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The United States Federal Reserve Statistical Release H.15 is a weekly publication (with daily updates) of the Federal Reserve System of selected market interest rates.
Many residential mortgage loans are indexed to the one-year treasury rate published in the H.15 release.
Published rates
The H.15 covers the following rates, in varying maturities:
Federal funds
Commercial paper
Certificates of deposit
Eurodollar deposits
Bank prime loans
Discount window
United States Treasury Bills
United States Treasury Notes
United States Treasury Bonds
United States Treasury Inflation Protected Securities
Interest rate swaps
Corporate bonds
Municipal bonds
Residential mortgage loans
References
External links
Digitized historical releases of the H.15
Federal Reserve System | wiki |
Mathematical philosophy may refer to:
Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy (1919), by Bertrand Russell
See also
Principia Mathematica (1910–13), by Russell and Whitehead | wiki |
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a feature length 115 minute film. It was produced by Teaching Resource Films in 1975. It is an adaptation of the 1900 children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, written by L. Frank Baum. It was a color film made in the United States, and has additional writing credits given to Katherine Jose and Irene Lewis. It is a collection of filmstrips narrated on records.
External links
1975 films
Films based on The Wizard of Oz
1970s fantasy films
1970s English-language films
American fantasy films
1970s American films | wiki |
In the U.S. state of Texas, a constable is an elected law enforcement officer for a precinct of a county. Counties may have between one and eight precincts each depending on their population.
The constables are provided for in the Texas Constitution of 1876 (Article 5, Section 18). The term of office for Texas constables is four years. However, when vacancies arise, the commissioner's court of the respective county has the authority to appoint a replacement to serve out the remaining term. If no person is elected and qualified under law to fill an office of constable for seven consecutive years, the respective commissioner's court may declare the office dormant and it may not be filled by election or appointment. However, the commissioner's court may reinstate the office by a majority vote or by calling an election where a majority of precinct voters approve it.
Authority
In Texas, constables and their deputies are fully empowered peace officers with county-wide jurisdiction and thus, may legally exercise their authority in any precinct within their county. However, some constables’ offices limit themselves to providing law enforcement services only to their respective precinct, except in the case of serving civil and criminal process. Constables and their deputies may serve civil process in any precinct in their county and any contiguous county and can serve arrest warrants anywhere in the state. The duties of a Texas constable generally include providing bailiffs for the justice of the peace court(s) within his precinct and serving process issued there and from any other court. Moreover, some constables’ offices limit themselves to only these activities but others provide patrol, investigative, and security services as well. The Constable's authority considerably overlaps with that of the County Sheriff, especially with respect to serving civil documents as well as criminal warrants.
On April 13, 2018, the Texas Supreme Court held that deputy constables fall within the definition of "police officers" and are, as such, entitled to engage in collective bargaining with their public employers under Local Government Code chapter 174.
Additionally, the Texas Commission on Law Enforcement (TCOLE) the regulatory agency for all peace officers in Texas (sheriffs, constables, security police, police officers and marshals) and the Bureau of Justice Statistics of the Department of Justice considers the Texas constable to be a unique peace officer position.
Strength
In 2000, there were 2,630 full-time deputies and 418 reserve deputies working for the 760 constables’ offices in Texas. Of this number, 35% were primarily assigned to patrol, 33% to serving process, 12% to court security, and 7% to criminal investigations. The Harris County Precinct 4 and 5 Constables’ Offices are the largest constables’ offices in Texas with over 500 deputies each.
In the Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2000, which was published by the US DOJ's Bureau of Justice Statistics, it was noted that there were 2,630 full-time, sworn constables/deputy constables in Texas. Recent figures cite the number to around 3,500 and these include clerical and other personnel. Of this number, 35% of constables/deputy constables were primarily assigned to patrol duties. For example, in Harris County Precinct 4 and 5 (Greater Houston area), there are over 1400 patrol deputies. Additionally, 15% handled criminal investigations, i.e. they are detectives and investigators.
New constable qualifications
Constable qualifications as changed by HB 1588 of the 79th Regular Session of the Texas Legislature:
Local Government Code 86.0021 (Qualifications; Removal)
(a) A person is not eligible to serve as constable unless:
(1) the person is eligible to be licensed under Sections 1701.309 and 1701.312, Occupations Code, and:
(A) has at least an associate degree conferred by an institution of higher education accredited by an accrediting organization recognized by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board;
(B) is a special investigator under Article 2.122(a), Code of Criminal Procedure; or
(C) is an honorably retired peace officer or honorably retired federal criminal investigator who holds a certificate of proficiency issued under Section 1701.357, Occupations Code; or
(2) the person is an active or inactive licensed peace officer under Chapter 1701, Occupations Code.
(b) On or before the 270th day after the date a constable takes office, the constable shall provide, to the commissioners court of the county in which the constable serves, evidence that the constable has been issued a permanent peace officer license under Chapter 1701, Occupations Code. A constable who fails to provide evidence of licensure under this subsection or who fails to maintain a permanent license while serving in office forfeits the office and is subject to removal in a quo warranto proceeding under Chapter 66, Civil Practice and Remedies Code.
(c) The license requirement of Subsection (b) supersedes the license requirement of Section 1701.302, Occupations Code.
Grounds for removal include the failure to present permanent peace officer license on or before the 270th day after taking office. He can also be removed if he was convicted of a felony crime and a misdemeanor charge of official misconduct, in addition to incompetence and intoxication.
Finally, constables and their deputies in Texas are official, certified Texas law-enforcement officers. Constables and their deputies must graduate from a state-certified law enforcement academy. All peace officers in Texas are trained to the same state requirement. Constables also have identical powers of arrest as county sheriffs and their deputies.
History
On March 5, 1823, John Tumlinson Sr., the first alcalde of the Colorado district of the Old 300 of Stephen Fuller Austin's colony, is considered by many Texas Ranger historians to be the first Texas Ranger killed in the line of duty. He wrote to the Baron de Bastrop in San Antonio that he had "appointed but one officer who acts in the capacity of constable to summon witnesses and bring offenders to justice." That appointee, Thomas V. Alley, thus became the first Anglo law enforcement officer in the future republic and state of Texas. Other prominent colonists who served as constable included John Austin and James Strange.
The Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836) provided for the election in each county of a sheriff and "a sufficient number of constables." During the ten years of the republic's existence, thirty-eight constables were elected in twelve counties, the first in Nacogdoches County and the largest number (thirteen) in Harrisburg (later Harris) County. Court records indicate that violent crime was rare in the republic, except when horse or cattle thieves entered Texas from Arkansas or Louisiana; most indictments were for nonlethal crimes such as illegal gambling or assaults resulting from fights or scuffles. Juan N. Seguín and Elliott M. Millican both served as constables during the republic.
Shortly after Texas became a state, an act passed by the legislature specified that the constable should be "the conservator of the peace throughout the county," adding that "it shall be his duty to suppress all riots, routs, affrays, fighting, and unlawful assemblies, and he shall keep the peace, and shall cause all offenders to be arrested, and taken before some justice of the peace." Constables were the most active law-enforcement officials in many counties during the early statehood of Texas.
After Texas seceded from the United States in 1861, many county offices, including that of constable, remained unfilled or were filled by men less competent than their predecessors. During the military occupation of Texas after the Civil War, the election of county officials all but ceased, as the Union military appointed more than 200 individuals to state and county offices. A number of these appointees refused to serve; from 1865 to 1869, over one-third of the county offices in Texas were vacant. Many counties had no appointed or elected constables during this period. Austin, DeWitt, Fayette, McLennan, and Navarro counties had but a single constable each, appointed by Gen. Edward R. S. Canby, head of the Fifth Military District, in 1868-69.
Under the Constitution of 1869, a Reconstruction document that centralized many governmental functions, no constables were elected in Texas from 1869 to 1872, though some were appointed by justices of the peace. Many of these appointees lacked experience in handling violent offenders and access to secure jail facilities, and had few deputies to call upon for assistance. They were no match for the poor, embittered, and heavily armed former soldiers from both sides who roamed the state, often turning to crime. As a result, the office of constable began to diminish in importance, and the better-equipped county sheriffs began to assume a leading role in law enforcement. Still, a number of prominent Texas peace officers of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries began their careers as constables or deputy constables, including Thomas R. Hickman, George A. Scarborough, and Jess Sweeten. In 1896, while serving as a United States deputy marshal, Scarborough shot and killed the controversial El Paso constable John Selman, who had himself gunned down the notorious John Wesley Hardin in 1895.
The Constitution of 1876, designed to decentralize control of the state government, reduced the power of many state officials and mandated that constables would once again be elected at the precinct level. A 1954 constitutional amendment extended their term of office from two years to four. Today, constables numbering approximately 780 are elected from precincts in most Texas counties. Their law-enforcement roles vary widely, but in general their police powers are no different from those of other peace officers in the state. Complete records do not exist, but the most recent estimate is that at least ninety-three Texas constables have died in the line of duty, including sixty-seven in the twentieth century.
In some Texas counties, the constable position remains unfilled for several years and this is attributed to several factors such as the refusal of people appointed to the job. In 2002, an amendment to the Texas Constitution was approved since this was the only way to abolish these seats. The change allows a commissioners' court to abolish a constable office that has been vacant for seven years. The court can also restore it or by voter approval.
Constable's jurisdiction
The constable's original jurisdiction covers the county of election but also the entire state in most criminal and civil matters. Constables may make a warrantless arrest for any offense committed in their presence or view anywhere in Texas, except for offenses under Texas Transportation Code, Title 7, Subtitle C, which covers most moving traffic violations. However, they may enforce all state and local laws while in their county, including traffic offenses. Constables may serve arrest warrants anywhere in Texas.
There is a popular misconception in Texas that a constable is the only official that can arrest a sitting sheriff or governor. However, a constable is not the only official with the power to arrest a sheriff or governor. There is no statute that grants those officials immunity from arrest.
Notes
1. Precinct boundaries are set by the County Commissioners Court. See Texas Local Government Code §81.021 and based on population. There are two to eight precincts per Texas county.
2. Constables (and the justice of the peace, and county commissioners) are elected by these precincts and they must provide bailiffs for the Justice Court(s) in their precinct.
3. They can also serve civil process in any precinct in their county and any contiguous county to their home county. See Texas Local Government Code §86.021.
4. Moreover, they can serve warrants throughout the state. See Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Article 15.06.
5. Furthermore, their jurisdiction to arrest, without warrant, extends throughout the county, where they have full arrest powers. See Texas Local Government Code §86.021 and Texas Attorney General's Opinion GA-0189.
6. They also have full arrest powers outside of their jurisdiction, while in the state, except for certain traffic violations. See Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Article 14.03(g).
See also
Policing in the United States
Sheriff
Marshal
References
Eugene C. Barker, ed., The Austin Papers (3 vols., Washington: GPO, 1924–28).
Allen G. Hatley, Texas Constables, A Frontier Heritage (Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 1999).
Bexar County Pct.1, Pct.2, Pct.3, and Pct.4 websites.
External links
Texas Justices of the Peace and Constables Association
Harris County Constable Precinct 4
Tarrant County Constables
Bexar County Constables Online
The Texas Police and Law Enforcement Network
County officials in Texas
Police ranks
Law enforcement in Texas
Law enforcement occupations | wiki |
The mile (mi.) is an English unit of units of length that equals 1.609344 kilometers. It is sometimes distinguished as the "land mile", "statute mile", or "international mile".
Mile may also refer to:
Units
Airline mile, a frequent-flyer program measure equivalent or convertible to points, which customers may redeem for air travel or other rewards
Geographical mile
Metric mile, an informal term for 1500 or 1600 m
Nautical mile (M, NM, nmi)
Scandinavian mile ()
Scots mile
US survey mile
Historical foreign units translated as "mile":
Arabic mile (, al-mīl)
Austrian mile ()
Chinese mile (, li)
Croatian mile ()
Danish mile ()
German mile ()
Greek & Byzantine mile (, mílion)
Hungarian mile ()
Irish mile ()
Italian mile ()
Portuguese mile ()
Prussian mile ()
Roman mile ( & al.)
Russian mile (, milya)
Welsh mile ( or )
Places
Mile City, Yunnan, China
Mile High City, nickname for Denver, Colorado
Mile, Visoko, a medieval place in Bosnia
Mile, Jajce, a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina
People
Mile (given name), South Slavic masculine given name
Sports
Mile run, a middle-distance foot race
Religious Figures
Mi Le, the Chinese representation of Maitreya Buddha.
Other uses
Mile (band), an American rock band
See also
Country Mile (disambiguation)
Miles (disambiguation)
Milestone (disambiguation)
Mille (disambiguation)
Myles (given name)
Myles (surname) | wiki |
Swing Shift may refer to:
The shift between the day and night shifts.
Swing Shift (album), a 1997 jazz album by Rik Emmett
Swing Shift (film), a 1984 film by Jonathan Demme
Swing Shift, a stop motion short film by Mike Jittlov
"Swing Shift (Soixante Neuf)", a song by Nash the Slash on his album Children of the Night | wiki |
FOID or foid may refer to:
FOID (firearms), a firearm owner's identification card in Illinois
Form of identification, used in the travel industry as a term for an identity document
Feldspathoid, sometimes called a "foid", a class of mineral found in igneous rocks ("foid" can also refer to the rocks themselves) | wiki |
The Watch House is a 1977 fiction book by Robert Westall. The main story is about a teenager called Anne, who is left to spend the summer with her mother's old nanny. While there she explores the watch house, writes a guidebook for the watch house and is haunted by a ghost. It is split up into three parts.
Reprintings
A hardback edition was printed in May 2000. It was the 10th edition available. It is used as an education book by many schools around the world.
1977 British novels
Ghost novels
Macmillan Publishers books
It may start off a bit slow but honestly a good read | wiki |
White people is a racial classification specifier, depending on context used for people of Caucasian ancestry.
White People may also refer to:
White People (album), a 2004 album by Handsome Boy Modeling School
White People (book), a 1991 short story collection by Allan Gurganus
White People (film), a 2015 American documentary film
"The White People", a fantasy-horror short story by the Welsh writer Arthur Machen
See also
White woman (disambiguation)
White man (disambiguation) | wiki |
J boat may refer to:
J/Boats, an American sailboat manufacturer
J-class yacht, a single-masted racing sailboat built to the specifications of Nathanael Herreshoff's Universal Rule. | wiki |
The Northern and Western Region has been a region in Ireland since 1 January 2015. It is a NUTS Level II statistical region of Ireland (coded IE04).
NUTS 2 Regions may be classified as less developed regions, transition regions, or more developed regions to determine eligibility for funding under the European Regional Development Fund and the European Social Fund Plus. In 2021, the Northern and Western Region was classified as a transition region.
The Northern and Western Regional Assembly is composed of members nominated from the local authorities in the region. It is one of three Regional Assemblies in Ireland established in 2015 following an amendment to the Local Government Act 1991, replacing 8 Regional Authorities with 3 Regional Assemblies. Its members are nominated from among the members of its constituent local authorities.
The Region contains two strategic planning areas, each of which is a NUTS Level III statistical region, and mostly correspond with the former Regional Authority Regions.
References
External link
Northern and Western Regional Assembly
NUTS statistical regions of the Republic of Ireland
Local government in the Republic of Ireland
Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage | wiki |
Hot Wheels is a brand of scale model die-cast toy cars sold by American toy maker Mattel.
Hot Wheels GmbH is a brand of scale model die-cast toy cars sold by Germany toy maker Mattel.
Hot Wheels or Hotwheels may also refer to:
Hot Wheels (video game), a 1984 racing video game published by Epyx for the Commodore 64, and the first based on the toy line
One of many later video games based on the Hot Wheels toy line
Hot Wheels (TV series), an animated TV series first shown between 1969 and 1971
Hot Wheels: World Race, a 2003 computer-animated, feature-length made-for-TV movie
Hot Wheels Battle Force 5, an American—Canadian 3D CGI animated television series first shown between 2009 and 2011
Fredrick Brennan (born 1994), also known by the nickname "Hotwheels", an American software developer and founder of imageboard website 8chan | wiki |
Feather in the Storm may refer to:
Feather in the Storm, a 2006 memoir by Emily Wu
"Feather in the Storm", an episode in the first season of the television show Strangers with Candy | wiki |
Comprehensive Cover is the highest level of cover a person can have if they take out motor insurance in the United Kingdom. In recent years, Comprehensive Cover has actually gone cheaper than the lesser cover 'Third Party, Fire and Theft' Cover in most cases.
By taking out Comprehensive Cover, people in the United Kingdom are not only covered for third party claims after an incident, they are also covered for damage caused to their own vehicle or building (examples include: fire, fallen trees, flooding).
Depending on the policy there would be different excess payments made to the garage that repairs the vehicle, and insurers normally need to authorise the estimate before repairs can proceed. Once the authorised garage has completed the repairs, the policyholder would then pay that garage their excess payment and the insurers would pay the remainder.
If the case was non-fault, the insurance company would then chase their financial losses from the other insurance company that they felt were at fault. In some cases, they could be unsuccessful, or due to the lack of evidence only manage to agree 50/50 split and get half their losses back. In some cases the insured would have legal cover to help them recover their own financial un-insured losses, the excess would be included on that.
Insurance in the United Kingdom
Vehicle insurance | wiki |
Концепція
Концепт-кар — прототип дизайну автомобіля | wiki |
Oh, the Things I Know! A Guide to Success, or Failing That, Happiness is a 2003 book written by Al Franken that offers humorous life advice on everything from dating to getting a good job. The title parodies Dr. Seuss's Oh, the Places You'll Go!, which is a popular gift given to college graduates.
External links
Satirical books
2003 non-fiction books
Popular culture books
Books by Al Franken | wiki |
A car ferry may be:
In North American usage, a ferry carrying rail vehicles
In UK usage, a ferry carrying automobiles and other road vehicles | wiki |
McQuin Baron (born 27 October 1995) is a water polo player from the United States. He was part of the American team at the 2016 Summer Olympics, where the team finished in tenth place.
See also
List of men's Olympic water polo tournament goalkeepers
References
External links
Living people
1995 births
American male water polo players
Water polo goalkeepers
Olympic water polo players of the United States
Water polo players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in water polo
Water polo players at the 2015 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games | wiki |
The Eastern and Midland Region has been defined as a region in Ireland since 1 January 2015. It is a NUTS Level II statistical region of Ireland (coded IE06).
NUTS 2 Regions may be classified as less developed regions, transition regions, or more developed regions to determine eligibility for funding under the European Regional Development Fund and the European Social Fund Plus. In 2021, the Eastern and Midland Region was classified as a more developed region.
The Eastern and Midland Regional Assembly is composed of members nominated from the local authorities in the region. It is one of three Regional Assemblies in Ireland which were established in 2015 following an amendment to the Local Government Act 1991, replacing 8 Regional Authorities with 3 Regional Assemblies. It members are nominated from among the members of its constituent local authorities.
The Region contains three strategic planning areas, each of which is a NUTS Level III statistical region, and mostly correspond with the former Regional Authority Regions.
See also
Ireland's Ancient East
References
External links
Eastern and Midland Regional Assembly
NUTS statistical regions of the Republic of Ireland
Local government in the Republic of Ireland
Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage | wiki |
This article is a list of seasons completed by the New Orleans Saints American football franchise of the National Football League (NFL). The list documents the season-by-season records of the Saints' franchise from to present, including postseason records, and league awards for individual players or head coach.
Seasons
1 Due to a strike-shortened season in 1982, all teams were ranked by conference instead of division.
References
New Orleans Saints
seasons | wiki |
Golden Sword or Golden sword may refer to:
Golden Sword (horse), a racehorse active 2009-2010
The Golden Sword, 1977 Janet Morris novel
Gold Sword for Bravery, Russian decoration (1720-1917)
The Golden Sword (album), a 1966 jazz album by the Gerald Wilson Orchestra | wiki |
Mariana Sirvat Derderián Espinoza (Caracas, Venezuela, 15 de Janeiro de 1980) é uma atriz, cantora & modelo nascida na Venezuela, que fez carreira no Chile, atuou em diversas telenovelas. Talvez sua personagem mais conhecida seja Florencia, protagonista de Floribella, un amor de verdad.
Carreira
Telenovelas
2005 - Brujas - Macarena Altamirano
2006 - Gatas y Tuercas - Carolina 'Caco' Ulloa
2007 - Floribella, un amor de verdad - Florencia González
2008 - Amor por accidente - Britney Urrutia
2009 - Otra Vez - Natália Villagrán
2009 - S.O.S. Corazón Rebelde - Silvia Colucci (participação)
2009 - Los Ángeles de Estela - Alejandra Andrade
2014 - Mamá mechona - Lily
Seriados
2007 - El Día Menos Pensado - Valentina
2009 - Mi Bella Genio - Jeannie
Filmes
2007 - Malta con huevo - Mónica
Derderian, Mariana
Derderian, Mariana | wiki |
A software bus is a software architecture model where a shared communication channel facilitates connections and communication between software modules. This makes software buses conceptually similar to the bus term used in computer hardware for interconnecting pathways.
In the early microcomputer era of the 1970s, Digital Research's operating system CP/M was often described as a software bus. Lifeboat Associates, an early distributor of CP/M and later of MS-DOS software, had a whole product line named Software Bus. D-Bus is used in many modern desktop environments to allow multiple processes to communicate with one another.
Examples
Lifeboat Associates Software Bus-80 aka SB-80, a version of CP/M-80 for 8080/Z80 8-bit computers
Lifeboat Associates Software Bus-86 aka SB-86, a version of MS-DOS for x86 16-bit computers.
Component Object Model for in-process and interprocess communication.
D-Bus for interprocess communication.
Enterprise service bus for distributed communication.
See also
Bus (computing)
References
External links
Microsoft MSDN: Microsoft on the Enterprise Service Bus (ESB)
Software architecture | wiki |
Whitefin may refer to:
Animals
Whitefin chimaera
Whitefin dogfish
Whitefin dolphin
Whitefin hammerhead
Whitefin shark
Whitefin sharksucker
Whitefin shiner
Whitefin surgeonfish
Whitefin swellshark
Whitefin topeshark
Whitefin trevally
Other uses
Whitefin (yacht), a sailing super yacht
See also | wiki |
Guile – personaggio della serie di videogiochi Street Fighter
Guile – personaggio della serie di videogiochi Chrono Cross
Guile Island – isola dell'Antartide
GNU Guile – interprete per il linguaggio Scheme distribuito nella forma di libreria
Melanie Guile – scrittrice australiana | wiki |
Billygoat plum is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
Planchonia careya
Terminalia ferdinandiana, native to Australia
Terminalia petiolaris | wiki |
André Chadeau (1927-2017), administrateur et chef d'entreprise français.
Emmanuel Chadeau (1956-2000), historien français.
Jean-Isaac Chadeau de la Clocheterie (1741-1782), seigneur de la Clocheterie.
Homonymie
Patronyme français | wiki |
Rainbird, Rain Bird or Rainbirds may refer to:
Birds
Rainbird, colloquial name given to various birds thought to sing before rain, including the European green woodpecker, Jamaican lizard cuckoo, Pacific koel, channel-billed cuckoo, Burchell's coucal and black-faced cuckoo-shrike, as well as certain swifts whose movements are thought to signal the coming of rain
Rain Bird (legend), a Native American legendary animal
Shangyang (rainbird), in Chinese mythology
People
Bill Rainbird (1916–1997), New Zealand cricketer
George Rainbird (1905-1986), British publisher
Sam Rainbird (born 1992), Australian cricketer
Victor Noble Rainbird (1887–1936), British painter, stained glass artist and illustrator
Media
Rainbirds, 1980s German band centred on singer Katharina Franck
"Rainbirds", instrumental closing song from Tom Waits' 1983 album Swordfishtrombones
The Rainbird Pattern, 1972 novel by Victor Canning
"Rain Bird", 1980s song by Love and Rockets
The Rainbirds, 1968 novel by Janet Frame
" Rainbird " , song by Code Kunst , featuring Colde and Tablo
Other
Rainbird (software company), software label owned by Telecomsoft and Microprose
Rain Bird, irrigation supplies manufacturer
Rainbird (horse) | wiki |
William Moulton may refer to:
William Fiddian Moulton, English Methodist minister, biblical scholar and educator
William C. Moulton, member of the Massachusetts Senate
William Moulton (bowls) (born 2000), English bowls player
See also
William Moulton Marston, American psychologist and comic book writer who created the character Wonder Woman | wiki |
Eurotiomycetidae is a subclass of the Eurotiomycetes.
Subdivisions
According to Mycobank, Eurotiomycetidae is currently subdivided as follows:
Orders
Arachnomycetales
Ascosphaerales
Coryneliales
Elaphomycetales
Eurotiales
Onygenales
Families incertae sedis
Amorphothecaceae
Ascosphaeraceae
Eremascaceae
Monascaceae
Genera incertae sedis
Azureothecium
References
External links
Eurotiomycetes
Fungus subclasses
Taxa described in 1988 | wiki |
Acropora simplex est une espèce de coraux appartenant à la famille des Acroporidae.
Description et caractéristiques
Habitat et répartition
Menaces
Liens externes
Notes et références
Acroporidae | wiki |
Lee Park may refer to:
Lee State Park, state park at Lee County, South Carolina, United States
Market Street Park, formerly Lee Park, a park at Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
Horn Park, Royal Borough of Greenwich, United Kingdom, also historically known as Lee Park
See also
Tom Lee Park | wiki |
Papango may refer to:
Aero Synergie Papango, a French ultralight aircraft
New Zealand scaup, a diving duck, known in the Maori language as the papango | wiki |
The Berenstain Bears is a series of children's books created by Stan and Jan Berenstain.
Berenstain Bears may also refer to:
The Berenstain Bears (1985 TV series), an Australian-American animated television series based on the book series
The Berenstain Bears (2003 TV series), a Canadian animated television series based on the book series
See also
List of Berenstain Bears books | wiki |
Deponia may refer to:
Deponia (video game), a 2012 point-and-click adventure game
Chaos on Deponia, second installment in the series
Goodbye Deponia, third installment in the series
Deponia Doomsday, fourth installment in the series
Deponija (disambiguation) | wiki |
Mapping cone may refer to one of the following two different but related concepts in mathematics:
Mapping cone (topology)
Mapping cone (homological algebra) | wiki |
Il Lancashire Heeler è una razza di cani originaria dell'Inghilterra, considerato razza vulnerabile dal The Kennel Club.
Altri progetti
Collegamenti esterni
Razze canine del gruppo 1 | wiki |
Kid Icarus: Of Myths and Monsters é um jogo da série da Nintendo, Kid Icarus. Kid Icarus: Of Myths and Monsters foi lançado para Game Boy em 1991 e em 2012 ganhou uma versão do Virtual Console para a Nintendo 3DS. Esse jogo entrou para a lista dos 18 melhores jogos do Game Boy segundo a Nintendo Power.
Ligações externas
Kid Icarus: Of Myths and Monsters Review no Cult of Games
Kid Icarus
Jogos eletrônicos da Nintendo
Jogos para Game Boy
Jogos para Virtual Console (Nintendo 3DS)
Jogos eletrônicos de 1991 | wiki |
The following are the national records in track cycling in Greece maintained by the Hellenic Cycling Federation ().
Men
Women
References
External links
EOP web site
Greece
Records
Track cycling
track cycling | wiki |
Burmese traditional festivals are based on the traditional Burmese calendar and dates are largely determined by the moon's phase. Burmese culture is most evident in villages where local festivals are held throughout the year, the most important being the pagoda festival.
Festivals
References
Burmese culture
Burma | wiki |
Joe Kim es un deportista estadounidense que compitió en taekwondo. Ganó una medalla de bronce en el Campeonato Panamericano de Taekwondo de 1990 en la categoría de –76 kg.
Palmarés internacional
Referencias
Kim, Joe | wiki |
Chkmeruli () is a traditional Georgian dish of chicken in garlic sauce.
Preparation
Both sides of the chicken are fried and then is cooked over low heat for 20–25 minutes in the covered pan. When the chicken is done, it is placed in a plate and a little oil from the pan is added; garlic and nuts are simmered along with water in the remaining oil. After 5 minutes, the chicken is added to this mixture and heated before serving.
See also
Georgian cuisine
List of chicken dishes
References
Cuisine of Georgia (country) | wiki |
Recently may refer to:
Recently (album), by Joan Baez
Recently (EP), by Dave Matthews Band | wiki |
Will Scarlet (also Scarlett, Scarlock, Scadlock, Scatheloke, Scathelocke and Shacklock) is a prominent member of Robin Hood's Merry Men. He is present in the earliest ballads along with Little John and Much the Miller's Son.
The confusion of surnames has led some authors to distinguish them as belonging to different characters. The Elizabethan playwright Anthony Munday featured Scarlet and Scathlocke as half-brothers in his play The Downfall of Robert, Earl of Huntington. Howard Pyle included both a Will Scathelock and a Will Scarlet in his Merry Adventures of Robin Hood. Will Stutely may also exist as a separate character because of a mistaken surname.
Ballads
The first appearance of Will Scarlet was in one of the oldest surviving Robin Hood ballads, A Gest of Robyn Hode. He helps capture Richard at the Lee and when Robin lends that knight money to pay off his debts, Scarlet stands laughing at Little John for the cost of clothing the knight (Richard at the Lee) being nothing. (Child Ballad 117A p,74)
But after the knight has received four hundred pounds, 3 yards of every coloured cloth, a horse and saddle Will Scarlet insists the knight should have a pair of boots.(Child Ballad 117A p,77)
Another very early ballad featuring Will Scarlet is one variant of Robin Hood's Death, in which Will's only role is to urge a bodyguard, which Robin scorns.
A later ballad, Robin Hood and the Newly Revived, ascribes an origin story to him. Robin finds a finely dressed young man shooting deer in Sherwood, and offers to let him join the band; they quarrel and fight. Robin asks who he is; he says he is Young Gamwell, who killed his father's steward and fled his father's estate to seek out his uncle, Robin Hood. Robin makes him welcome and renames him Scarlet. This story, more or less, is the common origin story for Will Scarlet, although variations occur.
Francis Child indexed those tales: A Gest of Robyn Hode as Child Ballad 117, Robin Hood's Death as Child ballad 120, and Robin Hood Newly Revived as Child ballad 128. He also listed several other ballads featuring Will Scarlet, sometimes in a very minor role. In Robin Hood's Delight (Child Ballad 136), the common story in which Robin meets a stranger, cannot outfight him, and must outwit him is altered: Robin has Little John and Will with him, and they meet three foresters, resulting in the usual fight and outwitting. In Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar (Child Ballad 123), Will Scarlet tells Robin of the friar, resulting in their encounter. In Robin Hood and Guy of Gisbourne (Child Ballad 118), Little John is captured coming to Will's rescue after two of their band had been killed and Will was fleeing. In an unusual Robin Hood ballad Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon (Child ballad 129), Robin, Little John, and Will Scarlet come to the king's rescue, fighting the prince of the title and two giants, and ending with Will marrying the princess; this ballad, unlike the other Child ballads, is seldom used in later adaptations.
Later versions
Traditionally, when the outlaws are depicted as being middle-aged, Scarlet is often depicted as young or youthful, sometimes in his late teens. In the traditional tales, he is hot-headed and tempestuous, but has a love of fine elegant clothes and is often seen wearing red silk. He is the most skilled swordsman of the merry men whilst Robin Hood is the most skilled archer and Little John the most skilled staff wielder. In some tales, Scarlet uses two swords at the same time (this was parodied in the movie Robin Hood: Men in Tights).
According to local tradition, Will Scarlet was killed after a battle with the Sheriff's men and is buried in the churchyard of the Church of St. Mary of the Purification, Blidworth in Nottinghamshire. The apex of the old church spire stands in the graveyard and is popularly referred to as a monument to Will Scarlet, whose grave is otherwise unmarked.
Other depictions
In both the 1938 film, starring Errol Flynn, and 1991 TV movie, Will Scarlet is portrayed as Robin's friend from the beginning, and is a humorous character. In the 1938 film, his given name is "Will o' Gamwell" and is played by actor Patric Knowles.
In the 1950s series The Adventures of Robin Hood, the character was played by Ronald Howard and later by Paul Eddington. When they first met he and Robin Hood get into a fight with each other before Scarlet escapes from the Sheriff's men.
In the UK TV series Robin of Sherwood (1984–1986), Ray Winstone portrays a different version of Will Scarlet. Rather than the merry sidekick, this interpretation is bleaker.
In the anime series Robin Hood no Daibōken, Will Scarlet (voiced by Yuko Mita) is Robin's cousin who fights along his side when trouble arises.
In the animated series Young Robin Hood, Will Scarlet (voiced by Sonja Ball) is a young and talented thief who idolises Robin.
The ninety-fourth episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, Qpid, the character of Worf (Michael Dorn) plays the role of Scarlet after the crew of the Enterprise are transformed into characters of Robin Hood.
In Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, Christian Slater plays Will Scarlet, whom the film depicts as the illegitimate half-brother of Robin Hood. He initially appears as a treacherous character, but later finds redemption when he helps the Merry Men rescue Maid Marian and several others from the Sheriff of Nottingham.
In the Mel Brooks movie Robin Hood: Men in Tights, Will is shown as Little John's best friend. He is played by Matthew Porretta. In the film, his full name is Will Scarlet O’Hara, and explains that they’re from Georgia (In reference to the book and film Gone With the Wind)
In the BBC 2006 series Robin Hood, Will Scarlet, portrayed by Harry Lloyd, is an eighteen-year-old carpenter whom Robin saves from hanging.
In Princess of Thieves, Will Scarlet (Crispin Letts) is said to be Robin Hood's loyal friend and companion.
In the 2010 film Robin Hood, directed by Ridley Scott, Will Scarlet is portrayed by actor Scott Grimes and is a Welsh Archer in Robin's service.
In the 2013 TV series Once Upon a Time in Wonderland, it is revealed that one of its main characters was Will Scarlet. He is portrayed by Michael Socha. In 2014, Socha returned to the role in Once Upon a Time.
Jamie Dornan portrayed a much more villainous version of Will "Scarlet", known as Will Tillman in the 2018 film Robin Hood. Tillman is Marian's love interest in the intern between Robin's service in the Crusades and his return. He's an aspiring politician who wishes to earn in with the Sheriff and keep Marian, but is jealous of her past love. He becomes an ally of Robin Hood and even aides Robin in attacking the Sheriff's convoy with the citizens of Nottingham but is horribly scarred by a Molotov cocktail after witnessing a kiss between the two. Will scolds Marian and is recruited by the corrupt Cardinal as the new Sheriff of Nottingham who plans to bring in Robin and his men.
In the CG-animated series Robin Hood: Mischief in Sherwood, the character Scarlett is a female cousin of Robin Hood and is also Marian's attendant. Marian and Scarlett both spy from within the castle and provide information to the outlaws.
References
External links
A website concerning his character - 2021 archive
Podcast of "Flushing Scarlet", a Robin & Marian Mystery starring Will Scarlet and his son Tam
Merry Men
Sidekicks in literature
Film sidekicks
Robin Hood characters
Adventure film characters | wiki |
"Real Men Love Jesus" is a song recorded by American country music artist Michael Ray. It was released on September 14, 2015, as the second single from Ray's major-label debut album. The song was written by Brad Warren, Brett Warren, Lance Miller and Adam Sanders.
Critical reception
Country music blog Taste of Country reviewed the single favorably, saying that "Fans of Michael Ray’s 'Real Men Love Jesus' will argue that the song is what the country is missing. The Florida-raised singer sings of strong family values and a commitment to hard work before allowing a little room for true love and a good time."
Music video
The music video was directed by Sam Siske and premiered in December 2015.
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
2015 songs
2015 singles
Country ballads
2010s ballads
Michael Ray (singer) songs
Atlantic Records singles
Warner Records Nashville singles
Songs written by Lance Miller
Songs written by the Warren Brothers
Song recordings produced by Scott Hendricks
Songs about Jesus | wiki |
Robert D. Smith may refer to:
Bobby Smith (ice hockey) (born 1958), Canadian ice hockey forward
Robert Dean Smith (born 1956), American operatic tenor | wiki |
is a Grand Prix motorcycle racer from Japan.
Career statistics
By season
Races by year
References
External links
Profile on motogp.com
Japanese motorcycle racers
Living people
1970 births
250cc World Championship riders | wiki |
Roda (), meaning "wheel" or, more appropriately in this case, "circle" in Portuguese, is the circular formation within which participants perform in any of several Afro-Brazilian dance art forms, such as capoeira, maculelê and samba de roda. By extension, the whole event may be called a roda (as in "We will have a roda next Saturday"). Likewise, sometimes a roda may not take the shape of a circle; it may be, for example, a half-circle if the event is a public performance, in order for the public to be able to see the performers easily. In English language this dance arrangement is called "jamming".
The people who form the roda will take turns (usually with no predefined order) in going inside the circle. Some of the people in the roda may be mere spectators, in the sense that they will not go inside the circle, but they are usually expected to contribute to the roda by at least clapping and singing.
This can be compared to other art forms, such as tap dancing, where participants will form a circle and take turns in performing inside the circle.
Part of the etiquette of the roda means that the people in it should try to keep the roda circular and fill in any "gaps" that may appear if someone leaves the roda; in other words, the people should be evenly distributed in the circumference of the roda, especially if there are not many people in it.
See also
Capoeira#Roda
References
Capoeira
Circle dances | wiki |
The High Plains are a subregion of the Great Plains, mainly in the Western United States, but also partly in the Midwest states of Nebraska, Kansas, and South Dakota, generally encompassing the western part of the Great Plains before the region reaches the Rocky Mountains. The High Plains are located in eastern Montana, southeastern Wyoming, southwestern South Dakota, western Nebraska, eastern Colorado, western Kansas, eastern New Mexico. The southern region of the Western High Plains ecology region contains the geological formation known as Llano Estacado which can be seen from a short distance or on satellite maps. From east to west, the High Plains rise in elevation from around .
Name
The term "Great Plains", for the region west of about the 96th or 98th meridian and east of the Rocky Mountains, was not generally used before the early 20th century. Nevin Fenneman's 1916 study, Physiographic Subdivision of the United States, brought the term Great Plains into more widespread usage. Prior to 1916, the region was almost invariably called the High Plains, in contrast to the lower Prairie Plains of the Midwestern states. Today the term "High Plains" is usually used for a subregion instead of the whole of the Great Plains.
Geography and climate
The High Plains has a "cold semi-arid" climate—Köppen BSk—receiving between of precipitation annually.
Due to low moisture and high elevation, the High Plains commonly experiences wide ranges and extremes in temperature. The temperature range from day to night is usually 30 °F (~16.5 °C), and 24-hour temperature shifts of 100 °F (~55.5 °C) are possible, as evidenced by a weather event that occurred in Browning, Montana, from 23 January 1916 to 24 January 1916, when the temperature fell from . This is the world record for the greatest temperature change in 24 hours. The region is known for the steady, and sometimes intense, winds that prevail from the west. The winds add a considerable wind chill factor in the winter. The development of wind farms in the High Plains is one of the newest areas of economic development.
The High Plains are anomalously high in elevation. An explanation has recently been proposed to explain this high elevation. As the Farallon plate was subducted into the mantle beneath the region, water trapped in hydrous minerals in the descending slab was forced up into the lower crust above. Within the crust this water caused the hydration of dense garnet and other phases into lower density amphibole and mica minerals. The resulting increase in crustal volume raised the elevation about one mile.
Flora
Typical plant communities of the region are shortgrass prairie, prickly pear cacti and scrub. Sagebrush steppe is also present, particularly in high and dry areas closer to the Rocky Mountains.
Economy
Agriculture in the forms of cattle ranching and the growing of wheat, corn, and sunflowers is the primary economic activity in the region. The aridity of the region necessitates either dryland farming methods or irrigation; much water for irrigation is drawn from the underlying Ogallala Aquifer, which makes it possible to grow water-intensive crops such as corn, which the region's aridity would otherwise not support. Some areas of the High Plains have significant petroleum and natural gas deposits.
The combination of oil, natural gas, and wind energy along with plentiful underground water, has allowed some areas (such as West Texas) to sustain a range of economic activity, including occasional industry. For example, the ASARCO refinery in Amarillo, Texas has been in operation since 1924 due to the plentiful and inexpensive natural gas and water that are needed in metal ore refining.
Demographics
The High Plains has one of the lowest population densities of any region in the continental United States; Wyoming, for example, has the second lowest population density in the country after Alaska. In contrast to the stagnant population growth in the northern and western High Plains, cities in west Texas have shown sustained growth; Amarillo and Lubbock both have populations near or above 200,000 and continue to grow. Smaller towns, on the other hand, often struggle to sustain their population.
Major cities and towns
Alliance, Nebraska
Amarillo, Texas
Aurora,Colorado
Benkelman, Nebraska
Colby, Kansas
Chadron, Nebraska
Chappell, Nebraska
Cheyenne, Wyoming
Clovis, New Mexico
Colorado Springs, Colorado
Denver, Colorado
Dodge City, Kansas
Fort Morgan, Colorado
Garden City, Kansas
Goodland, Kansas
Gering, Nebraska
Grant, Nebraska
Greeley, Colorado
Guymon, Oklahoma
Hays, Kansas
Hobbs, New Mexico
Imperial, Nebraska
Kimball, Nebraska
La Junta, Colorado
Lamar, Colorado
Las Vegas, New Mexico
Liberal, Kansas
Lubbock, Texas
Midland, Texas
Odessa, Texas
Ogallala, Nebraska
Pecos, Texas
Pine Ridge, South Dakota
Porcupine, South Dakota
Portales, New Mexico
Roswell, New Mexico
Sidney, Nebraska
Santa Rosa, New Mexico
Scottsbluff, Nebraska
Sterling, Colorado
Tucumcari, New Mexico
Ulysses, Kansas
Vaughn, New Mexico
Willard, Colorado
Gallery
See also
Altiplano
Dust storm
Flora of the Great Plains (North America)
Great American Desert
List of ecoregions in the United States (EPA)
Llano Estacado
North American Prairies Province
Shortgrass prairie
Steppe
Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands—Biome
Texas High Plains AVA, wine region in the Texas section of the High Plains
Tibetan Plateau
Western short grasslands
Wind power in Texas
References
External links
High Plains Regional Climate Center High Plains climatological resources
High Plains information - U.S. Department of the Interior (with map)
Trains on the High Plains
Texas counties map showing the ecoregion
Grasslands of the North American Great Plains
Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands in the United States
Ecoregions of the United States
Flora of the United States
Flora of Texas
Regions of the Western United States
Regions of Colorado
Regions of Kansas
Regions of Montana
Regions of Nebraska
Regions of North Dakota
Regions of South Dakota
Regions of Oklahoma
Regions of Texas
Regions of Wyoming
High
Physiographic sections
Nearctic ecoregions | wiki |
Broward County är ett county i delstaten Florida, USA. Den administrativa huvudorten (county seat) är Fort Lauderdale.
Geografi
Enligt United States Census Bureau har countyt en total area på 3 419 km². 3 121 km² av den arean är land och 295 km² är vatten.
Angränsande countyn
Palm Beach County, Florida - nord
Miami-Dade County, Florida - syd
Collier County, Florida - väst
Hendry County, Florida - nordväst
Referenser | wiki |
Damnationism (damnation+-ism) may refer to:
Special salvation, or the opposite of general salvation
Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus
Feeneyism
Annihilationism | wiki |
QJ54A Drugs for mycobacterial infections
QJ54AB Antibiotics
QJ54AB02 Rifampicin
QJ54AB03 Rifamycin
References
J54 | wiki |
"I'm Somebody" is a single by Canadian country music artist Charlie Major. Released in 1993, it was the second single Major's debut album, The Other Side. The song reached #1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in December 1993.
Chart performance
Year-end charts
References
1993 singles
Charlie Major songs
Songs written by Charlie Major
Songs written by Barry Brown (Canadian musician)
1993 songs | wiki |
White Hill may refer to:
Locations on Earth
White Hill, Ireland, a mountain of 630 metres located in County Wicklow, Ireland
White Hill (Forest of Bowland), a moor of 544 metres located in the Forest of Bowland, England
White Hill (Nova Scotia), at 535 metres, the highest elevation in Nova Scotia, Canada
White Hill, South Australia
White Hill Wind Farm, New Zealand
Locations on Mars
White Hill, Mars, part of the Apollo 1 Hills group on Mars
See also
Whitehill (disambiguation)
White Hills (disambiguation)
White Mountain (disambiguation) | wiki |
Joget (Jawi: جوڬيت) is a traditional Malay dance that originated in Malacca. It was influenced by the Portuguese dance of Branyo which is believed to have been spread to Malacca during the spice trade. In Malacca, it is better known as Chakunchak. The dance is one of the most popular folk dances in Malaysia and normally performed by couples in cultural festivals, weddings and other social functions. Joget also grew in popularity within the Malay community in Singapore after its introduction in 1942.
The dance is of the Portuguese roots and is accompanied by an ensemble consisting of; a violin of Western world, a knobbed gong of Asia, a flute (optional) and at least two rebana or gendang of Maritime Southeast Asia. The tempo of Joget music is fairly quick with the feeling of teasing and playing between the partners. The music emphasizes duple- and triple-beat division, both in alternation and simultaneously, and sung in the northeast Malaysia style.
One of the most popular type of Joget is called "Joget Lambak" and usually performed by a large crowd together in social functions.
In Indonesia, the term 'joget' is usually applied to any form of popular street dance, such as that to dangdut music.
Joget, an open source workflow software built in Malaysia, is named after this dance.
Sri Lankan Kaffiringna music style and Joget has some related melodic variations,both styles are having a Portuguese influence ,
Sri Lankan musicologist Ruwin Dias from the university of performing arts has done a research about the similarities in Kaffiringna and Joget .
References
Malay dances
Malay culture
Malaysian culture | wiki |
An edematous areola is a swollen and tender inflammation of the areola of the breast. It can develop after childbirth when large amounts of fluids are given intravenously, use of pitocin or fluid retention for other reasons, and may interfere with successful initiation of breastfeeding. An edematous areola can also develop in women with preeclampsia.
See also
Breast milk
Nipple prosthesis for breast cancer survivors
Nipple shield
Breastfeeding
References
Breastfeeding
Body fluids
Midwifery | wiki |
Arje
Arje Altman
Arje Bahir
Arje Ben Eli’ezer
Arje Bibi
Arje Eli’aw
Arje Szeftel | wiki |
The Sporting News Player of the Year Award is awarded annually by Sporting News to the most outstanding player in Major League Baseball. The honor was first given in 1936.
History
The Sporting News established in 1936 the Player of the Year award. It is the oldest and most prestigious award given to the single player in MLB who had the most outstanding season. Until 1969, it was the only major award given to a single player from MLB, rather than to a player in each league. In 1969, Baseball Digest began its Player of the Year award for one player in all of MLB. (The award became limited to position players in 1994, when Baseball Digest added a new award for "Pitcher of the Year.") In 1993, the first Best Major League Baseball Player ESPY Award was given. In 1998, the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) began its own Player of the Year award, for one player in all of MLB, as part of its Players Choice Awards. Baseball America also began its Major League Player of the Year award in 1998. In 2012, MLB's "GIBBY Awards" added an MLB Most Valuable Player category, which was renamed the Most Valuable Major Leaguer in 2014; its current name is the "Esurance MLB Awards" Best Major Leaguer.
Winners
Key
Awardees
Multiple wins
Players
Several players have won the award more than once. Ted Williams, Joe Morgan, Albert Pujols, Miguel Cabrera, and José Altuve are the only players to win the award in consecutive years. Ted Williams won the award five times. Sandy Koufax is the only pitcher to win the award more than once. Alex Rodriguez and Barry Bonds are the only players to win the award while playing with different teams. Stan Musial and Alex Rodriguez are the only players to win the award while playing different positions. The only tie was in 1962, when Don Drysdale and Maury Wills shared the honor. Alex Rodriguez and Barry Bonds are the only players to win the award with multiple teams. Alex Rodriguez won the award with the most teams (3).
Winning multiple SN Player of the Year awards has been seen as guaranteed admission to the National Baseball Hall of Fame. Barry Bonds is the only player with multiple awards, eligible for the Hall of Fame, but not a member of the Hall of Fame. The table is of the Players that have won two or more awards and the year they were inducted into Major League Baseball Hall of Fame. Active players are not eligible for the Hall of Fame.
Outfielders and Pitchers have won the most awards.
Player of the Decade
SN named Willie Mays as the player of the 1960s decade.
SN named Mike Trout as the player of the 2010s decade.
See also
Players Choice Awards Player of the Year (in MLB; for all positions) (there are also Outstanding Player and Outstanding Pitcher awards in each league)
Baseball America Major League Player of the Year (in MLB; for all positions)
Best Major League Baseball Player ESPY Award (in MLB; for all positions)
"Esurance MLB Awards" Best Major Leaguer (MLB award for best player, including all positions) (also Best Hitter and Best Pitcher)
Baseball Digest Player of the Year (in MLB; for position players) (from 1969 to 1993, included all positions; in 1994, a separate Pitcher of the Year award was added)
Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award (in each league; for all positions)
Cy Young Award (MLB award for top pitcher in each league)
The Sporting News Most Valuable Player Award (in each league) (discontinued in 1946)
Baseball awards
List of MLB awards
SN Pitcher of the Year (replaced by Starting Pitcher and Relief Pitcher awards)
SN Starting Pitcher of the Year
SN Relief Pitcher of the Year
SN Rookie of the Year
SN Reliever of the Year
SN Comeback Player of the Year
SN Manager of the Year
SN Executive of the Year
References
Major League Baseball trophies and awards
Baseball most valuable player awards
Most valuable player awards
Awards by magazines
Awards established in 1936 | wiki |
This is a table of the total federal tax revenue by state, federal district, and territory collected by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service.
Gross Collections indicates the total federal tax revenue collected by the IRS from each U.S. state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The figure includes all Individual federal taxes and Corporate Federal Taxes, income taxes, payroll taxes, estate taxes, gift taxes, and excise taxes. This table does not include federal tax revenue data from U.S. Armed Forces personnel stationed overseas, U.S. territories other than Puerto Rico, and U.S. citizens and legal residents living abroad, even though they may be required to pay federal taxes.
Fiscal Year 2019
This table lists the tax revenue collected from each state, plus the District of Columbia and the territory of Puerto Rico by the IRS in fiscal year 2019, which ran from October 1, 2018, through September 30, 2019. The gross collections total only reflects the revenue collected from the categories listed in the table, and not the entire revenue collected by the IRS.
No data for Guam is available for 2019.
Fiscal Year 2018
This table lists the tax revenue collected from each state, plus the District of Columbia and the territory of Puerto Rico by the IRS in fiscal year 2018, which ran from October 1, 2017, through September 30, 2018. The gross collections total only reflects the revenue collected from the categories listed in the table, and not the entire revenue collected by the IRS.
No data for Guam is available for 2018.
Fiscal Year 2017
This table lists the tax revenue collected from each state, plus the District of Columbia and the territory of Puerto Rico by the IRS in fiscal year 2018, which ran from October 1, 2016, through September 30, 2017. The gross collections total only reflects the revenue collected from the categories listed in the table, and not the entire revenue collected by the IRS.
No data for Guam is available for 2017.
Fiscal Year 2015
This table lists the tax revenue collected from each state, plus the District of Columbia and the territory of Puerto Rico by the IRS in fiscal year 2015, which ran from October 1, 2014, through September 30, 2015. The gross collections total only reflects the revenue collected from the categories listed in the table, and not the entire revenue collected by the IRS. Per capita values are based on population estimates from the Census Bureau for July 1, 2015.
GSP is the Gross State Product
Fiscal Year 2012
This table lists the tax revenue collected from each state, plus the District of Columbia and the territory of Puerto Rico by the IRS in fiscal year 2012, which ran from October 1, 2011, through September 30, 2012. The gross collections total only reflects the revenue collected from the categories listed in the table, and not the entire revenue collected by the IRS. Per capita values are based on population estimates from the Census Bureau for July 1, 2012.
GSP is the Gross State Product
Fiscal Year 2011
This table lists the tax revenue collected from each state, plus the District of Columbia and the territory of Puerto Rico by the IRS in fiscal year 2011, which ran from October 1, 2010, through September 30, 2011. The gross collections total only reflects the revenue collected from the categories listed in the table, and not the entire revenue collected by the IRS. Per capita values are based on population estimates from the Census Bureau for July 1, 2011.
Maps and graphs
See also
Federal taxation and spending by state
Federal taxes:
Income tax in the United States
State taxes:
State tax levels in the United States
State income tax
Sales taxes in the United States
General:
Taxation in the United States
Notes
Citations
New table is available for 2015 to update the data. Also - would be good to be able to see some trends in the data in terms of growth by state in terms of taxes paid
References
2007 Population, US Census.
Total Tax Revenue By Type and State Fiscal Year 2007 (XLS)
Taxation in the United States
Tax incidence | wiki |
This is a list of LGBT characters in radio and podcast programs. Podcasts are similar to radio programs in form, but they exist as audio files that can be played at a listener's convenience, anytime or anywhere.
The orientation can be described in the dialogue or otherwise mentioned. Roles include lead, main, recurring, supporting, and guest.
The names are organized alphabetically by surname (i.e. last name), or by single name if the character does not have a surname.
List
See also
List of lesbian characters in television
List of gay characters in television
List of bisexual characters in television
List of transgender characters in television
List of comedy television series with LGBT characters
List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters: 1970s–2000s
List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters: 2010s
List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters: 2020s
List of made-for-television films with LGBT characters
List of soap operas with LGBT characters
List of reality television programs with LGBT cast members
References
Further reading
Radio and podcasts
LGBT
Podcasting lists | wiki |
NGC 468 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Pisces. Located approximately 209 million light-years from Earth, it was discovered by John Frederick William Herschel in 1827.
See also
List of galaxies
List of spiral galaxies
References
External links
Deep Sky Catalog
SEDS
468
Pisces (constellation)
Spiral galaxies
004780 | wiki |
A perfect season is a sports season, including any requisite playoff portion, in which a team remains and finishes undefeated and untied. The feat is extremely rare at the professional level of any team sport, and has occurred more commonly at the collegiate and scholastic levels in the United States. A perfect regular season (known by other names outside the United States) is a season excluding any playoffs, where a team remains undefeated and untied; it is less rare than a complete perfect season but still exceptional.
A perfect season may be part of a multi-season winning streak, or even a streak of perfect seasons.
Exhibition games are generally not counted toward standings, for or against. For example, the 1972 Miami Dolphins (below) lost three of their preseason ("exhibition" games in 1972 NFL vernacular) games but are considered to have had a perfect season.
Basketball
Basketball leagues outside the NBA tend to be shorter than the NBA's 82-game season, thus making a perfect season more achievable. , the 2015–16 Golden State Warriors have the best ever regular-season record in the NBA, with a record of 73–9, breaking the 1995–96 Chicago Bulls record of 72–10. However, the Warriors would end up losing in the 2016 NBA Finals to the Cleveland Cavaliers.
Khimik won the 2014–15 Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague by winning all 30 regular season games, and winning all playoff games, for a 36–0 overall record.
Cricket
County cricket
English first-class county cricket has existed as the top tier of domestic cricket in England since the middle nineteenth century, and until the 1950s it was up to the highest standard of the game. Seasons have varied in length: before the 1880s, they were generally less than ten matches in length and some "first-class" counties played only against one or two different opponents, so that a team winning all its games was not implausible. Between 1887 and 1929, seasons were gradually increased in length to a standard twenty-eight matches for all counties. However, because of the development and popularity of one-day cricket, seasons have been reduced to twenty-four games in 1969 and twenty in 1972, though this was increased by two in 1977 and 1983. With an increase to four days for all games, sixteen or seventeen games have been played since 1993.
Also, because of improvements to pitches via the heavy roller and covering to protect from rain, the proportion of games "drawn" (not finished) has steadily risen since the 1870s.
Since tables of results have been kept in 1864, the only team to have competed a true perfect season—winning outright every game—was Yorkshire in 1867 when led by George Freeman's and Tom Emmett's deadly fast bowling on uncovered and unrolled pitches, they won all seven county games.
Since 1868 numerous county teams in longer schedules have finished a season unbeaten, but none have managed to win every single game outright:
American football
National Football League
Since the National Football League began in 1920, only one team has played a perfect season (both regular season and playoffs): the 1972 Miami Dolphins, who won all fourteen of their regular season games and three postseason games, including Super Bowl VII, to finish the season 17–0–0.
The next year the Dolphins extended their winning streak to 18 before losing their second game to the Oakland Raiders on September 23, 1973. It has often been reported that the surviving members of the 1972 Dolphins would, every season, either gather to drink champagne when the final undefeated team earned its first loss of the year, or send a case of champagne to the team who beat this final undefeated team. The head coach of the 1972 Dolphins, Don Shula, denied this in a 2007 interview with ESPN. On August 20, 2013, four decades after their accomplishment, President Barack Obama hosted the 1972 Dolphins noting that they "never got their White House visit".
NFL undefeated seasons (with ties) before 1932
Until the development of a playoff system in the NFL in 1932, there were four teams who completed seasons undefeated, but with one or more tied games: the 1920 Akron Pros, the 1922 Canton Bulldogs, the 1923 Canton Bulldogs, and the 1929 Green Bay Packers. According to the 2012 NFL Record & Fact Book, under NFL practices at the time, from 1920 to 1971 tie games were not included in winning percentage (there was also no overtime to settle ties in the regular season until 1974) so, these four teams were recorded with perfect win percentages of 1.000.
The 1921 Buffalo All-Americans were controversially denied a similar type of near-undefeated season, when they believed that their final game, a 10–7 loss to the Chicago Staleys, was an exhibition game which would not count in the final standings; the NFL records that game as official, and Buffalo's record as 9–1–2.
Other NFL perfect regular seasons
Apart from the 1972 Dolphins, three NFL teams have completed undefeated and untied regular seasons: the 1934 Chicago Bears, the 1942 Chicago Bears, and the 2007 New England Patriots.
In 1934, the Bears played a 13–0–0 regular season and became the first NFL team to complete an undefeated regular season without tied games, but lost the 1934 NFL Championship Game against the New York Giants. Despite losing several players and head coach George Halas to military service in World War II, the 1942 Bears finished 11–0–0 but again lost the NFL Championship Game, this time against the Washington Redskins.
The 2007 Patriots became the first and only team under the 16-game schedule used from 1978 to 2020 to finish the regular season undefeated. The Patriots then won their divisional and conference playoff games, but were upset by the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII in dramatic fashion, giving them a final record of 18–1.
Pre-NFL era and competing leagues
NFL predecessors such as the Ohio League, New York Pro Football League and Western Pennsylvania Professional Football Circuit had many perfect seasons. In Ohio, the Massillon Tigers (1904, 1905), Akron Indians (1909), Shelby Blues (1911), and Dayton Triangles (1918) all had perfect seasons during this era. In New York, the Buffalo Niagaras went 5–0–0 (6–0–0 including a forfeit) in a league that consisted of teams entirely from the city of Buffalo in 1918. In 1920, the Union Club of Phoenixville, located in eastern Pennsylvania, played in a league mostly consisting of local teams and earned a perfect season, claiming for itself a mythical national championship. In western Pennsylvania, the 1900 and 1901 Homestead Library and Athletic Club teams, as well as the 1903 Franklin Athletic Club, all had perfect seasons.
The caliber of talent was neither as high nor as consistent between teams at the time, the seasons were generally shorter (7 to 11 games), and it was not uncommon for top teams to play all their games at home while lesser teams played all of their games on the road. In 1918, Dayton and Buffalo had the additional advantage of having its strongest competitors suspend operations due to the Spanish flu and the First World War, restrictions that also prevented the two teams from playing each other. Thus, it was much easier to earn a perfect season than it would become in the NFL.
1937 Los Angeles Bulldogs
The Los Angeles Bulldogs were a member of the second American Football League, who joined the league in 1937 after the Cleveland Rams defected to the NFL. Playing a combination of AFL teams and independent franchises (such as the Providence Steam Roller and the Salinas Packers), the team went 16–0, with 8 of those wins coming against AFL teams. The Bulldogs’ dominance is cited as one of the key factors in the AFL's demise, and the next season as an independent with a 10–2–2 record including a 2–1–2 record against NFL teams, several of the team's players were invited to play on the "Pro All Stars" team in the NFL's first Pro All-Star Game in Los Angeles. The Bulldogs are considered to be one of the few independent teams to have ever achieved parity with the NFL.
1948 Cleveland Browns
The Browns were a member of the All-America Football Conference, a professional football league that played from 1946 to 1949. In 1948, the Browns won all fourteen regular season games and the 1948 AAFC championship to post a 15–0–0 record. Cleveland's perfect 1948 season was part of a longer string of 29 straight wins, which stretched from 1947 to 1949 and included both the 1947 and 1948 title games. Overall, the Browns won all four AAFC championship games and were accepted into the NFL when the two leagues merged after the 1949 season.
Near-perfect seasons
Since the NFL expanded to a fourteen-game regular season in 1961 (being expanded twice since then), eleven teams have had regular seasons with one loss and no ties (or better) while failing to achieve a perfect season:
Most of these teams above suffered their only regular-season loss early in the season and, other than the 2007 Patriots (started regular season and playoffs 18–0), only the 1962 Packers (10–0), 1985 Bears (12–0), 2011 Packers (13–0), and 2015 Panthers (14–0) were on track for a perfect season when they lost. Coincidentally, the 1985 Bears’ lone loss came to the Miami Dolphins.
The best start from an NFL team who failed to complete a perfect regular season is shared by two teams: the 2009 Indianapolis Colts, who started 14–0 before losing their final two regular season games to the New York Jets and the Buffalo Bills to finish 14–2, and the 2015 Carolina Panthers, who went 14–0 before losing to the Atlanta Falcons and going on to finish the regular season 15–1. The 2009 Colts, having clinched the top seed in the AFC, sacrificed their chances at a perfect regular season and instead rested their starters the final two games to protect them for the playoffs, on orders from then General Manager Bill Polian. The Colts faced immense criticism from their players, their fans, and the media for letting their chances of a perfect season slip away. The Colts would go on to Super Bowl XLIV but lost to the New Orleans Saints. The 2015 Panthers were not resting their starters at the time of their loss (at the time, the Arizona Cardinals were 13–2 and still had an opportunity to surpass the Panthers for the top seed in the NFC).
Four other teams have started 13–0 before losing in their fourteenth game: the 1998 Denver Broncos, 2005 Indianapolis Colts, 2009 New Orleans Saints and 2011 Green Bay Packers (Of those near-perfect seasons, the 2005 Colts and the 2011 Packers did not win a single playoff game). The 1998 Broncos, 2005 Colts and 2009 Saints lost at least two of their final three games but the Broncos and Saints recovered to win the Super Bowl. The 1953 Cleveland Browns and 1969 Los Angeles Rams started 11–0 in twelve- and fourteen-game seasons respectively; both lost their only playoff game.
Other leagues
The following is a list of teams in minor or alternate leagues that compiled perfect seasons of six games or more, including postseason games, with no ties:
The Hollywood Bears, a member of the Pacific Coast Professional Football League, went 8–0–0 in 1941.
The Hollywood Rangers were a member of the American Football League of 1944 (formerly the Northwest War Industries League), a short-lived competitor to the Pacific Coast Professional Football League on the West Coast. In their 1944 season, they went 11–0–0 and defeated the PCPFL champion San Diego Bombers (who had also had a perfect season in their league, going 9–0–0) in a two-game series.
The Charleston Rockets of the Continental Football League won all 14 games of the league's inaugural season in 1965, going on to defeat the Toronto Rifles in the league's championship.
The Hartford Knights went 17–0–0 in 1972 as a member of the Seaboard Football League, including a victory over the Chambersburg Cardinals in the league's championship. The Knights, unhappy with the level of competition (many of the Knights games had margins of victory of 40 points or more), quit the league the following year.
In indoor football, the following teams have had perfect seasons:
The Quad City Steamwheelers went undefeated in the inaugural season of arenafootball2, accruing a record of 19–0–0 including playoffs and an ArenaCup I win.
The Ohio Valley Greyhounds of the National Indoor Football League accrued a perfect season in 2003.
The Sioux Falls Storm of United Indoor Football won back-to-back perfect seasons in 2006 and 2007, winning the United Bowl championship both years.
The Fayetteville Guard won a perfect season in 2007 in the NIFL.
The Rochester Raiders won a perfect season in 2008 in the Continental Indoor Football League, but withdrew from that league during the playoffs in a dispute.
The Chicago Slaughter won a perfect season in 2009 in the CIFL.
The Baltimore Mariners won a perfect season in 2010 in the American Indoor Football Association.
The Erie Explosion won a perfect season in 2013 in the Continental Indoor Football league, winning all ten regular season games, a semifinal playoff, and the CIFL Championship.
At least twenty-three other semi-professional football teams have had perfect seasons, seven of them being at least 17 games long. The Chambersburg Cardinals won a record 72 straight games between 1977 and 1984.
There have been no perfect seasons (or even perfect regular seasons) in the American Association, World Football League, United States Football League, original XFL, the Arena Football League or the Alliance of American Football, all of which are now defunct. The United Football League has had two perfect regular seasons, but neither qualify for the list: the 2009 Florida Tuskers finished 6–0, but that team lost the subsequent championship game; the 2012 Las Vegas Locomotives had a record of 4–0 when the league abruptly suspended operations halfway through the season. Likewise, the 2020 Houston Roughnecks of the second incarnation of the XFL were undefeated at 5–0 at the time the season was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.
The 1933 Providence Huskies (possibly a successor to the Providence Steam Roller) played arguably the most perfect season ever recorded by a professional or semi-professional team: a ten-game season in which they won every game and did not concede a single point during any game.
Leagues outside North America
In the 2014 German Football League the Braunschweig Lions compiled a perfect season (12–0 postseason 3–0), losing only in the BIG6 European Football League which is a different competition. They crowned the season with another German Bowl triumph. Similarly in the 2016 German Football League the Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns achieved a perfect regular season with a 14–0 record, similarly their lone defeat came in the BIG6 European Football League which is not considered for league standings. However, unlike Braunschweig before them, Schwäbisch Hall ultimately lost the German Bowl, in this case to Braunschweig. In the 2017 German Football League season, Schwäbisch Hall once more compiled a perfect season (14–0) but this time also won the German Bowl, again against Braunschweig. Interestingly, their opponent in the final had also entered the game with a 14–0 regular season record. Overall the Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns posted five consecutive perfect regular seasons (GFL games only) between 2016 and 2021 (both inclusive) — their only losses in that span coming in German Bowl XXXVIII (2016), German Bowl XLI (2019), and German Bowl XLII (2021).
Association football
Domestic teams
No association football team has ever achieved a perfect season across all competitions entered, but some have achieved a perfect record in their respective domestic league competitions, although that feat itself is rare. The earliest known perfect league season is that of Rangers F.C. of Scotland who, in 1898–99, won all of their 18 Scottish League Division One matches. Other football clubs to have achieved perfect league seasons since then are: Racing Club of Argentina in 1919 (13 wins out of 13), Ferencvárosi of Hungary in 1931–32 (22 wins out of 22), Dresdner SC of Germany in 1942–43 (23), Sunrise Flacq United of Mauritius in 1995–96 (22), and Nacional of Uruguay in 1941 (20). FC Bayern Munich managed a 11–0–0 perfect record en-route to winning the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League, the first team to do so. The competition's format was reformulated in a single elimination match since the quarterfinals due to COVID-19 pandemic in Europe and its following lockdown.
Many teams have achieved an unbeaten domestic season with zero losses, but with several draws.
In women's football, Italian club Juventus become the first to win the Serie A with a perfect record (22–0–0) in the 2020–21 season, an unprecedented feat in Italian men's or women's football history. The following season, FC Barcelona did the same in Spain's Women's Primera División with 30 wins from 30 matches.
FIFA World Cup
The likelihood of a national team in the FIFA World Cup winning all its matches in regulation time to become the champion is much higher than most clubs in their domestic league, as the finals tournament in its current format lasts only seven games. This feat has been achieved three times, by Uruguay in the inaugural 1930 tournament, and by Brazil in 1970 and 2002. This is not counting the qualifying round of the tournament, which lasts over a year and has had a varied format since 1934. Only the Brazilian team of 1970 has won every game in the qualification and final rounds of a single tournament, a total of 13 games. As there was no qualifying phase for the 1930 tournament, Uruguay also won all the games they played to become champions. In 2010, the Netherlands came very close achieving the same feat as Brazil did in 1970. The Netherlands won 8 out of 8 qualifying games and went on to win the next 6 World Cup matches in regulation time only to lose in extra time to Spain in the final, ending with a 14–0–1 record. In 1998 France became the only host nation to win all seven games of the FIFA World Cup and win the tournament. In the quarter-finals, however, they defeated Italy on penalties; wins (and also losses) on penalties are represented as a draw in statistics.
FIFA Women's World Cup
Through 2011, the likelihood of a national team winning all of its matches in the FIFA Women's World Cup was slightly greater than in the men's version. The Women's World Cup began in 1991 with 12 teams and expanded to 16 effective in 1999. Under both structures, the winning team only had to win six games (three in group play and three in the knockout stage) to win the title unbeaten. The tournament expanded to 24 teams in 2015, at which time the number of games that the champion must play increased to seven (the same total as in the men's World Cup).
The 2011 event, won by Japan, was the first in which the champion lost in group play; the other finalist, the United States, had also lost in group play. Each previous team to have won the title — the United States in 1991 and 1999, Norway in 1995, and Germany in 2003 and 2007 — won all of its group stage matches. In fact, only one of these teams, the United States in 1999, had a knockout match go to extra time—specifically the final against China, which ultimately went to a penalty shootout. Germany won all of its matches in the 2007 final tournament without giving up a goal, becoming the first team in either the men's or women's World Cup to accomplish this feat. The United States' third championship team in 2015 had one draw in the group stage; in 2019, the United States won all seven games in regulation, by a combined score of 26–3, en route to their fourth title.
As of the 2019 tournament, four undefeated, untied Women's World Cup champions also went through their qualifying stage without a loss or draw:
United States, 1991 (5 wins, 49 goals for, 0 against)
Germany, 2003 (6 wins, 30 goals for, 1 against)
Germany, 2007 (8 wins, 31 goals for, 3 against)
United States, 2019 (5 wins, 26 goals for, 0 against)
Of the other two teams to win the Women's World Cup without a loss or draw in the finals:
Norway went through their 1995 qualification campaign with 8 wins, 1 draw and 1 loss.
The United States automatically qualified for the 1999 edition as hosts.
Australian rules football
Australian Football League (AFL)/Victorian Football League (VFL)
The VFL began in 1897. Based entirely in the state of Victoria, before it expanded through the 1980s, and 1990s to become the top level national league (AFL) in the sport of Australian rules football. The length of a complete season (including finals matches) has typically been between 18 and 26 games. Throughout the history of the league, no team has ever completed a perfect season. One team, in 1929, completed a perfect home-and-away season, finishing with a record of 18–0; the club won the premiership, but did not complete a perfect season after losing the second semi-final against .
South Australian National Football League (SANFL)
The SANFL has existed since 1877 within South Australia, and until the latter part of the twentieth century was of equivalent standard to the VFL. The only perfect season to be completed was by the 1914 Port Adelaide team, known as the "Invincibles". Port won all four of its pre season matches. It finished the minor round with a 12–0 record, before winning both finals to finish with a 14–0 record and a perfect season. They also won the Championship of Australia against VFL premiers Carlton, to extend that record to 15–0. In addition to this the club played a combined team from all the other SAFL clubs and won to extend the record to 16–0. The closest any team got to Port Adelaide was North Adelaide, losing by 21 points in Round 10. This is the only instance in the big three Australian football leagues (VFL/SANFL/WAFL) where a club has gone undefeated in the pre-season, season main and post season.
In 1912, Port Adelaide had a perfect minor round and then beat West Torrens in its semi-final but lost both the final and Grand Final to West Adelaide.
West Australian Football League (WAFL)
The WAFL has existed since 1885 within Western Australia, and until the latter part of the 20th century was of equivalent standard to either the VFL or SANFL. The 1946 East Fremantle team was the first club in senior WAFL football to have managed a perfect season, winning all twenty-one of its games; it is noted that the playing lists of many of its opponents had been seriously depleted by World War II. The only loss for the season came against Victorian club Collingwood in a post season exhibition match. The 2018 Subiaco team was the second team to complete a perfect season, winning all of its 18 games in the minor round before winning both their second-semi-final against South Fremantle and the Grand Final against West Perth.
Victorian Football Association (VFA/VFL)
The Victorian Football League, known until 1996 as the Victorian Football Association, began in 1877 and was Victoria's premier football league until 1897, and has been the second-tier league in the state since. Perfect seasons have been completed on five occasions in VFA/VFL history, but only twice in full-length seasons:
by North Melbourne during a war-shortened 1915, with a record of 15–0
by North Melbourne in 1918, which was also shortened by the war, with a record of 12–0;
by Geelong West in 1972 Division 2, with a record of 20–0
by Port Melbourne in 2011, with a record of 21–0.
by the Footscray reserves during a pandemic-shortened 2021, with a record of 10–0
There were also cases of teams going undefeated through the season in the nineteenth century, but none completed perfect seasons because some of their matches were drawn. Of those, could be interpreted as having been perfect in 1879; it had a record of 15–0–1, and the draw came by agreement when a match which Geelong led 1–0 was abandoned due to inclement weather.
Four other teams have completed perfect home-and-away seasons, but subsequently lost finals matches:
North Melbourne in 1919 won all eighteen home-and-away games before losing to Brunswick in the second-semi-final and Footscray in the Grand Final.
Coburg in 1927 won all eighteen home-and away games before drawing with Port Melbourne in the second semi final, losing the replay, then winning the Grand Final.
Coburg in 1945 won all twenty home-and-away games before losing to Williamstown in the second semi-final and being eliminated by Port Melbourne in the preliminary final.
Williamstown in 1957 won all twenty home-and-away games before losing to Moorabbin in the second semi final, and being eliminated by Port Melbourne in the preliminary final.
Canadian football
A true perfect season (no losses and no ties through the regular season and playoffs) has never been achieved in professional Canadian football. Only one team, the 1948 Calgary Stampeders (in the pre-CFL era), has completed a perfect regular season; more on this can be seen below.
The current Canadian Football League schedule in place since 1986 would require a team to win 20 games (18 regular season, 1 playoff after bye week, and the Grey Cup championship) to post a perfect record; the closest any team has come to such since the CFL's establishment in 1958 are the 1981 Edmonton Eskimos, who went 14–1–1 in the regular season, en route to winning their fourth of five straight Grey Cup titles by winning both their playoff games, and the closest since the institution of the 18-game schedule coming in 1989, also set by the Edmonton Eskimos, by going 16–2 in the regular season, only to be upset by the Saskatchewan Roughriders in the West Final.
1948 Calgary Stampeders
Under head coach Les Lear, the 1948 Calgary Stampeders completed a perfect regular season with a record of 12–0; they had two wins and a tie during the playoffs to finish with a record of 14–0–1, the only undefeated complete season in Canadian pro history. In the Western Interprovincial Football Union championship (a home-and-home aggregate series decided on total points) against the Regina Roughriders, the first leg was tied 4–4, and the Stampeders won the second 21–10, to win the aggregate 25–14. The Stampeders then defeated the Ottawa Rough Riders 12–7 for the 36th Grey Cup.
Despite the Stampeders' title, their achievement was only lightly regarded in the East. At the time, the Eastern and Western unions played separate regular seasons and met only in the Grey Cup. The Western union was openly regarded to be a weaker competition than the East, and Calgary's win (only the third for a Western team up to that time) was dismissed as a fluke.
Handball
In 2020–21 FC Barcelona Handbol had over all championships a perfect season. They won the following domestic championships: Liga ASOBAL with 34 perfect games, the Copa del Rey de Balonmano, Copa ASOBAL and the Supercopa ASOBAL. At the European level they won the 2020–21 EHF Champions League with 20 perfect games. In total they won 61 games out of 61 in 2020–21.
Germany
In 2011–12, German handball champion THW Kiel achieved a perfect season of as many as 34 matches. Additionally, the team also won the national DHB Cup and the international EHF Champions League.
Spain
In the Liga ASOBAL the FC Barcelona Handbol had 4 consecutive perfect seasons from the 2013–14 season to the 2016–17 season.
Croatia
In the Premijer liga the RK Zagreb is unbeaten for 11 years, they won 190 consecutive games, last time they lost against Osijek Motormodul (38:39) on 14.4.2007. In that 190 games they just have one tie with RK Poreč (31:31), after that game they won 178 games in a row and that row is still active.
Lacrosse
In professional lacrosse, the 1993 Buffalo Bandits are the only team to have won a perfect season in the National Lacrosse League. The Bandits won all eight of their regular season games and won the championship in a two-round tournament; the season was the continuation of a multi-season winning streak that dated to the Bandits’ successful run for the previous year's championship.
In Major League Lacrosse, which began play in 2001, the 2013 Denver Outlaws were the first team to complete a perfect regular season, winning all fourteen of their games. After beating the Hamilton Nationals, the Outlaws had a sequence of twenty consecutive regular season wins despite losing the 2012 championship. However, the Outlaws lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Charlotte Hounds, who had only gone 7–7 in the regular season.
Netball
Commonwealth Bank Trophy
The Commonwealth Bank Trophy was the main national netball competition in Australia from 1997 to 2007. There were eight teams in a double round robin format and finals.
The Sydney Swifts were the only team to achieve a perfect season, winning all fourteen regular season games and both their finals matches for a record of 16–0.
ANZ Championship
The ANZ Championship, the principal netball competition for Australia and New Zealand was established in 2008 to replace the Commonwealth Bank Trophy. Comprising ten teams (five from Australia and five from New Zealand) there has so far been one perfect season, by the Mission Queensland Firebirds, based in Brisbane, Queensland in 2011. The Firebirds won thirteen regular season games and both their finals matches for a record of 15–0. In 2010, the New South Wales Swifts managed to win all thirteen regular season games, but lost both of their finals matches and ended with a 13–2 for that year.
Rugby league
National Rugby League
The National Rugby League has existed since 1908, being originally known as the New South Wales Rugby League and before the Super League war of 1995 as the Australian Rugby League. In its history, only one team has completed a perfect season: the South Sydney Rabbitohs in 1925, who won all twelve games contested.
Five other teams have gone undefeated but featured at least one drawn match: Balmain (1915), North Sydney (1921), Eastern Suburbs (1936 and 1937) and St George (1959).
Brisbane Rugby League
The Brisbane Rugby League premiership began in 1909 and continued in varying forms until 1996, after which it was superseded by the Queensland Cup. Between the 1930s and the 1960s it was of comparable standard to the New South Wales Rugby Football League, but subsequently a huge drain of players to Sydney eroded the standard of play. Before World War II seasons were typically no more than twelve games long; however as the competition grew it was expanded to 21 games by 1960. The only BRL teams to manage a perfect season were:
The following team managed an undefeated season but drew one game:
The following teams managed an undefeated home-and-away season, but subsequently lost finals matches:
British Rugby League
Whilst no rugby league team in Britain has completed the perfect season in the top flight, this has been achieved on four occasions in lower divisions, twic in the 2nd division and twice in the 3rd. Hull F.C. achieved this feat in the 1978–79 Season, where they won 26 from 26 games, gaining promotion to the top division for the second time in three seasons. This was also achieved by the Dewsbury Rams in 2009 during their Championship 1 (third division) season where they won all 18 games from a possible 18, winning promotion immediately after being relegated the previous season where they won just two games. Since their 2009 promotion, the Rams have so far stayed in the sports' second division, including two play off finishes. The third occasion came in 2021 when Toulouse Olympique finished the 2021 Championship with a 100% record having won 13 games and awarded a 14th as a walkover. The season was badly affected by postponements and cancellations caused by restrictions imposed under COVID-19 regulations and Toulouse only managed to play 13 games (all away) while all the other teams in the division played 20 to 22 games.
The fourth occasion was in 2022 when Keighley Cougars won all 20 games in taking the League 1 title.
In 2017, the Toronto Wolfpack completed the regular reason with a perfect 15–0 record, however after the Super 8s they finished with a 20–1–1 record. They lost in the Challenge Cup against the Salford Red Devils.
Rugby union
International Rugby
The New Zealand All Blacks were the first professional rugby team to produce a perfect rugby test season in 2013. They successfully defeated four times, three times, and twice and also beat , and in their incredible winning run. They produced a record of 14–0–0, defeating the top 5 ranked teams below them in the IRB world rankings. have matched this feat after producing a perfect test season in 2016 after recovering from getting knocked out of their own World Cup in 2015.
Super Rugby
The Southern Hemisphere's principal team competition, Super Rugby, established as Super 12 in 1996 and later known as Super 14 before adopting its current name in 2011, has seen only one perfect season. The Crusaders, based in Christchurch and representing a large portion of the South Island of New Zealand, finished the 2002 Super 12 season with an 11–0–0 record and went on to win both of their finals matches to claim the season crown unbeaten.
One other team has won a championship unbeaten: in 1997, the Auckland Blues (known simply as "Blues" since 2000), which at the time represented the central and southern parts of the Auckland area plus some adjacent regions to the south, finished the regular season with one draw from 11 matches. They also won both of their finals matches to claim the title.
Tennis (team)
In 2011 and 2012, the Washington Kastles of World Team Tennis completed back-to-back perfect seasons, the first pro sports franchise in the United States to do so. The Kastles swept each of the 2011 and 2012 regular seasons with a perfect 14–0 record, then in each season went on to win their two postseason games and league's championship, amassing a 32-game winning streak in the process. This streak stands one short of the all-time professional sports record in the United States by the 1971–72 Los Angeles Lakers.
Volleyball
In the 2012–13 Season, Vakıfbank İstanbul won all 52 games and reached five championship trophies in
2012–13 Turkish Women's Volleyball League,
2012–13 Turkish Women's Volleyball Cup,
2012–13 CEV Women's Champions League,
2013 Turkish Women's Volleyball Super Cup and
2013 FIVB Women's Club World Championship.
Vakıfbank İstanbul won 6 games in Turkish Women's Volleyball Cup, 12 games in CEV Women's Champions League, 29 games (22 league, 7 play-off games) in Turkish Women's Volleyball League, 1 game in Turkish Women's Volleyball Super Cup and 4 games in FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship, and never lost in the 2012–13 Season. In addition, they won all 51 games they played in year 2013.
Having started Turkish Women's Volleyball League's 2013–14 Season with 13 wins and 2013–14 CEV Women's Champions League with 8 wins, they extended their winning streak to 73 games as of January 23, 2014.
Other North American professional sports leagues
In North America's three other major professional sports leagues (Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, and the National Hockey League) it is almost impossible for a team to play a "perfect" season, primarily because there are substantially more games in the regular season (82 in the NBA and NHL, and 162 in Major League Baseball). The Women's National Basketball Association's season has been between 28 and 36 games long, and it too has never produced a perfect season.
It is possible for a baseball pitcher to achieve a perfect season, taking at least one win and any number of no-decisions throughout the year. This has happened 1,813 times in baseball's history, though the majority (1,171) were 1–0 seasons, mostly by relief pitchers. The best perfect season belongs to Tom Zachary of the 1929 New York Yankees, who posted a 12–0 record in 119.2 innings. No pitcher has ever achieved a perfect season while qualifying for the ERA title.
In the NHL, the 1976–77 Montreal Canadiens played nearly a perfect home season. They went 39–1 (.975) at home, their lone loss coming on October 30, 1976 against the Boston Bruins. The Canadiens only lost 8 games all year, finishing with a 60–8–12 record.
In the NBA, the 1985–86 Boston Celtics played a nearly perfect home season. During the regular season, they were 40–1 (.976) in front of their home crowd. The Celtics' only regular-season home loss occurred on December 6, 1985, to the Portland Trail Blazers, by the score of 121–103. The Celtics would also win all 10 of their home games in the postseason, to finish 50–1 at home. The 2015–16 San Antonio Spurs also played a nearly perfect home regular-season with a 40–1 (.976) record in front of their home crowd, with their only home loss occurring on April 10, 2016 vs. the Golden State Warriors by the score of 92–86. The Spurs were eliminated in the Western Conference Semi-Finals by the Oklahoma City Thunder in the 2016 NBA Playoffs. The Spurs played a total of 5 home games in the post season, finishing 43–3 at home, losing twice to the Thunder. The three-on-three basketball league BIG3, which featured an eight-game regular season and two-round playoff, had a perfect team in its inaugural season of 2017 when Trilogy swept all ten games on their schedule.
Individual professional sports
For other sports leagues for individuals, such as the PGA Tour or Formula One, a perfect season would represent winning every event in a season. Considering the number of tournaments or races in those leagues, and the fact that each individual faces over 40 opponents as opposed to one, a perfect season is almost impossible.
Auto racing
In Formula One, prior to 1991, a driver could only count a certain number of their best results towards the championship, meaning it was possible to score 100 percent of the maximum championship points without winning every race in the season. This was accomplished by Alberto Ascari in 1952 and twice by Jim Clark in 1963 and 1965, both of his championship seasons. The record for the highest percentage of wins in a season is held by Ascari for his 1952 effort in which he won 6 out of 8 (75.00%) races on the calendar..
In 1988, the McLaren team won 15 of the 16 Grands Prix held that year. The only race victory that eluded them was the Italian Grand Prix, where their driver Ayrton Senna was eliminated after a collision in the closing stages whilst leading the race.
Colin McRae won every round of the 1992 British Rally Championship, driving a Subaru Legacy for the Prodrive team.
In IndyCar, A. J. Foyt won 10 out of 13 races on his way to his 4th national championship in 1964. In NASCAR, Richard Petty holds most of the records for most wins in a season; he won 27 races out of 48 appearances in 1967, 10 of which were consecutive. Since the number of races in a season was reduced from upwards of 50 to approximately 30 in 1972, Petty also holds the "modern-era" record for most wins in a season with 13, a record he shares with Jeff Gordon.
Professional motorcycle racer Ricky Carmichael had perfect seasons in 2002 and 2004.
In 1997, road racer Tommy Kendall started the 13-race SCCA Trans-Am Series season 11–0, the longest documentable win streak in worldwide professional road racing. In the 12th race, Kendall was battling for the lead on the final lap, but spun out and finished second.
The feat would be extremely difficult in a series with a longer schedule, such as the NASCAR Cup Series which has 36 race seasons, Formula One which typically has between 17 and 23 race seasons, or the British Touring Car Championship which typically has 30 race seasons. However, in the 2013 British Formula Ford Championship season, a then support series to BTCC following its schedule, Dan Cammish won all of first 24 out of 30 races and then opted out of the remaining 6 with the championship already decided.
Cycling
Cross-country
In the 2017 season the Swiss mountain biker Nino Schurter won 6 out of 6 races and additionally at the World Championships he won the gold medal at the single and at the mixed race and the Cape Epic.
Downhill
In the 2016 season the British mountain biker Rachel Atherton won 7 out of 7 races and additionally at the World Championships she won the gold medal.
Golf
Golf instead considers the Grand Slam, a sweep of the four men's major golf championships deemed to be the most difficult contests in professional golf, to be analogous to perfection.
The only time the Grand Slam has been swept in any given year was 1930, when Bobby Jones won all four majors (at the time, The (British) Amateur Championship and U.S. Amateur were still considered majors); since 1934, when The Masters was added as a major, no player has won all four in one year.
Tiger Woods is the only professional golfer to win four consecutive professional majors; he did so over two years in 2000 and 2001. The record for most consecutive wins in professional golf is 11, set Byron Nelson in 1945; Nelson would win 18 tournaments overall that year, a year when wartime manpower shortages were still limiting the number and quality of professional golfers for Nelson to compete against.
Tennis
Tennis also uses the term Grand Slam for winning all four major tennis tournaments in a single year. This has only been achieved by 5 players: Don Budge, Rod Laver, Maureen Connolly, Margaret Court and Steffi Graf. Graf was the most recent to achieve the feat, in 1988.
3 other players have won four consecutive major tournaments in a row, but not in a single year: Novak Djokovic, Martina Navratilova and Serena Williams.
American collegiate sports
NAIA Football
In 1966 Waynesburg College went 11–0 after a 9–0 regular season record. In December 1966 Waynesburg defeated New Mexico Highlands in Albuquerque, New Mexico in the playoff game and defeated Whitewater Wisconsin in the NAIA Champion Bowl at Tulsa Oklahoma.
NCAA Football
Due to relatively short seasons through most of college football history, the list of undefeated Division I football teams includes dozens of teams. The highest level of college football, the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (introduced as Division I-A in 1978), did not use a playoff to determine a champion prior to the introduction of the four-team College Football Playoff (CFP) in 2014. The system replaced by the CFP relied on a combination of polls and computer rankings to choose two teams to play one title game in a system known as the Bowl Championship Series. Prior to 1992, no attempt was made to match up the top two teams in a championship game, further increasing the chances of multiple teams achieving a perfect season. The record for most wins in an undefeated FBS season is 15–0 accomplished in 2018 by Clemson, 2019 by LSU, and in 2022 by Georgia. Following that the record is 14–0, accomplished in 2002 by Ohio State, twice in 2009 by Boise State and Alabama, in 2010 by Auburn, and in 2013 by Florida State.
The University of Washington's FBS record 64-game unbeaten streak (including ties) included five straight perfect seasons from 1909 to 1913. The University of Oklahoma's FBS record 47 game winning streak included three straight perfect seasons from 1954 to 1956.
Many teams had undefeated seasons in which they never allowed another team to score a point against them. The 1901–02 Michigan Wolverines football team outscored its opponents 550–0.
NCAA Division I Basketball
Men
Before the establishment of the National Invitation Tournament in 1938 and the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament in 1939, perfect seasons were more common; each season consisted of fewer games and top teams from different parts of the country might never meet.
Eight teams have completed perfect seasons, including postseason tournament victories, since the tournament era began in 1938:
1939 LIU Blackbirds (24–0) — NIT champion, which at the time was more prestigious than the NCAA tournament
1956 San Francisco Dons (29–0) — NCAA champion
1957 North Carolina Tar Heels (32–0) — NCAA champion
1964 UCLA Bruins (30–0) — NCAA champion
1967 UCLA Bruins (30–0) — NCAA champion
1972 UCLA Bruins (30–0) — NCAA champion
1973 UCLA Bruins (30–0) — NCAA champion
1976 Indiana Hoosiers (32–0) — NCAA champion
In addition, four other teams in the tournament era had unbeaten records, but did not play in any postseason tournament:
1940 Seton Hall Pirates (19–0) — not invited to either the NCAA Tournament or NIT.
1944 Army Cadets (15–0) — not invited to either the NCAA Tournament or NIT. (Given that this season was during World War II, it is also possible that Army chose to turn down tournament invitations.)
1954 Kentucky Wildcats (25–0) — declined a bid to the NCAA Tournament due to an NCAA ruling that graduate students could not compete.
1973 NC State Wolfpack (27–0) — ineligible for postseason competition due to rule violations earlier that season.
The UCLA Bruins are the only team to have back-to-back perfect seasons (1971–1972, 1972–1973), and all four of the college's perfect seasons were under Hall of Fame head coach John Wooden. Additionally, under Wooden, UCLA had a record 88-game winning streak, from 1971–74.
The following teams completed a perfect regular season, but lost in the NCAA tournament or other postseason action:
1939 Loyola Ramblers (finished regular season 20–0 and lost in the NIT final to LIU to finish 21–1)
1941 Seton Hall Pirates (finished regular season 19–0; lost in the NIT semifinals to LIU and third-place game to CCNY to finish 20–2)
1951 Columbia Lions (finished 21–1 after losing in the first round)
1961 Ohio State Buckeyes (finished 27–1 after losing in the championship game to Cincinnati)
1968 Houston Cougars (finished regular season 28–0, then lost the semifinal and consolation games at the Final Four)
1968 St. Bonaventure Bonnies (finished regular season 22–0, lost in regional semifinals)
1971 Penn Quakers (finished the regular season 26–0, lost in the regional finals)
1971 Marquette Warriors (finished regular season 26–0, lost in regional semifinals)
1975 Indiana Hoosiers (finished regular season 29–0, but lost to Kentucky in the Mideast Regional final)
1976 Rutgers Scarlet Knights (finished regular season 28–0, won 3 more games in the NCAA tournament to go to 31–0, but lost in the Final Four to Michigan and in the consolation game to UCLA)
1979 Indiana State Sycamores (finished regular season 29–0, but lost in the championship game to Michigan State. Finished 33–1.)
1979 Alcorn State Braves finished the regular season with a perfect 27–0 record, but were not invited to the NCAA Tournament. The Braves lost in the second round of the National Invitation Tournament to Indiana.
1991 UNLV Runnin' Rebels (entered the tournament 30–0, lost in the Final Four to eventual champion Duke. Finished 34–1.)
2004 Saint Joseph's Hawks (finished the regular season 27–0, lost to Xavier in the quarterfinals of the 2004 Atlantic 10 men's basketball tournament. Finished 30–2 after losing to Oklahoma State in the NCAA East Regional final.)
2014 Wichita State Shockers (entered the tournament 34–0, lost to eventual runner-up Kentucky in the round of 32. Finished 35–1.)
2015 Kentucky Wildcats (entered the tournament 34–0, lost to Wisconsin in the Final Four. Finished 38–1.)
2021 Gonzaga Bulldogs (entered the tournament 26–0, but lost to Baylor in the championship game. Finished 31–1.)
Women
In the women's game, the following national championship teams have had perfect records since the AIAW began sponsoring a championship tournament in 1972 (which was followed by the NCAA tournament in 1982):
1973 Immaculata Mighty Macs (20–0)
1975 Delta State Lady Statesmen (28–0)
1981 Louisiana Tech Lady Techsters (34–0)
1986 Texas Longhorns (34–0)
1995 Connecticut Huskies (35–0)
1998 Tennessee Lady Vols (39–0)
2002 Connecticut Huskies (39–0)
2009 Connecticut Huskies (39–0)
2010 Connecticut Huskies (39–0)
2012 Baylor Lady Bears (40–0)
2014 Connecticut Huskies (40–0)
2016 Connecticut Huskies (38–0)
The following teams completed perfect regular seasons, but lost in the NCAA tournament or other postseason action:
The 1983 Oral Roberts Lady Titans (now nicknamed Golden Eagles) finished the regular season 24–0, but were not invited to the NCAA tournament. They played in the National Women's Invitational Tournament, losing to Memphis State (now known as Memphis) in the second round. After winning a consolation game against Weber State, they finished the season 26–1.
The 1990 Louisiana Tech Lady Techsters entered the NCAA Tournament at 28–0, but lost in the Final Four to Auburn to finish 32–1.
The Vermont Catamounts were unbeaten entering the NCAA Tournament in both 1992 (29–0) and 1993 (28–0). They lost in the first round to George Washington in 1992 and Rutgers in 1993.
The 1997 Connecticut Huskies entered the NCAA Tournament at 30–0, but lost in the final of the Midwest Regional to eventual national champion Tennessee, finishing 33–1.
The 1998 Liberty Lady Flames entered the NCAA Tournament 28–0, but were seeded #16 in the Mideast Region and matched against Tennessee, with the Lady Vols crushing the Lady Flames 102–58.
The 2003 Connecticut Huskies finished the regular season at 29–0, but lost to Villanova in the final of the Big East tournament, ending their then-record winning streak at 70 games. The Huskies went on to win the NCAA tournament, finishing 37–1.
The 2007 Duke Blue Devils finished the regular season at 29–0, but lost in the semifinals of the ACC tournament to North Carolina State. In the NCAA tournament, they lost in the semifinals of the Greensboro Regional to Rutgers to finish 32–2.
The 2010 Nebraska Cornhuskers finished the regular season at 29–0, but lost in the semifinals of the Big 12 Tournament to Texas A&M. In the NCAA tournament, they lost in the semifinals of the Kansas City Regional to Kentucky to finish 32–2.
The 2014 Notre Dame Fighting Irish entered the NCAA Tournament at 32–0 and lost in the championship game to Connecticut, finishing 37–1.
The 2015 Princeton Tigers entered the NCAA Tournament at 30–0 and lost in the second round to Maryland to finish 31–1.
The 2017 Connecticut Huskies entered the NCAA Tournament at 32–0 and lost in the national semifinals to Mississippi State to finish 36–1.
The 2018 Connecticut Huskies entered the NCAA Tournament at 32–0 but lost to Notre Dame to finish 36–1.
Notably, the 2015–16 season saw all three NCAA women's champions finish with unbeaten seasons. In Division II, Lubbock Christian went 34–0. In Division III, Thomas More went 33–0 for the second straight season.
NCAA Ice Hockey
Among schools in the top level of men's ice hockey, the 1969–70 Cornell Big Red went 29–0–0 in the University Division (the predecessor to today's Division I) en route to a national championship.
Since Cornell's 29–0–0 season in 1969–70, the closest Division I Men's Ice Hockey Team to having a perfect season was the 1992–93 Maine Black Bears, who finished that year at 42–1–2, including a national title game victory against Lake Superior State. Their only loss came on February 19, 1993, against Boston University, where they lost 7–6 in overtime, and their only ties were on October 24 against Providence, 3–3, and on January 15 against Clarkson, 4–4.
The last men's team to finish unbeaten and untied and be national champions was the 1983–84 Bemidji State Beavers (31–0–0), who were then competing in Division II, a level of competition that no longer conducts a championship.
The 1955–56 Clarkson Golden Knights were undefeated and untied (23–0–0), but skipped the NCAA tournament because as the team had seniors with four years of college play which was against NCAA tournament rules, although not regular season rules, at that time.
The 1967–68 Iona Gaels went 16–0–0 in their inaugural season as an independent in Division III, but did not participate in a national championship as none existed for Division III at that time.
The most recent unbeaten and untied season in NCAA ice hockey at the highest level was in 2012–13 when the Minnesota Golden Gophers became the first NCAA women's team ever to accomplish the feat (41–0–0).
ACHA Hockey
The 2007–08 University of Illinois Fighting Illini, a club team, are the only American Collegiate Hockey Association team to record a perfect season with a record of 38–0–0.
Canadian collegiate sports
U Sports Canadian Football
1975 University of Ottawa Gee Gees
In 1975 the number-one-ranked University of Ottawa Gee Gees had the first Canadian Interuniversity Sport (now U Sports) undefeated season. After completing their perfect regular season at 8–0, the Gees Gees won their first play-off defeating the number-two-ranked Toronto Varsity Blues 14–7. The Gees Gees then demolished the Windsor Lancers 45–6 to win the Yates Cup and the right to play for the national championship and the Vanier Cup. The undefeated season was completed on November 21, 1975, when the Gee Gees defeated the University of Calgary Dinos 14–9 at CNE Stadium in Toronto. That night the Gee Gees became the first undefeated team in CIS and Vanier Cup history. The 1975 Gees Gees roster had a big impact on the CFL. Gee Gee Players from the 1975 team played in the CFL for a cumulative total of 96 years and throughout their professional careers in the CFL accomplished: one Canadian Football Hall of Fame Inductee, one Grey Cup Canadian MVP, two Frank M. Gibson Trophies for Outstanding Rookie Eastern Division, two CFL Leo Dandurand Trophy Outstanding Lineman Eastern Division, twenty CFL and Divisional All-Star Selections, twenty-three Grey Cup Appearances and a total of twelve Grey Cup rings.
2003, 2005 Saskatchewan Huskies
In 2003 and 2005, the Saskatchewan Huskies completed perfect regular seasons. However, in both years they lost in the playoffs: in the Vanier Cup to the Laurier Golden Hawks in 2005, and in the Canada West semi-final to Alberta Golden Bears in 2003.
2007 Manitoba Bisons
A perfect season was attained in 2007 by the Manitoba Bisons, the football squad representing the University of Manitoba, located in Winnipeg. The Bisons were undefeated in Canada West Universities Athletic Association play during the 8-game schedule. In the playoffs, Manitoba comfortably handled the Calgary Dinos 27–5 in the opening round. The Bisons followed up with a 48–5 defeat of the Regina Rams in the Hardy Trophy and a strong 52–20 showing against the perennial contenders from the University of Western Ontario, the Western Ontario Mustangs, in the Mitchell Bowl. On Friday, November 23, 2007, two days before the 95th Grey Cup game in Toronto, the Bisons defeated the Saint Mary's University squad, known as the Saint Mary's Huskies, 28–14 to claim their first Vanier Cup championship since 1970, and third overall title. That victory capped their perfect 12 win season.
2010 Laval Rouge et Or
In 2010, the Laval Rouge et Or located in Quebec City, had a perfect season of 13–0. They were undefeated with an 8–0 record in the QUFL. During the playoffs, they beat the Bishop's Gaiters 56–1 in the opening round. The Rouge et Or won the QUFL championship and the Dunsmore Cup by a close win of 22–17 against the Sherbrooke Vert et Or. They followed with a win of 13–11 against the Western Ontario Mustangs in the Uteck Bowl. Finally, on Saturday, November 27, 2010, in their home stadium in Quebec City, they won the Vanier Cup 29–2 against the Calgary Dinos, capping a 13–0 season.
U Sports Hockey
Men
The 1972–73 University of Toronto Varsity Blues (22–0–0) are the only men's hockey team in U Sports to win a national championship with no losses and no ties in the regular season and post season. The Varsity Blues won all 17 regular season games to place first in the Ontario University Athletics Association's East Division. In sudden death OUAA playoff action, the U of T defeated the University of Waterloo 13–2 and the University of Western Ontario 8–1. The University of Toronto downed the University of Alberta 5–2 and 5–3 in the University Cup semi final at Edmonton and shaded St. Mary's University 3–2 in the University Cup final at Toronto.
CCAA Hockey
Men
The 1975–76 St. Clair College Saints (26–0–0) of Windsor, Ontario were the first of two Canadian Colleges Athletic Association men's hockey teams to go unbeaten and untied in the regular season and post season en route to a national title. After winning all 20 regular season games to finish atop the Ontario Colleges Athletic Association's Western Division, St. Clair outscored Fanshawe 5–2 and 6–3 to win the division playoff series and advance to the conference championships where they topped Algonquin 8–2 and Humber 11–2. At the CCAA Hockey National Championships in Camrose, Alberta, St. Clair downed Cape Breton 10–4 in the semi final and Selkirk 11–2 in the final.
The 1984–85 Northern Alberta Institute of Technology (NAIT) Ooks (33–0–0) of Edmonton won all 25 of their regular season games in the Alberta Colleges Athletic Conference prior to sweeping the Camrose Lutheran College Vikings in a best-of-three conference semifinal series and the Red Deer College Kings in a best-of-five conference final series. At the CCAA Hockey National Championships in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, NAIT outscored the Cariboo College Chiefs 8–2, the Seneca College Braves 5–2 and the Victoriaville College Vulkins 9–2 to hoist the CCAA Championship Bowl.
See also
Winless season, the opposite of a perfect season, where a team either fails to win any game or loses every game
The Invincibles (football), name given to some teams who finish unbeaten
Winning streak
Notes
References
National Football League lists
Sports terminology
Terminology used in multiple sports
Association football terminology
Basketball terminology
Cricket terminology
Rugby league terminology
Rugby union terminology
Motorsport terminology
Superlatives in sports
National Football League records and achievements | wiki |
"Tonight I Wanna Be Your Man" is a song written by Rivers Rutherford and Troy Verges, and recorded by American country music artist Andy Griggs. It was released in January 2002 as the second single from the album Freedom. The song reached number 7 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.
Chart performance
"Tonight I Wanna Your Man" debuted at number 51 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Single & Tracks for the week of February 2, 2002.
Year-end charts
References
2002 singles
Andy Griggs songs
Songs written by Rivers Rutherford
Songs written by Troy Verges
Song recordings produced by David Malloy
RCA Records Nashville singles
2002 songs | wiki |
In Euclidean geometry, a parallelogram is a simple (non-self-intersecting) quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides. The opposite or facing sides of a parallelogram are of equal length and the opposite angles of a parallelogram are of equal measure. The congruence of opposite sides and opposite angles is a direct consequence of the Euclidean parallel postulate and neither condition can be proven without appealing to the Euclidean parallel postulate or one of its equivalent formulations.
By comparison, a quadrilateral with just one pair of parallel sides is a trapezoid in American English or a trapezium in British English.
The three-dimensional counterpart of a parallelogram is a parallelepiped.
The etymology (in Greek παραλληλ-όγραμμον, parallēl-ógrammon, a shape "of parallel lines") reflects the definition.
Special cases
Rectangle – A parallelogram with four angles of equal size (right angles).
Rhombus – A parallelogram with four sides of equal length. Any parallelogram that is neither a rectangle nor a rhombus was traditionally called a rhomboid but this term is not used in modern mathematics.
Square – A parallelogram with four sides of equal length and angles of equal size (right angles).
Characterizations
A simple (non-self-intersecting) quadrilateral is a parallelogram if and only if any one of the following statements is true:
Two pairs of opposite sides are parallel (by definition).
Two pairs of opposite sides are equal in length.
Two pairs of opposite angles are equal in measure.
The diagonals bisect each other.
One pair of opposite sides is parallel and equal in length.
Adjacent angles are supplementary.
Each diagonal divides the quadrilateral into two congruent triangles.
The sum of the squares of the sides equals the sum of the squares of the diagonals. (This is the parallelogram law.)
It has rotational symmetry of order 2.
The sum of the distances from any interior point to the sides is independent of the location of the point. (This is an extension of Viviani's theorem.)
There is a point X in the plane of the quadrilateral with the property that every straight line through X divides the quadrilateral into two regions of equal area.
Thus all parallelograms have all the properties listed above, and conversely, if just one of these statements is true in a simple quadrilateral, then it is a parallelogram.
Other properties
Opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel (by definition) and so will never intersect.
The area of a parallelogram is twice the area of a triangle created by one of its diagonals.
The area of a parallelogram is also equal to the magnitude of the vector cross product of two adjacent sides.
Any line through the midpoint of a parallelogram bisects the area.
Any non-degenerate affine transformation takes a parallelogram to another parallelogram.
A parallelogram has rotational symmetry of order 2 (through 180°) (or order 4 if a square). If it also has exactly two lines of reflectional symmetry then it must be a rhombus or an oblong (a non-square rectangle). If it has four lines of reflectional symmetry, it is a square.
The perimeter of a parallelogram is 2(a + b) where a and b are the lengths of adjacent sides.
Unlike any other convex polygon, a parallelogram cannot be inscribed in any triangle with less than twice its area.
The centers of four squares all constructed either internally or externally on the sides of a parallelogram are the vertices of a square.
If two lines parallel to sides of a parallelogram are constructed concurrent to a diagonal, then the parallelograms formed on opposite sides of that diagonal are equal in area.
The diagonals of a parallelogram divide it into four triangles of equal area.
Area formula
All of the area formulas for general convex quadrilaterals apply to parallelograms. Further formulas are specific to parallelograms:
A parallelogram with base b and height h can be divided into a trapezoid and a right triangle, and rearranged into a rectangle, as shown in the figure to the left. This means that the area of a parallelogram is the same as that of a rectangle with the same base and height:
The base × height area formula can also be derived using the figure to the right. The area K of the parallelogram to the right (the blue area) is the total area of the rectangle less the area of the two orange triangles. The area of the rectangle is
and the area of a single triangle is
Therefore, the area of the parallelogram is
Another area formula, for two sides B and C and angle θ, is
The area of a parallelogram with sides B and C (B ≠ C) and angle at the intersection of the diagonals is given by
When the parallelogram is specified from the lengths B and C of two adjacent sides together with the length D1 of either diagonal, then the area can be found from Heron's formula. Specifically it is
where and the leading factor 2 comes from the fact that the chosen diagonal divides the parallelogram into two congruent triangles.
Area in terms of Cartesian coordinates of vertices
Let vectors and let denote the matrix with elements of a and b. Then the area of the parallelogram generated by a and b is equal to .
Let vectors and let . Then the area of the parallelogram generated by a and b is equal to .
Let points . Then the area of the parallelogram with vertices at a, b and c is equivalent to the absolute value of the determinant of a matrix built using a, b and c as rows with the last column padded using ones as follows:
Proof that diagonals bisect each other
To prove that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other, we will use congruent triangles:
(alternate interior angles are equal in measure)
(alternate interior angles are equal in measure).
(since these are angles that a transversal makes with parallel lines AB and DC).
Also, side AB is equal in length to side DC, since opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal in length.
Therefore, triangles ABE and CDE are congruent (ASA postulate, two corresponding angles and the included side).
Therefore,
Since the diagonals AC and BD divide each other into segments of equal length, the diagonals bisect each other.
Separately, since the diagonals AC and BD bisect each other at point E, point E is the midpoint of each diagonal.
Lattice of parallelograms
Parallelograms can tile the plane by translation. If edges are equal, or angles are right, the symmetry of the lattice is higher. These represent the four Bravais lattices in 2 dimensions.
Parallelograms arising from other figures
Automedian triangle
An automedian triangle is one whose medians are in the same proportions as its sides (though in a different order). If ABC is an automedian triangle in which vertex A stands opposite the side a, G is the centroid (where the three medians of ABC intersect), and AL is one of the extended medians of ABC with L lying on the circumcircle of ABC, then BGCL is a parallelogram.
Varignon parallelogram
The midpoints of the sides of an arbitrary quadrilateral are the vertices of a parallelogram, called its Varignon parallelogram. If the quadrilateral is convex or concave (that is, not self-intersecting), then the area of the Varignon parallelogram is half the area of the quadrilateral.
Tangent parallelogram of an ellipse
For an ellipse, two diameters are said to be conjugate if and only if the tangent line to the ellipse at an endpoint of one diameter is parallel to the other diameter. Each pair of conjugate diameters of an ellipse has a corresponding tangent parallelogram, sometimes called a bounding parallelogram, formed by the tangent lines to the ellipse at the four endpoints of the conjugate diameters. All tangent parallelograms for a given ellipse have the same area.
It is possible to reconstruct an ellipse from any pair of conjugate diameters, or from any tangent parallelogram.
Faces of a parallelepiped
A parallelepiped is a three-dimensional figure whose six faces are parallelograms.
See also
Fundamental parallelogram (disambiguation)
Antiparallelogram
Levi-Civita parallelogramoid
References
External links
Parallelogram and Rhombus - Animated course (Construction, Circumference, Area)
Interactive Parallelogram --sides, angles and slope
Area of Parallelogram at cut-the-knot
Equilateral Triangles On Sides of a Parallelogram at cut-the-knot
Definition and properties of a parallelogram with animated applet
Interactive applet showing parallelogram area calculation interactive applet
Types of quadrilaterals
Elementary shapes | wiki |
Dream Eater may refer to:
Dream Eater, a race of beings in the Universe of Kingdom Hearts
Dream Eater, a forthcoming EP by Y2K and bbno$
Dream Eater, a song by For the Fallen Dreams on their 2014 album Heavy Hearts
See also
Dream Eater Merry, a Japanese manga series | wiki |
Washington Township is a township in Northampton County, Pennsylvania. The population of Washington Township was 5,122 at the 2010 census. Washington Township is part of the Lehigh Valley metropolitan area, which had a population of 861,899 and was the 68th most populous metropolitan area in the U.S. as of the 2020 census.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which all is land except for of water surface, or 0.11% of the township's total area. It is in the Delaware River watershed and is drained by Martins Creek, except for a small area in the southeast drained by Oughoughton Creek. Its northwest corner is located on Blue Mountain. Its villages include Ackermanville, Factoryville, Flicksville, and Richmond.
Neighboring municipalities
Plainfield Township (west)
Lower Mount Bethel Township (southeast)
Upper Mount Bethel Township (east and northeast)
East Bangor (east)
Hamilton Township, Monroe County (north)
Washington Township surrounds the borough cluster of Bangor and Roseto.
Transportation
As of 2020, there were of public roads in Washington Township, of which were maintained by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) and were maintained by the township.
Numbered highways which serve Washington Township include Pennsylvania Route 191, Pennsylvania Route 512 and Pennsylvania Route 611. PA 611 follows a north-south alignment across the eastern corner of the township. PA 512 follows an east-west alignment across the northwestern portion of the township. PA 191 follows a north-south alignment across the northern and western portions of the township.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,152 people, 1,601 households, and 1,179 families residing in the township. The population density was 229.9 people per square mile (88.8/km2). There were 1,670 housing units at an average density of 92.5/sq mi (35.7/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 99.16% White, 0.05% African American, 0.07% Native American, 0.10% Asian, 0.31% from other races, and 0.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.67% of the population.
There were 1,601 households, out of which 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.8% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.3% were non-families. 22.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.96.
In the township, the population was spread out, with 22.4% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 19.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.8 males. The median income for a household in the township was $48,728, and the median income for a family was $54,601. Males had a median income of $37,213 versus $27,553 for females. The per capita income for the township was $22,219. About 3.3% of families and 5.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.1% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.
Public education
The township is served by the Bangor Area School District. Students in grades nine through 12 attend Bangor Area High School in Bangor.
References
1730 establishments in Pennsylvania
Populated places established in 1730
Townships in Northampton County, Pennsylvania
Townships in Pennsylvania | wiki |
Shark finning is the act of removing fins from sharks and discarding the rest of the shark back into the ocean. This act is prohibited in many countries. The sharks are often still alive when discarded, but without their fins. Unable to swim effectively, they sink to the bottom of the ocean and die of suffocation or are eaten by other predators. Shark finning at sea enables fishing vessels to increase profitability and increase the number of sharks harvested, as they must only store and transport the fins, by far the most profitable part of the shark; the shark meat is bulky to transport. Many countries have banned this practice and require the whole shark to be brought back to port before removing the fins.
Shark finning increased since 1997 largely due to the increasing demand for shark fins for shark fin soup and traditional cures, particularly in China and its territories, as a consequence of its economic growth, and as a result of improved fishing technology and market economics. Shark fin soup substitutes have lately also appeared on the market which do not require any shark fins.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature's Shark Specialist Group say that shark finning is widespread, and that "the rapidly expanding and largely unregulated shark fin trade represents one of the most serious threats to shark populations worldwide". Estimates of the global value of the shark fin trade range from US$540 million to US$1.2 billion (2007). Shark fins are among the most expensive seafood products, commonly retailing at US$400 per kg. In the United States, where finning is prohibited, some buyers regard the whale shark and the basking shark as trophy species, and pay $10,000 to $20,000 for a fin.
The regulated global catch of sharks reported to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has been stable in recent years at an annual average just over 500,000 tonnes. Additional unregulated and unreported catches are thought to be common.
Shark finning has caused catastrophic harm to the marine ecosystem. Roughly 73-100 million sharks are killed each year by finning. A variety of shark species are threatened by shark finning, including the critically endangered scalloped hammerhead shark.
Process
Nearly every fin of a shark is targeted for harvest, as highlighted in the diagram. The primary and secondary dorsal fins are removed from the top of the shark, plus its pectoral fins, and, in a single cutting motion, the pelvic fin, anal fin, and bottom portion of its caudal fin, or tail.
Because the rest of the shark has little value relative to that of its fins, sharks are sometimes finned while fishing vessels are still at sea, and the finless and often still-living shark is thrown back into the sea to free space aboard the vessel. In legal contexts the use of the term "shark finning" can refer specifically to this practice of removing the fins from live sharks and discarding the carcass while still at sea. For these legal purposes the removal of fins on land during catch processing is not necessarily considered to be shark finning.
Shark species that are most commonly finned are:
Blacktip (Carcharhinus limbatus)
Blue (Prionace glauca) (a species of requiem shark)
Bull (Carcharhinus leucas) (a species of requiem shark)
Hammerhead (family Sphyrnidae)
Oceanic whitetip (Carcharhinus longimanus) (a species of requiem shark)
Porbeagle (Lamna nasus) (a species of mackerel shark)
Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) (a species of mackerel shark)
Sandbar (Carcharhinus plumbeus) (a species of requiem shark)
Silky (Carcharhinus falciformis) (a species of requiem shark)
Spinner (Carcharhinus brevipinna (a species of requiem shark)
Thresher (family Alopiidae)
Tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier) (a species of requiem shark)
Great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) (a species of mackerel shark)
Impacts
On individual sharks
When sharks have been finned, they are likely to die from lack of oxygen because they are not able to move to filter the water through their gills, or are eaten by other fish that have found them defenseless at the bottom of the ocean. Studies suggest that 73 million sharks are finned each year, and scientists have noted that the numbers may be closer to the 100 million mark. The majority of shark species exhibit slow growth rates and low reproductive rates, and the rate of reproduction cannot keep pace with the current mortality rate.
On shark populations
Some studies suggest 26 to 73 million sharks are harvested annually for fins. The annual median for the period from 1996 to 2000 was 38 million, which is nearly four times the number recorded by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, but considerably lower than the estimates of many conservationists. It has been reported that the global shark catch in 2012 was 100 million.
Sharks have a K-selection life history, which means that they tend to grow slowly, reach maturity at a larger size and a later age, and have low reproductive rates. These traits make them especially vulnerable to overfishing methods, such as shark finning. Recent studies suggest changes in abundance of apex predators may have cascading impacts on a variety of ecological processes.
Numbers of some shark species have dropped as much as 80% over the last 50 years.
Some organizations claim that shark fishing or bycatch (the unintentional capture of species by other fisheries) is the reason for the decline in some species' populations, and that the market for fins has very little impact – bycatch accounts for an estimated 50% of all sharks taken. Others suggest that the market for shark fin soup is the main reason for the decline.
On other populations
Sharks are apex predators and have extensive implications for marine systems and processes, particularly coral reefs. A report by WildAid on global threats to sharks further explains the importance of these animals.
Fins from the critically endangered sawfish (Pristidae) "are highly favored in Asian markets and are some of the most valuable shark fins". Sawfishes are now protected under the highest protection level of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), Appendix I.
Live Science said the following:
"The overfishing of sharks [has] serious effects for the entire marine food chain in some ecosystems. [...] [A] study found that removing sharks from a reef environment in the Caribbean had a trickling effect on other species. Without sharks, carnivorous fish that the sharks usually fed on thrived. The carnivorous fish, in turn, preyed on parrotfish that kept the corals clean. In time, the reefs changed from one dominated by coral to one overrun by algae."
Vulnerability of sharks
On the IUCN Red List there are 39 species of elasmobranches (sharks and rays) listed as threatened species (Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable). Sharks are an important part of the ocean ecosystem and are "an indicator for ocean health." Their role keeps the environment healthy because "they usually go after the sick, weak and slower fish populations." Due to shark overfishing in many areas in the world sharks are going missing or endangered.
In 2013, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) listed the vulnerability of sharks.
Appendix I, which lists animals that are threatened with extinction, lists
Requiem sharks (i.e. Tiger Sharks, Bull Sharks, etc.)
Hammerhead sharks
Thresher sharks
Basking sharks
Mackerel sharks
Eagle and mobulid rays
Freshwater stingrays
Whale sharks
Sawfishes
Appendix II, which lists animals that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled, lists
Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus)
Great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias)
Whale shark (Rhincodon typus)
A further five species are listed as of 2014 –
Scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini)
Great hammerhead shark (Sphyrna mokarran)
Smooth hammerhead (Sphyrna zygaena)
Porbeagle (Lamna nasus)
Oceanic whitetip shark (Carcharhinus longimanus)
Opposition
The crew of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society conservation vessel RV Ocean warrior witnessed and photographed industrial-scale finning within Costa Rica's Cocos Island National Park protected marine area. The practice is featured in the documentary Sharks: Stewards of the Reef, which contains footage from Western Australia and Central America. This documentary also examines shark finning's cultural, financial, and ecological impacts. Underwater photographer Richard Merritt witnessed finning of living sharks in Indonesia where he saw immobile finless sharks lying on the sea bed still alive below the fishing boat. Finning has been witnessed and filmed within a protected marine area in the Raja Ampat islands of Indonesia.
Animal welfare and animal rights groups vigorously oppose finning on moral grounds, as the practice gives sharks a large wound, causes them to slowly die of starvation or drowning, and because finning is one cause for the rapid decline of global shark populations.
Shark finning is sometimes linked to organized crime, including Chinese organized crime syndicates in South Africa, Fiji, and Hawaii.
Opponents also raise questions on the medical harm from the consumption of high levels of toxic mercury reportedly found in shark fins. The Shark Research Institute, A multi-disciplinary nonprofit 501(c)(3) scientific research organization says, "The reason indulging in this dish can be so harmful is because of bioaccumulation. Toxins concentrate in animals when they move up the food chain. Since sharks are some of the largest and longest-living species in the ocean, they have a high position on the food chain, so they consume huge amounts of toxins that have accumulated in their prey."
A third of fins imported to Hong Kong come from Europe. Spain is by far the largest supplier, providing between 2,000 and 5,000 metric tons a year. Norway supplies 39 metric tonnes, but Britain, France, Portugal, and Italy are also major suppliers. Hong Kong handles at least 50%, and possibly up to 80%, of the world trade in shark fin, with the major suppliers being Europe, Taiwan, Indonesia, Singapore, United Arab Emirates, United States, Yemen, India, Japan, and Mexico.
According to Giam's article, "Sharks are caught in virtually all parts of the world.... Despite the strongly declared objectives of the Fisheries Commission in Brussels, there are very few restrictions on fishing for sharks in European waters. The meat of dogfishes, smoothhounds, cat sharks, skates and rays is in high demand by European consumers.... The situation in Canada and the United States is similar: the blue shark is sought after as a sport fish while the porbeagle, mako and spiny dogfish are part of the commercial fishery.... The truth is this: Sharks will continue to be caught and killed on a wide scale by the more organized and sophisticated fishing nations. Targeting shark's fin soup will not stop this accidental catch. The fins from these catches will be thrown away or turned into animal feed and fertilizers if shark's fin soup is shunned."`
The Australian naturalist Steve Irwin was known to walk out of Chinese restaurants if he saw shark fin soup on the menu. American chef Ken Hom sees the West doing little to protect stocks of cod and caviar-producing sturgeon despite the outcry over shark-finning, but he also stresses the wastefulness of harvesting only the fins.
In 2006, Canadian filmmaker and photographer Rob Stewart created a film, Sharkwater, which exposes the shark fin industry in detail.
In March 2011, the VOA Special English service of the Voice of America broadcast a 15-minute science program on shark finning.
In 2011, British celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay and his film crew visited Costa Rica to investigate illegal shark fin trading. After investigating the shark fins, Ramsay was held at gunpoint and doused in gasoline by gangsters for confronting them.
According to WildAid, opposition to shark finning in China has increased as a result of campaigns. In a 2008 survey in Beijing, 89% of respondents supported a ban on shark fin. A 2010 poll on Sina Weibo again indicated strong support for a ban on shark fin sales, with 27,370 respondents in favour and only 440 against. In an August 2013 survey of respondents from four cities in China, 91% supported a government ban on the shark fin trade.
Reporting
According to Giam Choo Hoo – the longest serving member of The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Animals Committee, and a representative of the shark fin industry in Singapore – "The perception that it is common practice to kill sharks for only their fins – and to cut them off whilst the sharks are still alive – is wrong.... The vast majority of fins in the market are taken from sharks after their death."
Researchers dispute this claim by pointing to the data: using a statistical analysis of shark fin industry trade data, a 2006 study estimated that between 26 and 73 million sharks are harvested each year worldwide. That figure, when converted to shark biomass, was three to four times higher than the catch recorded in Food and Agriculture Organization capture production statistics, the only global database of shark catches. According to the researchers, this discrepancy "may be attributable to factors... such as unrecorded shark landings, shark biomass recorded in [non-specific] categories, and/or a high frequency of shark finning and carcass disposal at sea." The marine conservationist, Meliane, says "Moreover, landing sharks and rays with fins attached will facilitate species identification, promote standardized data collection and reporting of official catch statistics, and eliminate potential enforcement loopholes." Because remains are not always correctly identified, reports and statistics from scientists are not always reliable. Simply put, they say that the industry is either under-reporting the sharks taken annually, or is frequently engaging in the practice of finning.
According to Shark Stewards, a non profit, environmentalist project, "Most shark fins go to Hong Kong for processing, and re-exported to China and other countries like the US. Fins traded as a dried product do not have any documentation of where that shark was captured, the species or if it was legally harvested or finned on the high seas." As a result, many consumers do not know where the fin came from, or if it was caught legally or illegally.
International restrictions
In 2013, 27 countries and the European Union had banned shark finning; international waters are unregulated. International fishing authorities are considering banning shark fishing (and finning) in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Finning is banned in the Eastern Pacific, but shark fishing and finning continues unabated in most of the Pacific and Indian Ocean. In countries such as Thailand and Singapore, public awareness advertisements on finning have reportedly reduced consumption by 25%.
There are four main categories of restrictions, as follows:
A shark sanctuary is an area where shark fishing is entirely prohibited, this includes commercial fishing of all sharks, by-catching, the possession, trade, and sale of sharks & shark products. Although these acts against sharks are prohibited within these boundaries, nothing is really keeping the sharks within those boundaries, they can easily, unknowingly swim outside of the protected area and be fished, finned, or killed. As of March 2018, there are 17 shark sanctuaries in the world according to the article, "Shark Sanctuaries Around the World".
Maldives - 353,742 sq. mi. (Established in 2010)
Palau - 233,317 sq. mi. (Established in 2009)
Federated States of Micronesia - 1,155,448 sq. mi. (Established in 2015)
Marshall Islands - 769,205 sq. mi. (Established in 2015)
Samoa - 49,421 sq. mi. (Established in 2018)
New Caledonia - 480,697 sq. mi. (Established in 2013)
Cook Islands - 756,812 sq. mi. (Established in 2012)
French Polynesia - 1.840,642 sq. mi. (Established in 2012)
Honduras - 92,757 sq. mi. (Established in 2011)
The Bahamas - 242.971 sq. mi. (Established in 2011)
Dominican Republic - 104,050 sq. mi. (Established in 2017)
Cayman Islands - 45,998 sq. mi. (Established in 2015)
Bonaire - 3,747 sq. mi. (Established in 2015)
British Virgin Islands - 30,933 sq. mi. (Established in 2014)
St. Maarten - 193 sq. mi. (Established in 2016)
Saba - 3,102 sq. mi. (Established in 2015)
Areas where sharks must be landed with fins attached;
Areas where fin to body mass ratio-based regulations have been implemented;
Areas where shark product trade regulations exist.
European Union
Shark finning was prohibited in the EU in 2003 (Regulation (EC) No 1185/2003).
In November 2011, the EC approved a rule that would require all EU-registered fishing boats to land only sharks which have retained all their fins. Because the legislation allowed fins to be removed on the boat and other body parts to be landed at different ports, the ban proved difficult to enforce. The EU Parliament's fisheries committee supported the EC's proposal to ban the separate landing of shark bodies and fins; however, the committee approved an amendment which allows fins to be removed on board a vessel.
On 19 March 2012, the Council of the EU adopted a general approach supporting the commission's proposal to close the loopholes in the EU shark finning legislation by ensuring that all sharks were landed with their fins naturally attached without exception. It is believed that Spain and Portugal were the only EU Member States to raise objections to the commission's proposal.
On 6 June 2013, the Council of the EU completed the final step to close loopholes in the EU shark finning ban. By adopting a 'fins naturally attached' (FNA) policy without exception, the EU has now effectively ended the practice of shark finning by EU vessels.
National and district restrictions
Australia
Live shark finning, the practice of cutting the fins from live sharks and dumping the body, is illegal in all jurisdictions in Australia. Australia still participates in the shark fin trade. 'Fins Naturally Attached' (FNA) is the policy employed to reduce and regulate live shark finning in Australia fisheries. But not all states in Australia have adopted this policy. In Queensland and Western Australia, there is no 'fins naturally attached' policy, meaning that illegal live finning and dumping of sharks could still be occurring. Recently, the NT (Northern Territory) Government implemented reforms to its shark fishery that impose stricter regulation by enforcing a 'Fins Naturally Attached' policy, in line with international and national best practise. FNA means that sharks must be brought back to land with the fins attached to the shark body, which has been shown to greatly reduce illegal targeting, dumping of unwanted sharks at sea, and prevent live shark finning.
Shark finning is not allowed in any tuna or billfish longline fishery, or in any Commonwealth fishery taking sharks. Fins must be landed attached, and additional regulations apply in some states or territories. In New South Wales, sharks taken, or any relevant portion of a shark taken, may not be on board any vessel at any time (including after landing) without fins naturally attached.
Imported products
In Australia, the export and import of wildlife and wildlife products is regulated under Part 13A of the federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), which is administered by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Regulation applies equally to individuals, commercial organisations and not-for-profit organisations. CITES Appendix II shark specimens cannot be legally imported into Australia for personal or commercial purposes unless:
The specimen is accompanied by a valid Australian CITES import permit (Australian import permits can be granted only if an overseas CITES export permit has been granted); or
The specimen is accompanied by a valid certificate issued by the overseas CITES management authority confirming that the specimen was obtained before the species was listed on CITES (pre-CITES certificate); or
The specimen is accompanied by an overseas CITES export permit or equivalent, is part of personal accompanied baggage and is intended for personal use and not for trade or sale.
No permits are required for the import of specimens obtained from shark species other than those listed above. To avoid seizure, all products must be clearly labeled or have documentation certifying the species of origin.
Canada
Shark finning has been illegal in Canada since 1994. As of 2019, Canada passed a law that bans the import and export of shark fins, being the first country to impose a national ban.
In late 2011, the city of Brantford, Ontario became the first city in Canada to pass new bylaws to ban the possession, sale, or consumption of shark fin products. In that medium-sized city in which no restaurants which serve shark fin exist, there was no opposition to the ban, which was largely symbolic. Nevertheless, a handful of cities soon followed, including Toronto, Calgary, Mississauga, and several others in Southern Ontario:
Brantford, Ontario 11 to 0 vote
Oakville, Ontario 7 to 0 vote
Mississauga, Ontario 11 to 0 vote (later repealed by Council on 8 May 2013)
Toronto 38 to 4 vote (later overturned by court on 30 November 2012)
Newmarket, Ontario 8 to 1 vote
Calgary 13 to 2 vote
Markham and Richmond Hill opted not to bring forth the motion, suggesting that this issue is a federal matter. Chinese restaurants and businesses selling shark fin opposed the ban, and in late 2011, suggested that they will challenge the by-laws before the courts once fines are imposed. When Toronto imposed steep fines, they did just that.
In late 2012, the Ontario Superior Court overturned Toronto's shark fin ban, ruling that the law as written was outside the powers of the city to impose without a "legitimate local purpose," and was therefore of "no force and effect." The judge accepted that the practice of shark finning was inhumane, but he did not agree with Toronto's justification of local purpose —– namely, that the consumption of shark fins may have an "adverse impact" on the health and safety of its residents and on the environmental well-being of the city. Toronto has served legal notice that it plans to appeal the court ruling.
On 1 December 2012, Ontario Superior Court Judge James Spence ruled that Toronto's ban was not valid. Members of Toronto's Chinese business community had also challenged that ban. Judge Spence said that the city does not have the power to enforce the ban. In September 2012, Toronto's mayor Rob Ford believed that the ban was not the city's responsibility, and so he did not support it at that time.
On 27 March 2013 a private members bill to ban shark fin imports into Canada failed in the House of Commons. Shark finning was already illegal in Canadian waters, but there was no law to stop importing into Canada. It was restarted by Conservative Senate member Michael L. MacDonald in Bill S-238 which was passed by the Senate on 23 October 2018. That bill will now go to the House of Commons for further debate.
Calgary's City Council decided to wait until December 2013 to recommended leaning away from a total ban and look for ethical sources of shark products. Alderman John Mar said there would be more time to discuss, engage, and look for other options. The new wording in the bylaw was meant to ban the sale, distribution, and trade of shark fins, but not ban the possession and consumption. Canada's city of Vancouver's Councillor Kerry Jang said at Calgary's council meeting that it was not a "cultural thing," and that even China and the Chinese government decided to phase out all shark fins from state banquets. He also mentioned that the wordings of the bylaws in Calgary and Toronto, which face legal problems with municipal jurisdiction, are trying to ban possession and consumption, but that is hard to enforce and regulate.
On 27 May 2013, against the wishes of the Shark Fin Free Calgary organization, Calgary City Council overturned the ban. There were protests against the ban from Calgary's Chinese community, and Calgary's city task force recommended against the ban. According to the article in The Calgary Herald, Calgary's Mayor Naheed Nenshi never wanted a full ban, even though he had voted for the ban the previous year.
China
NBA All-Star Chinese basketball player Yao Ming pledged to stop eating shark fin soup at a news conference on 2 August 2006. American basketball player Tracy McGrady, a teammate of Yao's, reportedly stated that he was impressed by the soup when he tried it for the first time, but was criticized by the Hong Kong branch of the World Wide Fund for Nature for his remark.
Opinions suggest that government corruption and official banquets contribute to the consumption of shark fins. A ban on shark fin from government banquets was announced in July 2012 and went into effect in 2013.
Hong Kong
The World Wide Fund for Nature on 8 March 2018 reported, "The volume of shark fin imported into Hong Kong has declined from 10,210 tonnes in 2007 to 4,979 tonnes in 2017, a drop of over 50 per cent." Protesters have targeted various brands with anti-shark fin demonstrations. After being targeted in a May 2016 protest at Hong Kong International Airport, Cathay Pacific in June 2016 announced they would stop shipping shark fin.
Hong Kong Disneyland removed shark fin soup from its wedding banquet menu after international pressure from environmental groups, who threatened to boycott its parks worldwide despite the high demand for the delicacy. The Peninsula Hotel banned shark fin in 2012. In April 2018, Shark fin protesters gatecrashed the opening of Shake Shack at the IFC in Hong Kong. This was due to Shake Shack partnering with Maxim's Caterers being Shake Shack's Hong Kong licensee. Brand premises directly owned by Maxim's have been targeted in numerous protests. On 15 June 2018, protesters directly targeted Maxim's headquarters in a demonstration that also highlighted Maxim's being a regional licensee for Starbucks.
Taiwan
Taiwan banned shark finning in 2011. But, the legislation are mainly targeting fishing vessels, while resellers and restaurants are not properly regulated. It is reported that, at least until 2021, shark finning is pretty common at sea and hard to ban totally. Some medical stores even, allegedly, put fins from CITES-identified species at sale publicly .
In 2020, the Fisheries Agency deprecated the fin to body mass ratio-based regulations and enforce more restrictive regulations, requiring that fins are either naturally attached or tied to bodies, or (for small fishing boats only) fins and bodies are in the same bags or tagged with the same label. The Environment Justice Foundation comments that the new regulation would facilitate port inspections and law enforcement, helping reduce illegal sharking finning.
Malaysia
Malaysia was one of the top 10 importers and exporters of shark fins in the world between 2000 and 2009. The country caught 231,212 tonnes of sharks from 2002 to 2011, making it the eighth highest in the world and accounting for 2.9% of the global sharks caught during the same period.
In 2007, Malaysia's Natural Resources and Environment Ministry, Azmi Khalid, banned shark's fin soup from official functions committing to the Malaysian Nature Society (for conservation of shark species). In 2012, the Sabah Tourism, Culture and Environment Minister proposed an amendment to the Fisheries Act that would give force to set up a shark sanctuary zone in Semporna and other shark populated areas in Sabah. This ban was put on hold pending the Federal Government's decision on the issue. In 2015, Agriculture and Agro-based Industry Minister, Ahmad Shabery Cheek, said that the ban of shark finning is "unnecessary" as the finning industry does not exist in Malaysia. He went on further to say that "sharks are normally caught by accident when they enter the fishnets along with the other fishes."
New Zealand
The great white sharks have been given full protection in the territorial waters of New Zealand but shark finning is legal on other shark species if the shark is dead. The Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand are campaigning to raise awareness of shark finning and a number of foodies have fronted the campaign.
Since 1 October 2014, it's been illegal in New Zealand for a commercial fisher to remove the fins from any shark and discard the body at sea. There are specific requirements for certain species.
Palau
In 2009, the Republic of Palau created the world's first shark sanctuary. It is illegal to catch sharks within Palau's EEZ, which covers an area of . This is an area about the size of France. President Johnson Toribiong also called for a ban on global shark finning, stating: "These creatures are being slaughtered and are perhaps at the brink of extinction unless we take positive action to protect them."
Singapore
Leading Singapore-based supermarket chain, Cold Storage, has joined the World Wide Fund for Nature Singapore Sustainable seafood Group and agreed to stop selling all shark fin and shark products in its 42 outlets across the country. The supermarket is a subsidiary of Dairy Farm, a leading pan-Asian food retailer that operates more than 5,300 outlets and employs some 80,000 people in the Asia-Pacific region. It is the first supermarket in Singapore to implement a no shark fins policy.
The largest supermarket chain in Singapore, NTUC FairPrice and hypermarket Carrefour will also be banning all shark fin products from its outlets before April 2012.
United States
National
Bill Clinton signed the Shark Finning Prohibition Act of 2000 (SFPA), which banned finning on any fishing vessel within United States territorial waters and on all U.S.-flagged fishing vessels in international waters. Additionally, shark fins could not be imported into the United States without the associated carcass.
In 2002, in an apparent early success in stopping the shark fin trade, the United States intercepted and seized the King Diamond II, a U.S.-flagged, Hong Kong-based vessel bound for Guatemala. The vessel was carrying of baled shark fins – representing the fins of an estimated 30,000 sharks – making it the largest quantity of shark fins ever seized. This seizure was reversed in court six years later: in United States v. Approximately 64,695 Pounds of Shark Fins, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that the SFPA did not cover the seized fins in this case. Judge Stephen Reinhardt found that the King Diamond II did not meet the statute's definition of a fishing vessel, since it had merely bought the fins at sea and had not aided or assisted the vessels that had caught the sharks.
As a result, in January 2011, President Barack Obama signed the Shark Conservation Act into law to close the loopholes. Specifically, the new law prohibits any boat to carry shark fins without the corresponding number and weight of carcasses, and all sharks must be brought to port with their fins attached. This Act has created a new market for shark products. Because fisherman are carrying the full shark bodies to land by boat, they need to find something to do with the leftovers. So now they are not only selling shark fins, they sell the shark meat and shark oil. When this is sold, it creates a new demand. Now fisherman have another motivator to fish & hunt for sharks. According to Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper titled "State of the Global Market for Shark Products, "...a combination of demand growth and anti finning regulations intended to encourage the full utilization of carcasses has seen the market for shark meat expand considerably."
Additional legislation has been proposed to ban the sale of shark fins in the United States as well. Current national bans prohibit shark finning in US waters but do not ban the sale or purchase of shark fins that were harvested elsewhere. To combat this, the "Shark Fin Sales Elimination Act" was introduced in Congress. The bill was included in the National Defense Authorization Act which was signed into law in December 2022, and fully banned the shark fin trade in the United States.
The bill bans the selling, buying, and transport of shark fins across the US with a fine of up to $100,000 for each offense. Exceptions are allowed if the fin was taken lawfully by license or under other certain circumstances. There is also an exception to allow dogfish fins, although the bill has the Secretary of Commerce reviewing this exception by 2027 to recommend if it should continue or be terminated.
State
The Shark Fin Sales Elimination Act, passed in 2022, banned the shark fin trade throughout the United States but before it was passed several states passed their own measures to ban the shark fin trade with their boundaries. Before the national ban had passed 14 states and 3 territories passed their own versions of the bill.
In 2010, Hawaii became the first state to ban the possession, sale, and distribution of shark fins. The law became effective on 1 July 2011. Similar laws have been enacted in the states of Washington, Oregon, California, the territory of Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. California governor Jerry Brown cited the cruelty of finning and potential threats to the environment and commercial fishing in signing the bill. Opponents charged the ban was discriminatory against Chinese, the main consumers of shark fin soup, when federal laws already banned the practice of finning. Whole sharks would still be legally fished, but the fins could no longer be sold.
In 2012, legislators in the New York State Assembly, including Grace Meng, introduced a similar bill, which passed in 2013. New York was not the only Eastern state considering a ban, but passage there would be significant since its Chinese-American communities in Chinatown, Manhattan and Flushing make New York the major importer of shark fins in the East. Meng admitted that while she loved shark fin soup, "it's important to be responsible citizens." Younger Chinese Americans in New York did not consider it an important part of their culture. "It's only the elderly who want it: when their grandkids get married, they want the most expensive stuff, like an emperor," said one waiter at a Chinese restaurant. Many businesses that sold fins had stopped placing new orders, expecting a ban would be passed.
In April 2013, Maryland became the first state on the East Coast to enact a law against shark finning or the import of fins. Texas, Illinois, Delaware, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts have also enacted bans, totaling 11 states.
In June 2017 a bill was passed in Nevada that banned the sale or possession of body parts from sharks and several other endangered species, and outlawed shark fin soup which was becoming increasingly consumed in Nevada by visitors at casinos which made it a hub for the shark fin trade in the US.
In January 2020 New Jersey passed a bill banning shark fins becoming the 13th state to do so. Money generated from violations of the ban would be used to fund wildlife conservation in the state.
In 2020, Florida passed the "Kristin Jacobs Ocean Conservation Act" which banned the shark fin trade throughout the state.
Despite the state bans many restaurants are still selling shark fins due to a lack on enforcement. A list of restaurants in the United States selling shark fin soup is maintained by the Animal Welfare Institute. The national ban, that went into effect in 2022, may help to better enforce the code.
United Nations
In recent decades, high demands and numerous forces of economic globalization have come together to create a true global mart. There has been a combination of growth and anti-finning regulations that has led fishers to view sharks as commercial species. This has unintentionally caused commercial species to be targeted rather than targeting more valuable species like tuna and swordfish. The emergence of a new market for shark fins, with addition to stricter regulations, has created a greater incentive for the full utilization of the shark. Now, this is an important aspect to consider, as where anti-finning and environmental groups can be successful in terms of decreasing the consumption and the practice of shark finning.
See also
Chinese imperial cuisine
Declawing of crabs
Endangered sharks, many sharks are endangered as a consequence of the market for shark fins
Pain in fish
Shark culling
Shark fin trading in Costa Rica
Threatened sharks
References
Animal welfare
Cruelty to animals
Environmental impact of fishing | wiki |
Nas is a locality located in the municipality of Bellver de Cerdanya, in Province of Lleida province, Catalonia, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 32.
Geography
Nas is located 212km northeast of Lleida.
References
Populated places in the Province of Lleida | wiki |
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Season 1 (2004)
Season 2 (2005)
Season 3 (2006–2007)
Season 4 (2007)
Season 5 (2008)
Season 6 (2009)
Season 7 (2010)
Season 8 (2011)
Fictional characters
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Celebrities | wiki |
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Public trial
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Danny Jones (musicus), Engels musicus
Danny Jones (rugbyspeler), Welsh rugbyer | wiki |
Punk Goes Pop — друга збірка з серії Punk Goes..., видана на Fearless Records. Альбом складається з відомих поп пісень, які виконують переважно поп-панк гурти. Реліз збірки відбувся 3 квітня 2002 року.
Список пісень
Музичні альбоми 2002 | wiki |
A technical failure is an (unwanted) error of technology based systems.
Causality
Causalities include fatigue and attenuation distortions.
See also
Absolute probability judgement
Accident-proneness
Human reliability
Human–machine system
Latent human error
Order and disorder (physics)
Sociotechnical system
Why–because analysis
Security engineering
Error
Reliability engineering
Articles containing video clips | wiki |
Union League Club – club sociale di Chicago
Union League Club – club privato di New York | wiki |
The 2019 African Netball Championships was held in Cape Town from 18-23 October 2019. The tournament featured seven nations including hosts South Africa, defending champions Uganda along with Kenya, Malawi, Zambia, Lesotho and Zimbabwe in 2 pool categories. Tanzania pulled out of the tournament due to financial issues, just a day before the tournament opener against Zimbabwe. The tournament was originally supposed to have its scheduled opening match between defending champions Uganda and Zimbabwe but was called off due to the last minute withdrawal by Tanzania. The authorities later revealed that the match between hosts South Africa and Zimbabwe to be the opening match of the tournament while the tournament was later modified with round robin format.
South Africa defeated Zambia 72-53 to win the tournament with a perfect 100 percentage winning record.
Squads
Malawi and Uganda announced their preliminary squads in September 2019. Malawi revealed a list of 24 players in the squad and later cropped the list to 12 members. Malawi's national captain Joanna Kachilika and Thandie Galleta were rested for the tournament who were earlier named in the preliminary squad while Caroline Mtukule was appointed as stand in captain for Malawi. Uganda released a squad consisting of 22 players. In September 2019, just three weeks prior to the start of the tournament, Ugandan captain Peace Proscovia was ruled out of the tournament due to a knee injury which she sustained while playing at the Australian league. In October 2019, Dorette Badenhorst was appointed as the new head coach for South Africa following the exit of Norma Plummer.
Just a day prior to the tournament opener, Zimbabwean head coach Lloyd Makunde was sacked due to pay disputes.
Pool stage
References
2019 in netball
Netball competitions in Africa
Netball
2019 in South African women's sport
International netball competitions hosted by South Africa
October 2019 sports events in South Africa
Sports competitions in Cape Town | wiki |
Cardiac reserve refers to the difference between the rates at which the heart pumps blood - at any given time versus its maximum capacity. A measurement of the cardiac reserve may be a health indicator for some medical conditions. Cardiac reserve may be 4-5 times greater than a resting value for a healthy person.
Measurements
Cardiac reserve has been measured in different ways over the history of the test.
It is possible to make a non-invasive measurement of cardiac reserve.
Significance
A measure of cardiac reserve can help predict the likelihood of heart failure when indicated.
References
Cardiovascular physiology
Exercise physiology | wiki |
Max Embarrassing 2 () is a 2011 Danish comedy film directed by . It is a sequel to the 2008 film Max Embarrassing.
Cast
as Max (as Samuel Heller)
as Mor (as Mette Horn)
Lars Bom as Steen Cold
as Marianne
Anders Hove as Mogens
as Clavs
Faysal Mobahriz as Hassan
as Esther
Luca d'Apuzzo Poulsen as Oliver
Louise Mieritz as Ulla
References
External links
2011 films
2011 comedy films
2010s Danish-language films
Danish comedy films | wiki |
La de l'International Race of Champions, disputée en 2002, a été remportée par l'Américain Kevin Harvick. Tous les pilotes conduisaient des Pontiac Trans Am.
Courses de l'IROC XXVI
Classement des pilotes
Compétition automobile aux États-Unis
Sport aux États-Unis en 2002
Sport automobile en 2002 | wiki |
Net interest spread refers to the difference in borrowing and lending rates of financial institutions (such as banks) in nominal terms. It is considered analogous to the gross margin of non-financial companies.
Net interest spread is expressed as interest yield on earning assets (any asset, such as a loan, that generates interest income) minus interest rates paid on borrowed funds.
Net interest spread is similar to net interest margin; net interest spread expresses the nominal average difference between borrowing and lending rates, without compensating for the fact that the amount of earning assets and borrowed funds may be different.
Example
For example, a bank has average loans to customers of $100, and earns gross interest income of $6. The interest yield is 6/100 = 6%. A bank takes deposits from customers and pays 1% to those customers. The bank lends its customers money at 6%. The bank's net interest spread is 5%.
References
Successful Bank Asset/Liability Management: A Guide to the Future Beyond Gap, John W. Bitner, Robert A. Goddard, 1992, p. 185.
Net Interest Spread Software
There are several popular commercial net interest spread software packages to help banks manage and grow their net interest spread effectively. Among these are:
Margin Maximizer Suite - this software was originally developed by US Banking Alliance which was later purchased by ProfitStars - a Jack Henry Company. This software is coupled with an onsite consulting service. The software is installed onsite and is a Microsoft .Net-based application that must be installed on each lender's computer.
PrecisionLender (formerly MarginPro) - an entirely web-based solution, launched in October 2009. It was developed by the original team from US Banking Alliance. It is delivered through Software as a Service (SaaS).
Austin Associates LLC - another web based commercial loan pricing solution. Unlike PrecisionLender, it is a more traditional html web-forms-based application.
See also
Net interest margin
Net Interest Income
Financial ratios
Banking
Interest | wiki |
Carbon trioxide (CO3) is an unstable oxide of carbon (an oxocarbon). The possible isomers of carbon trioxide include ones with molecular symmetry point groups Cs, D3h, and C2v. The C2v state, consisting of a dioxirane, has been shown to be the ground state of the molecule. Carbon trioxide should not be confused with the stable carbonate ion ().
Carbon trioxide can be produced, for example, in the drift zone of a negative corona discharge by reactions between carbon dioxide (CO2) and the atomic oxygen (O) created from molecular oxygen by free electrons in the plasma. Another reported method is photolysis of ozone O3 dissolved in liquid CO2, or in CO2/SF6 mixtures at −45 °C, irradiated with light of 253.7 nm. The formation of CO3 is inferred but it appears to decay spontaneously by the route
2 CO3 → 2 CO2 + O2
with a lifetime much shorter than 1 minute. Carbon trioxide can be made by blowing ozone at dry ice (solid CO2), and it has also been detected in reactions between carbon monoxide (CO) and molecular oxygen (O2). Along with the ground state C2v isomer, the first spectroscopic detection of the D3h isomer was in electron-irradiated ices of carbon dioxide.
References
Further reading
Oxocarbons | wiki |
This is a list of years in South Korean television.
Twenty-first century
Twentieth century
See also
List of years in South Korea
Lists of South Korean films
List of years in television
Television
Television in South Korea by year
South Korean television | wiki |
This list of longest natural arches ranks the world's natural arches by the length of their span as defined and measured by the Natural Arch and Bridge Society (NABS).
As a disclaimer, the NABS states that the information in this list, and therefore the rankings, may change due to more accurate measurements in the future, changes in span length due to natural forces, and the discovery of previously undocumented arches.
Longest natural arches
All known natural arches with span lengths of or greater are included in the list. Sort by clicking on column headings, excepting only the Image and Notes columns.
References
Arches
Arches
Arches, natural | wiki |
Bernard Mainwaring (né en 1897 et mort le ) est un réalisateur britannique.
Biographie
Filmographie partielle
1934 : The Crimson Candle
1935 : The Public Life of Henry the Ninth
1938 : The Villiers Diamond
Liens externes
Réalisateur britannique
Naissance en 1897
Décès en juillet 1963 | wiki |
Analogy is a cognitive process of transferring information or meaning from a particular subject to another.
Analogy may also refer to:
Analogy (album), an album released in 1972 by the band Analogy
Analogy (band), a German and Italian rock band active in the 1970s
Analogy (biology), a similarity of trait or organ in two unrelated organisms
See also
Analog (disambiguation) | wiki |
I'll Get By may refer to:
"I'll Get By (As Long as I Have You)", a popular song with music by Fred E. Ahlert and lyrics by Roy Turk
"I'll Get By" (song), a 1991 song by Eddie Money
I'll Get By (film), a 1950 film starring June Haver, Gloria DeHaven and William Lundigan
I'll Get By, a 1990 record by Della Griffin | wiki |
SIP Express Router (SER) es un servidor SIP para telefonía IP.
Se distribuye como software libre bajo licencia GPL
Enlaces externos
Proyecto SER iptel.org
Proyecto OpenSER
Voz sobre IP
Software VoIP | wiki |
This article is a list of episodes from the television show Science Ninja Team Gatchaman in order by air date.
Episode list
References
Further reading
G-Force: Animated (TwoMorrows Publishing: )
External links
Lists of science fiction television series episodes
Gatchaman episodes | wiki |
In the decades since its creation, new varieties of the Slurpee drink have been available as tie-ins to films, video games, and other media. The following is a list of promotional tie-in flavors, along with the dates that they were available. This list does not include themes for Slurpee cups.
See also
List of frozen dessert brands | wiki |
Wikipedia administration | wiki |
ВРК — многозначный термин; может означать:
Владивостокский рыбокомбинат.
Военно-революционные комитеты.
См. также
ВРК-2 | wiki |
The United States federal budget for fiscal year 1992 ran from October 1, 1991, to September 30, 1992.
Revenue
Receipts by source: (in billions of dollars)
Outlays
The total outlays for fiscal year 1992 was 1.4 trillion dollars.
The budget deficit was $290.3 billion, 4.5% of GDP
References
1992
1992 in American politics
United States federal budget | wiki |
National Postcard Week is an annual event to promote the use of postcards, held in the first full week of May since 1984. Started in the US, it is also celebrated by deltiologists in other countries. Special commemorative postcards have been printed for Postcard week by various organizations, especially postcard clubs, since as early as 1985. As of January 2021, there is a savings of 18 cents to send a postcard versus a letter (40 cents versus 58 cents). During the Golden Age of postcards (early 20th century), the cost to send a postcard was half that of a letter (1 cent versus 2 cents). Pennies mattered at that time. For example, a loaf of bread might cost 5 cents circa 1915. In the age of text messages and social media, there are hints of a resurgence of interest in written communiques among younger people. There is a certain focus required to write a postcard, and that focus results in a beautiful display of care for the recipient. Vintage postcards brim with symbology and art history.
References
Postcards | wiki |
Chromosome 2q deletion is a chromosome abnormality that occurs when there is a missing copy of the genetic material located on the long arm (q) of chromosome 2. The severity of the condition and the signs and symptoms depend on the size and location of the deletion, and which genes are involved. Features that often occur in people with chromosome 2q deletion include developmental delay, intellectual disability, behavior problems, and distinctive facial features.
Most cases are not inherited, but people can pass the deletion on to their children. Treatment is based on the signs and symptoms present in each person.
See also
2q37 deletion syndrome
References
Genetics | wiki |
List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 2012: Guggenheim Fellowships have been awarded annually since 1925, by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation to those "who have demonstrated exceptional capacity for productive scholarship or exceptional creative ability in the arts."
References
2012
2012 awards
2012 art awards | wiki |
Operacija Proboj-1
Operacija Proboj-2 | wiki |
Horse sense may mean:
Common sense
Horse Sense, a 1999 film by the Disney Channel
The senses of the horse
Horse Sense (public information film), a United Kingdom public information film produced by the British Horse Society. | wiki |
Minority ownership of media outlets in the United States is the concept of having ownership of media outlets to reflect the demographic population of the area which the media serves. This is to help ensure that media addresses issues that are of concern to the needs and interests of the local population.
Background
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is charged by federal law to ensure that the people of the United States have access to "rapid, efficient, Nationwide, and worldwide wire and radio communication service with adequate facilities at reasonable prices" Their longstanding policy and mandate is to make sure that there is access to communications for all, and this access is not discriminatory, especially in relationship to one's race or gender. For many decades a pillar to the policies that the FCC followed was that of "competition, diversity, and localism" and this policy guided its decisions on "regulating media ownership" was first created by United States Congress through the Communications Act of 1934. Ever since its inception, one of the main goals of the Commission is to ensure that without discrimination, all people of the United States would have access to "rapid, efficient, Nationwide, and world-wide wire and radio communication service with adequate facilities"
The FCC also was required by law to monitor and distribute a limited resource, the spectrum available for broadcast via the airwaves, in such a way that is to the maximum benefit of the people of the United States. From the very first section of the Act that institutionalized the FCC was the declaration that these services would not be withheld on the basis of "race, color, religion, national origin, or sex" To accomplish these goals, policies were crafted to ensure that consumers were able to have access to multiple voices, and that at least some of the precious resource of spectrum would be used for to give voice to educational, nonprofit, and diverse voice. Since the FCC controlled the regulation of information that was broadcast over the airwaves or traveled by wire, this eventually included granting licenses for television, radio, cable, and media outlets.
For many years licenses were granted freely, but rather arbitrarily to organizations who were able to demonstrate to the commissioners their ability to serve the public with the bandwidth they were granted. Also the FCC would give consideration to applicants by "broadcasting content, the limits placed on explicit program regulation by the U.S. Constitution,...the economic importance," and following the goals of the FCC.
The ownership of media outlets is often strongly tied to freedom of speech, advocates for minority rights say that only through ownership of an outlet can a group be assured of a voice in the media marketplace. The philosophical background to seeking to ensure that media ownership be treated as a public good is credited to James Madison. His concept was that it is essential to have avenues of free speech to assure political equality, particularly if there are economic inequalities involved. Since the 1940s the FCC had several rules in place that helped protect diversity in the media, these included that no company could own: more than one major TV network; more than one TV station in the same local media market (unless there were at least eight stations in that market); more than one AM station while at the same time owning more than one FM station in the same market; both a radio and TV station in the same market; or both a daily newspaper and a broadcast station in the same market. Even in the 1960s there was a growing concern over the ownership of media as an important tool for free speech. Law professor Jerome Barron wrote, "the modern world is witnessing at present a Political Revolution as searing and as consequential as the Industrial Revolution, a revolution which has concentrated coercive power and thought control in a few hands. Power...has shifted from those who control the "means of production" to "those who control the media of mass communication"" It has been a concern since the publication of the first black owned newspaper in 1827, that well-meaning groups were trying to represent the interest of minorities without, "becoming acquainted with the true state of things."
In recognition of this issue, in 1978 the FCC adapted a "Statement of Policy on Minority Ownership of Broadcast Facilities" This not only recognized the importance of minority ownership, but also provided tax incentives and special assessment when applying for licenses to media outlets. Also, a media owner who was in danger of losing their license could sell their outlet to another minority owned firm as long as it was approved by the FCC. This sale had to be at a reduced price, not more than 75% of its market value Even after years of having these policies in place, only 3.26% of all commercial broadcasting television stations are owned by minorities, and only 4.97% are owned by women.
Even the very definition of what constitutes a minority owned media outlet is highly debated. The issues of equity ownership and control are an important element in defining what is indeed a minority owned media outlet. Minority ownership includes outlets owned by women, African-Americans, Hispanic-Americans, Asian-Americans, or Native Americans. Ownership is often not easily defined as to raise capital for operating expenses or expansion firms that were started as minority owned often include substantial non-minority shareholders.
Legal Challenges to the FCC's Minority Ownership Policies: Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC
For many years the FCC's policies to give opportunities, and sometimes even preference, to new minority run stations in underserved areas went unchallenged. In 1983, two companies applied for the same television broadcasting license in the Orlando area. The broadcasting license was initially granted to Metro Broadcasting, Inc., but then the license was reviewed and given to another company, Rainbow Broadcasting because it was under 90% Hispanic-American ownership, therefore meeting the qualifications for being minority owned. This initial granting, and then revoking, the license caused a quick reaction. Metro Broadcasting sued the FCC and case, known as Metro Broadcasting v. FCC, eventually came to the Supreme Court. The charges were that the FCC policy of favoring minorities violated the equal protection clause. The Supreme Court ruled that, "The FCC policies do not violate equal protection, since they bear the imprimatur of longstanding congressional support and direction and are substantially related to the achievement of the important governmental objective of broadcast diversity Pp. 563-601". Therefore, the court found that the FCC policy did not violate equal protection because it was promoting a long held goal of not just the FCC but also Congress and the United States government in promoting broadcasting outlets that speak to all the people represented in a community. This ruling was also significant in that it confirmed the constitutionality of affirmative action policies that promoted diversity rather than simply redressing past discrimination.
Even though the Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC decision was seen by some observers as, " an important element in the schema of vital civil guarantees that must be maintained and even expanded," the ruling was effectively overturned by another suit, Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña, which stipulated that the federal government hold to "strict scrutiny" when reviewing claims against policies that are trying to further compelling interests of the government.
Congressional Support of Minority Ownership Policies: Minority Telecommunications Development Program
As part of the U.S. government's efforts to increase the opportunity for minority ownership of media outlets the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) has administered a program since the late 1970s known as the Minority Telecommunications Development Program (MTDP). Part of the responsibility of this program, which is run under the U.S. Department of Commerce, is to establish the definition of a minority owned commercial broadcasting unit, monitor the number of active licenses for minority ownership, and how to best facilitate ownership of media outlets.
Despite efforts of the FCC, the NTIA, and the MTDP, the proportion of broadcast outlets owned by minorities is still low compared to their portion of the population. "Since 1990 when MTDP began collecting data on minority commercial broadcast ownership in the United States, African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans have consistently been underrepresented among the Nation's commercial broadcast owners. Ranging from a low of 2.7 percent in 1991 to a high of 3.8 percent in 2000, minorities' ownership of commercial broadcast facilities has remained far below their estimated 29 percent representation in the U.S. population".
Even though the number of broadcasting licenses owned by minority-owned companies has grown, the overall percentage of ownership has actually declined. This is especially predominant in the television broadcasting industry, "Minority owners' share of the commercial television market decreased in 2000. The 23 full power commercial television stations owned by minorities in 2000 represented 1.9 percent of the country's 1,288 such licensed stations. This is the lowest level since MTDP began issuing reports in 1990."
FCC Policies Adapt to Market Forces: Changes in Media Ownership Policies
Over many years the traditional limitations on cross media ownership controlled by the FCC started to weaken. More media outlets grew in number and major companies, started to consolidate newspaper and television ownership. In the 1980s and early 1990s there was general pressure to reduce government regulation and increase market forces. There was also growing pressure to have the FCC use bandwidth and the licensing of radio, television and other devices as a source of revenue for the people of the United States. In 1993, the U.S. Congress authorized the FCC to grant licenses to auction bandwidth. The potential monetization of this limited resource by large corporations made it extremely valuable. To be able to compete for bandwidth brought even more pressure for large corporations to try to consolidate. It was obvious that both technology and market forces were changing rapidly. Subsequently, the U.S. Congress passed the Telecommunications Act of 1996. This required the FCC to review their ownership rules every four years.
FCC Major Policy Revisions: Telecommunications Act of 1996
The FCC issued sweeping changes through the Telecommunications Act of 1996. This included major changes to the guidelines that determined who would be eligible for ownership of media outlets. The restrictions of cross ownership were greatly relaxed, which made it even more difficult for minorities to financially compete with the growing conglomerates who were amassing media outlets. The FCC determined "that the existing rules were no longer in the public interest, repealed them, and replaced them with a single set of Cross-Media Limits using a methodological tool called the 'Diversity Index'." This decision was based on treating media ownership like many business entities in a market situation where the government only has an interest to keep a competitive and free market. This would be presuming that all voices represented an equal possible strength, as in a business situation where each producer of a similar commodity has an equal chance of success and all will serve the market equally. Therefore, the FCC evaluated market concentration using a highly modified Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, which is used by the U.S. Department of Justice to evaluate proposed mergers and acquisitions to prevent monopolies. However, the FCC added their "" to allow for the obvious inability of the Herfindahl-Hirschman to truly measure market concentration. This ruling was challenged in court, and the resulting judgement, ''Prometheus Radio Project v. Federal Communications Commission: United States of America", found that the FCC was in violation of Congressional mandate and had failed to "consider proposals to promote minority broadcast ownership that the Minority Media and Telecommunications Council had submitted." Overall, the court found that the FCC had failed to justify their changes in cross-media ownership and the new rules were not implemented. The court stated that, " we must hold unlawful and set aside agency findings, and conclusions that are arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion, or not in accordance with law...[or] unsupported by substantial evidence."
Court Challenges to Protect Minority Ownership Policies: Prometheus Radio Project v. FCC
After the 2002 FCC Biennial Regulatory Review, the FCC continued its movement towards implementing more relaxed ownership standards. A non-profit media advocacy group called Prometheus Radio Project filed suit to block these changes. This case was heard by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 3rd Circuit and is commonly known as Prometheus Radio Project v. FCC. The court found that the new policies of the TC Policy Act of 1996 were in violation of both Congress' long-standing mandate to promote diversity in media outlet ownership. The sections that were remanded covered several areas, but the outstanding issues that the court asked the FCC to address primarily concerned ways to ensure access for minority representation in ownership of media outlets. This goal is supported not only by Congressional mandate, but also confirmed by the Supreme Court as an important policy the FCC must consider in their rule revisions.
Current Trends That Effect Minority Ownership of Media Outlets
Overall Media Ownership Consolidation
One of the major changes in the guidelines for media ownership is the number of outlets that one entity can own. The original media ownership guidelines were established to encourage competition and diversity. This is to ensure that each community would have the opportunity to have different voices owning media outlets. Media producers proposed that by consolidated ownership they could produce better quality programming at a lower price. These business owners ask that the FCC relax their ownership rules.
There are many economic arguments for allowing media outlets to consolidate. Through shared resources one company can produce news and information for television, radio, and newspapers, this reduces production costs and allows the company to invest in better production facilities and improve the quality of their broadcasting. Some proponents of media consolidation also claim that viewers "vote" by choosing to watch a station and that is why it grows in market power. If a station grows in market power it can in turn command more advertising revenue and then eventually acquire other media outlets.
Many of the FCC rules and regulations were originally designed to encourage competition and prevent a high concentration of ownership. However, with the relaxation of these rules there has been a fundamental change in the balance of media ownership. "Regardless of the methods used, research documents increasing consolidation across all areas that make up the media industries, with many industries reaching "highly concentrated" status, indicating that the industry is dominated by a handful of firms."
Shared Resource Agreements
Larger communities normally have more media outlets, the larger population presents a wide commercial base for television, radio, and newspapers. Markets that are ethnically diverse often have outlets that operate in different languages. However, true diversity in markets is not always easy to measure. Smaller outlets often have agreements where they share content or staff to reduce costs. Because of these operating agreements it is very hard to measure how many media outlets are producing independent and local news. Some of these sharing agreements are intended to simplify management or share resources that would otherwise be duplicated and allow the media outlets to remain competitive and financially sustainable. However, in December 2011 the FCC was reexamining sharing agreements because of the potential to limit localism and diversity in reporting and reduce choices for the consumer.
Programs to Improve Minority Ownership of Media Outlets
One of the major obstacles to minority ownership of media, and producing quality programming that will attract consumers and present a sustainable solution is financing the large amount of money it takes to purchase and operate a media outlet. Since the 1996 Telecommunications Act many media outlets have been purchased by large corporations, driving up the prices of outlets. This raises barriers for entry into the market for small or new entities. To help overcome these hurdles and achieve the objective of having more minority-owned outlets the government has started several initiatives. These initiatives include facilitating sale of "distress sale" licenses to minority owned firms and encouraging banks to utilize Small Business Administration (SBA) guaranteed loan programs as well as making it easier for larger companies to sell to a minority firm a cluster of stations, "grandfathered" licenses bought before the FCC broadcast ownership rules were changed.
Tax Relief and Incentives
The primary process in which the government has offered incentives to media ownership is through tax relief. According to section 1071 of the IRS code, the FCC issues tax certificates that grant deferment of capital gains taxes. There also has been a minority tax certificate program for many decades.
Debate over Accurate Data Collection
One of the results of the Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña ruling is that to continue policies which would favor a particular sector of society, there must be empirical evidence that this federal policy is truly needed. In documentation for the 2010 Quadrennial Review, there were concerns that the FCC had not collected the necessary data to authenticate minority ownership. They acknowledged that the FCC had tried to establish current and correct data on minority ownership before the 2000 review, yet this data collection was largely abandoned until the preparations for the 2010 review.
In May 2009 the FCC improved data collection and revised Form 323 so that, "is incorporated into the database that is searchable, and can be aggregated and cross-referenced." Yet the announcement that any data collected would not be used to make any decisions until the 2014 Quadrennial Review caused many civil rights groups to formally protest this decision as they claim it allows for further media consolidation.
Alternative Media Outlets for Minorities
Even though radio and television are used by many Americans, with over 235 million accessing radio alone every week, there are a growing number of outlets for minorities and other special interest groups to broadcast information.
Low Power FM
Low Power FM stations were created by the FCC in 2000 to allow FM broadcasts to a neighborhood or community. These are non-commercial in nature and can by run community groups, churches, special interest groups, or individuals. They have a very limited range but their signal is able to be received by anyone in the area with an FM radio. The cost is fairly low to run and the information contained is very local. Low Power FM stations have grown in popularity, with over 800 active stations.
Internet Based Media
A quickly growing trend is having Internet based news and information sites that are owned and operated by minorities or individuals. The ease of entry into this market is very high and the cost to start an Internet-based outlet is very low. They can be easily designed to reach a target market and updated very easily. They are seen by major broadcasters as a "competitive reality" that will change the ways in which many consumers of all races access information.
References
External links
FCC Minority Ownership Report
ATIS Telecom Glossary
Federal Communications Commission
Unified Communications
IEEE Communications Society
International Telecommunication Union
United States telecommunications policy
Affirmative action in the United States | wiki |
Palmarès
Club
Competizioni nazionali
APEJES Academy: 2016
Collegamenti esterni | wiki |
World Rabies Day is an international awareness campaign coordinated by the Global Alliance for Rabies Control, a non-profit organization with headquarters in the United States. It is a United Nations Observance and has been endorsed by international human and veterinary health organizations such as the World Health Organization, the Pan American Health Organization, the World Organisation for Animal Health and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
World Rabies Day takes place each year on September 28, the anniversary of the death of Louis Pasteur who, with the collaboration of his colleagues, developed the first efficacious rabies vaccine. World Rabies Day aims to raise awareness about the impact of rabies on humans and animals, provide information and advice on how to prevent the disease in at-risk communities, and support advocacy for increased efforts in rabies control.
Background
Rabies remains a significant health problem in many countries of the world. Over 99% of all human deaths caused by rabid dog bites happen in the developing world, with 95% of deaths occurring in Africa and Asia. With the exception of Antarctica, people and animals on every continent are at risk of contracting rabies.
One major problem with rabies prevention is a lack of basic life-saving knowledge among people at risk. Organizations working on the issue can often feel isolated, and, as a neglected disease, rabies does not attract sufficient resources, even though the world has the tools and knowledge to prevent rabies and nobody needs to die from this disease.
Health awareness days can help to improve policy on diseases and increase resources to prevent and control them. This understanding led to the development of an awareness day against rabies.
History
The first World Rabies Day campaign took place on 8 September 2007 as a partnership between the Alliance for Rabies Control and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA, with the co-sponsorship of the World Health Organization, the World Organisation for Animal Health and the Pan American Health Organization [Briggs D, Hanlon CA. World Rabies Day: focusing attention on a neglected disease. Vet Rec. 2007 Sep 1;161(9):288-9.]. In 2009, after three World Rabies Days, the Global Alliance for Rabies Control estimated that rabies prevention and awareness events had taken place in over 100 countries, that nearly 100 million people worldwide had been educated about rabies and that nearly 3 million dogs had been vaccinated during events linked to the campaign.
A 2011 review by a network of international government agencies, academics, NGOs and vaccine manufacturers identified World Rabies Day as a useful tool to assist with rabies prevention, targeting at-risk communities, animal health workers, public health practitioners, governments, key opinion leaders and experts.
In the years following the review, World Rabies Day has also been used by governments and international agencies as a day on which to announce policies, plans and progress on rabies elimination. For example, In 2013, the Food and Agricultural Organization of the UN, the World Health Organization and the World Organisation for Animal Health first called for the global elimination of canine-mediated rabies in a joint statement released on World Rabies Day. It has been included in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Rabies Elimination Strategy. At the first Pan-African Rabies Control Network meeting in 2015, the 33 African countries represented there recommended consideration of World Rabies Day as an opportunity for rabies advocacy. In the Philippines World Rabies Day has been observed at the national and local government levels since 2007, and is part of its National Rabies Prevention and Control Program.
Organization and philosophy
World Rabies Day was created to be an inclusive day of education, awareness and action to encourage groups from all levels, the international to the local, to increase the spread of rabies prevention messages. Its objectives include raising global awareness about rabies and how to stop the disease, and educating people in rabies-endemic countries to prevent rabies.
It is centralized with an online platform where World Rabies Day events can be registered and resources can be downloaded to support and promote the outreach of educational messages about rabies in person, in print and online. The campaign also aims to bring together all relevant partners in an effort to address rabies prevention and control. Health workers, scientists and personnel in communities at risk of rabies are encouraged to access a bank of awareness resources through the website of the Global Alliance for Rabies Control for use in local educational initiatives.
As rabies is a disease that crosses borders, especially in wild animal populations, the campaign encourages the transnational collaboration of rabies control and prevention organizations. It also promotes a One Health approach to rabies prevention, part of a worldwide strategy for expanding interdisciplinary collaborations and communications in all aspects of health care for humans and animal health. The WRD logo (pictured above) represents the complexity of rabies, which can infect human beings, wildlife and domestic animals.
The advocacy work of the World Rabies Day campaign includes promoting government involvement in rabies prevention and control programs, increasing the vaccination coverage of pets and community dogs, and improving the educational awareness of how to prevent rabies in all levels of society. It also promotes the utilization of an integrated model of disease management, the Blueprint for Rabies Prevention. The Food and Agricultural Organization of the UN considers that World Rabies Day plays an important role in advocating the prevention and control of rabies among policy makers, especially in countries where rabies is still neglected.
Events
Events held to mark World Rabies Day range from symposia on current rabies control methods and public events for raising awareness about good prevention practice, to sponsored walks, runs or bike rides, to free or externally subsidized vaccination clinics for dogs. In the first ten years, over 1,700 events were registered from different countries, with increases over the years in Africa and Asia, where rabies is still a huge issue.
See also
World AIDS Day
World Cancer Day
World Hepatitis Day
World Tuberculosis Day
References
External links
World Rabies Day – official site
Global Alliance for Rabies Control
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - rabies information
World Health Organization rabies information
US Department of Agriculture - National Rabies Management Program
September observances
Rabies
Rabies
Recurring events established in 2007 | wiki |
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