Fallout seven years later.
In limited release at 425 locations in North America, it earned $12.8 million over its opening weekend. After five days of limited release, it expanded to 3,448 theaters on its sixth day and reached #1 at the box office with $8.92 million. The film reached the top stop at the box office in its second and third weekends with $29.6 million and $29.4 million, respectively. Though only 9% of the film's screenings were in IMAX theaters, they accounted for 23% of the film's box office.
Outside North America, it debuted to a $69.5 million in 42 markets representing approximately 70% of the marketplace. In the United Arab Emirates, it set an opening-weekend record of $2.4 million (since surpassed by Marvel's The Avengers). In two countries outside the U.S. in which filming took place, its opening weekend gross increased by multiples over the previous installment: in Russia, more than doubling, to $6.08 million and in India, more than quadrupling, to $4.0 million. It is the second-highest-grossing Mission: Impossible film outside North America. It topped the box office outside North America for three consecutive weekends (during December 2011) and five weekends in total (the other two in 2012). Its highest-grossing markets after North America are China ($102.5 million), Japan ($69.7 million), and South Korea ($51.1 million).
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol has an approval rating of 93% based on 239 reviews and an average rating of 7.70/10. The critical consensus on Rotten Tomatoes reads: "Stylish, fast-paced, and loaded with gripping set pieces, the fourth Mission: Impossible is big-budget popcorn entertainment that really works." Metacritic assigned the film a score of 73 out of 100 based on 47 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3.5 out of four stars, saying the film "is a terrific thriller with action sequences that function as a kind of action poetry." Stephen Whitty of The Star-Ledger wrote "The eye-candy—from high-tech gadgets to gorgeous people—has only been ratcheted up. And so has the excitement." He also gave the film 3.5 out of four stars. Giving the film three out of four stars, Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe said "In its way, the movie has old-Hollywood elegance. The scope and sets are vast, tall, and cavernous, but Bird scales down for spatial intimacy."
Philippa Hawker of The Sydney Morning Herald gave the film three stars out of five and said it is "ludicrously improbable, but also quite fun." Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly opined that the movie "brims with scenes that are exciting and amazing at the same time; they're brought off with such casual aplomb that they're funny, too. ... Ghost Protocol is fast and explosive, but it's also a supremely clever sleight-of-hand thriller. Brad Bird, the animation wizard, ... showing an animator's miraculously precise use of visual space, has a playful, screw-tightening ingenuity all his own." Roger Moore of The Charlotte Observer gave the film three out of four stars; said "Brad Bird passes his audition for a career as a live-action director. And Ghost Protocol more than makes its bones as an argument for why Tom Cruise should continue in this role as long as his knees, and his nerves, hold up."
IndieWire ranked it as one of the best action movies of the 21st century.
Accolades
Sequel
In December 2011, Pegg suggested that he and Cruise were interested in returning for a fifth Mission: Impossible film. Paramount was also reportedly interested in fast-tracking a fifth film due to the fourth film's success. Bird had stated that he probably would not return to direct a fifth film, but Tom Cruise had been confirmed to return. It was revealed in August 2013 that Christopher McQuarrie would be the director of Mission: Impossible 5. Principal photography began in February 2014 in London. Paramount Pictures released the film on July 31, 2015. The plot centers around Hunt's IMF team in conflict with "the Syndicate", an international criminal organization first mentioned at the end of Ghost Protocol.
References
External links
Mission: Impossible (film series)
Moscow Kremlin in fiction
2011 films
2011 action thriller films
2010s spy action films
American action thriller films
Films shot in India
American sequel films
American spy action films
2010s English-language films
Films scored by Michael Giacchino
Films about nuclear war and weapons
Films about terrorism in Europe
Films based on television series
Films directed by Brad Bird
Films produced by J. J. Abrams
Films set in Budapest
Films set in Dubai
Films set in Mumbai
Films set in Moscow
Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area
Films set in San Francisco
Films set in Seattle
Films shot in Budapest
Films shot in Dubai
Films shot in Moscow
Films shot in San Francisco
Films shot in the Czech Republic
Films shot in the United Arab Emirates
Films shot in Vancouver
IMAX films
Films with screenplays by Josh Appelbaum and André Nemec
Bad Robot Productions films
Skydance Media films
Paramount Pictures films
Films produced by Tom Cruise
Films shot in Mumbai
Films shot in Bangalore
2010s American films | wiki |
n2n is an open source Layer 2 over Layer 3 VPN app utilising peer-to-peer architecture for network membership and routing.
Unlike many other VPN programs, n2n can also connect computers which reside behind NAT routers. These connections are set up with help from a third computer that both computers can reach. This computer, called a supernode, can then route the information between NATed nodes.
It is free software licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License v3.
Turbo VPN is a custom Windows server/client implementation of n2n.
References
External links
n2n on Google Play
Free network-related software
Virtual private networks | wiki |
The 413th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with the 28th Air Division, stationed at Travis AFB, California. It was inactivated on 18 August 1955.
History
Combat in Western Pacific, 13 July – 14 August 1945. Air Defense of central West Coast; 1954–1955.
Lineage
Constituted 413th Fighter Squadron on 5 October 1944
Activated on 15 October 1944
Inactivated on 30 September 1946
Redesignated 413th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 23 March 1953
Activated on 8 July 1954
Inactivated on 18 August 1955.
Assignments
414th Fighter Group, 15 October 1944 – 30 September 1946
28th Air Division, 8 July 1954 – 18 August 1955.
Stations
Seymour Johnson Field, North Carolina, 15 October 1944
Selfridge Field, Michigan, 20 November 1944
Bluethenthal Field, North Carolina, 19 March – 5 June 1945
North Field, Iwo Jima, 7 July 1945
Clark Field, Luzon, 23 December 1945
Floridablanca Airfield, Luzon, unknown-30 September 1946
Travis AFB, California, 8 July 1954 – 18 August 1955.
Aircraft
P-47 Thunderbolt, 1944–1946
F-86D Sabre Interceptor, 1954–1955
References
*
External links
438 | wiki |
The San Jose Stealth are a lacrosse team based in San Jose, California. The team plays in the National Lacrosse League (NLL). The 2008 season was the 9th in franchise history and 5th as the Stealth (previously the Albany Attack).
Regular season
Conference standings
Game log
Reference:
Playoffs
Game log
Reference:
Player stats
Reference:
Runners (Top 10)
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; LB = Loose balls; PIM = Penalty minutes
Goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; MIN = Minutes; W = Wins; L = Losses; GA = Goals against; Sv% = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against average
Awards
Roster
Reference:
See also
2008 NLL season
References
San Jose
San Jose Stealth season | wiki |
Appalachian State Mountaineers basketball may refer to either of the basketball teams that represent Appalachian State University:
Appalachian State Mountaineers men's basketball
Appalachian State Mountaineers women's basketball | wiki |
Diah Permatasari may refer to:
Diah Permatasari (actress) (born 1971), Indonesian actress and model
Diah Permatasari (fencer) (born 1990), Indonesian fencer | wiki |
Xyris fimbriata, the fringed yelloweyed grass, is a North American species of flowering plant in the yellow-eyed-grass family. It is native to the coastal plain of the United States from eastern Texas to New Jersey.
Xyris fimbriata is a perennial herb up to 150 cm (5 feet) tall with grass-like, olive-green leaves up to 70 cm (28 inches) long, and yellow flowers.
References
External links
Photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in 1896 near Apalachicola Florida
fimbriata
Flora of the United States
Plants described in 1816
Taxa named by Stephen Elliott | wiki |
Ip Man (Chinese: 叶问 / 葉問) is a 2008 Hong Kong biographical martial arts film based on the life of Ip Man, a grandmaster of the martial art Wing Chun and teacher of Bruce Lee. The film focuses on events in Ip's life that supposedly took place in the city of Foshan during the Sino-Japanese War. The film was directed by Wilson Yip, and stars Donnie Yen as Ip Man, with martial arts choreography by Sammo Hung. The supporting cast includes Simon Yam, Lynn Hung, Lam Ka-tung, Xing Yu, Hiroyuki Ikeuchi, and Tenma Shibuya. The film was a co-production between China and Hong Kong, and was the last film to be distributed by Mandarin Films.
Ip Man is the first film in the Ip Man film series. It premiered in Beijing on 10 December 2008, and was released theatrically in Hong Kong on 19 December 2008, receiving widespread acclaim from critics and audiences. Before the film's release, Raymond Wong announced that there would be a sequel; a second installment titled Ip Man 2, was released in April 2010, a third installment titled Ip Man 3 was released in 2015, and Ip Man 4: The Finale was released in 2019. Ip Man grossed more than US$22 million worldwide, despite not being released in North America and most of Europe. Following its success, the film was nominated for 12 Hong Kong Film Awards, winning awards for Best Film and Best Action Choreography.
Plot
In 1935, Foshan is a hub of Southern Chinese martial arts, where the various schools' students compete against each other. Ip Man, the most skilled martial artist in town, maintains a discreet profile while building a reputation for skill through friendly, closed-door competitions with other masters. One day, a local troublemaker named Yuan loses his kite, which lands in a tree in the Ip family's back yard. While retrieving it, Yuan witnesses Ip defeating fellow kung fu master Liu in a sparring match. Although Ip and Liu had agreed that the news of who won would remain a secret, Yuan unwittingly spreads the story around town, inadvertently embarrassing Liu. Yuan's brother Lin, a restaurant owner and disciple of Liu, publicly embarrasses Yuan as he tries to arrange a rematch between Liu and Ip, and Yuan runs away from home.
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Ip and his family are forced to move into a decrepit apartment after the Imperial Japanese Army confiscates their house for use as a military headquarters. Running out of valuables to sell for food, Ip gets a job at a coal mine in 1938 alongside Lin, who hopes to reconcile with his brother but has so far failed to track him down. General Miura, a Japanese Karate master, sets up an arena where Chinese martial artists can challenge his military trainees for a bag of rice. Former police officer Li Zhao, now an interpreter for the Japanese, visits the mine to recruit anyone willing to fight. Ip at first declines to participate, but agrees to go when Lin fails to return from a match.
At the arena, Ip witnesses Liu being shot in the back of the head by Miura's sadistic deputy, Colonel Sato, for picking up a bag of rice from a prior victory after yielding to three karateka in a second challenge. Deducing that Lin was killed in his fight against Miura, Ip demands a match with ten karateka at once, whom he brutally defeats. His skill arouses the interest of Miura, who insists that Ip return as soon as possible. Refusing to accept all 10 bags of rice offered for his victory, Ip quietly picks up Liu's blood-stained bag and gifts it to his surviving family.
Jin Shanzhao, a highly-skilled Northern Chinese martial arts master who once defeated all the masters in Foshan except Ip, now leads a bandit gang and harasses the workers at a cotton mill run by Ip's friend Chow Ching-chuen. Ip agrees to train the workers in Wing Chun for self-defence. The workers are able to stall the gang when they return long enough for Ip to arrive and defeat Jin and Yuan, now a part of the gang. After running Jin's gang out of Foshan, Ip confronts Yuan and gives him a small tin that belonged to Lin after informing him of his brother's death. Yuan opens the tin and finds his kite inside; this motivates Yuan to leave the gang.
When Ip does not return to the arena, Miura sends Sato and two soldiers to track him down. After overpowering them at the apartment, Ip and his family flee and hide in Li's house. The Japanese learn about the cotton mill and take the workers hostage. Despite Li's warnings, Ip surrenders himself to the Japanese while arranging for his wife and son to be sent to Hong Kong for protection. Miura asks Ip to train the Japanese soldiers in Chinese martial arts, but Ip refuses and challenges Miura to a match. Though Sato insists on executing Ip, Miura accepts the challenge to uphold his honor and crush the Chinese spirit; Sato threatens Ip with death if he does not allow the General to win.
With the people of Foshan watching, Ip defeats Miura after a long and hard fight. Looking over the cheering crowd and seeing his wife and son, Ip is shot in the shoulder by Sato. As the crowd overwhelms the Japanese soldiers, Li manages to kill Sato with his own gun. Ip is taken away by Chow amid the chaos and manages to escape with his family to Hong Kong. A closing montage and captions reveal that Ip spent the rest of his life working to spread the teachings of Wing Chun, establishing a school and training several students, including Bruce Lee.
Cast
Donnie Yen as Ip Man, the son of a wealthy family and Foshan's only practitioner of the martial art form known as Wing Chun.
Lynn Hung as Cheung Wing-sing, Ip Man's wife.
Hiroyuki Ikeuchi as General Miura (Japanese: 陸軍大将 三浦, Rikugun-Taishō Miura/), a Japanese general and Karate expert, who is eager to assert the dominance of his native traditions over those of the Chinese.
Tenma Shibuya as Colonel Sato (Japanese: 陸軍大佐 佐藤, Rikugun-Taisa Satō/), a sadistic and cruel Japanese colonel and Miura's second in-command.
Gordon Lam as Li Chiu (), a police officer and Ip Man's acquaintance. He becomes a translator for the Japanese officers when they occupy Foshan despite being labeled a traitor by his neighbors.
Fan Siu-wong as Jin Shanzhao (), an aggressive northern martial artist who comes to Foshan to challenge other masters, hoping to set up a school and climb out of poverty. When the Japanese invade, he forms a gang of bandits and is eventually chased out of Foshan by Ip Man.
Simon Yam as Chow Ching-chuen (), a businessman and Ip Man's acquaintance who borrows money from him to set up a cotton mill.
Xing Yu as Lin (), the first son of a restaurant owner in Foshan, a gifted martial artist and Ip Man's closest friend.
Wong You-nam as Yuan, the second son of a restaurant owner in Foshan who causes a lot of trouble and often fights with his brother.
Calvin Cheng as Chow Kong-yiu, the son of the cotton mill owner, who is interested in learning kung fu from Ip Man.
Chen Zhihui as Master Liu (), a martial arts master of Foshan who turns to prizefighting when the Japanese invade to support himself. Sato kills him when he tries to claim a reward despite forfeiting a match.
Production
The idea of an Ip Man biopic originated in 1998 when Jeffrey Lau and Corey Yuen discussed the idea of making a film based on Bruce Lee's martial arts master. However, Paragon Films Ltd, the studio producing the proposed film, closed and the project was abandoned. Producer Raymond Wong decided to develop his own Ip Man film with full consent from Ip's sons, and had filmmakers head to Foshan to research Ip's life. Ip Chun, Ip Man's eldest son, along with martial arts master Leo Au-yeung, Jun Gao, and several other Wing Chun practitioners served as technical consultants for the film. Principal photography for Ip Man began in March 2008 and ended in August; filming took place in Shanghai, which was used to architecturally recreate Foshan. During filming, conflicts arose between the producers of Ip Man and filmmaker Wong Kar-wai over the film's working title. Wong, who had been developing his own Ip Man biopic, clashed with the producers after learning that their film would be titled Grandmaster Ip Man (), which was too similar to the title of Wong's film, The Grandmaster.
Ip Man is the first film based on the life of Ip Man. It also marks the fourth film collaboration between director Wilson Yip and actor Donnie Yen. The two also reunite with co-star Simon Yam after 2005's SPL: Sha Po Lang. The screenplay for Ip Man was written by Edmond Wong, the son of film producer Raymond Wong. Wong was the screenwriter of Yip and Yen's second collaboration, 2006's Dragon Tiger Gate. Ip Man's eldest son, Ip Chun, his student Leo Au-yeung, and Changquan gold medalist To Yu-hang served as technical consultants for the film, providing advice on the film's story and martial arts choreography. The music for the film was provided by veteran Japanese composer Kenji Kawai, who also served as a composer on the 2006 film, Dragon Tiger Gate which featured Wilson Yip and Donnie Yen as director and actor respectively.
Pre-production
The film was originally conceived in 1998 when Jeffrey Lau and Corey Yuen first thought of the idea of making a film based on Ip Man's life. Donnie Yen signed onto the project, hoping to star as Ip, with Stephen Chow co-starring as Bruce Lee. Yen had signed the contract and received part of the acting fee. However, the studio producing the film closed, and the project was abandoned.
In December 2007, plans to make a new Ip Man film were announced with the filmmakers researching Ip's life in Foshan. Producer Raymond Wong stated that the film would take on a similar look and feel to SPL: Sha Po Lang. On 26 February 2008, a press conference for the film was held in Foshan, where it was announced that Wilson Yip would be directing the film, while Yen would appear in the leading role as Ip. Lynn Hung, Lam Ka-tung, Simon Yam were announced to be appearing in supporting roles, while Sammo Hung would serve as the film's martial arts choreographer. Casting director Zhang Yan Bin spent three months casting actors in various roles for the film. He had completed casting during principal photography in March 2008.
Filming
Principal photography for Ip Man began in March 2008, and was completed by the end of August. A majority of the film focuses on events surrounding Ip Man that took place in Foshan in the 1930s and 1940s during the Sino-Japanese War. Since the buildings in modern-day Foshan are architecturally different from the ones of the film's period, the filmmakers decided to shoot the film in Shanghai.
Filming first took place in a storeroom in the industrial district of Shanghai. Having difficulties scouting a cotton factory suitable for shooting, set designers decided to recreate one in the style of the 1930s. They spent weeks transforming an abandoned storeroom into the Zhen Hua Cotton Mill Factory, a 1930s cotton mill factory founded by Ip's friend Chow Ching-chuen (played in the film by Simon Yam) during the Sino-Japanese War. It was where Ip Man first taught Wing Chun openly to the public.
Production designer Kenneth Mak included Western elements in his design, since Foshan, in earlier years, was a unique place where Chinese and Western cultures converged. Pillars were made to resemble English lampposts, and Western lighting, chairs, and tableware were also used. To convey the culture and feel of the time, the buildings were made to look obsolete and worn out. Apart from historical references, Mak also created a glass house which was used in a scene in the film.
Stunts and choreography
The martial arts choreography was designed by Sammo Hung and veteran fight and stunt coordinator Tony Leung Siu-hung. Hung had previously collaborated with Wilson Yip and Donnie Yen as an actor in the 2005 film SPL: Sha Po Lang. He was hired as the choreographer mainly because of his experience on the 1978 film Warriors Two and 1982's The Prodigal Son, both of which involved Wing Chun. When asked how he would work with Yen to direct the action scenes, Hung replied matter-of-factly, "With my mouth."
Yen described the role as the most emotionally and mentally difficult in his career. He spent months preparing for the role by going on a strict diet which consisted of eating one meal a day, training in Wing Chun, and learning more about Ip Man through his two sons. This was all in the hopes of portraying an erudite and cultured Ip Man, as well as bringing out the special traits of Wing Chun. Yen even went as far as to stay in character after filming, wearing his costume and changing his voice and movement patterns. While rehearsing a fight scene, Yen was reportedly injured when an axe wielder accidentally slashed the side of his left eye. Yen also had a masseur on set as he could not raise his right shoulder due to an injury.
Japanese actor Hiroyuki Ikeuchi, who holds a black belt in Judo, found it "difficult" working under Hung's command. In one scene, he suffered a mild concussion after receiving four consecutive blows from celebrated fight co-ordinator Edward 'Sweco' Chan. Hung later praised Yen and Ikeuchi's performances in the film, even though Ikeuchi was not trained in Chinese martial arts and was not given a lot of complex moves.
Film title controversy
Ip Man'''s original title was controversial. It was disputed when film director Wong Kar-wai announced plans to make his own Ip Man film with Tony Leung Chiu-wai while filming 2046. Wong had planned his own Ip Man biopic titled The Great Master (一代宗师), with Leung playing the role of Ip. Wong's film, however, had been in development hell, having been announced several years earlier. Producer Raymond Wong wanted to name his film Grandmaster Yip Man, which bore a resemblance to the title Wong Kar-wai wanted to use for his film.
To settle the dispute, Raymond Wong publicly retracted the film title, stating "Actually, all along, we have called our film Ip Man, but our mainland investors said that Yip Man was a great master of his times, so we changed our title to Grandmaster Yip Man out of respect for him." In a 2008 interview, Raymond Wong revealed that The Great Master was in development. Wong Kar-wai's Ip Man film, titled The Grandmaster, was released on 8 January 2013 in China.
ReleaseIp Man premiered in Beijing, China on 10 December 2008, only two days prior to its release in China. The film was later released in Malaysia, Singapore and New Zealand on 18 December 2008, one day prior to its release date in Hong Kong. The film was released in the United Kingdom on 2 October 2009. In 2010, Mandarin Films sold North American distribution rights for the film to distributor Well Go USA.
Reception
Prior to its theatrical release in China, Ip Man held a test screening in Beijing on 4 December 2008. The film was highly praised, based on survey sheets returned by the audience. Donnie Yen's portrayal of Ip Man was repeatedly hailed as the year's best performance. High praise was also given to the film's co-stars, Fan Siu-wong, Lam Ka-tung, and Lynn Hung. Ip Man also received positive reactions from film critics. Salon Andrew O'Hehir deemed Ip Man a "well-paced and satisfying piece of Chinese-nationalist pulp," referring to the film's heavy anti-Japanese sentiment.
Derek Elley of Variety Magazine wrote in his review, "Yen, who's taking on real star charisma in middle age, is aces as Ip, with a simple dignity that exactly mirrors the movie's own and a gracefulness in combat that's very different from his trademark whiplash style." Malaysian film critic Lim Chang Moh of The Malay Mail awarded the film three stars out of four, writing that the film was "nicely balanced with great martial arts action and an engaging narrative." Lim later placed the film at number six in his list of "Top Ten Movies of 2008." Jen Ogilvie of Fortean Times wrote, "what carries Ip Man is its dramatic charge: it is the story's entanglement in the real horrors of Japanese occupation that pulls the viewer in and builds tension into the fight scenes."
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 86% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 28 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "At once beholden to the established conventions of the genre and delightfully subversive of them, Ip Man is one of the most exciting – and refreshingly character-driven – martial arts films in years." At Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on 9 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Fact and fiction
The film was never meant to be a true biographical film to Ip Man's life, but to broadly touch on the elements from his life. Most of the central turns of the plot are there only for the purpose of making a movie more exciting, including the scenes depicting duels between Ip Man and the Japanese, including Consul General Miura Yoshiaki (三浦義秋), as well as Ip Man encountering hardship during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
Ip Man's eldest son, Ip Chun, would have preferred the film to be shot on location in Foshan and noted the mansion was grander than the original one.
Box officeIp Man grossed ¥14,948,157 (US$2,188,982) on its opening weekend in China. The film's revenues increased largely by 86.1%, grossing ¥27,812,224 (US$4,073,201) to retain second place at the box office. The film experienced a small decrease in revenue in its third weekend, dropping 10.5% to ¥24,889,189 ($3,645,112), though remaining in second place. Ip Man continued to decrease in revenue, grossing ¥19,956,454 (US$2,922,695) in its fourth week while staying in second place. After six weeks of theatrical release, Ip Man grossed a total of ¥93,740,529 (US$13,728,640). The film was China's 13th highest-grossing film of 2008.
During its opening weekend in Hong Kong, Ip Man came in first place at the box office, grossing HK$4.5 million (US$579,715). In its second week, Ip Man moved to second place, while grossing HK$6,156,765 (US$789,303) with a 36.2% increase in revenue. The film continued to decrease in revenue in its third week, grossing HK$3,494,366 ($447,981), while staying in second place at the box office. Ip Man moved to third place in its fourth week, grossing HK$2,075,250 ($266,055). After seven weeks of theatrical release in Hong Kong, Ip Man had grossed HK$25,581,958.69 (US$3,300,847) domestically. The film ranks as the 8th highest-grossing film in Hong Kong of 2008. In total, the film had grossed $22,108,789 worldwide, despite not being released in North America and most of Europe.
Home mediaIp Man was released on DVD and Blu-ray formats on 13 February 2009. Releases include single-disc and two-disc special-edition formats. Features for the special edition include deleted scenes, a making-of featurette, a theatrical trailer, interviews with director Wilson Yip and actor Donnie Yen and featurettes on both Ip Man and Wing Chun martial arts. Ip Man was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United States on 27 July 2010. A 3-disc Deluxe Collector's Edition was released in China, but only contains Mandarin-dubbed soundtracks and no English subtitles.
In the United Kingdom, Ip Man was 2011's seventh best-selling foreign-language film on physical home video formats, and the second best-selling Chinese film (below Ip Man 2).
Accolades
SequelsIp Man is the first film in a tetralogy. Donnie Yen reprised the lead role in the sequel Ip Man 2, the second feature film based on the life of Ip Man. The film focuses on Ip's movements in Hong Kong as he attempts to propagate his discipline of Wing Chun martial arts; at the end it also briefly introduces a young Bruce Lee prior to becoming one of Ip's most famed disciples. Ip Man 2 was released theatrically in Hong Kong in late April 2010. Lynn Hung and Fan Siu-wong reprise their supporting roles, while martial arts choreographer Sammo Hung appears as a master of Hung Ga martial arts.
Yen expressed his lack of interest in making a third film, feeling that, "Ip Man 2 will incontrovertibly become a classic, bettering the first." Yen later stated that after Ip Man 2, he would no longer be involved in a film based on Ip's life. While both Donnie Yen and Raymond Wong were not keen on making a third Ip Man film, director Wilson Yip expressed interest in making one that would focus on the relationship between Ip and Bruce Lee. While Ip Man 2 very briefly shows Lee as a child, Yip hoped to find a suitable actor to portray Lee as an adult for the third installment.
In January 2014, Variety reported that Ip Man 3 would begin shooting in 2015 with Donnie Yen reprising his role as Ip Man and Wilson Yip returning to direct. The film was initially scheduled for a late 2015 release, but eventually it was released in early 2016.Ip Man 4'' was released in 2019. Yen again plays the lead role, with Yip as director and Kwok-Kwan Chan as Bruce Lee.
See also
History of Wing Chun
Wing Chun terms, for names of various Wing Chun techniques.
Branches of Wing Chun, a student-teacher family tree within the Chinese martial art Wing Chun.
List of martial arts films
References
External links
EN
Chinese
Ip Man at MandarinFilms.com (English)
Ip Man at MandarinFilms.com (Traditional Chinese)
Ip Man at MandarinFilms.com (Simplified Chinese)
Ip Man movie review
Ip Man movie review at oldschoolkungfu.com (English)
2000s biographical films
2008 martial arts films
2008 films
Best Film HKFA
Biographical action films
2000s Cantonese-language films
Depictions of Ip Man on film
Films directed by Wilson Yip
Films scored by Kenji Kawai
Films set in Guangdong
Films set in the 1930s
Films set in the 1940s
Hong Kong biographical films
Japan in non-Japanese culture
Kung fu films
2000s Mandarin-language films
Martial arts tournament films
Second Sino-Japanese War films
Wushu films
Films set in the Republic of China (1912–1949)
2000s Hong Kong films | wiki |
Chichester Central is an electoral ward of Chichester District, West Sussex, England and returns one member to sit on Chichester District Council.
Following a district boundary review, Chichester Central was created from the neighbouring wards of Chichester (East, North and South) in 2019.
Councillor
Election results
References
External links
Chichester District Council
Election Maps
Wards of Chichester District | wiki |
General Revenue Corporation is a United States debt-recovery organization that specializes in the recovery of defaulted student loans and consumer loans. GRC is a subsidiary of SLM.
References
Collection agencies | wiki |
Greater London Council (GLC; en català Consell del Gran Londres) va ser el govern local administratiu del Gran Londres. Va existir des de l'any 1965 fins al 1986 i reemplaçava London County Council (LCC) que havia cobert una àrea molt més petita.
Actualment Greater London Authority és el govern local del Gran Londres.
Transport
Una branca del consell anomenada London Transport Executive va excercir d'autoritat del transport públic londinenc des de l'any 1970 fins al 1984.
Govern regional del Gran Londres
Antigues autoritats del transport al Gran Londres | wiki |
Colin is a 2008 British zombie film written and directed by Marc Price. After a successful run in a number of film festivals, it went on to be shown at Cannes in 2009. Applauded for its success despite its low budget, the total cost of production was reportedly £45. The director, actor and comedian Marc Price, shot Colin on a standard definition Panasonic mini-dv camcorder that he had owned for 10 years and edited the film on his home PC using Adobe Premiere 6 software which had come bundled with a video capture card he'd purchased a few years earlier. Facebook and Myspace were used to gather actors to play the zombies.
Plot
Injured in the arm, Colin arrives home to the house he shares with Damien only to find it empty. While cleaning his wound in the kitchen sink, he is attacked by Damien, now a zombie. He manages to "kill" Damien by stabbing him multiple times in the head with a kitchen knife, but soon afterward becomes a zombie himself. Now a zombie, Colin wanders the streets of London during the onset of a zombie apocalypse. He acquires the usual zombie cannibal taste for human flesh but avoids conflict. While being mugged for his trainers, he is seen by his sister Linda, who rescues him. That evening zombies invade a house party and kill everyone within. Colin follows the sole survivor of the carnage before she is trapped by a madman / serial killer in his basement with a group of blinded zombies.
Linda and a friend take Colin to their mother's house, but he cannot recognize them. Linda was bitten by Colin when she saved him from the muggers and turns into a zombie. She reanimates locked in the kitchen with Colin. In a fit of anger and grief, her boyfriend beats up (dead) Colin, who just shambles away.
The film also follows a group of human survivors who go on the offensive. Led by Slingshot Guy, the humans attack a large group of zombies with homemade weapons and a makeshift bomb. It explodes near Colin, destroying his hearing and most of his face. Three of the humans are bitten during the fight and plead for their lives before being brutally killed by the rest of the group because they will turn.
Colin finds his way to his friend Laura's home, where the film cuts to a flashback to when he was still human. Arriving at the house, he discovered that Laura had trapped a zombie in the bathroom. While attempting to kill the zombie, she was bitten and died in his arms, before reanimating and biting him. He then killed her before going home, which brings the viewer back to the film's beginning.
Cast
Production
Colin is the first feature film to be told entirely from a zombie's perspective from the outset, the main character Colin changes in the first few minutes of the film. Another feature film that deals with a story from a zombie's point of view is Andrew Parkinson's I, Zombie (1998). Marc Price, the director of Colin, said that if he had known about the existence of I, Zombie, he probably wouldn't have made his film. The film was shot in London using friends and professionals who worked free to build their portfolio. Shooting took 18 months.
Soundtrack
Dan Weekes: "Colin's Theme"
Spencer McGarry Season: "The Unfilmable Life and Life of Terry Gilliam"
Jack Elphick: "Intro"; "Colin Broke My Keyboard"; "Boorman Lake"
Simon Bevan: "RunAway" (acoustic)
Release
Screenings
An early cut of the film was screened on 15 November 2008 at the Abertoir horror festival, where it drew the attention of sales agent Helen Grace of Left Films.
It then played at the Cannes film Market and the Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity, Saatchi & Saatchi presentation of new directors, 25 June 2009.
On 13 July 2009, the film had a special screening at Zombie-Aid in Manchester, with cast and crew present for Q & A.
On 27 July 2009, it was announced that the film would be distributed to cinemas and DVD by Kaleidoscope Home Entertainment (UK). A preview was shown during the Frightfest fantasy and horror film festival in London during August 2009. It was released in cinemas both in London and other major UK cities during Halloween.
During November 2009, it was shown during the 19th Málaga Fantastic Film Festival (Fancine) in Spain as part of the Horror Zone section.
During September 2010, Walking Shadows announced a release in the US.
DVD release
It was released on DVD in October 2010 in the US. A two-disc Special Edition DVD has been released.
Reception
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 46% of 26 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 4.6/10. Writing in Sight and Sound, Michael Brooke commended the film's ambiance of panic, assisted by the relative intimacy of a handheld camcorder as the principal instrument of filming. As a character, Colin is argued to be a sympathetic character despite his revenant status, comparable to Bub in Romero's Day of the Dead. Nigel Floyd of Time Out London rated it 2/5 stars and called it an "overlong, non-frightening" film that "shambles fitfully from one scene to the next, without ever achieving any momentum or sense of direction." Carmen Gray of Total Film rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote, "If a Credit Crunch Oscar existed, his DIY chutzpah would take the gong." Phillip French of The Observer called it "confused, unoriginal and unimaginative". Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian rated it 3/5 stars and called it "a ultra-minimal, ultra-experimental future-shock". Joshua Siebalt of Dread Central rated it 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "For a first-time effort, Colin shows a helluva lot of promise." Writing in The Zombie Movie Encyclopedia, Volume 2, academic Peter Dendle said, "No one will mistake the final product for polished art ... yet there is no question that Price offers a fresh, provocative approach to a zombie apocalypse."
See also
Zombie apocalypse
List of zombie films
References
External links
2008 films
2008 horror films
British horror films
British zombie films
Camcorder films
2000s English-language films
2000s British films | wiki |
Angelfire is an Internet service that offers website services. It is owned by Lycos, which also owns Tripod.com. Angelfire operates separately from Tripod.com and includes features such as blog building and a photo gallery builder. Free webpages are no longer available to new registrants and have been replaced by paid services.
History
Angelfire was founded in 1996 and was originally a combination Web site building and medical transcription service. Eventually the site dropped the transcription service and focused solely on website hosting, offering only paid memberships. The site was bought by Mountain View, California–based WhoWhere on October 20, 1997, which, in turn, was subsequently purchased by the search engine company Lycos on August 11, 1998 for US$133 million.
See also
References
External links
About Angelfire / History of site page
Internet properties established in 1996
Web hosting
Web 1.0 | wiki |
In geometry, the limiting points of two disjoint circles A and B in the Euclidean plane are points p that may be defined by any of the following equivalent properties:
The pencil of circles defined by A and B contains a degenerate (radius zero) circle centered at p.
Every circle or line that is perpendicular to both A and B passes through p.
An inversion centered at p transforms A and B into concentric circles.
The midpoint of the two limiting points is the point where the radical axis of A and B crosses the line through their centers. This intersection point has equal power distance to all the circles in the pencil containing A and B. The limiting points themselves can be found at this distance on either side of the intersection point, on the line through the two circle centers. From this fact it is straightforward to construct the limiting points algebraically or by compass and straightedge.
An explicit formula expressing the limiting points as the solution to a quadratic equation in the coordinates of the circle centers and their radii is given by Weisstein.
Inverting one of the two limiting points through A or B produces the other limiting point. An inversion centered at one limiting point maps the other limiting point to the common center of the concentric circles.
References
Circles
Inversive geometry | wiki |
Monkey Dance is a 2004 documentary film by Julie Mallozzi.
Monkey Dance may also refer to:
Monkey (dance), a novelty dance from the early 1960s
"The Monkey Dance", a track by The Wiggles on Hot Potatoes: The Best of the Wiggles
Monkey Dance, an album by Soulfarm
See also
"Dance Monkey", a 2019 song by Tones and I | wiki |
A protoiereus (from , "first priest", Modern Greek: πρωθιερέας) or protopriest in the Eastern Orthodox Church is a priest usually coordinating the activity of other subordinate priests in a bigger church. The title is roughly equivalent with the title of protopope or archpriest.
References
Eastern Orthodox clergy
Ecclesiastical titles
Eastern Christian ecclesiastical offices | wiki |
Terms of service are the legal agreements between a service provider and a person who wants to use that service.
Terms of service may also refer to:
Terms of Service; Didn't Read
"Terms of Service" (Legends of Tomorrow) | wiki |
A drug coupon is a coupon intended to help consumers save money on pharmaceutical drugs. They are offered by drug companies or distributed to consumers via doctors and pharmacists, and most can be obtained online. There are drug coupons for drugs from many categories such as cholesterol, acne, migraine, allergies, etc.
Drug coupons as pharmaceutical marketing
Direct-to-consumer or "DTC" marketing of prescription drugs is common in the United States. Patients frequently inquire about or request medications they have seen advertised in print or on television.
Pharmaceutical companies use drug coupons as a marketing tool to stimulate demand for their products.
Drug coupons are commonly offered for new products to stimulate demand or ameliorate high co-pays for non-formulary (non-preferred products) as a way to level the playing field and remove the disincentive for using a drug that is not covered by insurance.
Restrictions
In an effort to avoid unregulated resale of drugs, the Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1988 banned the traffic or counterfeiting of redeemable drug coupons.
Types
Most drug coupons are printed by consumers using their personal computers and printers. Drug coupons reduce out-of-pocket costs for consumers in a variety of ways such as instant savings offers, free trial offers (also known as try-before-you-buy offers), copay reduction or rebates.
Generic drug companies rarely offer coupons, though insurance companies occasionally offer discounts on generic drugs.
In addition PBMs (Pharmacy Benefit Managers) offer discount cards that act similarly to coupons. These cards work for both generic and brand medications and can save cash paying customers up to 75% on their prescription medication.
Drug coupons and healthcare costs
Critics of prescription drug coupon programs have argued that these programs lead to higher healthcare costs for consumers. Typically, American patients with health insurance pay a percentage of the cost of a prescription drug out of pocket, with insurance companies responsible for the rest of the medication's cost. Insurance companies charge higher copayments for brand-name drugs than for generics in order to encourage patients to choose less expensive alternative medications when they are available. However, by reducing a patient's copayment, prescription drug coupons also reduce a patient's incentive to choose a less expensive generic medication. As an example, NPR reported in 2009 that the generic acne medication Minocin cost $109 a month while a newer alternative called Solodyn cost $514 a month. Solodyn can be taken only once daily, while Minocin must be taken twice daily. Since Solodyn's manufacturer offers a coupon to reduce copays, patients may believe that both drugs cost the same amount.
Drug coupon advocates argue that coupon programs enhance medication adherence by reducing or eliminating drug copays.
As of 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was planning a study to see if coupons make patients overlook drug risks and side effects in their effort to save money. All medicines come with a certain level of risk. This is why all prescription drugs include information reviewed and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) about how the medication works in the body, its uses and when it should not be used, possible side effects, the recommended dosage, and other facts about the appropriate use of the drug. Most Americans have never heard of “Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies” (REMS); yet, these drug safety protections give millions of Americans with serious diseases, such as cancer and multiple sclerosis, access to medicines that would otherwise be too dangerous to be allowed on the market. REMS programs exist because certain medicines can cause serious side effects, life-threatening infections, allergic reactions, liver damage or birth defects. Before patients take one of these drugs, they and their prescriber should be aware of the risks, and may need to take certain steps that lessen these risks, in order to ensure they benefit from the treatment.
Unions have filed several lawsuits seeking to ban drug coupons, characterizing them as illegal kickbacks. As of June, 2013 Three of these lawsuits have been dismissed. Six more are pending. This ruling is seen as vindication for the Pharmaceutical industry that drug coupons are an acceptable business practice.
See also
Pharmaceutical industry
References
External links
"Drug Coupons". AARP. April 15, 2008.
"Companies, groups help with drug costs". Los Angeles Times. June 8, 2009.
If Drug Copays Have You Down, Check For A Coupon. NPR. January 7, 2011.
"Coupons for Patients, but Higher Bills for Insurers" The New York Times. January 1, 2011.
Drugs
Food and Drug Administration
Pharmaceutical industry
Sales promotion | wiki |
Embedded Board eXpandable (EBX) is a standardized computer form factor.
This format was created for embedded computer systems by a consortium including Motorola and Ampro. EBX systems typically were embedded PowerPC or PowerQUICC based.
The system board is specified as . It incorporates a PC/104-Plus connection subset for peripheral expansion. Optional connectors for PCMCIA are allowed.
References
https://web.archive.org/web/20081228041905/http://www.pc104.org/ebx_specs.php
Embedded systems | wiki |
Rebounder may refer to:
Rebounder (basketball)
Rebounder, a type of trampoline | wiki |
Divide et impera, llatí per a «Divideix i venceràs» una estratègia políca que consisteix a dividir l'adversari
Algorisme divideix i venceràs, un métode en informàtica per a resoldre un problema complex | wiki |
Canal warehouse may refer to:
Canal warehouse, a commercial building along a canal
Canal Warehouse (Chillicothe, Ohio), a former warehouse in Chillicothe, Ohio, U.S.
See also
Black River Canal Warehouse
Rail and Titsworth Canal Warehouse | wiki |
This is an alphabetical list of rock music groups whose primary genre is post-grunge.
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
See also
Alternative rock
List of alternative rock artists
Alternative metal
List of alternative metal artists
Grunge
List of American grunge bands
Nu metal
List of nu metal bands
External links
Allmusic
Post-grunge groups | wiki |
Pang Adventures est un jeu vidéo d'action et de réflexion développé par Pastagames et édité par Dotemu, sorti en 2016 sur Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, iOS et Android.
Système de jeu
Accueil
Notes et références
Jeu vidéo sorti en 2016
Jeu Windows
Jeu Nintendo Switch
Jeu PlayStation 4
Jeu Xbox One
Jeu iOS
Jeu Android
Jeu d'action
Jeu vidéo de réflexion
Jeu vidéo développé en France
Pang
Jeu Pastagames
Jeu Dotemu | wiki |
Snowfall is a form of precipitation.
Snowfall may also refer to:
Books and comics
Snowfall, a 1994 romantic novel by K. M. Peyton
Snowfall (comics), a fictional character in Marvel Comics
Snowfall Trilogy, a series of fantasy novels by Mitchell Smith, or the first novel in the series
Music
Snowfall: The Tony Bennett Christmas Album, a 1968 album by Tony Bennett
Snowfall (Yanni album), a 2000 compilation album
Snowfall, a 2007 album by The Four Freshmen
Snowfalls (album), debut solo album by Brian Keane 1986
"Snowfall", a 1941 song written by Claude Thornhill
"Snowfalls" (song), a song by t.A.T.u.
"Snowfall", a 2008 song by God Is an Astronaut from their self-titled album
Other
"Snow Fall", a 2012 multimedia narrative on a deadly avalanche in Washington State by The New York Times
"Snow Falls" (Once Upon a Time), an episode of the TV series Once Upon a Time
Snow Falls (film), a 2023 American horror film
Snowfall, a 1974 Hungarian film directed by Ferenc Kósa
Snowfall (TV series), an American television drama series
Snowfall (horse), Thoroughbred racehorse
See also
Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale
List of Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale winter storms
Snow (disambiguation)
Fall (disambiguation)
Snowstorm (disambiguation) | wiki |
It's Not Easy Being a Bunny is a children's book written by Marilyn Sadler and illustrated by Roger Bollen. It is about a young bunny named P.J. Funnybunny and his adventures as he goes to live with various different animals because he does not like being a bunny. The story ends with him being a bunny again when he comes back to the other bunnies and he likes them all again.
1983 children's books
American picture books
Children's fiction books
Books about rabbits and hares | wiki |
Quinnipiac Bobcats basketball may refer to either of the basketball teams that represent Quinnipiac University:
Quinnipiac Bobcats men's basketball
Quinnipiac Bobcats women's basketball | wiki |
Rider Broncs basketball may refer to either of the basketball teams that represent Rider University:
Rider Broncs men's basketball
Rider Broncs women's basketball | wiki |
A barman or bartender is someone who serves beverages behind a bar.
Barman may also refer to:
Barman (surname)
Barman (Madhya Pradesh), India
, a tugboat
See also
Barmen (disambiguation) | wiki |
Siena Saints basketball may refer to either of the basketball teams that represent Siena College:
Siena Saints men's basketball
Siena Saints women's basketball | wiki |
A directed trust is an investment trust in which the trustee is directed by a number of other trust participants in implementing the trust's execution. That trustee is referred to as a Directed Trustee.
Examples of other trust participants include a distribution committee, trust protector, or investment advisor. A directed trustee's role often includes: following distribution and investment instructions, holding legal title to the trust assets, providing fiduciary and tax accounting, coordinating trust participants and offering dispute resolution among those participants. Typically, these duties and the other participants in the trust are defined and governed by the trust document itself.
References
Investment | wiki |
La Rabouilleuse (The Black Sheep, or The Two Brothers) is an 1842 novel by Honoré de Balzac, and is one of The Celibates in the series La Comédie humaine. The Black Sheep is the title of the English translation by Donald Adamson published by Penguin Classics. It tells the story of the Bridau family, trying to regain their lost inheritance after a series of mishaps.
Though for years an overlooked work in Balzac's canon, it has gained popularity and respect in recent years. The Guardian listed The Black Sheep 12 on its list of the 100 Greatest Novels of All Time.
Plot summary
The action of the novel is divided between Paris and Issoudun. Agathe Rouget, who was born in Issoudun, was sent by her father, Doctor Rouget to be raised by her maternal relatives, the Descoings in Paris. Doctor Rouget suspects (wrongly) that he is not her true father. In Paris, she marries a man named Bridau, and they have two sons, Philippe, and Joseph. Monsieur Bridau dies relatively young, Philippe, who is the eldest and his mother's favourite, becomes a soldier in Napoleon's armies, and Joseph becomes an artist. Philippe, the elder son is shown to be a courageous soldier, but is also a heavy drinker and gambler. He resigns from the army after the Bourbon Restoration out of loyalty to Napoleon. Joseph is a dedicated artist, and the more loyal son, but his mother does not understand his artistic vocation.
After leaving the army Philippe took part in the failed Champ d'Asile settlement in Texas. On returning to France he is unemployed, and lives with his mother and Madame Descoings, and becomes a financial drain on them, especially due to his hard drinking and gambling lifestyle. Philippe becomes estranged from his mother and brother after he steals money from Madame Descoings which inadvertently leads to her death. The money Philippe steals had been intended by Madame Descoings to purchase a lottery ticket, which she regularly spends her savings on fervently using the same set of numbers each time, on this occasion Descoings' lucky numbers are called, yet without a ticket Descoings is unable to claim the three million franc prize, resulting in her going into shock and eventually dying from grief. Philippe is soon afterwards arrested for his involvement in an anti-government conspiracy.
Meanwhile, in Issoudun, Agathe's elder brother Jean-Jacques takes in an ex-soldier named Max Gilet as a boarder. Max is suspected of being his illegitimate half brother. Max and Jean-Jacques' servant Flore Brazier work together to control Jean-Jacques. Max socialises with and leads a group of local young men who call themselves "The Knights of Idleness" who frequently play practical jokes around the town. Two of these are against a Spanish immigrant named Fario, destroying his cart and his grain, and therefore ruining his business.
It is now that Joseph and his mother travel to Issoudun to try to persuade Jean-Jacques to give Agathe money to help cover Philippe's legal costs. They stay with their friends the Hochons. Jean-Jacques and Max only give them some old paintings, but only Joseph recognises their value. Joseph tells of his luck to the Hochons, not realising that their grandsons are friends of Max. Afterwards when Max discovers the value of the paintings he coerces Joseph into returning them. Then one night whilst Max is out walking, he is stabbed by Fario. As Max is recovering he decides to blame Joseph for the stabbing. Joseph is arrested, but later cleared and released, and he and his mother return to Paris.
In the meantime, Philippe has been convicted for his plotting. However, he cooperates with authorities and gets a light sentence of five years Police supervision in Autun. Philippe gets his lawyer to change the location to Issoudun in order to claim his mother's inheritance for himself. He challenges Max to a duel with sabres and kills him in the duel. He then takes control of Jean-Jacques and his household, forcing Flore to become Jean-Jacques' wife.
Philippe marries Flore after the death of Jean-Jacques. Flore dies soon afterwards. The book hints that both of these deaths are arranged by Philippe but is not explicit about the means. Through his connexions, Philippe has now obtained the title Comte de Brambourg. Philippe's attempted marriage to a rich man's daughter falls through when his friends disclose his past to her father. Prior to this, Agathe who now runs a successful lottery office thanks to Joseph still views Philippe as a good son, despite his neglect of the family, in contrast, she views Joseph as a disappointment, indifferent to his art which to her only is only bringing Joseph into debt. Agathe writes to Phillipe to visit her and help Joseph financially, however, Phillippe bluntly refuses and wishes to cut all ties with the family in case they jeopardise his noble standing. Philippe's cruelty results in Agathe falling into despair and becoming fatally ill. On her deathbed during confession, a priest chastises Agathe for neglecting her only honest son, Joseph, whilst only offering her love to Phillippe. Seeing the error of her ways Agathe realises she had not loved Joseph as well as he deserved and begs for his forgiveness, although Joseph consoles her by claiming she is a good mother and despite not understanding art she has always provided for him allowing him to work as an artist. Joseph spends the next two weeks attending to his mother until finally attempting to reconcile Philippe and their mother before her death which fails. Philippe's fortunes take a turn for the worse after some unsuccessful speculation, and he rejoins the army to take part in the war in Algeria where he is killed in action, so that in the end Joseph, now a successful artist, inherits the family fortune and Phillippe's title as Comte de Brambourg much to his amusement.
Explanation of title
"La Rabouilleuse" is the nickname of Flore Brazier used behind her back by the people of Issoudun. Max takes offence when some of his friends use it in conversation. Adamson translates the term as "the Fisherwoman". The nickname is a reference to the job that she did as a young girl when helping her uncle to fish for crayfish, by stirring up (to "rabouiller") the streamlets. This was before she became a servant to the Rouget household. The English title of the book therefore moves the focus from her to the Bridau brothers.
Adaptations
In 1903, Emile Fabre adapted the story to a play with the same name, itself later adapted to two movies called Honor of the Family (in 1912 and 1931). The book was broadcast by BBC Radio 4 as its Classic Serial on Sunday 17 August and Sunday 24 August 2008, with actor Geoffrey Whitehead as the narrator.
The French film The Opportunists (1960) is also based on this novel.
Footnotes
Bibliography
Balzac, Honoré de. La Rabouilleuse. 1842.
Adamson, Donald. Translator's Introduction, The Black Sheep. Penguin Classics, 1970, pp. 7–20.
Hélène Colombani Giaufret, « Balzac linguiste dans Les Célibataires », Studi di storia della civiltà letteraria francese, I-II. Paris, Champion, 1996, p. 695-717.
Lucienne Frappier-Mazur, « Max et les Chevaliers : famille, filiation et confrérie dans La Rabouilleuse », Balzac, pater familias, Amsterdam, Rodopi, 2001, p. 51-61.
Gaston Imbault, « Autour de La Rabouilleuse », L'Année balzacienne, Paris, Garnier Frères, 1965, p. 217-32.
Fredric Jameson, « Imaginary and Symbolic in La Rabouilleuse », Social Science Information, 1977, n° 16, p. 59-81.
Doris Y. Kadish, « Landscape, Ideology, and Plot in Balzac's Les Chouans », Nineteenth-Century French Studies, 1984,n° 12 (3-4), 43–57.
Dorothy Magette, « Trapping Crayfish: The Artist, Nature, and Le Calcul in Balzac’s La Rabouilleuse », Nineteenth-Century French Studies, Fall-Winter 1983–1984, n° 12 (1-2), p. 54-67.
Allan H. Pasco, « Process Structure in Balzac’s La Rabouilleuse », Nineteenth-Century French Studies, Fall 2005-Winter 2006, n° 34 (1-2), p. 21-31.
Donato Sperduto, Oltre il tempo e oltre la cuccagna, Wip Edizioni, Bari, 2023.
1842 French novels
French novels adapted into films
French novels adapted into plays
Books of La Comédie humaine
Novels by Honoré de Balzac | wiki |
Eagle Prairie may refer to:
Eagle Prairie Bridge
Eagle Prairie, former name of Rio Dell, California | wiki |
Four Pink Walls is the debut extended play (EP) by Canadian singer Alessia Cara. It was released on August 26, 2015 through Def Jam. With all songs containing writing by Cara, the preview of her upcoming debut studio album Know-It-All also includes major songwriting and production contributions from the duo Pop & Oak.
Garnering positive reviews upon its release, Four Pink Walls reached number 11 on the Canadian Albums Chart and number 31 on the United States Billboard 200 chart. The EP has sold 12,000 copies in the US as of October 2015. The single "Here" from the EP became Cara's first top five hit on the Hot 100.
Composition
A series of slow-tempo R&B and bouncy pop songs, Four Pink Walls feels "more like a personal manifesto than a party playlist", explains Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone. It opens with the joyous "Seventeen", which was described by Spanos as a "savvy update" of the songs "At Seventeen" by Janis Ian and Fleetwood Mac's "Landslide". Containing big beat drums, a vocal loop, a simulated handclap, and rousing chords, the song regards Cara, singing with an annoyed attitude, listening to her parents and valuing her childhood. While being accepting, she responds to her mother's advice about staying grounded with "Yeah, I guess that sounded nice when I was 10." The song was written when Cara was about eighteen: "It was a whole bunch of feelings. We got to talking in the studio with my dad and Sebastian — we all came up with this thing, like, let’s write about how life goes by really fast. My dad brought up that idea, and that’s why the first line is, ’My daddy says that life comes at you fast.’" The track is followed by "Here", which displays Cara in a miserable experience at a party as an "anti-social pessimist" singing worryingly with samples of Portishead and Isaac Hayes and a minor key piano loop.
The rest of Four Pink Walls consist of retro-style soul tracks with Cara's vocals being resemblant to Amy Winehouse. A song about wanting to do anything for someone, including being a runaway with them, "Outlaws" includes bright, "burping" horn stab and tinkling, modern Motown-esque keys backing Cara singing that her boyfriend is "the shine into her star." The most pop-sounding track on the release is "I'm Yours", which was written on a guitar in New Jersey on a curb next to a garbage can. Initially a guitar ballad, Cara said that she had always want to write a happy love song that "that wasn’t nice — kind of like an ’eff you’ love song." With its "fluttery melodies and earthshaking chorus", it represents Cara being anti-social towards a guy and is "more poutily flirtatious than anything else", as Pitchfork Media's Jonah Bromwich writes.
The EP closes with the boom bap neo soul title track, noted by Bromwich to be most similar to "Here". Coming up with the idea of the song at the beginning of her career, Cara had written much of it during her increasing popularity: "I didn’t want to wait for the next album or the next project to put it out. I wanted to tell the story while it was happening." The rest of the song was written one day while driving to the studio. With elements of Lauryn Hill and Erykah Badu on her comfortable vocal delivery, the title song involves Cara singing over a breakbeat and humming synthesizer about her sudden popularity, saying that she went "from ‘when boredom strikes’ to ‘Ms. Star on the Rise". She also sings, "But those four pink walls, I kind of miss them, man", the "four pink walls" representing her bedroom, where she recorded her first clips she uploaded to YouTube that got her discovered by Def Jam.
Release and promotion
Four Pink Walls, a preview of Cara's upcoming debut studio album, Know It All, was originally planned for release on Friday August 28, 2015, but the date was later moved two days before to Wednesday August 26. Cara reasoned, "We were like, let's just do it. I can't do it anymore, I just want to release everything, so I did… I thought it would be cool to surprise everyone and put it out early." The cover art was taken with Cara's iPhone. "Here" was issued as a single off the EP, becoming Cara's first top-20 Billboard hit upon reaching number 13 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart in November 2015 and getting performed by Cara on The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon with house band The Roots. The song received an official video that was directed by Aaron A, and the other four songs on Four Pink Walls were accompanied with DIY-style videos by Cara herself. In North America, Four Pink Walls peaked at number eleven on the Canadian Albums Chart and 31 on the Billboard 200, while in New Zealand, the record peaked at number 21.
Reviews of Four Pink Walls were positive. On the review aggregate website Metacritic, Four Pink Walls scored a 74 out of 100, based on 4 critics. Exclaim critic Michael J. Warren called the EP good enough to have expectations for Cara's upcoming debut studio album, writing that she was best at, especially in her songwriting, her "anti-pop star polish and self-determined presentation". Andy Kellman, a journalist for Allmusic, awarded the record four out of five stars, describing it as "sturdy, fusing and switching between smart pop and R&B constructions as Cara sings about growing up and falling in love." The review also highlighted Pop & Oak's contributions to the EP, writing that they complemented their work for artists outside of Chrisette Michele, Alicia Keys, Tamia, and Elle Varner.
Track listing
Credits adapted from Allmusic.
Notes
signifies a co-producer.
"Seventeen" contains an interpolation of "My Girl" by The Temptations, written by William Robinson Jr. and Ronald White.
"Here" contains a sample from "Ike's Rap II", written and performed by Isaac Hayes.
Charts
References
2015 debut EPs
Alessia Cara albums
Def Jam Recordings EPs | wiki |
Incarnate Word Cardinals basketball may refer to either of the basketball teams that represent the University of the Incarnate Word:
Incarnate Word Cardinals men's basketball
Incarnate Word Cardinals women's basketball | wiki |
New Orleans Privateers basketball may refer to either of the basketball teams that represent the University of New Orleans:
New Orleans Privateers men's basketball
New Orleans Privateers women's basketball | wiki |
This is a list of Arabic letter components used in Arabic script.
Table of Letter Components
A = The letter is used for most languages and dialects with writing systems based on Arabic.
MSA = Letters used in Modern Standard Arabic.
CA = Letters used in Classical Arabic.
AD = Letters used in some regional Arabic Dialects.
"Arabic" = Letters used in Classical Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, and most regional dialects.
"Farsi" = Letters used in modern Persian.
FW = Foreign words: the letter is sometimes used to spell foreign words.
SV = Stylistic variant: the letter is used interchangeably with at least one other letter depending on the calligraphic style.
AW = Arabic words: the letter is used in additional languages to spell Arabic words.
Table
No additions
dots
1 dot
2 dots
3 dots
4 dots
different dots above and below
U+0753, ݓ ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH THREE DOTS POINTING UPWARDS BELOW AND TWO DOTS ABOVE. Hausa https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%93
U+0751, ݑ ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH DOT BELOW AND THREE DOTS ABOVE. Wolof https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%91
tōē
ring
line
numeral
Burushaski
Burushaski
Burushaski
Burushaski
Burushaski
Burushaski
Burushaski
arrows
Hamza
other semi-optional vowels
blank line for new entries
header
Footnotes
The i'jam diacritic characters are illustrative only, in most typesetting the combined characters in the middle of the table are used. The characters used to illustrate the consonant diacritics are from Unicode set "Arabic pedagogical symbols". The "Arabic Tatweel Modifier Letter" U+0640 character used to show the positional forms doesn't work in some Nastaliq fonts.
For most letters the isolated form is shown, for select letters all forms (isolated, start, middle, and end) are shown.
Urdu Choti Yē has 2 dots below in the initial and middle positions only. The standard Arabic version always has 2 dots below.
These characters are used by most languages that use writing systems based on Arabic, though sometimes only in foreign words.
A Wasala diacritic Unicode character has been proposed but not yet released.
References
External links
Unicode collation charts—including Arabic letters, sorted by shape
Why the right side of your brain doesn't like Arabic
Arabic fonts by SIL's Non-Roman Script Initiative
Alexis Neme and Sébastien Paumier (2019), "Restoring Arabic vowels through omission-tolerant dictionary lookup", Lang Resources & Evaluation, Vol. 53, pp. 1–65. ;
Arabic orthography
Right-to-left writing systems | wiki |
Rafting is traveling by raft.
Rafting may also refer to:
Rafting event, in the context of biological migrations
Timber rafting, log transportation method
Ice rafting, transport of various material by ice
Finger rafting, overlapping of two ice sheets | wiki |
Fair Park was a ballpark located in Tyler, TX and home to the Texas League Tyler Sports for only one season in 1932.
1932 Shreveport/Tyler Sports
During the 1932 season, the park of the Shreveport Sports of the Texas League burned down, causing the team to move to Tyler, Texas, and become the Tyler Sports. The team played its games at Fair Park but folded after the season.
The franchise moved to Tyler from Shreveport on May 16. The team finished with a 57-93 overall record (48-72 after the move).
Sources
"Baseball in the Lone Star State: Texas League's Greatest Hits," Tom Kayser and David King, Trinity University Press 2005
References
Baseball venues in East Texas
Baseball venues in Texas
History of Tyler, Texas | wiki |
Oleg Kozlitine (born September 22, 1969) is a Kazakh former professional racing cyclist. He rode in the 1993 and 1996 Tour de France, but did not finish either.
Major results
1990
2nd Volta a Lleida
1993
1st Paris–Camembert
9th Grand Prix de Wallonie
1998
1st Grand Prix des Flandres Françaises
1999
1st Stage 3 Tour de Bretagne Cycliste
1st Stage 4 Tour du Loir-et-Cher
4th Overall Tour de Normandie
References
1969 births
Living people
Kazakhstani male cyclists | wiki |
NGC 4922-1
NGC 4922-2 | wiki |
Eden Foods, Inc., (also known as Eden Organic) is an organic food company based in Clinton, Michigan. It is best known for its Edensoy line of organic soy milk, and its line of organic Japanese foods and condiments. The company claims to be the oldest independent organic food producer in the United States, and the largest supplier of organic dry grocery items.
Eden was founded in 1969 as a co-op grocery store in Ann Arbor, Michigan, to continue the operations of a defunct macrobiotic food buying club. Originally incorporated as a nonprofit, it became a for-profit company in 1970. In 1972, the company began importing Japanese foods such as miso and soy sauce for both the retail and commercial markets. Many of Eden's Japanese foods are still sourced in Japan.
Most of Eden Food's products are organic, most are certified kosher, and most are vegan, except for their katsuo (Japanese fish flakes). Many of Eden's prepared foods are also gluten-free, and have therefore been recommended for those on a gluten-free or gluten-free casein-free (GFCF) diet.
Products
Soy milk
In 1997, an independent test by The New York Times looking for traces of GMOs in 11 soy and corn-based products found Eden's milk to be the only product that tested clean, a finding that Eden Foods attributed to their extensive certification and testing program.
In 2020, Organic Unsweetened Edensoy soy milk won the Lausanne Index Prize - Environmental Possibility Prize.
Soy sauce
In 2001, Eden shoyu soy sauce was rated highest for flavor by Cook's Illustrated in a comparison of 12 brands. In 2007, Eden's tamari was rated best out of seven brands tested in a comparison conducted by the San Francisco Chronicle for its "Taster's Choice" column.
Extra virgin olive oil
In 1999, Prevention Magazine rated Eden's "Extra Virgin Spanish Olive Oil" highest in flavor and protective nutrients out of the 22 brands of extra virgin olive oil studied.
Canned food
Eden uses BPA-free enamel-lined cans for most of its products (the only exception being tomato-based foods), and was subsequently recommended by the Center for Science in the Public Interest as a safer option for canned food.
In a 2005 study, Eden's canned refried beans were rated best in nutritional value among commercial refried beans by Men's Health Magazine.
Controversy
Infant formula charges
In 1988 CEO Michael Potter was charged and later served 30 days in jail on misdemeanor charges for misrepresenting Edensoy soy milk as an infant formula. The suit was brought after a Canadian infant developed a rare eye and bone disorder as a result of vitamin deficiency from being fed the product. The child's physician later reported the patient to have "completely recovered".
Employee healthcare
In March 2013, Eden Foods filed suit against the Obama administration seeking an exemption from the mandate to cover contraception for its employees under the Affordable Care Act. According to the company's CEO Michael Potter, providing access to any form of contraceptives would violate his beliefs as a Catholic. (This stance against all types of birth control differs from Hobby Lobby's refusal to cover several types of contraception.) Eden Foods lost its suit in both the District Court and the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals (Eden v. Sebelius), and appealed to the Supreme Court. The Burwell v. Hobby Lobby decision by the US Supreme Court on 30 June 2014 overrules the lower courts. The next day, the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case, Eden Foods v. Burwell. In response, some customers urged a boycott of the company on popular liberal websites, as well as the company's own Facebook page.
Trademark infringement lawsuit
In October 2021, Eden Foods, Inc. filed suit against Eden Burger Ltd., a single-location vegan burger restaurant located on the campus of the Ohio State University, alleging infringement of Eden Foods's trademark on the word "Eden." Notably, although the Eden Foods, Inc. complaint notes Eden Foods's possession of trademarks on the word "Eden" for use in conjunction with the sale of numerous prepackaged food products, it does not appear to claim that Eden Foods possesses a trademark on the word "Eden" in the context of restaurants and catering.
Sexual harassment lawsuit
In April 2022, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission filed suit against the owner/president of Eden Foods for repeatedly harassing female workers and ignoring complaints about his behavior.
See also
Organic infant formula
List of vegetarian and vegan companies
References
External links
Eden Foods - official website
Organic farming organizations
Food and drink companies established in 1969
Vegetarian companies and establishments of the United States
1969 establishments in Michigan
Food and drink companies based in Michigan | wiki |
Lake Shore
Lake Shore, település az USA Washington államában
Lake Shore, az Amtrak egykori járata
Lakeshore
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Lakeshore (Fresno megye, Kalifornia)
Lakeshore (Placer megye, Kalifornia)
Lakeshore (Shasta megye, Kalifornia)
Lakeshore (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Lakeshore (Michigan)
Lakeshore (Mississippi)
Kanada
Lakeshore (Ontario)
Lakeshore (Québec) | wiki |
An alternative mating strategy is a strategy used by male or female animals, often with distinct phenotypes, that differs from the prevailing mating strategy of their sex. Such strategies are diverse and variable both across and within species. Animal sexual behaviour and mate choice directly affect social structure and relationships in many different mating systems, whether monogamous, polygamous, polyandrous, or polygynous. Though males and females in a given population typically employ a predominant reproductive strategy based on the overarching mating system, individuals of the same sex often use different mating strategies. Among some reptiles, frogs and fish, large males defend females, while small males may use sneaking tactics to mate without being noticed.
Strategies and selection
Alternative mating strategies have been observed among both male and female animals. Most typically, alternative strategies will be adopted in the face of competition within a sex, especially in species that mate multiply. In these scenarios, some individuals will adopt very different mating strategies to achieve reproductive success. The result over time will be a variety of evolutionarily stable strategies and phenotypes, consisting of both conventional individuals and unconventional individuals who mate through alternative means. Successful strategies are maintained through sexual selection.
In many cases, the coexistence of alternative and traditional mating strategies will both maximize the average fitness of the sex in question and be evolutionarily stable for a population. However, the utilization of alternative mating strategies may oscillate as a result of varying reproductive conditions, such as the availability of potential mates. Under changing circumstances, the existence of a variety of strategies allows individuals to choose the conditional behaviour that will currently maximize their fitness.
Selection
Conventional and alternative mating behaviours arise through sexual selection. More specifically, varying levels of reproductive success will select for phenotypes and strategies that maximize an animal's chance of obtaining a mate. As a result, certain animals successfully use a conventional mating strategy while others employing this strategy fail to obtain mates. Over time, phenotypic variance arises both between and within the sexes, with males exhibiting greater diversity in phenotype. The resulting variance in male fitness creates a niche in which alternative strategies may develop, such as sneaking to obtain a mate. The alternative behaviours persist as part of this polymorphism, or variety of phenotypes, because the average fitness of unconventional males equals the average reproductive success of conventional males.
Alternative behaviours are maintained through frequency-dependent selection because of their equal fitness benefits and functional equivalence. Under frequency-dependent selection, the fitness of a given phenotype is determined by its frequency relative to other phenotypes within a population. Similarly, negative frequency-dependent selection describes a scenario in which rarer phenotypes experience greater fitness. Given that the utilization of alternative mating strategies has been shown to fluctuate over time, it has been suggested that frequency or negative frequency-dependent selection is the mechanism through which alternative mating strategies are maintained in animal populations.
A second proposed model for the maintenance of alternative mating behaviours is status-dependent selection. This describes a conditional strategy in which the fitness of alternative phenotypes depend on the status, or competitive ability, of an individual. Status includes environmental and genetic factors as well as age and size, and determines the level of fitness that may be obtained from a given phenotype. As shown in Figure 1, the fitness benefits of a given phenotype vary based on whether an individual is of high or low status. In a case where two phenotypes and strategies are possible, such as mate guarding or sneaking, there will be an intermediate point of intersection where the fitness gained from these alternative behaviours will be equivalent. At this point (s), the fitness gained from these strategies will be equal, and the particular strategy employed at a given time will depend on an individual's status. A low status individual below the switch point will obtain higher fitness with phenotype B, while an individual of high status above the switch point will benefit from higher fitness with phenotype A. Such a model shows how individuals of lesser status or competitive ability may maximize their fitness by exhibiting an alternative phenotype. In this manner, these selective forces will maintain the phenotypic diversity observed among animals with respect to mating behaviour, though strategies utilized will depend on a variety of circumstances.
Strategy
Most of the organisms in question do not have the cognitive capacity to “strategize” in the human sense of the word, so what is a strategy? Here, a strategy is an underlying rule for making decisions about a certain behaviour. A strategy provides an organism with a set of tactics that are adaptive in various circumstances. A tactic is an action taken to achieve a specific goal. For example, a wolf encounters a fallen tree and its strategy is defined by two tactics that may allow the wolf to pass the obstacle: jump over it or crawl under it. Considering the current environmental conditions, the surroundings, and the size of the tree, the wolf will decide between the tactics dictated by its strategy. In the context of a mating system, this means that individuals in a given population have strategies that allow them to obtain mates in different ways to maximize their reproductive success given their phenotypic, environmental, or social circumstances.
It is important to recognize that organisms within a population may not always have the same strategy, and different strategies may offer individuals either a range of tactical options or just one tactic. Furthermore, given strategy may be considered Mendelian, developmental, conditional, or a combination of the above. A Mendelian strategy depends on a genetically determined phenotypic difference, such as body size. This is the case in marine isopods, described below. Developmentally driven strategies are associated with phenotypic differences caused by varying conditions during the course of development that affect body size or overall adult health. Individuals may also have a conditional behaviour strategy that depends not on the genetic or developmental impact on one's life circumstance, but on external factors. These may include the number of available mates, or the number of nearby competitors and their employed tactics. Additionally, some mating strategies will be impacted by the interaction of multiple factors, so these categorizations of Mendelian, developmental, and conditional are not mutually exclusive. They simply offer ways to think about alternative mating strategies and their root causes.
In any case, the mating strategies employed by organisms in various situations will ultimately depend on the strength of selection acting to maintain or eliminate certain reproductive strategies. If sexual selection strongly favors one mating strategy over a potential alternative, individuals not conforming to the successful strategy will fail to reproduce, thus preventing future generations from inheriting the unsuccessful strategy.
Female assessment of males
While the majority of the research into the interactions that lead to alternative mating strategies has a focus on male to male competition, the interaction between males and females also plays a significant role in the mating strategy used (see Sexual Selection). Female assessment of the males (see Female Mate Choice) plays a role in the number of males opting to use an alternative mating technique. Females are likely to not choose to mate with males of a lower quality, so these males will have to adopt alternative mating techniques in order to mate. The ability of the female to assess possible mates also plays a role in the frequency of alternative mating strategies. If a female is unable to assess and choose mates accurately, for example due to time constraints or assessment costs, then males of a lower quality are more likely to be chosen. While if the females have much time and resources available to them, allowing them to accurately choose males, then the lower-quality males are unlikely to be chosen and so will have to adopt alternative mating techniques.
The number of mates available to the female will also change the frequency of males adopting alternative mating techniques. If the female has a small selection of males to mate with then males of a lower quality are more likely to be chosen by the females as they have fewer options. This means that males that would normally have to adopt an alternative mating strategy in a larger population can now mate using the primary mating strategy.
Evolutionarily stable strategy
The diversity of mating strategies within animal populations may be understood through evolutionary game theory concepts that assess the costs and benefits of reproductive decision-making. The Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS) concept provides a particularly useful framework for considering alternative behaviours as they relate to fitness. Given that a strategy describes a set of pre-programmed rules that specify particular behaviours, an evolutionarily stable strategy is one that persists in a population due to its benefits to fitness. An ESS will be maintained in a population if it accords higher average fitness than other strategies, or a level of average individual fitness equivalent to all other strategies within the population.
Within an evolutionarily stable strategy, several scenarios are possible, including pure and mixed strategies. A pure strategy is one not affected by chance, in which an individual only expresses one strategic behaviour. In contrast, a mixed strategy describes a scenario involving the probabilistic expression of behaviours among individuals. For example, an individual under a mixed strategy could express one mating tactic, such as sneaking, with a certain frequency and another tactic, such as mate guarding, at all other times. Though a mixed strategy is theoretically possible, it has not been documented in the context of alternative mating behaviours. Instead, a conditional strategy involving alternative behaviours may best characterize alternative mating strategies.
Condition-dependent behaviour in the context of mating may result from changes in resource availability and intrasexual competition for mates. When competition decreases, the expression of alternative behaviours also decreases. Changes in mating behaviours, especially among alternative males, have been documented in insects, fish, and amphibians upon removal of dominant males. Additionally, the availability of mates and resources also affects the expression of alternative strategies within a sex. The gain or loss of territory has been shown to affect mating approaches among insect species, while the receptivity and spatial distribution of mates impacts tactics used among insects, fish, and mammals. Mating behaviours are also affected by an individual's size and age, as smaller or younger individuals are more likely to attempt reproduction through alternative means, including mimicry or sneak tactics. As a result, the ability to choose a behaviour that maximizes fitness under certain circumstances evolves.
Alternative mating strategies
It has long been known that males in a wide variety of animal populations practice alternative mating strategies in order to maximize their reproductive fitness. This is especially common when there is male-male competition for access to mates. In cases where such alternative strategies are as successful at obtaining mates as the predominant strategy, a coexistence of different mating strategies will evolve. Below are a few common examples of male alternative mating strategies.
Sneaking behaviour in males
"Sneaking" is any strategy that allows a male to access a female partner, avoiding more dominant males, for example those guarding a harem, as in the red deer and elephant seal. The behaviour also occurs in fish, including the cichlid Herichthys minckleyi.
Horned beetles (Onthophagus acuminatus)
Horned beetles demonstrate alternative mating strategies due to different nutritious conditions during development that affect adult body size. In this species, males who receive high levels of nutrition during development will surpass a size threshold above which they develop large horns. Males who do not pass the threshold will develop either small or nonexistent horns. These varying phenotypes will lead individual males to adopt different mating strategies. Those who develop long horns will practice mate guarding, protecting the entrance to the tunnel in which a female is resting or feeding. These males will fight any male that attempts to enter. This is a common strategy observed in populations in which females are dispersed and have synchronized periods of fertility, as well as those in which females are found in clusters that can be guarded to maintain access to more than one female.
Smaller males with little or no horns have little chance of beating larger males in altercations and will thus adopt an alternative sneaking strategy, digging a new tunnel that will allow them to intercept the female's tunnel without being noticed by the guarding male. Both of these strategies have proven, thus far, to be reproductively effective for the males practicing them, and adoption of these alternative mating strategies has contributed to the maintenance of a dimorphic male population.
High-backed pygmy swordtail (Xiphophorus multilineatus)
Pygmy swordtail Xiphophorus multilineatus males offer another example of alternative mating strategies. Some males mature later at a larger size and always use courtship behaviour, while other males mature early at a smaller size, sometimes using courtship behaviour when alone with a female, but more often using sneaky behaviour. This behaviour is not preferred by the female, and is therefore not as successful as courtship in gaining matings, however the higher probability of surviving to reach sexual maturity due to maturing early is enough to maintain the smaller, sneakier males in the population.
Red paper wasps (Polistes canadensis)
Male red paper wasps, Polistes canadensis, engage in the role of the patroller as an alternative mating tactic to the role of the territorial male (who chases away intruders). Patrollers have a smaller body size than territorial males. There is significant competition over the possession of territories. Although these territories do not necessarily hold any resources or nesting sites, owning a territory tends to lead to a greater number of mating opportunities. Males attract females to these territories by rubbing their abdomens across the territories to apply pheromones. Because of their inability to successfully compete against the larger territorial males for territories, smaller males resort to patrolling. But patrollers do not just wait around for territories to be vacated; they will sneak matings with females in territories when the territorial males are temporarily away or distracted.
Giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)
Macrobrachium rosenbergii (giant freshwater prawns or giant river prawns) males have three distinctive body types (morphotypes) upon reaching sexual maturity - small males, orange claw and blue claw. Although all three have different appearances; physical size, claw length, behaviour and anatomy; they are all still able to fertilize females. This leads to male competition over female mates and thus the use of alternative mating tactics. The dominant males tend to be blue claw over orange claw, then orange claw over small males. Dominance is dependent upon their fighting abilities for food supplies, shelter and therefore female mates.
Small males, being significantly smaller in size than the other two types are unable to fight off other males, and instead apply the alternative mating tactic of sneaking. The small male attempts to fertilize a female while she is being guarded by a blue claw mate. This is a high risk tactic, as they have a chance of being killed or injured by the larger blue claw males with a limited success rate of achieving fertilization.
The orange claw males are unable to perform sneak tactics due to their larger size compared to small males; or successfully fight competitively against larger blue claws. This means they are a small population percentage in nature due to their low fertilization rates.
Common side-blotched lizard (Uta stansburiana)
With regard to their throat color, the males of the common side-blotched lizard can also be distinguished into three morphotypes which compete against each other for reproduction. Males with an orange-colored throat aggressively claim a large territory for themselves to build a harem. Meanwhile, the males with a blue-colored throat are less dominant, but guard their mating partner from other males. Finally, males with a yellow-colored throat mimic the female phenotype and rely on a sneaking strategy. From that polymorphism, a rock-paper-scissor like game emerges: the dominant orange-colored males take females from the blue-colored males by force, the blue-colored males are able to protect their females from the yellow-colored males, which in turn are able to sneak into the harem of orange-colored males.
Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)
Bluegill sunfish males have two distinct patterns of reproduction and survival: parental and cuckolder. Parental sunfish often show dominant mating strategies such as courting with females, building nests for the young and caring for young independently. The cuckolder sunfish are much less dominant than the parental males and tend to revert to alternative mating strategies including sneaking or female mimicry. The fitness of the individual males is the main determining factor of which mating strategy they will use.
White-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis)
White-throated sparrows express different coloured plumages which have been related to differing levels of aggression, guarding of territory and promiscuity. The variation in plumage colours are determined by an inversion mutation on chromosome 2. This is an example of alternative mating strategy that is determined by genetics rather than biological fitness.
Female mimicry by males
Males practicing female mimicry may do so in order to gain access to mates in areas of where only females congregate.
Marine isopod (Paracerceis sculpta)
In the isopod Paracerceis sculpta there are three genetically distinct male morphs. Alpha males, which represent the largest and most common male morph, tend to defend harems in order to monopolize access to a large number of females. This is the predominant mating strategy in this species. Beta males are about the same size as female isopods, and they take advantage of that fact by mimicking female behaviour in order to enter harems and gain access to fertile females. Gamma males are the smallest morph. These individuals adopt a sneaking strategy and rely on their small body size to enter harems undetected and remain in them while they seek mating opportunities. These distinct strategies, all determined by a single genetic locus, give equivalent lifetime mating success to each of the three morphs, indicating that natural selection is not acting on one morph more strongly than another. All three alleles expressed in the population will continue to contribute to male morphology as long as the reproductive success granted by each one continues to be as beneficial as the others.
Alternative female strategies
Historically, while male alternative strategies have been well documented, alternative female strategies have not been studied extensively. This large discrepancy in information is mostly due to two factors. First, male mating behaviour is typically driven by competition for mates, such as physical competition, territoriality, or parental care investment. Thus, male alternative behaviours arise as a direct result of these various forms of competition. However, females typically do not compete directly for these resources or mates. Instead, females indirectly compete through differences in premating, mating and post-mating behaviour. The subtle nature of female competition makes alternative behaviours very difficult to study relative to males. Second, males are more likely to experience sexual selection than females. Due to this increased selection, it is statistically more likely for alternative strategies to evolve in males than females. However, though subtle and slightly less commonly, females can experience limitations in access to males and male parental care. Thus, alternative female strategies have evolved to circumvent these limitations. Below are some examples of alternative female strategies seen in nature.
Copying mate choice
In the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, females will copy another female's mate choice if given the opportunity to watch the other female choose. While older females do not copy younger females, younger females will copy older females. This copying behaviour arises from a difference in ability to assess males. Since this behaviour only arises when in the presence of another female, it is a behavioural alternative to the norm of just choosing a male mate based on personal assessment.
Sneaking behaviour in females
In the damselfish, Chromis multilineata, females can often become infected with the parasite Anilocra chromis. In the event of infection, males do not allow infected females into the nest and do not mate with them. Thus, to bypass this limitation to mating, infected females will often sneak into male nests. Although the female is often immediately chased out, this behaviour serves as evidence that sneaking is not just an alternative male strategy. In fact, sneaking is just a common strategy for any sex that is denied mating to a certain class of animals. The strategy of these infected females is therefore another behavioural alternative strategy.
Male mimicry by females
In damselflies, Ischnura, females are frequently harassed by males that wish to mate. There is significant variation in the females’ physical abilities to tolerate male mating harassment. In this species, there is a physical dimorphism: one type is cryptic (heteromorphic) and the other type looks like a male (andromorph). In many cases the andromorph even behaves like a male when among other males. Studies have found that the andromorph only mates half as often as the heteromorph. While a decrease in mating would be devastating for males, it is often an advantage in females. For females, excessive mating is a waste of time and energy and it increases exposure to predators. Thus, the ability to ward off extra mating gives the andromorphs a frequency dependent selective advantage. This is example of a traditionally male characterized Mendelian alternative strategy that has now been observed in females.
See also
Mating system
References
Ethology
Reproduction in animals
Sexual selection | wiki |
Dayton Flyers basketball may refer to either of the basketball teams that represent the University of Dayton:
Dayton Flyers men's basketball
Dayton Flyers women's basketball | wiki |
George Mason Patriots basketball may refer to either of the basketball teams that represent George Mason University:
George Mason Patriots men's basketball
George Mason Patriots women's basketball | wiki |
A door loop or door cord is a mechanical device which provides a robust guideway for cabling between a swing door (the "door leaf") and a door frame.
Door loops are described in the NFPA 80 standard for fire doors.
Motivation
Door loops are used in cases where electrical components are mounted in the door leaf, like for example a motorized door lock, smart lock, smart doorbell or solenoid bolt. Since the hinges move during operation, a normal laying of cable would quickly wear out. The door loop also ensures that the twisting of the cables is distributed over a longer cable length, which is decisive for the wear of the cables.
Mounting
Normally, the door loop is mounted inside the door frame ("concealed door loops"), and can not be seen except for when the door is open. Another type is surface mounted transfers which serve the same function ("visible door loops"), which normally can be seen on the top of the door at all times.
References
Locksmithing | wiki |
Vosper – motosilurante
Vosper & Company – azienda britannica del settore della cantieristica navale
Frank Vosper – attore britannico | wiki |
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