text stringlengths 16 352k | source stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|
Some charitable organizations like the Scottish Rite Foundation have undertaken the task of testing for dyslexia and making training classes and materials available, often without cost, for teachers and students.
See also
Learning Ally
Greengate School
Landmark College
The Lewis School of Princeton
Trident Academy
References
External links
International Dyslexia Organization
United States
Education in the United States
Special education in the United States | wiki |
Fallicambarus strawni é uma espécie de crustáceo da família Cambaridae.
É endémica dos Estados Unidos da América.
Referências
American Fisheries Society Endangered Species Committee 1996. Fallicambarus strawni. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Dados de 9 de Agosto de 2007.
Fallicambarus
Crustáceos descritos em 1966 | wiki |
The ureteric plexus is a nerve plexus covering and innervating the ureter. The plexus can be graduated into three parts, as the ureter itself can be divided: In the upper part of the ureter, the plexus gets its nerve fibers mainly from the renal plexus, but also from the abdominal aortic plexus. In the intermediate part the plexus receives nervous input from the superior hypogastric plexus and in the lower part from the inferior hypogastric plexus.
The plexus contains both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers, where the sympathetic components come from T11 to L2 levels of the spinal cord. Preganglionic vagal fibers (vagal fibers before passing through a ganglion) run through the celiac plexus and reach the ureteric plexus.
Sources
Nerve plexus
Vagus nerve | wiki |
Hollis Partridge "Holly" Scott (née Flax) is a fictional character from the US television series The Office, played by Amy Ryan. She is an original character, and not based on any character from the British version of the show.
Initially introduced in season 4, Holly served as a replacement HR Representative for the Scranton branch of Dunder Mifflin, and quickly developed a romantic relationship with Michael Scott, the regional manager. After facing numerous challenges in their relationship, Holly and Michael ultimately get engaged and move to Colorado towards the end of season 7.
Character history
Season 4
Holly arrives at Dunder Mifflin to serve as the replacement for Toby Flenderson, the previous HR Representative for the Scranton branch. Michael initially dislikes Holly because she is part of Human Resources, but quickly falls in love with her after she playfully makes a joke about Toby's dullness. Holly is subjected to hazing by co-worker Dwight Schrute, who convinces her that Kevin Malone is mentally challenged, a belief she continues to harbor until season 5. When Dwight attempts to put a raccoon in Holly's convertible, Michael berates Dwight and loudly proclaims that Holly is the "best thing that has happened to this company since World War II." Holly invites Michael to go out for dessert following Toby's going away party, but Michael turns down her offer to go with his ex-girlfriend Jan Levinson, who is pregnant and had asked Michael to be there as if he were the child's father.
Season 5
Holly and Michael's relationship continues to grow throughout the first half of the season. After attending a new yoga class, Holly agrees to go on a date with the attractive yoga instructor, much to Michael's dismay. Holly buys tickets for Counting Crows, but the yoga instructor doesn't call her. Michael, who does not pick up on several hints that Holly has given him about attending the concert with her, purchases the tickets from her and rips them to pieces. She ultimately considers him to be her best friend in the office. It is also revealed that she was picked on as a child just like Michael.
In "Baby Shower", Michael and the staff attend Jan's baby shower; Michael tries to pacify Jan by purposely being cold towards Holly, which makes her uncomfortable. However, despite witnessing Michael's treatment of Holly throughout the day, Jan notices the two of them have a lot in common, and orders Michael not to date Holly. This, in addition to feeling no connection with Jan's baby, prompts Michael to apologetically hug Holly and ask her out on a date, which she accepts, visibly moved.
Holly and Michael begin a romantic relationship, eventually having sex in the office on their third date. While organizing a fundraiser, CFO David Wallace notices Michael and Holly kissing, and realizes they are in a relationship. In response, Holly is transferred back to Nashua. She and Michael plan to continue dating, but ultimately decide to break up, realizing on the trip that the distance is insurmountable. Later, Michael calls David and scolds him for transferring Holly from the Scranton branch.
In "Lecture Circuit", Michael goes to Nashua with Pam Beesly to give a lecture about the Scranton branch; he plans to find closure with Holly, but she is away on an HR retreat. It is also revealed that she is dating A.J., one of her co-workers. This deeply upsets Michael and makes him unable to do his presentation. Sneaking into Holly's office, Michael discovers a file on her computer titled "Dear Michael" and copies it to his flash drive. Pam volunteers to read the document herself and deletes it afterward, telling Michael it said she still has feelings for him.
In "Company Picnic", Holly and Michael reunite at the company picnic for the first time since she was transferred. She is still seeing A.J., who arrives with her. David Wallace lets Holly and Michael do a skit about the history of Dunder Mifflin; the two decide to do a skit that spoofs Slumdog Millionaire. Michael and Holly reminisce about the presentation and talk about one in the future. Holly leaves with A.J., with Michael noting that it wasn't the right time to talk to her, but that they will eventually find each other.
Season 7
In "Classy Christmas", Holly returns to Scranton to fill in while Toby is away at jury duty. The initial excitement about seeing her old friend again turns to anger, when Michael, jealous that she is still with A.J., vandalizes A.J.'s gift to her - a Woody doll. Holly divulges to the women of the office that A.J. won't commit, and reveals she's giving him an ultimatum to propose to her by New Year's. Michael is cheered up by the news, as well as Holly lying to A.J. about how the Woody doll got damaged. Following the holiday break, Holly and A.J. break up, and her and Michael's friendship starts to rebuild itself. Holly initially rejects Michael's advances, stating she doesn't want to be involved with a co-worker again. However, they eventually admit that they miss each other and share a kiss. Michael and Holly start dating, and in the episode "PDA", they decide to move in together.
As the season progresses, Holly's presence leads Michael to become a more mature adult. When Todd Packer returns to the sales bullpen, Holly initially trusts Michael's assessment of Packer, but confronts Michael after Packer shows his true colors. When Michael tries to smooth things over, Packer speaks disrespectfully about Holly; Michael decides not to disclose that Packer's "promotion" in Florida is a prank by Jim and Dwight, and as Michael and Holly watch him drive away, Michael admits that Packer is "an ass."
In "Garage Sale", she discovers that her aging parents need assistance and decides to move home to Colorado. She briefly changes her mind when Michael seems reluctant, stating that he is her life now. At the end of the episode, Michael leads her through various spots in the building that are meaningful to them. Finally leading her to the annex, Michael mentions that it was where he first fell in love with her, and proposes to her in front of the staff. She accepts the proposal, and afterwards, Michael announces to the office that he's quitting his job to move to Colorado with Holly.
Season 9
Though Holly does not make an appearance in the final season, Pam reveals that Michael and Holly are living very happily together with their children.
Behind the scenes
In a 2021 interview on the Office Ladies podcast, Ryan revealed that she was a fan of the show, and expressed interest to her agent about playing a role. Writer Paul Lieberstein, who had worked with Ryan before on The Naked Truth, approached Ryan about appearing on the show as Holly, a role which was initially for one episode only. During the filming of "Goodbye, Toby", Lieberstein commented that “we started to see this really silly side that Amy brought to the character, and [we] found almost like a junior Michael in her. And we all saw it and knew what we had.” Impressed by Ryan’s performance, the writers hoped that Ryan would return for the fifth season, as the crew had not made a deal with her to film more episodes.
Reception
Ryan's portrayal of Holly has received positive reviews from critics. In an Entertainment Weekly article about Holly's character, writer Darren Franich praised the addition of Holly in season 5, writing, "Amy Ryan managed to achieve the impossible: She made Holly seem like someone who could believably fall in love with Michael Scott." In a review of "Classy Christmas" by The A.V. Club, critic Myles McNutt wrote, "Holly is legitimately perfect for Michael. She's just crazy enough to play along with Michael's antics and just sane enough to know when he's crossed a line". Alan Sepinwall of Uproxx applauded Holly's return in season 7, calling her a "welcome return."
References
Fictional characters from Iowa
Fictional female businesspeople
American female characters in television
The Office (American TV series) characters
Television characters introduced in 2008 | wiki |
Gentianella barringtonensis, the Barrington snow gentian, is a species of the genus Gentianella native to New South Wales, Australia.
References
barringtonensis | wiki |
WVT may refer to:
Waterview Tower, a skyscraper in Chicago
Web visitor tracking
Watervliet Arsenal | wiki |
A drill bit is a tool used in a drill to create circular holes.
Drill bit or Drillbit may also refer to:
Chicago Spire, a former building nicknamed the "Drill Bit"
Drill bit (well), drill bits used for oil wells, etc.
Fictional characters
Drill bit, a character in the Transformers anime and toy series, sometimes accompanying Heavy Load, a member of the Build Team
Drillbit, another character in the Transformers anime and toy series, an Autobot and personal attendant to Metroplex, leader of Gigantion
Drillbit Taylor, the lead character in the 2008 comedy film of the same name
See also
Dilbit, diluted bitumen, a petroleum product | wiki |
Mr. Sunshine (amerykański serial telewizyjny)
Mr. Sunshine (południowokoreański serial telewizyjny) | wiki |
Slow keys is a feature of computer desktop environments. It is an accessibility feature to aid users who have physical disabilities. Slow keys allows the user to specify the duration for which one must press-and-hold a key before the system accepts the keypress.
External links
How to configure Slow Keys in Microsoft Windows 10
Computer accessibility
User interface techniques | wiki |
South of the Rio Grande is a 1945 American western film. Released on September 15, it was the third of three Cisco Kid films made that year with Duncan Renaldo as Cisco and Martin Garralaga as Pancho.
Unusual as a Cisco Kid film, this one is a quasi-musical and opens with Cisco serenading a girlfriend. The Guadalajara Trio are featured as themselves. In this release, Cisco's real name is Juan Francisco Hernandez. Bandits Cisco and Pancho travel to a Mexican town to battle corrupt official Miguel Sanchez (Lewis) whose girlfriend Pepita (Armida) sings at a cantina. Dolores Gonzales (Molleri) is abducted and forced to sing in the cantina. When Cisco and Pancho go undercover at the Sanchez hacienda, Sanchez is eventually killed by Cisco and the town is rid of the corruption.
The film was preceded by the April 3 release of The Cisco Kid Returns, which revealed Cisco's name to be Juan Francisco Hernandez, and In Old New Mexico on May 15, with Cisco's name changed to
Juan Carlos Francisco Antonio.
Cast
Duncan Renaldo – The Cisco Kid/Juan Francisco Hernandez
Martin Garralaga – Pancho
George J. Lewis – Miguel Sanchez
Lillian Molieri – Dolores Gonzales
The Guadalajara Trio
Armida – Pepita
References
External links
1945 films
1945 Western (genre) films
American black-and-white films
Cisco Kid
Films produced by Lindsley Parsons
Films based on works by Johnston McCulley
Films directed by Lambert Hillyer
1940s English-language films | wiki |
Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities () is a book by Diane Halpern published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates in 2000, and now in its fourth edition. Halpern served as president of the American Psychological Association in 2004.
Halpern writes that sex differences in cognitive abilities can be caused by a "stereotype threat", defined as "the fear of conforming to a negative stereotype associated with one's group membership, which paradoxically results in the individual behaving in line with the stereotype". If an individual is made aware of a stereotype then "the activation of stereotypes might explain why the magnitude of sex differences in sex-sensitive cognitive task varies across studies, depending on whether participants gender-stereotypes are activated or not".
See also
Biology of gender
Sex and psychology
References
Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities | wiki |
__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__
199800 | wiki |
is a Japanese motorcycle racer.
Career statistics
Grand Prix motorcycle racing
By season
Races by year
(key)
References
External links
Profile on MotoGP.com
1984 births
Living people
Japanese motorcycle racers
125cc World Championship riders | wiki |
is a Japanese motorcycle racer. Within the All Japan Road Race Championship, he has competed in the GP125 class, where he was champion in 2007, and in the J-GP3 class.
Career statistics
Grand Prix motorcycle racing
By season
Races by year
(key)
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Japanese motorcycle racers
125cc World Championship riders | wiki |
A sacral fracture is a break in the sacrum bone. The sacrum is the large triangular bone that forms the last part of the vertebral column from the fusion of the five sacral vertebrae. Sacral fractures are relatively uncommon. They tend to be caused by high-energy trauma, for example in road traffic accidents or in falls.
They are heterogenous (which means the bone can break in several different places, in several different ways) and almost always appear together with other injuries. This makes them difficult to diagnose and treat.
As with other types of fractures, osteoporosis is a risk factor.
The management may or may not include surgery.
Classification
The Denis Classification System classified sacral fractures into three regions according to the part of the bone affected. The location of the fracture has a major influence on symptoms experienced.
Zone 1 (ala), may cause disruption to the nerve root of the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5)
Zone 2 (sacral foramina), may cause sciatica
Zone 3 (sacral canal), may cause cauda equina syndrome
See also
Coccyx fracture (broken tailbone)
References
Bone fractures | wiki |
Love's Pilgrimage may refer to:
Love's Pilgrimage (play), a play by Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, written c. 1615–16 and first published in 1647.
Love's Pilgrimage (novel), a 1911 novel by Upton Sinclair | wiki |
is a Japanese motorcycle racer.
Career statistics
Grand Prix motorcycle racing
By season
Races by year
(key)
References
External links
Profile on MotoGP.com
Japanese motorcycle racers
Living people
1984 births
125cc World Championship riders | wiki |
Bounce keys is a feature of computer Desktop Environments. It is an accessibility feature to aid users who have physical disabilities. Bounce keys allows the user to configure the computer to ignore rapid, repeated keypresses of the same key.
External links
How to configure Bounce Keys in Microsoft Windows 10
Computer accessibility
User interface techniques | wiki |
Bruce Lindsay may refer to:
Bruce Lindsay (footballer) (born 1961), former Australian rules footballer
Bruce Lindsay (broadcaster) (born 1950), news reporter with KSL TV in Salt Lake City
Bruce G. Lindsay (1947–2015), American statistician
See also
Robert Bruce Lindsay (1900–1985), American physicist and physics professor
Bruce Lindsey, CEO of the William J. Clinton Foundation | wiki |
Confessor of the Faith is a title given by some Christian denominations.
Etymology
The word confessor is derived from the Latin confiteri, to confess, to profess. Among the early church fathers, it was a title of honor, designating those individuals who had confessed Christ publicly in time of persecution and had been punished with imprisonment, torture, exile, or labour in the mines, remaining faithful until the end of their lives. The title thus distinguished them from the martyrs, who were those that had undergone death for their faith. Among writers, St. Cyprian is the first in whose works it occurs.
Western Christianity
In the Roman Catholic Church, the title is given to saints and blesseds who were not martyred. Historically, the title Confessor was given to those who had suffered persecution and torture for the faith but not to the point of martyrdom. As Christianity emerged as the dominant religion in Europe by the fifth century, persecutions became rare, and the title was given to male saints who lived a holy life and died in peace. Perhaps the best-known individual associated with the title is the English king St. Edward the Confessor. It is possible for Confessors to have another title or even two other titles, for example, Bishop and Confessor; Pope and Confessor; or Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, among others: St. Jerome is known as Priest, Confessor, Theologian, Historian and Doctor of the Church.
Eastern Christianity
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the title Confessor refers to a saint (male or female) who has witnessed to the faith and suffered for it (usually torture, but also other types of loss), but not to the point of death, and thus is distinguished from a martyr. Nikephoros I of Constantinople, who was banished to the monastery of Saint Theodore for his support of iconodules, is revered as a confessor. A confessor who is also a priest or bishop may be referred to as hiero-confessor.
See also
List of Confessors
List of Eastern Orthodox saint titles
Martyr of charity, one who dies as a result of charitable acts but not from persecution.
Passion-bearer
Virgin (title)
References
Citations
Sources
Christian saints
Types of saints
Groups of Roman Catholic saints | wiki |
Just One is a cooperative party game for 3 to 7 players, designed by Ludovic Roudy and Bruno Sautter and published by Repos Production in 2018. In each round of the game, players write down a one word clue for the round's guesser, who must figure out the secret word for the round. Identical clues are discarded before the guesser sees them.
Just One won the 2019 Spiel des Jahres award for the best board game of the year.
Gameplay
The game is played over 13 rounds, during which players give one word clues to the round's guesser to help that person guess the hidden word for the round. Duplicate clues are removed before the guesser sees them, so giving clues which are too obvious can backfire. A right guess scores a point while a wrong one loses a point, with players trying to score as high as possible over the game's rounds. A typical game takes about 20 minutes.
Awards
Just One won the 2019 Spiel Des Jahres award, with the jury saying the game was ingenious for its simplicity. The game was also nominated for the 2018 Golden Geek awards in the Party category.
References
External links
Board games introduced in 2018
Spiel des Jahres winners | wiki |
Le mètre cube par kilogramme (symbole m/kg) est l'unité dérivée de volume massique du Système international (SI).
C'est l'inverse du kilogramme par mètre cube, l'unité de masse volumique.
Voir aussi
Mètre carré par kilogramme
Unité dérivée du SI
Unité de mécanique
Unité de chimie | wiki |
The Flying Fool (1925), een film van Frank S. Mattison
The Flying Fool (1929), een film van Tay Garnett
The Flying Fool (1931), een film van Walter Summers | wiki |
Timothy Hastings is a former Grand Prix motorcycle racer from Great Britain, who is currently competing in the Scottish Superbike Championship for Team Twister aboard a Kawasaki ZX-6R. He has also competed in the British 125GP Championship, finishing runner-up in the championship in 2008, National Superstock 600 Championship and the British Supersport Championship.
Career statistics
By season
Races by year
References
External links
Profile on motogp.com
British motorcycle racers
Living people
1992 births
125cc World Championship riders | wiki |
Spring Street – stacja metra w Nowym Jorku na Eighth Avenue Line
Spring Street – stacja metra w Nowym Jorku na Lexington Avenue Line | wiki |
Вокали́з:
Вокализ — музыкальный термин.
«Вокализ» — музыкальное произведение без слов, написанное Сергеем Рахманиновым.
Вокализ (альбом) — альбом группы «Manhattan Transfer». | wiki |
Asian cuisine may refer to:
Asian cuisine
List of Asian cuisines | wiki |
This is the discography of American rock singer Sophie B. Hawkins.
Hawkins had commercial success throughout the early-to-mid 1990s including her most successful hit singles "Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover", "Right Beside You", and "As I Lay Me Down".
Hawkins's music has not charted since her 1999 album Timbre reached number 87 in Germany.
Albums
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Live albums
Singles
References
Discographies of American artists
Pop music discographies
Rock music discographies | wiki |
In computing, a news aggregator, also termed a feed aggregator, feed reader, news reader, RSS reader, or simply an aggregator is client software or a web application that aggregates syndicated web content such as online newspapers, blogs, podcasts, and video blogs (vlogs) in one location for easy viewing. The updates distributed may include journal tables of contents, podcasts, videos, and news items.
Function
Visiting many separate websites frequently to find out if the content on the site has been updated can take a long time. Aggregation technology helps to consolidate many websites into one page that can show only the new or updated information from many sites. Aggregators reduce the time and effort needed to regularly check websites for updates, creating a unique information space or personal newspaper. Once subscribed to a feed, an aggregator is able to check for new content at user-determined intervals and retrieve the update. The content is sometimes described as being pulled to the subscriber, as opposed to pushed with email or IM. Unlike recipients of some push information, the aggregator user can easily unsubscribe from a feed. The feeds are often in the RSS or Atom formats which use Extensible Markup Language (XML) to structure pieces of information to be aggregated in a feed reader that displays the information in a user-friendly interface. Before subscribing to a feed, users have to install either "feed reader" or "news aggregator" applications in order to read it. The aggregator provides a consolidated view of the content in one browser display or desktop application. "Desktop applications offer the advantages of a potentially richer user interface and of being able to provide some content even when the computer is not connected to the Internet. Web-based feed readers offer the great convenience of allowing users to access up-to-date feeds from any Internet-connected computer." Although some applications will have an automated process to subscribe to a news feed, the basic way to subscribe is by simply clicking on the web feed icon and/or text link. Aggregation features are frequently built into web portal sites, in the web browsers themselves, in email applications, or in application software designed specifically for reading feeds. Aggregators with podcasting capabilities can automatically download media files, such as MP3 recordings. In some cases, these can be automatically loaded onto portable media players (like iPods) when they are connected to the end-users computer. By 2011, so-called RSS narrators appeared, which aggregated text-only news feeds, and converted them into audio recordings for offline listening. The syndicated content an aggregator will retrieve and interpret is usually supplied in the form of RSS or other XML-formatted data, such as RDF/XML or Atom.
History
RSS began in 1999 "when it was first introduced by Internet browser pioneer Netscape". In the beginning, RSS was not a user-friendly gadget and it took some years to spread. "...RDF-based data model that people inside Netscape felt was too complicated for end users." The rise of RSS began in the early 2000s when the New York Times implemented RSS: "One of the first, most popular sites that offered users the option to subscribe to RSS feeds was the New York Times, and the company's implementation of the format was revered as the 'tipping point' that cemented RSS's position as a de facto standard." "In 2005, major players in the web browser market started integrating the technology directly into their products, including Microsoft's Internet Explorer, Mozilla's Firefox and Apple's Safari." As of 2015, according to BuiltWith.com, there were 20,516,036 live websites using RSS.
Types
Web aggregators gather material from a variety of sources for display in one location. They may additionally process the information after retrieval for individual clients. For instance, Google News gathers and publishes material independent of customers' needs while Awasu is created as an individual RSS tool to control and collect information according to clients' criteria. There are a variety of software applications and components available to collect, format, translate, and republish XML feeds, a demonstration of presentation-independent data.
News aggregation websites
A news aggregator provides and updates information from different sources in a systematized way. "Some news aggregator services also provide update services, whereby a user is regularly updated with the latest news on a chosen topic". Websites such as Google News, Yahoo News, Bing News, and NewsNow where aggregation is entirely automatic, using algorithms which carry out contextual analysis and group similar stories together. Websites such as Drudge Report and HuffPost supplement aggregated news headline RSS feeds from a number of reputable mainstream and alternative news outlets, while including their own articles in a separate section of the website.
News aggregation websites began with content selected and entered by humans, while automated selection algorithms were eventually developed to fill the content from a range of either automatically selected or manually added sources. Google News launched in 2002 using automated story selection, but humans could add sources to its search engine, while the older Yahoo News, as of 2005, used a combination of automated news crawlers and human editors.
Web-based feed readers
Web-based feeds readers allow users to find a web feed on the internet and add it to their feed reader. Online feed readers include Bloglines, Feedly, Inoreader, Facebook News Feed, Flipboard, Digg, News360, My Yahoo!, NewsBlur, Netvibes, Tiny Tiny RSS, and Journali.sm. These are meant for personal use and are hosted on remote servers. Because the application is available via the web, it can be accessed anywhere by a user with an internet connection. There are even more specified web-based RSS readers. For instance, a news aggregator created for scientists: "Michael Imbeault, an HIV researcher at the Université Laval in Quebec, launched his fully automated site called "e! Science News".
More advanced methods of aggregating feeds are provided via Ajax coding techniques and XML components called web widgets. Ranging from full-fledged applications to small fragments of source code that can be integrated into larger programs, they allow users to aggregate OPML files, email services, documents, or feeds into one interface. Many customizable homepage and portal implementations provide such functionality.
In addition to aggregator services mainly for individual use, there are web applications that can be used to aggregate several blogs into one. One such variety—called planet sites—are used by online communities to aggregate community blogs in a centralized location. They are named after the Planet aggregator, a server application designed for this purpose.
Feed reader applications
Feed aggregation applications are installed on a PC, smartphone or tablet computer and designed to collect news and interest feed subscriptions and group them together using a user-friendly interface. The graphical user interface of such applications often closely resembles that of popular e-mail clients, using a three-panel composition in which subscriptions are grouped in a frame on the left, and individual entries are browsed, selected, and read in frames on the right. Some notable examples include NetNewsWire, Flipboard, Prismatic, and Zite.
Software aggregators can also take the form of news tickers which scroll feeds like ticker tape, alerters that display updates in windows as they are refreshed, web browser macro tools or as smaller components (sometimes called plugins or extensions), which can integrate feeds into the operating system or software applications such as a web browser. Clients applications include Mozilla Thunderbird, Microsoft Office Outlook, iTunes, FeedDemon and many others.
Social news aggregators
One of the examples of social news aggregators is Digg.com. The website collects the most popular stories on the Internet, selected and edited and proposed by a wide range of people. "In these social news aggregators, users submit news items (referred to as "stories"), communicate with peers through direct messages and comments, and collaboratively select and rate submitted stories to get to a real-time compilation of what is currently perceived as "hot" and popular on the Internet." Social news aggregators based on engagement of community. Their responses, engagement level, and contribution to stories create the content and determine what will be generated as RSS feed.
Frame- and media bias-aware news aggregators
Media bias and Framing (social sciences) are concepts that fundamentally explain deliberate or accidental differences in news coverage. A simple example is a coverage of media in two countries, which are in (armed) conflict with another: one can easily imagine that news outlets, particularly if state-controlled, will report differently or even contrarily on the same events (see for instance Russo-Ukrainian War). While media bias and framing have been subject to manual research for a couple of decades in the social sciences, only recently automated methods and systems have been proposed to analyze and show such differences. Such systems make use of text-features, e.g., NewsCube is a news aggregator that extracts key phrases that describe a topic differently, or other features, e.g., matrix-based news aggregation spans a matrix over two dimensions, such as in which articles have been published (first dimension) and on which country they are reporting (second dimension).
Media aggregators
Media aggregators are sometimes referred to as podcatchers due to the popularity of the term podcast used to refer to a web feed containing audio or video. Media aggregators are client software or web-based applications which maintain subscriptions to feeds that contain audio or video media enclosures. They can be used to automatically download media, playback the media within the application interface, or synchronize media content with a portable media player. Multimedia aggregators are the current focus. EU launched the project Reveal This to embedded different media platforms in RSS system. "Integrated infrastructure that will allow the user to capture, store, semantically index, categorize and retrieve multimedia, and multilingual digital content across different sources – TV, radio, music, web, etc. The system will allow the user to personalize the service and will have semantic search, retrieval, summarization."
Broadcatching
Broadcatching is a mechanism that automatically downloads BitTorrent files advertised through RSS feeds. Several BitTorrent client software applications such as Azureus and μTorrent have added the ability to broadcatch torrents of distributed multimedia through the aggregation of web feeds.
Feed filtering
One of the problems with news aggregators is that the volume of articles can sometimes be overwhelming, especially when the user has many web feed subscriptions. As a solution, many feed readers allow users to tag each feed with one or more keywords which can be used to sort and filter the available articles into easily navigable categories. Another option is to import the user's Attention Profile to filter items based on their relevance to the user's interests.
RSS and marketing
Some bloggers predicted the death of RSS when Google Reader was shut down. Later, however, RSS was considered more of a success as an appealing way to obtain information. "Feedly, likely the most popular RSS reader today, has gone from around 5,000 paid subscribers in 2013 to around 50,000 paid subscribers in early 2015 – that's a 900% increase for Feedly in two years." Customers use RSS to get information more easily while businesses take advantage of being able to spread announcements. "RSS serves as a delivery mechanism for websites to push online content to potential users and as an information aggregator and filter for users." However, it has been pointed out that in order to push the content RSS should be user-friendly to ensure proactive interaction so that the user can remain engaged without feeling "trapped", good design to avoid being overwhelmed by stale data, and optimization for both desktop and mobile use. RSS has a positive impact on marketing since it contributes to better search engine rankings, to building and maintaining brand awareness, and increasing site traffic.
See also
Comparison of feed aggregators
History of web syndication technology
Lifestreaming
Metasearch engine
Social network aggregation
Web feed
Web syndication
References
External links
Information Age | wiki |
La gente de la Universal is a 1991 Colombian drama film directed by Felipe Aljure.
References
External links
1991 drama films
1991 films
Colombian drama films
1990s Spanish-language films | wiki |
Emila is a given name. Notable people with the name include:
Emila (singer), Norwegian singer
Emila Huch (born 1951), Samoan weightlifter
Emila Medková, née Emila Tláskalová (1928–1985), Czech photographer
See also
Emil (given name)
Emilia (given name) | wiki |
This is the discography for American blues rock band Blues Traveler.
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
Singles
Music videos
Other appearances
Notes
References
Discographies of American artists
Rock music group discographies | wiki |
Euphoric recall is a psychological term for the tendency of people to remember past experiences in a positive light, while overlooking negative experiences associated with some event(s). Euphoric recall has been cited as a factor in substance dependence, as well as anger problems. Individuals may become obsessed with recreating the remembered pleasures of the past.
References
See also
Rosy retrospection
Confirmation bias
Cognitive biases
Substance dependence | wiki |
The American Angus is an American breed of beef cattle. It derives from the Scottish Aberdeen Angus population, but may only be black. Red-coated individuals may not be registered with the American Angus Association but can be registered as Red Angus.
History
In 1883 a breeders' association, the American Aberdeen-Angus Breeders' Association, was established in Chicago, Illinois, with 60 members; the name was shortened to American Angus Association in the 1950s.
Until 1917 both black and red cattle could be registered in the herd-book of the association; thereafter, red-coated individuals were barred from registration.
The registered population in 2010 numbered about head, with almost breeding cows and over registered bulls, making it the most numerous beef breed of the United States. In 2021 the conservation status of the breed was reported to DAD-IS as "not at risk".
Use
The American Angus is a beef breed, and is reared only for that purpose. Comparative trials have not identified any commerciallysignificant difference between it and the Red Angus. Since 1978, beef meeting certain criteria may be marketed as "Certified Angus Beef", a quality mark of the American Angus Association; provenance from purebred American Angus cattle is not a requirement.
Bulls have been used as sires for crossbreeding. The breed has contributed to the creation of various hybrid breeds including the Amerifax.
References
Cattle breeds
Cattle breeds originating in the United States | wiki |
Protothronos (, "first-throned") is a Greek term used in the Eastern Orthodox Church to denote precedence among bishops (or rather their sees). Thus it can denote the first-ranked metropolitan bishop within a patriarchate, or the first among the suffragan bishops of a metropolitan see. Such bishoprics were in turn often raised to separate archbishoprics or metropolises.
See also
Primate (bishop), Catholic counterpart
References
Sources
Greek words and phrases
Eastern Orthodox Church | wiki |
Hoff may refer to:
People
Hoff (surname)
Carolyn Ann Hoff (1946-2015), an American philanthropist
Christina Hoff Sommers, American author of feminist and sociological studies
Von Hoff (surname)
Nicknamed
Syd Hoff, cartoonist, known as "Hoff"
David Hasselhoff, American actor and singer who is sometimes referred to as "The Hoff"
Noah Hoffman, American Olympic skier, known as "The Hoff"
Places
Hoff, Cumbria, place in Northern England
Hoff Township, Minnesota
Structures
Hoff (station), light rail station on the Oslo Tramway
Hoff Building (Hotel Boise), an office building in Boise, Idaho, constructed in 1930
Hoff Church, an 11th-century Norwegian church
Companies
HOFF Norske Potetindustrier, a Norwegian manufacturer of potato products
Other
Hoff crab, common name for a species of squa lobster in the genus Kiwa
Van't Hoff (crater), crater on the Moon
Van 't Hoff equation
Van 't Hoff factor, formula used in physical chemistry
Le Bel-van't Hoff rule
See also
Drummer Hoff, a children's book
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (1852-1911) Dutch chemist
Susanna Hoffs (born 1959) U.S. singer
Tamar Simon Hoffs (born 1934) U.S. director
Hof (disambiguation)
van't Hof | wiki |
Verite may refer to:
Vérité (born 1990), American pop singer
Verité Research, an independent interdisciplinary think tank
Verite Film Festival (Kashmir), an Indian film festival
Verite (Dune), a fictional drug from Frank Herbert's Dune novel series
Cinéma vérité, a style of documentary filmmaking
Radio Verite, a New Jersey Haitian radio station
See also
La Vérité (disambiguation)
Cinéma vérité (disambiguation) | wiki |
The liking gap is the disparity between how much a person believes that another person likes them, and that other person's actual opinion. Studies have found that most people underestimate how much other people like them and enjoy their company.
Theories for why the gap exists
This misunderstanding or gap has multiple factors that lead to or contribute to it. First, people tend to be overly self-critical and ruminate more on what they have said. In turn people tend to not think too much about what the other person said. People are often very self-absorbed and think that everyone is judging them. An example of this is the spotlight effect. The spotlight effect is when people think everyone is looking and judging them more than they are. Another example is the illusion of transparency, which refers to people's tendency to think that everyone knows exactly what they are thinking when in reality they do not. Second, in conversations people tend to be as polite as possible, especially in first encounters. This politeness is a kind of façade people use which can cause people to misunderstand how much the other person likes them. Third, people tend to protect against rejection. One way of doing this is to not show interest in someone. Fourth, conversations are often quite complex, and people miss both verbal and nonverbal cues. An example of this is when someone is thinking about what they want to say next and ignore what the person just said to them.
Empirical research
Various studies and replications have examined the liking gap and provide validity for the occurrence of this phenomenon. The liking gap is a newer idea and requires more research in order for it to be more widely accepted. Although no specific all-encompassing factor can explain why it happens, it does seems to appear in many interactions.
The study which first investigated the liking gap looked at people's interactions in various scenarios: strangers meeting for the first time in a laboratory setting, first-year college students getting to know their dorm mates, members of the general public getting to know each other during a personal development workshop. This study was statistically significant and people tended to underestimate how much their conversation partners liked and enjoyed their company. The gap was also seen in the year-long section of the study looking at dorm mates. The dorm mates participated in multiple tests over the year and the gap consistently appeared. It was reliably shown that people's views of their own conversation tended to be more negative than their view of other people's performance. In another study, videos of first encounters were judged based on verbal or nonverbal cues of enjoyment. Even when cues were obvious to outside observers, the gap persisted with the participants. It was also evident in conversations of varying lengths; conversations that were short, medium, and long were compared and the gap appeared in all categories of conversation length.
There is evidence that suggests the liking gap begins to develop from the age of 5, as this is around the time when children begin to become more aware of and concerned with the ways that they are evaluated by others.
The gap does not show that people are always negative. Research suggests that people usually have favorable views about themselves and others. However, there is evidence that people tend to exhibit self-criticism when thinking about their own interactions with others.
References
Psychological concepts
Social psychology | wiki |
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Paul (Alabama)
Paul (Idaho)
Paul (Nebraska) | wiki |
Flashdance is a 1983 American romantic drama dance film.
Flashdance may also refer to:
Flashdance (soundtrack), soundtrack to the 1983 film
"Flashdance... What a Feeling", film's title song by Irene Cara
Flashdance (musical), 2008 stage musical
"Flashdance" (song), 2004 single by Deep Dish
Flash dance, acrobatic form of jazz dance
Flash Dance, NATO codename for the Soviet/Russian radar N007 Zaslon | wiki |
Freeze frame may refer to:
Film and television
Freeze-frame shot, a cinematographic technique
Freeze frame television, a technique making use of freeze frame shots
Freeze Frame (The Price Is Right), a game on The Price Is Right
Freeze Frame (1979 film), a 1979 animated short directed by Chuck Jones
Freeze Frame (1992 film), a 1992 television film directed by William Bindley
Freeze Frame (2004 film), a 2004 film directed by John Simpson
Still frame, a single image ("frame") from a film or video
Music
Freeze Frame (band), an English new wave band
Freeze Frame (Godley & Creme album), a 1979 album by Godley & Creme
Freeze Frame (The J. Geils Band album), a 1981 album by The J. Geils Band
"Freeze Frame" (song), a 1982 song on the above album
Other
Freeze Frame, a mini-game in Mario Party 6
Freeze Frame, a novel written by Peter May (writer) in the Enzo series
See also
Freezeflame Galaxy, a fictional galaxy from the video game Super Mario Galaxy | wiki |
Key Stage 1 is the legal term for the two years of schooling in maintained schools in England and Wales normally known as Year 1 and Year 2, when pupils are aged between 5 and 7. This Key Stage normally covers pupils during infant school, although in some cases this might form part of a first or primary school. It is also the label used for the third and fourth years of primary education in Northern Ireland. In Hong Kong, it is used to describe Primary One to Primary Three.
England and Wales
Legal definition
The term is defined in the Education Act 2002 as "the period beginning at the same time as the school year in which he attains the age of six and ending at the same time as the school year in which the majority of pupils in his class attain the age of seven".
Purpose
The term is used to define the group of pupils who must follow the relevant programmes of study from the National Curriculum. All pupils in this Key Stage must follow a programme of education in these areas:
English
Mathematics
Science
Design and Technology
History
Geography
Art and Design
Music
Physical Education (PE) including swimming
Computing
Modern Foreign Languages
Religious Education
Schools must provide Religious Education, but parents can ask for their children to be taken out of the whole lesson or part of it. Optionally at this Key Stage, schools often teach Personal, Social and Health education (PSHE) and/or citizenship.
At the end of this stage, pupils in England in Year 2 (aged 7 or almost age 7) are normally assessed in national tests (and teacher assessments) in English, maths and science, colloquially known as SATs. The tests, carried out by the teacher during May, cover English reading; English grammar, punctuation and spelling; and maths.
Northern Ireland
Legal definition
The term is defined in The Education (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 as "the period beginning at the same time as the next school year after the end of the foundation stage and ending at the same time as the school year in which the majority of pupils in his class complete two school years in that key stage". Notably, the foundation stage is defined as lasting for two years from the start of compulsory education.
Purpose
The term is used to define the group of pupils who must follow the relevant programmes of study from the National Curriculum. All pupils in this Key Stage must follow a programme of education in the six areas of learning in the curriculum:
Language and Literacy
Mathematics and Numeracy
The Arts
The World Around Us
Personal Development and Mutual Understanding
Physical Education
See also
Key Stage
Key Stage 2
Key Stage 3
Key Stage 4
Key Stage 5
Early Years Foundation Stage
References
External links
Official National Curriculum website
Primary Education at The Standards Site
School terminology
Primary education | wiki |
Smash hit may refer to:
An overwhelming success, especially in the entertainment industry, such as an extraordinarily successful hit single (hit in the sense of "hitting the sales charts")
Hit o Nerae!, an anime series
Smash Hit, a video game developed by Mediocre AB
See also
Smash Hits (disambiguation) | wiki |
Study skills or study strategies are approaches applied to learning. Study skills are an array of skills which tackle the process of organizing and taking in new information, retaining information, or dealing with assessments. They are discrete techniques that can be learned, usually in a short time, and applied to all or most fields of study. More broadly, any skill which boosts a person's ability to study, retain and recall information which assists in and passing exams can be termed a study skill, and this could include time management and motivational techniques.
Some examples are mnemonics, which aid the retention of lists of information; effective reading; concentration techniques; and efficient note taking.
Due to the generic nature of study skills, they must, therefore, be distinguished from strategies that are specific to a particular field of study (e.g. music or technology), and from abilities inherent in the student, such as aspects of intelligence or learning styles. It is crucial in this, however, for students to gain initial insight into their habitual approaches to study, so they may better understand the dynamics and personal resistances to learning new techniques.
Historical context
Study skills are generally critical to success in school, considered essential for acquiring good grades, and useful for learning throughout one's life. While often left up to the student and their support network, study skills are increasingly taught at the high school and university level.
The term study skills is used for general approaches to learning, skills for specific courses of study. There are many theoretical works on the subject, including a vast number of popular books and websites. Manuals for students have been published since the 1940s.
In the 1950s and 1960s, college instructors in the fields of psychology and the study of education used to research, theory, and experience with their own students in writing manuals. Marvin Cohn based the advice for parents in his 1978 book Helping Your Teen-Age Student on his experience as a researcher and head of a university reading clinic that tutored teenagers and young adults. In 1986, when Dr. Gary Gruber’s Essential Guide to Test Taking for Kids was first published, the author had written 22 books on taking standardized tests. A work in two volumes, one for upper elementary grades and the other for middle school, the Guide has methods for taking tests and completing schoolwork.
Types
Rehearsal and rote learning
Memorization is the process of committing something to memory, often by rote. The act of memorization is often a deliberate mental process undertaken in order to store information in one's memory for later recall. This information can be experiences, names, appointments, addresses, telephone numbers, lists, stories, poems, pictures, maps, diagrams, facts, music or other visual, auditory, or tactical information. Memorization may also refer to the process of storing particular data into the memory of a device. One of the most basic approaches to learning any information is simply to repeat it by rote. Typically this will include reading over notes or a textbook and re-writing notes.
The weakness of rote learning is that it implies a passive reading and listening style. Educators such as John Dewey have argued that students need to learn critical thinking – questioning and weighing up evidence as they learn. This can be done during lectures or when reading books.
Reading and listening
A method that is useful during the first interaction with the subject of study is REAP method. This method helps students to improve their understanding of the text and bridge the idea with that of the author's. REAP is an acronym for Read, Encode, Annotate and Ponder.
Read: Reading a section to discern the idea.
Encode: Paraphrasing the idea from the author's perspective to the student's own words.
Annotate: Annotating the section with critical understanding and other relevant notes.
Ponder: To ponder about what they read through thinking, discussing with others and reading related materials. Thus it allows the possibility of elaboration and fulfillment of zone of proximal development.
Annotating and Encoding helps reprocess content into concise and coherent knowledge which adds to a meaningful symbolic fund of knowledge. Precise annotation, Organizing question annotation, Intentional annotation, and Probe annotation are some of the annotation methods used.
A method used to focus on key information when studying from books uncritically is the PQRST method. This method prioritizes the information in a way that relates directly to how they will be asked to use that information in an exam. PQRST is an acronym for Preview, Question, Read, Summary, Test.
Preview: The student looks at the topic to be learned by glancing over the major headings or the points in the syllabus.
Question: The student formulates questions to be answered following a thorough examination of the topic(s).
Read: The student reads through the related material, focusing on the information that best relates to the questions formulated earlier.
Summary: The student summarizes the topic, bringing his or her own understanding of the process. This may include written notes, spider diagrams, flow diagrams, labeled diagrams, mnemonics, or even voice recordings.
Test: The student answers the questions drafted earlier, avoiding adding any questions that might distract or change the subject.
There are a variety of studies from different colleges nationwide that show peer-communication can help increase better study habits tremendously. One study shows that an average of 73% score increase was recorded by those who were enrolled in the classes surveyed.
In order to make reading or reviewing material more engaging and active, learners can create cues that will stimulate recall later on. A cue can be a word, short phrase, or song that helps the learner access a memory that was encoded intentionally with this prompt in mind. The use of cues to aid memory has been popular for many years, however, research suggests that adopting cues made by others is not as effective as cues that learners create themselves.
Self-testing is another effective practice, when preparing for exams or other standardized memory recall situations. Many students prepare for exams by simply rereading textbook passages or materials. However, it's likely that this can create a false sense of understanding because of the increased familiarity that students have with passages that they have reviewed recently or frequently. Instead, in 2006, Roediger and Karpicke studied eighth-grade students’ performance on history exams. Their results showed that students who tested themselves on material they had learned, rather than simply reviewing or rereading subjects had both better and longer lasting retention. The term Testing Effect is used to describe this increase in memory performance.
Taking notes by using a computer can also deter impactful learning, even when students are using computers solely for the purpose note-taking and are not attempting to multitask, during lectures or study sessions. This is likely due to shallower processing from students using computers to take notes. Taking notes on a computer often ushers a tendency for students to record lectures verbatim, instead of writing the points of a lecture in their own words.
Speed reading, while trainable, results in lower accuracy, comprehension, and understanding.
Flashcards
Flashcards are visual cues on cards. These have numerous uses in teaching and learning but can be used for revision. Students often make their own flashcards, or more detailed index cards – cards designed for filing, often A5 size, on which short summaries are written. Being discrete and separate, they have the advantage of allowing students to re-order them, pick a selection to read over, or choose randomly for self-testing. Software equivalents can be used.
Summary methods
Summary methods vary depending on the topic, but most involve condensing the large amount of information from a course or book into shorter notes. Often, these notes are then condensed further into key facts.
Organized summaries: Such as outlines showing keywords and definitions and relations, usually in a tree structure.
Spider diagrams: Using spider diagrams or mind maps can be an effective way of linking concepts together. They can be useful for planning essays and essay responses in exams. These tools can give a visual summary of a topic that preserves its logical structure, with lines used to show how different parts link together.
Visual imagery
Some memory techniques make use of visual memory. One popular memory enhancing technique is the method of loci, a system of visualizing key information in real physical locations e.g. around a room.
Diagrams are often underrated tools. They can be used to bring all the information together and provide practice reorganizing what has been learned in order to produce something practical and useful. They can also aid the recall of information learned very quickly, particularly if the student made the diagram while studying the information. Pictures can then be transferred to flashcards that are very effective last-minute revision tools rather than rereading any written material.
Acronyms and mnemonics
A mnemonic is a method of organizing and memorizing information. There are four main types of mnemonic: (1) Narrative (relying on a story of some kind, or a sequence of real or imagined events); (2) Sonic/Textual (using rhythm or repeated sound, such as rhyme, or memorable textual patterns such as acronyms); (3) Visual (diagrams, mind maps, graphs, images, etc.); (4) 'Topical' (meaning ‘place-dependent’, for instance, using features of a familiar room, building or set of landmarks as a way of coding and recalling sequenced facts). Some mnemonics use a simple phrase or fact as a trigger for a longer list of information. For example, the cardinal points of the compass can be recalled in the correct order with the phrase "Never Eat Shredded Wheat". Starting with North, the first letter of each word relates to a compass point in clockwise order round a compass.
Examination strategies
The Black-Red-Green method (developed through the Royal Literary Fund) helps the student to ensure that every aspect of the question posed has been considered, both in exams and essays. The student underlines relevant parts of the question using three separate colors (or some equivalent). BLAck denotes 'BLAtant instructions', i.e. something that clearly must be done; a directive or obvious instruction. REd is a REference Point or REquired input of some kind, usually to do with definitions, terms, cited authors, theory, etc. (either explicitly referred to or strongly implied). GREen denotes GREmlins, which are subtle signals one might easily miss, or a ‘GREEN Light’ that gives a hint on how to proceed, or where to place the emphasis in answers. Another popular method while studying is to use the PEE method; Point, evidence and explain, reason being, this helps the student break down exam questions allowing them to maximize their marks/grade during the exam. Many Schools will encourage practicing the P.E. BEing method prior to an exam.
Spacing
Spacing, also called distributed learning by some; helps individuals remember at least as much if not more information for a longer period of time than using only one study skill. Using spacing in addition to other study methods can improve retention and performance on tests. Spacing is especially useful for retaining and recalling new material. The theory of spacing allows students to split that a single long session to a few shorter sessions in a day, if not days apart, instead of cramming all study materials into one long study session that lasts for hours. Studying will not last longer than it would have originally, and one is not working harder but this tool gives the user the ability to remember and recall things for a longer time period. Spacing effect is not only beneficial for memorization, but spaced repetition can also potentially improve classroom learning. The science behind this; according to Jost's Law from 1897 “If two associations are of equal strength but of different age, a new repetition has a greater value for the older one”. This means that if a person were to study two things once, at different times, the one studied most recently will be easier to recall.
Interleaving and blocking
Blocking is studying one topic at a time. Interleaving is another technique used to enhance learning and memory; it involves practicing and learning multiple related skills or topics. For example, when training three skills A, B and C: blocking uses the pattern of AAA-BBB-CCC while interleaving uses the pattern of ABC-ABC-ABC. Research has found that interleaving is superior to blocking in learning skills and studying.
Retrieval and testing
One of the most efficient methods of learning is trying to retrieve learned information and skills. This could be achieved by leveraging the testing effect including: testing, quizzing, self-testing, problem-solving, active recall, flashcards, practicing the skills, and other.
Time management, organization and lifestyle changes
Often, improvements to the effectiveness of study may be achieved through changes to things unrelated to the study material itself, such as time-management, boosting motivation and avoiding procrastination, and in improvements to sleep and diet.
Time management in study sessions aims to ensure that activities that achieve the greatest benefit are given the greatest focus. A traffic lights system is a simple way of identifying the importance of information, highlighting or underlining information in colours:
Green: topics to be studied first; important and also simple
Amber: topics to be studied next; important but time-consuming
Red: lowest priority; complex and not vital.
This reminds students to start with the things which will provide the quickest benefit, while 'red' topics are only dealt with if time allows. The concept is similar to the ABC analysis, commonly used by workers to help prioritize. Also, some websites (such as FlashNotes) can be used for additional study materials and may help improve time management and increase motivation.
In addition to time management, sleep is important; getting adequate rest improves memorisation. Students are generally more productive in the morning than the afternoon.
In addition to time management and sleep, emotional state of mind can matter when a student is studying. If an individual is calm or nervous in class; replicating that emotion can assist in studying. With replicating the emotion, an individual is more likely to recall more information if they are in the same state of mind when in class. This also goes the other direction; if one is upset but normally calm in class it's much better to wait until they are feeling calmer to study. At the time of the test or class they will remember more.
While productivity is greater earlier in the day, current research suggests that material studied in the afternoon or evening is better consolidated and retained. This is consistent with current memory consolidation models that student tasks requiring analysis and application are better suited toward the morning and midday while learning new information and memorizing are better suited to evenings.
The Pomodoro Method is another effective way of increasing the productivity a set amount of time, by limiting interruptions. Invented in the 1980s, the Pomodoro Technique segments blocks of time into 30-minute sections. Each 30-minute section (called a Pomodoro) is composed of a 25-minute study or work period and a 5-minute rest period. And it is recommended that every 4 Pomodoro's, should be followed with a 15-30-minute break. Though this technique has increased in popularity, it hadn't been empirically studied until more recently. A software engineering corporation found that employees using the Pomodoro Method saw a decrease in their work flow interruptions and an increase in their satisfaction. by being mindful of wasted time during study, students can increase their learning productivity.
Journaling can help students increase their academic performance principally through reducing stress and anxiety. Much of students’ difficulty or aversion to analytic subjects such as math or science, is due to a lack of confidence or belief that learning is reasonably within their abilities. Therefore, reducing the stress of learning new and/or complex material is paramount to helping them succeed. Students without access to an outside source of support can use journaling to simulate a similar environment and effect. For example, Frattaroli, et al., studied students that were preparing to take graduate study entrance exams, such as the GRE, LSAT, and MCAT. They found that students’ journal entries recorded immediately before taking these historically stress-inducing tests followed a similar logical flow; where during the beginning of writing, participants would express fear or concern toward the test. However, through the course of writing their experiences down, participants would encourage themselves and ultimately cultivate hope in upcoming exams. As a result of this, those who journaled immediately before these tests reported a lower amount of anxiety, and a better test result.
Studying environment
Studying can also be more effective if one changes their environment while studying. For example: the first time studying the material, one can study in a bedroom, the second time one can study outside, and the final time one can study in a coffee shop. The thinking behind this is that as when an individual changes their environment the brain associates different aspects of the learning and gives a stronger hold and additional brain pathways with which to access the information. In this context environment can mean many things; from location, to sounds, to smells, to other stimuli including foods. When discussing environment in regards to its effect on studying and retention Carey says “a simple change in venue improved retrieval strength (memory) by 40 percent.” Another change in the environment can be background music; if people study with music playing and they are able to play the same music during test time they will recall more of the information they studied. According to Carey “background music weaves itself subconsciously into the fabric of stored memory.” This “distraction” in the background helps to create more vivid memories with the studied material.
Analogies
Analogies can be a highly effective way to increase the efficiency of coding and long-term memory. Popular uses of analogies are often forming visual images that represent subject matter, linking words or information to one's self, and either imagining or creating diagrams that display the relationship between elements of complex concepts. A 1970 study done by Bower and Winzez found that as participants created analogies that had sentimentality or relevance to themselves as a unique individual, they were better able to store information as well as recall what had been studied. This is referred to as the Self-reference Effect. Adding to this phenomenon, examples that are more familiar an individual or that are more vivid or detailed are even more easily remembered. However, analogies that are logically flawed and/or are not clearly described can create misleading or superficial models in learners.
Concept mapping
There is some support for the efficacy of concept mapping as a learning tool.
See also
Homework
Learning
Learning styles
Reading day
Speed reading
SQ3R
Study guide
Study software
Video study guide
References
External links
Improving Students’ Learning With Effective Learning Techniques: Promising Directions From Cognitive and Educational Psychology from Association for Psychological Science
Academic learning strategy videos from Dartmouth College provide skills training
Think You Know How To Study? Think Again - audio report by NPR
Learning methods | wiki |
Goat gland transplantation was a quack surgical treatment promoted by John R. Brinkley in the 1920s.
Goat gland may also refer to:
Goat gland (filmmaking), a term applied c. 1927–1929, during the period of transition from silent to sound films and referred to an already completed silent film to which one or more talkie sequences were added; the name was derived by analogy to Brinkley's goat gland treatment | wiki |
This is the discography of American singer Yvonne Elliman.
Albums
Studio albums
Compilation albums
EPs
Singles
Contributions
Notes
References
Discographies of American artists
Pop music discographies | wiki |
This article contains a list of railway junction stations in India. This list is arranged alphabetically.
See also
Annual passenger earnings details of railway stations in Kerala
Junction | wiki |
Geera pork is a Trinidadian pork dish. It is a style of pork cooked with roasted, ground cumin seeds, garam masala and pepper. The pork is cut into small pieces and seasoned with salt, hot peppers, chives, onions, garlic, black pepper, pimentos, and cilantro. The pork is then left to marinate (preferably overnight). The seasoned meat is fried for a few minutes. Water is then added to the pot and the pork is allowed to cook. It is cooked until all the water has dried out, leaving the pork and a bit of oil.
Geera pork is commonly served in bars as finger food or 'cutters'.
See also
List of pork dishes
References
Pork dishes
Caribbean cuisine | wiki |
Limb girdle syndrome is a term to describe several distinct medical conditions including polymyositis, myopathy associated with endocrine disease, metabolic myopathy, drug-induced myopathy and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy.
Limb girdle syndrome is weakness located and concentrated around the proximal limb muscles. There are many causes, manifestations and treatments.
References
Systemic connective tissue disorders
Syndromes | wiki |
Le rush est un coup au badminton qui se réalise en revers lorsque le volant est légèrement au-dessus du filet. La raquette est parallèle au filet pour accélérer le volant et le mouvement va de l’extérieur vers l’intérieur du terrain. Le but est de contrer le volant au niveau du haut du filet avec une trajectoire descendante rapide.
Notes et références
Vocabulaire du badminton | wiki |
In males, ejaculation is the ejection of semen from the reproductory tract.
Ejaculation may also refer to:
Female ejaculation
Facial, a sex act in which a man ejaculates semen onto the face of one or more sexual partners
Ejaculatory prayer, or ejaculation, a very short emotional prayer
"Ejaculation", the first episode of Big Mouth | wiki |
Oxford College may refer to:
University of Oxford, collegiate research university located in Oxford, England
Colleges of the University of Oxford
There are various institutions in Oxford that use the phrase "Oxford College" in their name, but have no connections with the University
Oxford College of Emory University in Oxford, Georgia, USA
Aletheia University, private university in Tamsui, Taiwan, formerly Oxford (University) College
Oxford College (previously known as the Oxford Female Institute) former women's college now merged with Miami University in Oxford, Ohio
See also
Oxford University (disambiguation)
Oxford University College (disambiguation)
Oxford School (disambiguation)
Oxford High School (disambiguation)
Oxford Academy (disambiguation) | wiki |
Fried milk is a dessert of Cantonese cuisine, which originated in the Shunde District of Guangdong. The dish is golden and crisp on the outside, and soft and white on the inside, with a milky flavour. Milk is thickened with flour, cornstarch and eggs, and then covered with breadcrumbs and deep fried.
It is similar to the Spanish dessert leche frita.
References
Deep fried foods
Cantonese cuisine
Chinese desserts
Custard desserts | wiki |
A pack is a social group of conspecific canines. Packs aren't formed by all canines, especially small sized canines like the Red fox. The number of members in a pack and their social behavior varies from species to species. Social structure is very important in a pack. Every pack member will have a position and a role to play. Canine packs are led by a breeding pair, consisting of the alpha male and the alpha female.
Pack behavior in specific species
African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) live and hunt in packs. Males assist in raising the pups, and remain with their pack for life, while the females leave their birth pack at about the age of two and a half years old to join a pack with no females. Males outnumber the females in a pack, and usually only one female is present to breed with all males. African wild dogs are not territorial, and they hunt cooperatively in their packs, running down large game and tearing it apart. They cooperate in caring for wounded and sick pack members as well as their young.
Gray wolves (Canis lupus) usually live in packs that consist of the adult parents and their offspring of perhaps the last 2 or 3 years. The adult parents are usually unrelated and other unrelated wolves may sometimes join the pack. Wolves usually hunt in packs, but they hunt alone in the spring and summer months when there is plenty of prey available. They are found in both Eurasia and North America.
Black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) in Southern and Eastern Africa and coyotes (Canis latrans) in North America have a single long-term mate, but usually hunt alone or in pairs. Both parents care for the young, and the parents and their current offspring are the pack. They occasionally cooperate in larger packs to hunt large game.
The Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) pack members hunt for rodents alone and come together mainly to defend their territory from rival packs.
Corsac foxes sometimes form packs, unlike some other fox species.
Pack behavior in grey wolves
Wolves are pack animals known for forming affiliative bonds within the pack hierarchy. Wolves in packs are known for playing with one another. It has been observed that the playing between wolves are not random: it may be a reflection of the relationships present in the pack, reflecting any tension, cooperation, and competition present. Tensions are noted to become higher around breeding season where the cost and benefits are weighed against each other. Female wolves are known for being the main initiators of affiliative interactions, though a small percentage of males will initiate affiliative interactions. The omega male is not a target of any affiliative interaction. In other studies, researchers have separated the most dominant wolf from the most subordinate wolves. It was recorded that the dominant wolf spent less time sleeping and showed more behavioral stress compared to the omega wolf. The dominant wolf was reported to rest in the section of his enclosure closest to his pack. Furthermore, researchers noted that younger, more subordinate wolves appear to have less attachment to their pack compared to their higher ranking compatriots.
Wolves' cooperation is essential for tasks such as hunting and protecting young, though the level of attachment present in the pack are not necessarily equal. The majority of wolves are known for dispersing from their birth pack; this makes measuring attachment behavior within the packs difficult. Though there are cases in which wolves leave their pack, typically when accompanying siblings of the same sex. This behavior is suggested to be a form of adaptive behavior that benefits both pack mates in future conflict.
All individuals benefit from being a member of the wolf pack; the weak are supported by the efforts of stronger wolves, and higher ranking individuals enjoy better and larger kills than could be taken on their own. Protection is granted by sheer number, and larger, more plentiful territory can be won and sustained. Care and protection of young is shared, and knowledge can be passed down through generations, creating a unique culture within each group
The pack is typically a nuclear family unit. It often consists of 5–10 (though in areas of high prey abundance can be up to 20) mostly related individuals, specifically consisting of a typically unrelated breeding pair also known as the alphas, their offspring, and occasionally a handful of other wolves which can be related or not. Membership may be fluid and is subject to change. Outside wolves may be shunned or, more rarely, accepted, depending on the specific circumstances. Genetic variability can become limited within such an interrelated group, and so conditions for gene flow must exist. Outside wolves can provide these opportunities. A pack may be accepting of another wolf into their group if it is a distant relative, if reproduction rates are low due to loss or infertility of an alpha, or if their numbers are significantly reduced.
Characterization of wolves into dominance hierarchies of alpha, beta, and omega were based on behavioral studies of unrelated wolves in captivity, and this assemblage largely does not apply to natural wolf packs, which are familial units.
The lone wolf
These singular outside wolves, often referred to as lone wolves, are vulnerable to food scarcity and territorial attacks, and generally comprise less than 15% of the total wolf population. Lone wolves usually result from sexually mature offspring leaving their parental pack, though may also occur if harassed subordinates chose to disperse. In times of prey scarcity, low ranking wolves may choose to go off on their own if the pack cannot supply sufficient food. These lone wolves may then attempt to join into an existing wolf pack or, more commonly, find a mate and begin a new pack family as the alphas.
The breeding pair ("alphas")
Within the wolf pack, the breeding pair or the dominant breeding pair (in packs with multiples breeders), often referred to in familiar language as the "alpha pair" or the "alphas wolves", are typically the wolves in the family unit which breed and produce offspring; they are the matriarch and patriarch of the family. It was previously believed to be common for an aging or sick alpha to be replaced by one of their offspring, but more recent studies have shown this incestuous behavior to be very rare.
The pups
Importance of the alpha is rivaled only by that of the pups. The fundamental purpose of the pack is the successful production of offspring, and so raising of the litter is a collaborative venture – all members contribute to their development. In times of scarcity, the breeding pair will often prioritize the care of the pups, and preferentially feed the youngest wolves first. Despite this committed involvement, pup mortality is high, with researchers citing that only roughly 30% survive their first year of life. Those who survive, however, grow up with the added advantage of being surrounded by numerous care-takers and teachers. There exists a culture within wolf packs, and this is passed on to the offspring by the elders of the group. Pups learn something from each member of the pack, and attain the vital social skills required to create those powerful bonds upon which wolf societal structure relies.
Dominance and the "alpha wolf"
Animals which typically predominate over others are associated with the term alpha. Among pack-living wolves, alpha wolves are the genetic parents of most cubs in the pack. Such access to mating females creates strong selective pressure for intra-sex competition.
Wolves show deference to the alpha pair in their pack by allowing them to allocate the distribution of food, typically preferentially feeding the youngest wolves. Wolves use eye contact and posture as an indicator of dominance or submission, which are largely age-based; these postures are rare except in relation to food, as described previously. The smaller and more nuclear a pack is, the status of alpha is less likely to be obtained through fighting, and young wolves instead leave the pack to find a mate and produce offspring of their own. Larger or less-nuclear packs may operate differently and possess more complex and flexible social structures.
In the case of other wild canids, the alpha male may not have exclusive access to the alpha female; moreover, other pack members may guard the maternity den used by the alpha female; as with the African wild dog, Lycaon pictus.
As dominant roles may be deemed normal among social species with extended parenting, it has been suggested that the additional term alpha is not required merely to describe dominance due to its ubiquity, but should be reserved for where they are the predominant pack progenitor. For instance, wolf biologist L. David Mech stated: ...calling a wolf an alpha is usually no more appropriate than referring to a human parent or a doe deer as an alpha. Any parent is dominant to its young offspring, so alpha adds no information. Why not refer to an alpha female as the female parent, the breeding female, the matriarch, or simply the mother? Such a designation emphasizes not the animal's dominant status, which is trivial information, but its role as pack progenitor, which is critical information. The one use we may still want to reserve for alpha is in the relatively few large wolf packs multiple litters. ... In such cases the older breeders are probably dominant to the younger breeders and perhaps can more appropriately be called the alphas. ... The point here is not so much the terminology but what the terminology falsely implies: a rigid, force-based dominance hierarchy.
Use in dog training
One of the most persistent but disputed theories in dog training literature is the idea of the alpha wolf, an individual gray wolf who uses body language and, when needed, physical force to maintain its dominance within the wolf pack. The idea was first reported in early wolf research. It was subsequently adopted by dog trainers. Later research has disputed the theory, pointing out that it was based on the behavior of captive packs consisting of unrelated individuals, while in nature a pack is usually made up by members of a family.
The term alpha was popularized as early as 1976 in the dog training book How to Be Your Dog's Best Friend (Monks of New Skete), which introduced the idea of the alpha roll, a technique for punishing unwanted dog behaviours. Psychologist and dog trainer Stanley Coren in the 2001 book How to Speak Dog wrote, "You are the alpha dog... You must communicate that you are the pack leader and dominant".
It has been suggested that the use of such techniques may have more to do with human psychology than with dog behavior; "dominance hierarchies and dominance disputes and testing are a fundamental characteristic of all social groups... But perhaps only we humans learn to use punishment primarily to gain for ourselves the reward of being dominant.
Most leading veterinary and animal behavior associations, and most contemporary trainers would agree, advocating the use of rewards to teach commands and encourage good communication between owners and their pets. Many modern practices dictate the abandonment of outdated "pack" methods. Some canine behaviorists suggest that kind, efficient training uses games to teach commands which can be utilised to benefit the owner's everyday life.
See also
Pack hunter
Dog behavior
References
Dogs
Wolves
Dog training and behavior | wiki |
Reward may refer to:
Places
Reward (Shelltown, Maryland), a historic home in Shelltown Maryland
Reward, California (disambiguation)
Reward-Tilden's Farm, a historic home in Chestertown Maryland
Arts, entertainment, and media
"Reward" (song), a 1981 song by The Teardrop Explodes
The Reward (opera), an 1815 opera by Karol Kurpiński
The Reward, a 1965 American Western film
Business and economics
Bounty (reward), a reward, often money, which is offered as an incentive
Cashback reward program, an incentive program
Reward website, a website that offers rewards for performing tasks
Science
Brain stimulation reward, an operant response following electrical stimulation of the brain
Incentive salience, the form of motivational salience which is associated with rewards
Reward dependence, a personality trait in psychology
Reward system, the brain structures and neural pathways that are involved in reward cognition
See also
Award
Incentive
Incentive program
Loyalty program
Premium (marketing), e.g., "premiums"
te:రివార్డ్ | wiki |
is a Japanese motorcycle racer.
Career statistics
Grand Prix motorcycle racing
By season
Races by year
(key)
References
External links
Profile on MotoGP.com
Japanese motorcycle racers
Living people
1984 births
250cc World Championship riders | wiki |
A list of collegiate chapters of the Pi Beta Phi sorority.
Chapters
I.C. Sorosis Chapters from prior to the name change
References
Pi Beta Phi Fraternity (2005) "Hearts that are Bound by the Wine & Silver Blue" Harmony House Publishers, Prospect, Kentucky.
Notes
Pi Beta Phi
chapters | wiki |
Kite skating, sometimes referred to as Kiteblading, is a land-based extreme sport that uses powerful and controllable kites to propel riders of inline skates or off-road skates. They can reach speeds up to 60+ mph across parking lots, desert dry lakes, grassy fields, and sandy beaches.
Four-line, steerable para-foil kites are used as the power source. Typically used in rough terrain, kite skates use large pneumatic tires (8 to 12 inch diameter). Similar to Kite ice skating.
External links
Extreme Kites (www.ExtremeKites.com.au) Reviews, Videos, News, Buyers Guide, Professional Rider Interviews, Forums, Galleries & More.
Doomwheels Kite Skating History of kite skating, skate building instructions, learn to kite skate plus kite traction photo gallery.
Kite Skating Resources Kite skate building supplies and instruction.
Rockville All Terrain Sports US Manufacturer of Kiteblades.
Kiteblading Ltd UK online shop specialising in Kiteblading equipment.
Historical 1918 article on making a kite to hold while ice skating -
Inline skating
Aggressive skating
Kites | wiki |
Lacta is the name of two chocolate-manufacturing companies. It may refer to:
Lacta (Brazilian company)
Lacta (Greek company) | wiki |
Robert Lauder was a Scottish prelate and nuncio of the 15th century.
Robert Lauder may also refer to:
Sir Robert Lauder of Quarrelwood (died c. 1370), Justiciar of Scotia
Sir Robert de Lawedre of Edrington (died 1425), Hostage for King James I of Scotland
Sir Robert Lauder of the Bass (c. 1440 – 1508), armiger, and governor of the castle at Berwick-upon-Tweed
Robert Lauder of the Bass (died 1576) (c. 1504 – 1576), Lord of The Bass and land magnate in Haddingtonshire, Berwickshire, and Fife
Sir Robert Lauder of Popill (died 1575), member of the old Scottish Parliament
Sir Robert Lauder of Beilmouth (died 1709), armiger, lawyer, and Clerk of Exchequer in Scotland
Robert Scott Lauder (1803–1869), Scottish mid-Victorian artist | wiki |
Rabbi Levi can refer to:
Levi ben Sisi, a rabbi who lived during the transition between tannaim and amoraim
Levi II, a third generation amora
Gersonides (or Rabbi Levi ben Gershon), medieval rabbi and thinker
Rabbi Levi (crater), an impact crater on the Moon | wiki |
Chiffon may refer to:
Chiffon cake, a light, fluffy cake
Chiffon (fabric), a type of fabric
Chiffon margarine, a butter substitute
Chiffonade, a French term for the cutting of herbs or leafy green vegetables into long, thin strips
The Chiffons, girl group of the 1960s | wiki |
Argiotensine Receptor Blocker, zie Angiotensine II-receptorantagonisten
Amsterdamsche Roeibond | wiki |
The following is a list of Jewish youth organizations.
Jewish | wiki |
Clavicula Salomonis may refer to:
Clavicula Salomonis, the 15th century grimoire the Key of Solomon
Lemegeton Clavicula Salomonis, the 17th century grimoire The Lesser Key of Solomon
Clavicula Salomonis (EP), a 2005 EP by De Magia Veterum
See also
Key of Solomon (disambiguation) | wiki |
Cast iron is a class of iron–carbon alloys with a carbon content more than 2%. Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature. The alloy constituents affect its color when fractured; white cast iron has carbide impurities which allow cracks to pass straight through, grey cast iron has graphite flakes which deflect a passing crack and initiate countless new cracks as the material breaks, and ductile cast iron has spherical graphite "nodules" which stop the crack from further progressing.
Carbon (C), ranging from 1.8 to 4 wt%, and silicon (Si), 1–3 wt%, are the main alloying elements of cast iron. Iron alloys with lower carbon content are known as steel.
Cast iron tends to be brittle, except for malleable cast irons. With its relatively low melting point, good fluidity, castability, excellent machinability, resistance to deformation and wear resistance, cast irons have become an engineering material with a wide range of applications and are used in pipes, machines and automotive industry parts, such as cylinder heads, cylinder blocks and gearbox cases. It is resistant to damage by oxidation but is notoriously difficult to weld.
The earliest cast-iron artefacts date to the 5th century BC, and were discovered by archaeologists in what is now Jiangsu, China. Cast iron was used in ancient China for warfare, agriculture, and architecture. During the 15th century AD, cast iron became utilized for cannon in Burgundy, France, and in England during the Reformation. The amounts of cast iron used for cannons required large-scale production. The first cast-iron bridge was built during the 1770s by Abraham Darby III, and is known as the Iron Bridge in Shropshire, England. Cast iron was also used in the construction of buildings.
Production
Cast iron is made from pig iron, which is the product of melting iron ore in a blast furnace. Cast iron can be made directly from the molten pig iron or by re-melting pig iron, often along with substantial quantities of iron, steel, limestone, carbon (coke) and taking various steps to remove undesirable contaminants. Phosphorus and sulfur may be burnt out of the molten iron, but this also burns out the carbon, which must be replaced. Depending on the application, carbon and silicon content are adjusted to the desired levels, which may be anywhere from 2–3.5% and 1–3%, respectively. If desired, other elements are then added to the melt before the final form is produced by casting.
Cast iron is sometimes melted in a special type of blast furnace known as a cupola, but in modern applications, it is more often melted in electric induction furnaces or electric arc furnaces. After melting is complete, the molten cast iron is poured into a holding furnace or ladle.
Types
Alloying elements
Cast iron's properties are changed by adding various alloying elements, or alloyants. Next to carbon, silicon is the most important alloyant because it forces carbon out of solution. A low percentage of silicon allows carbon to remain in solution forming iron carbide and the production of white cast iron. A high percentage of silicon forces carbon out of solution forming graphite and the production of grey cast iron. Other alloying agents, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, titanium and vanadium counteracts silicon, promotes the retention of carbon, and the formation of those carbides. Nickel and copper increase strength, and machinability, but do not change the amount of graphite formed. The carbon in the form of graphite results in a softer iron, reduces shrinkage, lowers strength, and decreases density. Sulfur, largely a contaminant when present, forms iron sulfide, which prevents the formation of graphite and increases hardness. The problem with sulfur is that it makes molten cast iron viscous, which causes defects. To counter the effects of sulfur, manganese is added because the two form into manganese sulfide instead of iron sulfide. The manganese sulfide is lighter than the melt, so it tends to float out of the melt and into the slag. The amount of manganese required to neutralize sulfur is 1.7 × sulfur content + 0.3%. If more than this amount of manganese is added, then manganese carbide forms, which increases hardness and chilling, except in grey iron, where up to 1% of manganese increases strength and density.
Nickel is one of the most common alloying elements because it refines the pearlite and graphite structure, improves toughness, and evens out hardness differences between section thicknesses. Chromium is added in small amounts to reduce free graphite, produce chill, and because it is a powerful carbide stabilizer; nickel is often added in conjunction. A small amount of tin can be added as a substitute for 0.5% chromium. Copper is added in the ladle or in the furnace, on the order of 0.5–2.5%, to decrease chill, refine graphite, and increase fluidity. Molybdenum is added on the order of 0.3–1% to increase chill and refine the graphite and pearlite structure; it is often added in conjunction with nickel, copper, and chromium to form high strength irons. Titanium is added as a degasser and deoxidizer, but it also increases fluidity. 0.15–0.5% vanadium is added to cast iron to stabilize cementite, increase hardness, and increase resistance to wear and heat. 0.1–0.3% zirconium helps to form graphite, deoxidize, and increase fluidity.
In malleable iron melts, bismuth is added, on the scale of 0.002–0.01%, to increase how much silicon can be added. In white iron, boron is added to aid in the production of malleable iron; it also reduces the coarsening effect of bismuth.
Grey cast iron
Grey cast iron is characterised by its graphitic microstructure, which causes fractures of the material to have a grey appearance. It is the most commonly used cast iron and the most widely used cast material based on weight. Most cast irons have a chemical composition of 2.5–4.0% carbon, 1–3% silicon, and the remainder iron. Grey cast iron has less tensile strength and shock resistance than steel, but its compressive strength is comparable to low- and medium-carbon steel. These mechanical properties are controlled by the size and shape of the graphite flakes present in the microstructure and can be characterised according to the guidelines given by the ASTM.
White cast iron
White cast iron displays white fractured surfaces due to the presence of an iron carbide precipitate called cementite. With a lower silicon content (graphitizing agent) and faster cooling rate, the carbon in white cast iron precipitates out of the melt as the metastable phase cementite, Fe3C, rather than graphite. The cementite which precipitates from the melt forms as relatively large particles. As the iron carbide precipitates out, it withdraws carbon from the original melt, moving the mixture toward one that is closer to eutectic, and the remaining phase is the lower iron-carbon austenite (which on cooling might transform to martensite). These eutectic carbides are much too large to provide the benefit of what is called precipitation hardening (as in some steels, where much smaller cementite precipitates might inhibit [plastic deformation] by impeding the movement of dislocations through the pure iron ferrite matrix). Rather, they increase the bulk hardness of the cast iron simply by virtue of their own very high hardness and their substantial volume fraction, such that the bulk hardness can be approximated by a rule of mixtures. In any case, they offer hardness at the expense of toughness. Since carbide makes up a large fraction of the material, white cast iron could reasonably be classified as a cermet. White iron is too brittle for use in many structural components, but with good hardness and abrasion resistance and relatively low cost, it finds use in such applications as the wear surfaces (impeller and volute) of slurry pumps, shell liners and lifter bars in ball mills and autogenous grinding mills, balls and rings in coal pulverisers, and the teeth of a backhoe's digging bucket (although cast medium-carbon martensitic steel is more common for this application).
It is difficult to cool thick castings fast enough to solidify the melt as white cast iron all the way through. However, rapid cooling can be used to solidify a shell of white cast iron, after which the remainder cools more slowly to form a core of grey cast iron. The resulting casting, called a chilled casting, has the benefits of a hard surface with a somewhat tougher interior.
High-chromium white iron alloys allow massive castings (for example, a 10-tonne impeller) to be sand cast, as the chromium reduces cooling rate required to produce carbides through the greater thicknesses of material. Chromium also produces carbides with impressive abrasion resistance. These high-chromium alloys attribute their superior hardness to the presence of chromium carbides. The main form of these carbides are the eutectic or primary M7C3 carbides, where "M" represents iron or chromium and can vary depending on the alloy's composition. The eutectic carbides form as bundles of hollow hexagonal rods and grow perpendicular to the hexagonal basal plane. The hardness of these carbides are within the range of 1500-1800HV.
Malleable cast iron
Malleable iron starts as a white iron casting that is then heat treated for a day or two at about and then cooled over a day or two. As a result, the carbon in iron carbide transforms into graphite and ferrite plus carbon. The slow process allows the surface tension to form the graphite into spheroidal particles rather than flakes. Due to their lower aspect ratio, the spheroids are relatively short and far from one another, and have a lower cross section vis-a-vis a propagating crack or phonon. They also have blunt boundaries, as opposed to flakes, which alleviates the stress concentration problems found in grey cast iron. In general, the properties of malleable cast iron are more like those of mild steel. There is a limit to how large a part can be cast in malleable iron, as it is made from white cast iron.
Ductile cast iron
Developed in 1948, nodular or ductile cast iron has its graphite in the form of very tiny nodules with the graphite in the form of concentric layers forming the nodules. As a result, the properties of ductile cast iron are that of a spongy steel without the stress concentration effects that flakes of graphite would produce. The carbon percentage present is 3-4% and percentage of silicon is 1.8-2.8%.Tiny amounts of 0.02 to 0.1% magnesium, and only 0.02 to 0.04% cerium added to these alloys slow the growth of graphite precipitates by bonding to the edges of the graphite planes. Along with careful control of other elements and timing, this allows the carbon to separate as spheroidal particles as the material solidifies. The properties are similar to malleable iron, but parts can be cast with larger sections.
Table of comparative qualities of cast irons
History
Cast iron and wrought iron can be produced unintentionally when smelting copper using iron ore as a flux.
The earliest cast-iron artifacts date to the 5th century BC, and were discovered by archaeologists in what is now modern Luhe County, Jiangsu in China during the Warring States period. This is based on an analysis of the artifact's microstructures.
Because cast iron is comparatively brittle, it is not suitable for purposes where a sharp edge or flexibility is required. It is strong under compression, but not under tension. Cast iron was invented in China in the 5th century BC and poured into molds to make ploughshares and pots as well as weapons and pagodas. Although steel was more desirable, cast iron was cheaper and thus was more commonly used for implements in ancient China, while wrought iron or steel was used for weapons. The Chinese developed a method of annealing cast iron by keeping hot castings in an oxidizing atmosphere for a week or longer in order to burn off some carbon near the surface in order to keep the surface layer from being too brittle.
In the west, where it did not become available until the 15th century, its earliest uses included cannon and shot. Henry VIII initiated the casting of cannon in England. Soon, English iron workers using blast furnaces developed the technique of producing cast-iron cannons, which, while heavier than the prevailing bronze cannons, were much cheaper and enabled England to arm her navy better. The technology of cast iron was transferred from China. Al-Qazvini in the 13th century and other travellers subsequently noted an iron industry in the Alburz Mountains to the south of the Caspian Sea. This is close to the silk route, so that the use of technology derived from China is conceivable. The ironmasters of the Weald continued producing cast irons until the 1760s, and armament was one of the main uses of irons after the Restoration.
Cast-iron pots were made at many English blast furnaces at the time. In 1707, Abraham Darby patented a new method of making pots (and kettles) thinner and hence cheaper than those made by traditional methods. This meant that his Coalbrookdale furnaces became dominant as suppliers of pots, an activity in which they were joined in the 1720s and 1730s by a small number of other coke-fired blast furnaces.
Application of the steam engine to power blast bellows (indirectly by pumping water to a waterwheel) in Britain, beginning in 1743 and increasing in the 1750s, was a key factor in increasing the production of cast iron, which surged in the following decades. In addition to overcoming the limitation on water power, the steam-pumped-water powered blast gave higher furnace temperatures which allowed the use of higher lime ratios, enabling the conversion from charcoal (supplies of wood for which were inadequate) to coke.
Cast-iron bridges
The use of cast iron for structural purposes began in the late 1770s, when Abraham Darby III built the Iron Bridge, although short beams had already been used, such as in the blast furnaces at Coalbrookdale. Other inventions followed, including one patented by Thomas Paine. Cast-iron bridges became commonplace as the Industrial Revolution gathered pace. Thomas Telford adopted the material for his bridge upstream at Buildwas, and then for Longdon-on-Tern Aqueduct, a canal trough aqueduct at Longdon-on-Tern on the Shrewsbury Canal. It was followed by the Chirk Aqueduct and the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, both of which remain in use following the recent restorations.
The best way of using cast iron for bridge construction was by using arches, so that all the material is in compression. Cast iron, again like masonry, is very strong in compression. Wrought iron, like most other kinds of iron and indeed like most metals in general, is strong in tension, and also tough – resistant to fracturing. The relationship between wrought iron and cast iron, for structural purposes, may be thought of as analogous to the relationship between wood and stone.
Cast-iron beam bridges were used widely by the early railways, such as the Water Street Bridge in 1830 at the Manchester terminus of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, but problems with its use became all too apparent when a new bridge carrying the Chester and Holyhead Railway across the River Dee in Chester collapsed killing five people in May 1847, less than a year after it was opened. The Dee bridge disaster was caused by excessive loading at the centre of the beam by a passing train, and many similar bridges had to be demolished and rebuilt, often in wrought iron. The bridge had been badly designed, being trussed with wrought iron straps, which were wrongly thought to reinforce the structure. The centres of the beams were put into bending, with the lower edge in tension, where cast iron, like masonry, is very weak.
Nevertheless, cast iron continued to be used in inappropriate structural ways, until the Tay Rail Bridge disaster of 1879 cast serious doubt on the use of the material. Crucial lugs for holding tie bars and struts in the Tay Bridge had been cast integral with the columns, and they failed in the early stages of the accident. In addition, the bolt holes were also cast and not drilled. Thus, because of casting's draft angle, the tension from the tie bars was placed on the hole's edge rather than being spread over the length of the hole. The replacement bridge was built in wrought iron and steel.
Further bridge collapses occurred, however, culminating in the Norwood Junction rail accident of 1891. Thousands of cast-iron rail underbridges were eventually replaced by steel equivalents by 1900 owing to the widespread concern about cast iron under bridges on the rail network in Britain.
Buildings
Cast-iron columns, pioneered in mill buildings, enabled architects to build multi-storey buildings without the enormously thick walls required for masonry buildings of any height. They also opened up floor spaces in factories, and sight lines in churches and auditoriums. By the mid 19th century, cast iron columns were common in warehouse and industrial buildings, combined with wrought or cast iron beams, eventually leading to the development of steel-framed skyscrapers. Cast iron was also used sometimes for decorative facades, especially in the United States, and the Soho district of New York has numerous examples. It was also used occasionally for complete prefabricated buildings, such as the historic Iron Building in Watervliet, New York.
Textile mills
Another important use was in textile mills. The air in the mills contained flammable fibres from the cotton, hemp, or wool being spun. As a result, textile mills had an alarming propensity to burn down. The solution was to build them completely of non-combustible materials, and it was found convenient to provide the building with an iron frame, largely of cast iron, replacing flammable wood. The first such building was at Ditherington in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. Many other warehouses were built using cast-iron columns and beams, although faulty designs, flawed beams or overloading sometimes caused building collapses and structural failures.
During the Industrial Revolution, cast iron was also widely used for frame and other fixed parts of machinery, including spinning and later weaving machines in textile mills. Cast iron became widely used, and many towns had foundries producing industrial and agricultural machinery.
See also
Ironwork – artisan metalwork (for architectural elements, garden features, and ornamental objects)
Ironworks – a place where iron is worked (including historical sites)
Meehanite
Sand casting
References
Further reading
Harold T. Angus, Cast Iron: Physical and Engineering Properties, Butterworths, London (1976)
John Gloag and Derek Bridgwater, A History of Cast Iron in Architecture, Allen and Unwin, London (1948)
Peter R Lewis, Beautiful Railway Bridge of the Silvery Tay: Reinvestigating the Tay Bridge Disaster of 1879, Tempus (2004)
Peter R Lewis, Disaster on the Dee: Robert Stephenson's Nemesis of 1847, Tempus (2007)
George Laird, Richard Gundlach and Klaus Röhrig, Abrasion-Resistant Cast Iron Handbook, ASM International (2000)
External links
Metallurgy of Cast Irons, Cambridge University
Forensic engineering:the Tay Bridge disaster
Spanish cast-iron bridges
Building materials
Casting (manufacturing)
Chinese inventions
English inventions
Ferrous alloys
Garden features
Iron
Metalworking | wiki |
Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines is a 2009 action-adventure video game developed by Griptonite Games and published by Ubisoft. It is the second spin-off installment in the Assassin's Creed franchise, and acts as a direct sequel to Assassin's Creed (2007). Beginning shortly after that game's events, Bloodlines follows Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad as he travels to Cyprus to eliminate the last remnants of the Templar Order and learn more about their plans. The game also explores Altaïr's relationship with Maria Thorpe, a Templar agent whose life he spared in the first game and who would eventually become his wife.
The game was announced by Sony at the E3 Conference in June 2009 as a new title for their PlayStation Portable console. Bloodlines was released in November 2009, concurrently with Assassin's Creed II and Assassin's Creed II: Discovery, and received mixed reviews from critics. The next spin-off in the series, Assassin's Creed III: Liberation, was released in October 2012.
Gameplay
Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines is an action-adventure, stealth game set in an open world environment. The gameplay is nearly identical to that of Assassin's Creed in terms of control style, although there were minor modifications to the control scheme, due to the lack of specific keys and buttons on the PlayStation Portable. Some features from the previous game, such as Eagle Vision, were removed.
One difference between the two games is the number of civilians present on the street. While the first game was filled with random civilians, Bloodlines has little to no civilians, explained in-game that the people were in a constant state of insecurity due to the new system of governance. Still, civilians will react to Altaïr's improper behavior, such as scaling buildings, and running around the streets.
Stealth in Bloodlines was downgraded due to the control scheme. Blending was also downgraded, due to the system platform. Although scholars are still present in-game, Altaïr can no longer use them as a way to hide. Although Altaïr can still blend, it only acts as a way to safely bypass guards without raising suspicion. Scaling the side of buildings was made easier and faster, resulting in simpler animations, again, due to the system's inferiority. High and Low profile movements are still present in-game, though they have been downgraded as well.
Taking the place of flags, a new collectible featured in the game are Templar Coins that can be used to upgrade the player's health bar, and the amount of damage a weapon can inflict. Three types of coins are present in game: Bronze, Silver and Gold, with Gold holding the highest value. Similar to the previous game, side-missions are available to players, such as saving civilians from Templar soldiers and performing specific tasks for allies of the resistance. The variety of tasks has been expanded, such as delivering letters, and intercepting couriers. In return, Altaïr will receive coins as a reward, instead of assistance from previous groups, such as scholars and vigilantes.
The game is primarily set on the island of Cyprus, where players can freely explore the cities of Limassol and Kyrenia. Due to the smaller size of the map, horseback riding was removed in Bloodlines. Like in the previous game, Altaïr can synchronize from high vantage points around the city in order to map out the city. Although the map itself is already drawn out, synchronizing will provide the locations of various side-missions.
Bloodlines features a few new assassination techniques and weapons. Weapons from the previous game are also present, such as Altaïr's sword, his hidden blade, throwing knives, and his fists. Assassinations are also similar to the first game, although the animation has been toned down to better fit the system. A new, yet very minor assassination technique has been added to the game, allowing Altaïr to pull opponents off of ledges, similar to Assassin's Creed II.
In Bloodlines, cut-scenes are played through preset dialogue, with the character models acting in preset motions and gestures. Unique gestures were only present in confrontations between boss characters, such as Moloch and the Dark Oracle. Subtitles were also added to the game. This enabled easier understanding of the game plot
Story missions and assassinations were simplified and straightforward. As a replacement for eaves-dropping and pick-pocketing, missions are structured similarly to Assassin's Creed II, with Altaïr handling one task after another and slowly gathering vital information from both his allies and enemies as each mission is completed.
Bloodlines features in-game achievements, which reward players with Templar coins. Achievements can be earned after performing specific tasks, such as killing a set number of soldiers in a specified order, and also collecting all of the Templar coins located throughout the game world.
Despite all the downgrades, the game has a unique new feature, not present in any other Assassin's Creed title. Altaïr can now regain throwing knives by walking over his used ones. Since pick-pocketing was removed and was the only way to regain throwing knives in the first game, Altaïr can now re-use his throwing knives provided that: the knife he threw landed on the ground or an enemy; if the knife lands on water, Altaïr cannot retrieve them. Throwing knives may also be regained by interacting with the newly added knife box in the safehouses.
Plot
A few months after the events of Assassin's Creed, Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad, now the Mentor of the Assassin Brotherhood, learns of a plan of the remaining Templars to escape to Cyprus, and so infiltrates one of their strongholds in Acre to stop them. Although he fails to prevent the Templars' escape, he does defeat and capture Maria Thorpe, who attempted to avenge her former master, Robert de Sablé, who died at Altaïr's hands. Managing to charter a ship, Altaïr also heads to Cyprus in pursuit of the Templars, with Maria in tow.
Once there, he learns of the presence of Armand Bouchart, who has succeeded Robert de Sablé as Grand Master of the Templar Order. Altaïr gains the assistance of a resistance movement on Cyprus opposed to the presence of the Templars, who, after purchasing the island from King Richard, have formed a repressive government to control the land and its people. He also learns of a Templar "archive", a trove of Templar knowledge and artifacts, hidden somewhere on the island. True to the way of the Assassins, Altaïr manages to both locate the archive and free Cyprus from Bouchart's grip, after assassinating all of his underlings: Frederick "the Red"; Moloch "the Bull"; Shalim and Shahar "the Twins", and the Dark Oracle "the Witch". Eventually, Altaïr confronts Bouchart himself inside the archive, whose contents have been evacuated and relocated by the Templars, and kills him as the archive begins to collapse, although Altaïr manages to escape.
The game also details the relationship between Altaïr and Maria. At first, Maria is hostile and sarcastic towards Altaïr (in her own words, "the man who spared my neck but ruined my life"), but as the story develops, she gradually warms to the Assassin who, despite her repeated escape attempts, repeatedly rescues her from harm and does not punish her. Eventually, she decides to assist Altaïr by killing a Templar mole in the Cyproit resistance when he attempts to kill Altaïr, and helping him defeat Bouchart in the final battle, at this point having fallen in love with the Assassin. After escaping from the Templar archive, Maria tells Altaïr of her intentions to abandon the Templars and travel the world, with Altaïr agreeing to accompany her on her journey.
Connectivity
Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines features exclusive connectivity with the PlayStation 3's version of Assassin's Creed II. It was revealed at the E3 2009 that by connecting a PlayStation Portable to the PlayStation 3, six unique weapons can be unlocked in both games. A new weapon is unlocked for use in Assassin's Creed II each time a boss in Bloodlines is defeated. Furthermore, coins acquired in Bloodlines can be transferred over as Florins to Assassin's Creed II. Vice versa, in Bloodlines, extra health, the ability to block with the hidden blade, and the ability to shoot daggers can be unlocked from acquiring codex pages in Assassin's Creed II.
Reception
Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines has received mixed reviews from critics. It received a 5.5 from GameSpot which praised its sound-effects but heavily criticized the platforming, small areas and over-emphasis on combat neglecting other areas. However IGN gave it a 6.9 criticizing its repetitive sound effects as well as one dimensional combat but praising the game's visuals. GameSpy gave the game a 2.5 out of 5 praising its faithfulness to the series and its gameplay though heavily criticizing its environments, repetitive gameplay as well as poor script and voice-acting. GameZone Louis Bedigian gave the game a 5.3/10, saying the game is "Generic at best, Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines is a great example of what can be done on the PSP visually, but should in no way be considered an example of great gameplay."
References
External links
2009 video games
Action-adventure games
Bloodlines
Open-world video games
PlayStation Portable games
PlayStation Portable-only games
Single-player video games
Stealth video games
Ubisoft games
Video games developed in Canada
Video games developed in the United States
Video game sequels
Video games set in Acre, Israel
Video games set in Cyprus
Video games set in the 12th century
Video games set in the Middle Ages
Griptonite Games | wiki |
Italian nationality law is the law of Italy governing the acquisition, transmission and loss of Italian citizenship. Like many continental European countries it is largely based on jus sanguinis. It also incorporates many elements that are seen as favourable to the Italian diaspora. The Italian Parliament's 1992 update of Italian nationality law is Law no. 91, and came into force on 15 August 1992. Presidential decrees and ministerial directives, including several issued by the Ministry of the Interior, instruct the civil service how to apply Italy's citizenship-related laws.
Acquisition of citizenship
Italian citizenship can be automatically acquired:
By birth to an Italian parent in line with the principle of jus sanguinis.
By birth in Italy to stateless parents, to unknown parents, or to parents who cannot transmit their nationality to their children; this is partially consistent with the principle of jus soli.
With the acknowledgement or legitimation of an Italian mother or father.
On 27 April 1983 by minor children without Italian citizenship, including children legally adopted per Italian law, who as of the same date had a parent holding Italian citizenship; or after 27 April 1983 by foreign minor children legally adopted by Italian citizens per Italian law.
By some former citizens of Italy, after two years of residing in Italy, if the original parting with Italian citizenship was caused by naturalising in another state. The citizenship law 555 of 1912, discussed later, carried the pertinent provision until it was superseded. (article 9, law 555/1912)
By minor children of persons acquiring Italian citizenship. Before 27 April 1983, minor children could not acquire Italian citizenship by this means if they were living abroad from Italy and still retaining a foreign citizenship.
By Vatican citizens concluding their ex officio Vatican citizenship who would otherwise become stateless upon this event, pursuant to the provision in article 9 of the Lateran Treaty of 1929 between Italy and Vatican City.
Through special application:
For individuals who were born in Italy to foreign parents but who have resided in Italy continuously from birth to adulthood.
For individuals whose application was denied by administrative offices (Consulates), or if they are not able to submit the Italian Citizenship application.
Through marriage:
Foreign women who married an Italian citizen before 27 April 1983 were automatically granted Italian citizenship.
After 2 years legal residence in Italy, or 3 years living abroad. This time will be reduced by half if the couple have children (natural or adopted). The spouse of an Italian citizen can apply for Italian citizenship through naturalisation. As of 4 December 2018, the spouse must be accomplished in the Italian language to the level B1 (or higher) of the EU Common Language Framework.
Through naturalisation:
A person who has been legally resident in Italy for at least ten years may apply for and be granted naturalisation as an Italian citizen if he or she does not have a criminal record and has sufficient financial resources. The residence requirement is reduced to three years for grandchildren of Italian citizens and for foreigners born in Italy, four years for nationals of EU member states, five years for refugees or stateless persons, and seven years for someone who was adopted as a child by an Italian citizen.
Attribution of citizenship through jus sanguinis
Citizens of other countries descended from an ancestor (parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc.) born in Italy may have a claim to Italian citizenship by descent (or, in other words, by derivation according to jus sanguinis citizenship principles).
Italian citizenship is granted by birth through the paternal line, with no limit on the number of generations, or through the maternal line for individuals born on or after 1 January 1948. An Italian citizen may be born in a country whose citizenship is acquired at birth by all persons born there. That person would be born therefore with the citizenship of two (or possibly more) countries. Delays in reporting the birth of an Italian citizen abroad do not cause that person to lose Italian citizenship, and such a report might in some cases be filed by the person's descendants many years after he or she is deceased. A descendant of a deceased Italian citizen whose birth in another country was not reported to Italy may report that birth, along with his or her own birth (and possibly the births of descendants in intermediate generations), to be acknowledged as having Italian citizenship.
A person may only have acquired jus sanguinis Italian citizenship by birth if one or both of that person's parents was in possession of Italian citizenship on the birth date. There is a possibility in the law that the only parent who held Italian citizenship on the birth date of a child born with jus sanguinis Italian citizenship was the mother, who previously acquired the Italian citizenship by marriage to the father, who relinquished his own Italian citizenship before the child was born.
Under certain conditions, a child born with Italian citizenship might later have lost Italian citizenship during his or her infancy. The event could prevent a claim of Italian citizenship by his or her descendants. If the Italian parents of a minor child naturalised in another country, the child may have remained holding Italian citizenship, or else may have lost the Italian citizenship. The children who were exempt from losing their Italian citizenship upon the foreign naturalisation of their parents were in many cases (dual) citizens of other countries where they were born, by operation of the jus soli citizenship laws in those countries.
One must apply through the Italian consulate that has jurisdiction over their place of residence. Each consulate has slightly different procedures, requirements, and waiting times. However, the legal criteria for jus sanguinis citizenship are the same.
Basic Criteria for Acquisition of Citizenship jus sanguinis:
There were no Italian citizens prior to 17 March 1861, because Italy had not yet been a unified state. Thus the oldest Italian ancestor from whom Italian citizenship is proven to be derived in any jus sanguinis citizenship claim must have been still alive on or after that date.
Any child born to an Italian citizen parent (including parents also having the right to Italian citizenship jus sanguinis) is ordinarily born an Italian citizen, with the following caveats:
The Italian parent ordinarily must not have naturalised as a citizen of another country before both the child's birth date and the date 15 August 1992.
If the child had an Italian mother and a foreign father, the child ordinarily must have been born on or after 1 January 1948. There have been many successful challenges to this date restriction that were brought before the Court of Rome. In their capacity to determine Italian citizenship, officers in Italian consulates and municipalities are bound by the restriction.
If the Italian parent naturalised as a citizen of another country on or after 1 July 1912, and prior to 15 August 1992, then the child's Italian citizenship survived the parent's loss if the child was already born, and residing in a country whose citizenship he or she additionally held because of that country's jus soli nationality laws. Conversely, if the child was not born in a country whose citizenship was attributed to the child based on jus soli provisions in its nationality law, then the child could lose Italian citizenship by acquiring the citizenship of the naturalising parent. Italy generally does not attribute its citizenship based on jus soli, so an Italian child born in Italy could lose Italian citizenship if his father naturalised.
If a person reached Italy's legal age of adulthood while possessing Italian citizenship, then that person's holding of Italian citizenship ceased to be conditioned on the subsequent citizenship changes that might occur for that person's parents. So if the Italian parent naturalised as a citizen of another country, then the child's Italian citizenship could survive the parent's loss if he or she reached legal adulthood (age 21 prior to 10 March 1975; age 18 thereafter) prior to the parent's naturalisation.
If the child's Italian father naturalised as a citizen of another country prior to 1 July 1912, the child's Italian citizenship was not directly impacted by the father's loss if the child reached legal adulthood (age 21) by the time the father naturalised, or else if the child was residing in Italy when the father naturalised.
Italian citizens naturalising in another country prior to 15 August 1992, while being of legal adult age, typically lost their Italian citizenship at that time.
Italy has been a participant in the Strasbourg convention on the reduction of cases of multiple citizenship. Children born outside of Italy with the citizenship of a member country may not have been able to hold Italian citizenship by birth because of this convention. The convention has also extended the era when Italians could lose citizenship by foreign naturalisation to dates later than 14 August 1992, if the naturalisation were in a participant country.
All conditions above must be met by every person in a direct lineage. There is no generational limit, except in respect to the date of 17 March 1861. Note that if an Italian ancestor naturalised as a citizen of another country independently from his or her parents, and prior to reaching legal Italian adulthood (age 21 prior to 10 March 1975, and age 18 otherwise), then often that ancestor retained Italian citizenship even after the naturalisation and could still pass citizenship on to children. Also, having one qualifying Italian parent—who except in certain situations could only have been the child's father if the birth occurred before 1 January 1948—is sufficient for deriving (inheriting) citizenship, even if the other Italian parent naturalised or otherwise became unable to pass on citizenship. Sometimes that qualifying parent is the foreign-born mother, because foreign women who married Italian men prior to 27 April 1983 automatically became Italian citizens and, in many cases, retained that citizenship even when their Italian husbands later naturalised.
Practical effects
A significant portion of jus sanguinis applicants are Argentines of Italian descent, as Argentina received a large number of Italian immigrants in the 1900s.
The lack of limits on the number of generations of transmission of citizenship means that up to 60 million people, mostly in the Americas, could be entitled to Italian citizenship, a number that is the same as the population of Italy. This large number and the desire for EU citizenship has led to waiting times for a jus sanguinis appointment of up to 20 years at some Italian consulates, particularly in Argentina and Brazil.
Many of these Italians who do receive an Italian passport then use it to live in Spain and had previously used it to live in the United Kingdom when it was still part of the European Union.
The landmark 1992 European Court of Justice case Micheletti v. Cantabria, a case of an Argentine Italian citizen by descent living in Spain whose Italian citizenship was challenged by Spain, established that EU member states were not permitted to distinguish between traditional citizens of a fellow EU state, like Italy, and persons who only had citizenship in another EU state through descent or jus sanguinis.
The long consular waiting lines, combined with the difficulty of locating all the required documents, the fees, and the lack of reason to obtain a second passport for many people, act as a practical limit on the numbers who will actually apply.
Legislative history of Italian citizenship
The Statuto Albertino of 1848
The Statuto Albertino, put forth in 1848 by the Kingdom of Sardinia, was the first basic legal system of the Italian state, formed in 1861. It was not a true constitution, but was essentially an outline of the fundamental principles on which the monarchic rule was based.
Article 24 reads:
"All subjects, whatever be their title or rank, are equal before the law. All enjoy equally the civil and political rights, and are admissible to the civil and military offices, except under circumstances determined in the Law."
This proclaimed equality before the law referred nonetheless only to men, since women were subordinate to the authority of the pater familias. This was held very pertinent in the matter of citizenship, as the subordination of women and also their children to the husband made it so that each event regarding the husband's citizenship would be transmitted to the family. These events could include the loss or reacquisition of citizenship. For example, the family might lose Italian citizenship if the husband naturalised in a foreign state.
1865 Civil Code
The details of Italian citizenship law matters were articulated in title I of book I of the 1865 Civil Code.
Law no. 555 of 1912
On 13 June 1912, Law number 555, concerning citizenship, was passed, and it took effect on 1 July 1912.
Despite the fact that the Statuto Albertino did not make any reference to equality or inequality between the sexes, the precept of the wife's subordination to the husband—one having ancient antecedents—was prevalent in the basic legal system (the legislative meaning). There are numerous examples in the codified law, such as article 144 of the Civil Code of 1939 and, specifically, law number 555 of 13 June 1912 "On Italian Citizenship". Law 555 established the primacy of the husband in the marriage and the subordination of the wife and the children to his events pertinent to his citizenship. It established:
That jus sanguinis was the guiding principle, and that jus soli was an ancillary possibility.
The children followed the citizenship of the father, and only in certain cases, the citizenship of the mother. The mother could transmit the citizenship to her children born before 1 January 1948 (the effective date of entry of the Constitution of the Italian Republic) only in the special cases found in paragraph 2 of article 1 of this statute: These cases arose if the father was unknown, if he was stateless, or if the children could not share the father's foreign citizenship according to the law of his county (as in cases where the father belonged to a country where citizenship was possible by jus soli but not by jus sanguinis). In this last situation, the Ministry of the Interior holds that if the child received jus soli citizenship of the foreign country where he was born, the mother's Italian citizenship did not pass to the child, just as in situations where the child received the father's citizenship by jus sanguinis.
Women lost their original Italian citizenship if they married a foreign husband whose country's laws gave its citizenship to the wife, as a direct and immediate effect of the marriage. (This is a situation under review, since article 10 of this statute providing for the automatic loss of citizenship by marriage is in contrast with the second paragraph of article 8, having global scope, which does not approve of the automatic loss of citizenship by foreign naturalisation. The loss of citizenship under article 8 is not considered automatic because the voluntary acceptance of a new citizenship must have been manifested by the person naturalising for Italian citizenship to be lost pursuant to article 8).
Dual citizenship under law no. 555 of 1912
Of central importance for the diaspora of Italians in many countries, as it relates to the holding of Italian citizenship alongside another citizenship, is article 7 of law number 555 of 1912. The provisions of this article gave immunity to some living Italian children from the citizenship events of their fathers. If the child was born to an Italian father in a jus soli country, the child was born with the Italian citizenship of the father and also with the citizenship of the country where he or she was born. That is to say that the child was born as a dual citizen. Children born with dual citizenship in this form were allowed to maintain their dual status in case the father naturalised later, thus parting with his Italian citizenship. Moreover, Italy has not imposed limitations on the number of generations of its citizens who might be born outside Italy, even as holders of citizenship foreign to Italy.
Article 7 reads:
"Except in the case of special provisions to be stipulated by international treaties, an Italian citizen born and residing in a foreign nation, which considers him to be a citizen of its own by birth, still retains Italian citizenship, but he may abandon it when he becomes of age or emancipated."
Since Italian laws in this time were very sensitive to gender, it remains to be stated that the benefit of article 7 was extended to both male and female children. A girl of minor age could keep her Italian citizenship in accordance with article 7 after the naturalisation of her father—but she still might not be able to pass her own citizenship to her children, particularly if they were born before 1948.
Law 555 of 1912 contains a provision causing the Italian children of Italian widows to retain their Italian citizenship if the widow should acquire a new citizenship by remarrying, to be found in article 12. The children concerned could keep their Italian citizenship even if they received a new one by derivation from the mother when the remarriage occurred.
Foreign women contracting marriage with Italian men before 27 April 1983 automatically became Italian citizens. If a woman's acquisition of Italian citizenship by marriage did not produce an effect upon the woman's citizenship in her country of origin, she was therefore a dual citizen. Article 10 of law 555 of 1912 provided that a married woman could not assume a citizenship different from that of her husband. If an Italian woman acquired a new citizenship while her husband remained Italian, she was a dual citizen, and law 555 of 1912 was not cognisant of her new status in the state where she acquired citizenship during her marriage.
Loss of Italian citizenship under law no. 555 of 1912
Italian citizenship could be lost:
By a man or woman, being of competent legal age (21 years if before 10 March 1975 or 18 years if after 9 March 1975), who of his or her own volition naturalised in another country and resided outside of Italy. (article 8) Italian citizen women married to Italian citizen husbands could not lose their citizenship if the husband's Italian citizenship was retained. (article 10)
By the minor and unemancipated child—without the immunities from loss to be found in articles 7 and 12 (child with jus soli citizenship or child of remarried widow with consequent new citizenship)—who, residing outside of Italy, held a non-Italian citizenship and lived with a father (or mother if the father was dead) whose Italian citizenship was also lost. (article 12)
By the woman whose Italian citizenship was a consequence of marriage to an Italian citizen, if upon becoming widowed or divorced, she returned to (or remained in) the country of her origin to live there as a citizen. (article 10) This scenario of loss was possible only before the date 27 April 1983.
By the citizen who accepted employment with or rendered military service to a foreign state, and was expressly ordered by the Italian government to abandon this activity before a deadline, and still persisted in it after the said deadline. (article 8) This kind of loss was rather uncommon, and could only occur if the Italian government contacted the citizen whose abandonment of service to a foreign government was demanded.
Loss of Italian citizenship carried with it the inability to pass Italian citizenship automatically to children born during the period of not holding the citizenship. Still, Italian citizenship could sometimes be acquired by children of former citizens reacquiring the citizenship. Because law 555 of 1912 underwent revision to meet the republican constitution's requirement that the sexes be equal before the law, a determination of citizenship for a child involves an analysis of the events of both parents and possibly the ascendants of both.
The 1948 Constitution of the Republic
The constitution of the Italian Republic entered into effect on 1 January 1948. With the Salerno Pact in April 1944, stipulated between the National Liberation Committee and the Monarchy, the referendum on being governed by a monarchy or a republic was postponed until the end of the war. The 1848 constitution of the Kingdom of Italy was still formally in force at this time, since the laws that had limited it were, to some extent, abolished on 25 July 1943 (date of the collapse of the fascist regime). The referendum was held on 2 June 1946. All Italian men and women 21 years of age and older were called to vote on two ballots: one of these being the Institutional Referendum on the choice between a monarchy and a republic, the other being for the delegation of 556 deputies to the Constituent Assembly.
The current Italian constitution was approved by the Constituent Assembly on 22 December 1947, published in the Official Gazette on 27 December 1947, and entered into effect on 1 January 1948. The original text has undergone parliamentary revisions.
A Democratic Republic was instituted, based on the deliberations and sovereignty of the people. Individual rights were recognised, as well as those of the body public, whose basis was the fulfilment of binding obligations of political, economic, and social solidarity (articles 1 and 2).
The fundamental articles that were eventually used to support new arguments concerning citizenship are as follows:
Article 3, a part of the constitution's "Fundamental Principles", has two clauses.
The first clause establishes the equality of all citizens: "All citizens have equal social dignity and are equal before the law, without distinction of sex, race, language, religion, political opinions, personal and social conditions."
The second clause, supplementary to the first and no less important, adds: "It is the duty of the Republic to remove those obstacles of an economic and social nature which, really limiting the freedom and equality of citizens, impede the full development of the human person and the effective participation of all workers in the political, economic and social organisation of the country."
Article 29, under Title II, "Ethical and Social Relations", reads: "The Republic recognises the rights of the family as a natural society founded on matrimony." The second clause establishes the equality between spouses: "Matrimony is based on the moral and legal equality of the spouses within the limits laid down by law to guarantee the unity of the family."
Another article of fundamental importance here is article 136, under Title VI, "Constitutional Guarantees - Section I - The Constitutional Court", reading as follows: "When the Court declares the constitutional illegitimacy of a law or enactment having the force of law, the law ceases to have effect from the day following the publication of the decision." Moreover, relating to this article, still with pertinence to citizenship, the second clause is very important: "The decision of the Court shall be published and communicated to the Houses and to the regional councils concerned, so that, wherever they deem it necessary, they shall act in conformity with constitutional procedures."
Decisions of the Constitutional Court and laws enacted in consequence
In summary, law 555 of 1912 has been superseded by new laws and rulings so that:
The child born on or after 1 January 1948 to an Italian man or woman is to be considered Italian by birth (except as provided in some treaties).
An Italian woman's marriage to an alien, or her husband's loss of Italian citizenship, has not caused the woman's Italian citizenship to change if the marriage or husband's naturalisation came on or after 1 January 1948. If the same event were prior to 1 January 1948, the Italian consulates and municipalities may not deem her citizenship uninterrupted. In the latter case, the possibility remains that the matter of her continued holding of Italian citizenship will be confirmed in court.
All minor children of at least one Italian citizen parent, including an adoptive parent, as of the date 27 April 1983 who did not already have Italian citizenship received Italian citizenship on this date.
Also beginning on 27 April 1983, the Italian law ceased to prescribe automatic Italian citizenship for foreign women marrying Italian citizen husbands.
Decision no. 87 of 1975
This decision, in summary, finds that it is unconstitutional for women to be deprived of their Italian citizenship if they acquired a new citizenship automatically by marriage. Italy has officially expressed that the benefit of this decision extends retroactively to marriages as early as 1 January 1948.
The constitution of the Republic stayed unimplemented, in the matter of citizenship, from the time of its enactment until the year 1983. Notwithstanding the equality determined by articles 3 and 29 of the constitution, the Parliament did not put forth any law modifying the absence of code law which would allow the child of an Italian citizen mother and an alien father to have Italian citizenship by jus sanguinis.
The decision rendered on 9 April 1975, number 87, by the Constitutional Court, declared the unconstitutionality of article 10, third paragraph, in the part which foresaw a woman's loss of citizenship independently from her free will.
Among the essential points of the decision, it was pointed out that article 10 was inspired by the very widespread concept in 1912 that women were legally inferior to men, and as individuals, did not have full legal capacity. Such a concept was not represented by, and moreover was in disagreement with, the principles of the constitution. In addition, the law, by stipulating a loss of citizenship reserved exclusively for women, undoubtedly created an unjust and irrational disparity in treatment between spouses, especially if the will of the woman was not questioned or if the loss of citizenship occurred contrarily to her intentions.
Law no. 151 of 1975
In summary, this law impacts citizenship by confirming decision 87 of 1975 for marriages happening after its entry into effect, and authorizing women who lost the Italian citizenship automatically by receiving a new citizenship as a consequence of marriage to reacquire it with a petition. While this law did not state the capability of decision 87/1975 to retroact, the decision's accepted retroactive application back as far as 1 January 1948 is on the merit of the constitution. In the larger picture, law 151 of 1975 was an extensive remodeling of family law in Italy.
As a result of the finding of unconstitutionality in decision 87/1975, within the scope of Italy's reform of family law in 1975, article 219 was introduced into law 151 of 1975 which sanctioned for women the "reacquisition" (more properly, recognition) of citizenship. Article 219 reads:
"The woman who, by effect of marriage to an alien or because of a change in citizenship on the part of her husband, has lost the Italian citizenship before the entry of this law into effect, may reacquire it with a declaration made before the competent authority in article 36 on the provisions of implementing the civil code. Every rule of the law 555 of 13 June 1912 which is incompatible with the provisions of this present law stands repealed."
The term "reacquisition" appears improper inasmuch as the Constitutional Court's decision pronounced that the citizenship was never lost by the women concerned, and that there was never a willingness to this end on their part, and thus the term "recognition" seems more proper academically and legally.
Decision no. 30 of 1983
Decision number 30 of 1983 is the finding that transmitting Italian citizenship by birth is a constitutional right of women, and the decision retroacts for births beginning as early as 1 January 1948. The mother must have been holding Italian citizenship when the child was born for the transmission to occur as a consequence of this rule.
Decision number 30 was pronounced on 28 January 1983, deposited in chancellery on 9 February 1983, and published in "Official Gazette" number 46 on 16 February 1983. The question of unconstitutionality of article 1 of law 555 of 1912 was posed "where it does not foresee that the child of an Italian citizen mother having kept her citizenship even after her marriage to a foreigner, also has Italian citizenship". The decision determined that the first clause of article 1 of this law was in clear contrast with the constitution's articles 3 (first paragraph—equality before the law without regard to sex, etc.) and 29 (second paragraph—moral and juridical parity between spouses). The Constitutional Court not only declared article 1 of law 555 of 13 June 1912 unconstitutional where it did not foresee the Italian citizenship of the child of an Italian citizen mother; but also article 2 of the same law where it sanctions a child's acquisition of a mother's citizenship only in limited cases, since thereafter those limitations were lifted and mothers could generally pass Italian citizenship to their children.
Opinion no. 105 of 1983 from the State Council
The opinion number 105 of 15 April 1983; given by the State Council, Section V, in a consultative session; determined that by effect of Decision 30 of 1983 by the Constitutional Court, the individuals born to an Italian citizen mother only as far back as 1 January 1948 could be considered Italian citizens, on the premise that the effectiveness of the decision could not retroact further than the moment when the contradiction between the old law and the new constitution emerged, which was 1 January 1948, the date of the constitution's entry into effect.
Law no. 123 of 1983
This law granted automatic Italian citizenship to minor children (under age 18) of at least one parent holding Italian citizenship on its entry date into effect (27 April 1983). The law ended the practice of granting automatic citizenship to women by marriage. The law gave an obligation to dual citizens to opt for a single citizenship while 18 years of age.
On 21 April 1983, law number 123 was passed, which established that all minor children of an Italian citizen father or mother, including an adoptive parent, were Italian citizens by birth. In the case of dual citizenship, the child was required to select a single citizenship within one year after reaching the age of majority (article 5) — unless the non-Italian citizenship was acquired through birth in a jus soli country, according to a 1990 Council of State opinion. The law is understood to have extended Italian citizenship to all minor children of Italian citizens at the moment of the law's entry into effect, even if the children were adopted. The same law repeals the prior rule prescribing automatic acquisition of Italian citizenship jure matrimonis by alien women who contracted marriage with an Italian citizen husband. Thus since the date of entry into force (27 April), the equality of foreign spouses before the Italian law was instituted, and the cardinal principle of acquisition of citizenship through one's expression of free will was reasserted.
Loss of Italian citizenship under law no. 123 of 1983
With the entry of law 123 of 1983 into effect on 27 April 1983, Italy instituted a requirement of selecting a single citizenship among those Italians with multiple citizenship reaching the age of majority on or after 27 April 1983. The selection was due within one year. If the selection of Italian citizenship was not made, there was the potential for the Italian citizenship to be lost.
The government's orientation toward this rule is that those dual citizens whose foreign nationality came by birth in states attributing their jus soli citizenship to them were exempt from the requirement, because this law did not repeal the still effective article 7 of law 555 of 1912. The government has also clarified that children born to Italian mothers foreign naturalised as an automatic result of a marriage contracted on or after 1 January 1948 are also exempt from the requirement.
The requirement was repealed on 18 May 1986, and so it was given only to people born between 27 April 1965 and 17 May 1967. Between 18 May 1986 and 14 August 1994, people subject to the requirement were entitled to make belated selections of Italian citizenship, or amend previously made selections of foreign citizenship.
Italy's current citizenship laws
Law no. 91 of 1992
Law number 91, passed on 5 February 1992, establishes that the following persons are citizens by birth:
a) The child of a citizen father or mother.
b) Whoever is born within the Republic's territory if both parents are stateless or unknown, or if the child's citizenship does not follow that of the parents, pursuant to the law of their country. (article 1, first paragraph).
By paragraph 2, foundlings recovered in Italy are citizens by birth if it cannot be proven that these persons are in possession of another citizenship. Article 3 partially restates the text contained in article 5 of law 123 of 1983 where it establishes that an adoptive child of an Italian citizen is Italian, even if the child is of foreign origin, and even if the child was born before the passing of the law. It has expressly established retroactivity in this situation.
This is notwithstanding the fact that the law otherwise precludes its own retroactive application in article 20, which provides that "…except as expressly provided, the citizenship status acquired prior to the present law is not altered, unless by events after its date of entry into force".
This provision, in concert with opinion number 105 of 15 April 1983, has provided that children of an Italian citizen mother and an alien father born before 1 January 1948 (date of the republican constitution's entry into force) remain subject to the old law 555 of 13 June 1912, despite the Constitutional Court's pronouncement of unconstitutionality in decision 30 of 1983.
Additionally, law 91 of 1992 allows the possession of multiple citizenships, previously prohibited in article 5 of law 123 of 1983 for those Italians acquiring a new citizenship. This allowance of keeping Italian citizenship is not applicable in all cases of an Italian acquiring foreign citizenship, because Italy has maintained treaties with some states to the effect that an Italian naturalising in one of those states could lose Italian citizenship automatically. Law 91 of 1992 leaves those agreements in effect. (article 26) Furthermore, law 91 of 1992 rules that persons who obtain Italian citizenship do not need to renounce to their earlier citizenship, provided the dual nationality is also permitted by the other concerned state.
Laws coming after 1992 have altered access to citizenship extending it to some categories of citizens who for historical reasons, in connection with war events, were still excluded.
These more recent laws follow:
1) Law no. 379 of 14 December 2000 "Provisions for the recognition of Italian citizenship for the persons born and resident in the territories belonging to the Austro-Hungarian Empire and their descendants". (Published in the Official Gazette no. 295 on 19 December 2000)
Law 379/2000 contained provisions to recognize Italian citizenship for those persons who were born and residing in Italy's annexed territories from the Austro-Hungarian Empire prior to 15 July 1920. The recognition was available also to their descendants. Recognition of Italian citizenship under law 379/2000 was given only to applicants, and the provisions expired in December 2010.
2) Law no. 124 of March 2006 "Changes to law number 91 of 5 February 1992 concerning the recognition of Italian citizenship for nationals of Istria, Fiume, and Dalmatia and their descendants". (Published in the Official Gazette no. 73 on 28 March 2006)
Law 124/2006 allows individuals who were Italian citizens residing in territories ceded from Italy to Yugoslavia at the time of their cession to reclaim Italian citizen status. It gives the ability to claim Italian citizen status to those people with knowledge of Italian language and culture who are lineal descendants of the eligible persons who were residing in those regions.
In more recent times, reforms to the citizenship law favouring immigrants from outside of the European Union were discussed. These immigrants currently may apply for citizenship after the completion of ten years of residency in the territory of the republic.
Many aspects remain unresolved, such as the recognition of citizenship status for descendants of an Italian woman who before 1948 had married a foreign husband and lost Italian citizenship on account of her marriage. These cases have created a dual system for recognition of citizenship: While the descendants by a paternal line have no impediments to the recognition of their citizenship status—even if the ascendant emigrated in 1860 (before Italy formed a state); the descendants of an Italian woman—even if she was from the same family—today still find themselves precluded from reacquiring Italian citizenship, and their only possible remedy is to appear before an Italian judge.
Transmission of Italian citizenship along maternal lines
Decision no. 4466 of 2009 from the Court of Cassation (final court of appeals)
The United Sections, reversing its position in decision number 3331 of 2004, has established that, by effect of decisions 87 of 1975 and 30 of 1983, the right to Italian citizenship status should be recognised for the applicant who was born abroad to the son of an Italian woman married to an alien within the effective period of law 555 of 1912 who was in consequence of her marriage deprived of Italian citizenship.
Though partaking of the existing principle of unconstitutionality, according to which the pronouncement of unconstitutionality of the pre-constitutional rules produces effects only upon the relations and situations not yet concluded as of the date 1 January 1948, not being capable of retroacting earlier than the constitution's entry into force; the Court affirms that the right of citizenship, since it is a permanent and inviolable status except where it is renounced on the part of the petitioner, is justifiable at any time (even in the case of the prior death of the ascendant or parent of whoever derives the recognition) because of the enduring nature, even after the entry into force of the constitution, of an illegitimate privation due to the discriminatory rules pronounced unconstitutional.
Effects of decision no. 4466 of 2009 from the Court of Cassation on jurisprudence
After this 2009 decision, the judges in the Court of Rome (Tribunale di Roma) awarded, in more than 500 cases, Italian citizenship to the descendants of a female Italian citizen, born before 1948; and to the descendants of an Italian woman who had married a non-Italian citizen before 1948.
As the Italian Parliament has not coded this decision from Cassation into law, it is not possible for these descendants to obtain jus sanguinis citizenship, making the pertinent application before a consulate or a competent office of vital and civil records in Italian municipalities.
For these kind of descendants of Italian women the possibility of receiving recognition of Italian citizenship therefore only remains by making a case in the Italian Court.
Travel freedom of Italian citizens
Visa requirements for Italian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Italy. In 2017, Italian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 174 countries and territories, ranking the Italian passport 3rd in terms of travel freedom (tied with American, Danish, Finnish and Spanish passports) according to the Henley visa restrictions index. Additionally, the World Tourism Organization also published a report on 15 January 2016 ranking the Italian passport 1st in the world (tied with Denmark, Finland, Germany, Luxembourg, Singapore and the United Kingdom) in terms of travel freedom, with the mobility index of 160 (out of 215 with no visa weighted by 1, visa on arrival weighted by 0.7, eVisa by 0.5 and traditional visa weighted by 0).
The Italian nationality is ranked eighth, together with Finland, in Nationality Index (QNI). This index differs from the Visa Restrictions Index, which focuses on external factors including travel freedom. The QNI considers, in addition, to travel freedom on internal factors such as peace & stability, economic strength, and human development as well.
Dual citizenship
According to Italian law, multiple citizenship is explicitly permitted under certain conditions if acquired on or after 16 August 1992. (Prior to that date, Italian citizens with jus soli citizenship elsewhere could keep their dual citizenship perpetually, but Italian citizenship was generally lost if a new citizenship was acquired, and the possibility of its loss through a new citizenship acquisition was subject to some exceptions.) Those who acquired another citizenship after that date but before 23 January 2001 had three months to inform their local records office or the Italian consulate in their country of residence. Failure to do so carried a fine. Those who acquired another citizenship on or after 23 January 2001 could send an auto-declaration of acquisition of a foreign citizenship by post to the Italian consulate in their country of residence. On or after 31 March 2001, notification of any kind is no longer necessary.
Citizenship of the European Union
Because Italy forms part of the European Union, Italian citizens are also citizens of the European Union under European Union law and thus enjoy rights of free movement and have the right to vote in elections for the European Parliament.
When in a non-EU country where there is no Italian embassy, Italian citizens have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country. Italian citizens can live and work in any country within the EU as a result of the right of free movement and residence granted in Article 21 of the EU Treaty.
Citizenship fee
Since 2014 all applications by people aged 18 or over asking for recognition of Italian citizenship are subject to a payment of a €300 fee (Law n. 66, 24 April 2014 and Law n. 89, 23 June 2014). This was passed by the Renzi Cabinet led by Matteo Renzi.
See also
Naturalized athletes of Italy
References
External links
Citizenship - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Italy
Italy and the European Union | wiki |
Whole bowel irrigation (WBI) is a medical process involving the rapid administration of large volumes of an osmotically balanced macrogol solution (GoLYTELY, CoLyte), either orally or via a nasogastric tube, to flush out the entire gastrointestinal tract.
History
Whole bowel irrigation was originally developed to cleanse the large bowel before surgery or colonoscopy. Initially a solution of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and sodium bicarbonate was used but this electrolyte solution was shown to be absorbed by the body, sometimes leading to complications. To solve this problem a specialized irrigation fluid was developed consisting mainly of an iso-osmolar solution of macrogol. With the macrogol solution there is negligible fluid or electrolyte absorption and several studies have shown the overall safety of the procedure. Whole bowel irrigation was also suggested as a possible treatment for toxic ingestions. WBI has the effect of mechanically flushing the ingested poison out of the gastrointestinal tract before it can be absorbed into the body. A study in 1987 provided evidence that whole bowel irrigation is an effective and safe gastrointestinal decontamination procedure for acute poisoning. Its common administration for toxic ingestions has been largely replaced with that of activated charcoal.
Indications
Whole bowel irrigation is sometimes used prior to colonoscopy, bowel surgery, other abdominal/pelvic surgery, or a barium enema examination, to cleanse the intestines, enhancing visibility of the intestines' inner surfaces, preventing complications from occurring as a result of spillage of bowel contents into the abdominal cavity, and potentially providing other benefits depending on the type of procedure being performed.
Whole bowel irrigation is also used in certain poisoning situations. It is usually reserved for patients who have ingested toxic doses of medications not absorbed by activated charcoal (such as iron and lithium), potentially toxic ingestions of sustained-release or enteric-coated drugs, or in the situation of packaged drug ingestion (body packing/stuffing).
Technique
Whole bowel irrigation is undertaken either by having the patient drink the solution or a nasogastric tube is inserted and the solution is delivered down the tube into the stomach. When administered to adolescents and adults as preparation for surgery, colonoscopy, or another procedure, the solution is usually taken orally, unless oral administration is contraindicated. Orally, the solution may be taken in a wide variety of settings, and is usually taken at a rate of 240 mL (8 oz.) every 10 to 20 minutes. Nasogastrically, the solution is generally administered at a rate of 500 mL/h in children 9 months to 6 years, 1000 mL/h in children 6 to 12 years, and 1500 to 2000 mL/h in adolescents and adults. When used to cleanse the bowels for a procedure, the total volume of solution prescribed is usually 2 to 4 liters, which is often taken at home by the patient.
When used as treatment for poisoning, the procedure is usually performed in a healthcare facility, and normally continues until the rectal effluent is clear.
Vomiting is a common side effect of the macrogol solutions used for WBI, which may hinder the effectiveness of the procedure for any indication. In cases of poisoning, the presence of vomiting prior to the procedure is not uncommon. It may be the result of administration of ipecac prior to the procedure, and/or a symptom of the poisoning itself. Overdoses of such drugs as aspirin and theophylline are likely to result in vomiting. Whenever vomiting occurs before or during WBI, the rate of the procedure may need to be slowed, alternatives considered, or an antiemetic such as metoclopramide administered.
Contraindications
Major gastrointestinal dysfunction precludes the use of whole bowel irrigation. WBI is specifically contraindicated in the presence of ileus, significant gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hemodynamic instability, uncontrollable intractable vomiting, bowel obstruction, bowel perforation, and in patients with a decreased level of consciousness with a compromised unprotected airway.
Complications
Minor complications include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and bloating. Patients with altered mental status or a compromised and unprotected airway are at risk for pulmonary aspiration.
Alternatives
Several other laxatives are available for cleansing of the bowels prior to colonoscopy, surgery, or other procedures. Studies have shown some of these to be comparable to macrogol solutions in terms of effectiveness and better tolerated by patients due to the lower volume of laxative which must be ingested. Enemas are another option.
Alternatives to WBI in cases of poisoning may include gastric lavage, activated charcoal, syrup of ipecac, mechanically induced vomiting, administration of alternate laxatives, antidotes and/or symptomatic treatment for systemic poisoning, and watchful waiting. However, every poisoning situation is unique and appropriate treatment options are evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
See also
Poison
Colonoscopy
References
Toxicology treatments
ru:Промывание желудка | wiki |
Lota (Chili), gemeente in Chili
Lota (geslacht), geslacht van schelvisachtigen
Lota Delgado, Filipijnse actrice | wiki |
Cosita linda é uma telenovela estadunidense-venezuelana produzida e transmitida pela Venevisión e Univision em 2014, estrelada por Christian Meier, Ana Lorena Sánchez e Pedro Moreno e antagonizada por Zuleyka Rivera e Carolina Tejera.
Elenco
Confirmado a partir de 6 de junho de 2013.
Exibição
Ligações externas
Telenovelas dos Estados Unidos
Telenovelas da Venezuela
Telenovelas da Venevisión
Telenovelas da Univision
Programas de televisão da Venezuela que estrearam em 2014
Programas de televisão da Venezuela encerrados em 2014
Programas de televisão dos Estados Unidos que estrearam em 2014
Programas de televisão dos Estados Unidos encerrados em 2014
Telenovelas da década de 2010
Refilmagens de telenovelas
Telenovelas em espanhol | wiki |
WBI may refer to:
Whole bowel irrigation
Women's Basketball Invitational
World Bank Institute
Web-Based Instruction | wiki |
L'estimateur du χ² minimum est un estimateur statistique qui repose sur la minimisation d'une fonction χ². défend l'idée que le minimum du χ² est le principe fondamental d'estimation.
Bibliographie
Notes et références
Voir aussi
Maximum de vraisemblance
Estimation (statistique) | wiki |
Olga Borisovna Voronets (en russe : Ольга Борисовна Воронец), née le à Smolensk et morte le à Moscou (à 88 ans), est une chanteuse mezzo-soprano populaire russe.
Elle est inhumée dans le Cimetière Tikhvine à Smolensk.
Notes et références
Naissance en février 1926
Naissance en RSFS de Russie
Naissance à Smolensk
Chanteuse russe
Décès en août 2014
Décès à 88 ans
Décès à Moscou | wiki |
In game theory, strategic dominance (commonly called simply dominance) occurs when one strategy is better than another strategy for one player, no matter how that player's opponents may play. Many simple games can be solved using dominance. The opposite, intransitivity, occurs in games where one strategy may be better or worse than another strategy for one player, depending on how the player's opponents may play.
Terminology
When a player tries to choose the "best" strategy among a multitude of options, that player may compare two strategies A and B to see which one is better.
The result of the comparison is one of:
B is equivalent to A: choosing B always gives the same outcome as choosing A, no matter what the other players do.
B strictly dominates A: choosing B always gives a better outcome than choosing A, no matter what the other players do.
B weakly dominates A: choosing B always gives at least as good an outcome as choosing A, no matter what the other players do, and there is at least one set of opponents' action for which B gives a better outcome than A. (Notice that if B strictly dominates A, then B weakly dominates A. Therefore, we can say "B dominates A" as synonymous of "B weakly dominates A".)
B and A are intransitive: B and A are not equivalent, and B neither dominates, nor is dominated by, A. Choosing A is better in some cases, while choosing B is better in other cases, depending on exactly how the opponent chooses to play. For example, B is "throw rock" while A is "throw scissors" in Rock, Paper, Scissors.
B is weakly dominated by A: there is at least one set of opponents' actions for which B gives a worse outcome than A, while all other sets of opponents' actions give A the same payoff as B. (Strategy A weakly dominates B).
B is strictly dominated by A: choosing B always gives a worse outcome than choosing A, no matter what the other player(s) do. (Strategy A strictly dominates B).
This notion can be generalized beyond the comparison of two strategies.
Strategy B is strictly dominant if strategy B strictly dominates every other possible strategy.
Strategy B is weakly dominant if strategy B weakly dominates every other possible strategy.
Strategy B is strictly dominated if some other strategy exists that strictly dominates B.
Strategy B is weakly dominated if some other strategy exists that weakly dominates B.
Strategy: A complete contingent plan for a player in the game. A complete contingent plan is a full specification of a player's behavior, describing each action a player would take at every possible decision point. Because information sets represent points in a game where a player must make a decision, a player's strategy describes what that player will do at each information set.
Rationality: The assumption that each player acts in a way that is designed to bring about what he or she most prefers given probabilities of various outcomes; von Neumann and Morgenstern showed that if these preferences satisfy certain conditions, this is mathematically equivalent to maximizing a payoff. A straightforward example of maximizing payoff is that of monetary gain, but for the purpose of a game theory analysis, this payoff can take any desired outcome. E.g., cash reward, minimization of exertion or discomfort, promoting justice, or amassing overall “utility” - the assumption of rationality states that
players will always act in the way that best satisfies their ordering from best to worst of various possible outcomes.
Common Knowledge: The assumption that each player has knowledge of the game, knows the rules and payoffs associated with each course of action, and realizes that every other player has this same level of understanding. This is the premise that allows a player to make a value judgment on the actions of another player, backed by the assumption of rationality, into
consideration when selecting an action.
Dominance and Nash equilibria
If a strictly dominant strategy exists for one player in a game, that player will play that strategy in each of the game's Nash equilibria. If both players have a strictly dominant strategy, the game has only one unique Nash equilibrium, referred to as a "dominant strategy equilibrium". However, that Nash equilibrium is not necessarily "efficient", meaning that there may be non-equilibrium outcomes of the game that would be better for both players. The classic game used to illustrate this is the Prisoner's Dilemma.
Strictly dominated strategies cannot be a part of a Nash equilibrium, and as such, it is irrational for any player to play them. On the other hand, weakly dominated strategies may be part of Nash equilibria. For instance, consider the payoff matrix pictured at the right.
Strategy C weakly dominates strategy D. Consider playing C: If one's opponent plays C, one gets 1; if one's opponent plays D, one gets 0. Compare this to D, where one gets 0 regardless. Since in one case, one does better by playing C instead of D and never does worse, C weakly dominates D. Despite this, is a Nash equilibrium. Suppose both players choose D. Neither player will do any better by unilaterally deviating—if a player switches to playing C, they will still get 0. This satisfies the requirements of a Nash equilibrium. Suppose both players choose C. Neither player will do better by unilaterally deviating—if a player switches to playing D, they will get 0. This also satisfies the requirements of a Nash equilibrium.
Iterated elimination of strictly dominated strategies (IESDS)
The iterated elimination (or deletion) of dominated strategies (also denominated as IESDS or IDSDS) is one common technique for solving games that involves iteratively removing dominated strategies. In the first step, at most one dominated strategy is removed from the strategy space of each of the players since no rational player would ever play these strategies. This results in a new, smaller game. Some strategies—that were not dominated before—may be dominated in the smaller game. The first step is repeated, creating a new even smaller game, and so on. The process stops when no dominated strategy is found for any player. This process is valid since it is assumed that rationality among players is common knowledge, that is, each player knows that the rest of the players are rational, and each player knows that the rest of the players know that he knows that the rest of the players are rational, and so on ad infinitum (see Aumann, 1976).
There are two versions of this process. One version involves only eliminating strictly dominated strategies. If, after completing this process, there is only one strategy for each player remaining, that strategy set is the unique Nash equilibrium.
Strict Dominance Deletion Step-by-Step Example:
C is strictly dominated by A for Player 1. Therefore, Player 1 will never play strategy C. Player 2 knows this. (see IESDS Figure 1)
Of the remaining strategies (see IESDS Figure 2), Z is strictly dominated by Y and X for Player 2. Therefore, Player 2 will never play strategy Z. Player 1 knows this.
Of the remaining strategies (see IESDS Figure 3), B is strictly dominated by A for Player 1. Therefore, Player 1 will never play B. Player 2 knows this.
Of the remaining strategies (see IESDS Figure 4), Y is strictly dominated by X for Player 2. Therefore, Player 2 will never play Y. Player 1 knows this.
Only one rationalizable strategy is left {A,X} which results in a payoff of (10,4). This is the single Nash Equilibrium for this game.
Another version involves eliminating both strictly and weakly dominated strategies. If, at the end of the process, there is a single strategy for each player, this strategy set is also a Nash equilibrium. However, unlike the first process, elimination of weakly dominated strategies may eliminate some Nash equilibria. As a result, the Nash equilibrium found by eliminating weakly dominated strategies may not be the only Nash equilibrium. (In some games, if we remove weakly dominated strategies in a different order, we may end up with a different Nash equilibrium.)
Weak Dominance Deletion Step-by-Step Example:
O is strictly dominated by N for Player 1. Therefore, Player 1 will never play strategy O. Player 2 knows this. (see IESDS Figure 5)
U is weakly dominated by T for Player 2. If Player 2 chooses T, then the final equilibrium is (N,T)
O is strictly dominated by N for Player 1. Therefore, Player 1 will never play strategy O. Player 2 knows this. (see IESDS Figure 6)
T is weakly dominated by U for Player 2. If Player 2 chooses U, then the final equilibrium is (N,U)
In any case, if by iterated elimination of dominated strategies there is only one strategy left for each player, the game is called a dominance-solvable game.
Iterated elimination by mixed strategy
There are instances when there is no pure strategy that dominates another pure strategy, but a mixture of two or more pure strategies can dominate another strategy. This is called Strictly Dominant Mixed Strategies. Some authors allow for elimination of strategies dominated by a mixed strategy in this way.
Example 1:
In this scenario, for player 1, there is no pure strategy that dominates another pure strategy. Let’s define the probability of player 1 playing up as p, and let p = ½. We can set a mixed strategy where player 1 plays up and down with probabilities (½,½). When player 2 plays left, then the payoff for player 1 playing the mixed strategy of up and down is 1, when player 2 plays right, the payoff for player 1 playing the mixed strategy is 0.5. Thus regardless of whether player 2 chooses left or right, player 1 gets more from playing this mixed strategy between up and down than if the player were to play the middle strategy. In this case, we should eliminate the middle strategy for player 1 since it’s been dominated by the mixed strategy of playing up and down with probability (½,½).
Example 2:
We can demonstrate the same methods on a more complex game and solve for the rational strategies. In this scenario, the blue coloring represents the dominating numbers in the particular strategy.
Step-by-step solving:
For Player 2, X is dominated by the mixed strategy ½X and ½Z.
The expected payoff for playing strategy ½X + ½Z must be greater than the expected payoff for playing pure strategy X, assigning ½ and ½ as tester values. The argument for mixed strategy dominance can be made if there is at least one mixed strategy that allows for dominance.
Testing with ½ and ½ gets the following:
Expected average payoff of ½ Strategy Y: ½(4+0+4) = 4
Expected average payoff of ½ Strategy Z: ½(0+5+5) = 5
Expected average payoff of pure strategy X: (1+1+3) = 5
Set up the inequality to determine whether the mixed strategy will dominate the pure strategy based on expected payoffs.
u½X + u½Z ⩼ uX
4 + 5 > 5
Mixed strategy ½X and ½Z will dominate pure strategy X for Player 2, and thus X can be eliminated from the rationalizable strategies for P2.
For Player 1, U is dominated by the pure strategy D.
For player 2, Y is dominated by the pure strategy Z.
This leaves M dominating D for Player 1.
The only rationalizable strategy for Players 1 and 2 is then (M,Z) or (3,5).
See also
Arbitrage
Max-dominated strategy
Newcomb's paradox
Risk dominance
Winning strategy
References
. An 88-page mathematical introduction; see Section 3.3. Free online at many universities.
Jim Ratliff's Game Theory Course: Strategic Dominance
. A comprehensive reference from a computational perspective; see Sections 3.4.3, 4.5. Downloadable free online.
"Strict Dominance in Mixed Strategies – Game Theory 101". gametheory101.com. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
Watson Joel. Strategy : An Introduction to Game Theory. Third ed. W.W. Norton & Company 2013.
Game theory | wiki |
During the morning hours of November 15, 2017, after heavy rainfall caused because of the barometric low Eurydice and the Cyclone Numa, flooding occurred in Western Attica and mainly in Mandra, Nea Peramos, Magoula and Elefsina. The floods killed 24 people and caused severe damage. This is the third largest flood in Attica based on the number of dead.
Aftermath
Eurydice was a deep meteorological low that struck Western and Southern Greece as well as the Dodecanese in November 2017. Disasters occurred in Nafplio, Symi, Crete and Corfu. The areas most affected were Mandra and Nea Peramos. Cars were swept away by the waters and ended up in the sea or streams, and in some of them the passengers drowned. The old highway was turned into a river, as were the streets of Athens. There have been cases of theft in homes and shops damaged by the floods. Many areas were left without electricity for hours. Victims were hosted on a cruise ship. Three days of mourning were declared in the country.
Eventually the dead reached 26.
In Mandra 1064 buildings, and in particular 794 houses, 126 business premises, 8 public buildings and 136 warehouses and basements, were damaged. In the area of Megara and Nea Peramos at least 448 buildings were destroyed, of which 228 were residential, 38 business premises, 6 public buildings and 123 warehouses and basements.
Deaths and flood damage provoked political reactions.
The Municipality of Athens sent significant material assistance to the victims of West Attica, while the Ministry of Labor, Social Security and Social Solidarity decided to provide facilities to companies, employers or insured persons who had a professional establishment or activity in the areas and suffered damages.
References
External link
Floods in Greece
Floods in Europe | wiki |
The Last may refer to:
The Last (band), Los Angeles power pop band active since 1976
The Last (audio drama), a Doctor Who audio drama released in 2004
The Last (album), 2009 album by Aventura
"The Last", a song by The Replacements from the 1990 album All Shook Down
The Last: Naruto the Movie, 2014 Japanese animated film from the Naruto franchise
The Last (film), 2019 movie
See also
Last (disambiguation)
The Last One (disambiguation)
The Last Man (disambiguation) | wiki |
The high sheriff is the oldest secular office under the Crown (prior to 1974 the office previously known as sheriff). Formerly the high sheriff was the principal law enforcement officer in the county but over the centuries most of the responsibilities associated with the post have been transferred elsewhere or are now defunct, so that its functions are now largely ceremonial. The high sheriff changes every March.
This is a list of high sheriffs of Kent.
11th century to 14th century
15th century to 16th century
17th century to 18th century
19th century
20th century
Present century
Notes
References
Kent
Local government in Kent
High Sheriff of Kent | wiki |
Great Food, All Day Long: Cook Splendidly, Eat Smart (2010) is Maya Angelou's second cookbook. A follow-up to Hallelujah! The Welcome Table (2004), Great Food, All Day Long similarly combines recipes and autobiographical sketches about how Angelou lost weight by eating smaller portions of satisfying meals. Her focus in this book is weight loss through portion control and flavor.
References
2010 non-fiction books
Books by Maya Angelou | wiki |
The bronze frog (Lithobates clamitans clamitans) is a subspecies of Lithobates clamitans found in the southeastern region of North America.
Description
The bronze frog grows up to 2–4 in (5.4–10.2 cm). Distinguishing characteristics include a bronze to brownish body, a white belly with dark, irregular blotches, and a bright-green upper lip and nose. Males may have yellowish throats. Bronze frogs are smooth-skinned, like all true frogs. They have long hind legs with webbed toes. Two dorsolateral folds begin behind the eye and runs two-thirds the length of body. The tympanum (ear disc) is larger in males.
Behavior
Bronze frogs are nocturnal and solitary. They remain under cover, in logs and crevices, most of the time. Male bronze frogs court females with a distinct call. Researchers agree that the mating call of the bronze frog sounds like someone plucking a loose banjo string. Named for its body color, the bronze frog may be difficult to find until warm, humid evenings, when its mating call is heard. Colloquially referred to as the "banjo frog", the primary breeding call is an explosive "clunk," or "cloink" frequently repeated several times in succession, but less powerfully each time. Like many species of frogs, the males voice an aggressive call when concentrations of these frogs are high in breeding areas. This call is a quick, harsh, spitting sound that sometimes precedes an attack on a competitor.
Distribution
Bronze frogs are found in the southeastern portion of the United States, from North Carolina to the eastern third of Texas.
Habitat
Bronze frogs are found in shallow streams, ponds, marshes, springs, bayous, and bald cypress swamps with plenty of vegetation. They are active both day and night.
Diet
Bronze frogs eat a variety of vertebrates and arthropods. They eat flies, crickets, fish, small snakes, crayfish, tadpoles, and other frogs.
Breeding
It reaches sexual maturity in the first full summer after metamorphosis. Breeding season begins in early spring and lasts through the summer. Females lay 2,000–4,000 eggs in small masses attached to underwater vegetation. Eggs are 1.5 mm when laid, but grow to 6 mm as cells divide. Incubation is one to two weeks. Tadpoles are green with small, dark spots. They grow 1.0–1.5 inches (28 – 33 mm) before they metamorphose (change from tadpoles to frogs). Bronze frogs live seven to 10 years.
External links
State of Texas: Bronze Frog
US Geological Survey: Rana clamitans
References
Lithobates
Amphibians of the United States
Fauna of the Southeastern United States | wiki |
The Take Me Home Tour was the second headlining concert tour by English-Irish boy band One Direction, in support of their second studio album, Take Me Home (2012). The tour began on 23 February 2013 in London, England, and concluded on 3 November 2013 in Chiba, Japan. It was announced by member Liam Payne at the BRIT Awards in early 2012, originally billed as the UK & Ireland Arena Tour. In mid-2012, the tour expanded to include North America and Australia following the band's international breakthrough. The tour was documented in the film One Direction: This Is Us directed by Morgan Spurlock.
The Take Me Home Tour was commercially successful, with many sold-out shows and overwhelming demand for tickets, prompting organisers to add more dates to the itinerary. In the UK and Ireland, ticket sales reached 300,000 within a day of release, which included a six sell-out dates at the O2 Arena in London. In Australia and New Zealand, ticket sales grossed US$15.7 million, with all 190,000 tickets sold for eighteen shows held in Australia and New Zealand. The tour placed at number 10 on Pollstars Year-End Top 20 Worldwide Tours list, grossing $114 million from the 123 shows.
Background
On 21 February 2012, One Direction attended the 2012 BRIT Awards at which they received the Best British Single award for their debut single "What Makes You Beautiful". During One Direction's acceptance speech, member Liam Payne stated that they would embark on their first arena concert tour. Reports soon followed that the tour would consist of fifteen dates across the UK and Ireland. One Direction's official website confirmed the dates, with tickets to be made available on 25 February.
On 11 January 2013, the group announced the North American leg as a part of a '2013 World Tour'. The North American leg was set to begin a 25-city run in Sunrise, Florida, on 13 June 2013 and to stop in Toronto, Chicago, Denver, Montreal and Las Vegas before wrapping up in Los Angeles on 7 August. Tickets for the North American leg of the concert series went on sale 21 April 2012, at Ticketmaster.com and LiveNation.com. Group member Niall Horan said in a statement released to MTV News, "Our fans are simply the best in the world. The support they have shown us has been incredible and we're all so grateful to each and every one of them. We can't wait to see everyone this summer, at Madison Square Garden and of course when we play our world tour in 2013."
On 18 April 2012, the Australian leg was announced. The leg was set to begin in Brisbane on 13 September 2013 and visit Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide before heading west to Perth. The tour then returned to the east coast for five additional shows before travelling to New Zealand for three shows. Tickets for the Australasian leg went on sale on 28 April 2012, except for the Perth dates, which went on sale on 28 June.
In June 2012, continental European dates were reported to be in the process of being added and were confirmed on 29 October 2012. The continental European dates compromises of shows in France, Norway, Sweden, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Portugal and Denmark in April and May 2013. Tickets went on sale between 2 and 5 November 2012, depending on the venue.
Commercial reception
Having initially announced 15 shows across the UK and Ireland, the group added extra shows around the UK and Ireland due to high demand, which included matinée performances at various dates. One Direction announced the extra shows on their Twitter page throughout the morning after the initial dates went on sale. British ticket sales reached 300,000 within a day of release. The original dates sold out within minutes—with 1,000 tickets selling per minute, with two or three extra dates having been added at each city. Notable dates that sold out include six dates at The O2 Arena in London, while four dates at The O2 in Dublin also sold out within an hour—as did four Belfast Odyssey Arena dates. In North America, the group added additional shows due to "overwhelming demand". The tickets for the added shows went on sale in May 2012. In Australia and New Zealand, tickets also ignited commercial success pulling sales of US$15.7million, with all 190,000 tickets being sold for eighteen shows to be held in Australia and New Zealand from September 2013. Tickets for the Perth shows, which went on sale later than the rest of Australia, sold out in six minutes.
In May 2012, as One Direction added more dates to their 2013 World Tour, Andy Greene, associate editor of Rolling Stone magazine, declared that the boy band are "being worked like dogs". The Daily Star Sunday revealed that many of their shows planned for 2013 had sold out and that they were adding an extra 25 performances in 20 US cities, some of which priced at more than £200 for one ticket. The article additionally noted that "One Direction could eclipse the big tour megabucks earned by rock giants U2 and The Rolling Stones". Greene ultimately declared: "I've never known a band announce a second summer tour before a first summer tour is over. It's insane – they're working them like dogs and printing money right now".
In July 2013, the tour ranked 12th on Pollstars "Top 100 Mid Year Worldwide Tours", earning $49.6 million from 68 shows. The tour ranked 10th Pollstars Year-End Top 20 Worldwide Tours list, grossing $114 million.
On 29 October 2013, it was announced that the band had sold a record-breaking 81,542 tickets at Sydney's Allphones Arena. The previous record was held by Metallica with 74,244. The executives of the arena unveiled the first entertainer's "Star" in the Sydney Olympic Park precinct to commemorate the achievement.
Opening acts
Camryn (Europe)
5 Seconds of Summer (Ireland, United Kingdom, North America, Australia, New Zealand)
Olly Murs (Japan)
Setlist
This set list is representative of the show on 24 February 2013 in London. It is not representative of all concerts for the duration of the tour.
"Up All Night"
"I Would"
"Heart Attack"
"More than This"
"Loved You First"
"One Thing"
"C'mon, C'mon"
"Change My Mind"
"One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks)"
"Last First Kiss"
"Moments"
"Back For You"
"Summer Love"
"Over Again"
"Little Things"
"Teenage Dirtbag" (Wheatus cover)
"Rock Me"
"She's Not Afraid"
"Kiss You"
Encore
"Live While We're Young"
"What Makes You Beautiful"
Tour dates
Festivals and other miscellaneous performances
Matinee and evening concerts
The score data is representative of the seven shows at Rod Laver Arena on 2–3, 16-17, 28–30 October respectively.
The score data is representative of the four shows at Dublin 3Arena on 3,5, 12-13 March respectively.
The score data is representative of the four shows at Motorpoint Arena Sheffield on 19 March, 13-14 April respectively.
Notes
1.Data from study is collected from all worldwide concerts held between 1 January and 30 June 2013. All monetary figures are based in U.S. dollars. All information is based upon extensive research conducted by Pollstar.
References
External links
Official website
2013 concert tours
One Direction concert tours | wiki |
Red Camp may refer to:
Howie "Red" Camp (1893–1960), American baseball outfielder
Red Camp, a Soviet partisan detachment force led by Abbasgulu bey Shadlinski
RED (Roadmap to Explore and Discover) Camp, a 3-day non-residential experiential camp for graduating secondary school students by Ngee Ann Polytechnic | wiki |
Jazzy in the Jungle is a children's picture book by Lucy Cousins, published in 2002. It won the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize Gold Award.
References
2002 children's books
Walker Books books | wiki |
A break clause is a term in a contract that allows early termination of the contract before the default end date. In accordance with English property law, such clauses are typical in tenancy agreements, so as to allow a tenancy to come to an end before the end date stated in the agreement. A break clause may be invoked by either the landlord or the tenant.
See also
Citizens Advice Bureau
Consumer Rights Act 2015 (Parts 2 and 3)
Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
References
English property law
Contract clauses | wiki |
1990
* Cup awarded to Nigeria as Senegal refused to take part in penalty shootout
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
Nigeria played the non-FIFA Catalonia team on 22 December 1998; this did not contribute to ranking points or individual cap totals.
1999
Nigeria played the non-FIFA Basque Country team on 29 December 1999; this did not contribute to ranking points or individual cap totals.
Notes
References
External links
Nigeria: Fixtures and Results – FIFA.com
Nigeria national football team complete 'A' international record – 11v11.com
World's Largest Referee Database – WorldReferee.com
1990s in Nigeria
1990-1999
1990–91 in Nigerian football
1991–92 in Nigerian football
1992–93 in Nigerian football
1993–94 in Nigerian football
1994–95 in Nigerian football
1995–96 in Nigerian football
1996–97 in Nigerian football
1997–98 in Nigerian football
1998–99 in Nigerian football
1999–2000 in Nigerian football | wiki |
Latin culture may refer to:
Culture of the Latins, an ancient Italic people
Culture of ancient Rome, descended from the culture of the Latins
Latin, the language of the Latins, and the lingua franca of Ancient Rome and early medieval Western Europe
Latin literature, literature written in Latin
Classics, the study of Latin and Ancient Greek literature
Romance-speaking world, areas of the world where Romance languages (which descended from Latin) are spoken
Latin America, areas of the Americas where Spanish, Portuguese and French are spoken
See also
Italic peoples
Romance languages | wiki |
Chepos also regionally known as Uchepos is a dish in Mexican cuisine, a tamal made with tender maize (corn), which sometimes is added to milk. It has a sweet taste and its consistency is soft. The chepo can be served on its own, or with green tomatillo salsa or tomato cooked and accompanied by fresh cheese or sour cream.
As a dessert, it is usually served and bathed in sweetened condensed milk.
Although it is considered to have originated in the Mexican state of Michoacan, chepo can be found in other states of the republic where it is called corn tamal. In other regions of Central America it is also called corn tamal. In some regions in South America these tamales are called humitas where the recipes may call for some spices, raisins, other sweet ingredients such as cajeta blanca/arequipe/dulce de leche/manjar, etc.
Method of preparation
To prepare uchepos for about four people, it is necessary that you have
12 fresh sweet ears of corn,
1 teaspoon salt and
fresh corn leaves.
Carefully remove the husks from the ears of corn trying to keep the husks whole and set aside. Remove the silk from the corn. With a sharp knife scrap all the kernels from the cobb. Grind the sweet corn using a grain mill. If you have no access to a grain mill, you can use a blender. It works better when it is done in a blender with enough power to blend the corn to a paste without having to add any liquid. When the corn is ground, add the salt and mix. Wash the reserved husk and dry them with paper towels. Spread about four tablespoons of the corn paste on each husk leaving about 1/2 inch from the edges. Fold the husks in the traditional tamale fold. Steam the uchepos in a tamale steamer form 45–60 minutes. Test to uchepos by taking one uchepo out of the steamer, open the husks and let it cool for 1–2 minutes. Take the uchepo and they are done when they do not taste like raw corn any longer.
Some people claim that they add butter, sugar and/or milk to the uchepos. That is very unlikely that it is an original recipe as the uchepos are from the Purepecha cuisine where the use of butter is negligent and the corn from Michoacan, the Purepechas native territory, is sweet by nature and there is no need to add any sweetener. Uchepos are served with tomatillo salsa, jocoque (a type of sour cream/curd made from fresh milk) and queso fresco. In other instances, uchepos are used instead of tortillas when people eat pork ribs in salsa verde.
External links
Uchepo
Maize dishes
Mexican cuisine | wiki |
is a Japanese motorcycle racer.
Career statistics
Grand Prix motorcycle racing
By season
Races by year
(key)
References
External links
Profile on MotoGP.com
1983 births
Living people
Japanese motorcycle racers
125cc World Championship riders | wiki |
La Maison Francaise may refer to the following buildings:
Buell Hall, a building at Columbia University
La Maison Française (Nazareth College)
La Maison Française (New York University)
La Maison Francaise (Rockefeller Center)
See also
Maison française d'Oxford, England | wiki |
William Hare (1. hrabia Listowel)
William Hare (2. hrabia Listowel)
William Hare (3. hrabia Listowel)
William Hare (5. hrabia Listowel) | wiki |
Summertime (Bachelor Number One-dal)
Summertime (Beyoncé Knowles-dal)
Summertime (D.J. Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince-dal)
Summertime (New Kids on the Block-dal)
Summertime, Gershwin Porgy és Bess című operájának egyik dala
Summertime, David Lean 1955-ös filmje | wiki |
L'avenue Laurier de Montréal.
L'avenue Laurier d'Ottawa.
La Rue Laurier de Gatineau.
Le boulevard Laurier à Québec. | wiki |
Pizza Kittens is a children's picture book by Charlotte Voake, published in 2002. It won the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize Silver Award.
References
2002 children's books
Walker Books books | wiki |
__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__
87800 | wiki |
A storey pole (or story pole, storey rod, story stick, jury stick, scantling, scantillon) is a length of narrow board usually cut to the height of one storey. It is used as a layout tool for any kind of repeated work in carpentry including stair-building, framing, timber framing, siding, brickwork, and setting tiles. The pole is marked for the heights from (usually) the floor platform of a building for dimensions such as window sill heights, window top heights (or headers), exterior door heights (or headers), interior door heights, wall gas jet heights (for gas lamps) and the level of the next storey joists. It makes for quick, repeatable measurements without the need of otherwise calibrated measuring devices or workers skilled in using them.
Craftsmen use them to mark clapboard and brick courses so that, for example, a course ends neatly below a window sill or at a door's architrave. They are used in remodelling so that, for example, the new coursing of exterior siding on a wing will match the existing.
There is evidence of 'boning-rods' being used in building Egypt's Great Pyramid as counterparts of modern storey poles.
References
Tools
Woodworking measuring instruments
Construction equipment | wiki |
La contea di Macedon Ranges è una local government area che si trova nello Stato di Victoria. Si estende su una superficie di 1.747 chilometri quadrati e ha una popolazione di 41.860 abitanti. La sede del consiglio si trova a Kyneton.
Note
Collegamenti esterni
Macedon Ranges | wiki |
A town hall is the headquarters of a town or city's administration.
Town Hall may also refer to:
Australia
Adelaide Town Hall, South Australia
Melbourne Town Hall, Victoria
Perth Town Hall, Western Australia
St Kilda Town Hall, Melbourne
Town Hall railway station, Melbourne
Sydney Town Hall, New South Wales
Town Hall railway station, Sydney
Brazil
Town Hall (Santo Amaro), Bahia
Estonia
Tallinn Town Hall
India
Town Hall, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
Town Hall, Mangalore, Karnataka
Bangalore Town Hall, Karnataka
C V Rangacharlu Memorial Hall or Mysore Town Hall, Karnataka
Lithuania
Town Hall, Kaunas
Town Hall, Vilnius
Malaysia
Town Hall, Penang, George Town
Netherlands
Town Hall, De Rijp
Poland
Town Hall (Orneta), Warmia
Sri Lanka
Town Hall, Colombo
United Kingdom
Birmingham Town Hall, England
Brighton Town Hall, England
Cowbridge Town Hall, Wales
Hove Town Hall, England
Leeds Town Hall, England
Liverpool Town Hall, England
Manchester Town Hall, England
Sheffield Town Hall, England
Sutton Coldfield Town Hall, Birmingham, England
United States
Town Hall Arts Center, Littleton, Colorado
Town Hall (Westport, Connecticut), a former town hall
Town Hall (Castle Hall), Zionsville, Indiana
Town Hall (Lakeville, Massachusetts)
Town Hall (Sandwich, New Hampshire)
The Town Hall (New York City), a performing arts venue
Town Hall Seattle, a performance space in Seattle, Washington
Other uses
"Town Hall" (Superstore), a 2018 television episode
Town Hall, 1962, a 1965 album by Ornette Coleman
Town Hall 1972, a 1972 album by Anthony Braxton
Townhall, an American politically conservative website
Town hall meeting, a discussion
See also
Town Hall Theatre (disambiguation)
Town meeting, a form of direct democracy | wiki |
Kick Me is a 1975 animated short film
made by Robert Swarthe.
Summary
The film is about a pair of red legs and its misadventures on celluloid film involving a giant baseball and spiders.
Production
The animation was produced by drawing pictures directly onto frames of film stock, instead of by inking/painting and photographing cels as in traditional animation techniques of the era.
Reception and legacy
It was nominated for Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film and was featured on Fantastic Animation Festival.
It was preserved by the Academy Film Archive in 2010.
References
External links
on Cartoon Brew
1975 films
1975 animated films
American avant-garde and experimental films
Self-reflexive films
Drawn-on-film animated films
American animated short films
1970s rediscovered films
Rediscovered American films
1970s American films | wiki |
Anko (keizer), keizer in Japan
Anko (pasta), zoete pasta | wiki |
Filmografia
El fantasma de Elena – serial TV (2010)
Grachi (Grachi) – serial TV (2011)
La casa de al lado – serial TV (2011)
Por ella soy Eva – serial TV (2012)
Killer Women – serie TV, 4 episodi (2014)
En otra piel – serial TV (2014)
Collegamenti esterni | wiki |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.