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Reflective listening is a communication strategy involving two key steps: seeking to understand a speaker's idea, then offering the idea back to the speaker, to confirm the idea has been understood correctly. Reflective listening is a more specific strategy than the more general methods of active listening.
Form of Empathy
Reflective listening arose from Carl Rogers' school of client-centered therapy in counseling theory. It is not just repeating back word for word what was said, but reflective listening is a practice of expressing with genuine understanding. Empathy is at the center of Rogers' approach. Reflective listening takes practice, and there must be a sincere interest while listening to the speaker in order for them to truly express themselves.
Style of Communication
Reflective listening is one of the core skills of motivational interviewing, a style of communication that works collaboratively to encourage change. When reflecting on the words of the person speaking, keep their tone and other nonverbal clues in mind to create a reflection.
There will be times in daily life that reflective listening can be helpful. For example, if a loved one is suffering from depression and is not being honest about their feelings, using reflective listening could be an effective strategy to help them open up. Dr. Xavier Amador suggests if your partner claims they are doing fine, then you could respond with, “What you’re telling me is that there’s nothing wrong, is that correct? Can I tell you what I’ve noticed?” These questions can allow the other party to feel valued, as they sometimes just want to be heard and not given advice immediately.
Reflective listening is a crucial component in various occupations that require direct communication with others. Failure to understand the needs of the person speaking can result in errors in work such as problems being unresolved or decisions not being quickly made.
Additional application
Reflective listening has been found to be effective in a therapeutic setting. Using empathy to actively listen allows for better understanding of the context between both parties. Subjects receiving reflective listening from a counselor have reported better therapeutic relationship and more disclosure of feelings. With a positive relationship between both parties achieved my reflective listening, there is an increase chance of recovery. With a positive relationship between both parties achieved my reflective listening, there is an increase chance of recovery.
Students that are entering the counseling field took part in a qualitative study that utilizes music, specifically song lyrics, to enhance their reflective listening skills. By interpreting the emotions and feelings behind the words of a song, these participants are able to recognize hidden messages which is a skill they can transfer to listening to their future clients.
See also
Clean language
Focusing (psychotherapy)
Motivational interviewing
References
Further reading
Fisher, Dalmar (1981). Communication in organizations. St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Company.
Katz, Neil H. and John W. Lawyer (1985). Communication and conflict resolution skills. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall Hunt.
Kotzman, Anne (1984). Reflective listening. Kew, Victoria: Institute of Early Childhood Development.
Rogers, Carl (1951). Client-Centered Therapy: its current practice, implications, and theory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
External links
Reflective Listening — One-page summary used by National Health Care for the Homeless Council (currently under construction as of January 12, 2013)
Counseling
Human communication
Behavior modification | wiki |
Transformers: Robots in Disguise — serie televisiva d'animazione giapponese del 2000 appartenente al franchise Transformers
Transformers: Robots in Disguise — serie televisiva d'animazione statunitense del 2015 appartenente al franchise Transformers | wiki |
L'atlasaure (Atlasaurus) és un gènere de dinosaure sauròpode que va viure al Juràssic mitjà (del Bathonià al Cal·lovià) en el que avui en dia és el nord d'Àfrica.
Sauròpodes del Juràssic | wiki |
A class in education has a variety of related meanings.
It can be the group of students which attends a specific course or lesson at a university, school, or other educational institution, see Form (education).
It can refer to a course itself, for example, a class in Shakespearean drama.
It can be the group of students at the same level in an institution: the freshman class; or the group of students which matriculates to or graduates from the institution at the same time: the Class of 2005. The term can be used in a slightly more general context, such as "the graduating class." Some schools have class reunions, where members of a certain graduating class have the opportunity to meet again, and socialize with each other.
It can also refer to the classroom, in the building or venue where such a lesson is conducted.
In some countries' educational systems (such as Taiwan's), it can refer to a subdivision of the students in an academic department, consisting of a cohort of students of the same academic level. For example, a department's sophomores may be divided into three classes.
In countries such as the Republic of Ireland, India, Poland, Germany, Russia, and in the past, Sweden, the word can mean a grade: 1st class is ages 4–5, 2nd class is ages 6–7, 3rd class is ages 8–9, 4th class is ages 9–10, 5th class is ages 10–11, 6th class is ages 11–12, and 9th class is ages 14–15, class 10 is ages 15–16 and class 12th is ages 17–18.
References
Educational practices | wiki |
A one-dimensional symmetry group is a mathematical group that describes symmetries in one dimension (1D).
A pattern in 1D can be represented as a function f(x) for, say, the color at position x.
The only nontrivial point group in 1D is a simple reflection. It can be represented by the simplest Coxeter group, A1, [ ], or Coxeter-Dynkin diagram .
Affine symmetry groups represent translation. Isometries which leave the function unchanged are translations x + a with a such that f(x + a) = f(x) and reflections a − x with a such that f(a − x) = f(x). The reflections can be represented by the affine Coxeter group [∞], or Coxeter-Dynkin diagram representing two reflections, and the translational symmetry as [∞]+, or Coxeter-Dynkin diagram as the composite of two reflections.
Point group
For a pattern without translational symmetry there are the following possibilities (1D point groups):
the symmetry group is the trivial group (no symmetry)
the symmetry group is one of the groups each consisting of the identity and reflection in a point (isomorphic to Z2)
Discrete symmetry groups
These affine symmetries can be considered limiting cases of the 2D dihedral and cyclic groups:
Translational symmetry
Consider all patterns in 1D which have translational symmetry, i.e., functions f(x) such that for some a > 0, f(x + a) = f(x) for all x. For these patterns, the values of a for which this property holds form a group.
We first consider patterns for which the group is discrete, i.e., for which the positive values in the group have a minimum. By rescaling we make this minimum value 1.
Such patterns fall in two categories, the two 1D space groups or line groups.
In the simpler case the only isometries of R which map the pattern to itself are translations; this applies, e.g., for the pattern
− −−− − −−− − −−− − −−−
Each isometry can be characterized by an integer, namely plus or minus the translation distance. Therefore the symmetry group is Z.
In the other case, among the isometries of R which map the pattern to itself there are also reflections; this applies, e.g., for the pattern
− −−− − − −−− − − −−− −
We choose the origin for x at one of the points of reflection. Now all reflections which map the pattern to itself are of the form a−x where the constant "a" is an integer (the increments of a are 1 again, because we can combine a reflection and a translation to get another reflection, and we can combine two reflections to get a translation). Therefore all isometries can be characterized by an integer and a code, say 0 or 1, for translation or reflection.
Thus:
The latter is a reflection with respect to the point a/2 (an integer or an integer plus 1/2).
Group operations (function composition, the one on the right first) are, for integers a and b:
E.g., in the third case: translation by an amount b changes x into x + b, reflection with respect to 0 gives−x − b, and a translation a gives a − b − x.
This group is called the generalized dihedral group of Z, Dih(Z), and also D∞. It is a semidirect product of Z and C2. It has a normal subgroup of index 2 isomorphic to Z: the translations. Also it contains an element f of order 2 such that, for all n in Z, n f = f n −1: the reflection with respect to the reference point, (0,1).
The two groups are called lattice groups. The lattice is Z. As translation cell we can take the interval 0 ≤ x < 1. In the first case the fundamental domain can be taken the same; topologically it is a circle (1-torus); in the second case we can take 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5.
The actual discrete symmetry group of a translationally symmetric pattern can be:
of group 1 type, for any positive value of the smallest translation distance
of group 2 type, for any positive value of the smallest translation distance, and any positioning of the lattice of points of reflection (which is twice as dense as the translation lattice)
The set of translationally symmetric patterns can thus be classified by actual symmetry group, while actual symmetry groups, in turn, can be classified as type 1 or type 2.
These space group types are the symmetry groups “up to conjugacy with respect to affine transformations”: the affine transformation changes the translation distance to the standard one (above: 1), and the position of one of the points of reflections, if applicable, to the origin. Thus the actual symmetry group contains elements of the form gag−1= b, which is a conjugate of a.
Non-discrete symmetry groups
For a homogeneous “pattern” the symmetry group contains all translations, and reflection in all points. The symmetry group is isomorphic to Dih(R).
There are also less trivial patterns/functions with translational symmetry for arbitrarily small translations, e.g. the group of translations by rational distances. Even apart from scaling and shifting, there are infinitely many cases, e.g. by considering rational numbers of which the denominators are powers of a given prime number.
The translations form a group of isometries. However, there is no pattern with this group as symmetry group.
1D-symmetry of a function vs. 2D-symmetry of its graph
Symmetries of a function (in the sense of this article) imply corresponding symmetries of its graph. However, 2-fold rotational symmetry of the graph does not imply any symmetry (in the sense of this article) of the function: function values (in a pattern representing colors, grey shades, etc.) are nominal data, i.e. grey is not between black and white, the three colors are simply all different.
Even with nominal colors there can be a special kind of symmetry, as in:
−−−−−−− -- − −−− − − −
(reflection gives the negative image). This is also not included in the classification.
Group action
Group actions of the symmetry group that can be considered in this connection are:
on R
on the set of real functions of a real variable (each representing a pattern)
This section illustrates group action concepts for these cases.
The action of G on X is called
transitive if for any two x, y in X there exists a g in G such that g · x = y; for neither of the two group actions this is the case for any discrete symmetry group
faithful (or effective) if for any two different g, h in G there exists an x in X such that g · x ≠ h · x; for both group actions this is the case for any discrete symmetry group (because, except for the identity, symmetry groups do not contain elements that “do nothing”)
free if for any two different g, h in G and all x in X we have g · x ≠ h · x; this is the case if there are no reflections
regular (or simply transitive) if it is both transitive and free; this is equivalent to saying that for any two x, y in X there exists precisely one g in G such that g · x = y.
Orbits and stabilizers
Consider a group G acting on a set X. The orbit of a point x in X is the set of elements of X to which x can be moved by the elements of G. The orbit of x is denoted by Gx:
Case that the group action is on R:
For the trivial group, all orbits contain only one element; for a group of translations, an orbit is e.g. {..,−9,1,11,21,..}, for a reflection e.g. {2,4}, and for the symmetry group with translations and reflections, e.g., {−8,−6,2,4,12,14,22,24,..} (translation distance is 10, points of reflection are ..,−7,−2,3,8,13,18,23,..). The points within an orbit are “equivalent”. If a symmetry group applies for a pattern, then within each orbit the color is the same.
Case that the group action is on patterns:
The orbits are sets of patterns, containing translated and/or reflected versions, “equivalent patterns”. A translation of a pattern is only equivalent if the translation distance is one of those included in the symmetry group considered, and similarly for a mirror image.
The set of all orbits of X under the action of G is written as X/G.
If Y is a subset of X, we write GY for the set {g · y : y Y and g G}. We call the subset Y invariant under G if GY = Y (which is equivalent to GY ⊆ Y). In that case, G also operates on Y. The subset Y is called fixed under G if g · y = yfor all g in G and all y in Y. In the example of the orbit {−8,−6,2,4,12,14,22,24,..}, {−9,−8,−6,−5,1,2,4,5,11,12,14,15,21,22,24,25,..} is invariant under G, but not fixed.
For every x in X, we define the stabilizer subgroup of x (also called the isotropy group or little group) as the set of all elements in G that fix x:
If x is a reflection point, its stabilizer is the group of order two containing the identity and the reflection inx. In other cases the stabilizer is the trivial group.
For a fixed x in X, consider the map from G to X given by . The image of this map is the orbit of x and the coimage is the set of all left cosets of Gx. The standard quotient theorem of set theory then gives a natural bijection between and . Specifically, the bijection is given by . This result is known as the orbit-stabilizer theorem. If, in the example, we take , the orbit is {−7,3,13,23,..}, and the two groups are isomorphic with Z.
If two elements and belong to the same orbit, then their stabilizer subgroups, and , are isomorphic. More precisely: if , then . In the example this applies e.g. for 3 and 23, both reflection points. Reflection about 23 corresponds to a translation of −20, reflection about 3, and translation of 20.
See also
Line group
Frieze group
Space group
Wallpaper group
Euclidean geometry
Group theory
Symmetry
1 (number) | wiki |
Emittance may refer to:
Beam emittance, the area occupied by a beam in a position-and-momentum phase space
Radiant emittance, the radiant flux emitted by a surface per unit area
Thermal emittance, emissivity of a surface | wiki |
As of October 2021, there have been 105 amendments of the Constitution of India since it was first enacted in 1950.
There are three types of amendments to the Constitution of India of which second and third type of amendments are governed by Article 368.
The first type of amendments includes that can be passed by "simple majority" in each house of the Parliament of India.
The second type of amendments includes that can be effected by the parliament by a prescribed "special majority" in each house; and
The third type of amendments includes those that require, in addition to such "special majority" in each house of the parliament, ratification by at least one half of the State Legislatures.
The third type amendments that are made to the constitution are amendments No. 3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51, 54, 61, 62, 70, 73, 74, 75, 79, 84, 88, 95, 99 and 101.
Although constitutional amendments require the support of a two-thirds majority in both houses of Parliament (with some amendments requiring ratification by a majority of state legislatures), the Indian Constitution is the most amended national constitution in the world. The Constitution spells out governmental powers with so much detail that many matters addressed by statute in other democracies must be addressed via constitutional amendment in India. As a result, the Constitution is amended roughly twice a year.
List of Amendments
References
External links
Pykih Data Visualization of Constitutional Amendments
Know The Genesis of 103rd Constitutional Amendment
India law-related lists | wiki |
Lake Hill or Lakehill may refer to:
Lake Hill Elementary School, a school in Greater Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Lakehill Ball, a baseball and softball club for youth near Lake Hill Elementary School
Lakehill Soccer Association, a soccer club in Greater Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
See also
Lake Hills (disambiguation), several places
Lakehills, Texas | wiki |
This is a list of officially licensed novels (and short story collections) based on established comic book and comic strip characters (i.e., media "tie-in" novels).
DC Comics
Marvel Comics
Other comic book publishers
Newspaper comic strip characters
Miscellaneous
See also
Spider-Man in literature
References
Novels
Novels based on comics
Comics | wiki |
Clout may refer to:
Music
Clout (band), a South African rock group
Clout (album), 2006, by Noah23
"Clout" (Offset song)
"Clout", a song by Ty Dolla Sign from the 2018 album Beach House 3
Other uses
Clout (nail), used for attaching sheet material to wooden frames
Clout (radio show), United States
Clout archery, in which arrows are shot at a distant flag
Market clout
Power (social and political)
See also
Klout, a website measuring social influence | wiki |
The ground-line hitch is a type of knot used to attach a rope to an object. Worked-up and dressed properly, it is more secure than the simpler clove hitch and has less tendency to jam, but does not respond well to swinging. It can also be used as a simple binding knot and is classed among several knots known as the miller's knot. The Ground-line hitch is also the start of a three-lead four-bight Turk's head.
The knot is named for its use to attach a net to the groundline, a weighted or lead cored rope on the bottom of the net (especially a gillnet).
See also
List of binding knots
List of knots
References
External links
An Introduction to the Theory of Hitches and Knots | wiki |
Stefan Edberg was the defending champion, but did not participate this year.
John McEnroe won the tournament, beating Anders Järryd in the final, 6–4, 6–1.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
External links
Main draw
Milan Indoor
1985 Grand Prix (tennis)
Milan | wiki |
The Obelisk Gate is a 2016 science fantasy novel by N. K. Jemisin and the second volume in the Broken Earth series—following The Fifth Season, and preceding The Stone Sky. The Obelisk Gate was released to strong reviews and, like its predecessor in the series, won the Hugo Award for Best Novel.
Setting
The Obelisk Gate takes place on a single supercontinent, the Stillness, which suffers from catastrophic climate change every few centuries (the so-called "Fifth Season"). The book continues forward from an especially bad Fifth Season, one that may become an apocalypse. It follows two main characters: a mother and daughter, both of whom are magically talented ("orogenes"), who were separated just before the most recent Fifth Season. The plot revolves around their journey to find each other again, and their efforts to discover why Fifth Seasons exist.
Plot
The story is told primarily from the perspectives of Essun, a powerful orogene driven out of her home at the beginning of the first book, and Nassun, her 10 year-old daughter.
Schaffa
Schaffa, Essun's former Guardian, awakens underwater after Essun's devastating counterattack during the climax of The Fifth Season. He is about to drown when, out of desperation, he allows the entity (manifested as a force of pure rage) that powers his and the other Guardians' abilities to take control of his body for a brief period. Though he is saved from death, the resulting brain damage leaves him with profound memory loss, and he is unable to fully recall his past as a Guardian. He is rescued by a family of fishermen on the coast. His memory of being a Guardian is triggered by a young boy who needs him, and the two set out south in response to a vague half-remembered memory.
Nassun
The story resumes soon after Nassun's father discovers her brother is an orogene. In a blind rage, he beats Nassun's brother to death and deducing Nassun is likely an orogene as well, abducts her as he flees Tirimo, their hometown. He intends to take Nassun south, where he has heard of a group of Guardians that can "cure" Nassun of orogeny.
Nassun has always been close to her father, due largely to her strict and unforgiving relationship with her mother Essun, who has been secretly teaching her to hone her orogenic abilities in order to avoid detection. Nevertheless, she fears her father, who now is aware she is an orogene as well. Her father strikes her early in the journey, and is immediately overcome with guilt; Nassun, however, learns to harden her heart against him, and stops viewing him as her true father at all.
They move south through much hardship, and witness firsthand the devastation wrought by Alabaster's fracturing of the entire continent further north. The Fifth Season triggered by this event steadily worsens as they travel. Finally, they reach the promised settlement: a town called Found Moon, administered by a group of Guardians, though not affiliated with the Fulcrum. The town is led by Schaffa, who has used it to shelter young orogenes during the years since he arrived.
Nassun and her father settle in Found Moon, and Nassun begins to rapidly advance through the ranks of the makeshift Fulcrum the Guardians have established. She forms a particularly strong bond with Schaffa, who is fiercely protective of her and becomes her father figure in lieu of her biological father. She begins to understand that orogeny, in contrast to the teachings of her mother and the Guardians, is not just about moving heat energy from one place to another; she learns to perceive a mysterious silver energy, generated by living things, that underpins all of her orogenic powers. Her abilities increase to the point where she begins to learn to draw power from one of the obelisks floating nearby, much as her mother had many years earlier. Her use of this power causes her to accidentally kill one of her classmates by turning him to stone while suffering a nightmare.
As Nassun grows in her abilities, her father starts to realize she is not being "cured" of her "sickness". He confronts Schaffa and later attempts to kill Nassun. She reluctantly uses her powers to turn her father to stone as well.
Essun
Essun remains in Castrima, a comm that lives in a huge underground geode. Ykka, the comm's leader, is an orogene herself, and due to her influence, orogenes are permitted to live openly alongside others. The comm is sustained by many mysterious functions of the geode that appear to operate by magic, such as air recyclers and climate control; Ykka has deduced that the mechanisms only function when orogenes are present.
Also present in Castrima is Alabaster, Essun's former lover and an immensely powerful Fulcrum orogene. Alabaster is dying, his body slowly turning to stone as a consequence of using the energy of the obelisks to break the entire continent in half and trigger the current Fifth Season. He is watched over by a stone eater he has named Antimony, who appears to have an adversarial relationship with the mysterious "child" Hoa, now revealed to be a stone eater himself, who accompanied Essun as she fled Tirimo.
Alabaster begins imparting some of his knowledge to Essun concerning the obelisks and the nature of orogeny. As revealed at the end of The Fifth Season, the Moon has not been seen for at least several thousand years prior to the events of the book, and most are not aware it ever existed. Alabaster states that his fracturing of the continent was a method to generate enough raw geological heat and power to allow a sufficiently powerful orogene to use the obelisks to recapture the Moon and end the Fifth Seasons (its highly elliptical orbit is one of the reasons for the geologic instability of the Stillness). Alabaster is also aware of the silver energy Nassun discovered, which he identifies as magic, the true fundamental force that makes orogeny (and the mechanisms of Castrima) possible. He struggles to teach Essun to use it effectively as his condition deteriorates, all the while reconciling with Essun over the death of their child years ago. He finally dies, his body turning completely to stone, after expending the last of his strength to rescue Essun from an attempt to harness the power of one of the nearby obelisks.
Throughout, tensions within the society of Castrima are revealed, as the coexistence of orogenes and non-orogenic people (“stills”) within the community is uneasy at best. These issues are exacerbated by the appearance of a raiding party from a rival comm, Rennanis, who have left their home further north and intend to take Castrima by force. Initially unable to win in an outright attack, they besiege the comm by locating the ventilation shafts for the geode, intending to force them out into the open.
Having no choice, the inhabitants of Castrima prepare for battle. Rennanis' offensive is aided by their own faction of stone eaters, who are opposed to Alabaster and Antimony's plans. Facing the loss of her new home, Essun successfully uses Alabaster's training to repeat his accomplishment, tapping the power of all the obelisks worldwide to form the Obelisk Gate. She uses the immense power of the Gate to turn every inhabitant of Rennanis to stone simultaneously.
Castrima is saved, but the mechanisms of the geode have been irreparably damaged by the assault, and the comm faces starvation and suffocation if they remain. They begin preparations to set out into the worsening Fifth Season to find a new home.
Reception
The Obelisk Gate was anticipated on its debut, and reviews were highly positive. Writing for NPR, poet Amal El-Mohtar said that "Not only could I not put it down—I couldn't come up for air long enough to comment on it while forsaking sleep and food in order to finish it", continuing on to say that "It pole vaults over the expectations I had for what epic fantasy should be and stands in magnificent testimony to what it could be." It later appeared on The Verges list of the best science fiction and fantasy novels of 2016, where they wrote that the book "is an incredibly ambitious and important novel" that "continues to build on its predecessor's brilliance", as well as Wireds, who believed that it was better than The Fifth Season.
Niall Alexander, on Tor.com, by contrast, was critical of The Obelisk Gate for falling into what he called "middle volume syndrome", believing that the bookWired, on the other hand, praised the book for escaping that syndrome, or what it called the typical "stalling" of middle books.
Awards
The Obelisk Gate won the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 2017. It was the second award for Jemisin's Broken Earth series (after The Fifth Season in 2016), making Jemisin the first author in over two decades to win the Best Novel Hugo in two consecutive years. Moreover, The Obelisk Gates victory came as part of a women-heavy slate of winners at the 2017 Hugos, which included best novel, novella, novelette, and short story.
Outside of the Hugos, The Obelisk Gate was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel, but lost to Charlie Jane Anders' All the Birds in the Sky. It won RT Book Reviews' 2016 award for best high fantasy novel.
References
2016 science fiction novels
2016 fantasy novels
2016 American novels
Hugo Award for Best Novel-winning works
Novels by N. K. Jemisin
Science fantasy novels
Orbit Books books | wiki |
Forgotten Prophet: The Life of Randolph Bourne is a book-length biography of American writer Randolph Bourne written by Bruce Clayton and published by Louisiana State University Press.
References
1984 non-fiction books
American biographies
Louisiana State University Press books
Biographies about writers
English-language books | wiki |
"Something Blue" is the 9th episode of season 4 of the television show Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Written by Tracey Forbes and directed by Nick Marck, it originally aired on November 30, 1999 on the WB network. In "Something Blue", a spell by Willow goes awry, blinding Giles, making Xander a literal demon magnet, and causing Buffy and Spike to fall in love and get engaged.
Plot
Riley invites Buffy out on a picnic. Willow and Buffy discuss the consequences of a possible relationship with Riley, who seems "safe" and unlikely to hurt her. Buffy wonders if true passion requires pain and fighting. Later, Buffy interrogates Spike, who is chained up in Giles' bathtub, but he does not give much information. Willow suggests a truth spell to make Spike talk.
Going to Oz's place, Willow finds it emptied and realizes he has had his possessions forwarded to him without getting in touch with her, crushing her last hopes of his return. That night at The Bronze, she opts to drown her sorrows in alcohol. Later, in the dorm bathroom, Willow performs a spell to let her will be granted in order to make her pain go away. However, her commands do not seem to work. When Giles drops by and asks why she did not show to help him perform the truth spell as scheduled, she admits feeling pressured to live up to high standards so soon after her break-up with Oz. Angry, she says that he cannot see anything, and then Giles leaves in a daze. Giles tries to perform the spell on Spike alone, but has difficulty reading. After Giles accidentally drops the key to the chains keeping Spike captive, Spike is able to escape. After Giles calls, Buffy goes to find Spike and once she catches him after Willow makes a sarcastic comment, she brings him back to Giles's apartment.
While talking to Xander, Willow flippantly suggests that Buffy and Spike get married if Spike is so important. Meanwhile at Giles' place, Spike proposes to Buffy and she accepts. Xander continues to try to console Willow, but in an act of misdirected rage and grief, she calls him a "demon magnet". While Buffy and Spike cuddle and kiss and make plans for the wedding, Giles calls Willow for help, confessing that he is totally blind. Buffy runs into Riley outside of a bridal shop and happily tells him about the wedding, which confuses and upsets him. Xander and Anya's romantic time is interrupted by various demons that attack them. They rush to Giles' place where Xander realizes that the cause is Willow and everything she wills is coming true.
D'Hoffryn, the demon responsible for making Anya a vengeance demon, comes forth and takes Willow through a portal to his demon world to make the same offer. When the gang goes to look for her, Anya recognizes the remains of a portal left by D'Hoffryn. Buffy and the rest of the group go to a crypt where they hope to stop D'Hoffryn from turning Willow into a demon. En route to the crypt, several demons attack, still drawn to Xander because of Willow's spell. In the meantime, Willow politely turns down D'Hoffryn's offer and he sends her back; giving her a talisman she can use to summon him in case she ever changes her mind. Willow breaks the spell and tries to make up for her mistake with cookies.
The next day, Buffy finds Riley and manages to convince him she was only joking about getting married; making fun of his panic at finding her gazing into a wedding dress store.
Critical response
Justine Larbalestier has suggested the episode pokes fun at fans "shipping" Buffy and Spike, that is inventing scenarios and writing fan fiction to allow the two characters, normally foes, to become romantically involved.
The A.V. Club called it "a well-balanced episode", mixing comedy with more serious reflection on the theme of how there's no easy solution to Willow's problems. Nikki Stafford found it funny, particularly Spike's actions, though she found Buffy's reactions less than believable.
References
External links
Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 4) episodes
1999 American television episodes | wiki |
A wood scribe is a tool for marking wood by scratching the surface visibly. A wood scribe is often used with a try square for accurate scribing. A marking gauge is a more specific form of wood scribe used to accurately mark wood for cutting, often for laying out mortise and tenon joints.
See also
Scratch awl
Scriber
Marking knife
Marking gauge
References
Woodworking tools
Woodworking hand tools | wiki |
The Mars monolith is a rectangular object (possibly a boulder) discovered on the surface of Mars. It is located near the bottom of a cliff, from which it likely fell. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter took pictures of it from orbit, roughly 180 miles (300 km) away. The HiRISE camera that was used to photograph the monolith has a resolution of approximately 1 foot or 30 centimeters per pixel.
Around the same time, the Phobos monolith made international news.
See also
List of rocks on Mars
Mineralogy of Mars
Phobos monolith, boulder on Martian moon
References
External links
Boulders and Layers in Canyon - NASA
HRSC - ESA (overview of HiRISE image region by Mars Express)
HiRISE image of area
Rocks on Mars
Natural monoliths | wiki |
Hospital Rock may refer to several places:
Hospital Rock (Tulelake, California)
Hospital Rock (Three Rivers, California), located in Sequoia National Park
Hospital Rock (Oahu, Hawaii) | wiki |
Airwaves est une marque de chewing-gum appartenant à l'entreprise Wrigley et créée en 2001.
Comme tous les chewing-gums contenant du sorbitol, les chewing-gums Airwaves ont des effets laxatifs en cas de consommation excessive.
Notes et références
Wrigley
Marque de confiserie
Gomme à mâcher | wiki |
Collen Williamson (b. 1727) was a master mason from Dyke in Moray, Scotland.
Background
He is known for his work on Moy House, a Category A listed building near Forres in Scotland, and for his later work on the White House, acting as chief stonemason on its construction between 1792 and 1795. He remained in America after working on the White House, and died in Maryland in 1802.
References
1727 births
1802 deaths
1790s in the United States | wiki |
Lei cha (; pronounced ) or ground tea is a traditional Southern Chinese tea-based beverage or gruel that forms a part of Hakka cuisine.
In English, the dish is sometimes called thunder tea since "thunder" () is homonymous with "pounded" ().
History
The custom of lei cha began in the Three Kingdoms period or even Han Dynasty. It is very common among Hakka people in Hakka regions of Taiwan. It is brought by Hakka people to Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, and any locales with a substantial Hakka diaspora population. Besides Hakka lei cha, lei cha is also traditional among Hunanese people in northern Hunan.
Lei cha is not the same as Taiwanese tea because there are always other ingredients. Ground tea consists of a mix of tea leaves and herbs that are ground together with various roasted nuts, seeds, grains, and flavorings.
Production
Although lei cha can be bought commercially prepared and prepackaged, the drink is usually made "from scratch" just as it is about to be consumed.
Popular areas
Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Taiwan.
Ingredients and preparation
Ground tea is a varying mix of:
Tea leaves – any type of tea leaf can be used, but the most popular and common are either green tea or oolong; for ease of use, sometimes matcha (finely milled green tea) is used
Roasted nuts, legumes and seeds – the most commonly used are peanuts, mung beans, and sesame; other examples include soybeans, pine nuts, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, lentils, and lotus seeds
Roasted grains – examples: cooked or puffed rice, wheat
Herbs and flavorings – examples: ginger, salt
Chinese herbal medicine may be included for health purposes
The ingredients are ground in a food processor, or with a mortar and pestle, or in a large earthenware basin with a wooden stick. The mix should be reduced to a powder that resembles fine cornmeal.
The powder is then placed into a serving bowl and hot water is stirred into it to produce a thin soup-like beverage.
Consumption
The tea is drunk for breakfast or on cold winters as a tasty and healthy restorative.
Lei cha may also be taken as a dietary brew. In that case, it is served with rice and other vegetarian side dishes such as greens, tofu, and pickled radish. A variety of lei cha popular as khai lang lei cha is sold as street food in Malaysia.
Traditionally, lei cha is a savory brew; however, in contemporary interpretations it is often consumed as a sweet drink.
See also
Hakka cuisine
Taiwanese cuisine
Hunan cuisine
Chazuke
References
External links
History and cultural significance of lei cha
Hakka
Hakka cuisine
Blended tea
Taiwanese tea
Tea culture
Hakka culture in Taiwan
Hakka culture in Singapore | wiki |
Omares () was a Persian, commander of 20,000 Greek mercenaries in the battle of the Granicus (modern-day Turkey). He was killed during the battle.
References
334 BC deaths | wiki |
This page provides list of most translated individual authors to date sorted by the total number of translations.
See also
List of literary works by number of translations
List of best-selling fiction authors
Index Translationum
References
Translation-related lists
Most-Translated Authors
Translated | wiki |
Island Heat: Stranded is a 2006 Lifetime thriller film. The film was directed by Kern Konwiser and produced by his brother Kip Konwiser. It was released in United States on June 5, 2006 on Lifetime Television and was released on December 7, 2007 in Hungary. The film stars, Erica Durance, Brienne De Beau and Jack Hartnett.
Plot
A bride-to-be and her four bridesmaids travel to an exotic Caribbean island for a bachelorette party. After arriving at the luxurious resort, the women take a boat ride to a secluded island, where they can bask in sun and sand. The captain of the boat forgets to pick the girls up, leaving them stranded on the island, forcing them to use a deserted house as a makeshift shelter. That quickly turns into a nightmare when the women begin to disappear one by one.
Cast
Erica Durance as Carina
Brienne De Beau as Regan
Jack Hartnett as Anthony
Michelle Jones as Nicole
Jessica Lauren as Lynette
Vanessa Millon as Isabel
Ashley Totin as Danielle Sanders
Production
Island Heat: Stranded was filmed in Puerto Rico.
References
External links
Island Heat: Stranded at Lifetime
2006 television films
2006 films
2006 thriller films
American thriller television films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | wiki |
Ubuntu Hacks: Tips & Tools for Exploring, Using, and Tuning Linux is a book of tips about Ubuntu, a popular Linux distribution. The book was published by O'Reilly Media in June 2006 as part of the O'Reilly Hacks series.
Editions
First edition (2006; 447 pages; )
External links
O'Reilly Online catalog: Ubuntu Hacks
Slashdot review
2006 non-fiction books
O'Reilly Media books
Books about Linux | wiki |
Samgye-tang () or ginseng chicken soup, meaning ginseng (Kor. sam) - chicken (Kor. gye) - soup (Kor. tang) in Korean, consists primarily of a whole young chicken (poussin) filled with garlic, rice, jujube, and ginseng. Samgye-tang is a Korean traditional soup for body health. Samgye-tang is a representative summer health food. Soup made with chicken that is slightly larger than the chick is called Yeonggye Baeksuk, and the chicken is divided into half is called Banggye-tang.
History
During the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1897), people enjoyed the numerous chicken soup dishes that were similar to Samgye-tang, including Yeongye-tang, Chonggye-tang, and Hwanggye-tang. While it was the custom to make a soup with young chicken and serve it to elders during the summer days, the chicken boiled with milkvetch roots and its broth were served to the sick queen during King Injo's reign. However, the description of the dish that most closely resembles today's form of Samgye-tang can be found in Joseon Yorijaebeop (), the cookbook Shinyoung Bang, the professor of Ewha Womans University, wrote in 1917 to compile the information on how to make various traditional dishes of Joseon. In the book, it is described that Dakguk (닭국), or chicken soup, is made by gutting a chicken and stuffing the inside with three spoons of glutinous rice and one spoon of ginseng powder, followed by tying up the opening and boiling the chicken with ten bowls of water. During the Japanese colonial era, the Japanese officials who investigated the cultures of former Joseon noted that rich families boiled the chicken stuffed with ginseng and used the broth as medicine in summer.
The dish began to be commercially sold at restaurants around 1940s and under the name Gyesam-tang (() in 1950s, which meant chicken ginseng soup. With the supplying of modern refrigerators in Korea, it became possible to preserve a ginseng as whole instead of powder. Thus, since 1960s, it became more common to stuff the chicken with a whole piece of ginseng instead of powder, reaching today's form of the dish. To emphasize the medicinal effects of the ginseng in the soup, many people since then have started calling the dish Samgye-tang (ginseng chicken soup) instead of Gyesam-tang (chicken ginseng soup).
Custom
It is the custom in Korea to eat Samgye-tang during hot summer days in order to replenish the nutrients that were lost through the sweating and physical activities. It is especially popular to eat this chicken soup on sambok (삼복) days, which are three distinct days of the lunar calendar—Chobok (초복), Jungbok (중복), and Malbok (말복)—commonly among the hottest and most sultry summer days in Korea.
Some specialty restaurants in South Korea serve only samgyetang, having gained local popularity through their special recipes for the dish, which are often kept as secrets. The dish is sometimes accompanied by a small complimentary bottle of insam-ju (ginseng wine) in certain restaurants.
Recipe
The recipe for Samgye-tang is to put glutinous rice, garlic and jujube wrapped in clean cloth in the stomach of the gutted chicken, and boil it in a pot with plenty of water to get it out when the meat is fully cooked. Ginseng is wrapped in a cloth, put in soup, and the ingredients of ginseng are thickened, so it is seasoned with salt to drink only the soup, or seasoned meat in the soup. However, if ginseng is mixed with glutinous rice and put into a chicken, the nutrients of ginseng permeate the chicken bones, reducing the nutrients of ginseng. In addition to ginseng, it is also eaten with poison ivy, cedar, and abalone. Some say that jujube should not be eaten because it absorbs the bad ingredients of Samgye-tang, but it is not true and can be eaten.
Although it is considered standard to add young chicken and ginseng for 6 years as ingredients in Samgye-tang, many restaurants do not find these ingredients easily and often use Ungchu or 4-year-old ginseng because the cost of ingredients becomes more expensive. In fact, there is an opinion that four-year-old ginseng has no problem because saponin, the effective ingredient of ginseng, is not much different from six-year-old ginseng. Some companies use ginseng for one to two years or replace it with Astragalus propinquus that tastes similar.
Gallery
See also
Baeksuk
Dak-bokkeum-tang
Ori-tang
List of chicken dishes
List of soups
List of Korean dishes
References
External links
Korean chicken dishes
Korean soups and stews
Chicken soups | wiki |
Power – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Montana, w hrabstwie Teton.
CDP w stanie Montana | wiki |
Whortleberry may refer to the berries of several plants of genus Vaccinium:
Vaccinium myrtillus, European bilberry or blue whortleberry
Vaccinium vitis-idaea, lingonberry or red whortleberry
Vaccinium uliginosum, bog whortleberry/bilberry
See also
Bilberry | wiki |
Chief of Army Staff or Chief of the Army Staff which is generally abbreviated as COAS is a title commonly used for the appointment held by the most senior staff officer or the chief commander in several nations' armies.
Chief of Army (Australia)
Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)
Chief of Staff of the French Army
Chief of Army Staff (Ghana)
Chief of the Army Staff (India)
Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army
Chief of the Army Staff (Italy)
Chief of the Army Staff (Nepal)
Chief of Army (New Zealand)
Chief of Army Staff (Nigeria)
Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)
Chief of Staff of the Army (Spain)
Chief of Staff of the Republic of Korea Army
Chief of the Army Staff (Sweden)
Chief of Staff of the United States Army
See also
Commander of the Army
Army Staff (disambiguation)
Chief of Staff (military)
Chief of Army (disambiguation)
Chief of the Air Staff (disambiguation)
Chief of the Defence Staff (disambiguation)
Chief of the General Staff
Chief of the Naval Staff (disambiguation)
Former disambiguation pages converted to set index articles
it:Capo di Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito | wiki |
Acropora aculeus est une espèce de coraux appartenant à la famille des Acroporidae.
Description et caractéristiques
Habitat et répartition
Menaces
Liens externes
Notes et références
Acroporidae | wiki |
Manikarnikeswarar Temple is a Hindu temple located in the town of Thanjavur, India. The temple was constructed by Serfoji II in 1827. The principal deity is Manikarnikeswarar and the goddess, Mangala Nayaki Amman.
References
Hindu temples in Thanjavur | wiki |
Mount Grace is a mountain in north central Massachusetts.
Mount Grace (Chugach Mountains), a summit in Alaska
Mount Grace may also refer to:
Mount Grace Land Conservation Trust, Massachusetts
Mount Grace Priory, Yorkshire, England, a former Carthusian monastery
Mount Grace School, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, England
Mount Grace State Forest, Massachusetts
See also | wiki |
The American Basketball Association (ABA) Finals were the championship series of the ABA, a professional basketball league, in which two teams played each other for the title. The ABA was formed in the fall of 1967, and the first ABA Finals were played at the end of the league's first season in the spring of 1968. The league ceased operations in 1976 with the ABA–NBA merger and four teams from the ABA continued play in the National Basketball Association.
All ABA Finals were in best-of-seven format and were contested between the winners of the Eastern Division and the Western Division finals. The only teams to win the championship more than once were the Indiana Pacers and the New York Nets. The Indiana Pacers initially played in the ABA Finals in 1969, which they lost to the Oakland Oaks, but they won the championship the next year against the Los Angeles Stars. They won in the ABA Finals again in 1972, their first after moving to the Western Division, against the New York Nets and won their final ABA championship against the Kentucky Colonels in 1973. The New York Nets won their first championship in 1974 against the Utah Stars, and their second against the Denver Nuggets in 1976.
The last ABA Finals were in 1976, after which the ABA–NBA merger took place; three of the four teams that continued into the NBA made it to or won the ABA Finals.
Key
Champions
With the ABA cut down to seven teams by the middle of its final season, the league abandoned divisional play.
Results by teams
Notes
The Indiana Pacers moved from the Eastern Division to the Western Division between the 1969–1970 and 1970–1971 seasons.
See also
American Basketball Association
ABA Playoffs MVP
References
External links
Professional Basketball Championships
ABA seasons
American Basketball Association lists | wiki |
Eskimo ice cream may refer to:
Alaskan ice cream (akutaq), a traditional food of Alaskan Eskimo, Yupik, Aleut
Eskimo (ice cream), a chain of ice cream parlours in Nicaragua
Eskimo pie, a brand of chocolate-covered vanilla ice cream bar
See also
Indian ice cream (disambiguation)
Ice cream (disambiguation)
Eskimo (disambiguation) | wiki |
Rising of the lights was an illness or obstructive condition of the larynx, trachea, or lungs, possibly croup. It was a common entry on bills of mortality in the seventeenth century. Lights in this case referred to the lungs.
Treatment
In culture
In his A New Booke of Mistakes (1637), Robert Chamberlain gives a humorous epitaph:
References
Further reading
History of medicine
Human diseases and disorders | wiki |
Fly Guy may refer to:
Fly Guy (video game), a 2002 flash game created by Trevor van Meter
Fly Guy, a character in a series of children's books by Tedd Arnold
Fly Guy, an enemy in the Mario franchise | wiki |
Chief of Army may refer to:
Chief of Army (Australia)
Chief of Army (Malaysia)
Chief of Army (Singapore)
Chief of Army (Sweden)
See also
Chief of Army Staff (disambiguation) | wiki |
Medical observation is a medical service aimed at continued care of selected patients, usually for a period of 6 to 24 (sometimes more) hours, to determine their need for inpatient admission. This service is usually provided in emergency departments.
A patient held for observation is not admitted to the hospital, though there are certain similarities: patients will be checked in, pertinent information from the patient or their representative can be taken, and nurse(s) and doctor(s) from the given department may visit and a physical exam and personal and family history, and basic blood and imaging tests be conducted, and a bracelet for the observation period be given to the patient. However, they are not admitted formally to the hospital as an inpatient. They may be assigned a bed on the hospital's patient floors outside of the ER or the department they arrived in, or in a dedicated observation unit.
An EmPATH unit is a specialized type of hospital-based outpatient medical observation unit dedicated to mental health emergencies.
In the United States, some Medicare patients have spent several days as an outpatient in the hospital, but never officially being an inpatient in the hospital, which results in unexpected bills and makes them ineligible for Medicare payment for some future necessary services, especially skilled nursing care.
See also
Hospital bed
Inpatient care
Watchful waiting
References
Emergency medical services | wiki |
Scuttler or Scuttlers may refer to:
Scuttlers, criminals in street gangs in 19th-century Manchester
In scuttling of ships, those responsible
In The Crack in Space by Philip K. Dick, a transport device
In The Elder Scrolls Online, a non-sentient reptile
Scuttlers (play), a 2015 play by Rona Munro
See also
Scuttle (disambiguation) | wiki |
In the 19th century, the term strongman referred to an exhibitor of strength or similar circus performers who performed feats of strength. More recently, strength athletics, also known as strongman competitions, have grown in popularity. These competitions are now composed of a variety of events in which competitors have to move the highest weights possible, the winner being the one having the highest tally across all events.
Description
In the first half of the 20th century, strongmen would perform various feats of strength such as the bent press (not to be confused with the bench press, which did not exist at the time), supporting large amounts of weight held overhead at arm's length, steel bending, chain breaking, etc. They needed to have large amounts of wrist, hand, and tendon strength for these feats, as well as prodigious oblique strength.
In the late 20th century the term strongman evolved to describe one who competes in strength athletics – a more modern eclectic strength competition in which competitors display their raw functional strength through exercises such as lifting rocks, toting refrigerators, pulling trains, towing an eighteen-wheel truck behind them, etc. The most famous competitions of this type are the World's Strongest Man, the Europe's Strongest Man, the Arnold Strongman Classic, the Strongman Champions League, the World's Ultimate Strongman, the Rogue Invitational and the Giants Live tour, and more than 20 countries also hold national-level competitions as well.
Many sports-specific training facilities have begun to incorporate movements associated with strongman competitions into their general training schemes, albeit with lighter weights used, e.g. tyre flips, sled drags, object loading or carrying, log pressing, farmer's walks and so on.
Training
Training for strongman involves building overall strength in the gym and training with competition implements to gain familiarity. In the gym, it is necessary to train the entire body for strength, especially with variants of the squat, deadlift, and overhead press. Also important is explosive power, developed by weightlifting-style lifts, and cardiovascular conditioning. Grip strength must also be developed.
Although you can do general strength training, at a typical gym, training with a strongman regimen requires equipment not typically found in a gym. Some equipment used in a strongman competition would have to be found custom-made or at a strongman gym. These equipment include Atlas Stone, Log (Log Press), Farmers Walk Bars, Yoke (Yoke Walk), Keg (Keg Toss), a vehicle.
Another part of a strongman's training is its intense diet regime. The biggest strongman competitors would need to ingest around 8,000 - 10,000 calories a day.
Events
Though competitive strongman events are ever changing, there are a number of staples that frequently appear on the international stage, including:
Incorrect usage
Strongman is often incorrectly used to describe a person who does weightlifting or bodybuilding. Due to the circus and entertainment background, nineteenth-century bodybuilders were expected to mingle with the crowd during intermission and perform strength feats like card tearing, nail bending, etc. to demonstrate strength as well as symmetry and size. Also, many strongmen sold photos of themselves nude or near-nude, flexing and posing. Although, what they considered the epitome of male beauty was different from modern ideals – particularly the very low emphasis on chest size, and great emphasis on oblique size, and symmetry as evidenced by photos of Eugen Sandow.
Notable strongmen
Traditional Strongmen
The Strongmen are listed according to the chronological order of their birth.
Modern Strongmen
The following 73 strongmen have reached the podium (1st, 2nd or 3rd place) of World's Strongest Man since 1977 and/or World Muscle Power Classic from 1985 to 2004 and/or Arnold Strongman Classic since 2002. They are listed according to the chronological order of their podium appearance.
23 of them have won the World's Strongest Man (WSM), 11 have won the World Muscle Power Classic (WMPC) and 8 have won the Arnold Strongman Classic (ASC).
7 men have won both WSM & WMPC (Kazmaier, Capes, Sigmarsson, Reeves, Magnússon, Ahola, Karlsen). 4 men have won both WSM & ASC (Savickas, Shaw, Björnsson, Licis).
Additionally, following 46 strongmen have reached either 4th or 5th places of World's Strongest Man and/or World Muscle Power Classic and/or Arnold Strongman Classic:
Lou Ferrigno, Franco Columbu, Jon Kolb, Gus Rethwisch, Bishop Dolegiewicz, Jerry Hannan, Craig Wolfley, Ernie Hackett, Hamish Davidson, Rudolph Kuester, George Hechter, Dan Markovic, Jean-Pierre Brulois, Tom Hawk, László Fekete, Adrian Smith, Berend Veneberg, Heinz Ollesch, Pieter de Bruyn, Martin Muhr, Wayne Price, Nathan Jones, Bill Lyndon, Johnny Perry, Brian Bell, Arvydas Pintinas, Andy Bolton, Steve Kirit, Bill Pittuck, Sami Heinonen, Jarek Dymek, Brian Schoonveld, Odd Haugen, Brian Siders, Benedikt Magnússon, Mark Felix, Tarmo Mitt, Vidas Blekaitis, Stefán Sölvi Pétursson, Laurence Shahlaei, Krzysztof Radzikowski, Dimitar Savatinov, Konstantine Janashia, Matjaz Belsak, Rob Kearney and Trey Mitchell.
International Accolades
Below table summarizes the 50 most decorated strongmen in modern history with the most number of international wins (1st places) in their careers.
No. of total career competitions against the No. of wins (1st places only).
- As at 1 January 2023
See also
List of strongmen
List of strongman competitions
Grip strength
Lifting stone
Power training
Strength training
Strongwoman
World Strongman Federation
World Strongman Cup Federation
Highland games (Scottish heritage)
History of physical training and fitness
References
External links
United States All Round Weightlifting Association
Oldtime Strongman
Old-School Strongmen – slideshow by Life magazine
Oldtime Strongmen List
World Strongman Federation
Sports occupations and roles
Strength athletics
Circus skills | wiki |
Sight Unseen may refer to:
Sight Unseen (novel), a 1969 novel by Audrey Erskine Lindop
Sight Unseen (play), a 1991 play by Donald Margulies
Sight Unseen, a 2005 novel by Robert Goddard (novelist)
"Sight Unseen", a song by Rise Against from the 2008 album Appeal to Reason
"Sight Unseen" (Charmed), a 2000 episode of the television series Charmed
"Sight Unseen", a 2002 episode of the television series Stargate SG-1
Sight Unseen (audio drama), an audio drama on the Wondery podcast network
Sight Unseen, a 1999 book by Georgina Kleege | wiki |
This is a list of current festivals held within the Canadian province of Ontario, Canada.
Festivals by city
List of festivals in Ottawa
List of festivals in Toronto
Festivals by region
Northeastern Ontario
Algoma Fall Festival (Sault Ste Marie)
Bon Soo Winter Carnival (Sault Ste. Marie)
Cinéfest Sudbury International Film Festival (Sudbury)
Junction North International Documentary Film Festival (Sudbury)
Northern Lights Festival Boréal (Sudbury)
La Nuit sur l'étang (Sudbury)
Queer North Film Festival (Sudbury)
Sudbury Pride (Sudbury)
Sundridge Sunflower Festival (Sundridge)
Up Here Festival (Sudbury)
Northwestern Ontario
Northwest Film Fest (Thunder Bay)
Thunder Pride (Thunder Bay)
Vox Popular Media Arts Festival (Thunder Bay)
Southern Ontario
Bluesfest International Windsor (Windsor)
Blyth Festival (Blyth)
Boots and Hearts Music Festival (Oro-Medonte)
Brantford Ribfest (Brantford)
Bridges Festival (Mississauga)
Brighton Applefest (Brighton)
Canada Dance Festival (Ottawa)
Canada Day
Canadian Filmmakers' Festival (Toronto)
Canada's Largest Ribfest (Burlington)
Canal Days (August Civic Holiday Weekend - Port Colborne)
Carassauga (May - Mississauga)
Carnival of Cultures (Ottawa)
CMT Music Fest (Kitchener)
Downtown Oakville Jazz Festival (Oakville)
Elmira Maple Syrup Festival (April - Elmira)
Festival of Northern Lights (Owen Sound)
Fergus Scottish Festival and Highland Games (Fergus)
Friendship Festival (Fort Erie)
Goderich Celtic Roots Festival (Goderich)
Havelock Country Jamboree (August - Havelock)
Heatwave (Bowmanville)
Home County Folk Festival (London)
Kitchener-Waterloo Oktoberfest (October - Kitchener)
London Ontario Live Arts Festival (London)
London Ribfest (August Civic Holiday Weekend - London)
Luminato Festival (June - Toronto)
Mariposa Folk Festival (Orillia)
MuslimFest (Mississauga)
North by Northeast / NXNE (Toronto)
Nuit Blanche (September - Toronto)
Ottawa Bluesfest (Ottawa)
Ovation Music Festival (Stratford)
Peterborough Summer Festival of Lights (Peterborough)
Pride Week (Toronto)
Rockton World's Fair (October Thanksgiving Weekend - Flamborough)
St. Lawrence Shakespeare Festival (St. Lawrence)
Toronto Caribbean Carnival - Toronto Carnival (March - August -Toronto)
Shaw Festival (Niagara-on-the-Lake)
Steam Era (September Labour Day Weekend - Milton)
Stratford Shakespeare Festival (Stratford)
Strawberry Fields Festival (Aug. 1970 - Bowmanville)
Sunfest (July - London)
Supercrawl (September - Hamilton)
Taste of the Kingsway (September - Toronto)
Taste of the Danforth (August - Toronto)
The Great India Festival (August - Ottawa)
Toronto Chinese Lantern Festival (Toronto)
Toronto Design Offsite Festival (Toronto)
Toronto International Film Festival (Toronto)
Toronto Reel Asian International Film Festival (Toronto)
Toronto Ribfest (July Canada Day Weekend - Centennial Park, Etobicoke)
Toronto Rock and Roll Revival (Toronto)
Wallaceburg Antique Motor Boat Outing (Wallaceburg)
Waterloo Festival for Animated Cinema (Waterloo)
WayHome Music & Arts Festival (Oro-Medonte)
Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival (Windsor)
Winter Festival of Lights (Niagara Falls)
Winterlude (February - Ottawa)
The Word on the Street Festival (September - Toronto)
See also
List of festivals in Canada
Culture of Ontario
Tourism in Ontario
References
External links
Festivals in Ontario
Ontario
Festivals
Ontario | wiki |
TennisConnect is a software application introduced by the non-profit Tennis Industry Association in 2004.
The Association developed TennisConnect in response to market research that said the Associatioln was not using current technology to connect with tennis.
Since its introduction, TennisConnect has been used by more than 500,000 tennis players who combine to produce more than 12 million page views per month. Tennis Providers have independently published more than 20,000 pages, 600,000 events, and 18 million tennis court reservations using TennisConnect.
As of 2004, TennisConnect was the foundation of the Association database architecture.
References
RSI Magazine - links pending
Tennis Industry Association - links pending
Tennis websites | wiki |
McKinsey & Company is an American worldwide management consulting firm.
McKinsey may also refer to:
McKinsey (surname), a surname
McKinsey 7S Framework, a management model
McKinsey Quarterly, a business magazine for senior executives
McKinsey Award, awarded by the Harvard Business Review
See also
McKinley (disambiguation)
Kinsey (disambiguation) | wiki |
Crossover (ficció)
Crossover (música)
Crossover Thrash
Crossover Magazine
Crossover, nom anglès per a designar el vehicle multisegment. | wiki |
Needles and pins, een Brits kinderversje
Needles and pins (lied), een lied geschreven door Jack Nitzsche en Sonny Bono
Needles and pins, lied van Deftones
Needles and pins (televisieserie), Amerikaanse tv-serie
"Needles and pins" of "Pins and needles", Engelse volkstaal voor paresthesie | wiki |
Salem Public Library may refer to:
Salem Public Library (Massachusetts)
Salem Public Library (Oregon) | wiki |
Lake Taylorville is a 1,200-acre (4.8 km²) reservoir located in Christian County, Illinois. Created in 1962 by damming the South Fork of Illinois's Sangamon River, it was built for water supply and recreation purposes. The lake is 6.5 miles (10.5 km) long and 0.4 miles (0.6 km) wide. The nearest town is Taylorville, Illinois, southeast of Springfield, Illinois.
Lake Taylorville is managed by the city of Taylorville.
As with other Central Illinois reservoirs, Lake Taylorville is troubled by siltation, with an estimated 90,000 tons of silt annually eroding from farms in the lake's South Fork of the Sangamon catchment area and washing into the lake. The city in 1998 built a low-headed silt dam on Locust Creek, one of the reservoir's tributaries, to reduce lake siltation.
In 2006, Taylorville City Council began to discuss the issue of dredging the lake to remove unwanted silt. The proposal has not been approved yet because of the large sum of money it would cost the city to dredge the lake. If this project were to take place it would be sometime in the fall of 2008 when the summer recreational season is over and before winter arrives.
References
Reservoirs in Illinois
Protected areas of Christian County, Illinois
Bodies of water of Christian County, Illinois
1962 establishments in Illinois | wiki |
A drawer is a box-shaped container inside a piece of furniture that can be pulled out horizontally to access its contents. Drawers are built into numerous types of furniture, including cabinets, chests of drawers (bureaus), desks, and the like.
Construction
Drawers can be built in various ways using a variety of materials, including wood, various wood composites, sheet metal, and plastic.
Wooden drawers are often designed so that the front face is complete and the end grain from the side pieces does not show. The corners may be dovetailed for additional strength or for aesthetics, and a half-blind dovetail joint may be used for the front corners to hide the joint. To attach the bottom piece of the drawer, a groove may be cut in the four vertical pieces to insert the bottom of the drawer.
Handles and locks
One or two handles or drawer pulls are commonly attached to the front face of the drawer to facilitate pulling it out from its enclosure. In some cases, drawers may have another means by which to pull it, including holes cut in the front face or a hollowed-out area to insert the fingers on the bottom side of its front.
Some drawers can be locked, notably in filing cabinet and desk drawers.
Movement
Drawer slides often have a mechanism to keep the drawer from accidentally being pulled fully from its enclosure.
With the simplest kinds of mounting, the drawer cannot be pulled out sufficiently to see the full interior, without pulling the drawer completely out of the cabinet, often leading to the contents being dumped on the floor. There are at least two ways to make the full interior of a drawer visible, while still being completely supported by the cabinet. One way places the back of the drawer such that it is fully visible when the drawer hits the stop -- the interior of such a drawer is much shorter than the sides of the drawer. That visible back of the drawer may be a false back that conceals a secret hiding place behind it. Another way uses full extension drawers, which have full-extension drawer slides, also called telescoping slides, a kind of that support the drawer even when the drawer is pulled entirely out of the cabinet.
Drawer slides
A drawer slide or drawer runner is the part of a drawer that allows it to move. There are various types of slide mechanisms with different features, for different uses, at different price points.
Uses
Examples of uses are in home furniture hardware, office appliances, and industrial equipment, including kitchen cabinets, oven slides, rails for sliding doors, and fridge slides (for coolers).
Performance metrics
A good slide rail is defined by smoothness, tight tolerance and load capacity.
Types by slide mechanism
Wooden slides The drawer rests directly on the cabinet.
Wheel drawer slide A wheel drawer or roller runner slide (sometimes called a European-style slide) is a simple mechanism that can handle heavy loads. However, the drawer cannot be fully extended, except when removing it.
Ball bearing slides Ball bearing or steel ball slides have ball bearings to make drawers slide more smoothly.
Telescoping ball bearing drawer slides Telescopic channel slides allow for full extension of the drawer during normal use, and therefore better access to the space inside it. They are manufactured using a drawer slides roll forming machine, and consist of outer, middle and inner rails. They can be made with a soft-close mechanism. They are also called 3-section slides, as opposed to 2-section ball bearing slides which cannot be fully opened.
Types by mounting or placement
Side-mounted slide Most drawer slides are side-mounted, leaving them visible when the drawer is opened. Concealed slides are generally mounted on the underside of the drawer:
Under-mounted slide Also called bottom-mounted slides, they are mounted out by the sides on the bottom of the drawer, leaving them concealed when the drawer is opened. Under-mounted slides of the ball bearing type can include a soft-close mechanism. Due to its more complex form factor, under-mounted slides usually cost more than side-mounted slides.
Center-mounted slide Center-mounted slides are mounted near the bottom center of the drawer, and are therefore also usually concealed when the drawer is opened. They are often limited to lighter loads than other types of slides.
Soft close
A soft-close mechanism is a special feature that slows the drawer's velocity in the last part of closing, then closes it automatically. The user gives the drawer a gentle push to engage the mechanism, and the drawer closes smoothly and quietly without the possibility of slamming.
Gallery
See also: Guide rail and Linear-motion bearing
See also
Cash drawer
False bottom
Junk drawer
Roll-out shelf
Drawer slides roll forming machine
References
Containers
Furniture
Clothing containers
Cabinets (furniture) | wiki |
Gujarat cyclone may refer to:
1998 Gujarat cyclone
2001 Gujarat cyclone
2015 Gujarat cyclone | wiki |
"Peace of Mind" is a popular song, written by Lou Fields.
Teresa Brewer recording
A version recorded by Teresa Brewer in 1960 peaked at #66 on the Hot 100.
References
1960 songs | wiki |
Erbium(III) bromide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula ErBr3 crystal which is highly soluble in water. It is used, like other metal bromide compounds, in water treatment, chemical analysis and for certain crystal growth applications.
References
Erbium compounds
Bromides
Lanthanide halides | wiki |
It's Your Fault may refer to:
It's Your Fault (video), 2013 satirical video
It's Your Fault (film), Argentine film | wiki |
Forest phebalium is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
Leionema ambiens
Phebalium squamulosum, endemic to Eastern Australia | wiki |
High Noon is a 1952 western film directed by Fred Zinnemann.
High Noon may also refer to:
High noon, a synonym for solar noon
Arts and entertainment
High Noon, Part II: The Return of Will Kane, a 1980 TV film sequel to High Noon
High Noon (2000 film), an American television film remake of the 1952 film
High Noon (2009 film), directed by Peter Markle
High Noon (2013 film), directed by Ivan Mazza
High Noon (painting), a 1949 painting by Edward Hopper
High Noon (video game), a 1984 shoot 'em up game for the Commodore 64 by Ocean Software
"High Noon" (Gargoyles), a 1995 episode of the Disney animated show Gargoyles
Chikara High Noon, a 2011 professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by Chikara
Music
High Noon (Mark Heard album), 1993
High Noon (Arkells album), 2014
High Noon (Jerrod Niemann album), 2014
"High Noon", a song by Haircut 100 from their 1984 album Paint and Paint
"High Noon", a 1993 song by Kruder & Dorfmeister
"High Noon", a 1997 single by DJ Shadow
"High Noon", a song by Rascalz from their 1999 album Global Warning
See also
"The Ballad of High Noon", the title theme from the 1952 film | wiki |
The following are members of the United States House of Representatives who switched parties while serving in Congress.
See also
List of United States senators who switched parties
List of party switchers in the United States
Party switching
References
Switch
United States Representatives
Political history of the United States
American politicians who switched parties | wiki |
A super magnum is a longer and/or more powerful version of a "magnum" cartridge. Although the term "super magnum" typically refers to a handgun cartridge, created by lengthening an existing straight-case design, it can also refer to rifle and shotgun cartridges, such as the .17 Winchester Super Magnum and the 3" 12 Gauge Super Magnum. In this case, it simply denotes that it is of greater power than existing "magnums" of similar caliber, similar to other designations such as "Remington Ultra Magnum". The most widespread of these cartridges are the "SuperMag" family of super-magnum handgun cartridges that were proposed and tested by Elgin Gates in the 1970s.
Calibers
Gates' SuperMags
Gates tested super magnum cartridges in 7mm, .357, .375, .41, .44, .45, .50, and .60 caliber. Gates' SuperMag cartridges are all 1.610 inches long—about of an inch longer than a "standard" handgun magnum (i.e. .357 Magnum, .41 Magnum, and .44 Magnum, which are all the same length)—and use the same bullets as the original magnum cartridges. The extra powder capacity can increase muzzle velocity up to 30–40% over the original magnum rounds.
In the 1980s, Dan Wesson Firearms began to produce revolvers chambered for the .357 Supermag, .375 Supermag, and .445 SuperMag cartridges. In 2000, they added .414 Supermag, and .460 Rowland.
Other super magnums
There have been other cartridges that were created by extending the length of existing magnum cartridges. Some of these are:
The .327 Federal Magnum, based on the .32 H&R Magnum.
The .357 Remington Maximum, based on the .357 Magnum and is virtually identical in all dimensions to the .357 SuperMag, with only a slightly shorter overall case length.
The .460 S&W Magnum, based on the .454 Casull. The latter cartridge is effectively, though not in name, a magnum version of the .45 Colt.
Details and performance
.357 SuperMag
Based on the .357 Magnum cartridge, a revolver or single-shot pistol designed for the .357 SuperMag can also fire .357 Remington Maximum, .360 Dan Wesson, .357 Magnum, .38 Special, .38 Long Colt, and the .38 Short Colt cartridges. The .357 SuperMag is essentially the same cartridge as the later-named .357 Remington Maximum that was jointly developed circa 1982–1983 by Sturm, Ruger & Company and Remington, the .357 Remington Maximum brass is only 0.005" shorter than that of the .357 SuperMag brass, but identical in all other dimensions. Ruger, as well as Dan Wesson, introduced revolvers in this cartridge, followed shortly later by Thompson/Center in their single-shot Contender.Due to flame cutting of the top strap of revolvers when shooting cartridges loaded with 110 and 125 grain bullets, Ruger discontinued their revolver in this cartridge after a short production run. Dan Wesson provided a second barrel to customers, but this failed to address customer fears, and the cartridge remained popular only in the single-shot T/C Contender. Remington then dropped this cartridge from production, although brass is still manufactured for reloaders every few years.
.375 SuperMag
Based on the .375 Winchester rifle cartridge, this custom round was meant to fit between the .357 SuperMag and the .445 SuperMag, but is no longer produced. It had a tapered case that was prone to sticking in the cylinder after firing. The .375 Super Mag took a special jacketed revolver bullet of 220 grains made by Hornady and chambered in the Dan Wesson revolver. But shooters concluded the combination did not shoot very well, and it was dropped from production with few being made. Star-Line brass is likewise rare.
.414 SuperMag
Based on the .41 Magnum cartridge, the .414 SuperMag never really caught on, partly due to a medium range performance that was not that different to the well-established .44 Magnum. Consequently, the cartridge was never adopted by any of the major commercial ammunition producers, although custom ammunition producers listed it, loaded with Starline brass. Dan Wesson did commence chambering their 8” barrelled, heavy frame revolver for it in 2000, the numbers were small, due to lack of demand and terminated by their Chapter 11 bankruptcy. They also offered ‘factory’ .414 Super Mag ammunition, based upon Starline cases topped with a 220-grain TC bullet, now highly collectable itself. Thompson Center were the only other manufacturer to catalogue the calibre, offering various lengths of chambered barrel for their single-shot T/C Contender. A revolver designed for the .414 SuperMag can also fire the shorter .41 Magnum and the .41 Special cartridges.
.445 SuperMag
Based on the .44 Magnum cartridge, the .445 SuperMag is a high pressure cartridge and will allow higher muzzle velocities than most .44 Magnum cartridges. .445 cartridges are designed for long range hunting and target revolvers. Capable of knock-down performance surpassing 200 yards for Silhouette and 150 yards for hunting applications. The .445 Super Magnum can drive a heavy 300 grain bullet 120 ft/sec faster than the .44 Magnum cartridge. While Dan Wesson handguns in .445 SuperMag ceased production in 2007, custom ammunition producers like Buffalo Bore continue to offer loaded ammunition. Starline brass is still available and custom manufacturers occasionally offer T/C Encore barrels. A revolver designed for the .445 SuperMag can also fire the shorter .44 Magnum, .44 Special, and the .44 Russian cartridges.
References
Taffin, John. The SuperMags SixGuns.com
Taffin, John. Taffin Tests: The .445 SuperMag SixGuns.com
Cartridge families
Magnum pistol cartridges | wiki |
A vest is an upper-body garment, though the type of clothing depends on the dialect of English. In American English, a vest is what the British call a waistcoat, while in British and Indian English, it is what Americans call an undershirt or tank top.
Vest may also refer to:
Places
Vest (development region), Romania
Vest, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in the United States
People
Alan Vest (born 1939), New Zealand football player and manager
Allison Vest (born 1995), Canadian rock climber
Charles M. Vest (1941–2013), American engineer, educator, and university president
David Vest (born 1943), American musician
Dick Vest (1897–1974), Australian rugby league footballer
Dorothy Vest (1919–2013), American tennis player
George Graham Vest (1830–1904), American politician
George S. Vest (born 1918), American diplomat
Jesse Vest (born 1977), American musician
Lorenz Chrysanth von Vest (1776–1840), Austrian physician and botanist
Will Vest (born 1995), American baseball player
Other uses
VEST (Very efficient substitution transposition), a set of families of hardware-dedicated ciphers
Vest (newspaper), a Macedonian newspaper
Vest (schooner), a Danish auxiliary schooner in service 1958-68
"The Vest", an episode of the TV series Homeland
Vesting, a legal concept
VAX Environment Software Translator, a binary translator for OpenVMS | wiki |
Acropora insignis est une espèce de coraux appartenant à la famille des Acroporidae.
Description et caractéristiques
Habitat et répartition
Menaces
Liens externes
Notes et références
Acroporidae | wiki |
The Fountain of Age is a book written by Betty Friedan, who also wrote The Feminine Mystique. It is a study of aging and how people face aging.
External links
Booknotes interview with Friedan on Fountain of Age, November 28, 1993.
Geriatrics | wiki |
In United States law, reckless driving is a major moving violation that generally consists of driving a vehicle with willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property. It is usually a more serious offense than careless driving, improper driving, or driving without due care and attention, and is often punishable by fines, imprisonment, or the suspension or revocation of one's driver's license. In Commonwealth countries, the offense of dangerous driving applies.
Reckless driving has been studied by psychologists who found that reckless drivers score high in risk-taking personality traits. However, no one cause can be assigned to the mental state.
Depending on the jurisdiction, reckless driving may be defined by a particular subjective mental state that is evident from the circumstances, or by particular driver actions regardless of mental state, or both.
State laws
Alabama
Code of Alabama 1975, Title 32 (Motor Vehicles and Traffic), Section 32-5A-190 (Reckless driving):
(a) Any person who drives any vehicle carelessly and heedlessly in willful or wanton disregard for the rights or safety of persons or property, or without due caution and circumspection and at a speed or in a manner so as to endanger or be likely to endanger any person or property, shall be guilty of reckless driving.
(b) Every person convicted of reckless driving shall be punished upon a first conviction by imprisonment for a period of not less than five days nor more than 90 days, or by fine of not less than $25.00 nor more than $500.00, or by both such fine and imprisonment, and on a second or subsequent conviction shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than 10 days nor more than six months, or by a fine of not less than $50.00 nor more than $500.00, or by both such fine and imprisonment, and the court may prohibit the person so convicted from driving a motor vehicle on the public highways of this state for a period not exceeding six months, and the license of the person shall be suspended for such period by the Director of Public Safety pursuant to Section 32-5A-195.
(c) Neither reckless driving nor any other moving violation under this chapter is a lesser included offense under a charge of driving while under the influence of alcohol or drugs. (Acts 1980, No. 80-434, p. 604, §9-101.)
Alaska
Alaska Statutes, Title 28 (Motor Vehicles), Chapter 35 (Offenses and Accidents), Section 40. (Reckless Driving)
(a) A person who drives a motor vehicle in the state in a manner that creates a substantial and unjustifiable risk of harm to a person or to property is guilty of reckless driving. A substantial and unjustifiable risk is a risk of such a nature and degree that the conscious disregard of it or a failure to perceive it constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person would observe in the situation.
(b) A person convicted of reckless driving is guilty of a misdemeanor and is punishable by a fine of not more than $1,000 or by imprisonment for not more than one year or by both.
(c) Lawfully conducted automobile, snowmobile, motorcycle, or other motor vehicle racing or exhibition events are not subject to the provisions of this section. (AS 28.35.040)
Arizona
28-693. Reckless driving; classification; license; surrender
A. A person who drives a vehicle in reckless disregard for the safety of persons or property is guilty of reckless driving.
B. A person convicted of reckless driving is guilty of a class 2 misdemeanor.
C. In addition, the judge may require the surrender to a police officer of any driver license of the convicted person, shall report the conviction to the department and may order the driving privileges of the person to be suspended for a period of not more than ninety days. On receipt of the abstract of conviction and order, the department shall suspend the driving privilege of the person for the period of time ordered by the judge.
D. If a person who is convicted of a violation of this section has been previously convicted of a violation of this section, section 13-1102 or section 13-1103, subsection A, paragraph 1, in the driving of a vehicle, or section 28-708, 28-1381, 28-1382 or 28-1383 within a period of twenty-four months:
1. The person is guilty of a class 1 misdemeanor.
2. The person is not eligible for probation, pardon, suspension of sentence or release on any basis until the person has served not less than twenty days in jail.
3. The judge may require the surrender to a police officer of any driver license of the person and shall immediately forward the abstract of conviction to the department.
4. On receipt of the abstract of conviction, the department shall revoke the driving privilege of the person.
E. The dates of the commission of the offense are the determining factor in applying subsection D of this section. A second or subsequent violation for which a conviction occurs as provided in this section does not include a conviction for an offense arising out of the same series of acts.
F. On pronouncement of a jail sentence under this section, and after the court receives confirmation that the person is employed or is a student, the court may provide in the sentence that if the defendant is employed or is a student the defendant can continue employment or schooling for not more than twelve hours per day nor more than five days per week. The defendant shall spend the remaining days or parts of days in jail until the sentence is served and shall be allowed out of jail only long enough to complete the defendant's actual hours of employment or schooling.
Arkansas
Arkansas Code, Title 27 (Transportation), Subtitle 4 (Motor Vehicular Traffic), Chapter 50 (Penalties and Enforcement), Subchapter 3 (Offenses and Penalties Generally)
(a) Any person who drives any vehicle in such a manner as to indicate a wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property is guilty of reckless driving.
(b) (1)
(A) If physical injury to a person results, every person convicted of reckless driving shall be punished upon a first conviction by imprisonment for a period of not less than thirty (30) days nor more than ninety (90) days or by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars ($100) nor more than one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by both such fine and imprisonment.
(B) Otherwise, every person convicted of reckless driving shall be punished upon a first conviction by imprisonment for a period of not less than five (5) days nor more than ninety (90) days or a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars ($25.00) nor more than five hundred dollars ($500), or by both such fine and imprisonment.
(2)
(A) For a second or subsequent offense occurring within three (3) years of the first offense, every person convicted of reckless driving shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than thirty (30) days nor more than six (6) months or by a fine of not less than five hundred dollars ($500) nor more than one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by both such fine and imprisonment.
(B) However, if the second or subsequent offense involves physical injury to a person, the person convicted shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than sixty (60) days nor more than one (1) year or by a fine of not less than five hundred dollars ($500) nor more than one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by both such fine and imprisonment. (AC 27-50-30; Acts 1937, No. 300, § 50; Pope's Dig., § 6708; Acts 1955, No. 186, § 1; A.S.A. 1947, § 75-1003; Acts 1987, No. 258, § 1)
California
California Vehicle Code§ 23103.5: Wet Reckless or Reckless Driving Involving Alcohol (Priorable as a California DUI)
(a) Any person who drives any vehicle upon a highway in willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property is guilty of reckless driving.
(b) Any person who drives any vehicle in any off-street parking facility, as defined in subdivision (c) of Section 12500, in willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property is guilty of reckless driving.
(c) Persons convicted of the offense of reckless driving shall be punished by imprisonment in a county jail for not less than five days nor more than 90 days or by a fine of not less than one hundred forty-five dollars ($145) nor more than one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by both that fine and imprisonment, except as provided in Section 23104.
Amended Sec. 19, Ch. 739, Stats. 2001. Effective January 1, 2002.
Reckless Driving: Bodily Injury Vehicle Code 23104
(a) Except as provided in subdivision (b), whenever reckless driving of a vehicle proximately causes bodily injury to any person other than the driver, the person driving the vehicle shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by imprisonment in the county jail for not less than 30 days nor more than six months or by a fine of not less than two hundred twenty dollars ($220) nor more than one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by both the fine and imprisonment.
(b) Any person convicted of reckless driving which proximately causes great bodily injury, as defined in Section 12022.7 of the Penal Code, to any person other than the driver, who previously has been convicted of a violation of Section 23103, 23104, 23109, 23152, or 23153, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison, by imprisonment in the county jail for not less than 30 days nor more than six months or by a fine of not less than two hundred twenty dollars ($220) nor more than one thousand dollars ($1,000) or by both the fine and imprisonment.
Amended Ch. 216, Stats. 1984. Effective January 1, 1985.
Colorado
Colorado Statute CRS 42-4-1401: Reckless Driving
(1) A person who drives a motor vehicle, bicycle, electrical assisted bicycle, or low-power scooter in such a manner as to indicate either a wanton or a willful disregard for the safety of persons or property is guilty of reckless driving. A person convicted of reckless driving of a bicycle or /electrical assisted bicycle shall not be subject to the provisions of section 42-2-127.
(2) Any person who violates any provision of this section commits a class 2 misdemeanor traffic offense. Upon a second or subsequent conviction, such person shall be punished by a fine of not less than fifty dollars nor more than one thousand dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail for not less than ten days nor more than six months, or by both such fine and imprisonment.
Connecticut
Connecticut Statute GSC Section 14-222: Reckless Driving
(a) No person shall operate any motor vehicle upon any public highway of the state, or any road of any specially chartered municipal association or of any district organized under the provisions of chapter 105, a purpose of which is the construction and maintenance of roads and sidewalks, or in any parking area for ten cars or more or upon any private road on which a speed limit has been established in accordance with the provisions of section 14-218a or upon any school property recklessly, having regard to the width, traffic and use of such highway, road, school property or parking area, the intersection of streets and the weather conditions. The operation of a motor vehicle upon any such highway, road or parking area for ten cars or more at such a rate of speed as to endanger the life of any person other than the operator of such motor vehicle, or the operation, downgrade, upon any highway, of any motor vehicle with a commercial registration with the clutch or gears disengaged, or the operation knowingly of a motor vehicle with defective mechanism, shall constitute a violation of the provisions of this section. The operation of a motor vehicle upon any such highway, road or parking area for ten cars or more at a rate of speed greater than eighty-five miles per hour shall constitute a violation of the provisions of this section.
(b) Any person who violates any provision of this section shall be fined not less than one hundred dollars nor more than three hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than thirty days or be both fined and imprisoned for the first offense and for each subsequent offense shall be fined not more than six hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than one year or be both fined and imprisoned.
Delaware
Delaware Statute DE Code Title 21 Section 4175: Reckless Driving
(a) No person shall drive any vehicle in wilful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property, and this offense shall be known as reckless driving.
(b) Whoever violates subsection (a) of this section shall for the first offense be fined not less than $100 nor more than $300, or be imprisoned not less than 10 nor more than 30 days, or both. For each subsequent like offense occurring within 3 years of a former offense, the person shall be fined not less than $300 nor more than $1,000, or be imprisoned not less than 30 nor more than 60 days, or both. No person who violates subsection (a) of this section shall receive a suspended sentence. However, for the first offense, the period of imprisonment may be suspended. Whoever is convicted of violating subsection (a) of this section and who has had the charge reduced from the violation of § 4177(a) of this title shall, in addition to the above, be ordered to complete a course of instruction or program of rehabilitation established under § 4177D of this title and to pay all fees in connection therewith. In such cases, the court disposing of the case shall note in the court's record that the offense was alcohol-related or drug-related and such notation shall be carried on the violator's motor vehicle record.
District of Columbia
District of Columbia DC Code Section 50-2201.04: Reckless Driving
(a) No vehicle shall be operated at a greater rate of speed than permitted by the regulations adopted under the authority of this part.
(b) A person shall be guilty of reckless driving if the person drives a vehicle upon a highway carelessly and heedlessly in willful or wanton disregard for the rights or safety of others, or without due caution and circumspection and at a speed or in a manner so as to endanger or be likely to endanger a person or property.
(b-1) A person shall be guilty of aggravated reckless driving if the person violates subsection (b) of this section and the person does one or more of the following:
(1) Operates the vehicle at a rate or speed at or greater than 30 miles per hour over the stated speed limit;
(2) Causes bodily harm or permanent disability or disfigurement to another; or
(3) Causes property damage in excess of $1,000.
(c)
(1) A person violating subsection (b) of this section shall, upon conviction for the first offense, be fined no more than the amount set forth in § 22‑3571.01, or incarcerated for no more than 90 days, or both.
(2) A person violating subsection (b) of this section when the person has been convicted of a prior offense under subsection (b) of this section within a 2-year period and is being sentenced on the current offense shall be fined no more than the amount set forth in § 22‑3571.01, or incarcerated for no more than 180 days.
(3) A person violating subsection (b) of this section when the person has 2 or more prior convictions for offenses under subsection (b) of this section within a 2-year period and is being sentenced on the current offense shall be fined no more than the amount set forth in § 22‑3571.01, or incarcerated for no more than one year.
(c-1)
(1) A person violating subsection (b-1) of this section shall, upon conviction for the first offense, be fined no more than the amount set forth in § 22‑3571.01, or incarcerated for no more than 180 days, or both.
(2) A person violating subsection (b-1) of this section when the person has one or more prior convictions for offenses under subsection (b-1) within a 2-year period and is being sentenced on the current offense shall be fined no more than the amount set forth in § 22‑3571.01, or incarcerated for no more than one year.
(d) Any individual violating any provision of this section, except where the offense constitutes aggravated reckless driving, shall be subject to a civil fine under the District of Columbia Traffic Adjudication Act (§ 50‑2301.01 et seq.).
(e) A presumption shall exist that a reckless, careless, hazardous, or aggressive driving conviction that occurred in a foreign jurisdiction constitutes reckless driving as provided in subsection (b) of this section, unless the District can show evidence that the person met the requirements for aggravated reckless driving in subsection (b-1) of this section.
(f) The fines set forth in this section shall not be limited by § 22‑3571.01.
Florida
Florida Statute Section 316.192: Reckless Driving
(1)(a) Any person who drives any vehicle in willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property is guilty of reckless driving.
(b) Fleeing a law enforcement officer in a motor vehicle is reckless driving per se.
(2) Except as provided in subsection (3), any person convicted of reckless driving shall be punished:
(a) Upon a first conviction, by imprisonment for a period of not more than 90 days or by fine of not less than $25 nor more than $500, or by both such fine and imprisonment.
(b) On a second or subsequent conviction, by imprisonment for not more than 6 months or by a fine of not less than $50 nor more than $1,000, or by both such fine and imprisonment.
(3) Any person:
(a) Who is in violation of subsection (1);
(b) Who operates a vehicle; and
(c) Who, by reason of such operation, causes:
1. Damage to the property or person of another commits a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
2. Serious bodily injury to another commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. The term "serious bodily injury" means an injury to another person, which consists of a physical condition that creates a substantial risk of death, serious personal disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ.
(4) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, $5 shall be added to a fine imposed pursuant to this section. The clerk shall remit the $5 to the Department of Revenue for deposit in the Emergency Medical Services Trust Fund.
(5) In addition to any other penalty provided under this section, if the court has reasonable cause to believe that the use of alcohol, chemical substances set forth in s. 877.111, or substances controlled under chapter 893 contributed to a violation of this section, the court shall direct the person so convicted to complete a DUI program substance abuse
Georgia
O.C.G.A. § 40-6-390. Reckless Driving
(a) Any person who drives any vehicle in reckless disregard for the safety of persons or property commits the offense of reckless driving.
(b) Every person convicted of reckless driving shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine not to exceed $1,000.00 or imprisonment not to exceed 12 months, or by both such fine and imprisonment, provided that no provision of this Code section shall be construed so as to deprive the court imposing the sentence of the power given by law to stay or suspend the execution of such sentence or to place the defendant on probation.
Hawaii
Hawaii Statute HRS Section 291-2: Reckless Driving
Whoever operates any vehicle or rides any animal recklessly in disregard of the safety of persons or property is guilty of reckless driving of vehicle or reckless riding of an animal, as appropriate, and shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than thirty days, or both
Idaho
Idaho Statute Section 49-1401: Reckless Driving
(1) Any person who drives or is in actual physical control of any vehicle upon a highway, or upon public or private property open to public use, carelessly and heedlessly or without due caution and circumspection, and at a speed or in a manner as to endanger or be likely to endanger any person or property, or who passes when there is a line in his lane indicating a sight distance restriction, shall be guilty of reckless driving and upon conviction shall be punished as provided in subsection (2) of this section.
(2) Every person who pleads guilty to or is found guilty of reckless driving for the first time is guilty of a misdemeanor and may be sentenced to jail for not more than six (6) months or may be fined not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000), or may be punished by both fine and imprisonment. Every person who pleads guilty to or is found guilty of reckless driving, who has previously been found guilty of or has pled guilty to reckless driving, or any substantially conforming foreign criminal violation within five (5) years, notwithstanding the form of the judgment(s) or withheld judgment(s), is guilty of a misdemeanor and may be sentenced to jail for not more than one (1) year or may be fined not more than two thousand dollars ($2,000), or may be punished by both fine and imprisonment. The department shall suspend the driver's license or privileges of any such person as provided in section 49-326, Idaho Code.
(3) Inattentive driving shall be considered a lesser offense than reckless driving and shall be applicable in those circumstances where the conduct of the operator has been inattentive, careless or imprudent, in light of the circumstances then existing, rather than heedless or wanton, or in those cases where the danger to persons or property by the motor vehicle operator's conduct is slight. Every person convicted of inattentive driving under this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and may be sentenced to jail for not more than ninety (90) days or may be fined not more than three hundred dollars ($300), or may be punished by both fine and imprisonment.
Illinois
Illinois Statute 625 ILCS 5/11-503: Reckless Driving
(a) A person commits reckless driving if he or she:
(1) drives any vehicle with a willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property; or
(2) knowingly drives a vehicle and uses an incline in a roadway, such as a railroad crossing, bridge approach, or hill, to cause the vehicle to become airborne.
(b) Every person convicted of reckless driving shall be guilty of a Class A misdemeanor, except as provided under subsections (b-1), (c), and (d) of this Section.
(b-1) Except as provided in subsection (d), any person convicted of violating subsection (a), if the violation causes bodily harm to a child or a school crossing guard while the school crossing guard is performing his or her official duties, is guilty of a Class 4 felony.
(c) Every person convicted of committing a violation of subsection (a) shall be guilty of aggravated reckless driving if the violation results in great bodily harm or permanent disability or disfigurement to another. Except as provided in subsection (d) of this Section, aggravated reckless driving is a Class 4 felony.
(d) Any person convicted of violating subsection (a), if the violation causes great bodily harm or permanent disability or disfigurement to a child or a school crossing guard while the school crossing guard is performing his or her official duties, is guilty of aggravated reckless driving. Aggravated reckless driving under this subsection (d) is a Class 3 felony.
Indiana
Indiana Statute 9-21-8-52: Reckless Driving
(a) A person who operates a vehicle and who recklessly:
(1) drives at such an unreasonably high rate of speed or at such an unreasonably low rate of speed under the circumstances as to:
(A) endanger the safety or the property of others; or
(B) block the proper flow of traffic;
(2) passes another vehicle from the rear while on a slope or on a curve where vision is obstructed for a distance of less than five hundred (500) feet ahead;
(3) drives in and out of a line of traffic, except as otherwise permitted; or
(4) speeds up or refuses to give one-half (1/2) of the roadway to a driver overtaking and desiring to pass;
commits a Class B misdemeanor.
(b) A person who operates a vehicle and who recklessly passes a school bus stopped on a roadway when the arm signal device specified in IC 9-21-12-13 is in the device's extended position commits a Class B misdemeanor. However, the offense is a Class A misdemeanor if it causes bodily injury to a person.
(c) If an offense under subsection (a) or (b) results in damage to the property of another person or bodily injury to another person, the court shall recommend the suspension of the current driving license of the person for a fixed period of:
(1) not less than thirty (30) days; and
(2) not more than one (1) year.
Iowa
Iowa Statute Section 321.277: Reckless Driving
Any person who drives any vehicle in such manner as to indicate either a willful or a wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property is guilty of reckless driving. Every person convicted of reckless driving shall be guilty of a simple misdemeanor.
Kansas
Kansas Statute Section 8-1566: Reckless Driving
(a) Any person who drives any vehicle in willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property is guilty of reckless driving.
(b) Except as provided in K.S.A. 8-2,142, violation of this section is a misdemeanor. Upon a first conviction of a violation of this section, a person shall be sentenced to not less than five days nor more than 90 days imprisonment or fined not less than $25 nor more than $500, or both such fine and imprisonment. On a second or subsequent conviction of a violation of this section, a person shall be sentenced to not less than 10 days nor more than six months imprisonment, or fined not less than $50 nor more than $500 or both such fine and imprisonment.
Kentucky
Kentucky Statute KRS 189.290
Louisiana
Louisiana Statute RS 32:58: Careless Operation
A. Any person operating a motor vehicle on the public roads of this state shall drive in a careful and prudent manner, so as not to endanger the life, limb, or property of any person. Failure to drive in such a manner shall constitute careless operation.
B. If the careless operation of the motor vehicle directly or proximately causes the death of a human being, when the operator fails to maintain control of the vehicle because of falling asleep, in addition to any penalties provided in this Title, the person shall also be ordered to serve court-approved community service for not more than two hundred fifty hours and the department may suspend the operator's license for a period of two years
Maine
Maine Statute MRS Title 29-A Section 2413: Driving to Endanger
1. Definition. A person commits a Class E crime if, with criminal negligence as defined in Title 17-A, that person drives a motor vehicle in any place in a manner that endangers the property of another or a person, including the operator or passenger in the motor vehicle being driven.
1-A. Aggravated punishment category. Notwithstanding subsection 1, a person commits a Class C crime if, with criminal negligence as defined in Title 17-A, section 35, that person drives a motor vehicle in any place in a manner that endangers the property of another or a person, including the operator or passenger in the motor vehicle being driven, and causes serious bodily injury, as defined in Title 17-A, section 2, subsection 23, to another person.
2. Allegation of facts. In pleading under this section, it is not necessary to allege specifically the facts that constitute criminal negligence.
3. Penalties. In addition to any other penalty, the court shall suspend the driver's license of a person convicted under subsection 1 for not less than 30 days nor more than 180 days, which minimum may not be suspended. In addition to any other penalty, the court shall suspend the driver's license of a person convicted under subsection 1-A for not less than 180 days nor more than 2 years, which minimum may not be suspended. If the court fails to suspend the license, the Secretary of State shall impose the minimum period of suspension. The court shall impose a sentencing alternative that involves a fine of not less than $575, which may not be suspended.
Maryland
Maryland Statute MD Transp. Code Section 21-901.1: Reckless Driving
(a) A person is guilty of reckless driving if he drives a motor vehicle:
(1) In wanton or willful disregard for the safety of persons or property; or
(2) In a manner that indicates a wanton or willful disregard for the safety of persons or property.
(b) A person is guilty of negligent driving if he drives a motor vehicle in a careless or imprudent manner that endangers any property or the life or person of any individual.
Massachusetts
Massachusetts Statute Chapter 89 and 90 Section 24
Michigan
Michigan Statute 257.626 Reckless driving on highway, frozen public lake, or parking place
(1) A person who violates this section is guilty of reckless driving punishable as provided in this section.
(2) Except as otherwise provided in this section, a person who operates a vehicle upon a highway or a frozen public lake, stream, or pond or other place open to the general public, including, but not limited to, an area designated for the parking of motor vehicles, in willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment for not more than 93 days or a fine of not more than $500.00, or both.
(3) Beginning October 31, 2010, a person who operates a vehicle in violation of subsection (2) and by the operation of that vehicle causes serious impairment of a body function to another person is guilty of a felony punishable by imprisonment for not more than 5 years or a fine of not less than $1,000.00 or more than $5,000.00, or both. The judgment of sentence may impose the sanction permitted under section 625n. If the vehicle is not ordered forfeited under section 625n, the court shall order vehicle immobilization under section 904d in the judgment of sentence.
(4) Beginning October 31, 2010, a person who operates a vehicle in violation of subsection (2) and by the operation of that vehicle causes the death of another person is guilty of a felony punishable by imprisonment for not more than 15 years or a fine of not less than $2,500.00 or more than $10,000.00, or both. The judgment of sentence may impose the sanction permitted under section 625n. If the vehicle is not ordered forfeited under section 625n, the court shall order vehicle immobilization under section 904d in the judgment of sentence.
(5) In a prosecution under subsection (4), the jury shall not be instructed regarding the crime of moving violation causing death.
Minnesota
Minnesota Statute 169.13: Reckless or Careless Driving
Subdivision 1.Reckless driving.
(a) Any person who drives any vehicle in such a manner as to indicate either a willful or a wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property is guilty of reckless driving and such reckless driving is a misdemeanor.
(b) A person shall not race any vehicle upon any street or highway of this state. Any person who willfully compares or contests relative speeds by operating one or more vehicles is guilty of racing, which constitutes reckless driving, whether or not the speed contested or compared is in excess of the maximum speed prescribed by law.
Subdivision 2.Careless driving.
Any person who operates or halts any vehicle upon any street or highway carelessly or heedlessly in disregard of the rights of others, or in a manner that endangers or is likely to endanger any property or any person, including the driver or passengers of the vehicle, is guilty of a misdemeanor.
Subdivision 3.Application.
(a) The provisions of this section apply, but are not limited in application, to any person who drives any vehicle in the manner prohibited by this section:
(1) upon the ice of any lake, stream, or river, including but not limited to the ice of any boundary water; or
(2) in a parking lot ordinarily used by or available to the public though not as a matter of right, and a driveway connecting the parking lot with a street or highway.
(b) This section does not apply to:
(1) an authorized emergency vehicle, when responding to an emergency call or when in pursuit of an actual or suspected violator;
(2) the emergency operation of any vehicle when avoiding imminent danger; or
(3) any raceway, racing facility, or other public event sanctioned by the appropriate governmental authority.
Mississippi
Mississippi Statute 63-3-1201
Any person who drives any vehicle in such a manner as to indicate either a wilful or a wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property is guilty of reckless driving. Reckless driving shall be considered a greater offense than careless driving.
Every person convicted of reckless driving shall be punished upon a first conviction by a fine of not less than Five Dollars ($ 5.00) nor more than One Hundred Dollars ($ 100.00), and on a second or subsequent conviction he may be punished by imprisonment for not more than ten (10) days or by a fine of not exceeding Five Hundred Dollars ($ 500.00), or by both.
Missouri
Missouri Statute MRS 304.012
Montana
Montana Statute 61-8-301
(a) operates a vehicle in willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property; or
(b) operates a vehicle in willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property while passing, in either direction, a school bus that has stopped and is displaying the visual flashing red signal, as provided in 61-8-351 and 61-9-402. This subsection:
(1)(b) does not apply to situations described in 61-8-351(6).
(2) A municipality may enact and enforce 61-8-715 and subsection (1) of this section as an ordinance.
(3) A person who is convicted of the offense of reckless driving or of reckless endangerment of a highway worker is subject to the penalties provided in 61-8-715.
(4)
(a) A person commits the offense of reckless endangerment of a highway worker if the person purposely, knowingly, or negligently drives a motor vehicle in a highway construction zone in a manner that endangers persons or property or if the person purposely removes, ignores, or intentionally strikes an official traffic control device in a construction zone for reasons other than:
(i) avoidance of an obstacle;
(ii) an emergency; or
(iii) to protect the health and safety of an occupant of the vehicle or of another person.
(b) As used in this section:
(i) "construction zone" has the same meaning as is provided in 61-8-314; and
(ii) "highway worker" means an employee of the department of transportation, a local authority, a utility company, or a private contractor.
Nebraska
Nebraska Statute 60-6, 213
Nevada
Nevada Statute NRS 484B.653 Reckless driving
1. It is unlawful for a person to:
(a) Drive a vehicle in willful or wanton disregard of the safety of persons or property.
(b) Drive a vehicle in an unauthorized speed contest on a public highway.
(c) Organize an unauthorized speed contest on a public highway.
2. If, while violating the provisions of subsections 1 to 5, inclusive, of NRS 484B.270, NRS 484B.280, paragraph (a) or (c) of subsection 1 of NRS 484B.283, NRS 484B.350, subsection 1 or 2 of NRS 484B.363 or subsection 1 of NRS 484B.600, the driver of a motor vehicle is the proximate cause of a collision with a pedestrian or a person riding a bicycle, the violation constitutes reckless driving.
3. A person who violates paragraph (a) of subsection 1 is guilty of a misdemeanor and:
(a) For the first offense, shall be punished:
(1) By a fine of not less than $250 but not more than $1,000; or
(2) By both fine and imprisonment in the county jail for not more than 6 months.
(b) For the second offense, shall be punished:
(1) By a fine of not less than $1,000 but not more than $1,500; or
(2) By both fine and imprisonment in the county jail for not more than 6 months.
(c) For the third and each subsequent offense, shall be punished:
(1) By a fine of not less than $1,500 but not more than $2,000; or
(2) By both fine and imprisonment in the county jail for not more than 6 months.
4. A person who violates paragraph (b) or (c) of subsection 1 or commits a violation which constitutes reckless driving pursuant to subsection 2 is guilty of a misdemeanor and:
(a) For the first offense:
(1) Shall be punished by a fine of not less than $250 but not more than $1,000;
(2) Shall perform not less than 50 hours, but not more than 99 hours, of community service; and
(3) May be punished by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than 6 months.
(b) For the second offense:
(1) Shall be punished by a fine of not less than $1,000 but not more than $1,500;
(2) Shall perform not less than 100 hours, but not more than 199 hours, of community service; and
(3) May be punished by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than 6 months.
(c) For the third and each subsequent offense:
(1) Shall be punished by a fine of not less than $1,500 but not more than $2,000;
(2) Shall perform 200 hours of community service; and
(3) May be punished by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than 6 months.
5. In addition to any fine, community service and imprisonment imposed upon a person pursuant to subsection 4, the court:
(a) Shall issue an order suspending the driver's license of the person for a period of not less than 6 months but not more than 2 years and requiring the person to surrender all driver's licenses then held by the person;
(b) Within 5 days after issuing an order pursuant to paragraph (a), shall forward to the Department any licenses, together with a copy of the order;
(c) For the first offense, may issue an order impounding, for a period of 15 days, any vehicle that is registered to the person who violates paragraph (b) or (c) of subsection 1 if the vehicle is used in the commission of the offense; and
(d) For the second and each subsequent offense, shall issue an order impounding, for a period of 30 days, any vehicle that is registered to the person who violates paragraph (b) or (c) of subsection 1 if the vehicle is used in the commission of the offense.
6. Unless a greater penalty is provided pursuant to subsection 4 of NRS 484B.550, a person who does any act or neglects any duty imposed by law while driving or in actual physical control of any vehicle in willful or wanton disregard of the safety of persons or property, if the act or neglect of duty proximately causes the death of or substantial bodily harm to another person, is guilty of a category B felony and shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for a minimum term of not less than 1 year and a maximum term of not more than 6 years and by a fine of not less than $2,000 but not more than $5,000.
7. A person who violates any provision of this section may be subject to the additional penalty set forth in NRS 484B.130 unless the person is subject to the penalty provided pursuant to subsection 4 of NRS 484B.550.
8. As used in this section, "organize" means to plan, schedule or promote, or assist in the planning, scheduling or promotion of, an unauthorized speed contest on a public highway, regardless of whether a fee is charged for attending the unauthorized speed contest.
New Hampshire
New Hampshire Statute 265:79: Driving Recklessly
Whoever upon any way drives a vehicle recklessly, or causes a vehicle to be driven recklessly, as defined in RSA 626:2 , II(c), or so that the lives or safety of the public shall be endangered, or upon a bet, wager, or race, or who drives a vehicle for the purpose of making a record, and thereby violates any of the provisions of this title or any rules adopted by the director, shall be, notwithstanding the provisions of title LXII, guilty of a violation and fined not less than $500 for the first offense and $750 for the second offense nor more than $1,000 and his or her license shall be revoked for a period of 60 days for the first offense and from 60 days to one year for the second offense.
New Jersey
New Jersey Statute 39:4-96
39:4-96. A person who drives a vehicle heedlessly, in willful or wanton disregard of the rights or safety of others, in a manner so as to endanger, or be likely to endanger, a person or property, shall be guilty of reckless driving and be punished by imprisonment in the county or municipal jail for a period of not more than 60 days, or by a fine of not less than $50.00 or more than $200.00, or both.
On a second or subsequent conviction he shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than three months, or by a fine of not less than $100 or more than $500, or both.
New Mexico
New Mexico Statute NMS 66-8-113
A. Any person who drives any vehicle carelessly and heedlessly in willful or wanton disregard of the rights or safety of others and without due caution and circumspection and at a speed or in a manner so as to endanger or be likely to endanger any person or property is guilty of reckless driving.
B. Every person convicted of reckless driving shall be punished, notwithstanding the provisions of Section 31-18-13 NMSA 1978, upon a first conviction by imprisonment for not less than five days nor more than ninety days, or by a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars ($25.00) nor more than one hundred dollars ($100), or both and on a second or subsequent conviction by imprisonment for not less than ten days nor more than six months, or by a fine of not less than fifty dollars ($50.00) nor more than one thousand dollars ($1,000), or both.
C. Upon conviction of violation of this section, the director may suspend the license or permit to drive and any nonresident operating privilege for not to exceed ninety days.
New York
Reckless driving in New York is a criminal misdemeanor. Other than in the New York City Criminal Court, an adult defendant has a right to a jury trial for all misdemeanors, including reckless driving.
Fines and jail time
A New York reckless driving charge is an unclassified misdemeanor, punishable as follows:
Statute
§ 1212. Reckless driving. Reckless driving shall mean driving or using any motor vehicle, motorcycle or any other vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular power or any appliance or accessory thereof in a manner which unreasonably interferes with the free and proper use of the public highway, or unreasonably endangers users of the public highway. Reckless driving is prohibited. Every person violating this provision shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.
North Carolina
North Carolina Statute NCGS section 20-140: Reckless Driving
(a) Any person who drives any vehicle upon a highway or any public vehicular area carelessly and heedlessly in willful or wanton disregard of the rights or safety of others shall be guilty of reckless driving.
(b) Any person who drives any vehicle upon a highway or any public vehicular area without due caution and circumspection and at a speed or in a manner so as to endanger or be likely to endanger any person or property shall be guilty of reckless driving.
(c) Repealed by Session Laws 1983, c. 435, s. 23.
(d) Reckless driving as defined in subsections (a) and (b) is a Class 2 misdemeanor.
(e) Repealed by Session Laws 1983, c. 435, s. 23.
(f) A person is guilty of the Class 2 misdemeanor of reckless driving if the person drives a commercial motor vehicle carrying a load that is subject to the permit requirements of G.S. 20-119 upon a highway or any public vehicular area either:
(1) Carelessly and heedlessly in willful or wanton disregard of the rights or safety of others; or
(2) Without due caution and circumspection and at a speed or in a manner so as to endanger or be likely to endanger any person or property
North Dakota
North Dakota Statute ND Code Chapter 39-08-03
Any person is guilty of reckless driving if the person drives a vehicle:
1. Recklessly in disregard of the rights or safety of others; or
2. Without due caution and circumspection and at a speed or in a manner so as to endanger or be likely to endanger any person or the property of another. Except as otherwise herein provided, any person violating the provisions of this section is guilty of a class B misdemeanor. Any person who, by reason of reckless driving as herein defined, causes and inflicts injury upon the person of another, is guilty of aggravated reckless driving, and is guilty of a class A misdemeanor.
Ohio
Ohio Statute ORC section 4511.20: Operation in willful or wanton disregard of the safety of persons or property
(A) No person shall operate a vehicle, trackless trolley, or streetcar on any street or highway in willful or wanton disregard of the safety of persons or property.
(B) Except as otherwise provided in this division, whoever violates this section is guilty of a minor misdemeanor. If, within one year of the offense, the offender previously has been convicted of or pleaded guilty to one predicate motor vehicle or traffic offense, whoever violates this section is guilty of a misdemeanor of the fourth degree. If, within one year of the offense, the offender previously has been convicted of two or more predicate motor vehicle or traffic offenses, whoever violates this section is guilty of a misdemeanor of the third degree.
Oklahoma
Oklahoma Statute 47-11-901: Reckless Driving
A. It shall be deemed reckless driving for any person to drive a motor vehicle in a careless or wanton manner without regard for the safety of persons or property or in violation of the conditions outlined in Section 11-801 of this title.
B. Every person convicted of reckless driving shall be punished upon a first conviction by imprisonment for a period of not less than five (5) days nor more than ninety (90) days, or by a fine of not less than One Hundred Dollars ($100.00) nor more than Five Hundred Dollars ($500.00), or by both such fine and imprisonment; on a second or subsequent conviction, punishment shall be imprisonment for not less than ten (10) days nor more than six (6) months, or by a fine of not less than One Hundred Fifty Dollars ($150.00) nor more than One Thousand Dollars ($1,000.00), or by both such fine and imprisonment.
Oregon
Oregon Revised Statutes
ORS 811.140
Reckless driving
• penalty
(1) A person commits the offense of reckless driving if the person recklessly drives a vehicle upon a highway or other premises described in this section in a manner that endangers the safety of persons or property.
(2) The use of the term recklessly in this section is as defined in ORS 161.085 (Definitions with respect to culpability).
(3) The offense described in this section, reckless driving, is a Class A misdemeanor and is applicable upon any premises open to the public. [1983 c.338 §571]
Amended July 1, 2007
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Statute Title 75 Chapter 37 Section 36: Reckless Driving
(a) General rule.--Any person who drives any vehicle in willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property is guilty of reckless driving.
(b) Penalty.--Any person who violates this section commits a summary offense and shall, upon conviction, be sentenced to pay a fine of $200.
Rhode Island
Rhode Island Statute Section 31-27-4: Reckless Driving
(a) Any person who operates a motor vehicle recklessly so that the lives or safety of the public might be endangered, or participates in drag racing, or operates a vehicle in an attempt to elude or flee from a traffic officer or police vehicle, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor for the first conviction and a felony for the second and each subsequent conviction.
(b) For the purpose of this title, "drag racing" means the act of two (2) or more individuals competing or racing in a situation in which one of the motor vehicles is beside or to the rear of a motor vehicle operated by a competing driver and one driver attempts to prevent the competing driver from passing or overtaking him or her, or one or more individuals competing in a race against time unless the race is authorized by the owner of the property upon which the race takes place.
South Carolina
South Carolina Statute Section 56-5-2920
Any person who drives any vehicle in such a manner as to indicate either a wilful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property is guilty of reckless driving. The Department of Motor Vehicles, upon receiving satisfactory evidence of the conviction, of the entry of a plea of guilty or the forfeiture of bail of any person charged with a second and subsequent offense for the violation of this section shall forthwith suspend the driver's license of any such person for a period of three months. Only those offenses which occurred within a period of five years including and immediately preceding the date of the last offense shall constitute prior offenses within the meaning of this section. Any person violating the provisions of this section shall, upon conviction, entry of a plea of guilty or forfeiture of bail, be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than two hundred dollars or by imprisonment for not more than thirty days.
South Dakota
South Dakota Statute 32-24-1: Reckless Driving
Misdemeanor. Any person who drives any vehicle upon a highway, alley, public park, recreational area, or upon the property of a public or private school, college, or university carelessly and heedlessly in disregard of the rights or safety of others, or without due caution and circumspection and at a speed or in a manner so as to endanger or be likely to endanger any person or property, is guilty of reckless driving. Reckless driving is a Class 1 misdemeanor.
Tennessee
Tennessee Code §55-10-205: Reckless driving
(a) Any person who drives a vehicle with willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property commits reckless driving.
(b) A person commits an offense of reckless driving who drives a motorcycle with the front tire raised off the ground in willful and wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property on any public street, highway, alley, parking lot, or driveway, or on the premises of any shopping center, trailer park, apartment house complex, or any other premises which are generally frequented by the public at large. Provided, the offense of reckless driving for driving a motorcycle with the front tire raised off the ground shall not be applicable to persons riding in a parade, at a speed not to exceed thirty (30) miles per hour, if the person is eighteen (18) years of age or older.
(c) A violation of this section is a Class B misdemeanor.
Texas
Texas Statute Sec. 545.401: Reckless Driving
(a) A person commits an offense if the person drives a vehicle in wilful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property.
(b) An offense under this section is a misdemeanor punishable by:
(1) a fine not to exceed $200;
(2) confinement in county jail for not more than 30 days; or
(3) both the fine and the confinement.
(c) Notwithstanding Section 542.001, this section applies to:
(1) a private access way or parking area provided for a client or patron by a business, other than a private residential property or the property of a garage or parking lot for which a charge is made for the storing or parking of motor vehicles; and
(2) a highway or other public place.
(d) Notwithstanding Section 542.004, this section applies to a person, a team, or motor vehicles and other equipment engaged in work on a highway surface.
Utah
Utah Statute UT Code 41-6a-528
(1) A person is guilty of reckless driving who operates a vehicle:
(a) in willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property; or
(b) while committing three or more moving traffic violations under Title 41, Chapter 6a, Traffic Code, in a series of acts occurring within a single continuous period of driving covering three miles or less in total distance.
(2) A person who violates Subsection (1) is guilty of a class B misdemeanor.
Vermont
Vermont Statute 23 VSA Section 1091: Negligent operation; grossly negligent operation
(a) Negligent operation.
(1) A person who operates a motor vehicle on a public highway in a negligent manner shall be guilty of negligent operation.
(2) The standard for a conviction for negligent operation in violation of this subsection shall be ordinary negligence, examining whether the person breached a duty to exercise ordinary care.
(3) A person who violates this subsection shall be imprisoned not more than one year or fined not more than $1,000.00, or both. If the person has been previously convicted of a violation of this subsection, the person shall be imprisoned not more than two years or fined not more than $3,000.00, or both.
(b) Grossly negligent operation.
(1) A person who operates a motor vehicle on a public highway in a grossly negligent manner shall be guilty of grossly negligent operation.
(2) The standard for a conviction for grossly negligent operation in violation of this subsection shall be gross negligence, examining whether the person engaged in conduct which involved a gross deviation from the care that a reasonable person would have exercised in that situation.
(3) A person who violates this subsection shall be imprisoned not more than two years or fined not more than $5,000.00, or both. If the person has previously been convicted of a violation of this section, the person shall be imprisoned not more than four years or fined not more than $10,000.00, or both. If serious bodily injury as defined in 13 V.S.A. § 1021 or death of any person other than the operator results, the person shall be imprisoned for not more than 15 years or fined not more than $15,000.00, or both. If serious bodily injury or death results to more than one person other than the operator, the operator may be convicted of a separate violation of this subdivision for each decedent or person injured.
(c) The provisions of this section do not limit or restrict the prosecution for manslaughter.
(d) A person convicted of violating subsection (b) of this section shall be assessed a surcharge of $50.00, which shall be added to any fine or surcharge imposed by the court. The court shall collect and transfer the surcharge assessed under this subsection to be credited to the DUI Enforcement Fund. The collection procedures described in 13 V.S.A. § 5240 shall be utilized in the collection of this surcharge.
Virginia
The Code of Virginia has many articles pertaining to reckless driving. For example, Virginia code Virginia Code § 46.2-862 explicitly defines the act of speeding 20 mph or more above the posted speed limit, or at any speed greater than 80 mph, as reckless driving.
While Reckless Driving is considered a violation of the code of motor vehicles, it is punished as a Class 1 misdemeanor, which is a crime punishable by up to one year in jail in Virginia. Reckless driving also results in DMV penalties, such as points and license suspension.
Drivers convicted of reckless driving in Virginia, including out-of-state and foreign (e.g. Canadian) drivers, will not have a criminal record from this conviction since the statute applies under title 46.2 and not title 18.2. The conviction is not indexed in the National Crime Information Center nor is it reported to the Virginia Central Criminal Records Exchange. However, the conviction is indexed in the Virginia General District Court Online Case Information System and is added to the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) record for 11 years, and six demerit points are applied.
A person charged with reckless driving, if they show that their actions, while they do show insufficient care or failure to properly operate a vehicle, but are not truly serious enough to reach the level of reckless driving, may instead be convicted by the court of the lesser included offense of improper driving which is considered a traffic infraction. This potential reduction in level of offense is only available at trial, as a law enforcement officer can only write a traffic ticket or summons for reckless driving, they do not have the ability to write a ticket for improper driving.
Commonly applied statutes for reckless driving
§ 46.2-852. Reckless driving; general rule.Irrespective of the maximum speeds permitted by law, any person who drives a vehicle on any highway recklessly or at a speed or in a manner so as to endanger the life, limb, or property of any person shall be guilty of reckless driving.
§ 46.2-862. Exceeding speed limit.A person is guilty of reckless driving who drives a motor vehicle on the highways in the Commonwealth (i) at a speed of 20 miles per hour or more in excess of the applicable maximum speed limit or (ii) in excess of 85 miles per hour regardless of the applicable maximum speed limit.
§ 46.2-868. Reckless driving; penalties. —
A. Every person convicted of reckless driving under the provisions of this article shall be guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.
B. Every person convicted of reckless driving under the provisions of this article who, when he committed the offense, (i) was driving without a valid operator's license due to a suspension or revocation for a moving violation and, (ii) as the sole and proximate result of his reckless driving, caused the death of another, is guilty of a Class 6 felony.
List of applicable statutes from the Code of Virginia
§ 46.2-852. Reckless driving; general rule.
§ 46.2-853. Driving vehicle which is not under control; faulty brakes.
§ 46.2-854. Passing on or at the crest of a grade or on a curve.
§ 46.2-855. Driving with driver's view obstructed or control impaired.
§ 46.2-856. Passing two vehicles abreast.
§ 46.2-857. Driving two abreast in a single lane.
§ 46.2-858. Passing at a railroad grade crossing.
§ 46.2-859. Passing a stopped school bus; prima facie evidence.
§ 46.2-860. Failing to give proper signals
§ 46.2-861. Driving too fast for highway and traffic conditions.
§ 46.2-862. Exceeding speed limit.
§ 46.2-863. Failure to yield right-of-way.
§ 46.2-864. Reckless driving on parking lots, etc.
§ 46.2-865. Racing; penalty.
§ 46.2-865.1. Injuring another or causing the death of another while engaging in a race; penalties.
§ 46.2-866. Racing; aiders or abettors.
§ 46.2-867. Racing; seizure of motor vehicle.
§ 46.2-868. Reckless driving; penalties.
§ 46.2-869. Improper driving; penalty.
§ 46.2-878.1. Maximum speed limits in highway work zones; penalty.
§ 46.2-829. Approach of law-enforcement or fire-fighting vehicles, rescue vehicles, or ambulances; violation as failure to yield right-of-way
§ 46.2-392. Suspension of license or issuance of a restricted license on conviction of reckless or aggressive driving; probationary conditions required; generally.
§ 46.2-393. Suspension of license on conviction of certain reckless offenses; restricted licenses.
§ 46.2-396. Suspension of license for reckless driving resulting in death of any person.
Washington
RCW 46.61.500 Reckless driving - Penalty
(1) Any person who drives any vehicle in willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property is guilty of reckless driving. Violation of the provisions of this section is a gross misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment for up to three hundred sixty-four days and by a fine of not more than five thousand dollars.
(2) The license or permit to drive or any nonresident privilege of any person convicted of reckless driving shall be suspended by the department for not less than thirty days.
RCW 46.61.530 Racing of vehicles on highways - Reckless driving - Exception.
No person or persons may race any motor vehicle or motor vehicles upon any public highway of this state. Any person or persons who wilfully compare or contest relative speeds by operation of one or more motor vehicles shall be guilty of racing, which shall constitute reckless driving under RCW 46.61.500, whether or not such speed is in excess of the maximum speed prescribed by law: PROVIDED HOWEVER, That any comparison or contest of the accuracy with which motor vehicles may be operated in terms of relative speeds not in excess of the posted maximum speed does not constitute racing.
West Virginia
§17C-5-3. Reckless driving; penalties.
(a) Any person who drives any vehicle upon any street or highway, or upon any residential street, or in any parking area, or upon the ways of any institution of higher education, whether public or private, or upon the ways of any state institution, or upon the property of any county boards of education, or upon any property within the state park and public recreation system established by the Director of the Division of Natural Resources pursuant to section three, article four, chapter twenty of this code in willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property is guilty of reckless driving.
(b) The provisions of subsection (a) of this section shall not apply to those areas which have been temporarily closed for racing sport events or which may be set aside by the Director of the Division of Natural Resources within the state park and recreation system for exclusive use by motorcycles or other recreational vehicles.
(c) Every person convicted of reckless driving is guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon a first conviction thereof, shall be confined in jail for a period of not less than five days nor more than ninety days, or fined not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than five hundred dollars, or both, and upon conviction of a second or subsequent conviction thereof, shall be confined in jail not less than ten days nor more than six months, or fined not less than fifty dollars nor more than one thousand dollars, or both.
(d) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (c) of this section, any person convicted of a violation of subsection (a) of this section who in doing so proximately causes another to suffer serious bodily injury shall, upon conviction, be confined in jail not less than ten days nor more than six months or fined not less than fifty dollars nor more than one thousand dollars, or both.
(e) For purposes of subsection (d) of this section, "serious bodily injury" means bodily injury which creates a substantial risk of death, which causes serious or prolonged disfigurement, prolonged impairment of health or prolonged loss or impairment of the function of any bodily organ.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Statute WI Code Section 346.62: Reckless Driving
(1) In this section:
(a) "Bodily harm" has the meaning designated in s. 939.22 (4).
(b) "Great bodily harm" has the meaning designated in s. 939.22 (14).
(c) "Negligent" has the meaning designated in s. 939.25 (2).
(d) "Vehicle" has the meaning designated in s. 939.22 (44), except that for purposes of sub. (2m) "vehicle" has the meaning given in s. 340.01 (74).
(2) No person may endanger the safety of any person or property by the negligent operation of a vehicle.
(2m) No person may recklessly endanger the safety of any person by driving a vehicle on or across a railroad crossing in violation of s. 346.44 (1) or through, around or under any crossing gate or barrier at a railroad crossing in violation of s. 346.44 (2).
(3) No person may cause bodily harm to another by the negligent operation of a vehicle.
(4) No person may cause great bodily harm to another by the negligent operation of a vehicle.
Wyoming
Wyoming Statute WY Statutes Title 31 Chapter 5 Section 229: Reckless Driving
Any person who drives any vehicle in willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property is guilty of reckless driving.
Penalties by state
See also
Aggressive driving
United Kingdom traffic laws
Bike rage
Road rage
Street racing
Traffic stop
Traffic ticket
Joyride
Carjacking
Motor vehicle theft
Drive-by shooting
Car chase
References
External links
Amendment of Schedule 2 to the Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988
See also
Traffic violations reciprocity
Hazardous motor vehicle activities
Traffic law
United States transportation law
Driving | wiki |
Alex Singleton may refer to:
Alex Singleton (fullback) (born 1989), American football fullback
Alex Singleton (linebacker) (born 1993), American football linebacker | wiki |
Chlorophthalmus bicornis is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van groenogen (Chlorophthalmidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1939 door Norman.
Groenogen | wiki |
Lord of the Dead is a collection of crime short stories by Robert E. Howard. It was first published in 1981 by Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. in an edition of 1,250 copies. The stories are pastiches of Sax Rohmer.
Contents
"Introduction—From Limehouse to River Street", by Robert E. Briney
"The Lord of the Dead"
"Names in the Black Book"
"The Mystery of Tannernoe Lodge", with Fred Blosser
References
1981 short story collections
Short story collections by Robert E. Howard
Donald M. Grant, Publisher books | wiki |
Countess of Tripoli
House of Rouergue, 1102–1187
House of Poitiers, 1187–1289
Titular Countess of Tripoli
House of Lusignan
Notes
Sources
TRIPOLI
See also
List of Toulousain consorts
Princess of Antioch
Tripoli | wiki |
Public library advocacy is support given to a public library for its financial and philosophical goals or needs. Most often this takes the form of monetary or material donations or campaigning to the institutions which oversee the library. Originally, library advocacy was centered on the library itself, but current trends show libraries positioning themselves to demonstrate they provide "economic value to the community."
History
Forms
Letter-writing campaigns
Letter writing campaigns are chiefly intended to inform law makers, library officials, and citizens about the ramifications of decisions regarding public libraries and to promote library-related causes.
Letter writing has been a valuable form of communication among public library advocates. A well-timed and hand-crafted email or strategically sent letter can be a potent mechanism used to sway the decisions of elected officials and the masses. Letters are practical because they can be distributed to many individuals and can serve as representation for public library advocates who cannot attend crucial meetings or rallies.
Programs
Public libraries frequently use programming to increase awareness of the valuable services and resources that they offer to the community. Some of these programs offer information and educational resources for library advocates and librarians while others are directed towards increasing public knowledge of library services and resources.
Library Card Sign-up Month is celebrated in September as a part of The Smartest Card campaign. During Library Card Sign-up Month, the library card is frequently promoted as the most important card that individuals can have in their wallets. Library Card Sign-Up Month is a popular program across the United States. The ALA logo for the Smartest Card campaign is, “The Smartest Card. Get it. Use it. @ your library”.
"Turning the Page: Building Your Library Community" is an advocacy education and training program funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Courses are available both online and in person and are designed to give library advocates access to the training, skills, and resources to better advocate for their library’s funding needs.”
Toolkits: Frontline Advocacy is an ALA toolkit that provides librarians and library workers with the advocacy tools and support they need to advocate for their own libraries and the profession. It is intended for public, school, academic, and special libraries. The Frontline Advocacy for Public Libraries Toolkit offers a variety of helpful resources including information about blogging, speech making, and data collecting. Advocating in a Tough Economy is a response to difficult economic situations when the library is simultaneously increasing patronage while losing tax based funding. Its toolkit contains, “resources and tools, including news clips, op-eds, and statistics to help library supporters make the case for libraries in tough economic times.” The CLA also provides a Copyright Grassroots Advocacy Kit to address Bill C-32, An Act to amend the Copyright Act. The contents of this kit are "a list of 8 key messages, a sample form letter to your MP, a guide for holding an in-person meeting, and a link to find contact information for your MP. The kit also contains background information, including the latest CLA Position Statement “Protecting the Public Interest in the Digital World: the views of the Canadian Library Association/Association canadienne des bibliothèques on Bill C-32, An Act to amend the Copyright Act." The Australian Library and Information Association offers the Every Member An Advocate kit beginning in September 2010 to complement their Every Member An Advocate workshops, which offers advocacy tools and approaches in all sectors.
Banned Books Week takes place every year during the last week of September and brings attention to the library’s mission of supporting intellectual freedom and the importance of the First Amendment. “Observed since 1982, this annual ALA event reminds Americans not to take this precious democratic freedom for granted.” Since 2006, the Canadian Library Association has surveyed library resources and policies challenges. In September 2010, libraries in the United Kingdom joined together to celebrate intellectual freedom by creating and publicizing Banned Books activities. Amnesty International, a human rights organization "directs attention to the plight of individuals who are persecuted because of the writings that they produce, circulate or read."
El Día de los Niños is a celebration of children, families and reading that is held on April 30. This celebration “emphasizes the importance of advocating literacy for children of all linguistic and cultural backgrounds.”
"Every Child Ready to Read @ Your Library" is a joint project of the Public Library Association and the Association for Library Service to Children Programs, which helps provide parents with tools to help them in, “their critical role as their child’s first teacher."
Summer reading programs meet in many public libraries to support education and literacy while children are on summer breaks from school. Benefits of a Summer Reading Program include “encouragement that reading become[s] a lifelong habit”, “[influencing] reluctant readers [to] be drawn in by the [library's] activities”, “[helping] children keep their [academic] skills up [during the summer break]”, and “[generating] interest in the library and books.” Summer Reading Programs generate important parent and child involvement with libraries and literacy.
Canadian Library Month is sponsored by the Canadian Library Association/Association canadienne des bibliothèques.
Public demonstrations
Public demonstrations for libraries often take the form of rallies, protests, and read-ins.
Rallies
Rallies in support of public libraries are usually positive events designed to bring people together and raise awareness of issues facing public libraries. They are generally organized by professional library staff or by organizations like the American Library Association.
Effective rallies are well-organized and paint a clear and compelling picture of the issues facing a library and specific actions to be taken to reach specific goals. Typical rally activities include musical performances and public speeches. Rally organizers will frequently distribute fliers containing brief statements of facts supporting the objective of the rally that are designed to be quickly digested by interested passers-by. Rally participants typically signify solidarity by wearing the same t-shirt or dressing in similar colors. Rally organizers will often have stickers, leaflets, or other promotional items to give to participants and passers-by to help publicize the issue at hand.
On June 29, 2010 more than 1600 supporters showed up for the Library Advocacy Day Rally organized by the American Library Association. Speakers included authors, members of Congress, and the ALA Executive Director.
Public protest
Whereas rallies are generally a positive event to achieve a goal, protests are usually held in reaction to a negative event, such as drastic changes in library services, staff lay-offs, or branch closings. They are often organized by Friends groups, community members, or library unions and are usually last-ditch efforts to stop a proposed action. Most public protests for libraries involve picketing the legislative body that made the final or proposed decisions, in hopes that a large public outcry will cause elected officials to reconsider. Others involve picketing outside a library branch or in a place with high traffic to draw the public’s awareness to the issues at hand.
Read-ins
A particular type of public demonstration almost exclusively used to support libraries, read-ins can take two different forms. The simplest one is when supporters of a library simply meet en masse and read their own books. Usually this type of read-in is held at or near the supported library or the targeted legislative body. Indianapolis library lovers organized a read-in during July 2010 to protest drastic budget cuts that would have closed 6 branches.
The other type of read-in involves volunteers reading aloud for a specified amount of time, usually 24 hours. These are also often held near the targeted legislative body or the supported library. Volunteers usually read books of their choice for their allotted time span, and then are replaced by another volunteer reading a different book. New York activists held this type of read-in June 2010 as part of their “We Will Not Be Shushed” campaign to stave off proposed budget cuts.
Parades
Book cart drill team
A book cart drill team refers to a group of library employees (typically librarians and library technicians) who perform in public choreographed routines with wheeled carts. Participants generally aim to demonstrate esprit de corps and/or precision of movement. Teams exist throughout the United States, including Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas. Since 2004 the "Library Book Cart Drill Team Championship" has taken place during the annual conference of the American Library Association.
Meetings with elected officials
Some advocates may decide to appeal to those in power to help with library issues and trends.
Locating officials
If an advocacy group is searching for relevant officials to contact, the ALA has a listing.
Library Advocacy Day
The Library Advocacy Day is an annual spring event where library supporters flock to Washington D.C. to meet with congressional offices.
Types of advocates
Grassroots campaigns
Grassroots advocates participate in movements or campaigns to promote or support libraries that are frequently led by library staff or members of the local community. These groups are not necessarily part of an organization like Friends of Libraries and are often run independently. Activities can include: demonstrations; promotion through letter-writing, email, or word-of-mouth; fund-raising; and social networking.
Various resources are available for those who want to lobby for support of their local library. Elsevier Training Desk provides a Lobbying Grassroots Checklist and the American Library Association offers help with framing a message to use when advocating for the library, among other resources. Another tool in grassroots advocacy is Save Libraries. “Save Libraries is a grassroots effort to compile information and advocacy resources for libraries that are facing devastating budget cuts”
and offers resources, tools, and information regarding library advocacy.
“The need for public support of libraries never diminishes. In critical times, advocacy moves right to the top of the priority list of support activities. Having a solid advocacy program is essential to any library.”
Friends of the Library
Friends of the Library are nonprofit organizations whose members have banded together with the common goal of helping a specific library. They often volunteer their time or resources on behalf of that library. Friends groups are very diverse, including Friends of state libraries, individual libraries, library systems, teen Friends, and even Friends foundations. The first “Friends of the Library” group was founded in Paris in 1913 as a support group for the Bibliothèque Nationale. and was approved by the state in 1927. In October 1995, the name of the group was changed from la Société des Amis de la Bibliothèque Nationale (Friends Society of the National Library) to l'Association des Amis de la BnF (Association of Friends of the BnF). Friends of public libraries have traditionally raised money through book sales, bake sales, and similar fundraisers. Moneys raised from these efforts often go toward library programs, supplies and collections. Friends can also be instrumental in lobbying politicians and informing the public about legislation that may be beneficial or detrimental to their library.
In 1979, the Friends of Libraries U.S.A. (FOLUSA) was created to formalize the loose national network of Friends groups increasing their potential to promote libraries. FOLUSA joined with the American Library Trustee Association (ALTA) in 2008 to form a new American Library Association (ALA) division, the Association for Library Trustees, Advocates, Friends, and Foundations (ALTAFF). ALTAFF provides many resources for Friends groups seeking to advocate for their libraries in new ways.
United States advocacy organizations
National associations for public libraries
American Library Association
The American Library Association (ALA) is one of the largest national associations which advocates for public libraries. ALA was founded in 1876 and since then has given libraries a more unified way to discuss, plan, and develop cooperative initiatives. “Advocacy for library support at local, state, and national levels throughout the twentieth century was orchestrated by the ALA and the National Commission on Libraries and Information Services, with countless hours contributed by members of associations”
ALA has an Office for Library Advocacy that “supports the efforts of advocates seeking to improve libraries of all types by developing resources, a peer-to-peer advocacy network, and training for advocates at the local, state and national level”.
In 2001, ALA started its public awareness campaign initiative called The Campaign for America’s Libraries to further help promote the value of libraries and librarians. “Thousands of libraries of all types – across the country and around the globe - use the Campaign’s @ your library brand. The Campaign is made possible in part by ALA’s Library Champions".
The Public Library Association
In 1944, the Division of Public Libraries was formed within ALA and merged with the Library Extension Division in 1950 to become the Public Library Division. This division was reorganized and became the Public Library Association (PLA) in 1958. Today, it is the overarching association for most public librarians in the United States, and its main aim is to “strengthen public libraries and their contribution to the communities they serve”.
Institute of Museum and Library Services
The Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) is one of the main sources of federal support for the United States’ 123,000 libraries and 17,500 museums. According to the IMLS website, the Institute's mission is to “create strong libraries and museums that connect people to information and ideas. The Institute works at the national level and in coordination with state and local organizations to sustain heritage, culture, and knowledge; enhance learning and innovation; and support professional development”. Through this agency, “libraries and museums have converged as cultural heritage institutions with a renewed commitment to collaborative engagement within local and world communities”.
Chief Officers of State Library Associations
The Chief Officers of State Library Associations (COSLA) is an independent organization (that engages in some forms of advocacy for public libraries) of the chief officers of state and territorial agencies and is “designated as the state library administrative agency and is responsible for statewide library development. Its purpose is to identify and address issues of common concern and national interest; to further state library agency relationships with federal government and national organizations; and to initiate cooperative action for the improvement of library services to the people of the United States”.
State associations
Each state has a state library agency which distributes federal library funds received from the IMLS. “There are fifty-seven state and regional library association chapters affiliated with the American Library Association, each including at least a committee or section that addresses public library issues. Generally these associations hold an annual conference, as well as ongoing workshops and programs. The five largest chapters are: Texas, Ohio, New York, Illinois, and Indiana”. State Library Associations “support the establishment of public libraries, and stand out as catalysts for a great deal of the motivation for public library cooperation". State library agencies began to be founded in the 1890s and have since worked to encourage public library development, and "have come to play an increasingly larger role in enhancing library cooperation, extension, and collaboration”.
UK advocacy organizations
"Voices for the Library", a UK-based public library advocacy campaign, was started in August 2010, by a group of library and informational professionals to campaign against proposed closures to UK public libraries. It is supported by individuals and professional groups, including CILIP, Special Libraries Association Europe (SLA Europe), and UNISON. A website was started in September 2010 providing views on the importance of libraries, and a list of libraries threatened with closure. Voices for the Library helped organise a "Save our libraries" day of action on 5 February 2011.
International advocacy organizations
The Canadian Library Association/Association canadienne des bibliothèques advocates to the federal government on the issues of public policy and funding, with particular interest for the areas of literacy, privacy, and access to information for print-disabled Canadians.
In France, the Association of Friends of the BnF(l'Association des Amis de la BnF) is led by a Board of Directors who are elected by the General Assembly for renewable terms of three years.
Although the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) does not have a distinct advocacy group or committee within their organization, their Public Libraries Section is intended to provide "an active international forum for the development and promotion of public libraries which serve the whole community in the context of the information society and ensure free and equal access to information at the local level". The IFLA does, however, participate in the Campaign for the World's Libraries (@your Library), launched in 2001, with the American Library Association and libraries across the world "to showcase the unique and vital roles played by public, school, academic and special libraries worldwide". The campaign aims "to raise awareness about the variety of programs and services offered; to increase use of libraries at schools, at colleges and universities, in government, at work, and in daily community life; to increase funding for libraries; to involve librarians as stakeholders on public policy issues such as intellectual freedom, equity of access and the digital divide; to encourage librarianship as a profession".
The Italian Library Association's work group on advocacy strives to build on the work done by the IFLA in Italian libraries in the areas of public relations, librarian professional development, and demonstration of the benefit of libraries to the cultural and educational aspects of society.
The Library and Information Association of South Africa (LIASA) was founded in 1997 and is a"professional non-profit organisation, uniting and representing all institutions and people working in libraries and information services in South Africa. It strives to unite, develop and empower all people in the library and information field into an organisation [sic] that provides dynamic leadership in transforming, developing and sustaining library and information services for all people in South Africa". A branch is located in each province of the country, and one of the interest groups is dedicated to public and community libraries and lists advocacy for libraries and librarians as two of its objectives in its constitution.
Subjects of advocacy
Local
Advocacy for public libraries at the local level has been demonstrated to be an effective partial defense against library cuts and closings. Local library governing bodies are at the mercy of state and local governments with regard to funding and thus are often required to make decisions based on factors other than what is best for the community where the library is located. As a result, advocacy at the local level often requires a three-pronged plan of attack requiring a lobbying effort at the state, local, and library governing body level.
There are several ways individuals can act as advocates at the local level. These include:
speaking to local groups about library needs and issues;
talking to friends about the library, its role in the community, and its needs;
writing letters to the editor of the local newspaper and to local and state representatives;
speaking at local governmental and library board budget hearings; and
contributing to a library publication and having the publication sent to local and state representatives.
There are many online resources for those interested in learning who their representatives at the local and state levels are. These include the American Library Association Issues and Advocacy page as well as the Library of Congress Newspaper and Current Periodical Reading Room.
State
Public library advocacy may be a collective voice from public libraries and their supporters throughout an entire state and may be directed toward state government bodies or the state's general population. Allocation of taxpayer money to support vital community programs, including public libraries, in the United States is the responsibility of state and local governments rather than the federal government; however, ever since the 1980s when the power to allocate tax dollars for such services was handed down to state and local governments, competition for tax dollars has become fierce and has caused budget problems in a number of states. With state budget issues and the fact that "statewide legislation cannot usually be passed through the efforts of one library alone," a public library will often work with library associations or with other libraries within the state to have its voice heard and gain financial and legislative support.
State library associations play a major role in advocating the importance of public libraries and the services they offer. Such associations in the United States are affiliated with the American Library Association (ALA) and are thus considered ALA chapters representing all libraries within their respective geographic coverage. State library associations facilitate connections between libraries and state government. Their websites provide contact information about and links to state legislators. Many of these websites also use Capwiz, an online advocacy tool that provides a means to learn about and communicate with elected officials as well as awareness of relevant issues in government and of relevant news in the media. To ensure awareness of legislation that may affect libraries, a state library association may hire a lobbyist who will keep a close eye on legislation in the state capitol, influence legislators on behalf of libraries statewide, and keep the association updated on what is happening in state government. The lobbyist, however, cannot be solely responsible for the lobbying effort; thus, state library associations often organize legislative committees headed by librarians from different parts of each state. State library associations also work with state libraries, whose budgets directly affect local libraries, to maintain their awareness of important amendments and bills; this cooperation is especially essential in states where state libraries are prohibited from influencing legislation.
Statewide library events also serve to advocate public libraries. On February 11, 2004, Bookmobile Day was held in Frankfort, Kentucky, in which 70 bookmobiles arrived at the state capitol to celebrate 50 years of bookmobile and outreach services throughout the state and to reinforce the importance of public library services to all Kentuckians. A number of state library associations, including those in Missouri, California, Massachusetts, and the state of Washington, hold Library Legislative Day, an advocacy event inviting library supporters statewide to meet and speak with state legislators. On Library Snapshot Day, another advocacy event, "... libraries of all types across a state, region, system or community [show] what happens in a single day in their libraries. ... This initiative provides an easy means to collect statistics, photos and stories that [enable] library advocates to prove the value of their libraries to decision-makers and increase public awareness." As of October 2010, as many as 34 states have held a Library Snapshot Day in their libraries.
National
National advocates like the American Library Association advocate for library issues to the United States Congress. The American Library Association gets involved with the national debate to ensure that all people have access to the information and services they need. ALA has used librarians to testify before Congress about civil liberties and national security, and they also advocate federal legislation that preserves and promotes fundamental library values by lobbying Congress, partnering and working with others "inside the Beltway" and beyond, and engaging in grassroots advocacy on behalf of the public.
Legislation that ALA has advocated for the public:
Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA)
Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act
Education and Literacy Legislation
Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA)
The USA PATRIOT Act
The Library Business Association meets with elected officials to share with them some of the key issues of interest to the library business community, such as library funding legislation.
The Public Library Association advocates for the public library and has a training program called Turning the Page for national advocacy that has been funded by the Bill and Malinda Gates Foundation.
Successes
South Carolina Public Libraries
In June 2010, South Carolina library advocates and their allies got Governor Mark Sanford's vetoes 31 and 92 of state aid to libraries overturned in less than one week.
Governor Sanford's vetoed $4,653,933 in state aid to public libraries and $1,172,758 in stimulus funds to public libraries. "In his veto message, Sanford said he had decided 'that fully funding local libraries does not rise to the level of many of our other core services such as law enforcement and health care'. Sanford said that libraries are also supported by lottery funds, and suggested that counties raise other money for the libraries".
Librarians and advocates got on the phone and the computer, contacting their legislators using the state's version of CapWiz. South Carolina State Library Director David Goble states that "in less than 2 hours of receiving news of the Governor’s veto, public library leadership was taking action. In less than 24 hours, a significant and effective effort by public library directors, patrons, trustees, friends groups, citizens, etc. was well underway. The issue was being discussed in the media (print and TV) within 5 days (including a weekend). The $5,826,691 will come and it will go. The spirit of collaboration and the sense of accomplishment are ours forever. The effectiveness of our efforts is clearly demonstrated in the numbers of votes received in support of overriding the vetoes". When the representatives got up to speak, the first words were, "the libraries are needed because people need their Internet connection in order to get back to work," Goble also reported.
"On June 16th, the South Carolina House of Representatives voted to override the Governor’s veto 31 – State Aid to Public Libraries - 110 to 5, and veto 92 – ARRA Stimulus funds - 77 to 33. The next day, June 17th, the Senate followed suit and overrode veto 31, 41-3. Twelve days later the Senate overrode veto 92, 36-4." They voted to override both vetoes that would have cut South Carolina public library funding.
New York Public Library
In 2009, the New York Public Library faced city budget cuts of $37 million. The funding cuts would have meant the closure of numerous branch libraries, a reduction of library services hours, and staff layoffs. NYPL has successfully retained $23 million in subsidies and raised $144,000 through an advocacy campaign entitled "Don't Close the Book on Libraries."
NYPL implemented a variety of advocacy efforts to fight the budget cuts. A key aspect of the campaign was a message that online users saw when entering the library's main Web site. The message read, "Keep your library open. We need your help! Record numbers of New Yorkers are relying on The New York Public Library in these difficult economic times." The library asked patrons to make a donation of $5 or more and protest the budget cuts by contacting the city representatives. The library also utilized a variety of other online tools to support the campaign. NYPL asked celebrities to create a YouTube video that encouraged people to participate in advocating for the library. Some of the celebrities included Bette Midler, Amy Tan, Jeff Daniels, and Mike Nichols. Facebook, Twitter and other social networking sites were also used to inform people of the campaign and ask them to contribute in any way possible. The most unusual advocacy effort was a Ghostbusters skit performed in the library by Improv Everywhere, a group that "causes scenes of chaos and joy in public places." The performers created a video of the act which features a link to the NYPL's website.
In addition to library users donating money and contacting local officials, the New York Public Library also received "spontaneous support" for their campaign. This unanticipated and unsolicited support included a NYC photographer who created art in support of NYPL, teenagers who created and distributed buttons for NYPL, and a patent attorney who started a Facebook group, "Save the NYPL" with 600 members, and a store featuring "Save the NYPL" t-shirts, the profits of which were donated to the library.
Although the NYPL reduced its service hours to five days per week, all branches have been retained at this point. This success was realized through the advocacy of "130,000 New Yorkers and others who wrote letters, donated more than $144,000 online, called elected officials, and raised their voices on the steps of City Hall" as well as "children who created artwork and the seniors who passed our flyers." An article by Tom Murphy states that, "The NYPL is a community service and it is right and just that the community can be involved in saving it." .
Findlay-Hancock County Public Library
In the summer of 2009, the Findlay-Hancock County Public Library in Findlay, Ohio discovered that state legislators were planning to cut its funding by about $1.2 million over the next two years. Including the loss of funding due to the general economic downturn, Library Director Jeff Winkle expected the total decrease in funding to be around $725,000 per year. The Library Board reacted immediately to the expected budget cuts by reducing library hours, number of staff, staff benefits, and materials. In an attempt to recoup the lost funding, the Library Board decided to request the inclusion of a $500,000 levy on the next ballot, which would garner approximately $700,000 in added revenue per year and allow the library to reinstate the previous library hours and staffing levels. It was uncertain whether the levy – costing the owner of a $100,000 home about $16 per year - would be supported by the community.
In April 2010, a month before the county was to vote on the levy, a plea for library support was printed in the local paper:
“For the first time in its 120 years of serving the community, the Findlay-Hancock County Public Library needs our help…We urge voters to support the levy, which is needed to offset recent cuts in state funding… A library, like schools, safety forces, and the hospital, is one of the pillars of a community, and helps define who we are…The community has always supported the library with our business, now we need to support it by giving it a small, but needed, boost in funding. We all will benefit from the investment.“
The Citizens for Findlay-Hancock County Public Library raised $8,575 in contributions from the Friends of the Library and local and non-local individuals to campaign for the levy. Campaign publicity included yard signs, banners, radio and newspaper ads, flyers, postcards, bookmarks, and door hangers advocating that locals vote yes on the levy. A website was created to provide information about the levy and allow supporters to download a “Vote YES For Our Library” graphic.
On May 4, 2010, the final verdict on the levy was a firm yes by 64% of voters. “"I'm just so grateful to everyone who supported this levy," library Director Jeff Winkle said after the election results came in. "We're looking forward to getting back to full services.""
El Paso County Library
When El Paso County, Texas faced a $20 million shortfall in 2004, the manager of the county library in the small town of Fabens reduced her budget by 31%. Members of the Commissioners' Court saw this decrease as insufficient, voting to close the library in August 2004.
Upon hearing the news, the local library collective, EPAL (El Paso Area Libraries) met to organize a library support rally. They used the ALA (American Library Association) “Save America’s Libraries” toolkit and followed the model rally agenda to plan the event. The rally was held in the Fabens Middle School cafeteria. Over 500 people, representing all ages and backgrounds, attended including the three county commissioners. The rally was covered by nearly all El Paso area media outlets. Citizens spoke out about their support for their library, including 15-year-old Karina Cacho: “We wouldn’t have anywhere to go to do homework or use the Internet” if the library closed.
At the public hearing two weeks later, the commissioners voted to fund the salaries of the staff for one year, with the condition that the library transition into an existing organization and/or create a joint-use model to ensure the maintenance of future library services. EPAL provided $21,000 for materials & supplies for the year and facilitated the change to a new location. The crowd of over 400 people who attended the commissioners meeting, some with homemade signs urging long-term library funding, were boisterous and passionate about the library programs they supported. EPAL then actively researched many options by holding a community meeting with representatives from the County Commissioners, school district heads, and other major contributors in the community. This meeting garnered much support for the library and helped in finding the new home for the library within the Fabens Independent School District.
As of October 2005, the library has a new home at one of the schools in the Fabens Independent School District. The county agreed to provide transition funds for the move. Fabens ISD funds the salary for the librarian. EPAL agreed to help, along with other fundraisers, to provide funds for materials, supplies, and other needs. The new Fabens ISD Community Library opened during National Library Week 2006 (first Monday in April).
Phoenix Public Library
At the beginning of 2010, the Phoenix Public Libraries were faced with a difficult situation. The city council began proposing budget cuts for public safety organizations, including the Phoenix Fire Department and the Phoenix Police Department. This was the first time the city proposed cuts to these vital organizations. In an attempt to retain the jobs held at the police and fire departments, police union representative, Mark Spencer, suggested in an interview to create more cuts to the libraries stating that police officers should not lose their jobs until every librarian position has been cut. The community wrote in to The Arizona Republic arguing that libraries are in part responsible for creating safer and friendlier communities.
The proposed cuts would ultimately close six of the 15 branches within the city and cut 73.5 positions. In addition, all branches would be closed on Fridays. The overall library budget would be cut 21.4%. This is including the 2.4% that would be considered efficiency savings. The closing of this many branches for a city the size of Phoenix, AZ could severely hurt the quality of services provided. For a population of 1.5 million, the 15 branches were already overcrowded. According to the Phoenix Public Library website, between July 1, 2009 and June 30, 2010 more than 4.7 million people used the library facilities, 14.4 million materials were checked out, and more than 29 million visits were made to the library’s website.
As of February 4, 2010, the city council enacted a 2% food tax that would create an additional $50 million in revenue. One month later, the food tax was passed, and the branches were kept from closing. This is not an entirely happy ending, however, as the library system still faced budget cuts. As an answer to closing entire branches, 27.8 positions would be cut throughout the remainder of the fiscal year as well as concessions in employee benefits and pay. In addition, each branch would cut one day of operation a week.
The efforts of the community to save the library cannot be ignored. Many wrote to newspapers like the one mentioned above. There was also much support for and participation in organizations such as Friends of the Phoenix Public Library, who raised awareness of the budget cuts and the effects they would have on the community. All of these efforts forced the city council to reevaluate the planned budget cuts.
San Francisco Public Library
In November 2007, the Friends of the San Francisco Library were successful in getting voters to pass Proposition D. The passing of Prop D renewed the Library Preservation Fund that “enabled the library to increase operating hours by 53% and expanded the budget for books and materials by almost 400%. In addition, Prop D grants the City the authority to issue revenue bonds and to ensure that the Branch Library Improvement Program can continue to renovate San Francisco’s neighborhood libraries.” In 1988, the advocates “realized their long time goal of a new Main Library by championing Proposition A, a bond issue that would fund $109.5 million to build a new Main Library, which opened its doors on April 18, 1996." In 2000, Friends advocates also "led a $106 million bond measure to build and refurbish 24 neighborhood branch libraries city-wide. As with the Main, public bonds will not pay for equipment or furnishings inside the branches. To meet this need, Friends is charged with raising $16 million through the Neighborhood Library Campaign."
Bridgeport Public Library
When the city of Bridgeport, Connecticut looked for ways to address its $10 million budget deficit in 2008, Mayor Bill Finch suggested cutting the Bridgeport Public Library budget by $1.1 million, arguing that “[l]ibraries are not essential services.”
It was not the first time the BPL budget had come under fire. The library was already suffering the effects of a budget eroded throughout the 1990s, with buildings badly in need of repair and dispirited workers shifted from location to location as a stopgap for severe staffing shortages. "The Connecticut Post" reported in 2009 that the library had seen its budget reduced by 16 percent over the past two years. It was Finch’s drastic proposal that ultimately spurred Scott Hughes, the library director, to action.
Hughes fought to take the matter of library funding directly to the public. Citing a long-obscure tax law, he sued the city to allow a library-budget referendum be put directly to voters on the next ballot. In August, 2009, Superior Court Judge David Tobin sided with Hughes, and the referendum was set to go forward the following November.
Prior to the election, Hughes enlisted more than 100 volunteers to rally support for the referendum through phone calls and neighbor education. On November 3, 2009, the referendum - which guaranteed the equivalent of $1 million every year to the library - passed 2683 votes to 1455. It amounted to roughly 44 percent more than the budget in place and brought per capita support from $35 to $50. As a long-term effect, the library system now has a reliable source of income that cannot be changed by City Council vote.
Western Australia Public Libraries
In 2008–2009, the Western Australia State Government provided additional funding to public libraries but then decreased that amount in 2009–2010 by 40%. Steps were made for the Local Government Association to represent the libraries to the State Government, but this was insufficient. Instead, a grassroots campaign was started; it was supported by the Australian Library and Information Association but led by Public Libraries Western Australia and Western Australian librarians. Postcards and a letter template to send to politicians and bumper stickers were created and shared with the public. The media picked up the story in both print and radio. Although Culture Minister John Day did not approve the full amount that was asked for, the budget that was approved represented a significant increase that could sustain the Western Australian Public Libraries.
Failures
While many libraries benefit from advocacy many more suffer from a lack of advocacy or insufficient support.
Lincoln Library
In June 2009, faced with a large deficit to the city budget, Mayor Tim Davlin of Springfield, Illinois began proposing service cuts to the library, police, and firefighters. At this time, the possibility of closing branches or the whole library system was discussed to help make up for a $7 to $9 million deficit. Library patrons quoted in a news article from The State Journal-Register found the idea of closing the library “pretty awful” and “unthinkable”. In this same article Bob Doyle, executive director of The Illinois Library Association, stated that library use across the nation had increased by 20 to 30 percent due to the recession, indicating the increased need for library services. The Lincoln Public Library system consisted of a main library and two branches, the Southeast and the West branches. Between fiscal year 2008 and 2009, the library had seen an increase in all aspects of library services including a 13% increase in the number of programs offered and an 18% increase in program attendance. Mayor Davlin even described the loss of services as a blow to “literacy and a societal goal of providing educational access to our citizens.” But the shortfall was too great and some form of cuts seemed imminent.
In January 2010, Mayor Davlin announced his new budget for fiscal year 2011, which began March 2010, with many cost-saving measures. This included the closure of the Lincoln Libraries branches. Within several weeks of the budget announcement the branches were closed with little resistance from the public or politicians. Because the city leased the building where the Southeast branch was located all books and materials had to be removed by March 1, 2010. In a February 11 press release, the city announced the closing of the branches and the sale of much of the Southeast branch’s collection. While some of the collection was transferred to the main branch much of the collection was put on sale for the public or other organizations. During these closures, several alderman expressed their sadness at losing library services but maintained hope that these closures would be temporary.
In the Lincoln Library Bulletin newsletter for March/April 2010 library director Nancy Huntley recapped the recent library cuts. She stated that the materials from the Southeast branch were sold at a Friends book sale or given to local schools. These materials were able to benefit the community, but dispersing the library collection makes the cuts seem more permanent. Perhaps summing up the situation best she wrote, “It takes a long time to build a library and a very short time to dismantle it; one is done with hope and promise, the other with sadness and regret.”
Indianapolis-Marion County Public Library
In 2009, the Indianapolis-Marion County Public Library spent $46 million on operations, but the 2011 budget was reduced by approximately $2.5 million. Tom Shevlot, President of the library board, said that this would only be a temporary fix, and the library will have to establish a long-term plan to keep costs down. A few of the cuts include:
A 20% cut ($1 million) in the acquisitions budget
Elimination of more than twenty staff members
No longer sending out notices to patrons
Closing branches during the summer
Fees for borrowing DVDs
Fees for the replacement of lost library cards
“A little more than 80 percent of library revenue comes from property taxes, which were recently capped by Indiana law.” In April 2010, the library board proposed to close six of the twenty-two branches in order to meet the projected deficit.
After an out-pouring of public support, city officials commissioned the High Performance Government Team to come up with alternatives to closing branches. This team suggested cutting hours in lieu of closing branches. In August 2010, the IMCPL board voted to cut the 26 percent of the system’s hours from 1,324 to 980 at Central Library and the 22 branches. The Central Library is now closed every Thursday with hours reduced on other days throughout the week, beginning October 3, 2010. Branches will be closed either Fridays or Saturdays. Fewer than half of the library branches will have Sunday hours. While the library has seen its support grow during 2010, it still needs more assistance from the community or branches may be closed in the future.
Siskiyou County Library
Siskiyou County, California administrator Brian McDermott announced in May 2010 that due to a $3.7 million deficit the entire library would be closed down forever by June 30. By closing the main library and its 10 branches, the county would save $716,000. This northern California county with 46,000 residents is roughly the size of Connecticut and is very rural, and though it once boomed thanks to gold and lumber, it now suffers from 17% unemployment. Siskiyou libraries are not unfamiliar with budget cuts; in 2000, there were 20 staff members covering 11 buildings, and by 2010 there were only 12 employees.
Lisa Musgrove, the library director, proposed a plan that would allow for at least four of the libraries to remain open and bring staff counts down to six with a handful of volunteers. This proposal was rejected by the county supervisors but gave Musgrove 6 months to find alternative funding for the library. In the meantime, the library was given $140,000 from emergency funds to keep four branches open with a skeleton crew through December 2010. Volunteers stepped in to keep all of the branches open, although hours were significantly cut short at all locations.
Consultants proposed a new library system that involved 2 to 4 branch locations, a centralized warehouse, book dispensing kiosks, book "drop points," and a reading room. This would cut the library budget to $165,000 per year. The decision for the proposal will not be made until the November 2010 election. However, even if the plan is approved, the county supervisors foresee even more choppy waters for the following year's budget.
New Jersey Knowledge Initiative
The New Jersey Knowledge Initiative was a statewide library business and technology program which provided entrepreneurs, small business owners and students access to top science and technology journals and key business information which endured a drastic reduction in funding in 2008 under Governor Corzine. This forced cancellation of contracts with medical and scientific databases. Governor Chris Christie’s FY 2011 budget proposal slashed statewide library funding by 74%, including the entire appropriation for NJKI databases. The New Jersey State Library has campaigned tirelessly for a restoration of funding, pointing out that the benefits to small businesses, universities and students represent a 13 to 1 return on the dollars invested, and that many beneficiaries cannot afford direct access to these databases at their own expense.
Small businesses, among the greatest beneficiaries of the program, have not advocated for restoration of the funding, opting instead to support Governor Christie’s call for reduced government spending and lower taxes. Had small businesses joined the state library, local public libraries, academic libraries and universities in advocating for restoration of the NJKI, the outcome might have been different.
Montgomery County Public Libraries
From 2008 to 2010, the Maryland Montgomery County Public Libraries' budget was cut by 30%, from $40 million to $28 million. This led to cuts in hours, staffing, materials, and services.
In July 2010, MCPL implemented new hours at all locations. Though the changes represented an overall cut in hours, they also served to make hours consistent between branches. The budget for library materials also suffered, being reduced by 45%. This translated to some electronic resources being dropped, fewer new reference materials, fewer magazine subscriptions, and reduction in the availability of popular titles.
The library lost 60 staff positions during FY 2010 and expects to lose another 80 in FY 2011. In part because of the reduced staffing, many services are also being reduced or eliminated. MCPL was unable to participate in a statewide summer reading program this year. The cost of the program is usually covered by Friends of the Library Montgomery County, but with reduced staff the library was unable to run the state program. MCPL has also suspended bookmobile service for at least two years, possibly longer depending on what sort of service they decide to implement once the funding is in place.
Despite these setbacks, MCPL soldiers on. Several renovation/construction projects are underway, and over 900 people participated in an online program survey in June. The library communicates with its users in a variety of media, including blogs and topical RSS feeds, monthly director's reports, Twitter, and Facebook.
Hood River County Libraries
Residents of Hood River County, Oregon lost local access to a public library in July 2010 when their three libraries closed for lack of funding. Located about 60 miles east of Portland, the library system had been in continuous operation for nearly 100 years. The closure resulted from the failure of Measure 14-37 in the May 2010 election, which would have created a new library tax district. Voters defeated the measure by 54 percent to 46 percent.
An editorial in The Oregonian explained the outcome this way: “… like many other counties, Hood River County is in serious financial trouble. And the library is one place it can cut.” Ironically, the closures came just seven years after voters approved a bond measure to expand the system’s flagship library. Taxpayers will continue to repay that debt until it retires in 2015.
The libraries may not be closed for good. Measure 14-39 in the November 2010 election will provide voters another chance to create a library tax district. If the measure passes, a newly elected library board will decide how and when to reopen the libraries. That could be as late as early 2012.
See also
Andrew Carnegie
Book cart drill team
Education for librarianship
Guerrilla librarian
Informatics (academic field)
International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
Librarian
Library Company of Philadelphia
Library science
List of libraries
List of library associations
Melvil Dewey
OCLC
Philanthropy
Preservation (library and archival science)
Public space
References
Further reading
Linda D. McCracken, Lynne Zeiher. The library book cart precision drill team manual. McFarland & Co., 2002
Elaine F. Weiss. Dewey Decimal divas: Librarians ditch their cardigans and don feather boas to compete in the Book Cart Drill Team World Championships. Christian Science Monitor, June 27, 2007
External links
Association of Friends of the French National Library/Association des amis de la Bibliothèque nationale de France
Association of Italian Libraries/Associazione italiana biblioteche
Australian Library and Information Association Advocacy Page
Canadian Library Association/Association canadienne des bibliothèques
IFLA website
Library and Information Association of South Africa
PLA-Public Library Association
(Nonprofit providing "tactical and operational support to local voter awareness campaigns, seed and sustaining monies to local ballot committees and PACs, as well as conducting direct voter advocacy in support of library taxing, bonding, and referendum")
Library science
advocacy
Activism by type | wiki |
The Rest of Us may refer to:
The Rest of Us (album), a 2002 album by Gas Huffer
The Rest of Us (film), a 2019 film directed by Aisling Chin-Lee | wiki |
The eastern cut-off is a variant of the "scissors" high jump style
involving a layout. This enables the jumper to clear a higher bar
than with the traditional scissors style, while still landing on
the feet. The technique is generally credited to Michael Sweeney of the New York Athletic Club,
who used it in 1895 to set a world record of 6 ft 5 5/8 inches (1.97 m).
The style came to be called "eastern" because of its origin on the US
east coast, after the invention of the rival "western roll" style by
George Horine on the west coast (Stanford). Horine was in fact the first to
improve on Sweeney's record, when he cleared 6 ft 7 inches (2.01 m) in 1912.
Although succeeded by the more efficient layout techniques of
the western roll and (in the 1930s) by the straddle, the eastern
cut-off continued to be competitive at an international level until
the 1940s in the men's high jump, and until the 1960s in the women's
high jump. It was used by John Winter of Australia to win the high
jump in the Olympics of 1948, and by Iolanda Balas of Romania to win
the women's high jump in the Olympics of 1960 and 1964. Even today,
the eastern cut-off is used by high school jumpers in Kenya, where the
lack of foam landing mats necessitates a style where jumpers land on
their feet.
The eastern cut-off is a very beautiful and complex style involving
contrary rotations of the body and legs. A jumper taking off from the
left foot crosses the bar with the right leg first, left leg roughly
parallel to the bar, with the body still on the takeoff side and twisted
(opposite to the rotation of the left leg) to face downwards. After crossing
the bar the legs are rapidly "scissored": this undoes the twist and
the jumper lands gracefully on the takeoff foot, facing the bar.
References
High jump
Sport of athletics terminology | wiki |
3d studio can refer to:
A studio location where 3D work is created
3ds Max, an animation software package previously named 3D Studio Max
Any 3D computer graphics software | wiki |
The Berg Encyclopedia of World Dress and Fashion is an encyclopedia about dress and ornamentation of the body in different cultures throughout history. It explores themes of personal and social identity related to the universal activity of dressing one's self. Its ten volumes are dedicated to describing and interpreting dress and fashion in different places throughout the world, and are organized geographically. The last volume reviews the global perspectives through research and study of the present-day and the future of dress and fashion.
Description
Composed of 760 articles and written by more than 600 international experts, it includes multidisciplinary and pluricultural perspectives that allow us to understand the richness and complexity of dress in all of its manifestations. The definitions of dress, apparel and fashion are the starting point and the principal focus of the various contributions: dress is analyzed as a body modification, apparel is connected to history or the exhibition in a museum, and fashion corresponds to the changes related to body alterations and ornamentation, over short periods of time.
Prizes and awards
The Berg Encyclopedia of World Dress and Fashion was awarded with the Dartmouth Medal for the creation of a reference work of outstanding quality and significance, in 2011. This prize is awarded to reference works (dictionaries, encyclopedias, image banks, etc.) by the American Library Association and it was the first time, that an award has been given to a work in the design sector.
It has also been the recipient of an Award at the Frankfurt Book Fair in 2011 and the Best Web 2011 prize by FutureBook bookstore.
References
2010 non-fiction books
English-language encyclopedias
History of clothing
History of fashion
Fashion websites
Specialized encyclopedias | wiki |
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Agate (Colorado)
Agate (Észak-Dakota)
Agate (Nebraska)
Agate Beach (Oregon) | wiki |
Patrick Alan "Pat" Day (born October 13, 1953, in Brush, Colorado) is a retired American jockey. He is a four-time winner of the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Jockey and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1991 and the Arkansas Sports Hall of Fame in 1999. Day won nine Triple Crown races and 12 Breeders' Cup races. He was once the leader for career Breeders' Cup wins though he was later surpassed as the events were expanded after he retired.
Pat Day retired in 2005 with 8,803 wins (ranked fourth all-time) and as the all-time leading jockey in money earned. He was a dominant rider on the Kentucky riding circuit and holds all of the career riding records at Churchill Downs and Keeneland. Day's signature wins include winning the inaugural $3 million Breeders' Cup Classic in 1984 aboard Wild Again and his partnership with Easy Goer in a rivalry with Sunday Silence.
Technique
Pat Day was known for being a patient rider with gentle hands and for not using a horse more than he had to, but was sometimes criticized for waiting too long to make his move. Because Day often came with late runs in big spots and had a reputation for saving horse for the stretch he was given the nickname Patient Pat. As Pat Forde, a reporter for the Louisville Courier-Journal, wrote in 1995, "He is so patient he could watch a faucet drip for days". Day was also strong at taking horses to the lead as he did on Louis Quatorze in his 1996 Preakness victory and on Commendable in his 2000 Belmont Stakes win.
Day's riding style attracted considerable controversy over the years. Barry Irwin wrote in 2016 that he "drove many a captain of industry, hard-boot trainer and horseplayer to the brink of rage." D. Wayne Lukas, who won several Triple Crown races with Pat Day, once said "I'm only as good as Pat Day's rides." He is still criticized for costing Easy Goer a potential victory in the 1989 Preakness Stakes. Day said that Easy Goer was the best horse he ever rode. In 2016, he said, "As I re-run that race in my mind, I chastise myself pretty good because I feel I didn’t ride the best race of my career... Still, it was a great, great race. People still rave to me about the Preakness. They say it was the race of the century. I agree, except for the official order of finish."
Riding career
Day learned to ride from his father, who owned a car repair shop in the ranching community of Brush, Colorado. "He taught me basic horsemanship that has been my foundation," Day said in a 1991 interview. "That has helped me tremendously in a roundabout way – being able to understand the temperament of the horse, and adjusting to get along with that." Day participated in rodeo events before beginning his jockey career in 1973 at Prescott Downs, a small racetrack in Arizona. He rode his first winner, Forblunged, on July 29, 1973. He became the leading jockey at Turf Paradise before relocating to Chicago, where he became the leading jockey at Hawthorne and Sportsman's Park. In 1976, he moved to the New York riding circuit. He recorded his first major victory that year in the Jockey Club Gold Cup aboard longshot Great Contractor.
Day was the leading jockey by number of wins in 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1991. The first win in 1982 came only after Day chartered a plane on December 31 to Delta Downs, where he won two races on the evening card to surpass Angel Cordero Jr.'s tally by one.
Day rode winners of American Triple Crown races nine times, ranking him behind Eddie Arcaro's 17 wins in Triple Crown races as well as Bill Shoemaker's 11, while tied with Gary Stevens, Bill Hartack and Earl Sande's 9 each. However, Day had a comparatively poor Kentucky Derby record with only one win in twenty two tries. Some of Day's losses on top horses in the Kentucky Derby included Easy Goer, Forty Niner, Summer Squall, Demon's Begone, Corporate Report, Tabasco Cat, Timber Country, Favorite Trick, Ten Most Wanted and Menifee, who finished second behind Charismatic in both the Kentucky Derby and the Preakness Stakes. He had been the regular rider of 1990 Derby winner Unbridled but chose to ride Summer Squall in that race instead. Pat Day's first and only Kentucky Derby victory was in 1992 aboard longshot Lil E. Tee. On the day of that race, future Belmont Stakes and Breeders' Cup Classic winner A.P. Indy was forced to scratch from the race due to a foot injury. Arazi, the American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt and Breeders' Cup Juvenile winner, became the heavy favorite. Day rated behind Arazi in tenth place, hoping to follow his move and take second place. But when asked for run, Lil E. Tee responded by sweeping past Arazi for the win. "To say the least, it was very satisfying," said Day.
In 1991, Pat Day won the Canadian Triple Crown and the Breeders' Cup Distaff aboard the future Hall of Fame filly Dance Smartly. He is the only jockey to have ridden at least one mount in each of the first 20 Breeders' Cups, and at one point was the all-time leader in Breeders' Cup winners, with 12.
Day made his base in Kentucky, where he rode at Churchill Downs and Keeneland in the spring and fall. In the winter, he originally rode at Oaklawn Park in Arkansas, switching in the mid-1990s to Gulfstream Park. In the summer, he originally rode at Arlington Park, later switching to Saratoga. With the change in circuits, Day's number of wins decreased but his earnings increased. Day won his first earnings title in 1999, followed by another win in 2000 in a close battle with Jerry Bailey. Day finished 2000 with his mounts earning $17,479,838 in purses (recording 267 wins from 1,219 starts). Bailey finished with $17,468,690 in earnings.
Triple Crown top three finishes
Day recorded nine wins in the American Triple Crown plus ten second-place finishes and four thirds.
Kentucky Derby
1988 on Forty Niner (2nd)
1989 on Easy Goer (2nd)
1990 on Summer Squall (2nd)
1992 on Lil E. Tee (1st)
1995 on Timber Country (3rd)
1996 on Prince of Thieves (3rd)
1999 on Menifee (2nd)
Preakness Stakes
1985 on Tank's Prospect (1st)
1989 on Easy Goer (2nd)
1990 on Summer Squall (1st)
1991 on Corporate Report (2nd)
1993 on Cherokee Run (2nd)
1994 on Tabasco Cat (1st)
1995 on Timber Country (1st)
1996 on Louis Quatorze (1st)
1999 on Menifee (2nd)
Belmont Stakes
1984 on Pine Circle (2nd)
1987 on Gulch (3rd)
1989 on Easy Goer (1st)
1994 on Tabasco Cat (1st)
2000 on Commendable (1st)
2003 on Ten Most Wanted (2nd)
2004 on Royal Assault (3rd)
Breeders' Cup wins
Day won twelve Breeders' Cup races.
Breeders' Cup Classic
1984 on Wild Again
1990 on Unbridled
1998 on Awesome Again
1999 on Cat Thief
Breeders' Cup Distaff
1986 on Lady's Secret
1991 on Dance Smartly
2001 on Unbridled Elaine
Breeders' Cup Turf
1987 on Theatrical
Breeders' Cup Juvenile
1994 on Timber Country
1997 on Favorite Trick
Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies
1987 on Epitome
1994 on Flanders
Records
Day is the all-time leading rider at Churchill Downs and Keeneland Race Course, the two largest tracks in his adopted home state of Kentucky. At Churchill Downs, he won 2,481 races including 155 stakes race wins, and earned 15 riding titles at the spring meeting plus 19 at the fall meeting. At Keeneland, he recorded 918 wins, 95 of which were in stakes races, and earned 22 leading rider titles. He also earned a record twelve jockey titles at Oaklawn Park.
On June 20, 1984, Day set a Churchill Downs record for the most wins on a single card when he won seven of eight races in which he rode. The record was tied in 2008 by Julien Leparoux. In 1989, he set a North American record when he won eight of nine mounts in a single day at Arlington Park.
Honors
Day earned the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Jockey in 1984, 1986, 1987 and 1991. In 1991, he was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame. In 2006, a statue of him celebrating his win in the Kentucky Derby was unveiled at Churchill Downs. In 2015, Churchill Downs renamed the Derby Trial in his honor as the Pat Day Mile.
Day also received the George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award in 1985, given annually to a North American jockey who demonstrates the highest standards of professional and personal conduct. In 1995, he was voted the Mike Venezia Memorial Award, which honors "extraordinary sportsmanship and citizenship". He received the Big Sport of Turfdom Award for 2005 in acknowledgement of the way he worked with the media to enhance coverage of the sport.
Religion and retirement
Early in his career, he had serious substance abuse problems with both drugs and alcohol, but became a born-again Christian in the early 1980s. He has been involved with the Race Track Chaplaincy of America since his conversion, and has served the racing industry's representative on the board of that organization.
After undergoing hip surgery that forced him to miss the Derby for the first time in 21 years, Day announced his retirement on August 3, 2005. He subsequently devoted himself to the Kentucky Race Track Chaplaincy and helped to establish a chapel at Churchill Downs that services backstretch workers. He hosts an annual Race For Grace during Kentucky Derby week to raise money for the chaplaincy, and also travels across America to talk about how his faith and career intertwine. Sheila, his wife since 1979, runs a charity to help single mothers in the Louisville area.
In 2016, Kentucky Governor Bevin appointed Day to the Kentucky Horse Racing Commission.
Year-end charts
References
External links
Profile at National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame
Interview with Pat Day
American jockeys
Eclipse Award winners
American Champion jockeys
United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees
People from Brush, Colorado
1953 births
Living people | wiki |
The evening is the period of the day between afternoon and night.
Evening may also refer to:
Evening (magazine), a Japanese magazine
Evening (novel), a 1998 novel by Susan Minot
Evening (film), a 2007 film
Evenings (film), a 1989 Dutch film
Evening (EP), EP by Mae
Symphony No. 8 (Haydn) by Haydn, nicknamed "Evening" | wiki |
The acid peptic diseases, also known as acid peptic disorders are a collection of diseases involving acid production in the stomach and nearby parts of the gastrointestinal tract. It includes gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, esophageal ulcer, Zollinger–Ellison syndrome and Meckel's diverticulum ulcer. Acid peptic disorders are the result of distinctive, but overlapping pathogenic mechanisms leading to either excessive acid secretion or diminished mucosal defense.
References
Stomach disorders | wiki |
Time Clocks is the fifteenth solo studio album by American blues rock musician Joe Bonamassa, released through J&R Adventures in North America and Provogue Records in Europe on October 29, 2021. "Notches", "The Heart That Never Waits" and the title track were released as singles prior to the album.
Track listing
Charts
References
2021 albums
Albums produced by Kevin Shirley
Joe Bonamassa albums | wiki |
Grewia hirsuta is an Asian species of flowering plant in the mallow family, Malvaceae.
References
hirsuta
Flora of Asia | wiki |
Pseudo-Barnabas usually refers to the Epistle of Barnabas and to its author, who is considered an Apostolic Father, but whom most modern scholars judge not to be St. Barnabas.
Sometimes "Pseudo-Barnabas" refers to the Gospel of Barnabas, which most scholars consider to be a late medieval work, post-1300.
The Acts of Barnabas is yet another pseudepigraphical work attributed to the name Barnabas.
References
Christian writers | wiki |
The Kokko and Rector model is a theory explaining the mechanism of generation of a gradient in the inner medulla of the kidney. Unlike earlier theories explaining the mechanism using counter current mechanism (as is the case in the outer medulla), the driving force for salt reabsorption is stated to be urea accumulation. It has been proved that counter current mechanism cannot be the case in the inner medulla, since there are no salt pumps, and the cell membrane is too permeable to salt.
History
It has been proposed by JP Kokko and FC Rector Jr in 1972.
References
Further reading
Renal physiology | wiki |
"Still Dreaming" may refer to:
"Still Dreaming", song by Nas featuring Chrisette Michele, from Hip Hop Is Dead
"Still Dreaming", song by 311, from Evolver
"Still Dreaming", song by Silverstein, from Arrivals & Departures
Still Dreaming (album) (2018), by Joshua Redman
Still Dreaming (TXT album) (2021), by Tomorrow X Together | wiki |
The Dutch House may refer to:
The Dutch House (Brookline, Massachusetts), a building in Brookline, Massachusetts
The Dutch House, Bristol, a demolished building in Bristol, England
The Dutch House, York, a building in York, England
The Dutch House (novel), a 2019 novel by Ann Patchett
Other uses
Dutch house, a style of the electro house music genre that originated in the Netherlands
Dutch House (New Castle, Delaware), a late-17th-century house in New Castle, Delaware
Dutch Houses, Chester, a building in Chester, England | wiki |
Junkie is a pejorative usually referring to a person with an addiction.
Entertainment and media
Junkie (novel), a novel by William S. Burroughs
"Junkie" (song), 2013 song by Medina featuring Svenstrup & Vendelboe
The Junkies, a radio program
MMAjunkie, a mixed martial arts website
"Junkie", a song by Ozzy Osbourne from Down To Earth
"Junky", a song by Brockhampton from Saturation II
People
Tom Holkenborg (born 1967), Dutch musician also known as Junkie XL | wiki |
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64700 | wiki |
Showdown is a cooperative learning technique that allows students to work in a group. It is usually used in middle school classrooms.
Process
Students in groups of three or four receive a task card with specific problems from the chapter they are learning about.
The team leader of the group picks up the card and reads the sentence on it aloud without showing it to the others.
Other team members write the answers on their paper or chalkboards. When the teacher gives the showdown signal, all the members reveal their responses at once.
If everyone gets the same answer they can assume the answer is correct. If not, all members need to discuss to see if someone did something wrong and help that student to see what they did wrong.
For the next task card, a different student on the team becomes the leader.
The teacher monitors the activity to make sure students are getting the correct answers.
Advantages claimed for Showdown
It gives opportunity to the individual to expertise their ideas.
It is easy to perform in a class as it takes less time.
References
Pedagogy | wiki |
Mary Reilly may refer to:
Mary Reilly (novel), a 1990 novel by Valerie Martin
Mary Reilly (film), a 1996 film based on the novel
Mary Reilly (academic), an Irish neurologist'
Mary Reilly (advocate), a Catholic teacher, leader, advocate, and Sister of Mercy from South Providence, Rhode Island
Mary McMullen (1920–1986), pseudonym for author Mary Reilly
See also
Mary Riley (disambiguation) | wiki |
Jeno's Pizza may refer to:
Jeno's, brand of frozen pizza products founded by Jeno Paulucci and operated by General Mills' Jeno's / Totino's division
Jeno's Pizza (Colombia), a Colombian pizzeria chain owned by Telepizza
See also
Gino's East, Chicago-based pizzeria chain
Gino's Pizza and Spaghetti, pizzeria chain in West Virginia
Papa Gino's, restaurant chain based in Dedham, Massachusetts, USA | wiki |
Dessert is a course that concludes a meal.
Dessert may also refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Dessert (album), a 2007 album by Chocolove
Dessert (magazine), a Japanese manga magazine
"Dessert" (song), a 2015 song by Dawin
Desserts (film), a 1998 short film
Foods and beverages
Dessert wine, a sweet wine typically served with dessert
See also
Just deserts (disambiguation)
Just desserts (disambiguation) | wiki |
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde is a chemical compound and an isomer of vanillin. Urolithin M7, one of the urolithins, has also been synthesized from 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde using the inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction.
See also
Vanillin
2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde
Isovanillin
ortho-Vanillin
References
Hydroxybenzaldehydes | wiki |
A no frills service or product is one for which the non-essential features have been removed to keep the price low.
No Frills may also refer to:
No Frills (grocery store), a Canadian supermarket
No Frills (TV series), a British television sitcom
No Frills (Bette Midler album) (1983), the sixth studio album by American singer Bette Midler
No Frills (Nik Kershaw album) (2010), the eighth album by Nik Kershaw
No Frills Supermarkets, a grocery chain in Nebraska and Iowa
No Frills, a home brand of products sold at Franklins
No Frills, a home brand of products formerly sold at Kwik Save
No Frills, a home brand of products formerly sold at Pathmark
No Frills, a home brand of products sold at Wellcome
See also
Frill (disambiguation) | wiki |
The International Customer Service Institute (TICSI) is an international partnership organisation to enable the recognition and sharing of global best practice in customer service. It was founded in 2005 operating out of London and Dubai and has developed The International Standard for Service Excellence (TISSE).
It has regional Certification Partners in the UK, India, Australia, New Zealand and the Middle East.
See also
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Canadian Standards Association
Countries in International Organization for Standardization
Deutsches Institut für Normung, German Institute for Standardization (DIN)
European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
International Classification for Standards
Standardization
Standards organization
References
External links
The International Customer Service Institute
Customer service
International business organizations | wiki |
Chairmen of the Chamber of Representatives of the State Assembly of Bashkortostan
Footnotes and references
Lists of legislative speakers in Russia
Chairmen | wiki |
Smorgon may refer to the following:
People
David Smorgon (born 1947), Australian businessman, President of the Western Bulldogs football club
Graham Smorgon, Australian businessman, former President of the Carlton Football Club
Loti Smorgon (1919–2013), Australian philanthropist
Victor Smorgon (1913–2009), Australian industrialist
Places
Smarhon' (Smorgon), a city in Belarus
Smarhon Air Base, a Soviet Air Force base in Belarus
Organisations
FC Smorgon, a Belarusian football club
Smorgon Steel, a former Australian steel manufacturing business | wiki |
Perfil (fluids), forma de la secció d'un objecte, per exemple, una ala d'avió
Perfil (enginyeria), producte laminat (normalment una biga) per utilitzar-lo en construccions
Perfil Ravenscar, conjunt de restriccions inicialment per al llenguatge de programació Ada
Perfil del sòl, conjunt dels horitzons d'un sòl donat
Perfil estratègic de l'entorn, eina que ajuda a detectar les oportunitats i amenaces que l'entorn ofereix. | wiki |
Hillwort may refer to:
Wild thyme
Mentha pulegium | wiki |
A rookery is a colony of breeding birds and some marine mammals.
Rookery may also refer to:
Rookery (slum), a term for a city slum, building, or ghetto frequented by poor people, criminals and prostitutes
Rookery Building, a historic landmark located in the Loop neighborhood of Chicago
Rookery Hall, an Elizabethan-style mansion located near the village of Worleston, Cheshire
Rookery Hill, a football stadium in Thurrock, Essex
Rookery Islands, Holme Bay, Mac.Robertson Land, Antarctica
Rookery Lake, Vestfold Hills, Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica
Rookery Mound, an archaeological site near Everglades City, Florida
Rookery railway station, a former railway station in Rainford, Lancashire, England
Rookery, an album by Giant Rooks
The Rookery, Nantwich, a Georgian townhouse in Nantwich, Cheshire
The Rookery, Stoke-on-Trent
The Rookery, Tattenhall, a house in Tattenhall, Cheshire
See also
Rockery (disambiguation)
Rook (disambiguation)
Rookery Nook (disambiguation)
Rookie (disambiguation) | wiki |
Gliding is a recreational activity and competitive air sport in which pilots fly unpowered aircraft known as gliders or sailplanes.
Gliding may also refer to:
Gliding flight, flight in the absence of thrust
Gliding motility of microbes.
Gliding (vehicle), a natural deceleration of vehicle turning off the engine and type of fuel economy-maximizing behavior.
Hang gliding, an air sport in which a pilot flies a light and unmotorized foot-launchable aircraft called a hang glider
Paragliding, an air sport in which a pilot flies a foot-launched unmotorized aircraft with a frameless wing called a paraglider
Ski Gliding or speed riding, an air sport in which a pilot flies a small fabric wing whilst on skis
List of airline flights that required gliding
See also
Flying and gliding animals
Glide (disambiguation)
Glider (disambiguation) | wiki |
The Four Corners is one of many co-operative teaching and learning strategies. The activity can be useful when the teacher wants to point out the fact that not everyone in the class has the same viewpoint or that there are multiple solutions to some problems. This teaching method allows students who would not normally communicate in class to participate and communicate with their peers. This strategy encourages students to formulate their own opinions on a given topic and allows them to contribute their ideas to class discussion.
Process
First, the four corners of the class are labeled, either with a chart or a vignette. Each corner will have an opinion, written statements, etc. Second, the teacher poses a question, or a problem to the class. The students reflect on the question without discussion. Third, the teacher invites the students to take a place at a corner that suits their opinion best by announcing "Corner". Then, the students at each corner share their views with each other, either in pairs or to the whole group gathered at that corner.
Lastly, the teacher asks the students to be ready to share their ideas, reflections, lessons, plans, and opinions with the whole class.
Critique
Four corners is a collaborative method of teaching and learning that gives the students a platform for various cognitive and affective learnings. This strategy helps the students to think at a higher level, reflect on what they have learned in class, voice opinions safely, learn to critique on various issues, evaluate certain solutions, and communicate better. This strategy also enhances the responsibility of a student when making a conclusion or opinion.
References
Educational practices
Learning | wiki |
The Watch may refer to:
The town watch, a medieval precursor to the modern police
The Watch (2008 film), a made-for-TV film starring Clea DuVall
The Watch (2012 film), a science fiction comedy film starring Ben Stiller
"The Watch" (Seinfeld), an episode of Seinfeld
"The Watch" (The Amazing World of Gumball), an Episode of The Amazing World of Gumball
The Watch (band), an Italian progressive rock band
The Watch (TV series), 2021 series, inspired by Terry Pratchett's Discworld novels
See also
Watch (disambiguation) | wiki |
Paris buns are a sweetened breadlike cake similar to scones. A recipe from an 1881 cookbook refers to Paris buns as "Scotch" and says that three of the buns cost a penny.
In popular culture
John Dufresne included the story 'Lemonade & Paris Buns' in his 2005 short story collection Johnny Too Bad.
Van Morrison mentions Paris buns in the song 'Cleaning Windows' from his 1982 album Beautiful Vision.
References
External links
Sweet breads
Scottish cuisine | wiki |
Il existe deux types de cellules satellites :
les cellules satellites gliales ;
les cellules satellites musculaires. | wiki |
Bachelor of Arts and Science(s) (BA&Sc, BASc, BAS, B.A.&Sc., B.A.Sc., or B.A.S.), sometimes also named Bachelor of Science and Arts (BSA), is an undergraduate bachelor's degree conferred by a small number of universities from countries including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, and France. There is no one set way in which a Bachelor of Arts and Science programme is generally structured but they generally involve students taking interdisciplinary courses from both the liberal arts and the sciences, and/or require a student to complete the general requirements for a bachelor's degree for two different academic majors (or academic minors) — one that usually leads to a BA degree and one that usually leads to a BSc degree. The degrees are generally designed to be completed in three to four years, depending on the institution.
Technically speaking, in English-speaking universities it is not an example of a double degree, as universities only confer a single degree. However, Sciences Po, the only French-speaking university to offer the programme, grants a dual Bachelor's degree upon completion.
References
Arts and Science | wiki |
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