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Robert Siegel (born 1947) is an American radio journalist, former host of NPR's All Things Considered
Robert Siegel may also refer to:
Robert Siegel (filmmaker) (born 1971), American screenwriter and film director
Robert Anthony Siegel, American novelist and professor
Robert Siegel (author) (1939–2012), American novelist and poet
Robert T. Siegel (1928–2000), American physicist
Robert A. Siegel (1913–1993), American philatelic auctioneer
Robert David Siegel, professor at Stanford University
Robert Siegel, American architect of Robert Siegel Architects
Robert H. Siegel, American architect of Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects
See also
Robert Sigl (born 1962), German filmmaker | wiki |
Müller's sign is the pulsation or bobbing of the uvula that occurs during systole. It can be seen in patients with severe aortic insufficiency. Müller's sign is caused by an increased stroke volume.
Müller's sign is named for Friedrich von Müller, a German physician.
References
Symptoms and signs: Cardiac | wiki |
Promise (You and Me) is a pop rock single by the German band Reamonn. It was recorded by Island Records for the album Wish! and released on . The song was written by Rea Garvey, Uwe Bossert, Mike Gommeringer, Philipp Rauenbusch and Sebastian Padotzke.
Track listing
Charts
References
Reamonn songs
2006 singles | wiki |
Untold Tales of Spider-Man is an American comic book series starring Spider-Man published by Marvel Comics for 26 issues (#1–25, with a #-1 issue (July 1997) added between issues #22 (June 1997) and 23 (August 1997)) and two Annuals (Annual '96 and Annual '97) from September 1995 to October 1997. The series was preceded by three Spider-Man flashback stories in Amazing Fantasy #16-18 (December 1995-March 1996). In February 1999, a one-shot issue called Untold Tales of Spider-Man: Strange Encounter was published. Finally, The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #37 (2010) featured another interconnected story that ended the series.
The series was part of an experiment for Marvel, where they published a number of new titles for only 99 cents in the hopes that they would attract new, young readers who might have been put off by the then-U.S.$1.50/$1.95 standard prices for comic books at the time. Uniquely among those titles, Untold Tales of Spider-Man presented new stories set in the early days of Spider-Man's superhero career.
The series was primarily written by Kurt Busiek and penciled by Pat Olliffe, though Roger Stern, Tom DeFalco, Glenn Greenberg (writing under the pseudonym "G.L. Lawrence"), and Ron Frenz also contributed.
Collected editions
External links
Untold Tales of Spider-Man at The Grand Comics Database
Untold Tales of Spider-Man at The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
Untold Tales of Spider-Man on SpiderFan.org
Spider-Man titles
Comics by Kurt Busiek | wiki |
Foam cakes are cakes with very little (if any) fatty material such as butter, oil or shortening.
They are leavened primarily by the air that is beaten into the egg whites that they contain. They differ from butter cakes, which contain shortening, and baking powder or baking soda for leavening purposes. Foam cakes are typically airy, light and spongy.
After it is cooked, the cake and the pan are flipped down on a sheet pan with parchment paper in order for them to cool down at the same rate.
Examples of foam cakes are angel food cake, meringue, genoise, and chiffon cake.
Foam, sponge or unshortened cakes are distinguished by their large proportion of foamed eggs and/or egg whites to a small proportion of sugar and wheat flour.
References
Cakes | wiki |
Paramus – miasto w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie New Jersey, w hrabstwie Bergen.
Miasta w stanie New Jersey | wiki |
Lakehurst – miasto w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie New Jersey, w hrabstwie Ocean.
Miasta w stanie New Jersey | wiki |
Fabe may refer to:
Fabe (French rapper) (born 1971), a former member of Scred Connexion
FABE, Fellow of the Association of Business Executives
Dana Fabe (born 1951), American jurist
Fabian "Fabe" McCarthy (born 1919), Australian rugby player
See also
Fab (disambiguation) | wiki |
Colletotrichum trichellum is a fungal plant pathogen. It is known for causing leaf and stem spot in English Ivy.
References
External links
trichellum
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Eudicot diseases
Fungi described in 1817 | wiki |
Progression du record du monde de natation sportive messieurs pour l'épreuve du 100 mètres papillon en bassin de 50 et 25 mètres et du 100 yards papillon.
Bassin de 50 mètres
Bassin de 25 mètres
100 yards papillon
Notes et références
Liens externes
World record progression of 100 m butterfly, site du Comité international olympique.
Papillon
100 | wiki |
Lynyrd Skynyrd is an American rock band originally formed in 1966, later named after the guitarist Gary Rossington's high school gym teacher Leonard Skinner. The band has released many studio, live, and other albums, along with several singles and video discs.
The band has sold 28 million albums in the US since 1991 when Nielsen SoundScan started tracking sales, not including album sales for the band's first 17 years.
Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
Singles
Videography
References
External Links
Discographies of American artists
Rock music group discographies
Discography | wiki |
Kefar Szemarjahu
Szemarjahu Ben-Cur | wiki |
Hot Snow may refer to:
"Hot Snow" (The Avengers), pilot episode of The Avengers
Hot Snow (film), a 1972 Soviet film | wiki |
Gibson's may refer to:
Gibson's Discount Center, a defunct American retail chain
Gibson's Finest, a Canadian whisky brand
See also
Gibsons, a town in British Columbia, Canada
Gibson (disambiguation) | wiki |
Group D of the 2002 FIFA World Cup took place on 14 June 2002. South Korea won the group, and advanced to the second round, along with the United States. Portugal and Poland failed to advance.
Standings
South Korea advanced to play Italy (runner-up of Group G) in the round of 16.
United States advanced to play Mexico (winner of Group G) in the round of 16.
Matches
All times local (UTC+9)
South Korea vs Poland
United States vs Portugal
South Korea vs United States
Portugal vs Poland
Portugal vs South Korea
Poland vs United States
External links
Results
D
United States at the 2002 FIFA World Cup
South Korea at the 2002 FIFA World Cup
Poland at the 2002 FIFA World Cup
Portugal at the 2002 FIFA World Cup | wiki |
Maternal mortality refers to the death of a woman during her pregnancy or up to a year after her pregnancy has terminated; this metric only includes causes related to the pregnancy, and does not include accidental causes. Some sources will define maternal mortality as the death of a woman up to 42 days after the pregnancy has ended, instead of one year. In 1986, the CDC began tracking pregnancy related deaths to gather information and determine what was causing these deaths by creating the Pregnancy-Related Mortality Surveillance System. Although the United States was spending more on healthcare than any other country in the world, more than two women died during childbirth every day, making maternal mortality in the United States the highest when compared to 49 other countries in the developed world. The CDC reported an increase in the maternal mortality ratio in the United States from 18.8 deaths per 100,000 births to 23.8 deaths per 100,000 births between 2000 and 2014, a 26.6% increase. As of 2018, the US had an estimated 17.4 deaths per 100,000 live births. The mortality rate of pregnant and recently pregnant women in the United States rose almost 30% between 2019 and 2020. According to the CDC a study that included data from 36 states found that more than 80% of pregnancy related deaths were preventable between 2017–2019.
Monitoring maternal mortality
In 1986, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) created the Pregnancy-Related Mortality Surveillance System to monitor maternal deaths during pregnancy and up to one year after giving birth. Prior to this, women were monitored up to six weeks postpartum.
In 2016 the CDC Foundation, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs (AMCHP) undertook a collaborative initiative—"Building U.S. Capacity to Review and Prevent Maternal Deaths"— funded by Merck under the Merck for Mothers program. They are reviewing maternal mortality to enhance understanding of the increase in the maternal mortality ratio in the United States, and to identify preventative interventions. Through this initiative, they have created the Review to Action website which hosts their reports and resources. In their 2017 report, four states, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, and Ohio, supported the development of the Maternal Mortality Review Data System (MMRDS) which was intended as a precursor to the Maternal Mortality Review Information Application (MMRIA). The three agencies have partnered with Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, and Utah to collect data for the Maternal Mortality Review Information Application (MMRIA); the nine states submitted their first reports in 2018.
After decades of inaction on the part of the U.S. Congress towards reducing the maternal mortality ratio, the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations voted on June 28, 2018, to request $50 million to prevent the pregnancy-related deaths of American women. The CDC would receive $12 million for research and data collection. They would also support individual states in counting and reviewing data on maternal deaths. The federal Maternal and Child Health Bureau would receive the remaining $38 million directed towards Healthy Start program and "life saving, evidence-based programs" at hospitals. MCHB's Healthy Start was mandated to reduce the infant mortality rate.
In the 1930s Maternal Mortality Review Committees (MMRCs), state and local committees that review pregnancy-related deaths, formed in New York City and Philadelphia in response to high maternal mortality rates. Philadelphia saw success with reducing the rates through data collected from their MMRC and over the next two decades MMRCs popped up throughout the country. MMRCs have grown and shrunk in popularity since, but the CDC now recommends MMRC data as the gold standard for understanding the causes of maternal mortality and planning intervention.The reasoning is that MMRCs are uniquely poised to identify opportunities for action despite difficulties in classifying deaths as pregnancy-related.
Measurement and data collection
According to a 2016 article in Obstetrics and Gynecology by MacDorman et al., one factor affecting the US maternal death rate is the variability in the calculation of maternal deaths. The WHO deems maternal deaths to be those occurring within 42 days of the end of pregnancy, whereas the United States Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System measures maternal deaths as those occurring within a year of the end of pregnancy. Some states allow multiple responses, such as whether the death occurred during pregnancy, within 42 days after pregnancy, or within a year of pregnancy, but some states, such as California, ask simply whether the death occurred within a year postpartum.
In their article, the authors described how data collection on maternal mortality rates became an "international embarrassment". In 2003 the national U.S. standard death certificate added a "tick box" question regarding the pregnancy status of the deceased. Many states delayed adopting the new death certificate standards. This "muddied" data and obstructed analysis of trends in maternal mortality rates. It also meant that for many years, the United States could not report a national maternal mortality rate to the OECD or other repositories that collect data internationally.
In response to the MacDorman study, revealing the "inability, or unwillingness, of states and the federal government to track maternal deaths", ProPublica and NPR found that in 2016 alone, between 700 and 900 women died from pregnancy- and childbirth-related causes. In "Lost Mothers" they published stories of some of women who died, ranging from 16 to 43 years of age.
Healthy People is a federal organization that is managed by the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP) at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). In 2010, the US maternal mortality ratio was 12.7 (deaths per 100,000 live births). This was three times as high as the Healthy People 2010 goal, a national target set by the US government.
According to a 2009 article in Anthropology News, studies conducted by but not limited to Amnesty International, the United Nations, and federal programs such as the CDC, maternal mortality has not decreased since 1999 and may have been rising.
By November 2017, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City had established committees to "review deaths and severe complications related to pregnancy and childbirth" in their cities to prevent maternal mortality. New York's panel, the Maternal Mortality and Morbidity Review Committee (M3RC), included doctors, nurses, "doulas, midwives and social workers". New York City will be collaborating with the State of New York, the first such collaboration in the US. In July 2018, New York City's de Blasio's administration announced that it would be allocating $12.8 million for the first three years of its five-year plan to "reduce maternal deaths and life-threatening complications of childbirth among women of color".
Causes
Medical causes
Maternal death can be traced to maternal health, which includes wellness throughout the entire pregnancy and access to basic care.
The World Health Organization and the CDC's National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) define maternal death as that which occurs within the first 42 days after birth.
Since 1986, the Center for Disease Control conducts a Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance Service (PMSS) to study the medical causes of maternal death. This tool defines pregnancy-related death as death during or within one year of completion of a woman's pregnancy by any cause attributed to the pregnancy to capture all deaths which might be pregnancy-related.
Race, location, and financial status all contribute to how maternal mortality affects women across the country. Non-Hispanic blacks account for 41.7% of maternal deaths in the United States. Additionally to race, According to a study published in (Jones et al.,2022), a woman's social determinants of health can affect both her health and her ability to conceive. Black women are more likely than other races to experience life-threatening complications, such as hemorrhage and even worse maternal outcomes. The research investigates the link between maternal morbidity and social determinants of health. The study's author also mentioned a few risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes that were related to the social determinants of these women's lives. These include the mother's age, any existing health conditions, and so on (Jones et al., 2022).
Maternal Mortality Review Committees (MMRCs), state and local committees that review pregnancy related deaths, found that the leading causes of maternal mortality from 36 participating states 2017–2019 are:
Mental health conditions including deaths of suicide, overdose/poisoning related to substance use disorder, and other deaths determined by the MMRC to be related to a mental health condition, including substance use disorder. (23%)
Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage): Excluding aneurysms or cerebrovascular accident (14%)
Cardiac and coronary conditions (relating to the heart) (13%)
Infection (9%): including deaths of coronary artery disease, pulmonary hypertension, acquired and congenital valvular heart disease, vascular aneurysm, hypertensive cardiovascular disease, Marfan Syndrome, conduction defects, vascular malformations, and other cardiovascular disease; and excludes cardiomyopathy and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
Thrombotic embolism (a type of blood clot) (9%)
Cardiomyopathy (a disease of the heart muscle) (9%)
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (relating to high blood pressure) (7%)
Social factors
Social determinants of health also contribute to the maternal mortality rate. Some of these factors include access to healthcare, education, age, race, and income.
Access to healthcare
Women in the US usually meet with their physicians just once after delivery, six weeks after giving birth. Due to this long gap during the postpartum period, many health problems remain unchecked, which can result in maternal death. Just as women, especially women of color, have difficulty with access to prenatal care, the same is true for accessibility to postpartum care. Postpartum depression can also lead to untimely deaths for both mother and child.
Maternal-fetal medicine does not require labor-delivery training in order to practice independently. The lack of experience can make certain doctors more likely to make mistakes or not pay close attention to certain symptoms that could indicate one of the several causes of death in mothers. For women who have limited access, these kinds of physicians may be easier to see than more experienced physicians. In addition, many doctors are unwilling to see patients who are pregnant if they are uninsured or unable to afford their co-pay, which restricts prenatal care and could prevent women from being aware of potential complications.
Insurance companies reserve the right to categorize pregnancy as a pre-existing condition, thereby making women ineligible for private health insurance. Even access to Medicaid is curtailed to some women, due to bureaucracy and delays in coverage (if approved). Many women are turned down due to Medicaid fees, as well. According to a 2020 study conducted by Erica L. Eliason, cutting Medicaid funding limits access to prenatal healthcare, which has been shown to increase maternal mortality rates. This study concluded that Medicaid expansions directly correlated to decreases in maternal mortality rates.
Although the supportive care practice of a doula has potential to improve the health of both the mother and child and reduce health disparities, these services are underutilized among low-income women and women of color, who are at greater risk of poor maternal health outcomes. Women may be unable to find or afford services or unaware that they are offered. A 2012 national survey by Childbirth Connection found that women using Medicaid to pay for birth expenses were twice as likely as those using private insurance to have never heard of a doula (36% vs. 19%). Medicaid does not cover doula care during a woman's prenatal or post-partum period. Women have also reported access and mobility as reasons why they are unable to seek prenatal care, such as lack of transportation and/or lack of health insurance. Women who do not have access to prenatal care are 3–4 times more likely to die during or after pregnancy than women who do.
Education
It has been shown that mothers between ages 18 and 44 who did not complete high school had a 5% increase in maternal mortality versus women who completed high school. By completing primary school, 10% of girls younger than 17 years old would not get pregnant and 2/3 of maternal deaths could be prevented. Secondary education, university schooling, would only further decrease rates of pregnancy and maternal death.
Of note, higher education still does not improve the racial differences in maternal mortality and is not protective for Black mothers in the way they are for White mothers. It has been found that Black mothers with a college education have greater maternal mortality than White mothers with less than a high school education.
Age
Young adolescents are at the highest risk of fatal complications of any age group. This high risk can be accounted for by various causes such as the likelihood of adolescents giving birth for the first time compared to women in older age groups. Other factors that also may lead to higher risk among this age group includes lower economic status and education. While adolescents face a higher risk of maternal mortality, a study conducted between 2005 and 2014 found that the rate of maternal mortality was higher among older women. Additionally, another study found that the rate is higher specifically among women aged 30 years or older.
Intimate partner violence
Intimate partner violence (IPV) constitutes many forms of abuse or the threat of abuse, including sexual, physical or emotional abuse and manifests as a pattern of violence from an intimate partner. Protective factors include age and marital status, while risk factors include unplanned pregnancy, lack of education and low socioeconomic status, and a new HIV positive diagnosis. The greatest at-risk group is a young, unmarried woman. During pregnancy IPV can have disastrous maternal and fetal outcomes, and it has been found that between 3% and 9% of pregnant women experience IPV.
Maternal adverse outcomes include delayed or insufficient prenatal case, poor weight gain, and an increase in nicotine, alcohol and substance abuse. IPV is also associated with adverse mental health outcomes such as depression in 40% of abused women. Neonatal adverse outcomes from IPV include low birth weight and preterm birth, an infant who is small for gestational age and even perinatal death.
Through adequate training of healthcare professionals, there is opportunity for prevention and intervention during routine obstetric visits, and routine screening is recommended. During prenatal care, only 50% of women receive counselling on IPV. Pregnancy is a unique time during a woman's life and for many women is the only time when regular healthcare is established, heightening the need for effective care from the provider.
Race
African American women are four times as likely to experience maternal morbidity and mortality than Caucasian women, and there has been no large-scale improvement over the course of 20 years to rectify these conditions. Furthermore, women of color, especially "African-American, Indigenous, Latina and immigrant women and women who did not speak English", are less likely to obtain the care they need. In addition, foreign-born women have an increased likelihood of maternal mortality, particularly Hispanic Women. Cause of mortality, especially in older women, is different among different races. Caucasian women are more likely to experience hemorrhage, cardiomyopathy, and embolism whereas African American women are more likely to experience hypertensive disorders, stroke, and infection. In the case of Black women in the United States, a study from the World Journal of Gynecology and Women's Health found that in addition to the link between cardiovascular disease and maternal mortality, racism in healthcare contributes to these outcomes. Notably, experiencing racism and discrimination in healthcare makes Black mothers less likely to trust the healthcare system, and the authors of this study recommend that addressing this is key to rebuilding trust and encouraging reliance on healthcare system. Distrust in the healthcare system can be detrimental for the health and wellbeing of Black and minority mothers and their infants. Distrust in the healthcare system often results in reduced encounters with the system, which can be very harmful given the established association between late and inadequate prenatal care and poor pregnancy outcomes such as low birth weight, preterm birth, and infant mortality. According to the Listening to Mothers III Survey, 40% of minority participants experienced communication issues and nearly one-quarter of minority mothers felt discriminated against during birth hospitalization. The same survey revealed that Black and Hispanic mothers were nearly three times more likely to experience discrimination in the healthcare system due to their race, language or culture. These issues are exacerbating the observed maternal and infant morbidity and mortality disparity between minority mothers and White mothers in the United States.
Another factor contributing to the increased maternal and infant morbidity and mortality rates in African American and minority women is the difference in delivery hospital quality between minority women and White women. According to a study conducted by Dr. Elizabeth A. Howell, racial and ethnic minority women deliver "in different and lower quality hospitals" than White women. According to Dr. Howell, hospitals where African American women were disproportionately cared for during birth, "had higher risk-adjusted severe maternal morbidity rates for both Black and White women in those hospitals." In NYC, Black women were more likely to deliver in hospitals with a higher rate of "risk-adjusted severe maternal morbidity rates" and a study conducted in the same City revealed that if African American women delivered in the same hospitals as White women, "1000 Black women could avoid severe morbid events during their delivery hospitalization, which could reduce the Black severe maternal morbidity rate from 4.2% to 2.9%."
The US has been shown to have the highest rate of pregnancy-related deaths o/c maternal mortality amongst all the industrialized countries. The CDC first implemented the Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System in 1986 and since then maternal mortality rates have increased from 7.2 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1987 to 17.2 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2015. The issue of maternal mortality disproportionately affects women of color when compared with the rate in white non-Hispanic women. The following statistics were retrieved from the CDC and show the rate of maternal mortality between 2011 and 2015 per 100000 live births: Black non-Hispanic – 42.8, American Indian/Alaskan Native non-Hispanic – 32.5, Asian/Pacific Islander non-Hispanic – 14.2, White non-Hispanic – 13.0, and Hispanic – 11.4.
There are racial disparities present when considering maternal mortality in the United States, with black women being 3 to 4 times more likely to die from pregnancy-related complications in comparison to white, Asian, and Hispanic women. The causes of death amongst these women were also different, some being more unconventional like hypertension and venous thromboembolisms.
Income
It is estimated that 99% of women give birth in hospitals with fees that average between $8,900–$11,400 for vaginal delivery and between $14,900–$20,100 for a cesarean. Many women cannot afford these high costs, nor can they afford private health insurance, and even waiting on government-funded care can prove to be fatal, since delays to coverage usually result in women not getting the care they need from the start.
Other risk factors
Some other risk factors include obesity, chronic high blood pressure, increased age, diabetes, cesarean delivery, and smoking. Attending less than 10 prenatal visits is also associated with a higher risk of maternal mortality.
Researchers have found that another factor contributing to the elevated maternal mortality rates in the United States is the lack of attention given to black women during childbirth and the failure to recognize preexisting health conditions like diabetes and hypertension, which can cause preeclampsia and eclampsia. Despite the epidemic level of maternal mortality among black women, several states, like California, are working to lower the numbers.
Even in cases where they had never before experienced chronic hypertension, Black women are more likely to pass away from hemorrhage, cardiomyopathy, and hypertensive diseases of pregnancy than Hispanic women are (Howell, 2018). A national study examined the death rates from pregnancy in white and black women. The study found that for five particular pregnancy problems, the death risk was 2.4 to 3.3 times higher among black women. Preeclampsia, placenta abruptio, placenta previa, and postpartum hemorrhage were among them (Howell, 2018).
The Healthy People 2010 goal was to reduce the c-section rate to 15% for low-risk first-time mothers, but that goal was not met and the rate of c-sections has been on the rise since 1996 and reached an all-time high in 2009 at 32.9%. Excessive and non-medically necessary cesareans can lead to complications that contribute to maternal mortality.
Geographic location has been found to be a contributing factor as well. Data has shown that rates of maternal mortality are higher in rural areas of the United States. In 2015, the rate of maternal mortality in rural areas was 29.4 per 100,000 live births as compared to 18.2 in metropolitan areas.
Prevention
Inconsistent obstetric practice, increase in women with chronic conditions, and lack of maternal health data all contribute to maternal mortality in the United States. According to a 2015 WHO editorial, a nationally implemented guideline for pregnancy and childbirth, along with easy and equal access to prenatal services and care, and active participation from all 50 states to produce better maternal health data are all necessary components to reduce maternal mortality. The Hospital Corporation of America has also found that a uniform guideline for birth can improve maternal care overall. This would ultimately reduce the amount of maternal injury, c-sections, and mortality. The UK has had success drastically reducing preeclampsia deaths by implementing a nationwide standard protocol. However, no such mandated guideline currently exists in the United States.
To prevent maternal mortality moving forward, Amnesty International suggests these steps:
Increase government accountability and coordination
Create a national registry for maternal and infant health data while incorporating intersections of gender, race, and social/economic factors
Improve maternity care workforce
Improve diversity in maternity care
Public health sector/government (federal/state/local level) should collaborate with the local community leaders in creating more awareness of maternal mortality rate in local communities.
Enlighten women on importance of early prenatal care registration.
According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, out-of-hospital births (such as home births and birthing centers with midwifery assistance) "generally provided a lower risk profile than hospital births."
Procedures such as episiotomies and cesareans, while helpful in some cases, when administered unnecessarily increase the risk of maternal death. Midwifery and mainstream obstetric care can be complementary, which is commonly the case in Canada, where women have a wide arrange of pregnancy and birthing options, wherein informed choice and consent are fundamental tenants of their reformed maternity care. The maternal mortality rate is two times lower in Canada than the United States, according to a global survey conducted by the United Nations and the World Bank.
Gender bias, implicit bias, and obstetric violence in the medical field are also important factors when discussing maternal wellness, care, and death in the United States.
Seeing as more than 80% of pregnancy related deaths are preventable, there is much room for improvement. According to the Centers for Disease and Prevention state prevention strategies are best developed using data from Maternal Mortality Review Committees.
Comparisons by state
It is clear that the U.S. has one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the Western Hemisphere. The U.S. is to be considered one of the wealthiest and most developed countries on the globe but seems to lack in some areas in the health system. In the U.S., hospital bills for maternal healthcare total over $98 billion, and concerns about the degradation of the maternal resulted in a state-by-state breakdown. In the United States, maternal mortality has been increasing in the South for the past couple of years, specifically in Georgia. The lack of health professionals has limited access to healthcare, especially in communities where residents lack knowledge of prevention. Maternal mortality is one of the health issues that can be prevented if addressed appropriately. This is a gap in healthcare that needs to be addressed for further prevention, especially as the demand for maternal healthcare workers was expected to increase by 6% by 2020. It is clear that Georgia lacks prevention because they do not have access to care and providers in their community. The Spotlight in Poverty states 730,000 Hispanics and Blacks are below 200% level. Less than a quarter of Georgia's population lives in poverty and they are minorities. Living in poverty does increase the chances of maternal mortality because women and children do not have the finances to travel to areas in Georgia that have healthcare access. As of 2018, only 79 counties have an OB-GYN; within the past two years this has declined, especially under the Trump administration. This shortage of maternal healthcare workers is prevalent throughout the country, where as of 2016, 46 percent of U.S. counties have no OB-GYNs and 56 percent have no nurse midwives, according to data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Differences in Medicaid coverage also factor into disparities in maternal mortality, given that over 40% of births nationally are covered by Medicaid, which is administered by state governments and therefore can vary based on location. Currently, all pregnant people at or below 138% of the federal poverty level qualify for Medicaid coverage; however, states can choose to include pregnant people with higher incomes, or allow people to receive covered healthcare temporarily while their application is still being processed. Some state-by-state variations consist of eligibility to qualify for Medicaid, which services fall under the umbrella of covered prenatal and maternity care and how patients are reimbursed for care they receive. Medicaid coverage affects birthing parents from the process of receiving prenatal care through birth and postpartum care, although not all states cover the same range of prenatal services or offer postpartum care after the federally mandated 60-day period. Expansion of care past the 60-day period may prevent some pregnancy-related deaths, 11.7% of which occur between 42 days and 1 year. Only 27 states had expanded this coverage period as of September 2022, with 9 others proposing some sort of extension. As of the same date, 12 states had not implemented any Medicaid expansions.
Another difference is in how much of the state's hospitals are considered rural, since rural hospitals are 6% less likely to offer delivery services than urban hospitals. Rural hospitals also have higher rates of Cesarean sections, which can increase the risk of complications for the person giving birth, although why rates are higher is still unclear.
Table
Data confidence varies greatly by state. See notes at the end of the data source page.
Row numbers are static in table below. This allows ranking in ascending or descending order.
Asterisk (*) = "Data suppressed due to reliability and confidentiality restrictions."
Comparisons with other countries
See: List of countries by maternal mortality ratio.
Comparison of the US maternal death rate to the death rate in other countries is complicated by the lack of standardization. Some countries do not have a standard method for reporting maternal deaths and some count in statistics death only as a direct result of pregnancy.
In the 1950s, the maternal mortality rate in the United Kingdom and the United States was the same. By 2018, the rate in the UK was one-third of that in the United States due to implementing a standardized protocol. In 2010, Amnesty International published a 154-page report on maternal mortality in the United States. In 2011, the United Nations described maternal mortality as a human rights issue at the forefront of American healthcare, as the mortality rates worsened over the years. According to a 2015 WHO report, in the United States the MMR between 1990 and 2013 "more than doubled from an estimated 12 to 28 maternal deaths per 100,000 births." By 2015, the United States had a higher MMR than the "Islamic Republic of Iran, Libya and Turkey". In the 2017 NPR and ProPublica series "Lost Mothers: Maternal Mortality in the U.S." based on a six-month long collaborative investigation, they reported that the United States has the highest rate of maternal mortality than any other developed country, and it is the only country where mortality rate has been rising. The maternal mortality rate in the United States is three times higher than that in neighboring Canada and six times higher than in Scandinavia. As of 2020, the United States maternal mortality rate was two times higher than Canada and 10 times higher than New Zealand's.
In the United States specifically, maternal mortality is still a prevalent issue in health care. From the year 2003 to 2013, only 8 countries worldwide saw an increase of the maternal mortality rate. The United States was included in this group, seeing an increase in the pregnancy-related mortality ratio over the past 3 decades. Looking at the years 1990-2013 from a world-wide perspective, the United States of America was the only country to see an increase in the maternal mortality rate over this time period.
The US has the worst rate of maternal deaths in the developed world. The US has the "highest rate of maternal mortality in the industrialized world." In the United States, the maternal death rate averaged 9.1 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births during the years 1979–1986, but then rose rapidly to 14 per 100,000 in 2000 and 17.8 per 100,000 in 2009. In 2013 the rate was 18.5 deaths per 100,000 live births. It has been suggested that the rise in maternal death in the United States may be due to improved identification and misclassification resulting in false positives. The rate has steadily increased to 18.0 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2014. Between 2011 and 2014, there were 7,208 deaths that were reported to the CDC that occurred for women within a year of the end of their pregnancy. Out of this there were 2,726 that were found to be pregnancy-related deaths.
Since 2016, ProPublica and NPR investigated factors that led to the increase in maternal mortality in the United States. They reported that the "rate of life-threatening complications for new mothers in the U.S. has more than doubled in two decades due to pre-existing conditions, medical errors and unequal access to care." According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, c. 4 million women who give birth in the US annually, over 50,000 a year, experience "dangerous and even life-threatening complications."
According to a report by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 1993 the rate of Severe Maternal Morbidity, rose from 49.5 to 144 "per 10,000 delivery hospitalizations" in 2014, an increase of almost 200 percent. Blood transfusions also increased during the same period with "from 24.5 in 1993 to 122.3 in 2014 and are considered to be the major driver of the increase in SMM. After excluding blood transfusions, the rate of SMM increased by about 20% over time, from 28.6 in 1993 to 35.0 in 2014."
The past 60 years have consistently shown considerable racial disparities in pregnancy-related deaths. Between 2011 and 2014, the mortality ratio for different racial populations based on pregnancy-related deaths was as follows: 12.4 deaths per 100,000 live births for white women, 40.0 for black women, and 17.8 for women of other races. This shows that black women have between three and four times greater chance of dying from pregnancy-related issues. It has also been shown that one of the major contributors to maternal health disparities within the United States is the growing rate of non-communicable diseases. In addition, women of color have not received equal access to healthcare professionals and equal treatment by those professionals.
"Black women's poor reproductive outcomes are often seen as a women's personal failure. For example, Black women's adverse birth outcomes are typically discussed in terms of what the women do, such as drinking alcohol, smoking, and having less than optimal eating habits that lead to obesity and hypertension. They may be seen to be at risk based on the presumption that they are 'single,' when in fact they have a partner- but are unmarried.". Black women in the United States are dying at higher rates than white women in the United States. The United States has one of the worst maternal mortality rates despite it being a developed nation.
It is unclear why pregnancy-related deaths in the United States have increased. It seems that the use of computerized data servers by the states and changes in the way deaths are coded, with a pregnancy checkbox added to death certificates in many states, have been shown to improve the identification of these pregnancy-related deaths. Before 2016, there was not a standardized way to report maternal deaths in the United States. Each state was using a different method causing variation in MMR across the country. As more and more states implemented the checkbox, however, there was a large increase in the number of maternal deaths reported. However, this does not contribute to decreasing the actual number of deaths. Also, errors in reporting of pregnancy status have been seen, which most likely leads to an overestimation of the number of pregnancy-related deaths. Again, this does not contribute to explaining why the death rate has increased but does show complications between reporting and actual contributions to the overall rate of maternal mortality.
Even though 99% of births in the United States are attended by some form of skilled health professional, the maternal mortality ratio in 2015 was 14 deaths per 100,000 live births and it has been shown that the maternal mortality rate has been increasing. Also, the United States is not as efficient at preventing pregnancy-related deaths when compared to most of the other developed nations.
The United States took part in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) set forth from the United Nations. The MDGs ended in 2015 but were followed-up in the form of the Sustainable Development Goals starting in 2016. The MDGs had several tasks, one of which was to improve maternal mortality rates globally. Despite their participation in this program as well as spending more than any other country on hospital-based maternal care, however, the United States has still seen increased rates of maternal mortality. This increased maternal mortality rate was especially pronounced in relation to other countries who participated in the program, where during the same period, the global maternal mortality rate decreased by 44%. Also, the United States is not currently on track to meet the Healthy People 2020 goal of decreasing maternal mortality by 10% by the year 2020 and continues to fail in meeting national goals in maternal death reduction. Only 23 states have some form of policy that establishes review boards specific to maternal mortality as of the year 2010.
In an effort to respond to the maternal mortality rate in the United States, the CDC requests that the 52 reporting regions (all states and New York City and Washington, DC) send death certificates for all those women who have died and may fit their definition of pregnancy-related death, as well as copies of the matching birth or death records for the infant. However, this request is voluntary and some states may not have the ability to abide by this effort.
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) provided additional access to maternity care by expanding opportunities to obtain health insurance for the uninsured and mandating that certain health benefits have coverage. It also expanded the coverage for women who have private insurance. This expansion allowed them better access to primary and preventative health care services, including for screening and management of chronic diseases. An additional benefit for family planning services was the requirement that most insurance plans cover contraception without cost-sharing. However, more employers are able to claim exemptions for religious or moral reasons under the current administration. Also under the current administration, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has decreased funding for pregnancy prevention programs for adolescent girls.
Those women covered under Medicaid are covered when they receive prenatal care, care received during childbirth, and postpartum care. These services are provided to nearly half of the women who give birth in the United States. Currently, Medicaid is required to provide coverage for women whose incomes are at 133% of the federal poverty level in the United States.
Deaths per 100,000 live births
There are many possible reasons why the United States has a much larger MMR than other developed countries: many hospitals are unprepared for maternal emergencies, 44% of maternal-fetal grants do not go towards the health of the mother, and pregnancy complication rates are continually increasing.
See also
Maternal death
Infant mortality
Perinatal mortality
Black Maternal Mortality in the United States
Obstetric transition
The Business of Being Born, a 2008 documentary
Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths in the UK
List of women who died in childbirth
Reproductive rights
Women's reproductive health in the United States
References
External links
BBC News. November 20, 2017. Video: Why do so many US women die giving birth?
"Maternal mortality: An American crisis" CBS News August 5, 2018
Maternal death
Maternity in the United States
Social problems in medicine | wiki |
Hawthorne (sometimes stylized HawthoRNe) is an American medical drama television series created by John Masius. It starred Jada Pinkett Smith and Michael Vartan and premiered on TNT on June 16, 2009. On September 16, 2010, it was announced that Hawthorne had been renewed for a third season consisting of ten episodes. The season premiered on June 14, 2011 and ended on August 16, 2011.
On September 2, 2011, it was announced that TNT had decided not to renew Hawthorne for a fourth season, so the season 3 finale, a cliffhanger, was the series finale.
Premise
Christina Hawthorne is introduced as Chief Nursing Officer heading a group of nurses at Richmond Trinity Hospital in Richmond, Virginia. She is very passionate about her work and always advocates for her patients and her staff, even when it threatens her job. Richmond Trinity Hospital later closes and the staff is moved to James River Hospital. While acclimating to the new work atmosphere, she must also deal with a new relationship that she has formed with Dr. Tom Wakefield, the Chief of Surgery. Dr. Wakefield wants commitment and she is still unsure if she can become close with someone else. In season three they get married and face challenges including loss and infidelity.
Episodes
Cast and characters
Main
Jada Pinkett Smith as Christina Hawthorne, COO & President of James River Hospital, Director of Nursing at James River Hospital, former CNO of Richmond Trinity Hospital
Michael Vartan as Dr. Tom Wakefield, M.D., Chief of Surgery
David Julian Hirsh as Nurse Ray Stein (seasons 1–2)
Suleka Mathew as Charge Nurse Bobbie Jackson, Chief Nursing Officer of James River Hospital
Christina Moore as Nurse Candy Sullivan (seasons 1–2; guest season 3)
Hannah Hodson as Camille Hawthorne
Vanessa Lengies as Scrub-Charge Nurse Kelly Epson (seasons 2–3; recurring season 1)
Marc Anthony as Detective Nick Renata (season 3; recurring season 2)
Adam Rayner as Dr. Steve Shaw (season 3; recurring season 2)
Recurring
Anne Ramsay as Dr. Brenda Marshall (seasons 1–3)
James Morrison as John Morrissey, former CEO of James River Hospital (seasons 1–3)
Aisha Hinds as Isabel Walsh (seasons 1–2)
Collins Pennie as Marcus Leeds (season 2)
Vanessa Bell Calloway as Gail Strummer, co-director of Nursing James River Hospital (seasons 2–3)
Derek Luke as Dr. Miles Bourdet (season 3)
Development and production
John Masius created the program and served as executive producer for the first season. Glen Mazzara also served as executive producer for the first season. The program was initially going to be called Time Heals. Megan Branman and Dylann Brander of Branman/Brander Casting were involved in casting for the program. In September 2008, Jamie Tarses was reported to be an executive producer on the program.
In September 2008, The Press of Atlantic City reported that Jada Pinkett Smith signed on as both the star of the television pilot, and to serve as executive producer of the program. Pinkett Smith had previously promised never to work in television again, but changed her mind after reading the script of the pilot. She recalled getting the script from her manager: "He said, 'I would never send this to you if I didn't think it was fantastic.' I read it and then I let my husband read it. (Will) said to take the meeting and see." She decided to return to television because of the show's unique qualities.
In the pilot, Jeffrey Nordling portrayed Dr. Tom Wakefield, director of medicine. In February 2009, Michael Vartan was cast to co-star alongside Pinkett Smith as Dr. Tom Wakefield in the series. By June 6, 2009, the program's title had been changed to Hawthorne.
Masius continued on as executive producer in the second season. In September 2009, Glen Mazzara was named showrunner for the program's second season. Masius decided to name Mazzara as showrunner for the second season, citing a desire to focus more on writing.
Home media
Broadcast
NBCUniversal International Networks - HawthoRNe began airing in Australia on Universal Channel.
Reception
Critical response
Amy Amatangelo of the Boston Herald gave the program a grade of "D+", commenting: "'HawthoRNe' can't make a diagnosis. It's a comedy; it's a drama. It's a mess, fronted by Jada Pinkett Smith, making a return to series television as Christina Hawthorne, the chief nursing officer for Richmond Trinity Hospital and about the closest thing to a heavenly figure on the small screen since Roma Downey took flight on Touched by an Angel." In a review for Zap2it, Amatangelo commented "With each passing episode, they seem to be writing Christina (Jada Pinkett Smith) deeper and deeper into a corner. She can’t always be in an uproar about everything or always play the hero. The show cannot center around her at the expense of everyone else." Greg Braxton of the Los Angeles Times noted, "Tom Shales in The Washington Post suggested 'HawthoRNe' is 'a show in need of emergency care.'" In an assessment of the program for Bangor Daily News, Dale McGarrigle wrote that "It also pales in comparison to other original dramas on its own channel." Alan Pergament of The Buffalo News was critical of the lead actress's decision to star in the series: "Jada Pinkett Smith, the actress married to film superstar Will Smith, must be getting a little bored lately. And now she is going to bore some of us. There is no other explanation for her decision to star in TNT's routine 'HawthoRNe' as the latest strong, flawed woman on the cable network." Robert Bianco of USA Today wrote: "HawthoRNe would be terrible if it were the only series on TV and the only medical drama you'd ever seen. It's just too bad it's not TV's first medical show. At least it could get credit for inventing clichés instead of rehashing them." Of the lead actress's performance in the show, Bianco commented: "Pinkett Smith's Hawthorne is tired in every sense of the word, and she's not the only one. Every character and event falls under the category of painfully predictable." Gail Pennington of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch commented that the Showtime program Nurse Jackie was superior to Hawthorne, writing: "Maybe if Showtime's 'Nurse Jackie' weren't so riveting, 'Hawthorne' wouldn't seem so weak. Or maybe 'Hawthorne,' the nurse drama headlined by Jada Pinkett Smith, would seem trite and derivative no matter what."
Ratings
The first episode of Hawthorne received 3.8 million viewers, with a debut at the 17th spot in the list of the "Top 20 cable network television shows for the week ending June 21, 2009". It placed directly below the Nickelodeon episode of iCarly, "iDate A Bad Boy", and above the USA Network program, In Plain Sight. By its 10th episode, the show's viewership had declined to 3.5 million.
Overall, the show's first season was beaten in the ratings among adults aged 25–54 by the new science fiction program Warehouse 13 produced by Syfy, and the medical drama Royal Pains produced by USA Network.
Awards and nominations
NAACP Image Awards
'''2010: Won—Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series for Jada Pinkett Smith
2010: Nominated—Outstanding Drama Series
2011: Nominated—Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series for Jada Pinkett Smith
2011: Nominated—Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for Vanessa Bell Calloway
2011: Nominated—Outstanding Drama Series
2011: Won—OP Award
Prism Awards
2010: Nominated—Performance in a Drama Episode for Jada Pinkett Smith
2010: Nominated—Drama Series Episode—Substance Use
NAMIC Vision Awards
2010: Nominated—Drama
References
External links
2009 American television series debuts
2011 American television series endings
2000s American drama television series
2010s American drama television series
2000s American medical television series
2010s American medical television series
English-language television shows
TNT (American TV network) original programming
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
Television shows set in Virginia | wiki |
OSX.FlashBack, also known as the Flashback Trojan, Fakeflash, or Trojan BackDoor.Flashback, is a Trojan horse affecting personal computer systems running Mac OS X. The first variant of Flashback was discovered by antivirus company Intego in September 2011.
Infection
According to the Russian antivirus company Dr. Web, a modified version of the "BackDoor.Flashback.39" variant of the Flashback Trojan had infected over 600,000 Mac computers, forming a botnet that included 274 bots located in Cupertino, California. The findings were confirmed one day later by another computer security firm, Kaspersky Lab. This variant of the malware was first detected in April 2012 by Finland-based computer security firm F-Secure. Dr. Web estimated that in early April 2012, 56.6% of infected computers were located within the United States, 19.8% in Canada, 12.8% in the United Kingdom and 6.1% in Australia.
Details
The original variant used a fake installer of Adobe Flash Player to install the malware, hence the name "Flashback".
A later variant targeted a Java vulnerability on Mac OS X. The system was infected after the user was redirected to a compromised bogus site, where JavaScript code caused an applet containing an exploit to load. An executable file was saved on the local machine, which was used to download and run malicious code from a remote location. The malware also switched between various servers for optimized load balancing. Each bot was given a unique ID that was sent to the control server. The trojan, however, would only infect the user visiting the infected web page, meaning other users on the computer were not infected unless their user accounts had been infected separately.
Resolution
Oracle, the company that develops Java, fixed the vulnerability exploited to install Flashback on February 14, 2012. However, at the time of Flashback's release, Apple maintained the Mac OS X version of Java and did not release an update containing the fix until April 3, 2012, after the flaw had already been exploited to install Flashback on 600,000 Macs. On April 12, 2015, the company issued a further update to remove the most common Flashback variants. The updated Java release was only made available for Mac OS X Lion and Mac OS X Snow Leopard; the removal utility was released for Intel versions of Mac OS X Leopard in addition to the two newer operating systems. Users of older operating systems were advised to disable Java. There are also some third party programs to detect and remove the Flashback trojan. Apple worked on a new process that would eventually lead to a release of a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) for Mac OS X at the same time it would be available for Windows, Linux, and Solaris users. As of January 9, 2014, about 22,000 Macs were still infected with the Flashback trojan.
See also
Mac Defender
Leap (computer worm)
References
External links
Apple Delays, Hackers Play April 12, 2012
MacOS malware
Trojan horses | wiki |
Group E of the 2002 FIFA World Cup took place on 11 June 2002. Germany won the group, and advanced to the second round, along with the Republic of Ireland. Cameroon and Saudi Arabia failed to advance.
Standings
Germany advanced to play Paraguay (runner-up of Group B) in the round of 16.
Republic of Ireland advanced to play Spain (winner of Group B) in the round of 16.
Matches
All times local (UTC+9)
Republic of Ireland vs Cameroon
Germany vs Saudi Arabia
Germany vs Republic of Ireland
Cameroon vs Saudi Arabia
Cameroon vs Germany
Saudi Arabia vs Republic of Ireland
External links
Results
E
Group
Group
Saudi Arabia at the 2002 FIFA World Cup
Cameroon at the 2002 FIFA World Cup | wiki |
The Commissioner for Tourism heads the Tourism Commission of the Hong Kong Government, which reports to Economic Development Branch of the Commerce and Economic Development Bureau. The Travel Agents Registry is part of the commission.
List of Commissioners for Tourism
Michael Rowse (May 1999–October 2000)
Rebecca Lai (7 December 2000 - 200?)
Eva Cheng (200?–2007)
Margaret Fong (2007–2009)
Philip Yung (2009–?)
Cathy Chu (2014-2018)
Vivian Sum (Present)
References
External links
Tourism, Commissioner of
Lists of political office-holders in Hong Kong
Hong Kong | wiki |
Alanis Morissette (born 1974) is a Canadian-American singer-songwriter, producer and actress.
Alanis may also refer to:
Alanis (album), the debut album by Alanis Morissette
Alanís, a municipality in the city of Seville, Spain
Alanis (film), 2017 Argentine film
Alanis (surname)
Alanis Obomsawin (born 1932), Canadian filmmaker | wiki |
Under the influence may refer to:
Driving under the influence, the act of driving a motor vehicle with blood levels of alcohol or other drugs in excess of a legal limit
An altered state of consciousness, attained through the ingestion of psychoactive drugs
In music
Under the Influence (Foghat album), 2016
Under the Influence (Mary Coughlan album), 1987
Under the Influence (Overkill album), 1988
Under the Influence (Alan Jackson album), 1999
Under the Influence (Status Quo album) and title track, 1999
Under the Influence (Warrant album), 2001
Under the Influence (Rob Swift album), 2003
Under the Influence (Terra Naomi album)
Under the Influence (Diesel album), 2011
Under the Influence (Straight No Chaser album), 2013
Under the Influence (compilation album), a series of British compilation albums
Under the Influence – 21 Years of Flying Nun Records, a compilation album by Flying Nun Records
Under the Influence (mixtape), a mixtape by Domo Genesis of Odd Future
Under tha Influence, an album by DJ Quik
Under the Influences, a 1999 album by Mike Ness
"Under the Influence" (Vanity song), 1986
"Under the Influence" (Elle King song)
"Under the Influence" (Chris Brown song)
"Under the Influence", a 1982 song by Cliff Richard on the 1985 album Walking in the Light
"Under the Influence", a song by James Morrison from the 2006 album Undiscovered
"Under the Influence", a song by Eminem from The Marshall Mathers LP
"Under the Influence", a song by Citizen King from the album Mobile Estates
"Under the Influence", a song by The Chemical Brothers from the album Surrender
"Under the Influence", a song by Rusty Cooley from the album Rusty Cooley
In other media
"Under the Influence" (CSI: Miami), an episode of the American television series CSI: Miami
Under the Influence (1986 film), a television film starring Andy Griffith
Under the Influence (2002 film), a film featuring Jim Metzler
Under the Influence, a 1954 fantasy novel written by actor Geoffrey Kerr
Under the Influence (radio documentary series), a Canadian radio documentary series
See also
Under Influence, a 1979 album by Zones | wiki |
Friction tape is a type of woven cloth adhesive tape, historically made of cotton, impregnated with a rubber-based adhesive. Sticky on both sides, it is mainly used by electricians to insulate splices in electric wires and cables. The rubber-based adhesive provides a degree of protection from liquids and corrosion, while the cloth mesh protects against punctures and abrasion. It has been universally supplanted by PVC-based electrical tape.
Other uses
Friction tape is commonly used to improve the grip on various sporting implements, including tennis racquets, baseball bats, and hockey sticks. It is also used similarly on the handlebars of bicycles, dirt bikes, lawnmowers, and other small machines that require gripping or steering.
See also
List of adhesive tapes
References
Adhesive tape
Dielectrics | wiki |
The João Lopes Bank () is a seamount situated northwest of the community of Anjos, on the Portuguese island of Santa Maria in the Azores.
Geography
This undersea geological formation consists of a rocky outcrops, an unsheltered zone at the extreme northwest of the island of Santa Maria, that is susceptible to strong currents.
The area was formed by lava flows that extend between depths of and . At the deeper areas the geology is primarily composed of basalt rock, interspersed by sand and large boulders of varying dimensions.
Due to the purity of the water, the visibility in this area extends to approximately .
Biome
The area is dotted with a rich biodiversity of varying aquatic species; the bank is populated sea floor and mid-oceanic schools of Azores chromis (Chromis limbata), Blacktail comber (Serranus atricauda), Guinean puffer (Sphoeroides marmoratus), Mediterranean rainbow wrasse (Coris julis), Ornate wrasse (Thalassoma pavo), Salema porgy (Sarpa salpa) and Mediterranean parrotfish (Sparisoma cretense). At depths are frequently visible Needlefish (Belonidae), o lírios, the large Atlantic goliath grouper (Epinephelus itajara), schools of Giant oceanic manta ray (Manta birostris), Dolphins and White-Tip Sharks, known in the Azores as Marracho.
See also
Hydrothermal vents and seamounts of the Azores
References
Geography of the Azores
Vila do Porto | wiki |
This is a list of tennis players who have represented the France Davis Cup team in an official Davis Cup match. France have taken part in the competition since 1904.
Players
References
Davis Cup
Lists of Davis Cup tennis players | wiki |
A quadruple sculling boat, often simply called a quad and abbreviated 4x, is a rowing boat used in the sport of competitive rowing. It is designed for four people who propel the boat by sculling with two oars, or "sculls", one in each hand.
Racing boats (often called "shells") are long, narrow, and broadly semi-circular in cross-section in order to reduce drag. They usually have a fin towards the rear, to help prevent roll and yaw. Originally made from wood, shells are now almost always made from a composite material (usually carbon-fiber reinforced plastic) for strength and weight advantages. The riggers in sculling apply the forces symmetrically to each side of the boat. Quad sculls is one of the classes recognized by the International Rowing Federation and the Olympics. FISA rules specify minimum weights for each class of boat so that no individual will gain a great advantage from the use of expensive materials or technology.
When there are four rowers in a boat, each with only one sweep oar and rowing on opposite sides, the combination is referred to as a "coxed four" or "coxless four" depending on whether the boat has a cox. In sweep oared racing the rigging means the forces are staggered alternately along the boat. The symmetrical forces in sculling make the boat more efficient and so the quadruple scull is faster than the coxless four.
A 'quad' is different from a 'four' in that a 'quad', or quadruple scull, is composed of four rowers each with two blades, sculling. A 'four' is made up of four rowers each with one oar in hand, sweeping.
See also
Rowing at the Summer Olympics
World Rowing Championships
Queen Mother Challenge Cup
Single scull, double scull
References
Rowing racing boats | wiki |
The Amazing Adventures of the Living Corpse is a 2012 American animated 3D horror film directed by Justin Paul Ritter, written by Ritter and Ryan Plato, and starring Michael Villar as an intelligent zombie who seeks to protect his son. It is based on The Living Corpse Exhumed, a comic book by Ken Haeser and Buz Hasson.
Plot
As a zombie apocalypse begins, a group of zombies attack the residents in a house. When the family recognizes one of the zombies as a family member, the zombie is shocked back to his senses and decides to protect his family.
Cast
Michael Villar as the Living Corpse
Release
The Amazing Adventures of the Living Corpse premiered at the 2012 San Diego Comic Con. Four days later, it was picked up for distribution by Anchor Bay Entertainment. Director Ritter delayed the release of the film several times so that he could fix issues with it. It was released on home video on June 18, 2013.
Reception
Gordon Sullivan of DVD Verdict said, "For most viewers the story isn't coherent enough to justify the low-tech animation." Ryan Keefer of DVD Talk rated the film 2/5 stars and said, "The corpse's adventures are less amazing and more mundane." Todd Dugan of The Digital Bits rated it D− and said that he would not recommend it to either horror or animation fans.
References
External links
2012 films
2010s American animated films
2012 horror films
2012 3D films
American animated horror films
American independent films
American zombie films
American 3D films
American animated feature films
Animated films based on comics
Films based on American comics
2012 animated films
American action horror films
Animated action films
Superhero horror films
2012 fantasy films
American animated fantasy films
2010s animated superhero films
American vigilante films
3D animated films
American exploitation films
2010s English-language films | wiki |
Port Jervis station is a commuter rail stop on the Metro-North Railroad's Port Jervis Line, located in Port Jervis, New York. It is the western terminus of the Port Jervis Line.
Located slightly off US 6 and 209 in downtown Port Jervis, it is the westernmost station in the Metro-North system. It is two blocks from the bridge over the Delaware River to Matamoras, Pennsylvania, which produces some regular commuters. The northwestern tip of New Jersey, also not far away, draws riders as well.
Station layout
The station consists of a short concrete platform, a shelter, ticket machines, and a posted schedule. Renovations to the station were completed and a ribbon cutting was held on October 4, 2021; a high level platform was built and opened on August 10, 2021.
There is ample parking. The vicinity of the station contains a yard just beyond (the tracks continue upriver, but only carry freight beyond here) and various features of the once extensive facilities that existed here when it was a division point on the Erie Railroad, including a still-working turntable, used when excursion trains operate from the station. There is also an EMD E8A locomotive, No. 833, stored at Port Jervis, painted in original Erie paint.
The station has two tracks and a high-level side platform with a pathway connecting the platform to the bypass tracks.
Erie Depot
A short distance down the tracks from the station is the Erie Depot, which served as the city's passenger station for much of the 20th century. Built by the Erie Railroad in 1892, when passenger service continued on to Binghamton, it remained in service through the mid-1970s. In 1982 it was redeveloped, and today, it houses medical offices and some small shops.
References
External links
Station from Google Maps Street View
Metro-North Railroad stations in New York (state)
Railway stations in Orange County, New York
Port Jervis, New York
U.S. Route 6
NJ Transit Rail Operations stations | wiki |
General Chase is a signal in the Royal Navy’s lexicon of fleet orders. General Chase may also refer to:
George Francis Chase (1848–1925), U.S. Army Inspector General
Harold W. Chase (1922–1982), U.S. Marine Corps Reserve major general
John Chase (general) (1856–1918), Colorado National Guard adjudant general
Levi R. Chase (1917–1994), U.S. Air Force major general
William C. Chase (1895–1986), U.S. Army major general
William Henry Chase (1798–1870), Florida Militia major general
See also
David Hendrik Chassé (1765–1849), United Kingdom of the Netherlands lieutenant general | wiki |
Theodore Boone: Kid Lawyer, known as Theodore Boone: Young Lawyer in the UK, is a 2010 legal drama and the first novel by John Grisham for middle-grade children (8-13 year olds). It is the first in a series about Theodore Boone. Grisham jokingly said in an interview that he wanted to catch up with Harry Potter, since his number one place was taken in the bestsellers.
Sequels
John Grisham has written seven books in total in the Theodore Boone series, which were published between 2010 and 2019.
External links
UK site for Theodore Boone: Young Lawyer
References
2010 American novels
2010 children's books
Novels by John Grisham
Courtroom novels
American children's novels
Dutton Children's Books books | wiki |
La Quonset Point Air National Guard Station est une base aérienne de l'United States National Guard (USNG) située dans le Rhode Island. La de la y est basée.
Auparavant, la base été nommée Naval Air Station Quonset Point puisqu'elle était une base aéronavale.
Installation de la United States Air National Guard
Base militaire au Rhode Island | wiki |
The North American Butterfly Association (NABA) was created in 1992 by Jeffrey Glassberg who is the association's president. The NABA was formed in order to promote awareness of butterfly conservation and the benefits of butterfly gardening, observation, photography and education.
As with the National Audubon Society and the Christmas Bird Count, the NABA holds annual volunteer butterfly counts in the weeks leading up to or after July 4 in the United States, July 1 in Canada, and September 16 in Mexico. Volunteers scout out a meeting place and map out a 15 mile circle in which they count all the butterflies they see in one day. These counts give clues into the butterfly biodiversity of a particular region.
The North American Butterfly Association also publishes the American Butterflies magazine quarterly. The magazine is currently 48 pages long and includes color photographs and articles on butterfly "hot spots", identification, gardening, photography, book reviews and regular features and columns.
External links
Official site
NABA South Texas Chapter site
See also
Butterfly Conservation (UK group)
St. Louis Chapter of the North American Butterfly Association
Butterfly organizations
Nature conservation organizations based in the United States
Environmental organizations based in New Jersey | wiki |
This is a partial list of canyons and gorges in Turkey.
References
Canyons
Canyons and gorges of Turkey | wiki |
Olga Orlova may refer to:
Olga Orlova (Russian figure skater) (born 1986)
Olga Orlova (Ukrainian figure skater) (born 1984)
Olga Orlova (singer) (born 1977), Russian singer, founding member of Blestyashchiye
Olga Orlova (animator) (1932 - 2022) see Nu, pogodi! | wiki |
This is a list of tennis players who have represented the Great Britain Davis Cup team in an official Davis Cup match. Great Britain have taken part in the competition since 1900.
Players
Last updated after the 2019 Davis Cup.
References
Lists of Davis Cup tennis players
Davis
Davis Cup team representatives | wiki |
X-Y tables, also known as cross working tables or coordinate tables, help provide horizontal motion for automated machinery such as assembly robots in manufacturing facilities. Robotic arms and other automated machinery have only a limited range of motion while their bases remain stationary; X-Y tables allow these basis to move horizontally along X and Y axis. Also known as XY stages, XY tables are motorized linear slides with linear motion based in bearings which are driven by a drive mechanism, typically a linear motor. XY tables are built and configured to provide high-performance positioning along multiple axis.
Applications
Serving industries including general machinery, pharmaceutical, manufacturing and semiconductor, XY tables offer precision-controlled automated movement. XY tables are broadly used in mechanical processes and applications including material handling, industrial automation equipment, machinery building and automated measurement.
Construction
XY tables are flat surfaces mounted on ball bearing slides or roller slides with multiple linear bases and are composed of forcers and platens. The forcer glides over the platen on frictionless air bearings and moves continuously in a linear motion across the platen. To create multiple axis, linear bases are often stacked on top of one another, with the top "Y" axis acting both as a carriage to the bottom base and as the base which holds the table. Adjustable gibs can be attached on both axis. These types of XY tables, used frequently for the movement of robotic, are often called "positioning tables". Materials used to construct XY tables include stainless steel and cast iron as well as bronze for bearings and aluminum for frames.
Types
Variations among XY tables include the ways and the drive mechanism. The ways determine load capacity, straight-line accuracy, and stiffness, or durability, while the drive mechanisms determine smoothness and speed. In general, XY tables require very little maintenance, and are considered to be highly accurate, easy-to-use and lightweight. However, depending on the weight of the load, ball bearings within XY ball bearing tables and slides can acquire a significant amount of wear and may need to be replaced regularly.
Gallery
See also
Linear-motion bearing
References
Machine tools | wiki |
Olga Vladislavovna Orlova (; born 2 September 1986) is a Russian former competitive ice dancer. With Maxim Bolotin, she won three silver medals on the Junior Grand Prix and qualified for the 2003-2004 Junior Grand Prix Final. When that partnership ended, she teamed up with Anton Saulin for one season and then Vitali Novikov, with whom she placed sixth at the 2005 Cup of Russia.
In 2009, she teamed up with Matthieu Jost to compete for France. They are the 2010 French bronze medalists. They did not compete internationally.
Programs
With Novikov
With Bolotin
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
With Jost for France
With Novikov for Russia
With Saulin for Russia
With Bolotin for Russia
With Maximishin for Russia
References
External links
Russian female ice dancers
Figure skaters from Moscow
1986 births
Living people | wiki |
It is a list of actors who have participated in the telenovela Marido en alquiler.
Cast
Main
Supporting cast
Minor role
References
Lists of actors by soap opera television series | wiki |
The RPW Women's Championship is a women's professional wrestling championship in Resistance Pro Wrestling (RPW). The first holder of the title is Melanie Cruise, who won a gauntlet match on November 25, 2011.
Title history
Combined reigns
As of , .
References
External links
Resistance Women's Championship
Women's professional wrestling championships | wiki |
A caffeine patch is a type of a transdermal patch designed to deliver caffeine to the body through the skin. The concept is similar to that of a nicotine patch.
References
Transdermal patches
Caffeine | wiki |
Great Silence may refer to:
The Great Silence observed by some Christian monks and nuns after Compline.
Into Great Silence, a 2005 documentary film by Philip Gröning, named for the above.
The Fermi paradox (astronomy); also referred to as the silencium universi or silentium universi
The Great Silence, a film/western by Sergio Corbucci | wiki |
Trachelas costatus is een spinnensoort uit de familie van de Trachelidae.
De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd in 1885 gepubliceerd door Octavius Pickard-Cambridge.
Trachelidae | wiki |
A hobnail is a short nail with a thick head: used to increase the durability of boot soles.
Hobnail may also refer to:
A pattern of glassware: (sometimes called Fenton Hobnail) where the body of the piece has a regular array of bumps, as if finished with glass hobnails
A popular song from 1907, performed by Billy Williams
"Hobnailed liver" is medical jargon for cirrhosis of the liver
Cellular morphology pathognomonic for clear cell adenocarcinoma of the ovary | wiki |
The anterior tibial vein is a vein in the lower leg.
In human anatomy, there are two anterior tibial veins. They originate and receive blood from the dorsal venous arch, on the back of the foot and empties into the popliteal vein.
The anterior tibial veins drain the ankle joint, knee joint, tibiofibular joint, and the anterior portion of the lower leg.
The two anterior tibial veins ascend in the interosseous membrane between the tibia and fibula and unite with the posterior tibial veins to form the popliteal vein.
Like most deep veins in legs, anterior tibial veins are accompanied by the homonym artery, the anterior tibial artery, along its course.
References
Veins of the lower limb | wiki |
DEC Professional could refer to:
DEC Professional (computer), a line of PDP-11-based personal computers from Digital Equipment Corporation
The DEC Professional, a now-defunct magazine for administrators and managers of computer systems from Digital Equipment Corporation | wiki |
Palmarès
Panathinaikos: 2010-11
Panathinaikos: 2011-12
Panathinaikos: 2010-11
Collegamenti esterni | wiki |
Polygreen is a small eco-friendly dwelling designed by the Melbourne-based architect duo Bellemo & Cat; the site is located in Northcote, Victoria, the building was completed in 2007. The design drew inspiration from the warehouse/container style of existing buildings which surrounded the site. The Architects have combined this industrial theme with a reference to one of their previous sculptural and graphical artworks.Polygreen house is a low-maintenance architectural solution with much light and warmth, the house has four storeys including an office on the ground floor that is separated from the house by a garage and workshop.
Location
The site on which Polygreen was built is down a narrow service lane filled with old industrial sheds. The construction of these types of buildings generally follow similar design parameters, as a result they share similar characteristics: most will be built with external walls placed as close to the block boundary as possible, and generally positioned right up against the street. This is done so as to achieve a maximum internal space with minimal external fuss. The list of building materials used in these types of buildings are also quite general, those that reflect the fast, cheap, and simple methods of construction; for example, construction using either a timber or steel frame, then covered with a lightweight cladding for internal and external surfaces.
The structure of Polygreen house can be described as part warehouse and part shipping container. It followed many of the traditional methods of construction conducive to these types of buildings, however the architects have refashioned this building typology by using a delicate translucent skin as the external surface of the building. This skin envelopes the internal space, although some permeations have been positioned on each side to allow natural light into the space.
Like those on neighboring blocks, Polygreen is built to the boundary as a means to maximise space on the small site (only 7 by 16 metres). The container building’s outer skin however is made of woven fibreglass. The fibreglass was then screen-printed in a pattern of varying shades of green. The fibreglass skin covers three of the elevations; it was deliberately peeled back from the northern side to be replaced with full-length double-awning glazing. This also made it possible for the making of an opening out onto an open-air deck. The deck is accessed over split levels, it is covered by an artificial turf and includes a slippery-slide for the architects’ small children.
Main features
The structure is in essence an elongated box, consisting of two identical storeys. The ground floor is occupied by the studio (giving onto the street), garage, and children’s room. The remaining internal space is divided into several living spaces over the different levels. While the designers found it important to maintain an “open-style plan”, they have also incorporated “soft walls” made of woven felt materials to inform circulation in a subtle way. There are clearly identifiable living, dining and children’s play areas.
In general, the internal environment of Polygreen house seems to counteract the extreme simplicity of its exterior. Details seen in the casework, fittings and fixtures are all expressed with extreme sophistication. Wooden flooring floods each level and seamlessly transforms into broad steps where the levels interact. The house feels spacious despite its compactness.
An open plan kitchen, dining and living area are on the upper level and this space is overlooked by a partially screened loft bedroom. To the north are views of a Victorian roof-scape and distant mountains. Services for hydronic heating are tucked under the floors, while outside, room is also made for a water tank.
Precedent work
The graphic image incorporated into the cladding refers to the architect’s previous work the “Cocoon” house in Wye River(link); this project had been recreated into a sculpture titled “2 Cocoon”, and transformed again after this into an abstract public art installation called “Polywarp”. The photographs of Polywarp are what have been edited digitally to then become the fibreglass skin cladding of “Polygreen”.
Awards
Polygreen house won the Australian Institute of Architects(AIA) National Award for Small Project Architecture 2009 and the AIA Award for Residential Architecture Victorian chapter.
References
Houses in Melbourne | wiki |
Crassula barbata, also known as the bearded-leaved crassula, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Crassula found in South Africa. Crassula barbata subsp. broomii is a subspecies, also found in South Africa.
References
Flora of South Africa
barbata | wiki |
Top Chef Duels is an American reality competition series which premiered on August 6, 2014, on Bravo. The culinary show is one of the several spin-off series of the popular cooking competition show Top Chef aired on the same network. Announced in January 2014 as Top Chef Extreme, the series features eighteen contestants who have previously competed in Top Chef and Top Chef Masters. During each episode, two of the contestants face each other in various culinary tasks. The winner is picked at the end of an episode to compete in the championship finale. The series is hosted by Curtis Stone. Besides hosting, Stone is also a judge together with Gail Simmons, while Wolfgang Puck, Hugh Acheson and other celebrity guest judges make numerous appearances throughout the series.
CJ Jacobson won the series and was awarded $100,000, and an opportunity to appear on the Food & Wine magazine.
Episodes
Winners are listed in bold
References
External links
Duels
Bravo (American TV network) original programming
2010s American cooking television series
2014 American television series debuts
2014 American television series endings
English-language television shows
Television series by Magical Elves
Reality television spin-offs
American television spin-offs | wiki |
In anatomy, the fibular veins (also known as peroneal veins) are accompanying veins (venae comitantes) of the fibular artery.
Structure
The fibular veins are deep veins that help carry blood from the lateral compartment of the leg. They drain into the posterior tibial veins, which in turn drain into the popliteal vein. The fibular veins accompany the fibular artery.
See also
Fibular artery
Common fibular nerve
Venae comitantes
Additional images
References
Veins of the lower limb | wiki |
Emily Davis may refer to:
The Life With Derek character
The Until Dawn character | wiki |
Le train avant d'un vélo correspond à l'ensemble des organes mécaniques situés dans la partie avant de la bicyclette, et plus précisément : roue et fourche, frein, organes de direction, suspension.
Notes et références
Équipement de cyclisme | wiki |
Benjamin Gillery (born September 19, 1965 in Detroit, Michigan) is a retired American professional basketball player. A 7'0" center from Hutchinson Community College and Georgetown University, Gillery was mainly a "project" player for the Hoyas, starting games but benched during the first stoppage of time. Although Gillery was never drafted by an NBA team, he played for the Sacramento Kings during the 1988-89 NBA season, averaging 1.0 points in 25 games. Gillery later played in the Continental Basketball Association for the San Jose Jammers, Rapid City Thrillers and Cedar Rapids Silver Bullets. He now coaches young boys in basketball.
Gillery appeared on an episode of TV show Cristina's Court when his sister sued him for charges ($3,100) related to a vehicle leased by her for his use.
Notes
External links
NBA stats @ basketballreference.com
1965 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Argentina
Basketball players from Detroit
Cedar Rapids Silver Bullets players
Centers (basketball)
Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball players
Hutchinson Blue Dragons men's basketball players
Rapid City Thrillers players
Sacramento Kings players
San Jose Jammers players
Central High School (Detroit) alumni
Undrafted National Basketball Association players
American men's basketball players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople | wiki |
Art Deco is a visual arts and architectural style popularized in the 1920s.
Art Deco may also refer to:
Art Deco (album), a 1988 album by Don Cherry
"Art Deco", a song from the Lana Del Rey album ''Honeymoon
See also
Art Nouveau, an art style preceding Art Deco | wiki |
Le larmier est un élément d'architecture
Le larmier est le coin de l'œil le plus proche du nez, où coulent les larmes.
Le larmier est une glande située au coin interne de l'œil des cervidés. | wiki |
Internet time may refer to:
Network Time Protocol (NTP), a method for synchronising device clocks via Internet
Swatch Internet Time, a unit of decimal time
Time server, an Internet server that distributes time information to clients | wiki |
30 Hudson Yards (also the North Tower) is a supertall skyscraper in the West Side of Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Located near Hell's Kitchen, Chelsea, and the Penn Station area, the building is part of the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project, a plan to redevelop the Metropolitan Transportation Authority's West Side Yard. It is the sixth-tallest building in New York City and the eighth-tallest in the United States as of November 2022.
The building has a triangular observation deck, known as The Edge, jutting out from the 100th floor, with a bar and event space on the 101st floor. This observation deck, at 1,100 feet, opened in March 2020 and is the second-highest outdoor observation deck containing optically transparent flooring in the world, after Skywalk in Madeira. It offers new skyline views to the south and east of Manhattan; the surrounding New York City boroughs; and westward across the Hudson River, the U.S. state of New Jersey.
History
The groundbreaking ceremony took place on December 4, 2012. Early construction work focused on building a platform to cover much of the Eastern Rail Yard, for much of Phase 1 to sit upon and to allow the Gateway Rail Tunnel project to pass underground with a clear path. The platform is rested on caissons that are drilled underground into the solid bedrock known as Manhattan schist. On December 12, 2013, it was announced that Tutor Perini Building Corp. was awarded a US$510 million contract to build the platform.
In 2013, Time Warner (later WarnerMedia, and now Warner Bros. Discovery) announced its intention to move most of its offices to 30 Hudson Yards, vacating its current headquarters at the Time Warner Center, also owned by Related, at Columbus Circle. The company would occupy half the building, below the 38th floor.
In mid-2015, Related received a $690 million loan from Bank of America, Wells Fargo, and CIBC which allowed construction to start. By January 2016, the structure's first few aboveground floors were already complete. Construction of the observation deck at the top of the tower began in April 2018. The observation deck was nearly complete by mid-2018.
In January 2019, WarnerMedia hired Douglas Harmon and Adam Spies of Cushman & Wakefield to find a buyer that would sell their office condominium and allow the company to lease it back—known as a sale-leaseback. WarnerMedia's office condo included more than 1.4 million square feet on floors 16 through 51 and represented approximately 60 percent of the 90-story tower with 2.6 million square feet.
The building opened on March 15, 2019. One month later, WarnerMedia executed a leaseback and sold their space to Related and Allianz for $2.2 billion after signing a 15-year lease for . The sale closed in June 2019. The partners financed the purchase with a 10-year, $1.43 billion commercial mortgage-backed security interest-only loan from Deutsche Bank, Wells Fargo, and Goldman Sachs. In June, KKR took out a $490 million mortgage from Deutsche Bank on their office condominium space.
Tenants
Lobby: Warner Bros. Discovery, Wells Fargo, The Shops & Restaurants at Hudson Yards (retail), Jack's Stir Brew Coffee
Floors 1–15: Wells Fargo Securities
Floors 16–51: Warner Bros. Discovery
Floor 25: (mechanical floor)
Floor 35: (sky lobby)
Floor 52: (mechanical floor)
Floors 60–65: Wells Fargo Securities
Floors 66–71: Facebook
Floors 72–73: The Related Companies
Floors 74–83: Kohlberg Kravis Roberts
Floor 79: (mechanical floor)
Floors 80-99 do not exist.
Floors 100–101: (observation deck)
Floor 101: (event space)
Floors 102–103 (mechanical floors)
Studios
17N: CNN Newsroom, Early Start, Reliable Sources
19X: multi purposed studio
19Y: At This Hour, CNN Tonight, New Day, Quest Means Business
19Z: Don Lemon Tonight, Erin Burnett OutFront, Fareed Zakaria GPS
21L: Anderson Cooper 360°
Architecture and design
Kohn Pedersen Fox was chosen for the design of the building, while Thornton Tomasetti was lead structural engineer and Jaros, Baum & Bolles provided MEP engineering services. Originally planned to be tall, the building was later downsized to tall, making it still the development's tallest building. WarnerMedia's space features amenities including a cafeteria, a fitness center, a two-level auditorium and cinema and an outdoor deck.
The building's lobby will contain artwork by Spanish artist Jaume Plensa consisting of 11 stainless steel spheres hanging from the ceiling, meant to represent global unity and cultural diversity.
Edge
The building features an outdoor observation deck known as "Edge", located on the 100th and 101st floors. Edge contains a cantilevered outdoor terrace jutting outward south of the building on the 100th floor, providing panoramic views of Manhattan and the Hudson River. It is the second tallest outdoor observation deck in the Western Hemisphere, after Skywalk in Madeira, and the second highest observation deck in New York City, after One World Observatory. Visitors can lean into the high clear glass barricade slanted 6.6 degrees outward to safely check out the street and rooftops below. Edge also features a glass triangle in the floor which looks down to the street below. There is also a grand outdoor staircase on the east side of the deck.
Edge opened to visitors on March 11, 2020, and temporarily closed two days later due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. Edge reopened on September 2, 2020.
City Climb at Edge
In October, it was announced that 30 Hudson Yards would host another attraction dubbed “City Climb at Edge” which allows visitors to ascend an outdoor staircase located at the top of the tower's crown. It was opened to the public on November 9, 2021, and is the highest open-air building ascent in the world.
Gallery
See also
List of tallest buildings in New York City
Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project
List of tallest freestanding structures in the world
List of tallest freestanding steel structures
List of tallest buildings
References
External links
New York City project website
Related Companies project website
Animation: building the platform while trains run through Brookfield properties, via Gothamist.com
Hudson Yards news and developments
YouTube videos containing a photographic compilation of its construction
Chelsea, Manhattan
Hudson Yards, Manhattan
2019 establishments in New York City
2010s in Manhattan
Kohn Pedersen Fox buildings
Oxford Properties
Skyscraper office buildings in Manhattan
Office buildings completed in 2019
Buildings developed by the Related Companies
Mass media company headquarters in the United States
Warner Bros. Discovery
Wells Fargo buildings | wiki |
Hate ("odio" in lingua inglese) può riferirsi a:
Film
Hate – film del 1917 diretto da Walter Richard Stahl
Hate – film del 1922 diretto da Maxwell Karger
Hate – film per la televisione del 2005 diretto da Paris Barclay
Hate – documentario del 2008 diretto da Stanislas Pascal Franchot IV
Musica
Hate – gruppo death metal polacco
Hate – album dei Sarcófago del 1994
Hate – album dei Sinister del 1995
Hate – album dei The Delgados del 2002
Hate – album di Bassi Maestro del 2005
Hate – album dei Vendetta del 2007
Hate – album dei Thy Art Is Murder del 2012 | wiki |
Ooze may refer to:
Pelagic sediments, fine-grained sediments on the ocean floor, containing at least 30% biogenous material
Games
Ooze (Dungeons & Dragons), a type of monster in the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game
The Ooze, a 1995 video game by Sega Technical Institute
A video game in the Action 52 series
A type of monster in Bungie's Pathways Into Darkness video game
A substance in Nicktoons: Battle for Volcano Island
Other
Ooze, by Anthony M. Rud (1923)
Ooze, Sly Sludge's sidekick in Captain Planet and the Planeteers
The Ooze, a substance in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Ivan Ooze, the villain in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie
See also
Slime (disambiguation)
Ooz (disambiguation) | wiki |
Conversations is a free software, instant messaging client application software for Android. It is largely based on recognized open standards such as the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) and Transport Layer Security (TLS).
The development focus is on secure communication and implementation of XMPP extensions that are important for mobile use. The trade press praised the decentralized and open nature of the transmission network and simple, intuitive usability with user guidance familiar from other applications. It enjoys recognition as a serious attempt to raise the mass suitability of XMPP-based messaging to a competitive level.
The source code of the software is maintained at GitHub, and is subject to the terms of the GPL-3.0-only license. The application can be installed for free (or with donations) using F-Droid, or for a fee in the Google Play store. Google recorded over 100,000 installations as of November 2020.
Features
Conversations includes optional end-to-end encryption (OpenPGP or OMEMO), and in-transit encryption (Transport Layer Security). The latter must be configured by the server computers involved in the messaging.
Conversations allows users to have multiple client devices (endpoints) logged into an account simultaneously (through XMPP), and also delivers messages to multiple client devices (synchronization) using the protocol extension "Message Carbons" ("carbon copies", XEP-0280).
Files, also encrypted, can be sent between users. Transmitted images are displayed in the conversation view as inline image messages.
As an XMPP client, Conversations can exchange messages with other, different XMPP client software, in principle, and is also not tied to a particular vendor's server infrastructure. The following features are also included:
Multi-User (Group) chat (MUC)
Optional address book integration
Support for multiple user accounts or addresses
Implemented XMPP extension protocols
Conversations handles many XMPP extension protocols (XEP, official extensions of XMPP).
History
In the wake of the Edward Snowden disclosures in June 2013, and Facebook's buyout of WhatsApp in February 2014, "secure" messengers for mobile devices were gaining popularity. Initial Conversations source code was contributed to the public repository on January 24, 2014, and the first official version, 0.1, was released on March 24, 2014. Conversations soon received positive feedback.
Conversations was added to Google Play later in spring 2014, and to the alternative Android software repository F-Droid with version 0.1.3 on April 6, 2014.
Since version 0.2, released on May 12, image messages (file transfers, in plain text or OpenPGP-encrypted) are supported, from version 0.4 (June 30) also OTR-encrypted. Version 1.0 followed on February 1, 2015.
Developer Andreas Straub participated in the Google Summer of Code for Conversations in 2015. This produced drafts of a new end-to-end encryption standard (OMEMO), which were submitted to the XMPP Standards Foundation (XSF) for standardization.
As of version 2.0.0, the ability to use Off-the-Record Messaging (OTR) for encryption has been removed. Furthermore, OMEMO is now enabled by default in individual chats and private group chats. Version 2.2.0 implemented previously optional extensions to record voice messages and share location in Conversations in May 2018.
Version 2.3.0 introduced support for TLS 1.3 in September 2018.
Version 2.8 introduced encrypted audio and video calls in April 2020.
Quicksy
The offshoot instant messenger, Quicksy, was also created by Daniel Gultsch. Users of this client open an account at the host quicksy.im, where the username consists of the phone number. This enables a contact search for other users of the app using the contacts list or phone book. This is intended to lower the barrier to entry into the XMPP (Jabber) network. Quicksy users can also communicate with XMPP users on other hosts.
Reception
The Free Software Foundation includes Conversations in their software directory.
In an analysis of Conversations and Xabber apps, researchers found "forensic artefacts" could be found on an Android device including local user, contacts and body of messages sent or received using the app, as plaintext in the main database maintained by the app.
In 2017, Raul Radonz of XDA Developers wrote a detailed review of Conversations, including an interview of developer Daniel Gultsch. The review highlighted choices of encryption and inclusion of "Forward Secrecy".
In a 2020 review, Decentralize Today said "XMPP and Conversations has the potential to be an excellent and super secure messenger if you host it yourself," but "problems could emerge when you use XMPP with contacts who are on different servers."
Anticapitalist webhost company, Autistici, wrote detailed setup instructions for Conversations for their XMPP service.
CopperheadOS developers recommend Conversations.
See also
XMPP clients
Comparison of instant messaging clients
Comparison of instant messaging protocols
Comparison of XMPP server software
Secure communication
SIMPLE
References
External links
Source code on GitHub
Conversations on PRISM Break
Instant messaging
Android (operating system) software
Free XMPP clients | wiki |
Act of Memory is a 12-minute short film written and directed by Jack Ryder and produced by David Pugh, Dafydd Rogers and Laura Crampsie. The film stars Claire Skinner, Owen Teale, Anna Massey, and introduces Grace Cooper Milton as Maria. It was shot on location in Southwark, London in December 2010.
Synopsis
When the holidays evoke a young girl's memories of her father, she is forced to choose between either continuing to run from them or embracing the spirit of Christmas. The film is set in England at Christmas in 1948 and is based upon the award-winning short story by Mary Grace Dembeck.
Festivals and awards
Official Selection - Garden State Film Festival, 2012
Official Selection - Mrytle Beach International Film Festival, 2012
Official Selection - Newport Beach Film Festival, 2012
Cannes Film Festival, Short Film Corner, 2012
Official Selection - 2012 Flickers Rhode Island International Film Festival
References
External links
2012 films
British short films | wiki |
Gadolinium yttrium aluminium garnet, usually abbreviated Gd:YAG, is a variation of Nd:YAG with microwave and laser applications.
References
Synthetic minerals
Laser gain media
Gadolinium compounds
Yttrium compounds
Aluminium compounds | wiki |
Sexual arousal (also known as sexual excitement) describes the physiological and psychological responses in preparation for sexual intercourse or when exposed to sexual stimuli. A number of physiological responses occur in the body and mind as preparation for sexual intercourse, and continue during intercourse. Male arousal will lead to an erection, and in female arousal the body's response is engorged sexual tissues such as nipples, vulva, clitoris, vaginal walls, and vaginal lubrication. Mental stimuli and physical stimuli such as touch, and the internal fluctuation of hormones, can influence sexual arousal.
Sexual arousal has several stages and may not lead to any actual sexual activity beyond a mental arousal and the physiological changes that accompany it. Given sufficient sexual stimulation, sexual arousal reaches its climax during an orgasm. It may also be pursued for its own sake, even in the absence of an orgasm.
Erotic stimuli
Depending on the situation, a person can be sexually aroused by a variety of factors, both physical and mental. A person may be sexually aroused by another person or by particular aspects of that person, or by a non-human object. The physical stimulation of an erogenous zone or acts of foreplay can result in arousal, especially if it is accompanied with the anticipation of imminent sexual activity. Sexual arousal may be assisted by a romantic setting, music or other soothing situation. The potential stimuli for sexual arousal vary from person to person, and from one time to another, as does the level of arousal.
Stimuli can be classified according to the sense involved: somatosensory (touch), visual, and olfactory (scent). Auditory stimuli are also possible, though they are generally considered secondary in role to the other three. Erotic stimuli which can result in sexual arousal can include conversation, reading, films or images, or a smell or setting, any of which can generate erotic thoughts and memories in a person. Given the right context, these may lead to the person desiring physical contact, including kissing, cuddling, and petting of an erogenous zone. This may in turn make the person desire direct sexual stimulation of the breasts, nipples, buttocks and/or genitals, and further sexual activity.
Erotic stimuli may originate from a source unrelated to the object of subsequent sexual interest. For example, many people may find nudity, erotica or pornography sexually arousing. This may generate a general sexual interest that is satisfied by sexual activity. When sexual arousal is achieved by or dependent on the use of objects, it is referred to as sexual fetishism, or in some instances a paraphilia.
There is a common belief that women need more time to achieve arousal. However, recent scientific research has shown that there is no considerable difference for the time men and women require to become fully aroused. Scientists from McGill University Health Centre in Montreal (in Canada) used the method of thermal imaging to record baseline temperature change in genital area to define the time necessary for sexual arousal. Researchers studied the time required for an individual to reach the peak of sexual arousal while watching sexually explicit movies or pictures and came to the conclusion that on average women and men took almost the same time for sexual arousal — around 10 minutes. The time needed for foreplay is strongly individual and varies from one occasion to the next depending on circumstances.
Unlike many animals, humans do not have a mating season, and both sexes are potentially capable of sexual arousal throughout the year.
Disorders
Sexual arousal for most people is a positive experience and an aspect of their sexuality, and is often sought. A person can normally control how they will respond to arousal. They will normally know what things or situations are potentially stimulating, and may at their leisure decide to either create or avoid these situations. Similarly, a person's sexual partner will normally also know their partner's erotic stimuli and turn-offs. Some people feel embarrassed by sexual arousal and some are sexually inhibited. Some people do not feel aroused on every occasion that they are exposed to erotic stimuli, nor act in a sexual way on every arousal. A person can take an active part in a sexual activity without sexual arousal. These situations are considered normal, but depend on the maturity, age, culture and other factors influencing the person.
However, when a person fails to be aroused in a situation that would normally produce arousal and the lack of arousal is persistent, it may be due to a sexual arousal disorder or hypoactive sexual desire disorder. There are many reasons why a person fails to be aroused, including a mental disorder, such as depression, drug use, or a medical or physical condition. The lack of sexual arousal may be due to a general lack of sexual desire or due to a lack of sexual desire for the current partner. A person may always have had no or low sexual desire or the lack of desire may have been acquired during the person's life.
On the other hand, a person may be hypersexual, which is a desire to engage in sexual activities considered abnormally high in relation to normal development or culture, or suffering from a persistent genital arousal disorder, which is a spontaneous, persistent, and uncontrollable arousal, and the physiological changes associated with arousal.
Physiological and psychological response patterns
Physiological responses
Sexual arousal causes various physical responses, most significantly in the sex organs (genital organs). Sexual arousal for a man is usually indicated by the swelling and erection of the penis when blood fills the corpus cavernosum. This is usually the most prominent and reliable sign of sexual arousal in males. In a woman, sexual arousal leads to increased blood flow to the clitoris and vulva, as well as vaginal transudation - the seeping of moisture through the vaginal walls which serves as lubrication.
Male
It is normal to correlate the erection of the penis with male sexual arousal. Physical or psychological stimulation, or both, leads to vasodilation and the increased blood flow engorges the three spongy areas that run along the length of the penis (the two corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum). The penis grows enlarged and firm, the skin of the scrotum is pulled tighter, and the testes are pulled up against the body. However, the relationship between erection and arousal is not one-to-one (arousal non-concordance). After their mid-forties, some men report that they do not always have an erection when they are sexually aroused. Equally, a male erection can occur during sleep (nocturnal penile tumescence) without conscious sexual arousal or due to mechanical stimulation (e.g. rubbing against the bed sheet) alone. A young man—or one with a strong libido—may experience enough sexual arousal for an erection to result from a passing thought, or just the sight of a passerby. Once erect, his penis may gain enough stimulation from contact with the inside of his clothing to maintain and encourage it for some time.
As sexual arousal and stimulation continues, it is likely that the glans or head of the erect penis will swell wider and, as the genitals become further engorged with blood, their color deepens and the testicles can grow up to 50% larger. As the testicles continue to rise, a feeling of warmth may develop around them and the perineum. With further sexual stimulation, their heart rate increases, blood pressure rises and breathing becomes quicker. The increase in blood flow in the genital and other regions may lead to a sex flush in some men.
As sexual stimulation continues, orgasm begins, when the muscles of the pelvic floor, the vas deferens (between the testicles and the prostate), the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland itself may begin to contract in a way that forces sperm and semen into the urethra inside the penis. Once this has started, it is likely that the man will continue to ejaculate and orgasm fully, with or without further stimulation.
Equally, if sexual stimulation stops before orgasm, the physical effects of the stimulation, including the vasocongestion, will subside in a short time. Repeated or prolonged stimulation without orgasm and ejaculation can lead to discomfort in the testes (corresponding to the slang term "blue balls").
After orgasm and ejaculation, men usually experience a refractory period characterized by loss of their erection, a subsidence in any sex flush, less interest in sexual activity, and a feeling of relaxation that can be attributed to the neurohormones oxytocin and prolactin. The intensity and duration of the refractory period can be very short in a highly aroused young man in a highly arousing situation, perhaps without even a noticeable loss of erection. It can be as long as a few hours or days in middle-aged and older men.
Female
The beginnings of sexual arousal in a woman's body is usually marked by vaginal lubrication (wetness; though this can occur without arousal due to infection or cervical mucus production around ovulation), swelling and engorgement of the external genitals, and internal lengthening and enlargement of the vagina. There have been studies to find the degree of correlation between these physiological responses and the woman's subjective sensation of being sexually aroused: the findings usually are that in some cases there is a high correlation, while in others, it is surprisingly low.
Further stimulation can lead to further vaginal wetness and further engorgement and swelling of the clitoris and the labia, along with increased redness or darkening of the skin in these areas as blood flow increases. Further changes to the internal organs also occur including to the internal shape of the vagina and to the position of the uterus within the pelvis. Other changes include an increase in heart rate as well as in blood pressure, feeling hot and flushed and perhaps experiencing tremors. A sex flush may extend over the chest and upper body.
If sexual stimulation continues, then sexual arousal may peak into orgasm. After orgasm, some women do not want any further stimulation and the sexual arousal quickly dissipates. Suggestions have been published for continuing the sexual excitement and moving from one orgasm into further stimulation and maintaining or regaining a state of sexual arousal that can lead to second and subsequent orgasms. Some women have experienced such multiple orgasms quite spontaneously.
While young women may become sexually aroused quite easily, and reach orgasm relatively quickly with the right stimulation in the right circumstances, there are physical and psychological changes to women's sexual arousal and responses as they age. Older women produce less vaginal lubrication and studies have investigated changes to degrees of satisfaction, frequency of sexual activity, to desire, sexual thoughts and fantasies, sexual arousal, beliefs about and attitudes to sex, pain, and the ability to reach orgasm in women in their 40s and after menopause. Other factors have also been studied including socio-demographic variables, health, psychological variables, partner variables such as their partner's health or sexual problems, and lifestyle variables. It appears that these other factors often have a greater impact on women's sexual functioning than their menopausal status. It is therefore seen as important always to understand the "context of women's lives" when studying their sexuality.
Reduced estrogen levels may be associated with increased vaginal dryness and less clitoral erection when aroused, but are not directly related to other aspects of sexual interest or arousal. In older women, decreased pelvic muscle tone may mean that it takes longer for arousal to lead to orgasm, may diminish the intensity of orgasms, and then cause more rapid resolution. The uterus typically contracts during orgasm and, with advancing age, those contractions may actually become painful.
Psychological responses
Psychological sexual arousal involves appraisal and evaluation of a stimulus, categorization of a stimulus as sexual, and an affective response. The combination of cognitive and physiological states elicits psychological sexual arousal. Some suggest that psychological sexual arousal results from an interaction of cognitive and experiential factors, such as affective state, previous experience, and current social context.
Male
The relationship between sexual desire and arousal in men is complex, with a wide range of factors increasing or decreasing sexual arousal. Physiological responses, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and erection, are often discordant with self-reported subjective perceptions of arousal. This inconsistency suggests that psychological or cognitive aspects also have a strong effect on sexual arousal. The cognitive aspects of sexual arousal in men are not completely known, but the state does involve the appraisal and evaluation of the stimulus, categorization of the stimulus as sexual, and an affective response. Research suggests that cognitive factors, such as sexual motivation, perceived gender role expectations, and sexual attitudes, contribute to sex differences observed in subjective sexual arousal. Specifically, while watching heterosexual erotic videos, men are more influenced by the sex of the actors portrayed in the stimulus, and men may be more likely than women to objectify the actors. There are reported differences in brain activation to sexual stimuli, with men showing higher levels of amygdala and hypothalamic responses than women. This suggests the amygdala plays a critical role in the processing of sexually arousing visual stimuli in men.
Female
Research suggests that cognitive factors like sexual motivation, perceived gender role expectations, and sexual attitudes play important roles in women's self-reported levels of sexual arousal. In her alternative model of sexual response, Basson suggests that women's need for intimacy prompts them to engage with sexual stimuli, which leads to an experience of sexual desire and psychological sexual arousal. Psychological sexual arousal also has an effect on physiological mechanisms; Goldey and van Anders showed that sexual cognitions impact hormone levels in women, such that sexual thoughts result in a rapid increase in testosterone in women who were not using hormonal contraception. In terms of brain activation, researchers have suggested that amygdala responses are not solely determined by level of self-reported sexual arousal; Hamann and colleagues found that women self-reported higher sexual arousal than men, but experienced lower levels of amygdala responses.
Models of human sexual response
Human sexual response cycle
During the late 1950s and early 1960s, William H. Masters and Virginia E. Johnson conducted multiple studies into human sexuality. In 1966, they published Human Sexual Response, detailing four stages of physiological changes in humans during sexual stimulation: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
Singer's model of sexual arousal
Barry Singer presented a model of the process of sexual arousal in 1984, in which he conceptualized human sexual response to be composed of three independent but generally sequential components. The first stage, aesthetic response, is an emotional reaction to noticing an attractive face or figure. This emotional reaction produces an increase in attention toward the object of attraction, typically involving head and eye movements toward the attractive object. The second stage, approach response, progresses from the first and involves bodily movements towards the object. The final genital response stage recognizes that with both attention and closer proximity, physical reactions result in genital tumescence. Singer also stated that there is an array of other autonomic responses, but acknowledges that the research literature suggests that the genital response is the most reliable and convenient to measure in males.
Basson's sexual response cycle
In 2000, Rosemary Basson presented an alternative model to the human sexual response cycle that is specific to women’s sexual response. She argues that gender differences in sex drive, sexual motivation, sexual concordance, and capacity for orgasm underlie the need for an alternative model of sexual response. While the human sexual response cycle begins with desire, followed by arousal, orgasm, and finally resolution, Basson's alternative model is circular and begins with women feeling a need for intimacy, which leads her to seek out and be receptive to sexual stimuli; women then feel sexual arousal, in addition to sexual desire. The cycle results in an enhanced feeling of intimacy. Basson emphasizes the idea that a lack of spontaneous desire should not be taken as an indication of female sexual dysfunction; many women experience sexual arousal and responsive desire simultaneously when they are engaged in sexual activity.
Toates's incentive-motivation model
Frederick Toates presented a model of sexual motivation, arousal, and behavior in 2009 that combines the principles of incentive-motivation theory and hierarchical control of behavior. The basic incentive-motivation model of sex suggests that incentive cues in the environment invade the nervous system, which results in sexual motivation. Positive sexual experiences enhance motivation, while negative experiences reduce it. Motivation and behaviour are organized hierarchically; each are controlled by a combination direct (external stimuli) and indirect (internal cognitions) factors. Excitation and inhibition of behavior act at various levels of this hierarchical structure. For instance, an external stimulus may directly excite sexual arousal and motivation below a conscious level of awareness, while an internal cognition can elicit the same effects indirectly, through the conscious representation of a sexual image. In the case of inhibition, sexual behavior can be active or conscious (e.g., choosing not to have sex) or it can be passive or unconscious (e.g., being unable to have sex due to fear). Toates emphasizes the importance considering cognitive representations in addition to external stimuli; he suggests that mental representations of incentives are interchangeable with excitatory external stimuli for eliciting sexual arousal and motivation.
Bancroft and Janssen's dual control model
This model created by John Bancroft and Erick Janssen, previously at the Kinsey Institute, explores the individual variability of sexual response. They postulate that this variability depends on the interaction between an individual's sexual excitation system (SES) and sexual inhibition system (SIS). Popularized by Emily Nagoski's self-help book Come as You Are, the SES has been described as the sexual response's 'accelerator' and the SIS as the 'brake'. The SIS/SES questionnaire was developed to assess an individual's SIS and SES levels. A factor analysis of the SIS/SES questionnaire, revealed a single excitation factor and two inhibition factors. These inhibition factors were interpreted as SIS1 (inhibition due to the threat of performance failure) and SIS2 (inhibition due to the threat of performance consequences).
The SIS/SES questionnaire was originally developed for men though it has since proven its statistical validity among women. Despite this, the SESII-W (the Sexual Excitation/Sexual Inhibition Inventory for Women) was created by Graham and associates. Female focus groups found that the context of the emotional relationship between sexual partners was not fully represented in the original SIS/SES questionnaire. A factor analysis of this questionnaire revealed only two factors: sexual excitation (SE) and sexual inhibition (SI). This may point to internal inconsistencies in the SIS/SES questionnaire regarding gender. One lower order factor in the SESII-W labeled Arousal Contingency was particularly relevant; this factor explains the easy disruption of sexual arousal.
Regardless of the difference in these two questionnaires, both surveys' scores show normal distribution verifying the hypothesis that there is a normal individual variation in sexual arousal and inhibition. In the original SIS/SES questionnaire, statistically significant gender differences are seen despite considerable overlap in scores between men and women. On average, males score higher on sexual excitation and lower than females on both facets of sexual inhibition. The differences in scores between genders have not been explained beyond the theoretical level.
The source of individual variability on the sexual excitation and inhibition systems is not known definitively. Even less is known about how these systems develop in individuals. Age of first masturbation has been used as a measure to assess sexual development. Age of masturbatory onset is much more variable in girls than boys, whose tend to be close to puberty. Researchers have not determined whether this gender difference is biological in nature or influenced by sociocultural values. One twin-study has found evidence for the heritability of both factors of SIS, but research suggests that SES variability is down to environmental factors.
The majority of studies investigating sexual functioning use heterosexual participants exclusively, limiting the generalizability of the dual control model. One study comparing heterosexual and gay men found that gay men had similar scores for SIS2, but scored significantly higher for SIS1 and SES. Heterosexual, lesbian, and bisexual women's scores on the SESII-W found that bisexual women scored higher on SES than the other groups and heterosexual women scored higher on the sexual inhibition factor than both the lesbian and bisexual women. More studies need to be done using the dual control model to gain a more broad view of sexual orientation and sexual arousability.
Assessment of genital arousal
One way to study sexual arousal in women and men is to conduct sexual psychophysiological research in a laboratory setting. This field of research looks at physical sexual responses in addition to mental and emotional experiences of sexual arousal.
Experimental studies
Various hypotheses and theories have been propounded in order to establish the biological bases for sexual arousal in humans. Ivan Tarkhanov showed, in experiments on cutting and artificial emptying of the seminal vesicles, that the latter played the crucial role in the generation of sexual excitement in frogs. Proceeding from these experimental results, Tarkhanov put forward a hypothesis that filling and evacuation of the seminal vesicles were the main biological cause which led to sexual arousal and its disappearance in mammals and humans. Ever since Tarkhanov's findings demonstrated sexual arousal in frogs to result from the state of seminal vesicles, the attempted elucidation of their role in other animals' sexual behaviour has been the object of experimental effort. No generalisation has yet appeared, however. The study performed by Beach & Wilson (University of California, Berkeley) in 1964 discovered that these glands do not participate in the regulation of sexual arousal of male rats in the similar manner. Whether the regularity observed in frogs is applicable to humans remains unknown. Unambiguous experimental evidence for the existence of the Tarkhanov regularity in human sexual behaviour has never been obtained.
Another explanation of sexual arousal is offered by the approach which Kazimierz Imieliński calls the "psychohydraulic model of sexuality". This point of view likens human sexuality to a steam boiler, with biological processes or internal irritants creating sexual tension. If the level of this tension reaches threshold, sexual arousal occurs as the expression of necessity to let off steam. Gary F. Kelly (Clarkson University) describes this model as follows:
The "psychohydraulic model of sexuality" has been formulated most definitely in psychoanalysis:
After a certain time, the same process begins anew. Such an approach assumes sexual arousal to be a spontaneous desire that appears periodically like sensations of hunger and thirst. Drawing a parallel between these sensations and sexual excitation is widely accepted now: "Everyone must experience sexuality in some way to survive. ... In this sense sex is a necessity of life, just as air, food, and warmth." And yet there is no empirical evidence in support of such a parallel, Imieliński says. Sensations of hunger and thirst occur due to certain states of physiological insufficiency. The feeling of hunger results from the lack of glucose, fats and amino acids in blood. The feeling of thirst occurs in response to reduction of the water content of tissues. None of similar states of physiological deficiency responsible for the periodical appearance of sexual arousal has been revealed in human sexuality.
Females
Sexual arousal in women is characterized by vasocongestion of the genital tissues, including internal and external areas (e.g., vaginal walls, clitoris, and labia). There are a variety of methods used to assess genital sexual arousal in women. Vaginal photoplethysmography (VPG) can measure changes in vaginal blood volume or phasic changes in vasocongestion associated with each heartbeat. Clitoral photoplethysmography functions in a similar way to VPG, but measures changes in clitoral blood volume, rather than vaginal vasocongestion. Thermography provides a direct measure of genital sexual arousal by measuring changes in temperature associated with increased blood flow to the external genital tissues. Similarly, labial thermistor clips measure changes in temperature associated with genital engorgement; this method directly measures changes in temperature of the labia. More recently, laser doppler imaging (LDI) has been used as a direct measure of genital sexual arousal in women. LDI functions by measuring superficial changes in blood flow in the vulvar tissues.
Males
The most obvious response involved with sexual behaviour in males is penile erection. The use of the volume (or circumference) change during penile erection as a convenient measure of sexual arousal was first developed by Kurt Freund. This measurement of blood flow to the male genitals is known as penile plethysmography. This is commonly measured using a strain gauge, a simple mercury strain gauge encompassed in a ring of rubber. The ring surrounds the penis, but does not constrict or cause discomfort. The measure has been found by some to be a reliable and valid measurement of male arousal. More recently, thermography has been developed to measure the physiological measurements of sexual arousal. Studies have found temperature change specific to the genitals during sexual arousal, which supports the validity of this measure.
Category-specificity
Category-specificity refers to a person showing sexual arousal to the categories of people they prefer to have sex with. Sexual arousal studies involving category-specificity look at genital responses (physiological changes), as well as subjective responses (what people report their arousal levels to be). Category-specific sexual arousal is more commonly found amongst men than women. Heterosexual men experience much higher genital and subjective arousal to women than to men. This pattern is reversed for homosexual men.
Studies have found that women have a non-category-specific genital response pattern of sexual arousal, meaning their genital responses are only modestly related to their preferred category. On the other hand, female subjective responses are category-specific, because they typically report their highest level of arousal to their preferred stimulus, although the reported difference in levels of arousal is typically much smaller than those in men. A possible explanation for the non-category specific genital arousal in women, which also accounts for their high individual variation, is the "preparation hypothesis". This hypothesis suggests that, provided there is enough of an increase in vaginal blood flow for vaginal lubrication to occur in a sexual context, the magnitude of arousal need not be consistent. That is, the hypothesis is that vaginal lubrication can take place as a protective mechanism even in a non-preferred sexual situation, such as when sexual activity is non-consensual.
Other researchers argue that since the research is done on people who volunteer to be studied, the observed levels of category specificity may not represent the population, that there may be different cultural expectations of sexual interests being linked to genital arousal that make men with non-category specific genital arousal less likely to appear as test subjects. There researchers also argue that the assumption that men are always sexually interested in what causes genital arousal removes its own falsifiability by explaining all contradictory data away as "denial", making the theory untestable.
Overlapping brain variables and sexual arousal
While there is disagreement among neurologists on whether or not it is possible to categorically distinguish male brains and female brains by measuring many variables in the brain, neurologists agree that all single variables in the brain display more individual variation and overlap between the sexes than differences between the sexes. For instance, men and women alike are capable of classifying sex acts as sexual no matter if they find them appealing or not, making a genital response to unappealing erotic stimuli a single mechanism step. It is therefore argued by neurologists that category specificity of genital response to erotical imagery, being determined by one or a small number of closely linked brain mechanisms and therefore not subject to significant multivariate effects, cannot be subject to such a large sex difference as that apparent in pletysmographic studies. These neurologists cite the existence of significant volunteering bias among men but not women in erotica research, in particular that the overrepresentation of erectile dysfunction yet underrepresentation of sexuality-related shame in volunteers is consistent with the hypothesis that genital response to both sexual relevance and appeal allows for a stronger erectile function than response only to appeal and that a majority of the male population are ashamed of their responses to unappealing stimuli, accounting for the discrepancy between the report from most heterosexual couples that male erection is faster than female lubrication and the appearance on pletysmography volunteers that female lubrication is at least as fast as male erection. They also argue that the appearance of a greater individual variability in female genital response than in male genital response is consistent with a representative female sample and a male sample subject to bias that leaves much of the individual variability unstudied, with a reference to the neurological observation that all brain structures display significant individual variability in both sexes and that no brain structure is variable only in females and not in males.
Arousal concordance and non-concordance
Sexual arousal results in a combination of physiological and psychological factors, like genital sexual response and subjective experience of sexual arousal. The degree to which genital and subjective sexual response correspond is termed concordance.
Arousal non-concordance is when there is no link, for example in morning erection which happens both with men (nocturnal penile tumescence) and women (nocturnal clitoral tumescence), or in cases of rape where research confirms reports of an arousal non-concordance orgasm or orgasm alike event can take place - presumably as a measure to protect the internal organs of the vagina.
Research has shown a reliable gender difference in concordance of sexual arousal, such that men have a higher level of concordance between genital and subjective sexual responding than women do. Some researchers argue that this gender difference can be attributed to the type of method used to assess genital responding in women. There may be a difference in women's ability to perceive internal versus external genital engorgement subjectively, as measured by vaginal photoplethysmography (VPG) and thermography respectively. Chivers and colleagues found that men's and women's concordance was more similar when thermography was used as a measure of genital sexual arousal than when VPG was used. However, few studies using thermography have been conducted and further research is required to determine whether the gender difference in concordance is a measurement artifact or a true phenomenon.
Hormones
Several hormones affect sexual arousal, including testosterone, cortisol, and estradiol. However, the specific roles of these hormones are not clear. Testosterone is the most commonly studied hormone involved with sexuality. It plays a key role in sexual arousal in males, with strong effects on central arousal mechanisms. The connection between testosterone and sexual arousal is more complex in females. Research has found testosterone levels increase as a result of sexual cognitions in females that do not use hormonal contraception. Also, women who participate in polyandrous relationships have higher levels of testosterone. However, it is unclear whether higher levels of testosterone cause increased arousal and in turn multiple partners or whether sexual activity with multiple partners cause the increase in testosterone. Inconsistent study results point to the idea that while testosterone may play a role in the sexuality of some women, its effects can be obscured by the co-existence of psychological or affective factors in others.
Other animals
While human sexuality is well understood, scientists do not completely grasp how other animals relate sexually. However, current research studies suggest that many animals, like humans, enjoy sexual relations that are not limited to reproduction. Dolphins and bonobos, for example, are both well known to use sex as a "social tool to strengthen and maintain bonds". Ethologists have long documented the exchanges of sex to promote group cohesion in social animals. Cementing social bondage is one of the most prominent theorized selective advantages of group selection theory. Experts in the evolution of sex such as John Maynard Smith advocate for the idea that the exchange of sexual favors helps congeal and localize the assortment of alleles in isolated population and therefore is potentially a very strong force in evolution. Smith has also written extensively on the "seminal fluid swapping theory" logistic application of the assortment of alleles as a more accurate synthetic depiction of the Hardy–Weinberg principle in cases of severely interbreeding populations.
Evolutionary models
The effect of sexual response is thought to be a plastic positive reinforcement behavior modifier associated with the Baldwin effect. The display of secondary sex characteristics in humans such as a penis-like enlarged clitoris in females during arousal and gynecomastia in males are thought to have once been objects of mate selection in human evolution because of the persistence of the phenomenon of these features invoking sexual arousal for potential mates in cross-cultural studies. A dramatic example of this is the high rates of secondary sex characteristic dimorphism in some Southeast Asia human populations. Similar evolutionary stimuli may also have resulted in novel structures such as the pseudo-penis of the female spotted hyena.
See also
Aphrodisiac
Erectile tissue
Kinsey Reports
Nudity and sexuality
Priapism
Sexology
Sexual frustration
References
External links | wiki |
Street Customs Berlin is a reality series about West Coast Customs' franchise in Berlin that aired for one season on TLC and Discovery Channel, starring Ryan Friedlinghaus.
Episodes
Season 1
The Grand Opening
The Taller the Guys, the Smaller the Cars
The Bloodhound Bus
The Style Police
Gift On Wheels
Shop or Drop
See also
Street Customs
External links
WestCoastCustoms.com
WCC-europe.com.
German reality television series
TLC (TV network) original programming | wiki |
Postpartum chills is a physiological response that occurs within two hours of childbirth. It appears as uncontrollable shivering. It is seen in many women after delivery and can be unpleasant. It lasts for a short time. It is thought to be a result of a nervous system response. It may also be related to fluid shifts and the actual strenuous work of labor. It is considered a normal response and there is no accompanying fever. A fever would indicate an infection. Reassurance is all that is needed and for the mother to be kept warm. It has been described as a fairly common and normal occurrence. It is thought to be possibly related to the environmental temperature.
References
Bibliography
Childbirth
Midwifery
Women's health | wiki |
Deutsches Sportecho was an East German daily sports newspaper of the Deutscher Turn- und Sportbund (DTSB).
History
Deutsches Sportecho was first published on 5 May 1947. The paper had a circulation of 185,000 copies. The paper sponsored the association football competition DFV-Supercup (Pokal des Deutschen Sportechos) in 1989. The paper was published by the East German publishing house Sportverlag at the Neustädtische Kirchstraße 15 in Berlin. Sportverlag also published the weekly football paper Die neue Fußballwoche (FuWo) of the East German Football Association (DFV).
The paper was acquired by West German publishing group Axel Springer in 1990. The paper would now be published by Sportverlag GmbH. The circulation of Deutsches Sportecho rapidly declined after the German reunification. The circulation had fallen to 34,000 copies by 1991. The paper subsequently ceased publication on 3 April 1991.
References
Sports newspapers
1947 establishments in Germany
1991 disestablishments in Germany
Sports mass media in Germany
Sports mass media in East Germany
German-language newspapers
Daily newspapers published in Germany
Defunct newspapers published in Germany
Mass media in East Germany
Sport in East Germany
Newspapers published in Berlin
Publications established in 1947
Publications disestablished in 1991 | wiki |
The Mercedes-Benz M114 engine is a straight-six Otto cycle engine with dual two-barrel Zenith 35/40 INAT carburetors or with Bosch D-Jetronic fuel injection system. The engine displaced . The engine develops 146 SAE hp, has a maximum speed of 6300 rpm with a 9:1 compression ratio.it was made in America.
See also
List of Mercedes-Benz engines
External links
M114
Straight-six engines | wiki |
Motor coach can refer to
Motor bus, under the Canadian English usage of the term "coach"
road coach (bus), a long-distance bus, in British English
Motor coach (rail), a powered railway vehicle able to carry passengers and haul trailers
Motor home | wiki |
In Korea, high school baseball (고등학교 야구) is played at a very high level by students who train year round. Unlike in Japan or the U.S. where nearly every high school fields a team, there are only about 60-70 Korean high school baseball teams which makes the competition tantamount to an all-star league of Korea's young talent. KBO, MLB and NPB scouts are frequently in attendance at all of the five national high school baseball tournaments.
Competitions
Five major national tournaments
The five Big 5 tournaments are the most important high school baseball events of the year in terms of tradition, prize-money awarded, and public attention.
National tournaments hosted by local cities
There used to be four lower-level high school baseball events of the year sponsored by local cities. However, these local tournaments have been replaced with the High School Weekend League after the 2010 season.
See also
Baseball in Korea
Baseball awards#South Korea
Baseball awards#U.S. high-school baseball
Japanese High School Baseball Championship (Summer Koshien)
National High School Baseball Invitational Tournament championship (Spring Koshien)
References
External links
Korea Baseball Association (KBA)
Baseball in South Korea
South Korea | wiki |
The following is a list of US Open champions in tennis:
Champions
Senior
Wheelchair
Junior
‡ = a player who won both the junior and senior title.
† = a player who won the junior title and reached the senior final.
See also
Lists of champions of specific events
List of US Open men's singles champions
List of US Open women's singles champions
List of US Open men's doubles champions
List of US Open women's doubles champions
List of US Open mixed doubles champions
Other Grand Slam tournament champions
List of Australian Open champions
List of French Open champions
List of Wimbledon champions | wiki |
The National Football League (NFL) has had a long and complicated history in Los Angeles, the second-largest media market in the United States. Los Angeles was the first city on the West Coast to host an NFL team, when the Cleveland Rams relocated to Los Angeles in 1946 and played at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum from 1946 until 1979. In 1960, a charter American Football League franchise, the Los Angeles Chargers began playing in the Coliseum. The Chargers moved to San Diego after their inaugural season, where they eventually joined the NFL as part of the AFL-NFL merger. The Rams moved to suburban Anaheim, California in 1980. A surprising move in 1982 brought the Oakland Raiders to the Coliseum to become Los Angeles Raiders.
A combination of a split fan base and 1994 Northridge earthquake damage prompted both teams to leave Los Angeles before the 1995 season. The Raiders returned to their original home, Oakland, while the Rams relocated to St. Louis, Missouri. This left Los Angeles as the largest media market in the country without an NFL team. The absence of a team in Los Angeles became an effective bargaining chip for teams in smaller markets, as they could issue an ultimatum that unless their home city contributed financing for the construction of a new stadium or renovation of an existing one, they would relocate there.
The league's absence from Los Angeles ended in early 2016, when the Rams received approval to return to the area beginning at the start of the 2016 season.
Los Angeles is now the home of the NFL's Los Angeles Rams and the Los Angeles Chargers, who announced their intent to return to Los Angeles from San Diego in January 2017. The two teams now share SoFi Stadium in Inglewood, which opened in 2020.
In addition to the NFL, Los Angeles has been represented by almost every other high-level professional football league: the PCPFL's Los Angeles Bulldogs, the AAFC's Los Angeles Dons, the original 1960s AFL's Los Angeles Chargers (the same team that are currently in the NFL), the COFL's Orange County Ramblers, the WFL's Southern California Sun, the USFL's Los Angeles Express, the Arena Football League's Anaheim Piranhas, Los Angeles Cobras, Los Angeles Avengers and LA KISS, and the XFLs' Los Angeles Xtreme and LA Wildcats.
Origins of football in Los Angeles
The first NFL team to name itself after the city of Los Angeles was the Los Angeles Buccaneers in . However, this was a road team, based in Chicago, made up of Californians, primarily University of California and University of Southern California alumni. Historian Michael McCambridge said that the Buccaneers became a road team because the Los Angeles Coliseum Commission had banned pro teams from its stadium. However, the difficulty of transcontinental travel in the era before modern air travel must have also been a factor in the decision to base the team in the Midwest. The upstart American Football League also featured a similar Midwest-based road team of West Coast players, the Los Angeles Wildcats. Both Los Angeles teams performed respectably on the field but folded after the 1926 season amid league-wide overextension. The Wildcats' final game was an exhibition in San Francisco against the Buccaneers in January 1927.
The first major professional football team to reside in Los Angeles were the Los Angeles Bulldogs, formed for the fall 1937 season in the AFL, taking the place of the Cleveland Rams. They operated both as an independent and as a member of several other leagues from approximately 1937 to 1948. The Bulldogs played most of their tenure at Gilmore Stadium, a stadium on the site of what is now CBS Television City. The NFL would hold its first two All-Star Games in Los Angeles following the 1938 and 1939 seasons.
In 1946, the Los Angeles Dons of the All-America Football Conference started play, lasting four years before folding with the demise of the AAFC. In , the American Football League (AFL) was formed, with a franchise at the region, the Los Angeles Chargers. After the inaugural season, the team moved to San Diego to become the San Diego Chargers, who joined the NFL during the NFL-AFL merger in 1970. The Continental Football League, a second-tier professional league active in the late 1960s, included the Orange County Ramblers among its teams (as well as, for one game, the Long Beach Admirals).
NFL in Los Angeles: 1946–1994
Los Angeles Rams
In , the defending NFL champions, the Cleveland Rams moved to Los Angeles. The other league owners were not pleased with the move, but the league relented due in large part to concern that Los Angeles could potentially become the nucleus of a rival league. The Rams played home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, at the time shared with two NCAA teams – the USC Trojans and the UCLA Bruins – and an AAFC franchise, the Los Angeles Dons. It was the establishment of the Rams in Los Angeles that prompted the league to lift its moratorium on African-American players that had been in place since the early 1930s: terms of the Rams' lease on the Coliseum required the team to integrate, and to do so, the Rams signed former UCLA stars Kenny Washington and Woody Strode. When the AAFC folded in 1950, the Dons went out of business, but the AAFC's San Francisco 49ers were admitted to the NFL. This provided the NFL with a workable pair of West Coast cities for travel.
Another AAFC franchise which moved over to the NFL in 1950 was the Cleveland Browns, who were based in the city the Rams had deserted. The Browns and the Rams met in three NFL championship games in six seasons—in Cleveland in 1950 (Browns won 30–28) and in Los Angeles in 1951 (Rams won 24–17) and 1955 (Browns won 38–14).
The Rams quickly became established as an NFL power, winning 7 straight NFC West titles from 1973 to 1979, with top quarterbacks like Roman Gabriel and the legendary Fearsome Foursome, consisting of Rosey Grier, Lamar Lundy, Merlin Olsen and Deacon Jones.
Rams move to Anaheim
By 1979 the Rams were a successful franchise, and made it to their first Super Bowl that year. However, they had long been dissatisfied with the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. For most of the Rams' tenure there, it was the largest stadium in the NFL, with over 90,000 seats. However, even in the Rams' best years, the cavernous venue sold out very infrequently, causing blackouts of Rams games on local TV. Additionally, it was located in South Central Los Angeles, which was perceived as being one of the city's more dangerous neighborhoods; it had begun going to seed from the 1960s onward. The Coliseum also lacked adequate nearby parking. At various times they shared the stadium with both the USC Trojans and UCLA Bruins football teams. Ownership (Carroll Rosenbloom, followed by his widow Georgia Frontiere) was unable to persuade the city to build a new stadium in Los Angeles, so they decided to move out of the Coliseum to Anaheim (28 miles southeast of downtown L.A.) in Orange County, which was then experiencing an enormous boom in population and construction.
Beginning in 1980, the Rams played in Anaheim Stadium, which already had a football press box built into the upper deck when it opened in 1966. Further renovations included enclosing the facility by extending the stadium's three decks (the stadium, built mostly with baseball in mind, had previously been open to the outside), and building luxury suites in the mezzanine "club" level.
Los Angeles Raiders
The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum next received an NFL team in , when the Oakland Raiders moved to Los Angeles to become the Los Angeles Raiders. Team owner Al Davis relocated there without the approval of his fellow owners or NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle. One major factor for Davis in moving to the Coliseum—despite its flaws as a football stadium—was his assumption that the NFL would eventually approve pay-per-view telecasts for its games; such a move would potentially have given the Raiders a virtual TV monopoly in Los Angeles, the nation's second-largest TV market. Davis also counted on being able to persuade the Los Angeles Coliseum Commission to renovate the facility, particularly by installing scores of luxury boxes. The UCLA Bruins relocated their home to the Rose Bowl Stadium in response to the Raiders' arrival.
The Raiders continued the success they had in Oakland after the move south, winning Super Bowl XVIII in January 1984—which was the only Super Bowl-winning team under the city of Los Angeles until 2022—and reaching the AFC Championship Game in the season. But the team gained a controversial reputation off the field, as its silver and black colors became associated with L.A.'s notorious street gangs. More importantly, the Los Angeles Coliseum Commission never gave Davis the lucrative package of amenities he had been promised, and the NFL's broadcast contracts never instituted pay-per-view. Additionally, due to concerns about the area around Exposition Park and the Raiders' difficulty in selling out their home games (resulting in television blackouts in Los Angeles), the NFL scheduled all of the Raiders' appearances on Monday Night Football as road games after 1985, and would not even consider letting them play Monday night games in Anaheim. Eventually, Davis lost patience and entertained an offer from Irwindale, California (east of downtown L.A.) in , but did not move there.
1995: Both Los Angeles franchises leave
Rams move to St. Louis
In the early 1990s, Rams owner Georgia Frontiere began to shop around for a new home for her team, which was falling behind other NFL teams in luxury-box and other non-shared revenue. By the end of the season, talks had begun with St. Louis and Baltimore, two cities that had lost their original NFL franchises (the Cardinals and Colts, respectively), and had both been unsuccessful in efforts to obtain an expansion franchise the previous year; meanwhile, she was hoping that Anaheim and/or Orange County would also make an attractive offer. Anaheim, going through a recession, could not agree on a tax package to pay for the improvements that Frontiere insisted on, so they dropped out of the bidding. Rams fans, bothered by Frontiere talking to other cities about moving the franchise, voiced their anger by asking for her to sell the team, booing her and starting derogatory chants at games directed at her. Attendance began dwindling, due to frustration by the fans over ownership and the performance by the team on the field. Eventually, St. Louis gave Frontiere the offer she wanted, a brand-new $280 million domed stadium called the Trans World Dome (now known as the Dome at America's Center) with a long-term lease and over 100 luxury boxes. The move was announced in February 1995 and approved by NFL owners that April. The Rams played their last game in Los Angeles on Christmas Eve in 1994, losing 24–21 to the Washington Redskins in front of only 25,750 fans in attendance at Anaheim Stadium. During the 2009 offseason, following Frontiere's death, it was announced the Rams were for sale. It was considered possible that the next owner of the Rams could potentially move the team back to Los Angeles; however, this prospect was at the time thought to have become much less likely when then-minority owner Stan Kroenke, a Missouri native and resident, acquired complete control in August 2010.
Raiders return to Oakland
In May 1995 after the departure of the Rams for St. Louis, the owners of the National Football League teams approved with a 27–1 vote with two abstentions, a resolution supporting a plan to build a $200 million, privately financed stadium on property owned by Hollywood Park for the Raiders. Al Davis balked and refused the deal over a stipulation that he would have had to accept a second team at the stadium. Ultimately in 2016, this became the location for SoFi Stadium.
Due in no small part to this and the decision by the Los Angeles Sports Commission to halt further planned renovations to the Coliseum due to repair costs generated by the 1994 Northridge earthquake, Al Davis gave up on Los Angeles, and decided to accept a new stadium renovation offer from Oakland, California and to return to his team's former home. The renovation expanded the Oakland Coliseum to 63,000 seats and added 86 luxury boxes and thousands of club seats. The deal was announced on June 23, and approved by league owners on August 9 of that year. The Raiders, like the Rams, played their last game in Los Angeles on Christmas Eve in 1994, losing 19–9 to the Kansas City Chiefs in front of 64,130 in attendance at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum.
Two decades without a team
Los Angeles remained without an NFL franchise from 1995 to 2015. One key sticking point had been that a new team needed to play in the outdated Coliseum or Rose Bowl, or a lower capacity NFL-specific stadium needed to be built in the area.
Attempted Seahawks move to Los Angeles
In March 1996, Seattle Seahawks owner Ken Behring moved office equipment and some athletic gear to the Juliette Low elementary school in Anaheim that once held Rams practices, hoping to get approval for a permanent move to Southern California. The plan was for the relocated Seahawks to play at the Rose Bowl while an NFL stadium was built in either Anaheim or Los Angeles. The Seahawks planned move was announced at a time when the Cleveland Browns had announced their relocation to Baltimore, and the Houston Oilers relocated to Nashville. The league passed a resolution in the previous year that a return to Los Angeles would be controlled by the league (i.e. the 30 teams collectively). Because the Seahawks did not get permission to move and the announcement was around the same time as other controversial franchise moves giving the league an image of instability, the league fined the team $50,000 for every day the team was in Anaheim, Behring halted the process and moved the equipment back to Seattle.
Eventually, Puget Sound resident Paul Allen bought the team, and kept it in Seattle. Public funds were used to build Seahawks Stadium, now known as Lumen Field, which opened in 2002.
Expansion team bid
Perhaps the closest Los Angeles came to regaining the NFL during this period was in 1999, when the NFL approved a new franchise, the league's 32nd, for Los Angeles, in March on the condition that the city and NFL agree on a stadium site and stadium financing by September 15, 1999. Those agreements were never reached, and on October 6, 1999, the franchise was awarded to a Houston ownership group instead, which formed the Houston Texans, who would begin play in 2002.
From 2000 onward
Then-Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger championed a new football stadium in Anaheim in tandem with a new L.A. Coliseum in 2006. There were reports, however, that NFL owners would not approve a return to the L.A. area until two teams committed to play in a single new stadium (similar to the New York Giants and New York Jets, first in Giants Stadium and since 2010 in MetLife Stadium). In response to rising cost estimates for a new stadium, NFL commissioner Roger Goodell said that returning the NFL to Los Angeles would require the league to consider unspecified "alternative solutions." In November 2007, the then-Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa declared that the policy of requiring the NFL to relocate to the Coliseum would change and other options would be explored.
During the absence of teams in this era the NFL still maintained a presence in the Los Angeles market through NFL Network, the in-house cable and satellite network which was founded in 2003, and was originally headquartered in nearby Culver City before moving to Inglewood upon the NFL returning and building a campus there. The very first episode of NFL Total Access had Rich Eisen say "welcome to the NFL in Los Angeles". The Coliseum was part of the 2005 opening weekend celebration, and was home of the NFL Players Association's "Rookie Premiere", in which first-year athletes pose for trading card pictures; The Dallas Cowboys also hosted their training camp in the Los Angeles suburb of Oxnard on a rotating basis during this period.
Los Angeles as a bargaining chip
During the two decades, many NFL teams used Los Angeles as a bargaining chip in order to get their cities to build new stadiums in their existing cities. Owners expressed interest in relocation and visited Los Angeles to encourage their city councils. By 2015 more than half the league had threatened to move there, during negotiations for new or renovated stadiums, which cost hundreds of millions of dollars, and 27 NFL stadiums had been built or received at least $400 million in renovations. According to NBC News,
Sports economist John Vrooman of Vanderbilt University stated:
and a Yahoo! Sports contributor observed that:
Furthermore, there were opinions that even called relocation efforts a "way of playing with fanbases' feelings". In July 2015 HBO's show Last Week Tonight with John Oliver had a segment on stadiums in which, among several stories, took a look at one of San Diego Chargers' fans attempts to collect public money to build a new stadium to keep the team in town.
In December 2015 Drew Magary wrote:
Supporters of a Los Angeles NFL team agreed that their city had been, as Los Angeles City Councilman Bernard Parks said, "used as a pawn". He added, "L.A. always comes into the equation whenever a city is looking for a new stadium. Lo and behold, shockingly, the stadium gets built and L.A. is not in the equation." Fred Rosen said, "It's like the rabbit at the dog track. L.A.'s always chasing the rabbit, and the NFL has also used L.A. as the rabbit." The lack of an NFL-quality stadium also made moving a team to Los Angeles risky because of the possibility of being forced to play in the obsolete Coliseum or Rose Bowl, but building a stadium without a team would be financially and politically very difficult.
In 2021, after the Rams and the Chargers had both relocated to Los Angeles, Conor Orr of Sports Illustrated noted that the loss of the Los Angeles metropolitan area as an open market had forced NFL teams to increasingly use other, less appealing metropolitan areas in their attempts to secure taxpayer funding for stadiums (noting that the Bills, in their attempt to get a new stadium built in the Buffalo area, allegedly used Austin, Texas, which has no other teams in the Big Four major professional sports leagues). Namely, Orr argued that such ultimatums have reduced the teams' leverage, as both local governments and the general public become more aware of the benefits and drawbacks of such expensive projects, and the negative effects that such relocations, if realized, would have on the public relations of both the individual teams and the NFL as a whole.
Civic disinterest
Without a team the NFL remained popular on television in Los Angeles; 18 of the 20 most-popular programs from September 2014 to early November were NFL games. During the time the area went without a local team, residents could usually watch the most appealing games each week; sports bars show many games at once, and patrons and employees wear varying apparel. It was thought that a Los Angeles team might lower TV ratings.
Residents choose teams around the country to support; David Carter, sports business professor at USC, compared area fans to "the NFL's version of the United Nations". Many are from elsewhere in the United States and tend to support teams from their previous cities. 10% of Los Angeles County residents who followed NFL Tweets followed the 49ers, 9% the Raiders, and 7% the Dallas Cowboys. In Orange County, the Chargers and Green Bay Packers were in second and third place. By contrast, in San Diego County 47% of NFL Twitter users followed the Chargers and no other team had more than 4.5%, despite the area having many loyal NFL fans of other teams (notably the Pittsburgh Steelers) due to the numerous military bases in the area.
Whether fans of other teams would support a new or relocated NFL team in Los Angeles was unclear. The area already has very popular USC Trojans and UCLA Bruins football games, with much greater attendance than the Raiders had during the team's time in Los Angeles. John C. Phillips of the University of the Pacific stated that "People in Los Angeles really do not have that sense of community and identity with sports teams. In Cleveland and Buffalo, people identify with the city; in Los Angeles, they don't". During the Cleveland Browns' relocation to Baltimore in 1996 owner Art Modell received death threats. NBC News wrote that by contrast, "when the Raiders and Rams departed in 1994, Angelenos yawned before going surfing."
In , a proposal was floated for a new stadium near Staples Center. The stadium and team would have been owned by billionaire Phillip Anschutz and Hollywood scion Casey Wasserman, and the stadium would have been built with private funding. That died down quickly when it failed to get the support of the city council. In particular, Mark Ridley-Thomas, whose district includes the Coliseum, never supported it.
In 2005, then-Dodgers owner Frank McCourt showed interest in a plan in which a new NFL stadium would be built next to Dodger Stadium. However, city officials expressed their displeasure with his idea in part to their favoritism of the repeatedly defunct Coliseum plan. McCourt stated that his idea was suitable if the most recent Coliseum plan were to fail. In addition, the NFL was also rumored to favor the Dodger Stadium proposal to the countless Coliseum ideas in the past.
Even after return of the Chargers and Rams, Los Angeles residents who are fans of other NFL teams often pack their home venues. Many of them became fans of other teams during the NFL's absence. The Rams have tried to keep out 49er fans by restricting purchases to Greater Los Angeles Area residents, which has been less than successful. Crowd noise from 49er fans have resulted in the use of a silent count by the Rams, as if they were playing an away game. The same has occurred with the Chargers against the Vikings and Raiders.
Interested parties
On December 1, 2009, in an interview for KTTV (Fox 11), John Semcken of Majestic Realty Co.—(the developer for the Los Angeles Stadium in Industry)—stated that there was a 50/50 chance of a team returning for the 2010 season and a 100% chance for the 2011 season. The teams explicitly mentioned in the interview were the Jacksonville Jaguars, San Diego Chargers, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Buffalo Bills, and St. Louis (formerly Los Angeles) Rams. The interview occurred shortly after the California State Legislature and the governor approved plans for the stadium, but several months before Stan Kroenke became sole owner of the Rams.
In March 2012, Yahoo! Sports reported on a meeting between the league management and Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG), in which it became clear that none of the NFL's owners were willing to agree to the terms AEG was putting forth for the relocation of a team to Los Angeles. Neither AEG nor the league confirmed the meeting, which, if true, would jeopardize the project unless AEG were to make concessions. At the same time, the new owners of the Los Angeles Dodgers expressed interest in bringing the NFL to Chavez Ravine, current location of Dodger Stadium.
In mid-season of 2011, news regarding several teams involved in potential expansion broke. It was reported that Malcolm Glazer, then the owner of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, a franchise located in a metropolitan area with some of the lowest attendance figures in multiple pro sports, including football, had talked with officials in L.A. Nothing was made official, and Glazer also had ties to England (before his death in 2014, he also owned Manchester United, and his sons inherited his interests in both clubs), where there was a small but growing conversation about potential NFL relocation. Meanwhile, Jacksonville Jaguars owner Wayne Weaver sold the team to Shahid Khan; Khan had unsuccessfully attempted to buy the Rams. Khan gave a verbal, but non-binding, commitment to keep the team in Jacksonville.
On April 18, 2012, after a Minnesota Legislature committee rejected a public financing proposal for proposed new Minnesota Vikings stadium, the league met with Vikings owner Zygi Wilf and Minnesota governor Mark Dayton to discuss the potential sale and relocation of the Vikings franchise. Soon after, Wilf met with Los Angeles mayor Antonio Villaraigosa regarding the same topic, and indicated he would not renew the Vikings' lease on the Metrodome without a plan for a new stadium. After a re-vote, the Minnesota House of Representatives passed a stadium financing bill on May 8, albeit with less money than the Vikings were seeking. The Senate passed the bill May 10, at which point the Vikings indicated they would be willing to accept the terms. This effectively eliminated the Vikings from the threat of relocation.
In August 2014, it became known that multibillionaire Eli Broad was one of at least two Los Angeles-based parties to consider placing a bid on the Buffalo Bills with the intent of relocating the team to Los Angeles. Broad declined to place a bid, determining that the league would never approve of moving the Bills and such a move would bring too much scrutiny from politicians. The team was later sold to Buffalo Sabres owner and billionaire Terry Pegula who planned to keep the team in Buffalo long term (as Pegula's wife, who is 17 years younger, also owns a significant portion of the team and has resided in Western New York since childhood, this would effectively eliminate the Bills from the pool of potential relocation candidates for the next several decades).
Potential league expansion
In 2012, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell appeared on Costas Live on NBC Sports Network to discuss a possibility of football in Los Angeles. Goodell said that he wouldn't like any team to relocate to the city. The commissioner said that if Los Angeles were to get a team, the league would have to expand to 34 teams. With no other non-NFL markets in the United States anywhere close to Los Angeles in size (the second-largest media market without an NFL team is Orlando, Florida, ranked #18, and even that market is within 75 miles of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers), adding two expansion teams simultaneously in Los Angeles was one solution that had been explored. The perceived benefits of such a solution included the possibility of two owners being able to share the costs for a new stadium (similar to what was done for New York's two teams), in addition, adding two teams to Los Angeles at the same time would have precluded the possibility of one team having to pay any sort of territorial indemnity to the other.
2016: The NFL returns
Three franchises apply for relocation
On January 31, 2014, both the Los Angeles Times and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch reported that Rams owner Stan Kroenke purchased approximately 60 acres of land adjacent to the Forum in Inglewood, California. Kroenke subsequently announced plans to build an NFL stadium on the site, in connection with the owners of the adjacent 238-acre Hollywood Park site, Stockbridge Capital Group.
On January 5, 2015, the Los Angeles Times reported that Stan Kroenke and Stockbridge Capital Group were jointly developing a new NFL stadium on the Inglewood property owned by Kroenke. Later that month on January 30, 2015, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell held a press conference two days before the Super Bowl. In his press conference, Goodell stated that multiple teams had expressed an interest in relocating to Los Angeles, but that the league had made "no determination" about any particular team moving to Los Angeles in the future.
On February 24, 2015, Inglewood City Council approved plans for the stadium with construction planned to begin in December 2015, with or without a commitment from the Rams, and avoiding a public vote on June 2 in the process. On December 21, 2015, Construction was officially underway at the Hollywood Park site.
Almost one year later, on January 4, 2016, the three NFL franchises who previously played in the Greater Los Angeles Area filed for relocation to move to the area amidst stadium issues and proposals of building new arenas in Southern California. They were the St. Louis Rams (who played in Los Angeles and Anaheim from 1946 to 1994), the Oakland Raiders (played in Los Angeles from 1982 to 1994), and the San Diego Chargers (had its inaugural AFL season in L.A.). The Rams planned to build on the tract in Inglewood between The Forum and Hollywood Park that Kroenke had already began work on, and the Raiders and Chargers announced plans for a privately financed $1.7 billion stadium that the two teams would build in Carson, California if they were to move to the Los Angeles market. Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities.
All three teams had year-to-year stadium leases, with possible escape clauses. The Rams' were triggered because The Dome at America's Center, then known as Edward Jones Dome, had to be among the NFL's eight best by the end of the 2014 season. Under the terms of the agreement, the St. Louis CVC was required to make modifications to the Edward Jones Dome in 2005. However, then-owner, Georgia Frontiere, waived the provision in exchange for cash that served as a penalty for the city's noncompliance. The minor renovations which totaled about $70 million did not bring the stadium within the specifications required under the lease agreement; thus, keeping the Dome in a state of uncertainty. In 2012, the St. Louis Convention and Visitors Commission proposed a $124 million upgrade; the Rams countered with a $700 million proposal. An arbitrator ruled in favor of the Rams in February 2013, and the commission soon announced that it would not pursue any upgrade, leading to speculation about owner Stan Kroenke's plans for the team. Publicly, city, county and state officials had expressed no interest in providing further funding to the Edward Jones Dome in light of those entities, as well as taxpayers, continuing to owe approximately $300 million more on that facility. As such, if a resolution was not reached by the end of the 2014 NFL season and the City of St. Louis remained non-compliant in its obligations under the lease agreement, the Rams would be free to nullify their lease and go to a year-to-year lease. Months later, the Rams scheduled to play in London, which violated the Edward Jones Dome's terms of lease.
Once Carol and Mark Davis inherited the Raiders in 2012, they acknowledged negotiations with the L.A. groups, but were dissatisfied with both of the proposals; the city still remained an option along with San Antonio, Texas. Chargers owner Dean Spanos said in 2014 that adding a Los Angeles team "would really be harmful to us", given that "25 to 30% of our business comes from the L.A./Orange County areas". However, despite problems with Qualcomm Stadium, Spanos refused to exercise the escape clause ever since the opportunity was offered in 2007.
In March 2015, Goodell said that, despite the stadium proposals, the league was "not focused" on bringing NFL back to Los Angeles for the 2016 NFL season, and any Los Angeles team in 2016 would "have to play in a temporary facility." He added one month later that only one of the two proposals would be greenlighted by the league.
By June 2015, the NFL had sent requests regarding the possibility of temporarily hosting football games to five venues: the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles; Rose Bowl in Pasadena; Angel Stadium in Anaheim; and StubHub Center in Carson. Refusals were issued by both Angel Stadium, for conflicts with the Major League Baseball season, and the Rose Bowl, expressing more interest in a music festival. On October 23, 2015, Mark Fabiani, spokesperson for the Chargers, confirmed that the team planned to officially notify the NFL about its intentions to relocate to Los Angeles in January during the timetable when teams can request to relocate. All three teams filed the required paperwork to relocate on January 4.
The Rams return
Weeks later, the NFL owners gathered in Houston for a meeting on January 12 and January 13, a meeting that decided the end of the Los Angeles race. A few days before the scheduled owners meeting, Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones suggested that the St. Louis Rams and San Diego Chargers should share Stan Kroenke's SoFi Stadium. This suggestion was taken as a possible option discussed in the Houston meetings. During the Los Angeles meeting, the Committee on Los Angeles Opportunities, which consists of six NFL owners, favored the Carson project over the Rams' Inglewood project. However, in the first round of voting during the meeting, the Rams and the Inglewood proposal got the greater number of votes than the Carson project with the former receiving 21 votes and the latter receiving 11 votes. As the Rams and the Inglewood proposal did not meet the required 24 votes a second round of voting was undertaken. In the second round of voting, the Rams' Inglewood project received 20 votes with the Chargers and Raiders Carson proposal only having 12. Eventually, the Inglewood proposal received 30 votes and the Carson proposal receiving only 2; meaning that, after 21 consecutive seasons without an NFL franchise, Los Angeles finally had an NFL team.
After hours of finding a compromise, the Rams relocated to Los Angeles, with the Chargers having the option to join them (had the Chargers declined to exercise that option, the Raiders would have also had this option). The league had set a relocation fee of $550 million for any team approved for relocation. The Rams played seven home games per season at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum from 2016 until 2019 (as part of the deal, the Rams agreed to host one game in London per year as part of the NFL International Series) and then moved to their new stadium, SoFi Stadium in Inglewood for the 2020 season.
The Chargers return
After the conclusion of the 2016 season, the Chargers officially announced they too would be exercising the option they had to relocate and would return to Los Angeles; the Chargers moved to Dignity Health Sports Park (then known as StubHub Center) beginning in 2017 and played there until 2019. They then moved to SoFi Stadium for 2020 and are co-tenants with the Rams.
NFL results between Los Angeles teams
Football stadiums in the Los Angeles area
SoFi Stadium
SoFi Stadium is located in Inglewood, California on the site of the former Hollywood Park Racetrack. It is the home of the Los Angeles Rams, the Los Angeles Chargers, and the LA Bowl. It also hosted Super Bowl LVI in February 2022 and will host the College Football Playoff National Championship in January 2023. The sole NFL venue in the Los Angeles area, construction began in 2016 and was completed in 2020. The stadium has a capacity of 70,240 spectators for most events, with the ability to expand by 30,000 seats for larger events for a total of 100,240. In addition to the main stadium there is a connected performance venue called the YouTube Theater with a capacity of 6,000 seats that opened in 2021.
The venue is part of a larger Hollywood Park development on the former racetrack property that aside from the stadium includes the Hollywood Park Casino, the headquarters of NFL Media which includes the NFL Network, NFL RedZone, NFL.com and the NFL app, and a master-planned neighborhood with over for office space and condominiums, a 12-screen Cinepolis movie theater, ballrooms, outdoor spaces for community programming, retail, a fitness center, a lake with a waterfall fountain, a luxury hotel, a brewery, high-scale restaurants and an open-air shopping and entertainment complex.
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum was built in 1923, and is both the largest stadium in California and the ninth largest in the United States. It has been home of the NCAA's USC Trojans since its inauguration, and also hosted the UCLA Bruins from 1928 to 1981. All NFL franchises from Southern California have used the Coliseum: the Rams held home games from their arrival in 1946 to their move to Anaheim, California in 1980 and returned in 2016 playing there through the 2019 season using the stadium as an interim home while their permanent home of SoFi Stadium was under construction; the Raiders were headquartered there during their Los Angeles years, from 1982 to 1994; and the Chargers played the 1960 AFL season at the Coliseum, moving to San Diego the following year. The Coliseum also hosted the 1967 AFL-NFL Championship Game, retroactively known as Super Bowl I.
The Coliseum was problematic as an NFL venue. At various times in its history, it was either the largest or one of the largest stadiums in the NFL, making it difficult to sell out. Since the NFL's blackout rule (in place until 2015) barred games from being televised locally unless they were sold out 72 hours before kickoff, this meant Rams (and later Raiders) games were often blacked out in Southern California.
Prior to 1993, the Coliseum Commission approved multiple changes to enhance the stadium as a football facility: Capacity was reduced to around 68,000, the field was lowered, the surrounding running track was removed, bleachers were replaced by single seats, and locker rooms and fan restrooms were upgraded. Proposals were raised for Coliseum renovations, where the refurbished stadium would have seated 63,300 for most major events, expanding to about 80,000 for Super Bowls and University of Southern California (USC) home games. The Coliseum would have retained the peristyle section and columns that are part of the current stadium, in a design similar to Soldier Field in Chicago, which is the home of the NFL's Chicago Bears. This stadium was supported by then-California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and the Los Angeles City Council approved a preliminary financing plan and environmental impact report in 2006. But the Exposition Park area still carries safety concerns among some fans.
In October 2006, a new doubt was cast over the Coliseum's future as a possible venue, as reports surfaced that the Coliseum Commission was negotiating to hand over control of the stadium to USC, which could preclude any plans to renovate the stadium for the NFL. Pat Lynch, the Coliseum's general manager, claimed in a panel discussion in December 2006 that the true cost of a new Coliseum would be closer to $650 million.
Anaheim Stadium
Anaheim Stadium, known since 2004 as Angel Stadium of Anaheim, is approximately 25 miles (40 km) south east of Downtown Los Angeles, at the city of Anaheim. It was built by Major League Baseball's California Angels – currently Los Angeles Angels – and opened in 1966. The Rams moved into the stadium in 1980, looking for a more modern venue than the Coliseum, and also a stadium that would be small enough to keep Rams games from being blacked out on local television. About 23,000 seats were added for football games. Three teams had previously played home games in Anaheim Stadium prior to the Rams' move: the Southern California Sun of the World Football League and the now-defunct football programs at Cal State Fullerton and Long Beach State.
After the Rams left California in 1995, Angel Stadium was extensively renovated to be reverted to a baseball-only configuration, and only hosts high school football. The stadium can no longer supply the needs of national TV football broadcasts.
Rose Bowl
The Rose Bowl in Pasadena, ten miles (16 kilometers) northeast of downtown Los Angeles, was built in 1922. It is used by the NCAA's UCLA Bruins football team since 1982, but has never been a permanent home for an NFL team. The Rose Bowl instead has hosted the Super Bowl as it was considered more suitable than the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum for this high-profile event, and with five editions (XI, XIV, XVII, XXI, and XXVII) has the second most tenants of any venue. During the two decades without the NFL in L.A., a renovated Rose Bowl was a strong candidate to host a relocated or expansion team. However, after many years of varying offers, no deal could be struck between the NFL owners, the stadium's owner, and the City of Pasadena. On November 7, 2006, Pasadena voters overwhelmingly (72% opposition) rejected a financing package that would have allocated money for a renovation of the stadium that would have accommodated an NFL team in fear of greatly increased traffic. While in 2012, Pasadena officials approved a proposal which could allow an NFL team to temporarily play in the Rose Bowl, once the NFL asked in 2015 whether the Rose Bowl was open to being a temporary home for an NFL team, the stadium operators declined the offer.
Dignity Health Sports Park
Dignity Health Sports Park is located on the campus of California State University, Dominguez Hills in Carson, California, approximately 13 miles (19 km) south of Downtown Los Angeles. While a soccer-specific stadium, it receives high school, college gridiron, and minor pro football hosting California Interscholastic Federation finals and the NFLPA Collegiate Bowl. While the Chargers and Raiders planned a football stadium in Carson, they visited Dignity Health Sports Park (then known as the StubHub Center) regarding using the facilities for training. The Chargers ultimately agreed to use the stadium as their temporary home stadium until SoFi Stadium was complete.
Past proposals
Dodger Stadium site
The Dodger Stadium parking lot was previously discussed by NFL owners, in private, as possibly being the best site in Southern California to build a new professional football stadium. Officials with the Dodgers and the NFL met in secret twice in 2005 to discuss the possibility of constructing a stadium and retail complex adjacent to Dodger Stadium. The 49ers' current home, Levi's Stadium, was built in the parking lot of an amusement park. After the Boston Herald reported the details of the plan, political pressure forced both the NFL and Dodgers owner Frank McCourt to deny that either party was aggressively pursuing the idea.
Carson
On February 19, 2015, the Chargers and Raiders announced plans for a privately financed $1.7 billion stadium that the two teams would build in Carson, California if they were to move to the Los Angeles market. Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities.
Due to television contracts, NFL bylaws, and both teams being in the same division, had both of the longstanding division rivals were to have moved to LA, one of the teams would have had to move to the National Football Conference and the NFC West, something that Mark Davis volunteered the Raiders to be willing to do. Davis's father and Raiders founder Al Davis was a staunch opponent of the NFL before the merger. Had such a realignment occurred, one of the existing NFC West teams would have taken their spot in the AFC West, with either the Arizona Cardinals, St. Louis Rams, or Seattle Seahawks being the most likely candidates (the latter had been previously part of the AFC West until the 2002 realignment).
On April 22, 2015, the Carson City Council bypassed the option to put the stadium to public vote and approved the plan 3–0. On May 5, 2015, Carson City Council unanimously voted to issue $50 million to finish environmental cleanup on the site. On May 19, 2015, the Chargers and Raiders announced that they finalized a land deal to secure land in Carson which was transferred to the joint powers authority in Carson after the 157-acre site was purchased by Carson Holdings a company set up by the two teams.
In May 2015, Carmen Policy was hired to spearhead the project.
On November 11, 2015, Bob Iger (Disney CEO) was hired as non-executive chairman of Carson Holdings. in addition, Iger had an option to buy a stake in the Chargers or Raiders had the Carson proposal been approved.
On January 12, 2016, the Inglewood proposal and the Rams return to Los Angeles was approved 30-2 thus effectively rejecting and killing the Carson proposal. The Carson proposal was later repurposed by the Raiders for Allegiant Stadium in Paradise, Nevada when the team moved to the Las Vegas metropolitan area in 2020.
City of Industry
Edward P. Roski, a part-owner of the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Kings, announced plans for a new stadium on the northern side of the interchange of State Routes 57 and 60 (almost east of downtown LA) with the purpose of attracting a team to the Los Angeles region. Roski, who built the Staples Center, stated that the new 75,000-seat stadium, a part of a 600-acre entertainment and retail project, would all be privately financed and be the centerpiece of a new entertainment complex in the City of Industry. In June 2008, reports surfaced that the City of Industry could become the home of the 49ers or Raiders by as early as 2010 when both teams' stadium leases expired, or could become home to another team. The project was cleared to begin construction, though it kept waiting on the negotiations of the NFL's commitment to relocate a team (or possibility two) to Los Angeles.
Downtown Los Angeles
Casey Wasserman and Tim Leiweke investigated the probability of building a 72,000-seat stadium behind Staples Center, where the West Hall of the Los Angeles Convention Center now sits. In December 2010, Leiweke set a deadline anticipating a cleared negotiation with Los Angeles over control of the current convention center and ownership of the land and an agreement with the NFL over the likelihood of a team moving to Los Angeles. AEG owner Philip Anschutz discussed potential relocation with three teams: former Los Angeles teams: San Diego Chargers, St. Louis Rams, and Oakland Raiders. The Buffalo Bills, Jacksonville Jaguars, Minnesota Vikings, and San Francisco 49ers were also considered as relocation candidates. On August 9, 2011, the LA City Council approved plans to build Farmers Field in a 12–0 vote, with a plan to open a stadium as early as 2016. On March 9, 2015, AEG announced it would not seek an extension to the deadline for an agreement with a team set for April 17 that year, effectively shutting down the proposal.
Non-NFL gridiron football activity
The Southern California Sun of the World Football League played two seasons in Anaheim from 1974 to 1975, playing their games at Anaheim Stadium.
The Coliseum briefly fielded another professional football team, the Los Angeles Express of the United States Football League (USFL), from 1983 to 1985. The league played in the springtime, avoiding conflicts with the NFL and the Raiders for the use of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. Because of dwindling financial fortunes, the team played its final game at John Shepard Stadium on the campus of Los Angeles Pierce College.
The Arena Football League has featured four teams representing the Los Angeles metropolitan area since its launch:
The Los Angeles Cobras played only one season in 1988, playing their games at the Los Angeles Sports Arena.
The Anaheim Piranhas played in the nearby Orange County suburb of Anaheim from 1996 to 1997, playing its games at the Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim; it folded after owner C. David Baker was promoted to league commissioner.
The Los Angeles Avengers played at the Staples Center from 2000 to 2008, before the league suspended operations. The league would be revived in 2010, but (initially) without a Los Angeles-area team.
The LA KISS, a team owned by and branded after the band of the same name, played from 2014 to 2016. While nominally representing the city, the team played in Anaheim (much like the Rams from 1980 to 1994) at the Honda Center.
The Spring Football League, a league that lasted only two weeks in 2000, included as one of its four teams the Los Angeles Dragons.
The Los Angeles Xtreme won the only championship in the brief history of the original XFL, in 2001, playing its games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum.
The United Football League had committed to a Los Angeles franchise (possibly with Mark Cuban as its owner) for its 2009 season and, when the league cut back the number of teams it planned to launch from six to four, had planned to have the team that became the Las Vegas Locomotives play one of its home games in the Home Depot Center (now Dignity Health Sports Park) in preparation for a full-time Los Angeles team in 2010. However, the league later dropped their plan to play at the Center in 2009 and, by the time the league failed in October 2012, had never established a team in the city as promised.
The Los Angeles Temptation of the league now known as the Extreme Football League (originally the Lingerie Football League, and later the Legends Football League) played its first two full seasons (2009 and 2010) in the city (specifically the LA Memorial Coliseum) before relocating to the Inland Empire in 2011. The Temptation still referred to themselves as a Los Angeles team until their folding in 2013.
Los Angeles was one of the eight markets that hosted teams in the second XFL, being home to the LA Wildcats who played at Dignity Health Sports Park, occupying the facilities built at the stadium for the Chargers' temporary stay.
In fiction
In the season 7 Entourage episode "Buzzed", the fictional Hollywood agent Ari Gold is offered to run an NFL franchise in Los Angeles after he impresses the NFL board, but fails to win the contract to sell the NFL media rights. Ari jokingly states he will name the team the "LA Gold".
In season 3 of Psych, an episode revolves around a death of a player on the fictional L.A. Thunderbirds NFL team that holds their training camp in Santa Barbara.
In the 1984 film Against All Odds, Jeff Bridges's character plays for a fictional team, the L.A. Outlaws.
The 1991 action film The Last Boy Scout revolves around a fictional team, the L.A. Stallions. The Colombo episode A Bird in the Hand also utilizes this same team, the L.A. Stallions.
The 2011 book Between the Lies by Marv Levy has a fictional NFL team from Los Angeles called the Los Angeles Leopards as one of the best teams in the NFL, along with the Portland Pioneers.
In the John Feinstein book Cover-up: Mystery at the Super Bowl the team is called the LA Dreams.
The 2008 Midway Games video game Blitz: The League II featured a team called the L.A. Riot which played in Los Angeles and was the antagonist to the player-created team.
In the Mike Lupica book Fantasy League, the team in the book is the LA Bulldogs.
In "Million Dollar Abie", a season 17 episode of The Simpsons, Los Angeles is bidding against Springfield for a professional football team.
See also
Sports in Los Angeles
Pro Bowl
National Football League in Toronto
History of Washington, D.C. professional baseball: A similar history regarding Major League Baseball's difficulties in maintaining professional baseball teams in the Washington, D.C. market
References
Notes
Further reading
External links
Los Angeles Rams website
Los Angeles Chargers website
Official stadium website
National Football League in Los Angeles
Los Angeles Raiders
Los Angeles Rams
Los Angeles Chargers
National Football League controversies
National Football League franchise relocations
American football in Los Angeles
National Football League | wiki |
Neobus is the name of two separate and unrelated bus manufacturers:
Neobus (Serbia)
Neobus (Brazil) | wiki |
Root mucilage is made of plant-specific polysaccharides or long chains of sugar molecules. This polysaccharide secretion of root exudate forms a gelatinous substance that sticks to the caps of roots. Root mucilage is known to play a role in forming relationships with soil-dwelling life forms. Just how this root mucilage is secreted is debated, but there is growing evidence that mucilage derives from ruptured cells. As roots penetrate through the soil, many of the cells surrounding the caps of roots are continually shed and replaced. These ruptured or lysed cells release their component parts, which include the polysaccharides that form root mucilage. These polysaccharides come from the Golgi apparatus and plant cell wall, which are rich in plant-specific polysaccharides. Unlike animal cells, plant cells have a cell wall that acts as a barrier surrounding the cell providing strength, which supports plants just like a skeleton.
This cell wall is used to produce everyday products such as timber, paper, and natural fabrics, including cotton.
Root mucilage is a part of a wider secrete from plant roots known as root exudate. Plant roots secrete a variety of organic molecules into the surrounding soil, such as proteins, enzymes, DNA, sugars and amino acids, which are the building blocks of life. This collective secretion is known as root exudate. This root exudate prevents root infection from bacteria and fungi, helps the roots to penetrate through the soil, and can create a micro-climate that is beneficial to the plant.
Root mucilage composition
To determine the sugars within root mucilage, monosaccharide analysis and monosaccharide linkage analysis are undertaken. Monosaccharide linkage analysis involves methylating the root mucilage, which contains polysaccharides. The root mucilage is hydrolysed using acid to break down the polysaccharides into their monosaccharide components. The subsistent monosaccharides are then reduced to open their rings. The open ring monosaccharides are then acetylated, and separated typically by using gas chromatography, although liquid chromatography is also used. The masses of the monosaccharides are then detected using mass spectrometry. The gas chromatography retention times and the mass spectrometry chromatogram are used to identify how the monosaccharides are linked to form the polysaccharides that make root mucilage. For monosaccharide analysis, which reveals the sugars that make root mucilage, scientists hydrolyse the root mucilage using acid, and put the samples directly through gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry.
Several scientists have determined the composition of plant root mucilage using monosaccharide analysis and linkage analysis, showing that Maize (Zea mays) root mucilage contains high levels of galactose, xylose, arabinose, rhamnose, and glucose, and lower levels of uronic acid, mannose, fucose, and glucuronic acid. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) root mucilage also contains high levels of xylose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, and lower levels of rhamnose, glucuronic acid and mannose. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) also contains high levels of arabinose, galactose, glucose, fucose, and xylose, and lower levels of rhamnose, mannose, and glucuronic acid. Many other plants have had their root mucilage composition determined using monosaccharide analysis and monosaccharide linkage analysis. With the following monosaccharides determined as well as their linkages, scientists have determined the presence of pectin, arabinogalactan proteins, xyloglucan, arabinan, and xylan, which are plant-specific polysaccharides within the root mucilage of plants.
Importance and role of root mucilage
Plants use up to 40% of their energy secreting root mucilage, which they generate from photosynthesis that takes place in the leaves. Root mucilage plays a role in developing a symbiotic relationship with the soil-dwelling fungi. This important relationship is known to affect 94% of land plants, and benefits plants by increasing water and nutrient uptake from the soil, particularly phosphorus. In return, the fungi receive food in the form of carbohydrates from the plant in the form of broken-down root mucilage. Without this relationship, many plants would struggle to gain sufficient water or nutrients.
Root mucilage also helps soil to stick to roots. The purpose of this is to maintain the plant's contact with the soil so that the plant can regulate the levels of water it can absorb, decrease friction so that roots can penetrate through the soil, and maintain a micro-climate. Root mucilage contributes to the particular hydrophysical properties of the rhizosphere, which can affect the plant's response to water deficit. For example, root mucilage can reduce evaporation and store water in the rhizosphere.
See also
Mucilage
Marine mucilage
References
Polysaccharides | wiki |
See also
Urban studies | wiki |
Le barrage Kinzua, un barrage en Pennsylvanie.
Le pont de Kinzua, un pont en Pennsylvanie. | wiki |
Ben Franklin, texasi település
Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) amerikai politikus, tudós közkeletű beceneve | wiki |
Married to Medicine is an American reality television series which premiered on March 24, 2013, on Bravo and was created by Mariah Huq. The series chronicles the lives of seven women in the Atlanta medical community with three of the women being doctors themselves, while the others are doctors' wives. It shows the group as they balance their social circles, careers, and families.
Overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2013)
Dr. Jacqueline, Kari, Mariah, Dr. Simone, Toya and Quad are introduced.
Season 2 (2014)
Dr. Heavenly and Lisa Nicole joined the cast of Married to Medicine; Kari departed as a series regular.
Season 3 (2015)
Mariah departed as a series regular.
Season 4 (2016–17)
Season 5 (2017–18)
Dr. Contessa joined the cast of Married to Medicine; Lisa Nicole departed as a series regular. Married to Medicine also vacated its normal Sunday slot in favor of being aired on Friday evenings. It returned to its Sunday evening timeslot full-time in Season 7 (2019).
Season 6 (2018–19)
Mariah rejoined the cast of Married to Medicine. The show began in a Sunday timeslot before being moved around between Fridays and Sundays this season.
Season 7 (2019–20)
Season 8 (2021)
Mariah and Quad departed as series regulars.
Season 9 (2022)
Quad returned as a series regular.
References
Lists of American reality television series episodes | wiki |
WCOM may refer to:
WCOM-FM, a radio station (89.3 FM) licensed to serve Silver Creek, New York, United States
WCOM-LP, a radio station (103.5 FM) licensed to serve Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States | wiki |
La Grande Menace, bande dessinée de Jacques Martin (première de la série Guy Lefranc)
La Grande Menace (Walk a Crooked Mile), film américain de Gordon Douglas (1948)
La Grande Menace (The Medusa Touch), film franco-britannique de Jack Gold (1978).
La Grande Menace (Calvary), épisode de la série télévisée Angel. | wiki |
The men's high jump was a track & field athletics event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. It was held on July 15, 1900. Eight athletes from seven nations competed in the high jump. The event was won by Irving Baxter of the United States, the nation's second consecutive victory in the men's high jump. Great Britain (Patrick Leahy's silver) and Hungary (Lajos Gönczy's bronze) each took medals in their first appearance in the event.
Background
This was the second appearance of the event, which is one of 12 athletics events to have been held at every Summer Olympics. None of the jumpers from 1896 returned. Irving Baxter of the United States was the 1900 AAA champion, while Patrick Leahy of Great Britain had won in 1898 and 1899.
France, Great Britain, Hungary, and Norway each competed for the first time in the event. Germany, Sweden, and the United States all appeared for the second time.
Competition format
There was a single round of jumping. The bar started at 1.50 metres. When the victor was the only man left, he was able to choose the height.
Records
These were the standing world and Olympic records (in metres) prior to the 1900 Summer Olympics.
(*) unofficial
Irving Baxter improved the Olympic record twice. At first he jumped 1.85 metres and finally he also cleared 1.90 metres.
Schedule
The Sunday schedule prevented two Americans, William Remington and Walter Carroll, from competing.
Results
Baxter won easily, clearing 1.85 metres and 1.90 metres. With no one else close, he attempted to break the world record, 1.97 metres at the time. He failed all three times he attempted it, but still took the gold medal. Jump sequences are known only for Baxter's jumps at 1.85 metres and above.
References
Sources
International Olympic Committee.
De Wael, Herman. Herman's Full Olympians: "Athletics 1900". Accessed 18 March 2006. Available electronically at .
Men's jumping high
High jump at the Olympics | wiki |
DeBakey may refer to:
Lois DeBakey
Michael E. DeBakey
Selma DeBakey
DeBakey forceps
DeBakey classification system of aortic dissection
DeBakey High School for Health Professions and the DeBakey High School for Health Professions at Qatar
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Houston | wiki |
An idiosyncrasy is an unusual feature of a person (though there are also other uses, see below). It can also mean an odd habit. The term is often used to express eccentricity or peculiarity. A synonym may be "quirk".
Etymology
The term "idiosyncrasy" originates from Greek , "a peculiar temperament, habit of body" (from , "one's own", , "with" and , "blend of the four humors" (temperament)) or literally "particular mingling".
Linguistics
The term can also be applied to symbols or words. Idiosyncratic symbols mean one thing for a particular person, as a blade could mean war, but to someone else, it could symbolize a surgery.
Idiosyncratic property
In phonology, an idiosyncratic property contrasts with a systematic regularity. While systematic regularities in the sound system of a language are useful for identifying phonological rules during analysis of the forms morphemes can take, idiosyncratic properties are those whose occurrence is not determined by those rules. For example, the fact that the English word cab starts with a /c/ is an idiosyncratic property; on the other hand that its vowel is longer than in the English word cap is a systematic regularity, as it arises from the fact that the final consonant is voiced rather than voiceless.
Idiosyncrasy in religion
Among religious people, idiosyncrasy means behavior that is different from the usual, different from that which is generally seen as common, yet also as different social behavior that can be seen in the varieties of cults.
Medicine
Disease
Idiosyncrasy defined the way physicians conceived diseases in the 19th century. They considered each disease as a unique condition, related to each patient. This understanding began to change in the 1870s, when discoveries made by researchers in Europe permitted the advent of a "scientific medicine", a precursor to the evidence-based medicine that is the standard of practice today.
Pharmacology
The term idiosyncratic drug reaction denotes an aberrant or bizarre reaction or hypersensitivity to a substance, without connection to the pharmacology of the drug. It is what is known as a Type B reaction. Type B reactions have the following characteristics: they are usually unpredictable, might not be picked up by toxicological screening, not necessarily dose-related, incidence and morbidity low but mortality is high. Type B reactions are most commonly immunological (e.g. penicillin allergy).
Psychiatry and psychology
In psychiatry, the term means a specific and unique mental condition of a patient, often accompanied by neologisms. In psychoanalysis and behaviorism, it is used for the personal way a given individual reacts, perceives and experiences a common situation: a certain dish made of meat may cause nostalgic memories in one person and disgust in another. These reactions are called idiosyncratic.
Economics
In portfolio theory, risks of price changes due to the unique circumstances of a specific security, as opposed to the overall market, are called "idiosyncratic risks". This specific risk, also called unsystematic, can be nulled out of a portfolio through diversification. Pooling multiple securities means the specific risks cancel out. In complete markets, there is no compensation for idiosyncratic risk—that is, a security's idiosyncratic risk does not matter for its price. For instance, in a complete market in which the capital asset pricing model holds, the price of a security is determined by the amount of systematic risk in its returns. Net income received, or losses suffered, by a landlord from renting of one or two properties is subject to idiosyncratic risk due to the numerous things that can happen to real property and variable behavior of tenants.
According to one macroeconomic model including a financial sector, hedging idiosyncratic risk can be self-defeating as it leads to higher systemic risk, as it takes on more leverage. This makes the system less stable. Thus, while securitisation in principle reduces the costs of idiosyncratic shocks, it ends up amplifying systemic risks in equilibrium.
In econometrics, "idiosyncratic error" is used to describe error—that is, unobserved factors that impact the dependent variable—from panel data that both changes over time and across units (individuals, firms, cities, towns, etc.).
See also
Eccentricity (behavior)
References
External links
Allergology
Deviance (sociology)
Inborn errors of metabolism
Medical terminology
Effects of external causes | wiki |
We Interrupt This Program... is a 1975 play by Norman Krasna.
In 1975 ABC provided $125,000 for a production by Alexander Cohen. The play premiered in 1975 and received bad reviews.
Plot
This play's audience is held hostage by a group of criminals seeking the release of an imprisoned friend.
References
External links
1975 plays
Plays by Norman Krasna | wiki |
Disney Sports est une série de jeux vidéo de simulation sportive produite pour Disney Interactive.
Les jeux
Notes et références
Série de jeux vidéo lancée en 2001
Jeu vidéo Disney | wiki |
Vacuum casting is a casting process for elastomers using a vacuum to draw the liquid material into the mold. This process is used when air entrapment is a problem, there are intricate details or undercuts, or if the material is fiber or wire reinforced.
The main disadvantage to this process is the high price for the equipment.
Process
The process starts by placing a two piece silicone mold in a vacuum chamber. The raw material is mixed, degassed and then poured into the mold. The vacuum is then released and the mold removed from the chamber. Finally, the casting is cured in an oven and the mold removed to release the completed casting. The silicone mold can be reused.
In some machines the chamber where the material is mixed a pressure can be applied to increase the pressure differential between the mold cavity and the mixing chamber.
References
External links
Casting Solutions
Casting (manufacturing) | wiki |
Crying is the dropping of tears (or welling of tears in the eyes) in response to an emotional state or pain. Emotions that can lead to crying include sadness, anger, and even happiness. The act of crying has been defined as "a complex secretomotor phenomenon characterized by the shedding of tears from the lacrimal apparatus, without any irritation of the ocular structures", instead, giving a relief which protects from conjunctivitis. A related medical term is lacrimation, which also refers to non-emotional shedding of tears. Various forms of crying are known as sobbing, weeping, wailing, whimpering, bawling, and blubbering.
For crying to be described as sobbing, it usually has to be accompanied by a set of other symptoms, such as slow but erratic inhalation, occasional instances of breath holding and muscular tremor.
A neuronal connection between the lacrimal gland and the areas of the human brain involved with emotion has been established.
Tears produced during emotional crying have a chemical composition which differs from other types of tears. They contain significantly greater quantities of the hormones prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and Leu-enkephalin, and the elements potassium and manganese.
Function
The question of the function or origin of emotional tears remains open. Theories range from the simple, such as response to inflicted pain, to the more complex, including nonverbal communication in order to elicit altruistic helping behavior from others. Some have also claimed that crying can serve several biochemical purposes, such as relieving stress and clearance of the eyes. There is some empirical evidence that crying lowers stress levels, potentially due to the release of hormones such as oxytocin. Crying is believed to be an outlet or a result of a burst of intense emotional sensations, such as agony, surprise or joy. This theory could explain why people cry during cheerful events, as well as very painful events.
Individuals tend to remember the positive aspects of crying, and may create a link between other simultaneous positive events, such as resolving feelings of grief. Together, these features of memory reinforce the idea that crying helped the individual.
In Hippocratic and medieval medicine, tears were associated with the bodily humors, and crying was seen as purgation of excess humors from the brain. William James thought of emotions as reflexes prior to rational thought, believing that the physiological response, as if to stress or irritation, is a precondition to cognitively becoming aware of emotions such as fear or anger.
William H. Frey II, a biochemist at the University of Minnesota, proposed that people feel "better" after crying due to the elimination of hormones associated with stress, specifically adrenocorticotropic hormone. This, paired with increased mucosal secretion during crying, could lead to a theory that crying is a mechanism developed in humans to dispose of this stress hormone when levels grow too high. Tears have a limited ability to eliminate chemicals, reducing the likelihood of this theory.
Recent psychological theories of crying emphasize the relationship of crying to the experience of perceived helplessness. From this perspective, an underlying experience of helplessness can usually explain why people cry. For example, a person may cry after receiving surprisingly happy news, ostensibly because the person feels powerless or unable to influence what is happening.
Emotional tears have also been put into an evolutionary context. One study proposes that crying, by blurring vision, can handicap aggressive or defensive actions, and may function as a reliable signal of appeasement, need, or attachment. Oren Hasson, an evolutionary psychologist in the zoology department at Tel Aviv University believes that crying shows vulnerability and submission to an attacker, solicits sympathy and aid from bystanders, and signals shared emotional attachments.
Another theory that follows evolutionary psychology is given by Paul D. MacLean, who suggests that the vocal part of crying was used first as a "separation cry" to help reunite parents and offspring. The tears, he speculates, are a result of a link between the development of the cerebrum and the discovery of fire. MacLean theorizes that since early humans must have relied heavily on fire, their eyes were frequently producing reflexive tears in response to the smoke. As humans evolved the smoke possibly gained a strong association with the loss of life and, therefore, sorrow. In 2017, Carlo Bellieni analysed the weeping behavior, and concluded that most animals can cry but only humans have psychoemotional shedding of tears, also known as "weeping". Weeping is a behavior that induces empathy perhaps with the mediation of the mirror neurons network, and influences the mood through the release of hormones elicited by the massage effect made by the tears on the cheeks, or through the relief of the sobbing rhythm. Many ethologists would disagree.
Biological response
It can be very difficult to observe biological effects of crying, especially considering many psychologists believe the environment in which a person cries can alter the experience of the crier. Laboratory studies have shown several physical effects of crying, such as increased heart rate, sweating, and slowed breathing. Although it appears that the type of effects an individual experiences depends largely on the individual, for many it seems that the calming effects of crying, such as slowed breathing, outlast the negative effects, which could explain why people remember crying as being helpful and beneficial.
Globus sensation
The most common side effect of crying is feeling a lump in the throat of the crier, otherwise known as a globus sensation. Although many things can cause a globus sensation, the one experienced in crying is a response to the stress experienced by the sympathetic nervous system. When an animal is threatened by some form of danger, the sympathetic nervous system triggers several processes to allow the animal to fight or flee. This includes shutting down unnecessary body functions, such as digestion, and increasing blood flow and oxygen to necessary muscles. When an individual experiences emotions such as sorrow, the sympathetic nervous system still responds in this way.
Another function increased by the sympathetic nervous system is breathing, which includes opening the throat in order to increase air flow. This is done by expanding the glottis, which allows more air to pass through. As an individual is undergoing this sympathetic response, eventually the parasympathetic nervous system attempts to undo the response by decreasing high stress activities and increasing recuperative processes, which includes running digestion. This involves swallowing, a process which requires closing the fully expanded glottis to prevent food from entering the larynx. The glottis attempts to remain open as an individual cries. This fight to close the glottis creates a sensation that feels like a lump in the individual's throat.
Other common side effects of crying are quivering lips, a runny nose, and an unsteady, cracking voice.
Frequency
According to the German Society of Ophthalmology, which has collated different scientific studies on crying, the average woman cries between 30 and 64 times a year, and the average man cries between 6 and 17 times a year.
Men tend to cry for between two and four minutes, and women cry for about six minutes. Crying turns into sobbing for women in 65% of cases, compared to just 6% for men. Before adolescence, no difference between the sexes was found.
The gap between how often men and women cry is larger in wealthier, more democratic, and feminine countries.
In infants
Infants can shed tears at approximately 4–8 weeks of age.
Crying is critical to when a baby is first born. Their ability to cry upon delivery signals they can breathe on their own and reflects they have successfully adapted to life outside the womb.
Although crying is an infant's mode of communication, it is not limited to a monotonous sound. There are three different types of cries apparent in infants. The first of these three is a basic cry, which is a systematic cry with a pattern of crying and silence. The basic cry starts with a cry coupled with a briefer silence, which is followed by a short high-pitched inspiratory whistle. Then, there is a brief silence followed by another cry. Hunger is a main stimulant of the basic cry. An anger cry is much like the basic cry; in this cry, more excess air is forced through the vocal cords, making it a louder, more abrupt cry. This type of cry is characterized by the same temporal sequence as the basic pattern but distinguished by differences in the length of the various phase components. The third cry is the pain cry, which, unlike the other two, has no preliminary moaning. The pain cry is one loud cry, followed by a period of breath holding.
Most adults can determine whether an infant's cries signify anger or pain. Most parents also have a better ability to distinguish their own infant's cries than those of a different child. A 2009 study found that babies mimic their parents' pitch contour. French infants wail on a rising note while German infants favor a falling melody. Carlo Bellieni found a correlation between the features of babies' crying and the level of pain, though he found no direct correlation between the cause of crying and its characteristics.
T. Berry Brazelton has suggested that overstimulation may be a contributing factor to infant crying and that periods of active crying might serve the purpose of discharging overstimulation and helping the baby's nervous system regain homeostasis.
Sheila Kitzinger found a correlation between the mother's prenatal stress level and later amount of crying by the infant. She also found a correlation between birth trauma and crying. Mothers who had experienced obstetrical interventions or who were made to feel powerless during birth had babies who cried more than other babies. Rather than try one remedy after another to stop this crying, she suggested that mothers hold their babies and allow the crying to run its course. Other studies have supported Kitzinger's findings. Babies who had experienced birth complications had longer crying spells at three months of age and awakened more frequently at night crying.
Based on these various findings, Aletha Solter has proposed a general emotional release theory of infant crying. When infants cry for no obvious reason after all other causes (such as hunger or pain) are ruled out, she suggests that the crying may signify a beneficial stress-release mechanism. She recommends the "crying-in-arms" approach as a way to comfort these infants. Another way of comforting and calming the baby is to mimic the familiarity and coziness of mother's womb. Dr. Robert Hamilton developed a technique to parents where a baby may be calmed and stop crying in 5 seconds.
A study published in Current Biology has shown that some parents with experience of children are better at identifying types of cries than those who do not have experience of children.
Categorizing dimensions
There have been many attempts to differentiate between the two distinct types of crying: positive and negative. Different perspectives have been broken down into three dimensions to examine the emotions being felt and also to grasp the contrast between the two types.
Spatial perspective explains sad crying as reaching out to be "there", such as at home or with a person who may have just died. In contrast, joyful crying is acknowledging being "here." It emphasized the intense awareness of one's location, such as at a relative's wedding.
Temporal perspective explains crying slightly differently. In temporal perspective, sorrowful crying is due to looking to the past with regret or to the future with dread. This illustrated crying as a result of losing someone and regretting not spending more time with them or being nervous about an upcoming event. Crying as a result of happiness would then be a response to a moment as if it is eternal; the person is frozen in a blissful, immortalized present.
The last dimension is known as the public-private perspective. This describes the two types of crying as ways to imply details about the self as known privately or one's public identity. For example, crying due to a loss is a message to the outside world that pleads for help with coping with internal sufferings. Or, as Arthur Schopenhauer suggested, sorrowful crying is a method of self-pity or self-regard, a way one comforts oneself. Joyful crying, in contrast, is in recognition of beauty, glory, or wonderfulness.
Religious views
The Shia Ithna Ashari (Muslims who believe in twelve Imams after Muhammad) consider crying to be an important responsibility towards their leaders who were martyred.
They believe a true lover of Imam Hussain can feel the afflictions and oppressions Imam Hussain suffered; his feelings are so immense that they break out into tears and wail. The pain of the beloved is the pain of the lover. Crying on Imam Hussain is the sign or expression of true love.
The Imams of Shias have encouraged crying especially on Imam Hussain and have been informed about rewards for this act. They support their view through a tradition (saying) from Muhammad who said: (On the Day of Judgment, a group would be seen in the most excellent and honourable of states. They would be asked if they were of the Angels or of the Prophets. In reply they would state): "We are neither Angels nor Prophets but of the indigent ones from the ummah of Muhammad". They would then be asked: "How then did you achieve this lofty and honourable status?" They would reply: "We did not perform very many good deeds nor did we pass all the days in a state of fasting or all the nights in a state of worship but yes, we used to offer our (daily) prayers (regularly) and whenever we used to hear the mention of Muhammad, tears would roll down our cheeks" (Mustadrak al‑Wasail, vol 10, pg. 318).
In Orthodox and Catholic Christianity, tears are considered to be a sign of genuine repentance, and a desirable thing in many cases. Tears of true contrition are thought to be sacramental, helpful in forgiving sins, in that they recall the Baptism of the penitent.
Types of tears
There are three types of tears: basal tears, reflexive tears, and psychic tears. Basal tears are produced at a rate of about 1 to 2 microliters a minute, and are made in order to keep the eye lubricated and smooth out irregularities in the cornea. Reflexive tears are tears that are made in response to irritants to the eye, such as when chopping onions or getting poked in the eye. Psychic tears are produced by the lacrimal system and are the tears expelled during emotional states.
Related disorders
Baby colic, where an infant's excessive crying has no obvious cause or underlying medical disorder.
Bell's palsy, where faulty regeneration of the facial nerve can cause sufferers to shed tears while eating.
Cri du chat syndrome, where the characteristic cry of affected infants, which is similar to that of a meowing kitten, is due to problems with the larynx and nervous system.
Familial dysautonomia, where there can be a lack of overflow tears (alacrima), during emotional crying.
Pseudobulbar affect, uncontrollable episodes of laughing and/or crying.
References
Further reading
: examines the taboo that still surrounds public crying.
External links
Physiological psychology
Emotion
Reflexes | wiki |
In human anatomy, the term round ligament (or its Latin equivalent ligamentum teres) may refer to:
Round ligament of uterus, also known as the ligamentum teres uteri
Round ligament of liver, also known as the ligamentum teres hepatis
Ligament of head of femur, which was formerly known as the ligamentum teres femoris
Oblique cord or Round ligament of the elbow, connects the anterolateral aspect of the ulna proximally to the posteromedial aspect of the radius distally | wiki |
The Magician's Apprentice is a 2007 fantasy novel by Trudi Canavan
The Magician's Apprentice may also refer to:
"The Magician's Apprentice" (Doctor Who), a 2015 episode
"The Sorcerer's Apprentice" (), 1797 poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
See also
Sorcerer's Apprentice (disambiguation) | wiki |
In photography, a snoot is a tube or similar object that fits over a studio light or portable flash and allows the photographer to control the direction and radius of the light beam. These may be conical, cylindrical, or rectangular in shape. Snoots can isolate a subject when using a flash. They help by stopping "light spill", or when lighting falls in a larger footprint than intended.
Snoots can be different lengths and diameter, also made of various materials.
See also
Collimator
Top hat
References
Photography equipment
Photographic lighting | wiki |
Caribbean Spanish (, ) is the general name of the Spanish dialects spoken in the Caribbean region. The Spanish language was introduced to the Caribbean in 1492 with the voyages of Christopher Columbus. It resembles the Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands, and, more distantly, the Spanish of western Andalusia.
More precisely, the term in its strictest sense however refers to the Spanish language as it is spoken on the Caribbean island nations of Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico. In a much looser sense, it can also include the Caribbean coasts of Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela, and on the widest application of the phrase, it includes the Caribbean coastal regions of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.
Phonology
Seseo, where and merge to , as in the rest of the Americas, in the Canary Islands and in southern Spain.
Yeísmo, where and merge to , as in many other Spanish dialects.
is debuccalized to at the end of syllables, as is common in the southern half of Spain, the Canaries and much of Spanish America: los amigos ('the friends'), dos ('two'). It may also be elided entirely. Syllable-final is always or mostly pronounced in formal speech, like TV broadcasts.
Syllable-initial is also sporadically debuccalized, although this process is documented only in certain areas, such as parts of Puerto Rico: cinco centavos , la semana pasada .
As a reaction to the stigmatization of s-debuccalization and elision, hypercorrections are frequent. For example, speakers may say for '14 years'. These hypercorrections are called 'speaking finely', with an extra, hypercorrect 's'.
pronounced , as is common in Andalusia, the Canary islands and various parts of South America.
lenition of to mucho→, as in part of Andalusia or in Chile.
Word-final is realized as a velar nasal (velarization). It can be elided, with backwards nasalization of the preceding vowel: →; as in part of Andalusia.
Deletion of intervocalic and word final , as in many Spanish dialects: cansado ('tired'), nada → ('nothing'), and perdido ('lost'), mitad →
Syllable final 'r' has a variety of realisations:
lambdacism → porque →
deletion of hablar →
assimilation to following consonant, causing gemination. carne →, →. Most notable of Spanish spoken in and around Havana.
is a common realization in the middle and upper classes in Puerto Rico under the influence of English.
vocalization of to hacer → in the Cibao region of the Dominican Republic.
aspiration → carne →
is devoiced to [] in the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico: cotorra → and realised as a uvular fricative , (uvularization) in rural Puerto Rican dialects
Several neutralizations also occur in the syllable coda. The liquids and may neutralize to (Cibaeño Dominican celda/cerda 'cell'/'bristle'), (alma/arma 'soul'/'weapon', comer 'to eat'), or as complete regressive assimilation (pulga/purga 'flea'/'purge'). The deletions and neutralizations (→→→) show variability in their occurrence, even with the same speaker in the same utterance, which implies that nondeleted forms exist in the underlying structure. That is not to say that these dialects are on the path to eliminating coda consonants since such processes have existed for more than four centuries in these dialects. argues that it is the result of speakers acquiring multiple phonological systems with uneven control, like that of second language learners.
In Spanish there are geminated consonants in Caribbean Spanish when and in syllabic coda are assimilated to the following consonant. Examples of Cuban Spanish:
Morphology
As in all American variants of Spanish the third person plural pronoun has supplanted the pronoun .
is now completely absent from insular Caribbean Spanish. Contemporary commentators such as the Cuban Esteban Pichardo speak of its survival as late as the 1830s (see López Morales 1970:136‑142) but by the 1870s it appears to have become confined to a small number of speakers from the lowest social strata. In the north west of Venezuela, in the states of Falcon and Zulia, in the north of the Cesar department, in the south of La Guajira department on Colombia's Atlantic coast and the Azurero Peninsula in Panama is still used.
The diminutive (ito, ita) takes the form (ico, ica) after : , . BUT .
Possibly as a result of the routine elision of word-final , some speakers may use as a plural marker, but generally this tendency is limited to words with singular forms that end in a stressed vowel: ‘coffee’ → ‘coffees’, ‘sofa’ → ‘sofas’.
Vocabulary
The second-person subject pronouns, tú (or vos in Central America) and usted, are used more frequently than in other varieties of Spanish, contrary to the general Spanish tendency to omit them when meaning is clear from the context (see pro-drop language). Thus, tú estás hablando instead of estás hablando. The tendency is strongest in the island countries and, on the mainland, in Nicaragua, where voseo (rather than the use of tú for the second person singular familiar) is predominant.
So-called "wh-questions", which in standard Spanish are marked by subject/verb inversion, often appear without the inversion in Caribbean Spanish: "¿Qué tú quieres?" for standard "¿Qué quieres (tú)?" ("What do you want?").
See also
Andalusian Spanish
Belizean Spanish
Canarian Spanish
Colombian Spanish
Costa Rica
Cuban Spanish
Dominican Spanish
Guatemalan Spanish
Honduran Spanish
Mexican Spanish
Nicaraguan Spanish
Panamanian Spanish
Puerto Rican Spanish
Venezuelan Spanish
Languages of the Caribbean
Isleño Spanish
References
Bibliography
25, 465-497.
Further reading
Spanish
Spanish dialects of North America
Spanish-Caribbean culture
Spanish West Indies | wiki |
Intramyocellular lipids (or IMCL) are fats stored in droplets in muscle cells. They provide an important energy source for working muscle. During exercise, a large amount of circulating free fatty acids are directed into muscle cells for energy; during rest, incoming fatty acids are instead stored in the muscle cell as triglycerides for later burning. However, an increase in muscle insulin resistance, caused by obesity, diabetes mellitus type 2, and metabolic syndrome, will result in an excess accumulation of intramyocellular lipids.
See also
Insulin glargine
References
External links
Intramyocellular lipid content in human skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle
Tissues (biology) | wiki |
Mary Quinn may refer to:
Mary Alice Quinn, girl from Chicago, Illinois, described as "Chicago's Miracle Child" and "Chicago's Unofficial Saint"
Mary Ellen Quinn, American librarian | wiki |
The men's standing high jump was a track & field athletics event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. It was held on July 16, 1900. Three athletes, all from the United States, competed in the standing high jump. The event was won by Ray Ewry of the United States, who took gold in all three of the standing jumps in 1900 (and in all three in 1900 and in both that remained on the programme in each of the 1904, 1906 Intercalated, and 1908 Games). His teammate Irving Baxter earned silver in all three 1900 standing jumps. The American sweep (guaranteed with only Americans competing) was completed with Lewis Sheldon taking bronze.
Background
This was the first appearance of the event, which was held four times from 1900 to 1912.
Competition format
There was a single round of jumping.
Records
This was a new event with no standing Olympic record. The world record prior to the Games is not clear, though Ray Ewry is credited with breaking it both at 1.63 metres and again at 1.655 metres.
Schedule
Results
Ewry had little difficulty winning this event, setting a world record at 1.630 metres and then another at 1.655 metres, also the first Olympic record.
References
Sources
International Olympic Committee.
De Wael, Herman. Herman's Full Olympians: "Athletics 1900". Accessed 18 March 2006. Available electronically at .
Men's jumping z standing high
1900 | wiki |
Men's race at the 2021 UCI Mountain Bike Marathon World Championships took place in Elba on 2 October 2021.
Course
The 2021 XCM World Championship was held over a 35km course with 3 laps plus an initial 2km lap and a final 8km lap. In total, the men's race was 115 km with a difference in altitude of 4,500 metres.
Result
114 competitors from 26 nations started.
75 competitors reached the finish line.
References
2021 UCI Mountain Bike Marathon World Championships | wiki |
Women's race at the 2021 UCI Mountain Bike Marathon World Championships took place in Elba on 2 October 2021.
Course
The 2021 XCM World Championship was held over a 35 km course with 2 laps plus an initial 2 km lap and a final 8 km lap. In total, the women's race was 80 km with 3,100 metres.
Result
50 competitors from 20 nations started.
40 competitors reached the finish line.
References
2021 UCI Mountain Bike Marathon World Championships | wiki |
The men's standing long jump was a track & field athletics event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. It was held on July 16, 1900. Four athletes from two nations competed in the standing long jump. The event was won by Ray Ewry of the United States, with his teammate Irving Baxter the runner-up; the two dominated all three of the standing jumps in 1900, finishing first and second in each. Ewry would take gold medals in all eight standing jump events from 1900 to 1908 (as well as both events at the 1906 Intercalated Games). The bronze medal was won by Émile Torchebœuf of France.
Background
This was the first appearance of the event, which was held four times from 1900 to 1912.
Competition format
There was a single round of jumping.
Records
There was no extent world record. This was the first appearance of the event at the Olympics, so there was no Olympic record either. Ray Ewry set the initial Olympic record with 3.21 metres.
Schedule
Results
Ewry won all three of the standing jumps in 1900. Just as in the others, he had little difficulty winning the standing long jump, also setting the first Olympic record.
References
Sources
International Olympic Committee.
De Wael, Herman. Herman's Full Olympians: "Athletics 1900". Accessed 18 March 2006. Available electronically at .
Men's jumping z standing long
Long jump at the Olympics | wiki |
This page provides supplementary chemical data on sodium sulfate.
Material Safety Data Sheet
The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this chemical from the manufacturer and follow its directions.
Structure and properties
Thermodynamic properties
Spectral data
References
Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup | wiki |
The Expressions may refer to:
The Expressions, American rhythm & blues band that backed Lee Fields
The Expression, Australian synth-pop band | wiki |
Choplifter III est un jeu vidéo de type shoot 'em up développé par Beam Software et édité par Extreme Entertainment, sorti en 1994 sur Super Nintendo, Game Boy et Game Gear.
Système de jeu
Accueil
Notes et références
Jeu vidéo sorti en 1994
Jeu Super Nintendo
Jeu Game Boy
Jeu Game Gear
Shoot 'em up
Jeu vidéo développé en Australie
Jeu Beam Software
Jeu Brøderbund Software
Jeu Ocean Software
Jeu Victor Interactive
Jeu Perfect Entertainment
Choplifter | wiki |
The RVers is a weekly documentary television series about the recreational vehicle lifestyle produced by the producers of The Aviators. It premiered in November 2019 on Discovery Channel with season 2 premiering relatively shortly afterwards in May 2020.
External links
Article in RV Travel
2019 American television series debuts
2019 Canadian television series debuts
2010s American documentary television series
English-language television shows
2010s Canadian documentary television series | wiki |
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