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Mr. Jones may refer to:
Music
Mr. Jones (Tom Jones album), 2002
Mr. Jones (Elvin Jones album), 1972
"Mr. Jones" (Counting Crows song), 1993
"Mr. Jones" (Mike Jones song), 2006
"Mr. Jones" (Pop Smoke song), 2021
"Mr. Jones", a song by Incognito from Adventures In Black Sunshine (2004)
"Mr. Jones", a song by The Mavericks from From Hell to Paradise, 1992
"Mr. Jones", a song by NOFX from Liberal Animation, 1988
"Mr. Jones", a song by The Psychedelic Furs from Talk Talk Talk, 1981
"Mr. Jones", a song by Talking Heads from Naked, 1988
"Mr. Jones", a song by country artist Big Al Downing, 1978
Mr. Jones, a character in Bob Dylan's song "Ballad of a Thin Man", 1965
Mr. Jones, a character in the Bee Gees' song "New York Mining Disaster 1941", 1967
Other media
Mr. Jones (1993 film), a drama starring Richard Gere, Lena Olin and Anne Bancroft
Mr. Jones (2013 film), a horror thriller film by Karl Mueller
Mr Jones (2019 film), a biographical thriller film directed by Agnieszka Holland
Mr. Jones, a fictional character in the James Bond film Dr. No
Mr. Jones, a fictional character in George Orwell's novel Animal Farm
Mr. Jones, a fictional character in the video game Rage of the Dragons
Mr. Jones, a fictional character in Zig and Zag.
See also
Jones (surname), a popular family name of British origins
Jones (disambiguation)
Mrs. Jones (disambiguation)
"Hey Mr. Jones", a song by Jane Child from Jane Child | wiki |
Federal Highway 180 is a Mexican Federal Highway that follows Mexico's Gulf and Caribbean Coast from the Mexico-U.S. border at Brownsville, Texas, into Matamoros, Tamaulipas, to the resort city of Cancún, Quintana Roo, in the Yucatán Peninsula. Although the highway is numbered as a west-east route, it initially follows a north-south alignment through Tamaulipas and Veracruz.
The highway is briefly interrupted from El Encinal to Soto la Marina in Tamaulipas just north of Tampico. The highway goes through Tampico south, interrupted briefly from Cerro Azul to Potrero del Llano, to the city of Poza Rica. It continues south from there through Veracruz and Coatzacoalcos. From there it goes east into Villahermosa, north through Campeche into Mérida, and finally east into Cancún.
Highway 180 connects at the Mexico–United States border with U.S. Route 83, one of the longest north-south U.S. Highways in the United States at . Federal Highway 180 also connects to both Interstate 69E and U.S. Route 77 at the border. U.S. Route 83 (along with both Interstate 69E and U.S. Route 77) starts the northern terminus of Highway 180 in Brownsville, Texas, at the Veterans International Bridge on the Mexican border. After crossing the bridge into the United States, Federal Highway 180 continues as U.S. Route 83 in Brownsville which then runs northward to the U.S. highway's northern terminus, north of Westhope, North Dakota, at the Canada–United States border. From here, the highway continues further as Manitoba Highway 83 until it ends at Swan River, Manitoba. In total, the three highways total in length.
Image gallery
See also
Tampico Bridge
Zacatal Bridge
References
External links
180
180 | wiki |
Retirement is the end of a person's career, usually due to old age.
Retirement may also refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Retirement (Beanie Baby), the end of production of a Ty Beanie Baby
Retirement Living TV, now called RLTV, an American cable television network which transitioned its programming to an OTT channel in August 2018
Military
Withdrawal (military)
Sports
Out (baseball)
Retirement (cricket)
Retired number, a uniform number whose use a sports team has discontinued in honor of an outstanding member who held it | wiki |
Richland Mall can refer to:
Richland Mall (Ohio), in Mansfield, Ohio
Richland Mall (South Carolina) in Columbia, South Carolina
Richland Mall (Texas) in Waco, Texas
Richland Mall, a defunct mall in Quakertown, Pennsylvania
Richland Town Center, formerly Richland Mall, in Johnstown, Pennsylvania | wiki |
Robert Marks may refer to:
Robert Marks (management), professor at Australian Graduate School of Management
Robert J. Marks II (born 1950), professor of engineering at Baylor University
Robert Marks (vocal coach), American vocal coach
See also
Robert Mark (disambiguation)
Robert Marx (disambiguation)
Marks (surname) | wiki |
Castle Gardens may refer to:
Castle Gardens Petroglyph Site
See also
Castle Clinton, formerly Castle Garden, New York | wiki |
EAGL may refer to:
East Atlantic Gymnastics League, an NCAA Division 1 women's gymnastics conference
EA Graphics Library, a game engine which was created and developed by EA Canada | wiki |
WKL may refer to:
The World Kabaddi League, a professional sports league in punjabi kabaddi
Weak Kőnig's lemma, the restriction of Kőnig's lemma to binary trees
WKL0, a related axiom system in reverse mathematics
Wolters Kluwer, an American and Dutch information services company
WinKeyLess, referring to keyboards which lack a Windows key
World Kiteboarding League | wiki |
Microsoft Office 2021 (Third perpetual release of Office 16) is a version of the Microsoft Office suite of applications for the Microsoft Windows and macOS operating systems. It was released on October 5, 2021, along with Windows 11, and replaced Office 2019.
Office 2021 remains same major version 16 as previous versions of Office; it introduces new dynamic arrays, XLOOKUP features for Excel, full dark mode support and performance improvements. Support for retail versions of Office 2021 will end on October 13, 2026; unlike older versions of Office, there is no extended support period.
Development
The office suites updates includes better support for the OASIS OpenDocument file format. The version update adds features to let function, has better search for XMatch function, dynamic arrays, XLOOKUP. It enhances Ink for Translate in Microsoft Outlook and PowerPoint.
Version history
Retail
Volume licensed
References
2021 software
2021
Office 2021
Office suites for Windows | wiki |
Aqua – powłoka systemu OS X
Aqua – zespół muzyczny
Aqua – wieżowiec w Chicago
Aqua – album zespołu Asia
Aqua – sztuczny satelita Ziemi | wiki |
Charlotte Béquignon-Lagarde ( October 8, 1900, Lille - April 2, 1993, Veyrier-du-Lac) was the first woman law graduate of Caen University who was awarded an LL.D.
Béquignon-Lagarde was the only woman on the French Court of Cassation. She was also a member of the Conflict Tribunal from 1959, and vice-president of that court until 1965.
References
20th-century French women lawyers
20th-century French lawyers
Lawyers from Lille
1900 births
1993 deaths | wiki |
WLV may refer to:
Wineberry latent virus, a plant pathogenic virus of the family Alphaflexiviridae
WLV, the National Rail code for Wallasey Village railway station, Wirral, England | wiki |
Serach may refer to:
A Hebrew feminine given name, also spelled Serah or Serakh:
Serach, the daughter of the biblical patriarch Asher about whom many midrashim are told
Serach (Khazar), the wife of the Khazar ruler Sabriel who influenced, according to the Schechter Letter, the latter's decision to convert to Judaism
Serach, Germany, a neighborhood of Esslingen am Neckar
Schloss Serach, home of Alexander of Württemberg (1801–1844) from which the Serach Circle of poets was named
Šěrach, the Sorbian spelling of Schirach
See also | wiki |
Boot-licking can mean:
Sycophancy
In the context of BDSM, boot worship | wiki |
Life Changes may refer to:
Albums
Life Changes (Sash! album), 2013
Life Changes (Thomas Rhett album), 2017
Songs
"Life Changes" (2013), by Sash! from Life Changes
"Life Changes" (2016), by Good Charlotte from Youth Authority
"Life Changes" (Thomas Rhett song), from Life Changes | wiki |
How Many Licks? - drugi singel raperki Lil’ Kim, promujący jej drugi album studyjny „The Notorious K.I.M.”. Piosenkę wydano 27 czerwca 2000. Gościnnie w piosence występuje Sisqó. Singel zadebiutował na #90 pozycji w Billboard 200, a w Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks, zajął miejsce #36.
Pozycje
Linki zewnętrzne
Okładka
Single wydane w roku 2000
Single Lil’ Kim | wiki |
Emulsionatore – elemento presente sui carburatori dei motori
Nebulizzatore – apparecchio che trasforma un liquido in aerosol | wiki |
Sledgehammer (canção de Fifth Harmony)
Sledgehammer (canção de Peter Gabriel)
Sledgehammer (canção de Rihanna)
Sledgehammer Games
Desambiguação | wiki |
Ischemic monomelic neuropathy is a rare, immediate, limb-threatening complication of hemodialysis access surgery.
Symptoms are acute hand pain and forearm muscle weakness. The major risk factors are the presence of diabetes mellitus, and the creation of a brachial artery-to-cephalic vein fistula as the vascular access. The treatment is prompt sacrifice of the access by surgical ligation.
References
Circulatory system
Surgery | wiki |
First-person view may also refer to:
First-person view (radio control)
First-person (video games)
First-person narrative
Point-of-view shot
See also
First person (disambiguation) | wiki |
Veatchite is an unusual strontium borate, with the chemical formula Sr2B11O16(OH)5·H2O. There are two known polytypes, veatchite-A and veatchite-p.
Veatchite was discovered in 1938, at the Sterling Borax mine in Tick Canyon, Los Angeles County, California. Veatchite is named to honor John Veatch, the first person to detect boron in the mineral waters of California.
See also
List of minerals
References
External links
Strontium minerals
Phylloborates
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 9 | wiki |
Women's events at the Artistic Gymnastics World Cup were first held at the 1975 FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Cup.
Three medals are awarded: gold for first place, silver for second place, and bronze for third place. Tie breakers have not been used in every year. In the event of a tie between two gymnasts, both names are listed, and the following position (second for a tie for first, third for a tie for second) is left empty because a medal was not awarded for that position. If three gymnastics tied for a position, the following two positions are left empty.
Medalists
References
Floor, women
Artistic Gymnastics World Cup, floor | wiki |
In the .NET Framework, an assembly manifest is a text file containing metadata about the code within a CLI assembly. It describes the relationship and dependencies of the components in the assembly, versioning information, scope information and the security permissions required by the assembly.
The manifest information embedded within an assembly can be viewed using IL Disassembler (ILDASM.exe) which is available as part of Microsoft Windows SDK.
External links
Assembly Manifest at MSDN
Common Language Infrastructure | wiki |
Women's events at the Artistic Gymnastics World Cup were first held at the 1975 FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Cup.
Three medals are awarded: gold for first place, silver for second place, and bronze for third place. Tie breakers have not been used in every year. In the event of a tie between two gymnasts, both names are listed, and the following position (second for a tie for first, third for a tie for second) is left empty because a medal was not awarded for that position. If three gymnastics tied for a position, the following two positions are left empty.
Medalists
References
Vault, women
Artistic Gymnastics World Cup, vault | wiki |
Growing Your Business Can be as Fun & Easy as... Giving Candy to Strangers, Tips for Creating Abundance through Heart-Centered Sales is a self-help book about running businesses. The book was written by creative director Stan Holden, who has been featured on the PBS TV show, The American Health Journal.
Giving Candy to Strangers contains information about creating relationships on social media, how emotions play into the process of sales, mixing business with pleasure and creating connections without an agenda. The foreword was written by Kevin Sorbo.
When Holden started writing Giving Candy To Strangers he decided to design the cover himself because of his experience as a graphic artist.
External links
Official site
References
2015 non-fiction books
Self-help books
Works about business | wiki |
Australian nationality law details the conditions by which a person is a national of Australia. The primary law governing nationality regulations is the Australian Citizenship Act 2007, which came into force on 1 July 2007 and is applicable in all states and territories of Australia.
All persons born in Australia before 20 August 1986 were automatically citizens at birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents. Individuals born in the country after that date receive Australian citizenship at birth if at least one of their parents is an Australian citizen or permanent resident. Foreign nationals may be granted citizenship after living in the country for at least four years, holding permanent residency for one year, and showing proficiency in the English language.
Australia is composed of several former British colonies founded in the 18th and 19th centuries whose residents were British subjects. After federation as a Dominion within the British Empire in 1901, Australia was granted more autonomy over time and gradually became independent from the United Kingdom. Although Australian citizens have no longer been British subjects since 1984, they continue to hold favoured status when residing in the UK. As Commonwealth citizens, Australians are eligible to vote in UK elections and serve in public office there.
Terminology
The distinction between the meaning of the terms citizenship and nationality is not always clear in the English language and differs by country. Generally, nationality refers a person's legal belonging to a state and is the common term used in international treaties when referring to members of that polity; citizenship refers to the set of rights and duties a person has in that nation. Despite this distinction, the Australian Government uses these two terms interchangeably.
Colonial-era history
Fragmented development
Britain established its first colony in Australia with the founding of New South Wales in 1788. Over the course of the 19th century, the British presence expanded throughout the continent. By 1890, there were six separate self-governing territories in Australia. British nationality law applied to each of these colonies, as was the case elsewhere in the British Empire. Australians and all other imperial citizens were British subjects; any person born in the Australian colonies, the United Kingdom, or anywhere else within Crown dominions was a natural-born British subject.
British nationality law during this time was uncodified and did not have a standard set of regulations, relying instead on precedent and common law. Until the mid-19th century, it was unclear whether naturalisation rules in the United Kingdom were applicable in other parts of the Empire. Each colony had wide discretion in developing their own procedures and requirements for admitting foreign settlers as subjects. New South Wales and Tasmania respectively enacted legislation in 1828 and 1834 enabling denization, a process that partially granted foreign citizens the rights of British subjects, most notably property rights. Denizens were not considered aliens, but could not pass subject status to their children by descent and were barred from Crown service and public office.
Naturalisation in Britain was achieved through individual Acts of Parliament until 1844, when a more streamlined administrative process was introduced. The Australian colonies emulated this system in their own naturalisation legislation, which was enacted in all local legislatures by 1871. In 1847, the Imperial Parliament formalised a clear distinction between subjects who naturalised in the UK and those who did so in other territories. Individuals who naturalised in the UK were deemed to have received the status by imperial naturalisation, which was valid throughout the Empire. Those naturalising in colonies were said to have gone through local naturalisation and were given subject status valid only within the relevant territory; a subject who locally naturalised in New South Wales was a British subject there, but not in England or Victoria. Nevertheless, locally naturalised British subjects were still entitled to imperial protection when travelling outside of the Empire.
Married women generally followed the nationality status of their husbands. Beginning with New South Wales in 1848, each colony enacted legislation that automatically naturalised foreign women who married British subjects, mirroring regulations enacted in the UK in 1844. After Britain established marital denaturalisation for British subject women who married non-British men in 1870, New South Wales adapted its rules to match this in 1875. The other Australian colonies did not adopt this in legislation but in practice, women who married foreign men were automatically stripped of British subject status throughout Australia.
The Federal Council of Australasia, created in 1885, was a first attempt at forming a unified governing body in the region and consisted of four Australian colonies (Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia), along with Fiji. Legislation passed by the Federal Council in 1897 allowed British subjects who had naturalised in a colony under its authority to be considered as naturalised in other such colonies.
Discriminatory policies against Indigenous Australians and non-European migrants
Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders became British subjects as the colonies were settled throughout the continent, but actual participation in colonial society and access to civil rights was limited. In Queensland and Western Australia, franchise qualification for an Indigenous person was dependent on their ownership of land that was valued at least £100, which was prohibitively expensive for the time and barred virtually all such persons from voting. While there were no specific restrictions in legislation on Indigenous voting in the other colonies, other regulatory barriers often prevented exercising that right. Between 1858 and 1926, New South Wales disqualified persons receiving aid from "any public charitable institution" from voting registration; anyone living in Aboriginal reserves were considered to be receiving aid. Some exceptions were afforded to landholders and "half-caste" Aboriginals.
Immigration from Asia began in the 1840s, when Chinese workers were invited to work in New South Wales due to a labour shortage. Although these labourers were met with almost immediate disapproval, the Australian gold rushes beginning in the 1850s attracted a steady wave of further migration. Growing hostility and anti-Chinese sentiment led to severe social unrest and violent confrontations during the Lambing Flat riots in 1861. Following this, New South Wales imposed substantial restrictions on Chinese entry. Regulations varied by colony but clearly favoured immigrants of European descent over members of any other ethnic groups. Queensland created two different sets of requirements in 1867 for naturalisation of "Asiatic and African aliens" and "European and North American aliens". Asian and African applicants seeking to become subjects were required to have lived in the colony for three years, and be married and living together with their wives. Chinese migrants were specifically targeted in colonial legislation that charged fees for entry to or residence in the colonies, and banned them from naturalising as British subjects. In 1889, entrance fees for Chinese in each of the Australasian colonies were standardised at £10, except for Queensland which required £30.
Post-federation policies
The Federal Council of Australasia was abolished in 1900 and replaced on 1 January 1901 by the Commonwealth of Australia, a federation of the six Australian colonies. The status of Australians as British subjects (including Indigenous Australians) remained unchanged despite the creation of this union. Commonwealth nationality legislation enacted in 1903 superseded laws of the new states; naturalisation in one of the states became automatically valid in all of them.
The federal government continued and extended restrictions on persons of non-European descent as part of its White Australia policy. The Immigration Restriction Act 1901 created the legal basis for administering dictation tests in any European language as determined by an immigration officer. Any person who failed was denied entry into Australia. While Māori from New Zealand technically fell under the exclusion criteria of this Act, representations made by the New Zealand government pressured the Commonwealth government into exceptionally relaxing restrictions for Māori. The Naturalization Act 1903 explicitly prohibited naturalisation of anyone with ancestry from Africa, Asia, or Oceania (except New Zealand). Indigenous Australians who did not already have their names placed on a state electoral roll on the date of federation were largely prohibited from enrolling to vote in federal elections from 1902 to 1962.
Imperial common code
The Imperial Parliament brought regulations for British subject status into codified statute law for the first time with passage of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914. British subject status was standardised as a common nationality across the Empire. Dominions that adopted this Act as part of local legislation were authorised to grant subject status to aliens by imperial naturalisation. Australia adopted the common code in 1920.
The 1914 regulations codified the doctrine of coverture into imperial nationality law, where a woman's consent to marry a foreign national was also assumed to be intent to denaturalise; British women who married foreign men automatically lost their British nationality. There were two exceptions to this: a wife married to a husband who lost his British subject status was able to retain British nationality by declaration, and a British-born widow or divorcée who had lost her British nationality through marriage could reacquire that status without meeting residence requirements after the dissolution of her marriage.
Australia's version of the common code regulations contained extensive measures for revoking British subject status from naturalised persons. Individuals who showed disloyalty to the monarch, were sentenced to imprisonment for at least one year or received a fine of more than £100 within five years of naturalising, had been deemed to be "not of good character" when subject status was granted, or lived outside of the British Empire for more than seven years were liable to have their naturalisation revoked.
Unlike the 1903 Act, the common code enacted in 1920 did not explicitly bar migrants on the basis of race. It instead allowed the government to deny naturalisation to any person without cause. Only 45 people of Asian descent were naturalised between 1904 and 1953. Migrants of non-European ancestry were effectively barred from permanent residency and naturalisation until 1957.
By the end of the First World War, the Dominions had exercised increasing levels of autonomy in managing their own affairs and each by then had developed a distinct national identity. Britain formally recognised this at the 1926 Imperial Conference, jointly issuing the Balfour Declaration with all the Dominion heads of government, which stated that the United Kingdom and Dominions were autonomous and equal to each other within the British Commonwealth of Nations. Full legislative independence was granted to the Dominions with passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931.
Women's rights groups throughout the Empire pressured the imperial government during this time to amend nationality regulations that tied a married woman's status to that of her husband. Because the British government could no longer enforce legislative supremacy over the Dominions after 1931 and wanted to maintain a strong constitutional link to them through the common nationality code, it was unwilling to make major changes without unanimous agreement among the Dominions on this issue, which it did not have. Imperial legal uniformity was nevertheless eroded during the 1930s; New Zealand and Australia amended their laws in 1935 and 1936 to allow women denaturalised by marriage to retain their rights as British subjects, and Ireland changed its regulations in 1935 to cause no change to a woman's nationality after her marriage.
Australian citizenship created
Diverging developments in Dominion nationality laws, as well as growing assertions of local national identity separate from that of Britain and the Empire, culminated with the creation of Canadian citizenship in 1946, unilaterally breaking the system of a common imperial nationality. Combined with the approaching independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, comprehensive nationality law reform was necessary at this point to address ideas that were incompatible with the previous system. The Dominion governments agreed on the principle of equal standing for women in a reformed nationality system at the 1946 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference and Australia amended its law to grant equal nationality rights in that same year.
Australia enacted the Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 to create its own citizenship, which came into force on 26 January 1949, shortly after the British Nationality Act 1948 became effective throughout the Empire on 1 January 1949. All British subjects who were born, naturalised, or resident for at least five years in Australia automatically acquired Australian citizenship on that date. British subjects born to a father who himself was born or naturalised in Australia and British subject women who were married to someone qualifying as an Australian citizen also automatically acquired citizenship on that date.
All other noncitizens could acquire citizenship by naturalisation after fulfilling a general residence requirement. Candidates must have resided in Australia (including Papua) or New Guinea for at least four of the previous eight years, with one year of continuous residence immediately preceding an application. This was reduced to two of the previous eight years in 1973. Non-Europeans were allowed to apply for residency and naturalisation from 1957, if they were legally admitted and living in Australia for 15 years (reduced to five years in 1966).
Almost all provisions to revoke citizenship from naturalised individuals were repealed in 1958. On the other hand, Australian citizens who acquired a foreign citizenship other than through marriage were automatically denaturalised and lost their Australian citizenship under this Act. Individuals who naturalised as Australian citizens conversely were not required to renounce their previous nationalities.
Restrictions on Indigenous Australian rights were relaxed in 1949, when eligibility to enrol in federal elections was extended to any member of the First Nations who was already enrolled to vote in state elections or had been a member of the armed forces. Voting eligibility was extended to all Indigenous Australians in 1962, and following a 1967 referendum, they began to be included as part of state population counts in each national census.
Reform and abolition of British subject status
The 1948 Act redefined the term British subject as any citizen of Australia or another Commonwealth country. Commonwealth citizen is defined in this Act to have the same meaning. British subject/Commonwealth citizen status co-existed with the citizenships of each Commonwealth country. Irish citizens were treated as if they were British subjects, despite Ireland's exit from the Commonwealth in 1949. All Commonwealth citizens were eligible to become Australian citizens by registration, rather than naturalisation, after residing in Australia for at least five of the preceding seven years. Commonwealth citizens who became Australian citizens by registration were not required to swear an oath of allegiance because they were already subjects of the Crown.
All British subjects under the reformed system initially held an automatic right to settle in the United Kingdom. Non-white immigration into the UK was systemically discouraged, but strong economic conditions in Britain following the Second World War attracted an unprecedented wave of colonial migration. In response, the British Parliament imposed immigration controls on any subjects originating from outside the British Islands with the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962. This restriction was somewhat relaxed in 1971 for patrials, subjects whose parents or grandparents were born in the United Kingdom, which gave effective preferential treatment to white Commonwealth citizens.
As a sign of Australia's changing relationship with Britain, Australian passports were no longer labelled with the phrase "British passport" beginning in 1967. Legislative changes in 1969 meant that Australian citizens technically ceased to be British subjects in that year, but retained "the status of British subjects" instead. Preferences that were afforded to citizens from other Commonwealth countries and restrictions on migrants of non-European descent were abolished in a further 1973 amendment. The name of the Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 itself changed to the Australian Citizenship Act 1948 in 1973 as well; the anniversary of this event has been celebrated since 2001 as Australian Citizenship Day.
By the 1970s and 1980s, most colonies of the British Empire had become independent and remaining ties to the United Kingdom had been significantly weakened. The UK itself updated its nationality law to reflect the more modest boundaries of its remaining territory and possessions with the British Nationality Act 1981, which redefined British subject to no longer also mean Commonwealth citizen. Australian citizens remain Commonwealth citizens in British law and are still eligible to vote and stand for public office in the UK.
Further reforms in 1984 fully abolished British subject status in Australian law and removed remaining gender imbalances in nationality regulations. Voting eligibility rules were changed to require Australian citizenship instead of British subject status, but any British subject without citizenship already enrolled to vote before 26 January 1984 had the right to continue participating in elections. Noncitizen British subjects could no longer apply for Australian passports beginning in that year.
After passage of the Australia Act 1986, the High Court has considered any persons without Australian citizenship to be aliens. While British subjects could not have been considered foreign at the time of federation, the severing of constitutional ties with the United Kingdom created a definitive separation between the two countries; British citizens have since been considered subjects of a foreign power and are ineligible to serve in the Parliament of Australia under section 44 of the Constitution of Australia. The eligibility of 10 sitting legislators was questioned under this section of the Constitution during the 2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis, leading to eight disqualifications under subsequent court proceedings.
Heightened citizenship requirements
The general residence requirement for acquiring citizenship was relaxed in 1984. Naturalisation candidates were required to have lived in Australia for two of the five years preceding an application, while holding permanent residency for at least one year during that aggregate period. However, concerns over an influx of unintended immigration and the perceived exploitation of nationality law by illegal migrants to gain residence in Australia created the impetus for ending unrestricted birthright citizenship in 1986. Children born in the country since then are only granted citizenship by birth if at least one parent is a citizen or permanent resident. Naturalisation candidates have been required since 1993 to recite a citizenship pledge in which they commit their loyalty to the country of Australia, rather than swear an oath of allegiance to the Australian monarch. Automatic denaturalisation of Australians acquiring foreign nationalities was repealed in 2002. Citizenship tests were introduced in 2007 and the general residence requirement was increased back to four years as well.
Government powers for citizenship deprivation were greatly expanded in 2015. Australians holding another nationality and engaged in terrorist activities were subject to automatic loss of citizenship. These measures were amended in 2020 to require an explicit revocation order from the Minister for Home Affairs.
Territorial changes
Papua, New Guinea, and Nauru
Queensland attempted to preemptively counter German colonial interests in the Pacific by annexing Papua in 1883, though this was met with disapproval from imperial authorities. Following the establishment of German New Guinea, Britain claimed Papua in 1884 and formally annexed it in 1888. After Australian federation in 1901, Britain ceded administrative control of the territory to the Commonwealth government in 1902, which was accepted by Australia in 1905. New Guinea and Nauru remained German colonies until the First World War, after which New Guinea became a League of Nations mandate under Australian control while Nauru's mandate was split between Britain, Australia, and New Zealand. In practice, Australia held sole governing authority over Nauru.
While residents of Papua became British subjects, that status was not extended to those from the mandated territories under the recommendation of the Permanent Mandates Commission. Residents of New Guinea and Nauru were instead treated as British protected persons. When Australian citizenship was created in 1949, Papuans automatically became Australian citizens while New Guinea and Nauru residents became "Australian protected persons". Despite their status as British subjects/Australian citizens, Papuans of indigenous descent did not have an automatic right to reside in mainland Australia and were required to apply for that separately. Persons with non-indigenous ancestry held that right automatically.
Papua New Guinea became independent in 1975. Indigenous residents born in Papua or New Guinea with two grandparents also born in either territory or surrounding area, who did not have right of residence in mainland Australia, and did not hold foreign nationality automatically became citizens of the new country. Former Australian citizens born in Papua before independence seeking to resume citizenship cannot reacquire that status by descent. Because Papua fell within the definition of "Australia" before 1975, applicants cannot claim citizenship through their birth overseas. Since 2007, Papua New Guinean citizens who lost Australian citizenship on independence but have a parent born on the Australian mainland can apply for a special resumption of citizenship.
Indian Ocean territories
The Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Christmas Island were respectively annexed into the Empire in 1857 and 1888. The Cocos Islands were first directly administered by the UK until 1878, when it was transferred to Ceylon, then to the Straits Settlements in 1886, and finally devolved to the settlement of Singapore in 1903. Christmas Island was similarly incorporated into Singapore in 1900. Following the Second World War, the Australian government expressed its interest in acquiring both territories for strategic and commercial reasons; the Cocos Islands for its airstrip and Christmas Island for its phosphate. Sovereignty over the Cocos Islands was transferred to Australia in 1955. Island residents became Australian citizens at time of transfer while retaining UK citizenship. Christmas Island was transferred to Australia in 1958 under largely the same terms. Citizens from these territories did not have automatic right of residence on the Australian mainland, as was the case with citizens from Papua, until this restriction was repealed in 1984. No Australian citizen has been required to obtain an entry permit to enter the country since that year.
Burmese independence
Burma gained independence from the United Kingdom on 4 January 1948. The British Parliament enacted the Burma Independence Act 1947 to remove British subject status from all individuals who held that status solely through their connection with Burma. Burmese resident in the UK or its colonies could make formal claims to retain subject status.
The Australian Parliament did not pass similar legislation addressing this event, leaving only common law to apply. Australian common law at the time dictated that only Burmese resident in Burma at the time of independence lost British nationality, while every Burmese person who left Burma permanently before its independence or "within a reasonable time thereafter" retained British subject status. This created an anomalous situation where Burmese living in Australia ceased to be British subjects under UK law, but continued that status in Australian law.
The Nationality and Citizenship (Burmese) Act 1950 addressed this discrepancy, removing British subject status from persons connected with Burma. Individuals who lost subject status through this Act but had become Australian citizens in 1949 could retain their citizenship by making formal declarations within two years of the Act's passage.
Acquisition and loss of citizenship
Entitlement by birth, descent, or adoption
All persons born in Australia before 20 August 1986 automatically received citizenship at birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents. Individuals born in the country since that date receive Australian citizenship at birth if at least one parent is a citizen or permanent resident.
A person born outside Australia to an Australian citizen parent is eligible to acquire Australian citizenship by descent through application. If the parent acquired citizenship by descent or adoption, the parent must have resided in Australia for at least two years at the time of application.
Adopted children are treated as if they were naturally born to the adopting parents at the time and location of adoption; those adopted in Australia automatically receive citizenship, while those adopted overseas are eligible to apply. Children who are born in Australia but did not acquire citizenship at birth may otherwise automatically acquire citizenship if they are ordinarily resident in the country for the 10-year period immediately following their birth. Stateless children born in the country are entitled to citizenship without further residence requirements.
Voluntary acquisition
Noncitizens over the age of 18 may become Australian citizens by conferral after legally residing in the country for more than four years and holding permanent residency for at least 12 months. Applicants must not have been outside of Australia for longer than 12 months in the preceding four years, with absences totaling less than 90 days in the final year. Candidates who are overseas while enlisted in the Australian Defence Force, deemed to be engaged in activities for Australia's benefit, or employed in a position that requires regular travel abroad can be considered to have fulfilled special residence requirements. Members of the Australian Commonwealth Games team and holders of distinguished talent visas have also been eligible for special residence considerations since 2021.
Applicants between the ages of 18 and 59 must complete a citizenship test in which they demonstrate basic competency in the English language as well as sufficient knowledge of the country and citizenship. Successful candidates aged 16 and older are required to make a citizenship pledge in which they commit their loyalty to the country of Australia; these are usually administered by local government at citizenship ceremonies that take place about six months after approval. Between 1 July 2020 and 30 June 2021, over 140,000 people obtained Australian citizenship by conferral.
Pathway for New Zealand citizens
New Zealand citizens are generally exempt from immigration restrictions under the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement and fall under unique regulations. Any New Zealander who settled in Australia on or before 26 February 2001 is automatically considered a permanent resident for nationality purposes, while those who arrive after that date are required to first obtain permanent residency before they may naturalise.
Children born in Australia to New Zealand citizens between the end of unrestricted birthright citizenship on 20 August 1986 and 31 August 1994 were "exempt non-citizens" and considered to have been permanent residents for any time spent living in the country during this period. The Special Category Visa (SCV) was introduced for New Zealand citizens on 1 September 1994; all New Zealand citizens already in the country on that date were automatically granted this visa and it is issued on arrival to New Zealanders after that date. A child born in Australia between 1 September 1994 and 26 February 2001 to a New Zealand parent with an SCV or permanent visa is an Australian citizen by birth. Since 27 February 2001, children born to New Zealand citizens in Australia only receive Australian citizenship at birth if at least one parent holds an SCV issued before that date, a permanent Australian visa, or dual Australian-New Zealand citizenship.
Since 1 January 2023, New Zealand citizens holding an SCV who are granted the Skilled Independent (subclass 189) permanent resident visa under the New Zealand stream are considered to have been permanent residents in Australia since 1 January 2022, making them immediately eligible for Australian citizenship by conferral without a further term of residence. Any New Zealand citizen who already held this type of visa before 2023 is also considered to have their permanent residence backdated. Children born between 1 January 2022 and 30 June 2023 to SCV holders who are later granted the subclass 189 visa between those dates retroactively acquire Australian citizenship by birth.
Loss and resumption of citizenship
Australian citizenship can be relinquished by making a declaration of renunciation, although this may be denied at the discretion of the Minister for Home Affairs. Citizenship may be involuntarily deprived from individuals who fraudulently acquired it, or from dual citizens who actively serve in the military of another country at war with Australia. Children of former citizens may also be stripped of citizenship, except in cases where another parent remains an Australian citizen or deprivation would cause statelessness. Dual citizens who are engaged in terrorist activities, part of a known terror group, or have been convicted of terrorism offences for imprisonment sentences totaling at least three years may also be stripped of their citizenship at the discretion of the Minister.
Until 4 April 2002, Australians who became citizens of another country automatically lost Australian citizenship. This restriction did not apply to those who acquired a foreign citizenship by marriage, and did not require naturalisation candidates to relinquish their former nationalities. Children born to individuals who lost their citizenship under this provision for automatic loss before 2002 are eligible for a special conferral of citizenship.
Former citizens may subsequently apply for nationality restoration, provided that they would have been subject to hardship had they not renounced Australian citizenship, or were automatically deprived of their Australian citizenship before 2002. Individuals resuming citizenship regain the same type of citizenship they held previously; a person who had acquired citizenship by descent, relinquishes it, then resumes citizenship would regain citizenship by descent. Citizens of Papua New Guinea who lost Australian citizenship on independence in 1975 but have a parent born on the Australian mainland have been able to apply for a special resumption of citizenship since 2007.
References
Citations
Sources
Publications
Legislation
External links
Citizenship pathways, Department of Home Affairs
Immigration to Australia
Nationality law
Australia and the Commonwealth of Nations
Foreign relations of Australia | wiki |
Joyance Meechai (born February 2, 1979) is an American curler.
At the national level, she is a 2014 United States mixed doubles curling champion.
Teams and events
Women's
Mixed team
Mixed doubles
Personal life
She started curling in 1999 at the age of 20.
References
External links
Video:
1979 births
Living people
Sportspeople from New York City
American female curlers
American curling champions
21st-century American women | wiki |
Psych may refer to:
Mind
Psychology
psychologist
Psychiatry
psychiatrist
Psychoanalysis
psychoanalyst
AP Psych, a U.S. educational exam and course
IB Psych, an educational course for international baccalaureate
motivation (to psych up)
intimidation (to psych out)
Psych (journal), an academic journal
Psych ops, in warfare
American Psychiatric Association (Psych.org)
College of Psychologists of Ontario (C. Psych.)
Television
Psych (2006-2014), a U.S. TV show
Psych: The Musical, a 2013 TV episode
Psych: The Movie, a 2017 U.S. telefilm
Psych 2: Lassie Come Home, a 2020 U.S. telefilm
Psych 3: This Is Gus, a 2021 U.S. telefilm
Psych (Medium), a 2009 TV episode of Medium
Other uses
Psychic bid, also called "psych", a play in the contract bridge card game
See also
Psych 9, a 2010 horror film
PsychOpen, a European open-access publisher
PubPsych, an open-access retrieval system
Psy (disambiguation)
Psyche (disambiguation)
Psychic (disambiguation)
Psychedelic (disambiguation)
Psycho_(disambiguation)
Shrink (disambiguation) | wiki |
Ice hockey is a team sport played on ice.
Ice hockey may also refer to:
Ice Hockey (Atari 2600), a video game for the Atari 2600
Ice Hockey (1988 video game), a video game by Nintendo
Hockey on the ice, an old name for the team sport bandy | wiki |
"Full of Fire" is a 1975 song written by Al Green, Mabon Hodges, Willie Mitchell and recorded by Al Green. The single has a more up-tempo feel than his previous releases and was Green's last of six number ones on the R&B chart. "Full of Fire" also reached number twenty-eight on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.
Chart positions
References
1975 singles
Al Green songs
1975 songs
Songs written by Al Green
Songs written by Teenie Hodges
Songs written by Willie Mitchell (musician) | wiki |
Contraflow can refer to:
contraflow lane, a transportation engineering technique of creating a single traffic lane that flows in the direction opposite of the surrounding lanes
contraflow lane reversal, the practice of creating, temporarily or permanently, a contraflow lane
Counter-flows (also called contraflow), the flow of culture counter to the normal dominant-to-dominated cultural adaptation patterns | wiki |
Salad is a type of food dish.
Salad or salads may also refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Salad (band), a Dutch-British pop band
Salad Fingers, a Flash cartoon by David Firth
The Salads, a Canadian rock band
Other uses
Mahad Mohamed Salad, a Somali politician
Salad grind, a skateboarding trick
Word salad, confused or unintelligible speech
See also
Ensalada (disambiguation)
List of salads
Salad Days (disambiguation)
Salade, a war helmet
Salad tossing, a slang term for anilingus | wiki |
Du Burns may refer to:
Clarence H. Burns, first African-American Mayor of Baltimore City
Clarence H. "Du" Burns Arena, An arena named after Mayor Clarence H. Burns | wiki |
This is a list of people (real or fictional) appearing on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine in the 1960s. This list is for the regular biweekly issues of the magazine and does not include special issues.
1967
1968
1969
Sources
Rolling Stone Coverwall 1967–2013
Rolling Stone: 1,000 Covers: A History of the Most Influential Magazine in Pop Culture, New York, NY: Abrams, 2006.
Lists of actors
Lists of entertainers
Lists of musicians
1960s | wiki |
Fisheye may refer to:
The eye providing vision in fish or other aquatic creature resembling a fish
Fisheye lens, an ultra wide-angle lens used in photography
Fisheye (Sailor Moon), a character from the anime Sailor Moon
Fisheye (album), the second album by the alternative rock band Callalily
FishEye (software), a revision-control browser by Atlassian Software Systems
Fish Eye Marine Park in Piti Bomb Holes Marine Preserve, Guam
A blemish of spray painting, caused by contamination with oil or water
◉, a circled dot symbol | wiki |
Native Speaker may refer to:
Native Speaker (novel), a 1995 novel by Chang-Rae Lee
Native Speaker (album), a 2011 album by Canadian band Braids
Native speaker, a person using their first language or mother tongue | wiki |
Death By Gossip with Wendy Williams is an American documentary television series on Investigation Discovery which premiered on September 4, 2015. Announced in March 2015, the series features crime stories which are initiated by gossip and subsequently became motive for unfaithfulness or even murder. The documentary series is presented by talk show host Wendy Williams.
"Everyone loves a little dish now and then, but in these cases, guilty pleasure can become motive for murder," said Williams, who also acts as an executive producer. "I’m an ID Addict and I dare anyone not to be intrigued by the real-life stories we tell every week," she also added.
Episodes
References
External links
2015 American television series debuts
2015 American television series endings
2010s American reality television series
2010s American documentary television series
Investigation Discovery original programming
English-language television shows | wiki |
2X or 2-X may refer to:
A typographic approximation of 2×, or multiplication by 2
"two power"/"two times" magnification
A typographical or transcription error of 2x, or Power of two
A shortcut for the term twice
Saab 9-2X
LG Optimus 2X
Double scull in rowing
J-2X, a model of J-2 (rocket engine)
Nord Lead 2X; see Nord Lead
2X Software
2X, a 2016 album by Lil Durk
See also
2 X Again, a 2007 album by Michael Angelo Batio
X2 (disambiguation) | wiki |
A sugar bowl is a small bowl designed for holding sugar or sugar cubes.
Sugar bowl may also refer to:
Sugar Bowl, a college football game
Tulane Stadium, the game's original venue (1934–1974), sometimes informally called the "Sugar Bowl" during that time
Sugar Bowl (St. Johns, Michigan), a commercial building in St. Johns, Michigan
Sugar Bowl Ski Resort, a ski resort near Lake Tahoe, California
The Sugar Bowl, a fictitious hangout in the Arthur book and television series
Other uses
Sugar bowl (legal maxim), a term used in constitutional law | wiki |
Carmen Brussig (née en 1977), judokate handisport allemande
Ramona Brussig (née en 1977), judokate handisport allemande
Thomas Brussig (né en 1964), écrivain allemand | wiki |
The seventh season of the American television comedy series The Goldbergs premiered on ABC on September 25, 2019. The season concluded on May 13, 2020 and consists of 23 episodes.
Production on the 24th episode was halted as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in only 23 episodes being completed and aired. The planned 24th episode, which focuses on the wedding of Bill Lewis and his girlfriend, ended up being produced during season 8.
Cast
Main cast
Wendi McLendon-Covey as Beverly Goldberg
Sean Giambrone as Adam Goldberg
Troy Gentile as Barry Goldberg
Hayley Orrantia as Erica Goldberg
Sam Lerner as Geoff Schwartz
George Segal as Albert "Pops" Solomon
Jeff Garlin as Murray Goldberg
Recurring cast
Kelli Berglund as Ren
Natalie Alyn Lind as Dana Caldwell
AJ Michalka as Lainey Lewis
Matt Bush as Andy Cogan
Noah Munck as Naked Rob
Shayne Topp as Matt Bradley
Alex Jennings as Carla
Sean Marquette as Johnny Atkins
Sadie Stanley as Brea Bee
Episodes
Ratings
References
The Goldbergs (2013 TV series) seasons
2019 American television seasons
2020 American television seasons
Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic | wiki |
A Vatican passport is a passport issued by the Holy See or by Vatican City State. The state can issue normal passports for its citizens; the Holy See (see Legal status of the Holy See) issues personal, diplomatic and service passports.
Of the approximately 800 residents of Vatican City, over 450 have Vatican citizenship. These include the approximately 135 Swiss Guards. About the same number of citizens of the state live in various countries, chiefly in the diplomatic service of the Holy See.
The Vatican City State law on citizenship, residence and access, which was promulgated on 22 February 2011, classifies citizens in three categories:
Cardinals resident in Vatican City or in Rome;
Diplomats of the Holy See;
Persons residing in Vatican City because of their office or service.
Only for the third category is an actual grant of citizenship required.
Diplomatic passports of the Holy See, not passports of the Vatican State, are held by those in the Holy See's diplomatic service.
Service passports of the Holy See can be issued to people in the service of the Holy See even if not citizens of Vatican City.
Vatican City passports are issued to citizens of the state who are not in the service of the Holy See.
Passports issued by Vatican City are in Italian, French and English, those issued by the Holy See are in Latin, French and English.
See also
Sovereign Military Order of Malta passport
Italian passport
Visa requirements for Vatican citizens
References
Vatican
Government of Vatican City
Foreign relations of the Holy See | wiki |
Punkin' Puss & Mushmouse is a cartoon produced by Hanna-Barbera and originally aired as a segment on the 1964-1966 cartoon The Magilla Gorilla Show. Punkin Puss and Mushmouse appears in Jellystone.
Plot
The show features a hillbilly cat called Punkin' Puss (voiced by Allan Melvin) who lives in a house in the woods of the southern US. Punkin' is preoccupied with a hillbilly mouse called Mushmouse (voiced by Howard Morris) who lives there too, and Punkin' frequently tries to shoot him with his rifle. In many cartoons, one of Mushmouse's cousins visits and gives Punkin' Puss a hard time.
The "Nowhere Bear" has Punkin' Puss continually disrupting an angry bear's sleep. The episode "Small Change" has Punkin' Puss (and later a dog as well) shrinking to mouse size.
Episodes
Voice cast
The voice cast included:
Allan Melvin - Punkin' Puss
Howard Morris - Mushmouse
Other appearances
Punkin' Puss can be seen as an animatronic in the Dexter's Laboratory episode "Chubby Cheese".
Punkin' Puss and Mushmouse will both appear in Jellystone!.
Punkin' Puss & Mushmouse in other languages
Brazilian Portuguese: Bacamarte & Chumbinho
Français: Chat-des-Champs et Souriceau
Italian: Gatto Bernardo e Topo Didì
Spanish: El ratón Mush y el Calabaza
Portuguese: Gato Saloio e o Rato Maloio
References
External links
Punkin' Puss & Mushmouse at Wingnut Toons
Television series by Hanna-Barbera
Hanna-Barbera characters
American children's animated comedy television series
Animated television series about cats
Animated television series about mice and rats
Fictional rivalries | wiki |
La gamme des camions Renault Sherpa sont des véhicules militaires tactiques à capot fabriqués par Renault Trucks Defense, une filière de Renault Trucks, avec cinq modèles :
Renault Sherpa 2
Renault Sherpa 3
Renault Sherpa 5
Renault Sherpa 10
Renault Sherpa 15
Renault Sherpa 20
Dans le cas du Renault Sherpa 3, une version commerciale non militaire existe.
Véhicule militaire français
Sherpa | wiki |
An Ecuadorian passport () is an identity document issued to citizens of Ecuador for the purpose of international travel. It is issued by the Registro Civil, Identificación y Cedulación (Civil Registry) in Ecuador, and the Minister of Foreign Affair Embassies & Consulates abroad. The Ecuadorian passport is a type of Andean passport, allowing for free rights of movement and residence in any of the Andean Community members. The Ecuador passport is normally issued for 10 years and has the benefit of having "visa-free" status for Andean Community and Mercosur members nations, and several Centro America nations.
They are also given a document called an Andean Card at any Andean airport, with which they can travel freely throughout the territory of the Andean Community.
Since October 2020 in the city of Quito, a new biometric passport has been implemented.
See also
Visa requirements for Ecuadorian citizens
List of passports
References
Passports by country
Government of Ecuador | wiki |
MM6 may refer to:
Mega Man 6, a 1993 video game for the NES
Might and Magic VI: The Mandate of Heaven, a 1998 video game for the PC
Yamaha MM6, a 61-key synthesizer keyboard
MM6 register, a CPU register used by the MMX extension | wiki |
The East German passport was issued to citizens of the former German Democratic Republic (commonly known as East Germany) for international travel. Since the reunification of Germany in October 1990, all German citizens have been issued German passports.
Overview
According to a Washington Post report in 1989, only 25% of East Germans were passport holders.
According to an East German passport law in 1957, East German citizens needed a exit visa from GDR to travel abroad, including West Germany and West Berlin. The penalty for making an unauthorized journey outside East Germany was imprisonment.
Once they returned from their travels, the passports needed to be turned in.
Types of passports
There were at least four types of passports: alien, service, standard, and diplomatic.
While standard passports were blue in color, alien and service passports were in different shades of green. Diplomatic passports were in red.
Languages
East German passports contained text in German, French, English, and Russian. English, however, was omitted from the passport after a revision in or around 1988.
Passport note
East German passports contained a note to the effect that:
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs asks all authorities both inland and abroad to let the bearer of this passport travel freely and to grant him any protection and assistance that he might require.
Versions issued in late 1989 forward to the country's demise in October 1990 omit the note.
Following reunification
Following reunification in October 1990, the Unification Treaty provided that East German passports would remain in force until, at the latest, 31 December 1995. After that date, East German passports were invalid for identification and citizens had to use German passports.
References
Government of East Germany
Defunct passports
Foreign relations of East Germany | wiki |
Millham City is a former settlement in Kings County, California. It was located northwest of Kettleman City, at an elevation of . Millham City still appeared on maps as of 1937.
References
Former settlements in Kings County, California
Former populated places in California | wiki |
O Cadillac Coupe de Ville é um automóvel coupé de porte médio da Cadillac.
Coupe de Ville | wiki |
En géométrie affine, la dimension d'une partie convexe non vide d'un espace affine réel est la dimension du sous-espace affine engendré par cette partie.
Référence
Définition 11.2.6
Convexe
Analyse convexe
Géométrie convexe | wiki |
Wikstroemia is a genus of 55-70 species of flowering shrubs and small trees in the mezereon family, Thymelaeaceae. Hawaiian species are known by the common name ‘ākia.
Medicinal uses
Wikstroemia indica () is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine.
Paper making
The bark fibres of several species of Wikstroemia are used to make paper.
Species
Wikstroemia albiflora
Wikstroemia alternifolia
Wikstroemia angustifolia
Wikstroemia australis – Norfolk Island
Wikstroemia balansae
Wikstroemia bicornuta Hillebr. – alpine false ohelo (Lānai and Maui, Hawaii)
Wikstroemia chuii
Wikstroemia coriacea Sol. ex Seem.
Wikstroemia elliptica
Wikstroemia forbesii Skottsb. – Molokai false ohelo (Molokai, Hawaii)
Wikstroemia fruticosa
Wikstroemia furcata (Hillebr.) Rock – forest false ohelo (Kauai, Hawaii)
Wikstroemia ganpi
Wikstroemia gracilis
Wikstroemia hainanensis
Wikstroemia hanalei Wawra – lavafield false ohelo (Kauai, Hawaii)
Wikstroemia indica – NT, Qld, NSW, Australia
Wikstroemia johnplewsii - Marquesas Islands
Wikstroemia lanceolata
Wikstroemia liangii
Wikstroemia ligustrina
Wikstroemia linearifolia
Wikstroemia linoides
Wikstroemia longipaniculata
Wikstroemia micrantha
Wikstroemia monnula
Wikstroemia mononectaria
Wikstroemia monticola Skottsb. – Ākia, montane false ohelo (Maui)
Wikstroemia nutans
Wikstroemia oahuensis A.Gray – Oahu false ohelo (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lānai, and Maui in Hawaii)
Wikstroemia oahuensis var. oahuensis – Oahu false ohelo
Wikstroemia oahuensis var. palustris – Oahu false ohelo
Wikstroemia ovata
Wikstroemia pampaninii
Wikstroemia parviflora
Wikstroemia pauciflora
Wikstroemia paxiana
Wikstroemia phillyreifolia A.Gray – Hawaii false ohelo (Island of Hawaii)
Wikstroemia polyantha
Wikstroemia pulcherrima Skottsb. – Kohala false ohelo (Island of Hawaii)
Wikstroemia retusa
Wikstroemia ridleyi
Wikstroemia rosmarinifolia
Wikstroemia sandwicensis Meisn. – variableleaf false ohelo (Island of Hawaii)
Wikstroemia scytophylla
Wikstroemia sikokiana
Wikstroemia stenophylla
Wikstroemia trichotoma
Wikstroemia skottsbergiana† Sparre – Skottsberg's false ohelo (Kauai, Hawaii)
Wikstroemia souliei
Wikstroemia taiwanensis
Wikstroemia techinensis
Wikstroemia tenuiramis
Wikstroemia uva-ursi A.Gray – hillside false ohelo (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui in Hawaii)
Wikstroemia uva-ursi var. kauaiensis – false ohelo
Wikstroemia uva-ursi var. uva-ursi – hillside false ohelo
Wikstroemia villosa Hillebr. – hairy false ohelo (Maui, Hawaii)
References
Medicinal plants
Malvales genera | wiki |
O Cadillac Series 62 é um automóvel de porte médio da Cadillac.
Ligações externas
Quatro Rodas. Cadillac Série 62: exageros à parte
Revista Classic Show. Os misteriosos Cadillac Series 62 Ghia Coupé de 1953
Series 62
Cadillac Series 62 | wiki |
O Cadillac Series 61 é um automóvel de porte médio da Cadillac.
Series 61
Cadillac Series 61 | wiki |
The Frog Fire was a fatal fire that occurred during the 2015 California wildfire season that burned of land in the Modoc National Forest. The fire was one of many fires that was started on July 30 during a lightning storm.
Fatality
On July 31, a United States Forest Service member from South Dakota died of carbon monoxide poisoning while battling the fire. David Ruhl, a captain with South Dakota's Black Hills National Forest, had vanished the night before.
References
2015 California wildfires
Modoc National Forest
Wildfires in Lassen County, California | wiki |
Badminton was contested at the 2017 Summer Universiade from August 23 to 29 in Taipei, Taiwan, in the Taipei Gymnasium. Men's and women's singles, men's, women's, and mixed doubles, and mixed team events will be contested.
Participating nations
Medal summary
Medal table
Medal events
References
External links
2017 Summer Universiade – Badminton
Result book – Badminton
2017
Universiade
2017 Summer Universiade events
Badminton tournaments in Taiwan | wiki |
Beau Monde seasoning is a seasoning mixture. Basic versions are composed of salt, onion powder and celery powder. Some versions include additional ingredients such as garlic, clove, bay leaf, nutmeg, allspice, mace and others. The company Spice Islands manufactures a version of the seasoning and owns the trademark to the name.
In French, beau monde means "beautiful world".
Origins
The origin of beau monde seasoning appears to be uncertain.
In popular culture
Ernest Hemingway's hamburger recipe used beau monde seasoning as an ingredient in the meat mixture.
See also
List of culinary herbs and spices
Spice mix
External links
Beau Monde at Spice Islands
References
Spices | wiki |
T. J. Wilson may refer to:
Tyson Kidd (born 1980), Canadian wrestler, also known as TJ Wilson
T. J. Wilson (boxer) (born 1975), American boxer | wiki |
The Remington Model 31 is a pump-action shotgun that competed with the Winchester Model 1912 for the American sporting arms market. Produced from 1931 to 1949, it superseded the John Pedersen-designed Models 10 and 29, and the John Browning-designed Model 17. It was replaced by the less expensive to manufacture Model 870 in 1950.
History
While the Remington Model 17 enjoyed some success, a solid, 12-gauge featuring side-ejection was needed to compete with Winchester. C.C. Loomis sized up the Model 17 and adapted it for side ejection. The Model 31 was Remington's first side ejecting pump-action shotgun. Stocks were walnut with checkered walnut forend and later changed to a ribbed forend. The Model 31 was made in three gauges with 121,000 12-gauge models made and 75,000 16- and 20-gauge examples also produced. The Federal Bureau of Investigation acquired one Model 31 per office in 1935 in response to the Kansas City Massacre. The model 31L was a lightweight version featuring an aluminum receiver and trigger housing.
During World War II Remington produced a Model 31 riot gun for military use. These were stamped "U.S. Property" on the left side of the receiver and had an approximate serial number range of 51000-63000. Except for a single prototype, no Model 31 trench guns were produced.
Despite being well received, sales still lagged far behind the Winchester. Remington went back to the drawing board and designed the Model 870; this shotgun matched the durability of the Model 12 at a significantly lower cost. Despite the overwhelming success of the 870, many shotgun connoisseurs consider the Model 31 to be the ne plus ultra of pump shotguns with its "ball-bearing" slide action.
The Model 31 was later used as a basis for the Mossberg 500 and related shotguns. The Mossberg is simplified and cheaper to produce. Notable differences are the use of a two-piece bolt with separate locking piece as well as a significantly simplified barrel mounting system. Further, the bolt locks into a barrel extension rather than directly to the receiver.
References
Remington Arms firearms
Pump-action shotguns
Shotguns of the United States
Weapons of the Philippine Army | wiki |
Icebird may refer to:
Icebird (ship), an icebreaker ship chartered for many years by the Australian Government for research expeditions to Antarctica
Icebird (band), an American indie rock band
Icebird, a character in the Transformers Beast Wars series
"Icebird", a music collaboration of singer Aaron Livingston and producer RJD2
"Ice Bird", a character in Angry Birds Space | wiki |
The following is a timeline of the history of Hong Kong.
Imperial China
Colonial Hong Kong
British Crown colony
British Crown colony
HKSAR
See also
Political events in Hong Kong since 1997
Timeline of Chinese history
Hong Kong 1 July marches
References
External links
Hong Kong Timeline at Mtholyoke
Hong Kong history
History timeline
History of Hong Kong | wiki |
Cheremshan River may refer to:
Bolshoy Cheremshan River
Maly Cheremshan River | wiki |
This is a list of tennis players who have represented the Argentina Davis Cup team in an official Davis Cup match. Argentina have taken part in the competition since 1921.
Players
References
Davis Cup
Lists of Davis Cup tennis players | wiki |
A Not So Silent Night is the fourth studio and first Christmas album from Australian vocal group The Ten Tenors, released in November 2001. The album peaked at number 94 on the ARIA Charts in December 2001, becoming the group's first album to chart within the Australian top 100.
Track listing
Charts
Release history
References
2001 Christmas albums
The Ten Tenors albums
Christmas albums by Australian artists | wiki |
Give Me a Reason may refer to:
"Give Me a Reason" (The Corrs song), 2001
"Give Me a Reason" (The Common Linnets song), 2014
"Give Me a Reason" (Triple 8 song), 2003
"Give Me a Reason", a song by Brandon Paris Band from On My Own, 2006
"Give Me a Reason", a song by Doro Pesch from Calling the Wild, 2000
"Give Me a Reason", a song by Frankie J. Galasso, 2009
"Give Me a Reason", a song by Ibibio Sound Machine from Uyai, 2017
"Give Me a Reason", a song by Jagwar Ma, 2016
"Give Me a Reason", a song by Jeff Ament from Tone, 2008
"Give Me a Reason", a song by Michael Bolton from Michael Bolotin, 1975
"Give Me a Reason", a song by Third Day from Conspiracy No. 5, 1997
"Give Me a Reason", a song by Three Days Grace from Transit of Venus, 2012
"Give Me a Reason", a song by Hikaru Utada from First Love, 1998
"Give Me a Reason", a song from the soundtrack of the film In Too Deep, 1999
See also
"Just Give Me a Reason", a 2013 song by Pink featuring Nate Ruess
"Give Me One Reason", a 1996 song by Tracy Chapman
Give Me the Reason (disambiguation) | wiki |
Sandra Bryant (born 30 September 1945) is a British television actress. She is best known for her roles as Sandra in On the Buses and in Coronation Street as Sandra.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1945 births
Living people
English film actresses
English television actresses
People from Edgware | wiki |
Saint-Pierremont puede referirse a:
Saint-Pierremont, comuna de Aisne (Francia).
Saint-Pierremont, comuna de Ardenas (Francia).
Saint-Pierremont, comuna de Vosgos (Francia). | wiki |
The commercial high school (Japanese: 商業高等学校, しょうぎょうこうとうがっこう, shōgyō kōtō gakkō / ), simply called (Japanese: 商業高校, しょうぎょうこうこう, shōgyō kōkō / ), is a Japanese and korean high school which concentrates more on business knowledge and skills rather than the college preparatory courses taught in many Japanese high schools. Most students who graduate from a commercial high school directly enter the work force rather than go to college.
Brief summary
Commercial high schools focus primarily in curriculum designed to teach the skills necessary for success in the business world, though there are a wide variety of fields of study on which to focus. Many students focus on gaining the necessary qualifications and certifications in order to assist them once they begin searching for employment in their specialized field of study.
Many commercial high schools and information technology schools are members of the National Commercial High School Association or , a very influential organization in the Japanese business world. The Zensho sponsors all kinds of official certifications and conventions. | wiki |
The Stakes is a podcast hosted by Kai Wright and produced by WNYC Studios.
Background
The podcast focuses on a wide range of topics including public health, hip-hop, civil rights, and police violence. The podcast released an episode called "The Abortion Clinic That Won’t Go Quietly", which addressed the problem of having a single abortion provider in Alabama.
Reception
The podcast was included on The Atlantic's list of "The 50 Best Podcasts of 2019".
References
External links
Audio podcasts
2019 podcast debuts
2019 podcast endings
History podcasts
Political podcasts
WNYC Studios programs
American podcasts | wiki |
Dalton Trumbo, een Amerikaanse scenarioschrijver en Oscarwinnaar
Trumbo (film), een film uit 2015 | wiki |
Canada competed at the 2019 Winter Deaflympics which were held in Valtellina and Valchiavenna, Italy, from December 12 to 21, 2019. Canada was one of the 34 nations to compete at the multi-sport event. This was the nation's 15th appearance at the Winter Deaflympics, having regularly participated at the event since making its debut in 1953.
In September 2019, the Canadian Deaf Sports Association announced that 35 athletes would represent Canada at the Deaflympics in four sporting events including curling, ice hockey, alpine skiing and snowboarding. In October 2018, former ice hockey player Jim Kyte helped the Canadian team by offering a donation of $2,500 to participate at the 2019 Winter Deaflympics.
Alpine skiing
Curling
Both men's and women's teams from Canada qualified to compete at the event.
Ice hockey
The Canadian men's deaf ice hockey team announced a squad consisting of 20 players for the event. The women's team was not eligible to compete at the event as the women's ice hockey event was discontinued by the organizers and by the International Committee of Sports for the Deaf due to the low number of participants. Canada received its only medal in the ice hockey event claiming a silver medal conceding a 3–7 defeat to rivals USA.
Snowboarding
References
Winter Deaflympics
Nations at the 2019 Winter Deaflympics | wiki |
Recep İvedik 5 It is a Turk8ish comedy film, directed by Togan Gökbakar and written by Şahan Gökbakar. It is the fifth film in the Recep İvedik film series. The film stars Şahan Gökbakar, Orkan Varan and Deniz Ceylan. The movie was released on February 16, 2017. The production of the film, which was shot in Istanbul, Antalya and Skopje, is Laundry Film. The film was watched by 7.4 million people in Turkey and earned ₺85.9 million, making it one of the country's most watched and highest-grossing films.
Storyline
During his visit of condolence to Ismet's funeral, Recep Ivedik feels sorry about Ismet's remaining family members due to his latest unfinished job contract which would cause hard financial situation for the family. Therefore, Recep decides to finish Ismet's last job by replacing himself as a bus driver and to transport group of athletes. Although Recep and his accompanying friend Nurullah were expecting this could be a short trip, they learn that it is not because they have to transport young national athletes to sports organization in a foreign country. This becomes the beginning for them to have irreversible adventure. When they are on the road, unfortunate things happen and crisis appears for the team. Recep, who believes only in victory, takes control of the situation and develops his own methods in order to make the team successful while he face with all funny events. With his own unique comedy, Recep Ivedik continues his adventure in this fifth story.
Cast
Şahan Gökbakar as Recep İvedik
Orkan Varan as Akif Özeren
Nurullah Çelebi as Nurullah Sağlam
Deniz Ceylan as Head of Departure Hakan
Şahabettin Karabulut as Zıp Zıp Orhan
Gönen Fatih Yemez as Jan Klod Adnan
Murat Bölücek as Biberli Hasan
Ümit Özkurt as Kuleci Erdal
Hüseyin Baycur as Beton Adem
Sequels
External links
2017 films
2010s sports comedy films
Turkish comedy films
2010s Turkish-language films
Films set in North Macedonia
Films shot in Istanbul
Films shot in North Macedonia
Films set in Istanbul
Association football films
Turkish sequel films
2017 comedy films
Films directed by Togan Gökbakar | wiki |
Online quizzes are quizzes that are published on the Internet and are generally for entertainment purposes.
Introduction
Online quizzes are a popular form of entertainment for web surfers. Online quizzes are generally free to play and for entertainment purposes only though some online quiz websites offer prizes. Websites feature online quizzes on many subjects. One popular type of online quiz is a personality quiz or relationship quiz which is similar to what can be found in many women's or teen magazines. Websites hosting quizzes include Quizilla, FunTrivia, OkCupid, Sporcle, and Quizlet.
Blog quizzes
Blog quizzes (also known as quiz blog) refer to a specific genre of quizzes which are conducted by the quizzers on blogs. Blog quizzes may be about verbs or a wide range of other topics.
Educational quizzes
Quiz is one of the most common eLearning patterns for many of the online course. Some companies and schools use online quizzes as a means to educate their employees or students respectively. Popular websites hosting quizzes for this purpose include Quizlet and Revision Quiz Maker.
Practical applications
Many online quizzes are set up to actually test knowledge or identify a person's attributes. Some companies use online quizzes as an efficient way of testing a potential hire's knowledge without that candidate needing to travel. Online dating services often use personality quizzes to find a match between similar members.
Other
Most online quizzes are to be taken lightly. The results do not often reflect the true personality or relationship. They are also rarely psychometrically valid. However, they may occasion reflection on the subject of the quiz and provide a springboard for a person to explore his or her emotions, beliefs, or actions.
See also
Sploofus
References
Internet memes | wiki |
SBS Plus è un canale televisivo via cavo sudcoreano, proprietà di Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS). È stato lanciato il 21 febbraio 2002.
Voci correlate
Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS)
Collegamenti esterni
Reti televisive di Seoul Broadcasting System | wiki |
Detective Sergeant Camille Bordey is a character in the crime drama television series Death in Paradise, portrayed by Sara Martins.
Description
A former undercover investigator, Bordey was assigned to Honoré Police because her cover was blown when she was arrested during DI Richard Poole's first investigation. She was the team's most intelligent detective after Poole, often doing the computer work. Initially, she and Poole disliked each other due to a culture clash. Over time their relationship became a close friendship, and showed some signs of romance – when he briefly left Saint Marie, she admitted she admires him a lot, and was happy when he chose to return. His murder in the opening scenes of Series 3 devastated her and she was reluctant to converse with his successor, DI Humphrey Goodman, although she became close to him eventually. She was then offered an undercover job in Paris in Series 4, Episode 4, and decided to leave. As she left, she kissed Humphrey despite not previously expressing romantic feelings for him, although he had for her.
Her mother Catherine owns a popular local bar. Her father, Marlon Croft, who lives in the neighbouring island of St. Lucia, reappears in Series 3, Episode 5, protecting his goddaughter, who's implicated in a case. After suspecting him, Camille starts reconciling with him.
In Series 10, Episode 6, Camille returns to the island after Commissioner Patterson contacted her due to her mother being admitted to hospital after being the victim of an attack which left her with a serious head trauma. With Florence away following up leads in England, Camille rejoined the team to help investigate the crime linked to her mother's attack. She successfully helps the team solve the case and, following advice given to her after conversing with a memory of DI Richard Poole, decides to spend a few weeks away with Catherine following her recovery to make up for not visiting her since leaving the island, after which she returned to her role in Paris.
In Series 12, Episode 8, Catherine announces that Camille is pregnant having moved in with her partner Leo some months previously.
Bordey is hard-working and professional, and has a strong sense of justice. In the first two seasons she sharply contrasts with Poole, including in dress. The Guardian's Michael Hogan suggests that Bordey is "as underdressed as Miller is overdressed, investigating murders in vest and hotpants."
References
Fictional French police detectives
Television characters introduced in 2011
Death in Paradise characters
Fictional Caribbean people | wiki |
Soviet Union and state terrorism may refer to:
Terrorism and the Soviet Union
Terrorism in the Soviet Union
The Great Purge, which is often described as state terror among people who grant recognition to that concept | wiki |
Jillian Williams may refer to:
Jillian Williams (Home and Away), a character from the soap opera Home and Away (1999)
Jillian Williams (volleyball), American sitting volleyball player | wiki |
Coachwhip may refer to:
a type of whip used by the driver of a horse-drawn coach, usually provided with a long lash
Coachwhip (snake), various North American snakes
Coachwhip (comics), a character of the Marvel Universe
Coachwhips, a noise/punk band | wiki |
Hazel (együttes)
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Hazel (Dél-Dakota)
Hazel (Kentucky)
Hazel (Nyugat-Virginia)
Hazel (Washington) | wiki |
We Try is a song of the American singer Chris Medina. Medina performed with the song in Melodi Grand Prix 2019 but didn't get into the final.
References
2019 songs
Melodi Grand Prix songs of 2019 | wiki |
Lard na (Lao: ລາດໜ້າ ; also spelled lad na, lard nar and lard nah) is a Lao-Chinese noodle dish covered in gravy that was made popular as a street food by Chinese living in Laos.
This dish is made with stir-fried wide rice noodles and either chicken, beef, pork, or tofu. The most common version includes vegetables such as Chinese kailan and straw mushrooms. However, broccoli is also commonly used if kailan is unavailable. Common seasonings include sweet soy sauce, fish sauce ("nam pa"), sugar, garlic, and black pepper.
See also
Rat na, the Thai counterpart
Laotian noodle dishes | wiki |
Erie's collegiate scene is fairly equally split between four-year institutions and two-year business centers. Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine has the largest class of medical students in the country. Penn State Erie is the largest Penn-State branch college. The longest-operating Higher Education provider in the City of Erie is the Erie Business Center, which is a private campus offering 2-year Associate Degrees. Edinboro University of Pennsylvania is the oldest campus in Erie county (about 25 miles south of Erie proper). Edinboro University is a State University, which offers a wide range of various degree programs; including a thriving Arts Department. The following are schools that are located near or around Erie:
References
Education in Erie, Pennsylvania
Universities and colleges in Pennsylvania | wiki |
Jim McCarty (1945-), guitariste de rock américain, membre du groupe Cactus
Jim McCarty (1944-), batteur britannique, membre fondateur des groupes The Yardbirds et Renaissance | wiki |
Williams School may refer to any of a number of schools.
in the United States
Williams School (Connecticut), New London, Connecticut, a coeducational independent high school located on the campus of Connecticut College.
Williams Grove School, Angier, North Carolina
Williams School (Cameron, Oklahoma)
Roger Williams Public School No. 10, Scranton, Pennsylvania
Williams Creek School (Gillespie County, Texas), Stonewall, Texas
Peabody Building of the Peabody-Williams School, Petersburg, Virginia
The Williams School (Norfolk VA) | wiki |
Immigration is the movement of an individual or group of peoples to a foreign country to live permanently. Since 1788, when the first British settlers arrived in Botany Bay, immigrants have travelled from across the world to establish a life in Australia. The reason for people or groups of peoples moving to Australia varies. Such reasons can be due to seeking work or even
refuge from third world countries. The health of immigrants entering Australia varies depending on the individual's country of origin and the circumstance of which they came, as well as their state of travel to Australia. Immigrants are known to enter Australia both regularly and irregularly, and this can affect one's health immensely. Once in Australia, immigrants are given the opportunity to access a high quality of healthcare services, however, the usage of these services can differ dependent on the culture and place of birth of the individual. Researchers have proven this. Australia has strict health regulations that have to be met before one is allowed access into Australia and can determine if one is granted or denied such access. The quarantine process of immigrants into Australia has been in place since 1830, starting at the North Head Quarantine Station and continues all over Australia.
Australia's immigrants
Europeans
In 1788, the first fleet of British immigrants established a colony in Australia. The arrival of the Europeans in the 1800s, saw those from Italy, Greece, Poland, Malta, Russia and France land on the shores of Australia. Upon embarking, it is expected that the European immigrants would have carried infectious diseases aboard the ships, and given the nature of the vessels, any disease would have spread quickly among the passengers. Reports by Mark Stainforth suggest that many forms of bacteria and viruses caused high levels of illness and on-board deaths among those European immigrants travelling to Australia.
Diagnosis of immigrant morbidity on board ship (1837–39)
Because of these viruses and infections that spread among European immigrants before reaching Australia, upon arrival, a majority of immigrants were of ill health. The immigration of European settlers introduced such bacteria and viruses to Australia.
1789: Smallpox
1850: Measles were reported in Australia brought over by the European.
1900: Bubonic plague founded among European immigrants
1982: HIV was detected in a European man.
Chinese
According to the 1861 Colonial Census, Chinese-born persons made up 3.4% of the Australian population, equating to approximately 38,258 Chinese in Australia after 1842 when the Chinese first settled in Australia. Some arrived in Australia hoping to escape civil disorder in China, although the majority of Chinese migrated to Australia after hearing about the gold rush.
Within Australia, the average life expectancy is 81.7 years, while China-born individuals have an average of 74.7 years. The Queensland Health Multicultural Services suggests that Ischaemic heart disease, cancer and cerebrovascular disease are the major causes of death of China-born persons in Australia. Such cancers that have been identified include nasopyarynx, lung, intestine, rectum, stomach and liver cancer, all of which are prominent among Chinese immigrants.
Afghans
From the 1860s, "Afghan" cameleers, who came mainly from Afghanistan, but also British India and other countries, settled in Australia, establishing work helping to open up outback Australia.
Afghans who have migrated to Australia more recently face several disadvantages when accessing health services. Disadvantages include language barriers, a lack of translators in Australian health services, and the incompatibility of some Australian healthcare services and procedures with Islamic beliefs. The migrants may experience a sense of alienation and lack of belonging as they are put in a situation that makes them feel like outcasts compared to the rest of Australia. However the Queensland Health Multicultural Services have suggested that Afghan migrants use the health services just as much as Australian-born individuals.
Children
The Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne have conducted a study that identifies the following among children who have immigrated to Australia.
Quarantine and health requirements
Early years
In the 1830s, the immigrants that arrived by boat on the shores of Sydney were suspected to be carrying contagious diseases. During this period, influenza, typhoid, scarlet fever and whopping cough were all found on European ships arriving in Australia. To contain such diseases, the ships were stopped at North Head Quarantine Station where the authority would place the passengers and crew into quarantine. The Australian Government (2015) suspects that each passenger would have spent on average, 40 days in quarantine before being released into Australia, as Australian residents. Each experience within North Head varied and was dependent on class. Some immigrants were exposed to further disease, disempowerment and in some cases death. In the beginning, North Head Quarantine Station provided tents for those immigrants who came to Australia. However, in 1837, those who appeared to be healthy were those who were granted accommodation in the tents, while those who were sick were required to stay on the ship. The Australian government suggests that in the year of 1837, 295 healthy immigrants were kept ashore while those who were contagious or otherwise were kept on the ship. The North Head Quarantine Station's facilities continued to grow. However, between 1860 and 1870, the quarantine station took a turn for the worst when the world economy decelerated along with immigration. As a result, an outbreak of smallpox occurred due to insufficient maintenance of the North Head Quarantine Station. It was only in 1909, when the Commonwealth government took over North Head Quarantine, that the station attained a maximum volume of 1200 people.
Government health requirements
In order to ensure Australia's health and safety, the Government is required to examine all immigrants prior to entering Australia. Those who seek either a permanent or temporary visa are part of this application. All candidates are checked for Tuberculosis, HIV and Hepatitis, Yellow fever, Polio and the Ebola virus disease (EVD). In order to be allowed access into Australia, you must be cleared of all of these diseases and deemed to be no threat to Australian communities.
Australian health services
Current health care system
The Medicare system in Australia is a publicly funded system that is designed to provide heavily subsidised costs for all Australians, including those foreign born immigrants who either have a citizenship, a working visa, a permanent visa, or one who is married to an Australian citizen.
Health care difficulties for immigrants
For those who migrate to Australia, there are many disadvantages in the way of healthcare. The Australian government provides well supported healthcare for immigrants, however, those immigrants who arrive in Australia are struck by culture and communication barriers as well as a lack of knowledge when it comes to the cost of health services and knowing their rights.
Cultural barriers
Cultural barriers felt by immigrants include the Australians perceptions of health as well as their behaviour when sick. Such differences are determined by ones cultural heritage. It is also prominent that some immigrants are concerned that doctors will not recognise or understand their specific cultural needs. Such examples include the needs of women from the Middle East. Such women are fearful of male doctors examining them. The ABC (2003) stated that "different cultural groups have specific expectations. For example, Jehovah's Witness followers will refuse to have blood transfusions, believing it is polluting."
Communication barriers
For those immigrants coming to Australia from non-English speaking backgrounds, communication barriers can influence one's health experience, whether it be negative or positive. The ABC (2003) stated that non-English speaking immigrants may say 'yes' in stressful situation in order to avoid further need for communication with healthcare services. This can have great impacts on the individual as they may not receive the help they need as a result, or they will choose not to contact health services as they are wary of the communication barriers and believe it is easier to avoid the situation. This could result in the individual's health deteriorating as a result of lack of attention.
Cost of healthcare
When immigrants arrive in Australia, it is evident that a lack of money and understanding of the healthcare system can lead to immigrants avoiding the services. Therefore, it is vital for immigrants, upon arrival, are noted of their rights in regards to free healthcare. Those immigrants who have access to Medicare are:
Permanent residents
Those who await the final process of their permanent residency claim.
Countries such as Finland, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Italy, Malta, Ireland and New Zealand have an agreement with the Australian healthcare system that grants immigrants from the above countries with access to Medicare.
Patient rights
It has been identified that immigrants from non-English speaking backgrounds, tend to feel less empowered, resulting in the patients becoming reticent. Non-English speak immigrants tend not to ask questions. As a result, many individuals are discouraged from visiting the services again, which can lead to the ill health of immigrants that are new to Australia.
These factors can be reduced if new arrivals to Australia are aware of their rights. All patients have the right to:
Ask for a doctor of a particular sex.
What privacy they wish for.
An interpreter.
Complain if they feel necessary.
Between 2007 and 2008, an Australian Charter of Healthcare Rights was established by the commission. This charter provides a clear outline of the rights of those seeking healthcare, and is directed at patients, consumers, families, carers and service providers. This charter can be applied in all health settings in Australia. These include, public hospitals,. general practices and other environments.
See the Australian Charter of Healthcare Rights below:
Expectations of the Australian health system
Health studies
A study has been undertaken, comparing the mental health of men and women in Australia, identifying the differences between Australian born and foreign born
individuals. To achieve the following results, a diagnosis of mental health, current depression, medical service use and use of medication have been studied.
Three groups of individuals:
Australian born
English speaking foreign born
Non-English speaking foreign born
The study has proven that both foreign born and Australian born groups of people access mental health services at an equal rate. However, non-English speaking foreign born
men have demonstrated an increased risk of mental health issues and access health services less than Australian born men. These results suggest that the government and health services need to be made aware of these particular health issues among non-English speaking foreign born men, in particular those men who unmarried, unemployed and live alone. The findings of this study identify the importance of social support to prevent mental health issues.
Health of irregular immigrants
Whilst most immigrants and refugees travel to Australia regularly, there are others who travel to Australia irregularly. Those who seek refuge in Australia by irregular means travel by boat, most of which are intercepted by the Royal Australian Navy patrolling the Australian border. From there, the Royal Australian Navy pass the refugees on to Australian Customs for detention. There are many risks associated with entering Australia via irregular means and considering the conditions of travel, the deterioration of persons on board is prevalent.
Irregular immigrants are typically fleeing for their lives, so ascertaining a precise medical history is difficult for those processing their arrival. These refugees often present with malnutrition, infections (which is often respiratory or intestinal.) HIV, tuberculosis and hepatitis A and B are also common, as are dental issues.
More than 20% of asylum seekers in Australia appear to have suffered as a result of torture prior to arriving in Australia. Therefore, psychiatric conditions are prevalent in detention camps. Anxiety and stress within the facilities has been emphasised by the lack of social support, unemployment and discrimination. This psychological stress felt by detainees can be enhanced by the confined environment of the detention camps. Amongst the men and women, children have also been reported for suffering prolonged psychological conditions. Whilst there are psychological impacts on the immigrants, there are also those who are affected by physical conditions such as osteomyelitis or epilepsy.
Prolonged detention has also eventuated the development of resignation syndrome in hopeless children, as well as psychosis. Suicide ideation is pervasive.
Controversies
Immunisation
It is stated that vaccinations will not be given to those who arrive in Australia as refugees or asylum seekers due to the individual or group of people's country of origin and the different immunisation schedules that they uphold. However, it has been suggested that refugees and asylum seekers should be vaccinated according to the Australian National Immunisation Program Schedule; unless documentation of prior immunisation is provided, catch-up vaccinations are required. In this regard, it has been argued that it is necessary for immigrants to be immunised to ensure the health and safety of fellow Australians. Nevertheless, there is a competing principle to afford every immigrant and Australian citizen an equal opportunity to uphold their cultural beliefs. In this regard, some have questioned the Australian government's right to strip these refugees and asylum seekers of their cultural beliefs and understandings in regards to their health.
Prolonged health issues
In 1992, mandatory detention was introduced for refugees and asylum seekers entering Australia irregularly. However, the introduction of mandatory detention has triggered debate. The importance of protecting Australia's borders and integrity of Australia's immigration system was the initial reason for the policy, while those who question the policy and Australian Government's decision argue whether it is good for both parties (the refugees and Australian citizens), stating that it is inhumane and ineffective as it is proven to cause further health issues for the refugees and asylum seekers.
Philip Flood, the former Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs, undertook an investigation into mandatory detention. Several circumstances of self-harm, psychiatric problems and sexual, verbal and physical abuse of children were documented by Flood. The final report identifies and expresses concerns in regards to the condition of which the refugees and asylum seekers are living, as well the Department's management of long-term detention and the impact this can have on young children.
This debate against mandatory detention identifies the negatives and prolonged health issues that can arise from long-term detention. It has been recommended that once asylum seekers and refugees are cleared of the initial checks, such as those of identity and health, that they are then released into community detention or
granted a bridging visa whilst waiting for their refugee status to be determined. However, further studies prove that keeping such irregular immigrants in mandatory detention protects the Australian community whilst the legitimacy of the refugees and asylum seekers is being assessed.
Use of force in immigration detention facilities
Those authorised officers within immigration detention centres are given the power to use force against asylum seekers and refugees. This is stated within the 2015 bill to maintain good order of immigration facilities. The Australian Human Rights Commission recognises the environment of particular detention facilities and force may be essential in specific circumstances. However, the Commission argues that the bill is deficient because:
The necessity and reasonableness of force should be assessed in every situation. The force used must be consistent with the Crimes Act and the policies regarding the use of force in immigration detention facilities.
The use and limits of force that is stated in the policies and procedures, should be included in the Act.
The forceful movement of immigrants and force used upon children should be controlled and limited within immigration detention facilities.
It is evident that while force may be need in certain circumstances, the use of force must be appropriate and respect the immigrant's inherent right to be treated with respect. Concerns have arisen in regards to 'authorised officers' abusing the rights of the detained immigrants and therefore reinforcing the recommendation for the Bill to be altered and reworded by the Australian Human Rights Commission will be able to ensure that use of force used in immigration facilities is managed and acted out appropriately.
See also
Immigration to Australia
Philip Flood
References
Health in Australia
Immigration to Australia | wiki |
Hand walking is an unusual form of human locomotion in which a person travels in a vertically inverted orientation with all body weight resting on the hands.
It can be executed with legs fully extended or with variations such as stag, straddle or front splits. Hand walking is performed in various athletic activities, including acro dance and circus acrobatics.
Skills and technique
Hand walking is a skill that relies on a prerequisite ability to perform handstands, which in turn requires adequate upper body pressing strength in the deltoids and triceps as well as a heightened sense of balance and spatial awareness. Because the body is inverted during hand walking, blood pressure in the brain is greater than normal.
Hand walking often elicits automatic, alternating leg movements similar to upright bipedal locomotion. Research shows that these leg movements are caused in part by neural coupling between arm and legs.
As with other physical skills, one must practice hand walking in order to become proficient and develop adequate endurance. Handstands and hand walking are often learned at the same time because hand walking can be used to help maintain balance in a handstand before one learns to perform a stable handstand. Balance can also be maintained by varying the arch of the back.
In non-human animals
Some quadrupeds are able to walk bipedally on their forelimbs, thus performing "hand" walking in an anthropomorphic sense. For example, when attacked, the spotted skunk may rear up and move about on its forelimbs so that its anal glands, capable of spraying an offensive oil, are directed towards the attacker. Dogs and sealions can also be trained to walk on their forelimbs.
See also
Animal locomotion
Terrestrial locomotion
References
Circus skills
Bodyweight exercises
Terrestrial locomotion
Gymnastics elements
Acro dance moves | wiki |
Mayilattam (Tamil: மயிலாட்டம்) is an artistic and religious form of dance performed in the Hindu temples of Tamil Nadu in reverence to Lord Subrahmanya.
Mayilattam performers wear costumes from head to toe like peacock with beak, that can be opened and closed using a thread, and perform specific dances. The performers dance on a tall piece of wood attached at the end of their feet. This art requires extensive training and practise. This dance is performed in all Murugan (Lord Subrahmanya) temples as a tradition during festivals. Due to the difficulties in practise and less amount of wages for the dancers, the number of Mayilattam performers is decreasing.
References
Tamil dance styles | wiki |
Muscle strain is one of the most common injuries in tennis. When an isolated large-energy appears during the muscle contraction and at the same time, bodyweight applies huge amounts of pressure to the lengthened muscle, which can result in the occurrence of muscle strain. Inflammation and bleeding are triggered when muscle strain occur which resulted in redness, pain and swelling. Overuse is also common in tennis players from all levels. Muscle, cartilage, nerves, bursae, ligaments and tendons may be damaged from overuse. The repetitive use of a particular muscle without time for repair and recover in the most common case among the injury.
Types of injuries
Lateral epicondylitis
Lateral epicondylitis is an overuse injury that frequently occurs in tennis. It is also known as tennis elbow. This injury categorizes as a tendon injury where it occurs in the forearm muscle called the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB). The injury is regularly developed in recreational players. Experienced players are less likely to develop lateral epicondylitis than the inexperienced players due to poorer technique. Tennis elbow or lateral epicondylalgia is a common injury that occurs in 40-50% of tennis players. It is more prominent at the lower levels of play and usually comes from any incorrect use of the wrist or grip on the forehand or one-handed backhand strokes Players at higher levels often have more relaxed grips and have a larger racquet extension out to the ball after they make contact, where professionals have less emphasis on the arm and more on the use of every part of the body in order exert the natural power behind the ball, lower level players don’t always receive the training on how to use their whole body for a tennis stroke and are often reduced to using their arms in order to exert all of the power, therefore putting heavy strain on the arm. Holding the grip tightly will put more tension on the arm therefore when going for a swing the muscles will be absorbing all of the shock from the initial contact of the ball. Symptoms of tennis elbow includes slow pain, which occurs around the elbow. Simple tasks such as shaking hands or moving the wrist with force, like lifting weights or doing push ups, will worsen the pain Tennis Elbow has actually shown that inflammatory tendons are only part of the early stages or acute stages with a treatment of anti-inflammatory or steroids being appropriate uses for this symptom. Most players respond well to simple rest, but other means of treatment include physical therapy, strength training, and electrical stimulation. Some players will make alterations to their racquet, such as increasing their grip size which will ultimately prevent any unwanted movement of the wrist when extending out and finishing the tennis stroke.
Shoulder
Shoulder injury is another common type of tennis injury. Shoulder injuries are caused by the repetitive use of shoulder when serving and striking the ball. The injury also relevance to rotator cuff pathology, toscapular dyskinesis or glenohumeral internal rotation deficit which leads to internal impingement and/or labral pathology. There is 24% of the high-level tennis players aged 12–19 suffered from shoulder pain and rise up to 50% for middle-aged players. A way to prevent shoulder injury is to flex and stretch the wrist with an exercise band three to four times a week and to stretch properly before playing a game.
Back
It is common for tennis players, at all levels of play, to have experienced back injury throughout their career. In fact, more than 85% of the active athletes clarified that they have experienced back pain. According to 148 professional tennis player in one particular study, back pain forced 39% of players to withdraw from the tournament. Furthermore, 29% of the players said they experienced chronic back pain. Lower back pain is another common injury amongst tennis players with instances of postural abnormalities and general overuse which may occur during the back rotation and extension of the serve. In order to relieve pain in the lower back people are often told to rest it, but no longer than two days because of its potential damage to the bones, connecting tissue, and cardiovascular system. Once the back pain has dispersed stretching is recommended in order to prevent the stiffness from the initial pain, with examples being the squatting position or spinal extensions. In order to prevent future lower back injuries strength training to the abdominal muscles is necessary to strengthen the abdomen, and to protect the back from excessive intervertebral disk strain. The straight crunch, the Oblique crunch, and balance exercises with the gym ball are some of the workouts for abdominal strengthening, but the exercises should be done with caution to prevent any further back strain. After the injury is dealt with, players at any level may return to the court, the higher level players will often go through proper stretching before any matches to prevent hurting their back or any other part of their body.
Blister
Blister can be described as a patch that appears on the skin and is filled with a clear fluid and sometimes blood. During physical activities, the continuous force of friction, cutting, squeezing and scratching, which causes the separation of the epidermal cell layer, as a result the blister is formed. Blister (foot) occurs frequently among marathon runners, walk racers, backpackers and in hiking. In tennis, the blister development site often occurs on the hand or around the fingers because the skin is consistently rubbing against the tennis racquet. Blisters can also occur on the backside of the feet due to wearing the wrong sized shoe, worn out shoes, too thin of socks, or improper foot work.
Leg
Tennis leg is the most common tennis injury within older tennis players. Tennis leg is an incomplete tear or rupture of the calf muscle. The injury is noticed right away by hearing a popping sound, or a jabbed feeling in the leg. The injury is very painful; players are unable to finish their match if injury occurs. After injury occurs, players should rest, ice, compress, and elevate injury. In most cases, physical therapy is required. Physical therapy lasts from a four to six week period; includes running, stretching, and jumping drills to strengthen the muscle. After recovery, returning to play is slow; prevention includes proper stretching and warmup before play, rolling out muscles, and cross training, such as, Pilates, cycling, or running.
Knee
Patellar tendinopathy is an overuse injury of the patellar tendon. Its more common name is Jumper’s knee. Common injury in tennis players due to constant jarring, jumping, and quick changes of motion while in play. Common symptoms are pain below the knee cap, or an aching pain after playing. Recovery for Jumping knee includes strengthening the thigh muscle, stretching the front and back of the thigh, hamstrings, quadriceps, and coordination training.
Another more permanent knee injury is chondromalacia. Unlike jumper’s knee, this injury is unreversible. Symptoms are pain in the front of the kneecap. This condition is due to the gradual breakdown of the cartilage in the knee.
Stress Fractures
Stress fractures are considered one of the most common injuries in athletes. In tennis, stress fractures are due to repetitive jarring and excessive submaximal loads on bones and muscles. The number one symptom of stress fractures is pain. Symptoms of stress fractures in the feet include tenderness and swelling. Stress fractures are common in hands, feet, shins, and the last five vertebrae of the back. Female tennis players are set at higher risk to stress fractures than males.
Wrist and arm stress fractures can lead to greater issues such as tendonitis.
See also
Tennis
Tennis technology
Tennis statistics
References
Tennis
Sports injuries
Tennis culture | wiki |
Goatskin may refer to:
Goatskin (material), the skin of a goat or the leather made from it
Goatskin (container), a container for wine | wiki |
Cosmetic surgery, also referred to as aesthetic surgery, is a surgical procedure which endeavours to improve the physical aspects of one's appearance to become more aesthetically pleasing. The continuously growing field of cosmetic surgery is closely linked with plastic surgery, the difference being, cosmetic surgery is an elective surgery with the sole purpose to enhance the physical features of one's appearance. Plastic surgery is performed in order to rectify defects to reinstate normality to function and appearance. Cosmetic surgical procedures are generally performed on healthy functioning body parts, with the procedure being optional not medically necessary. The inevitable aim of cosmetic surgery is to enhance one's image, encompassing reducing the signs of aging and/or correction of a believed deviation on one's body in turn it is surrounded by controversy. Although the implementation of cosmetic surgery within Australian society is growing, the trade has struggled to find its place within the Australian culture.
Etymology
The word "cosmetic", originates from the Greek term Kosmetike, meaning the "art of beautifying".
History
The history of cosmetic surgery can be linked back to that of plastic surgery, as the debate persists, around the blurred lines of the two. Plastic surgery originated in 600 BC when Hindu surgeons performed rhinoplasty with the use of segments of cheek tissue.
At the end of the fifteenth century when syphilis was prevalent, came the introduction of debatable reconstructive surgery to rectify the ill shaped nose, a prominent feature of Syphilis sufferers. The sixteenth century saw an Italian by the name of Gaspare Tagliacozzi adopt the method of using upper arm tissue to reconstruct the nose during rhinoplasty, granting him the nickname 'the father of plastic surgery'. Although Tagliacozzi's approach left patients required to have their arm raised to their nose for several months, requiring numerous surgeries, with excessive Scaring.
England was exposed to the Hindu techniques of rhinoplasty by a practitioner in 1815, who clearly defined the use for the surgery, limited to those who were physically affected by the horrors of Napoleonic Wars. Towards the end of the century in the 1880s John Orlando Roe, a New York surgeon, developed a technique which prevented scarring by operating from inside the nostrils.
World War I was the most costly war to Australia in regards to fatality. The brutality sparked the generation of plastic surgery within Australia introduced by a man by the name of Harold Gillies. Gillies oversaw the development of the first unit to treat the returned battle scared veterans of the war. This led to the relocation of the Red Cross to the Queen Mary Hospital in Sidcup, England. The Queen Mary Hospital opened in 1917 was a six hundred bed hospital which focused solely on plastic surgery. It was here that Gillies trained not only Australian plastic surgeons but surgeons from all over the globe. The return of these surgeons to their home countries such as Australia, saw the spread of the plastic surgery trade across the globe.
The war gave the dishonoured trade a respected name through the treatment and resurrection of returned war veterans, with shattered physical traits. The century gave rise to anaesthetics and Antiseptics prompting an increase in the number of surgeries being performed. But with this heroic status and development of techniques came the taboo ideology cast upon cosmetic surgery as the trade filtered into the population, with civilians un-pleased with their aesthetic appearance undergoing surgery. In turn the need for secrecy arose as people felt the need to hide the truth about their surgical endeavours. From here a surgeon by the name of Henry Junius Schireson, acquired his license to practice throughout multiple states of America, who became known in 1923 when he performed rhinoplasty on a Jewish actress Fanny Brice in her New York apartment, giving birth to the booming trade of cosmetic surgery for everyday civilians.
Benjamin Rank was an Australian trained by Gillies himself who in the 1940s governed the Royal Melbourne Hospital which was the first plastic surgery unit within Australia. It was in 1956 that plastic surgery was acknowledged by the Royal Australia College of Surgeons as a separate specialty trade of plastic surgery. Today, the Australian Society of Plastic Surgeons Inc. founded in 1917, commonly known as ASPS, was founded in 1970 with the aim to uphold the integrity of the plastic surgery field (inclusive of cosmetic and reconstructive surgery) within Australia. Today, the deliverance of the highest quality surgeries is at the forefront of their work. They govern the AMC accredited Surgical Education and Training (SET) Program within Australia.
Development of modern techniques
Non-invasive treatments
The development of different techniques within the field of cosmetic surgery has led to the innovation of non-invasive methods. Nine percent of the Australian population have undergone a non-invasive form of cosmetic surgery. Numerous surgeries are now performed using these techniques as opposed to open surgery methods which have been used in the past. This adaptation has led to a reduction in cost, time, scarring and pain involved with these procedures. Through the development of aiding surgical instruments such as a viewing scope or Lasers (see below), this shift has been made possible, reducing the incision site resulting in a faster recovery time for patients. Examples of non-invasive surgeries are as muscle relaxants, such as Botox or Dysport.
IPL
Another form of laser treatment is intense pulsed light (IPL). IPL differs from laser treatment as unlike laser treatments, IPL will perform multiple treatments at once but only a few are capable of doing so with the same potency as a laser. IPL is predominantly used for mild skin issues in comparison to laser being used for the more extreme cases.
Risk factors
Due to cosmetic surgery being an elective surgical procedure it is of common assumption that the risk factors around these surgeries are lower than that of other surgeries. The invasive procedures have numerous risk factors as it is still a medical procedure, all of which come with a level of risk. The non-invasive treatments also come with a level of risk although lower than invasive methods. This common impression can be linked to the controversies surrounding the trade as critics struggle to see the link between the benefits and the risk facts. Surgeries are generally linked to, although not restricted to, risk factors effecting the area in which the surgery is performed. Some of the common risks are the development of a hematoma, organ damage, deep vein thrombosis, seroma, excessive bleeding, swelling, bruising, ectropion (optical), blindness (optical), obstruction of airways (nasal), loss of sensation, excessive scarring (including of keloid scars), a shift in position of hair line effecting symmetry and nerve damage.
Smoking
Most surgeons will suggest to patients electing to undergo cosmetic surgery to cease smoking for a period before and after their alterations. Generally a period of four weeks pre-operative and post operative, to aid in the recovery time and the healing of the wound. Just like other surgeries, cosmetic surgery may require incisions to be made to the skin, in one or more places of the body. These wounds will be required to heal post operation, therefore leaving the patient at risk of poor wound healing which may be due to numerous causes such as infection requiring antibiotics.
Medical conditions
Medical conditions can impact on the level of risk involved with cosmetic surgery as there can be underlying effects caused by different medications. For example, blood thinning medication can cause excessive bleeding due to the bloods ability to clot being lowered by the medication. All medications prescribed to a patient are noted and discussed by the surgeons to reduce the chance of issues arising.
Psychological impacts
The most common reason behind one's choice to undergo cosmetic surgery is due to dissatisfaction with their body image. Body image issues are commonly allied with lower levels of self-esteem and psychological well-being. These issues are the cause of many women turning to cosmetic surgery. In today's world viewers are flooded with images and advertisements, showing generally, naturally unobtainable faces and bodies. There is a growing trend of reality television shows broadcasting makeovers of ordinary civilians undergoing cosmetic surgery to enhance their aesthetic image. Viewpoints grow around the link between the climbing figures of cosmetic surgery and the constantly changing world of media. There is a constant stream of connection developed via social media outlets such as Facebook and Instagram which hold a high level of importance within people lives. Other viewpoints circle the growth of public awareness of the topic is increasing becoming a direct link to this growth spurt in popularity of surgery. Many of the patients who undergo cosmetic surgery have been found to have low levels of self-esteem and use cosmetic surgery to rectify the issues they have with their body image. Numerous studies have focused on the final outcome of cosmetic procedures and the level of satisfaction which patients have with their results showing a large portion of patients look for additional surgeries to rectify the issue. Cosmetic surgery in a lot of cases will enhances the problems patients have with their self-esteem issues instead of depressing them as first desired. Studies show that patients who undergo cosmetic surgery who have been made aware of the risks involved along with the technical side of the procedure, have higher levels of satisfaction with their outcome post-surgery.
Body dysmorphic disorder
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a condition of which people find their own image immensely flawed. It effects both men and women equally, with the average onset age of thirteen years of age. The condition is treatable although there is an alarmingly high rate of suicide within BDD sufferers, one in every three hundred and thirty diagnosed will end their own lives. Patients of BDD will commonly turn to cosmetic surgery to rectify these flaws resulting in unsatisfactory results due to their condition.
Histrionic personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorder can be categorised as a person who thrives on being the center of attention in all social settings. They show signs of attention seeking behaviour along with instability emotionally. Immense discomfort is felt by the individual when they do not feel they are the epicenter of a group or one on one environment and often struggle when it comes to relationships with others, being both on a level of friendship and sexual relationships. Suggestions have been made in regards to the need for screening before cosmetic surgeries are performed on patients who suffer from disorders such as histrionic personality disorder as the level of satisfaction which is felt by individuals post-surgery is low, triggering the desire for additional treatments. The surgery impacts on their self-esteem leaving them higher levels of distressed post-op.
Controversies
The controversies surrounding cosmetic surgery are plentiful. The stigma that exists around the practice has been evident since its introduction into the modern world. The taboo stigma around these types of surgery is beginning to fade as we see the trend of cosmetic surgery growing.
Age limitations
The age limitations around cosmetic surgery within Australia is eighteen years of age until one is eligible to opt to undergo cosmetic surgery. There is numerous discussions occurring around the use of cosmetic surgery within children which have undergone extensive trauma due to a catastrophic life event or birth defects, in turn patients seek cosmetic surgery to rectify the issue. The debate around whether this is ethically correct exists with the viewpoint that this is unethical and the surgeries are for the purpose of vanity. Other sides of the debate argue for the lasting impacts on the children during adolescent years due to the dis-figuration causing prejudice and view the surgical procedures will attribute to the child's mental health in later years.
Faulty breast implants
In 2011, concerns were expressed as information arose in regards to the quality of the material being used in silicone breast implants. Industrial grade silicone was being used in the replacement of medical grade supplies by a French firm by the name of Poly Implant Prothese (PIP). The silicone being used was found to be suitable for uses within the production of mattresses. In 2011, it was reported that in twelve years of production, more than 300,000 PIP implants were sold globally. In the case of rupture the dispute around safety risks arose with parties debating the increase cancer risks due to the poor grade materials. To date there has been no scientific evidence proving the implants should cause safety concerns linking to toxicity or cancer. The debate surrounds whether the removal of the implants is required due to safety concerns around rupture and toxicity.
Laser and IPL regulation
Concerns are sparked within Australia around the level of regulation which exists around the implementation of laser and IPL treatments. The practice has little federal regulated with inconsistencies existing between the states within Australia. It is largely debated around the level of regulation in comparison to the heavy controls placed around the use of schedule 4 drugs such as Botox or Dysport. Many rally for the investigation into the uses of these techniques, claiming long term damage can be a result of mistreatment. The authority involved in the monitoring these regulations within Australia is the Department of Health, the Therapeutic Goods Administration.
See also
Body modification
References
External links
Beauty's New Normal - 4 Corners
Healthcare in Australia
Cosmetic surgery | wiki |
"No Need to Worry" is a song written by S. J. Cooper and G. P. White and originally recorded by the duo of Johnny Cash and June Carter.
Released in September 1971 as a single (Columbia 4-45431, with "I'll Be Loving You" on the opposite side), the song reached number 15 on U.S. Billboard country chart for the week of October 23.
The track was later included on Cash's 1972 compilation album International Superstar.
Track listing
Charts
References
External links
"No Need to Worry" on the Johnny Cash official website
Johnny Cash songs
June Carter Cash songs
1971 songs
1971 singles
Columbia Records singles | wiki |
Greatest Heavyweights est un jeu vidéo de boxe sorti en 1993 sur Mega Drive. Le jeu a été édité par Sega.
Système de jeu
Lien externe
Jeu vidéo de boxe anglaise
Jeu vidéo sorti en 1993
Jeu Mega Drive
Jeu vidéo développé aux États-Unis
Jeu Sega
Jeu Malibu Interactive | wiki |
Obesity is defined as the excessive accumulation of fat and is predominantly caused when there is an energy imbalance between calorie consumption and calorie expenditure. Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing concern worldwide, and Australia alone recognizes that 1 in 4 children are either overweight or obese.
For Australians aged between 4 and 17 years, obesity is a very concerning condition as once gained it is favourably harder to be liberated from. Short-term effects on children can mean a decrease in their psychological well-being (stigmatisation and poor self-esteem) as well as physical deteriorations such as sleep apnea, breathlessness and cardiovascular disease. With an increase risk of adult obesity being associated with childhood obesity there are numerous long-term effects that can ultimately hinder the life expectancy of individuals including the development of serious diseases.
In order to combat the worldwide epidemic of childhood obesity it is imperative that the issue is addressed in its early stages. The main preventative measures to be implemented include increasing physical exercise, dietary knowledge and decreasing sedentary behaviours.
Measuring obesity
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a common and useful measurement of body fat that helps individuals understand the difference between being overweight and obese. The system can be used to calculate a persons Body Mass Index (BMI) by dividing their weight (in kilograms) by the square of their height (in meters). According to the World Health Organisation (2015) a BMI greater than or equal to 25 kg/m2 in adults is overweight and greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2 regards individuals as obese.
Using the BMI method, however, to measure a child's excess weight can encounter regular issues. The Body Mass Index is used to decipher an individuals excess body weight but not their excess body fat. In this way the measurements taken from a child who is at different stages of their sexual maturation compared to another may alter the reliability of the data. Other issues that may affect the results surrounding this method for children and adolescents includes their age, sex, ethnicity muscle and bone mass, their height as well as their sexual maturation levels.
Using the percentile ranking to determine whether or not a child or adolescent between 2–20 years old is overweight or obese inherits the same techniques as a BMI except the interpretation of the data collected is varied. Information gathered using the percentile ranking takes into consideration the child's age and sex, recognising that the amount of body fat regularly changes with age and sex. The BMI-for-age highlights the values among children of the same sex and age and categorises overweight adolescents as being between the 80th percentile and less than the 95th percentile. Obese children are classified as being equal to or greater than the 95th percentile.
Although calculating an individuals BMI is the most recommended indicator it doesn't distinguish the risk of disease. Regular monitoring of fat distribution, genetics and fitness levels should be maintained to assess the likelihood of disease. Alternative ways in which an individual can have their weight assessed, other than a BMI test, includes measuring the circumference of their waist or using the skin fold test.
History
As early evolution has it, prehistoric ancestors in the form of hunter/gathers maintained the mentality that food supplies were unpredicted and their next meal was unknown. In this way, ancestors would eat whenever possible and efficiently store the energy absorbed as fat to use when resources were scarce. Since then, the environment in which we live in, has evolved rapidly with food supplies readily and effortlessly available. Consequently, the approach to conservation of energy from food has now been transformed into overeating and under-activity, generating a recipe of chronic disease and premature death.
Childhood obesity has been a consistent health burden throughout the entirety of Australia’s history with close regard placed on genetics and an energy imbalance between calorie consumption and expenditure. Between 1985 and 1995 the number of obese children increased dramatically from both perspectives of boys (10.7% to 20.5%) and girls (11.8% to 21.1%) aged 7–15 and 5-17 in the two respective year brackets. In the 10 years that followed, until 2008, figures continued to rise from 21% to 25% resulting in a similar percentile for both males and females. In the 2011/12 Australian Bureau of Statistics- Australian Health Survey, statistics reiterated the lack of substantial preventative methods, highlighting a 1% increase and therefore a total of 26% of children aged between 5–17 years as being either overweight or obese.
World comparisons
Childhood obesity is a worldwide epidemic that, in 2009, affected 155 million (1 in 10) 5-17 year olds. In regards to The International Association for the Study of Obesity, figures collected in 2013 highlight that Greece held the highest values for both overweight and obese boys and girls (44% and 38% respectively). Twenty four percent of Australian girls, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), were considered obese, ranking in at 10th out of 40 countries.
Both Spain and Canada reported the same statistical findings of 24%. In regards to obese and overweight boys, Australia is ranked 18th, showing an identical figure of 22% to that of the United Kingdom. The lowest ratings of obesity were displayed by Indonesia showing values of 11% and 8% respectively for boys and girls. In 2013, the World Health Organisation estimated that over 42 million children under the age of five were obese with 31 million of these living in developing countries.
Causes
The causes of childhood obesity can be based on both a combination of individual choices and socio-environmental adaptions with genetic factors playing an important role also.
Genetics
Genetics, according to the Australian Health Survey plays a primary role in determining obesity. In 2011/2012 it was recorded that 90% of the Australian population had inherited their obese tendencies due to the epigenetic modifications of their mothers during pregnancy. Interchanging closely with the genetic factor, the environment and individual temptations are also highlighted as contributing causes to the worldwide epidemic. The genetic configuration influences the tendencies to become overweight, and diet and physical activity determines to what extent those tendencies are elaborated.
Diet and parental influence
Parents, guardians and teachers all play a key role in the mentality that children have towards certain types of foods as they develop. The first five years of a child’s life, when developing a familiarisation with solids, can ultimately have a negative influence on the foods that they give preference to in the future. “Treat” food consumption, which is a well- intentioned technique used by parents to reward their children, contributes to between 23- 24% of an individuals total daily energy intake (aged between 2–16 years old).
With no more than 20% being recommended daily, it is visibly clear that adults may not be allowing their children to develop an intrinsic motivation for healthy foods, ‘rewarding’ them with energy dense snacks such as potato chips, muffins, lollies, and popcorn from the theatre. A large popcorn at Hoyts', Australia's largest cinema chain, contains more than 700 calories, and is the most popular item on their menu. According to the Australian Dietary Guidelines 2013 a child aged between 4–8 years old should consume 1 ½ serves of fruit and 4 ½ serves of vegetable daily with individuals aged 9 and above recommended to consume “2 and 5”.
Parents can help to positively influence their child’s diet by being an active role model and eating a wide variety of fruits and vegetables themselves. Encouraging children to eat a variety of different nutritional snacks and making fruits and vegetables visually appealing through changing their shapes can also help to entice and excite children about fruit and vegetable consumption.
Societal influences
In order for an individual (children) to remain healthy, there must be a balance between the amount of calories consumed and the amount of calories expend (through physical activity). Socio-environmental factors that disrupt this energy consumption/ expenditure balance include changes to the economy (food costs), an increased dependency on cars and sedentary behaviours and an increased marketing of poor nutritional foods.
Media and advertising
Advertising is a common aspect of today's society and is strategically conducted and presented and conducted to persuade consumers to respond in a particular way. Approximately 30% of advertisements conducted during children's television viewing hours in Australia are directed on food intending to influence children towards unhealthy food products. Companies such as McDonald's, in particular, have specifically created and designed their advertisements and commercials so that they are appealing and enticing to children. Through the use of bright alluring colours, the introduction of the Happy Meal, the strategic use of playgrounds and the Ronald McDonald character, it is evident that children are the main target audience (Super Size Me).
In a similar way, Australian sporting teams are often sponsored by companies who market unhealthy food products to children and young adults. Recent reports show that during a high-profile cricket match, the KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) logo was clearly visible for 61% of playing time and XXXX beer logo clearly visible for 75% of playing time in a similar event. As a country dominated by sporting heroes, with a strong child based audience during televised times, the inclusion of unhealthy foods and alcohol sponsorship may indicate to children that even their most idolised sporting heroes support such unhealthy products.
Some children find it hard to grasp the concept of unhealthy products in the same way they have internalised the negative effects of smoking. Advertisements in Australia for tobacco smoking reflect the negative outcomes associated, through the use of graphic and gruesome images. Unhealthy food, in comparison, is not portrayed in the same light, despite the equality of consequences. Instead, commercials, billboards and television advertisements portray fast food and energy dense products with attractive colours and happy/ energetic staff members, persuading children to believe that high calorie junk food promotes a positive and rewarding experience.
Cost and portion sizes
In this same manner, to entice children, the value of energy dense products has also decreased making these products cheaper and more available to younger adults. Despite the prices of these items being reduced, the portion sizes coincidentally have also risen, allowing individuals to pay less for more.
Transport
As a result of the radical development of technology over the past 30 years, individuals have adapted a less active mentality becoming increasingly more reliant on cars as a means of transport and succumbing to more sedentary behaviours. Individuals are more inclined to use a vehicle, bus or train as transportation as opposed to physically walking or riding a bike. This idle perspective that Australians are adopting is a clear contributor to the obesity epidemic. A study carried out in 2008 showing the relationship between walking and obesity in Europe, North America and Australia highlights that the countries with the highest levels of active transportation generally had the lowest obesity rates. The lowest rate of active transportation was seen in the United States (only 8%) and they also, coincidentally, had the highest rate of obesity (34.3%).
Sedentary behaviour
Another contributor to the epidemic of childhood obesity has been the increase in sedentary pursuits. Sedentary behaviour includes the time spent using electronic media as a means of entertainment. Examples include: television, seated electronic games (iPad) and computer use, including educational or non educational pursuits. The Australian Governments Department of Health recommends that children aged between 5– 12 years should not be sedentary for more than two hours a day.
Socio-economic factors
The socio-economic status of individual families has also been said to be a related cause for overweight and obese individuals. Children who grow up in families who have a lower income are more likely to be obese compared to those who have a higher income and are therefore brought up in higher socio-economic environments. Lack of playground equipment, dangerous roads, and unsafe neighbourhoods are all factors that contribute to a lower level of physical activity.
The financial status of a family has also been reported to be a key influence in the physical well being of children, as parents may not have the funds to support children in participating in extracurricular activities and physical activity in general. As a result of this, children are more inclined to spend their time partaking in sedentary activities such as watching television. Economic status is also shown to be a major contributor to obesity, as families tend to buy more affordable foods, those which are usually higher in fat and energy density.
Researchers suggest that individuals with a low income are more likely to become obese and those who are more financially stable, less likely. Causation behind this issue is founded on the prices of nutritional-based foods being more expensive thus directing funds towards cheaper and more calorie-dense options such as fast food and takeaway. The minority of the costs of healthy eating, however, firmly outweigh the economic burden that is placed on both the individual and society caused by diet-related chronic disease.
School environment
In order to decrease the prevalence of childhood obesity in Australia both parents and teachers must together develop techniques that best encourage healthy eating. In association to this, parents must also develop stronger understandings of the specific foods that will either benefit or prove unfavourable to their children’s health. The establishment of in school programs that urge children to participate in physical activity is also imperative, introducing children to fun methods of exercising such as interactive games.
Effects of obesity
Psychological
Short-term prospects for children in Australia suffering from a Body Mass Index (BMI) of more than 25 kg/m2 include deteriorations in their physical health as well as a decreased psychological well-being. Children who are obese or overweight by the time they reach their schooling careers are likely to become victims of discrimination, bullying and teasing in the play ground. Individuals who are made to feel inferior for their physical appearance develop a self-conscious attitude towards their body image, leading them to foster feelings of depression, anxiety and incompetence.
Psychological detriments of this sort can also have a negative effect on children’s ability to form relationships and make friends with peers. The social stigma surrounding the “perfect body image” can also be extremely degrading to adolescents who feel they are unable to meet the expectations of such situations causing further damage mentally and physically (anorexia and bulimia). From a long- term perspective obesity can also cause negative psychological effects on individuals who are discriminated and victimised in the work place. Food is also used as a psychological coping mechanism for overweight adults who indulge when they are feeling stressed, lonely and sad. The guilt felt as a result of this "mindless eating" can, in turn, cause people to feel anxious and distressed.
Physical
The physical implications of obesity in children include sleep apnoea, breathlessness, a reduced tolerance to exercise and orthopaedic and gastrointestinal problems including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Children who reciprocate these physical health disadvantages tend to struggle to concentrate more in- school and find it harder to fit in, being marginalised due to the inability to partake in physical exercise. According to Dietitians Australia 25-50% of overweight or obese children with turn out to be obese as adults.
Long-term effects of obesity, therefore, include cardiovascular disease (hypertension and high blood pressure) and particular types of cancers in particular colon, kidney and breast cancer. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common risk factors associated with obesity being characterised as a buildup of fat within the liver cells. Musculoskeletal defects such as osteoarthritis are also said to have a strong link with obesity due to excessive amounts of weight being exerted on the joints. Individuals who have a Body Mass Index (BMI) that is equal to or greater than 25 kg/m2 are also said to have an increased chance of premature morality.
Economic costs and consequences
As a result of the alarming statistics involving the number of obese children in Australia the consequences have also been extensive to the economy. Between the ages of 4–5 years the costs of childhood obesity, according to the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, has incurred significantly higher medical and pharmaceutical bills. The health system comprised direct health care, indirect health care, and burden of disease costs was estimated at $58.2 billion in 2008. Direct costs included 4 main medical conditions: cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis and specific forms of cancer with in-direct costs referring to productivity loss (premature morality and sick days) and burden of disease, financial and social costs. In particular cardiovascular accounted for $34.6 billion, cancer, $9.7 billion, type 2 diabetes $8.3 billion and osteoarthritis $5.7 billion.
Preventions/management/treatment
The two most common forms of treatment that are crucial for individuals to carry out to combat obesity include changing to a healthier diet and increasing their physical exercise. In extreme cases, if children are morbidly obese bariatric surgery may be carried out.
Dieting
In Australia, the “2 Fruit and 5 Veg” campaign is advertised to educate and encourage young children and adults of the necessary nutrients that are needed in a daily diet. For adults who are entirely responsible for the foods that their children consume, it is important that they are aware of the key strategies of a healthy regime. Adults should provide their children with a moderate to low fat diet by limiting the amount of energy dense meals they feed them, reiterate the importance of eating breakfast and encourage children to eat their vegetables. For young adolescents who have a BMI percentile of 80 or above, there are certain weight loss programs available that offer services specified in dietary advice and fitness coaching.
It is also imperative that parents and guardians are well informed regarding healthy eating for their children. Developing strategies on how to encourage their children to eat more healthy foods and grasping the knowledge on how to distinguish between high and low calorie based pre-packaged snacks is crucial.
The food industry also plays a huge part in promoting healthy foods as management from a dietary point of view. Methods include making wholesome foods widely available and affordable for their customers. Closely monitoring and managing the amount of fat, sugar and salt content that is in the foods that are sold is also important.
Physical exercise
Physical exercise, in order for a child to maintain a healthy lifestyle, must be considered a fundamental aspect of their daily regime. The environment including both school and local neighbourhoods where children grow up are an important stimulus of physical activity. Sporting facilities, playgrounds and bike tracks are all encouraging features that influence the length of time a day that a child is physically active. The “Healthy Together Victoria” campaign run by St Pauls Primary in Mildura is a state government funded program that, according to World Health Organisation worker Timthoy Armstrong, is recognised worldwide with New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Canada all participating in similar exercises. The program in Victoria focuses on the health of its students by walking laps every morning and encouraging children to attend the healthy breakfast following, three times a week.
Another campaign that is run in Australia to educate and encourage individuals to regularly exercise is the “Find 30” initiative. Initially developed in 2008, the “find 30 every day” campaign encourages Australian candidates to participate in at least thirty minutes of moderate-intense physical activity as a bench mark for maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
Bariatric surgery
Although there are many short- term preventative methods in place to combat childhood, there are some individuals who return to their initial base weight and therefore might turn to surgical measures to achieve a more lasting effect. Bariatric surgery is an effective procedure used to restrict the patients food intake and decrease absorption of food in the stomach and intestines. Proecdures of this type are said to be able to reduce excess body weight of obese or overweight individuals by 50-75%, ultimately maintaining this weight loss for 16 years following.
See also
Obesity in Australia
References
Australia
Obesity
Obesity in Australia | wiki |
La Laughlin Air Force Base est une base aérienne de l'United States Air Force (USAF) et census-designated place située près de Del Rio, dans le comté de Val Verde, au Texas.
Base de l'United States Air Force
Comté de Val Verde
Base militaire au Texas
Census-designated place au Texas | wiki |
La Webb Air Force Base, anciennement connue comme Big Spring Air Force Base, est une ancienne base aérienne de l'United States Air Force (USAF) située près de Big Spring, dans le comté de Howard, au Texas.
Elle a été active de 1942 à 1977.
Base de l'United States Air Force
Comté de Howard (Texas)
Base militaire au Texas | wiki |
The Rocky Mountain Foothills are an upland area flanking the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains, extending south from the Liard River into Alberta. Bordering the Interior Plains system, they are part of the Rocky Mountain System or Eastern System of the Western Cordillera of North America.
See also
List of mountain ranges
References
Canadian Rockies
Northern Interior of British Columbia
Hills of British Columbia
Hills of Alberta
Mountain ranges of British Columbia | wiki |
The idea of head music versus body music is an aesthetic idea in musicology. The distinction has been illustrated by comparing rock n roll with progressive rock, where the intention turned to innovation and experimentation, and "to offer 'head music' for thinking rather than body music for dancing".
References
Aesthetics
Musicology | wiki |
Huai of Jin may refer to:
Duke Huai of Jin (died 637 BC)
Emperor Huai of Jin (284–313) | wiki |
Sam Maxwell may refer to:
Sam Maxwell (boxer) (born 1988), English professional boxer
Sam Maxwell (weightlifter) (born 1964), American former weightlifter | wiki |
The gender empathy gap is the claim that people are likely to feel more empathy for one gender than another gender in a similar situation. Many studies show that females have an on average advantage in tests of empathy.
Empathy in different genders
According to some studies, females can recognize facial expressions and emotions more accurately and faster than males, especially some neutral body language. Additionally, females can recognize males' angry emotions better than males; males can recognize females' happy emotions better than females. However, some research shows that there is no difference between males and females on empathy. Researchers explain that females' performance of recognizing emotion is driven by motivation. In other words, if females feel the work requires them to perform higher score empathy, they would perform better, or they will perform no differently than males.
From birth, female and male neonates react to emotional stimulations differently. Experiments found that female neonates are more likely to cry when they heard others crying. Besides, they also have more eye contact with people than male neonates. Scientists believe that those reactions of female neonates may give them more chances to feel others feeling, which may amount over the years to a sufficient difference that can explain some of the empathy scores gap of males and females.
Gender empathy gap and sexism
Sexism against females
According to the research, both males and females have a better attitude toward females than males and provide female positive traits, which is called the "women are wonderful" effect.
Sexism against males
Studies suggest that people are more likely to put females in the position of being protected, and males as the protectors, which could be interpreted that males' mental health is not taken as seriously as females' mental health.
References
See also
Gender and emotional expression
Sex differences in emotion intelligence
Empathy
Gender-related stereotypes
Gender equality
Gender roles
Sexism | wiki |
Warty pig may refer to:
Sus bucculentus or Heude's pig, native to Laos and Vietnam
Sus cebifrons cebifrons, native to Cebu, Philippines, now extinct
Sus cebifrons, native to the Visayan Islands, Philippines
Sus celebensis, native to Sulawesi, Indonesia
Sus celebensis timoriensis, found in the Lesser Sunda Islands
Sus heureni or Flores warty pig, native to southern Asia
Sus oliveri, native to Mindoro, Philippines
Sus philippensis, native to the Philippines
Sus verrucosus, native to Indonesia
See also
Warthog (disambiguation)
Suidae
Animal common name disambiguation pages | wiki |
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