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The Sigma Protocol is the name of a novel.
Sigma Protocol may also refer to:
Sigma protocols, a type of cryptographic protocol. | wiki |
Aretha's Best is a greatest hits compilation by Aretha Franklin released in 2001. This "best of" album contains 20 tracks which were recorded by Franklin from 1967-1987.
Critical reception
Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic writes, "Rhino's Aretha's Best is notable for attempting to squeeze highlights of every era of Aretha's career onto one disc."
Chart performance
Aretha's Best peaked at number 49 on the Billboard 200.
Track listing
All track information and credits adapted from the album's liner notes.
Charts
References
External links
Aretha Franklin Official Site
Rhino Records Official Site
2001 greatest hits albums
Aretha Franklin compilation albums
Rhino Records compilation albums | wiki |
Gai Sicini (tribú 470 aC)
Gai Sicini (tribú 449 aC) | wiki |
In the United States, a buydown is a mortgage financing technique where the buyer attempts to obtain a lower interest rate for at least the first few years of the mortgage. The seller of the property usually provides payments to the mortgage lending institution, which, in turn, lowers the buyer's monthly interest rate, and therefore, monthly payment. This is typically done for a period of about one to five years. In a seller's market, the seller might raise the purchase price to compensate for the costs of the buydown, but in most markets, it would not be to their advantage to use a buydown as an enticement if they are going to offset the benefit by raising the price. In most cases, the buydown does not even involve the seller. It is an arrangement between the lender and the buyer.
You may also use the buydown option on a refinance.
References
Related
Also similar is paying mortgage points.
Contract law
Personal finance | wiki |
Écublens – szwajcarskie miasto na prawach gminy w kantonie Vaud, zamieszkiwane przez 12,483 osób (2017 r.).
Miasta w kantonie Vaud | wiki |
Nipple confusion is the tendency of an infant to unsuccessfully adapt between breast-feeding and bottle-feeding. It can happen when the infant is put back onto breast-feeding. Nipple confusion can turn into nipple refusal in which the infant refuses both the bottle and breastfeeding.
Preventing nipple confusion requires avoiding bottles and pacifiers for the first few weeks after birth. An infant that is used to feeding at the breast and gets switched to a bottle cannot use the same technique as latching on to the breast. An infant who gets used to nipple on a bottle and fast-flowing milk can have trouble making the transition.
Nipple confusion or nipple preference may occur when an infant switches from the breast to an artificial feeding method before the proper breastfeeding routine is established. Young infants who are exposed to artificial teats or bottle nipples might find the switch back and forth from bottle to breast a little tricky as the feeding mechanism of both breasts and bottle differ. An infant learns to feed on different nipples differently.
Causes
How an infant feeds from the breast to bottle differs. A breastfed infant regulates the suction required for the flow of milk from the breast by using small pauses to breathe and to swallow. On the other hand, for a bottle-fed infant, they do not have to create suction as the flow from the bottle allows for a continuous flow. When switched back to the breast, the infant faces sudden confusion regarding the lack of continuous flow that they got adapted to. Bottle-feeding requires no serious effort whereas breastfeeding demands the usage of at least 40 muscles in the infant’s face. This could make it difficult for the infant to latch efficiently and be breastfed well after being fed from the bottle.
Prevention
If the parent does not wait for the infant to perfect their breastfeeding skill, there is a risk the infant might give up breastfeeding sooner than preferred. While some infants easily go back and forth from bottle to breast, not all infants find this constant transitioning easy. However, infants are born with strong instincts to get breastfed. With patience and practice, the infant can be soothed into good feeding habits. Since there is no way to predict whether an infant might face nipple confusion, the use of a bottle or pacifier should be delayed, at least until the infant is four weeks old. This allows the infant to get used to breastfeeding at an early stage. Breastfeeding is advocated for the first two to three weeks. It is important that the infant is latching on well and that the breast milk reserve is well established. In case giving supplements to the infant is medically necessary, they can be given in ways that do not involve artificial nipples.
Nipple confusion can result in sub optimal nutrition for the infant and using artificial nipples is discouraged by the World Health Organization. The American College of Paediatrics recommends the use of pacifiers to prevent sudden infant death syndrome. This, however, conflicts with the recommendations of the World Health Organisation to discourage the use of artificial nipples because it may cause nipple confusion and then inadequate nutrition.
"Un-confusing" the infant
For getting the infant habituated, what is recommended is breastfeeding only when the infant is calm, not switching the infant back to the breast when they are extremely hungry, and more skin-to-skin contact (during breast-feeding) would help reacquaint them. For some special instances, the usage of a nipple shield can be considered to lure the infant back to breastfeeding. To switch to a bottle, a slow-flow nipple is recommended so that the infant has time to adapt to the new technique of feeding. A bottle system that imitates the natural breastfeeding motions of the infant makes the transition of bottle to breast easier. A parent can provide instant gratification to the infant by making it easier for them to feed from the breast. This can be done manually or by pumping your breast milk before the feeding starts, so the process of breastfeeding is a little less hard. Parents facing difficulties can consider a Lactation Consultant or advice from their paediatrician.
See also
Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative
Breastfeeding promotion
Haberman Feeder
Infant formula
International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes
List of bottle types, brands and companies
References
Bottles
Infant feeding | wiki |
Allen Point () is the southeast point of Montagu Island, in the South Sandwich Islands. Montagu Island was discovered in 1775 by a British expedition under James Cook, but the point was first mapped by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen in 1819–20. The point was surveyed in 1930 by Discovery Investigations personnel on the Discovery II and named for H.T. Allen, a member of the Discovery Committee.
References
Headlands of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | wiki |
La Fédération suisse de tennis, appelée Swiss Tennis, est l'organisation faitière du tennis en Suisse.
Affiliée à la Fédération internationale de tennis, elle met en place un système de classement et de compétition national.
Histoire
Notes et références
Liens externes
Site officiel
Tennis en Suisse
Tennis
Suisse
Sport à Bienne | wiki |
Eschatology is a part of theology and philosophy concerned with the final events when the world ends.
Eschatology can also mean:
Eschatology (book), a book by Pope Benedict XVI
Eschatology (religious movement), an early 20th-century religious movement created by William W. Walter
See also
End time (disambiguation) | wiki |
An employers' organization or employers' association is a collective organization of manufacturers, retailers, or other employers of wage labor. Employers' organizations seek to coordinate the behavior of their member companies in matters of mutual interest, such as during negotiations with trade unions or government bodies. Employers' organizations operate like trade unions and promote the economic and social interests of its member organisations.
History
In a free market the rivalry between competing companies naturally tends to preclude combined action for the advancement of common interests. The emergence of trade unions and their efforts to establish collective bargaining agreements on a local or an industry-wide level ultimately paved the way for combined action by competitors employing such labor in common.
The collective entities established by commercial enterprises acting in concert on such matters are known variously as employers' organizations or employers' associations.
Historically, employers' associations were of two general types: those consisting only of employers in a single trade or industry, or those bringing together employers from across a broad spectrum of industries on a local, regional, or national basis.
As was the case for unions, the first employers' organizations emerged in large industrial cities during the first half of the 19th century. Both unions and employers' organizations tended to be localized. As unions began to proliferate and to gain strength in negotiations over wages and conditions through the use of strike actions, employers began to unite in order to restrict wage rates and otherwise fetter the emerging organized labor movement.
International variations
The role and position of an employers' organization differs from country to country. In countries with an Anglo-Saxon economic system (such as the United Kingdom and the United States), where there is no institutionalized cooperation between employers' organizations, trade unions and government, an employers' organization is an interest group or advocacy group that through lobbying tries to influence government policy. In these countries, employers' organizations tend to be weaker, with many of their functions taken over by industry trade groups, which are basically public relations organizations.
In countries with a social market economy, such as Austria, Sweden and the Netherlands, the employers' organizations are part of a system of institutionalized deliberation, together with government and the trade unions. In tri-partite bargaining the so-called social partners strike agreements on issues like price levels, wage increases, tax rates and pension entitlements. In these countries collective bargaining is often done not between one corporation and one union, but between national employers' organizations and national trade unions.
In countries like Switzerland, the negotiations often take place at the cantonal level, branch by branch. The state is not involved in these negotiations, but can step in if the employers and the trade unions don't reach an agreement in a sector where salary dumping exists.
See also
Chamber of commerce
List of employer associations
Federation of International Employers
Footnotes
External links
Labor relations | wiki |
Grand Plaza I è un grattacielo ad uso residenziale di Chicago, Illinois.
Caratteristiche
L'edificio, alto 195 metri è più alto del suo grattacielo gemello di una ventina di metri. Con il suo gemello condivide l'architettura esterna e una base in comune nella quale si trovano vari negozi e un centro commerciale.
Voci correlate
Grattacieli di Chicago
Collegamenti esterni
Grattacieli di Chicago | wiki |
CQED may refer to:
Cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED)
Circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED)
See also
QED (disambiguation) | wiki |
Tibialis is an adjectival form of tibia. It may refer to:
Anatomy
Tibialis anterior artery
Tibialis anterior muscle
Tibialis posterior artery
Tibialis posterior muscle
Biology
Chasmina tibialis, a species of moth
Myromexocentrus tibialis, a species of beetle
Pelatachina tibialis, a species of fly
Zygoballus tibialis, a species of jumping spider
See also
Tibial (disambiguation)
Tbilisi, Georgia | wiki |
Several countries have undergone or are in various stages of privatizing their national postal service:
Germany
Deutsche Post
Privatized in 2000. As of early 2005, 20% of outstanding shares were owned by the German government through the KfW-Bankengruppe.
Portugal
CTT Correios de Portugal, S.A.
CTT has become a public limited company in 1991, and in December 2013 the shares were listed on Euronext Lisbon.
Japan
Japan Post
Japan Post was created in April 1, 2003 as a government-owned corporation as their first step toward complete privatization of their postal system under the leadership of the pro-business conservative Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) whose party advocates smaller government and reducing the size of government debt.
On January 23, 2006, Japan Post Holdings Co., Ltd. was created as the holding company of separate entities of the government-owned postal system including postal savings and insurance.
In 2007, a series of steps were taken for smooth transition of privatization.
On September 10, 2007, the Prime Minister authorized the start of complete privatization of Japan Post under a smooth transition plan.
On September 28, 2007, all sales of postal services were halted temporarily.
On September 30, 2007, all the ATMs for Japan Post banking services were shut down and marked the end of government ran postal system in Japan.
On October 1, 2007, a new dawn of privatized postal corporation was begun with Japan Post Holdings as the stock holding company of three new companies that day, Japan Post Co., Ltd., Japan Post Bank Co., Ltd., and Japan Post Insurance Co., Ltd.
Further plans were in place to move to the second phase of privatization by selling off government-owned shares and IPO in the Tokyo Stock Exchange. However, the proposal faced fierce opposition by the opposition party coalition of the centre-left Social Democratic Party and the Democratic Party. These plans were put on hold in as the opposition won the 2009 Japanese general election by running on the platform against the IPO of Japan Post. However, by the end of 2011, the popularity of the opposition party took a nosedive due to the poor government response to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, and the conservative LDP won the parliamentary elections in the 2012 Japanese general election. A complete reversal of public opinion regarding postal privatization ensued as the LDP moved forward with their former plans to IPO, with the promise of a portion of profits and proceeds from the first IPO will go to aid the victims and rebuilding of the Tohoku earthquake.
Japan Post began their IPO at the Tokyo Stock Exchange on November 4, 2015, and its stock surged 26% on what was noted to be the largest IPO offering in the Tokyo Stock Exchange at that time, with the Japanese government selling off their first round of shares, raising $11 billion for earthquake aid. The second round of the Japanese government sold of additional $12 billion of shares in September 2017.
The process of complete privatization of Japan Post is undergoing as the Japanese government continues to sell off their shares in subsequent sales. The privatization has led to more openness of bookkeeping, accounting methods and detailed fiscal result becoming readily accessible to the public through Japan Post's corporate profiles.
However, in December 2019 Japan Post Holdings and its subsidiaries were revealed to be involved in a large-scale illegal insurance sales scam targeting elder customers. The president and CEO of Japan Post Holdings, Masatsugu Nagato, along with the President of Japan Post Insurance, Mitsuhiko Uehira, and the president of Japan Post, Kunio Yokoyama, were forced to resign due to public pressure. The stock price plummeted and the Japanese government announced to delay the privatization process by 5 years.
United Kingdom
Royal Mail
Following the Postal Services Act 2011, shares in Royal Mail were floated on the London Stock Exchange in 2013. The UK government sold its remaining shares in 2015, ending 499 years of state ownership.
References
Postal systems
Privatization | wiki |
Ironworks may refer to:
Ironworks, a building or site where iron is smelted and where heavy iron and/or steel products are produced
The Columbus Ironworks building
Ironwork, artifacts or architectural features made of iron
Ironworks (record label)
Iron Works (2008), an album by American hip hop artist Ka
The Micromasters transformer | wiki |
A is a unit of area used in Argentina and in many Central American countries, originally defined as 10,000 square in Spanish customary units. In other Spanish-speaking regions, the term has the meaning of a city block.
Today its size varies between countries:
In Argentina it is a hectare, 10,000 m2.
In most Central American countries it is about , varying between countries.
In Belize it is .
In Nicaragua it is .
If a is taken as 83.59 cm, then a of 10,000 square s is equal to 6,987.29 m2. In calculations, the approximate value of 7000 m2 (or equivalently 0.7 ha) is often used to simplify conversion.
See also
Honduran units of measurement
Footnotes
References
External links
manzana definition on sizes.com
Units of area | wiki |
See also
Immune sera and immunoglobulins for human use are in the ATC group J06.
Vaccines for human use are in the ATC group J07.
References
I | wiki |
Air China Cargo Co., Ltd. () is a cargo airline of the People's Republic of China with its headquarters in Shunyi District in Beijing. It is an all-cargo subsidiary of Air China and operates scheduled freighter services to 20 cities in 10 countries around the world. Its main base is Beijing Capital International Airport.
History
The airline was established in 2003 and started operations shortly thereafter. It is owned by Air China (51%), CITIC Pacific (25%) and Beijing Capital International (24%) and has around 4,000 employees (as of March 2013).
In May 2011, Air China and Cathay Pacific announced the consolidation of their cargo business to the new Air China Cargo.
Destinations
Air China Cargo serves the following airports as of January 2018:
Asia
Beijing - Beijing Capital International Airport Hub
Chengdu - Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
Chongqing - Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport
Shanghai
Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport
Shanghai Pudong International Airport Hub
Tianjin - Tianjin Binhai International Airport
Zhengzhou - Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport
Hong Kong - Hong Kong International Airport
Osaka - Kansai International Airport
Tokyo
Haneda Airport
Narita International Airport
Taipei - Taoyuan International Airport
Taipei - Songshan Airport
Europe
Liège - Liège Airport
Copenhagen - Copenhagen Airport
Paris - Charles de Gaulle Airport
Frankfurt - Frankfurt Airport
Munich - Munich Airport
Amsterdam - Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
Novosibirsk - Tolmachevo Airport
Zaragoza - Zaragoza Airport
America
Anchorage - Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport
Chicago - Chicago O'Hare International Airport
Dallas - Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
Los Angeles - Los Angeles International Airport
New York City - John F. Kennedy International Airport
Fleet
Current fleet
, Air China Cargo fleet consists of the following freighter aircraft:
Retired Fleet
The Air China Cargo retired fleet consists of the following freighter aircraft:
See also
Air China
Cathay Pacific
China Postal Airlines
References
External links
Air China Cargo
Air China Cargo
Airlines of China
Airlines established in 2003
Cargo airlines of China
Companies based in Beijing
Government-owned companies of China
Air China
Chinese companies established in 2003 | wiki |
Greg Robinson may refer to:
Greg Robinson (offensive tackle) (born 1992), American football offensive tackle
Greg Robinson (American football coach) (1951–2022), American football coach
Greg Robinson (running back) (born 1969), American football running back
Gregory L. Robinson (born about 1960), director of the James Webb Space Telescope
See also
Greg Robinson-Randall or Greg Randall (born 1978), American football offensive tackle
Craig Robinson (disambiguation) | wiki |
Ridin' The Tiger is the first album released by Gluecifer.
Track listing
The songwriting credits on the album refers to several well-known musicians, however these artists did not actually participate in the songwriting for this album. The credits are tributes to musicians that inspired the band.
1997 albums
Gluecifer albums | wiki |
West Fifth Street Bridge may refer to:
Ashtabula lift bridge, a bridge over the Ashtabula River in Ashtabula, Ohio
West Fifth Street Bridge at Shoal Creek, a bridge in downtown Austin, Texas | wiki |
Barak Norman (c.1670–c.1740) was an English string instrument maker. He was the most important early English maker, noted for his viols and lutes. He also made violins, and was one of the earliest English cello makers. His work is characterized by beautiful modelling, good wood and very dark brown varnish; the tone is strong and rich. Early specimens are highly arched but later ones have medium arching and elaborate double purfling. The earliest recorded label (on a viol) is dated 1690.
References
Notes
British luthiers
1670s births
1740s deaths | wiki |
Internetmarketing of online marketing is een vorm van marketing van producten en diensten via internet. Online marketing omvat internetreclame, maar evengoed minder directe vormen van marketing, zoals zoekmachinemarketing, affiliate marketing, e-mailmarketing, contentmarketing, virale marketing en marketing via sociale media. De laatste jaren is reclame en marketing via het internet uitgegroeid tot de grootste reclamemarkt.
Twee belangrijke pijlers van de hedendaagse online marketing zijn: zoekmachineoptimalisatie (SEO) en zoekmachinemarketing (SEA). Met SEO wordt een website geoptimaliseerd om vindbaar te zijn in het organische (onbetaalde) gedeelte van de zoekmachines. Met SEA worden de betaalde kanalen van de zoekmachines benut, zoals: Google Adwords en Google Shopping.
Marketing en verkoop
Internet | wiki |
Aerial acrobatics may refer to:
Aerobatics, the practice of flying maneuvers involving aircraft
Acrobatics aided by an apparatus such as a trapeze, aerial silk, aerial hoop, rope, or corde lisse | wiki |
Sports nutrition is the study and practice of nutrition and diet with regards to improving anyone's athletic performance. Nutrition is an important part of many sports training regimens, being popular in strength sports (such as weightlifting and bodybuilding) and endurance sports (e.g. cycling, running, swimming, rowing). Sports nutrition focuses its studies on the type, as well as the quantity of fluids and food taken by an athlete. In addition, it deals with the consumption of nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, supplements and organic substances that include carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
Factors influencing nutritional requirements
Differing conditions and objectives suggest the need for athletes to ensure that their sports nutritional approach is appropriate for their situation. Factors that may affect an athlete's nutritional needs include type of activity (aerobic vs. anaerobic), gender, weight, height, body mass index, workout or activity stage (pre-workout, intro-workout, recovery), and time of day (e.g. some nutrients are utilized by the body more effectively during sleep than while awake). Most culprits that get in the way of performance are fatigue, injury and soreness. A proper diet will reduce these disturbances in performance. The key to a proper diet is to get a variety of food, and to consume all the macro-nutrients, vitamins, and minerals needed. According to Eblere's article (2008), it is ideal to choose raw foods, for example unprocessed foods such as oranges instead of orange juice. Eating foods that are natural means the athlete is getting the most nutritional value out of the food. When foods are processed, the nutritional value is normally reduced.
Gender
There are obvious physical differences between male and female anatomy, while physiology is the same for the most part, how they metabolize nutrients will vary. Men have less total body fat but tend to carry most of their fat in the adipose tissue of their abdominal region. Adipose tissue is indirectly mediated by androgen receptors in muscle. On the other hand, women have more total body fat that is carried in the subcutaneous layer of their hip region. Women metabolize glucose by direct and indirect control of expression of enzymes.
Anaerobic exercise
During anaerobic exercise, the process of glycolysis breaks down the sugars from carbohydrates for energy without the use of oxygen. This type of exercise occurs in physical activity such as power sprints, strength resistances and quick explosive movement where the muscles are being used for power and speed, with short-time energy use. After this type of exercise, there is a need to refill glycogen storage sites in the body (the long simple sugar chains in the body that store energy), although they are not likely fully depleted.
To compensate for this glycogen reduction, athletes will often take in large amounts of carbohydrates, immediately following their exercise. Typically, high-glycemic-index carbohydrates are preferred for their ability to rapidly raise blood glucose levels. For the purpose of protein synthesis, protein or individual amino acids are ingested as well. Branched-chain amino acids are important since they are most responsible for the synthesis of protein. According to Lemon et al. (1995) female endurance runners have the hardest time getting enough protein in their diet. Endurance athletes in general need more protein in their diet than the sedentary person. Research has shown that endurance athletes are recommended to have 1.2 to 1.4 g of protein per kg of body weight in order to repair damaged tissue. If the athlete consumes too few calories for the body's needs, lean tissue will be broken down for energy and repair. Protein deficiency can cause many problems such as early and extreme fatigue, particularly long recovery, and poor wound healing. Complete proteins such as meat, eggs, and soy provide the athlete with all essential amino acids for synthesizing new tissues. However, vegetarian and vegan athletes frequently combine legumes with a whole grain to provide the body with a complete protein across the day's food intake. A popular combination being rice and beans.
Spada's research on endurance sports nutrition (2000) and where the types of carbohydrates come from will be explained. He advises for carbohydrates to be unprocessed and/or whole grains for optimal performance while training. These carbohydrates offer the most fuel, nutritional value, and satiety. Fruits and vegetables contribute important carbohydrate foundation for an athlete's diet. They provide vitamins and minerals that are lost through exercise and later needed to be replenished. Both fruits and vegetables improve healing, aid in recovery, and reduce risks of cancer, high blood pressure, and constipation. Vegetables offer a little more nutritional value than fruits for the amount of calories, therefore an athlete should strive to eat more vegetables than fruits. Dark-colored vegetables usually have more nutritional value than pale colored ones. A general rule is the darker the color the more nutrient dense it is. Like all foods, it is very important to have a variety. To get the most nutritional value out of fruits and vegetables it is important to eat them in their natural, unprocessed form without added nutrients or sugar.
Often in the continuation of this anaerobic exercise, the product from this metabolic mechanism builds up in what is called lactic acid fermentation. Lactate is produced more quickly than it is being removed and it serves to regenerate NAD+ cells on where it's needed. During intense exercise when oxygen is not being used, a high amount of ATP is produced and pH levels fall causing acidosis or more specifically lactic acidosis. Lactic acid build up can be treated by staying well-hydrated throughout and especially after the workout, having an efficient cool down routine and good post-workout stretching.
Intense activity can cause significant and permanent damage to bodily tissues. In order to repair, vitamin E and other antioxidants are needed to protect muscle damage. Oxidation damage and muscle tissue breakdown happens during endurance running so athletes need to eat foods high in protein in order to repair these muscle tissues. It is important for female endurance runners to consume proper nutrients in their diet that will repair, fuel, and minimize fatigue and injury. To keep a female runner's body performing at its best, the ten nutrients need to be included in their diets.
Aerobic Exercise
Aerobic exercise is also known as cardio because it is a form of cardiovascular conditioning. This includes exercises such as running, cycling, swimming and rowing. Athletes involved in aerobic exercise are typically looking to increase their endurance. These athletes are training their slow twitch muscle fibers to be better at taking in oxygen and getting it to their muscles. This is done by two mechanisms, glycolysis and aerobic respiration. Anaerobic glycolysis is also referred to as the "short term energy system", and is mostly used for high-intensity training, such as sprinting, and any sports which require quick bursts of speed. Slow twitch muscles are smaller in diameter and are slow to contract. These fibers don’t store much glycogen, instead they use lipids and amino acids to generate energy. With a high concentration of myoglobin that stores oxygen, the slow twitch muscle fibers have plenty of oxygen to function properly. These factors help make slow twitch muscle fibers fatigue resistant so athletes can have endurance in their sport. There are many options for supplements that athletes can take to assist with endurance like glycerol and guarana.
Supplements
Dietary supplements contain one or more dietary ingredients (including vitamins; minerals; amino acids; herbs or other botanicals; and other substances) or their constituents is intended to be taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid. Athletes may choose to consider taking dietary supplements to assist in improving their athletic performance. There are many other supplements out there that include performance enhancing supplements (steroids, blood doping, creatine, human growth hormone), energy supplements (caffeine), and supplements that aid in recovery (protein, BCAAs).
Energy supplements
Athletes sometimes turn to energy supplements to increase their ability to exercise more often. Common supplements to increase an athlete's energy include: Caffeine, Guarana, Vitamin B12, and Asian ginseng. Guarana is another supplement that athletes take to enhance their athletic ability, it is frequently used for weight loss and as an energy supplement.
Caffeine, a common energy supplement, can be found in many different forms such as pills, tablets or capsules, and can also be found in common foods, such as coffee and tea. A 2009 study from the University of Texas reports that caffeinated energy drinks decrease sporting performance. They found that after drinking an energy drink, 83% of participants improved their physical activity parameters by an average of 4.7%. This was attributed to the effects of caffeine, sucrose and Vitamin B in the drink - however scientific consensus does not support the efficacy of using Vitamin B as a performance enhancer. To explain the performance improvement the writers report an increase in blood levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine and beta-Endorphin. The adenosine receptor antagonism of caffeine accounts for the first two, while the latter is accounted for by the Neurobiological effects of physical exercise.
Caffeine has been around since the 1900s and became popularly used in the 1970s when its power of masking fatigue became highly recognized. Similarly, the caffeine found in energy drinks and coffee shows an increased reaction performance and feelings of energy, focus and alertness in quickness and reaction anaerobic power tests. In other words, consuming an energy drink or any drink with caffeine increases short time/rapid exercise performance (like short full-speed sprints and heavy power weight lifting). Caffeine is chemically similar to adenosine, a type of sugar that helps in the regulation of important body processes, including the firing of neurotransmitters. Caffeine takes the place of adenosine in your brain, attaching itself to the same neural receptors affected by adenosine, and causing your neurons to fire more rapidly, hence caffeine's stimulating effects.
Carbohydrates are also a very common form of energy supplements, as all sugars are carbohydrates. Products like Gatorade and Powerade are formulated with simple sugars such as sucrose and dextrose. Carbohydrates are necessary as they maintain blood glucose levels and restore muscle glycogen levels.
Recovery supplements
Common supplements to help athletes recover from exercising include protein and amino acid supplements. The main use for athletes to take dietary proteins are for hormones, oxygen transport, cellular repair, enzymes and conversion to fuel. The intake of protein is a part of the nutrient requirements for the normal athlete and is an important component of exercise training. In addition, it aids in performance and recovery. Dietary protein intake for well-trained athletes should occur before, during and after physical activity as it is advantageous in gaining muscle mass and strength. However, if too much protein and amino acid supplements is consumed it can be more harmful to the body than it is beneficial; health risks include: dehydration, gout, calcium loss, liver, renal damage, diarrhea, bloating, and water loss. A bountiful protein diet must be paired with a healthy, well-rounded meal plan and regular resistance exercise. Characteristics of this particular diet include the type of exercise, intensity, duration and carbohydrate values of diet. The most effective way to secure the natural nutrients required by the body for optimum health and physiological performance is by consuming vitamins, minerals, proteins, fats, sugars and carbohydrates, which can be procured from fresh fruits and vegetables.
Post-exercise nutrition is an important factor in a nutrition plan for athletes as it pertains to the recovery of the body. Traditionally, sports drinks such as Gatorade and Powerade, are consumed during and after exercise because they effectively rehydrate the body by refueling the body with minerals and electrolytes. Electrolytes regulate the body's nerve and muscle function, blood pH, blood pressure, and the rebuilding of damaged tissue. These types of drink are commonly made of glucose and sucrose in water and has been seen to improve the football players' performance.
A substitute for sports drinks is milk, which contains many electrolytes, nutrients and other elements that help to make it an effective post-exercise beverage. It is true that milk helps replace fluids and electrolytes lost after the athlete has worked out. A recovery drink is supposed to replenish the sugar lost, and help recover the muscles to be able to workout at full intensity by the next time they workout. When compared to plain water or sports drinks, research supported by the Dairy and Nutrition Council suggests that chocolate milk is more effective at replacing fluids lost through sweat and maintaining normal body fluid levels. Athletes drinking chocolate milk following exercise-induced dehydration had fluid levels about 2 percent higher (on initial body mass) than those using other post-exercise recovery beverages. These results allowed for prolonged performance, especially in repeated bouts of exercise or training.
Performance-enhancing supplements
In the extreme case of performance-enhancing supplements, athletes, particularly bodybuilders may choose to use illegal substances such as anabolic steroids. These compounds which are related to the hormone testosterone, can quickly build mass and strength, but have many adverse effects such as high blood pressure and negative gender specific effects. Blood doping, another illegal ergogenic, was discovered in the 1940s when it was used by World War II pilots. Blood doping also known as blood transfusions, increases oxygen delivery to exercising tissues and has been demonstrated to improve performance in endurance sports, such as long-distance cycling.
The supplement creatine may be helpful for well-trained athletes to increase exercise performance and strength in relation with their dietary regimen. The substance glutamine, found in whey fiber supplements, is the most abundant free amino acid found in the human body. It is considered that glutamine may have a possible role in stimulated anabolic processes such as muscle glycogen and protein synthesis, for well-trained and well-nourished athletes. Other popular studies done on supplements include androstenedione, chromium, and ephedra. The findings show that there are no substantial benefits from the extra intake of these supplements, yet higher health risks and costs.
See also
:Category:Dietary supplements
Energy bar
Protein (nutrient)
Sports drink
Multivitamin
Bodybuilding
Bodybuilding supplements
High-protein diet
Nutritionist
References
External links
The International Society of Sports Nutrition
Journal of Sports Nutrition
Tips to good hydration during physical activity
Nutrition for Athletes of all ages, contains many good links.
Sports nutrition | wiki |
Miss USA 1952 was the inaugural Miss USA pageant, held at the Long Beach Municipal Auditorium in Long Beach, California on June 27, 1952.
At the end of the event, American actress and Miss America 1941 Rosemary LaPlanche crowned Jackie Loughery of New York as Miss USA 1952. It is the first victory of New York in the pageant's history. Contestants from 42 states competed in this year's pageant.
Results
Placements
Special awards
Contestants
42 contestants competed for the title.
Notes
References
External links
Miss USA official website
1952
1952 beauty pageants
1952 in California | wiki |
Workspace is a term used in various branches of engineering and economic development.
Workspace may also refer to:
Workspace (GUI), the grouping of windows in some window managers
Google Workspace, a collection of cloud computing, productivity and collaboration tools, software and products
Workspace Group, a real estate investment trust
Workspace.com, a provider of an online collaborative workspace for information technology teams | wiki |
Steve Christiansen can refer to:
Steve Christiansen
Steve Christiansen (rower) | wiki |
Split friction (or μ (mu) - split) is a road condition that occurs when the friction significantly differs between the left and the right wheelpath.
The road may then not be perceived as hazardous when accelerating, cruising or even braking softly. But in a case of hard (emergency-)braking, the car will start to rotate over the wheelpath offering highest grip. Split friction may cause jack-knifing of articulated trucks, while trucks with towed trailers may experience trailer swing phenomena. Split friction may be caused by an improper road spot repair that results in high variance of texture and colour (thin ice on newly paved black spots thaws faster than ice on old greyish asphalt) across the road section.
To some extent, the risk for split friction can be measured with a road profilograph, scanning the pavement texture in both the left and right wheel paths.
A full analysis of the split friction issue requires a friction device that measures both the left and right wheel track at the same
time. The ViaFriction skid device can be used for such a purpose.
References
Road safety
Road construction | wiki |
The Weinberg Screen Affective Scale (WSAS) is a free scale designed to screen for symptoms of depression in children and young adults ages 5–21. It can be used as an initial treatment scale and can be used to follow up on treatment efficacy. There are 56 self-report questions that screen for symptoms in 10 major categories of depression: dysphoric mood, low self-esteem, agitation, sleep disturbance, change in school performance, diminished socialization, change in attitude towards school, somatic complaints, loss of usual energy, and unusual change in weight and/or appetite. The scale is based on previously proposed criteria for depression in children. A study looking at the agreement between scales for depression diagnosis found 79.4% agreement between the DSM-III and the WSAS in a sample of 107 children.
The test is a 56-item self-report test to be completed by the child or young adult that takes an average of 3–5 minutes to complete. Each question describes a symptom and the respondent circles either "yes" or "no" if the symptom applies. The WSAS is written at a fourth-grade level in order to get better results. To go along with this, the definitions of behaviors were made very clear and to the point. The purpose of the two forms (adult and child) is to help clinicians more readily recognize depression in children who have been failing in school, have done poorly in the home, and will allow other school personnel to be more cognizant of depression symptoms in students. Based on research, the WSAS has been found both reliable and valid.
Psychometrics
Some questions have different validities depending on the patient's ethnic background. As a result, one limitation of the scale is its validity across different cultures. Furthermore, this measure may not be valid in measuring suicidal tendencies in adolescents.
References
External links
Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on fear, worry, and anxiety
Depression screening and assessment tools | wiki |
Leaf Brands, LLC is a candy company based in Newport Coast, Newport Beach, California. The original Leaf International (also known as the "Leaf Candy Company") started in the 1940s. Leaf International was once the fourth largest candy producer in North America, producing such products as Whoppers, Jolly Rancher, Milk Duds, Rain-Blo bubble gum, the Heath bar and PayDay, before it sold the U.S. division to The Hershey Company in 1996 and left the United States.
In 2011, the company was revived, and the newly re-formed company made its official debut at the 2011 Sweets & Snacks Expo. Ellia Kassoff, the nephew of Ed Leaf, (possibly a relative of Sol S. Leaf, the founder of Leaf Candy Company), is the CEO. The company registered the Hydrox trademark which had been abandoned by former owner Kellogg's, and re-created the brand of cookies, similar to Oreos, which had been out of production since 1999. Leaf Brands began selling the product through Amazon Marketplace in September 2015.
Current brands
Astro Pops
David's Jelly Beans
Farts Candy
Hydrox
Tart 'n' Tinys
Wacky Wafers
Yummers!
References
External links
Confectionery companies of the United States
Companies based in Newport Beach, California
Companies established in the 1920s | wiki |
The Los Angeles White Sox were a Negro league baseball team in the West Coast Negro Baseball League, based in Los Angeles, California, in 1946.
References
Negro league baseball teams
White Sox
Defunct baseball teams in California
Baseball teams established in 1946
Baseball teams disestablished in 1946 | wiki |
A spatula is a cooking utensil.
Spatula may also refer to:
A utensil for scientific work
Frosting spatula, used for frosting cakes
Fish slice (kitchen utensil)
Putty knife, used (by tradesmen) for spreading materials such as window putty, plaster or paint
Palette knife, used (by artists) for spreading or mixing paints (and other art mediums)
Spatulae (biology), nanometer-scale projections covering the setae on the footpads of geckos
Spatula (bird), a genus of ducks | wiki |
These lists of unsolved murders include notable cases where victims were murdered in unknown circumstances.
List of unsolved murders (before the 20th century)
List of unsolved murders (1900–1979)
List of unsolved murders (1980–1999)
List of unsolved murders (2000–present)
See also
Cold case
Forensic science
List of fugitives from justice who disappeared
List of kidnappings
Lists of people who disappeared
List of unsolved deaths
List of unsolved murders in Canada
List of unsolved murders in the United Kingdom
List of unsolved murders in Australia
Lists of people by cause of death
Unidentified decedent
External links
Unsolved | wiki |
Championship Bass is a fishing video game. It was released for PlayStation and Microsoft Windows in 2000.
Gameplay
Championship Bass is a fishing video game. It offers three different modes: Bass Challenge, Fishing Trip, Tournament, and Career.
Development
Championship Bass was developed by EA Seattle and Engineering Animation and published by EA Sports.
In March 2012, Championship Bass was released on the PlayStation Store for the Sony Xperia S. On August 30 the same year, the game and twenty-five other games were added to the PlayStation Vita store.
Reception
The game received above-average reviews on both platforms according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. In Japan, where the PlayStation version was ported and published by Electronic Arts Victor on November 2, 2000, Famitsu gave it a score of 24 out of 40.
References
External links
2000 video games
EA Sports games
Fishing video games
PlayStation (console) games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
EAI Interactive games | wiki |
In furniture-making, the upholstery frame of a piece of furniture gives the structural support and determines the basic shape of the upholstered furniture. The frame may be a basic piece of wooden furniture prior to its being upholstered. Like a finished piece of furniture prior to the upholstering, the frame establishes the final quality, including its durability, and sets limits upon the final design, padding, cushioning, or cover.
Materials
Frames are made variously of solid wood, engineered wood products, a variety of polymers and metals, or a mixture of these.
Solid wood for upholstery frames may be of various kinds, including hardwoods and softwoods. The type of wood depends upon the final piece, including function, style, and quality. Where parts of the frame are visible afterwards, wood grades and species may be mixed.
Hardwood destined for upholstery frames is primarily air-dried. Hardwood frames for high-end furniture are often constructed from kiln-dried mixed hardwoods. Beech, birch, white ash, and mahogany all have acceptable combinations of strength, availability (country dependent), workability, and cost to be superior wood products for frame making. White oak, red oak, and American elm are good, and hard maple is an acceptable framing wood. Softwoods can make poor frames, but are used in low end furniture manufacturing, particularly with partially upholstered frames on larger pieces in the United States. In Scandinavia, better quality softwoods are available and are used with suitable furniture making and upholstery techniques that their use is more common in furniture of a variety of qualities.
Engineered wood products can be stronger than hardwood because layering methods increase the strength. They are sometimes used just at critical stress areas when maximum strength is needed. Modern furniture making, however, tends to rely upon a combination of engineered woods and solid woods in frame making. Engineered wood products commonly used in furniture making include plywood, hardboard, millboard, chipboard, and medium-density fiberboard. Upholstery itself is often applied with staples, and so metal frames will typically have a plywood panel inserted into them as a backer for the upholstery and to allow these staples to be pinned into it.
Since lumber costs increase rapidly with increasing board thickness, some manufacturers may hold down frame costs by skimping at the precise point where ample strength is most important. The engineering principle involved is that strength varies directly with rail width and with the cube of thickness. If we assume that a certain 1" x 1" beam will sustain a load of 100 pounds, then a beam 1" thick and 2" wide will sustain 200 pounds. An old rule of thumb suggests that rails of 3" or more in width should be 1 1/8" thick, while rails less than 3" wide should exceed 11/8" in thickness.
Construction
Wooden frame joints are often double doweled, which means that round wooden pegs are fitted into holes in two adjacent frame sections and glued. Epoxy coated staples and gang nails are also commonly used. The gang nail is a metal plate with saw teeth, which immobilizes the joint when it is pressed into the wood with a hydraulic press. Major joints need the additional support of corner blocks, which should be glued and screwed into place.
References
Frame
Furniture | wiki |
Kim Tae-yong (born 1969) is a South Korean film director.
Kim Tae-yong may also refer to:
Kim Taeyong (writer) (born 1974), South Korean writer
Kim Tae-yong (director, born 1987), South Korean film director and screenwriter | wiki |
Earthnut is a common name for several unrelated plants which produce a subterranean edible seed, fruit or root
Earthnut may refer to:
Truffle
Peanut
Roots and tubers:
Lathyrus tuberosus
Conopodium majus
Bunium persicum
See also
Groundnut (disambiguation) | wiki |
Ullrich Haupt (Złocieniec, — Santa Mônica, ) foi um ator alemão que ganhou destaque em filmes de Hollywood.
Filmografia
Ligações externas
Atores da Alemanha
Atores de cinema
Cinema mudo
Naturais de Złocieniec | wiki |
Hollywood accounting (also known as Hollywood bookkeeping) is the opaque or creative accounting methods used by the film, video, television and music industry to budget and record profits for creative projects. Expenditures can be inflated to reduce or eliminate the reported profit of the project, thereby reducing the amount which the corporation must pay in taxes and royalties or other profit-sharing agreements, as these are based on net profit.
Hollywood accounting gets its name from its prevalence in the entertainment industry—that is, in the movie studios of Hollywood at a time when most studios were located in Hollywood. Those affected can include writers and actors, but also production companies, producers and investors. A number of cases of creative accounting have been successfully pursued in court and resulted in hundreds of millions of dollars in awarded damages.
Practices
Hollywood accounting can take several forms. In one form, a subsidiary is formed to perform a given activity and the parent entity will extract money out of the film's revenue in the form of charges for certain "services". For example, a film studio has a distribution arm as a sub-entity, which will then charge the studio a "distribution fee"—essentially, the studio charging itself a sum it has total control over and hence control the profitability report of a project.
Another form of Hollywood accounting is a reverse tobashi scheme, in which the studio unjustly cross-collateralizes the accounting of two projects and shifts losses from a flop onto a profitable project by shifting costs involving internal operations. This way, two unprofitable projects are created out of one on paper alone, primarily for the purpose of eliminating net participation liabilities. The specific schemes can range from the simple and obvious to the extremely complex. Generally, Hollywood accounting uses permanent creative accounting practices (such as charging an arbitrary distribution fee from one sub-entity to another) rather than temporary ones (like the Repo 105 scheme) since the measures are meant to permanently distort the bottom line of a film project.
Three main factors in Hollywood accounting reduce the reported profit of a movie, and all have to do with the calculation of overhead:
Production overhead: Studios, on average, calculate production overhead by using a figure around 15% of total production costs.
Distribution overhead: Film distributors typically keep 30% of what they receive from movie theaters ("gross rentals").
Marketing overhead: To determine this number, studios usually choose about 10% of all advertising costs.
All of the above means of calculating overhead are highly controversial, even within the accounting profession. Namely, these percentages are assigned without much regard to how, in reality, these estimates relate to actual overhead costs. In short, this method does not, by any rational standard, attempt to adequately trace overhead costs.
Because of the studio's ability to place arbitrary charges along the value chain, net participation "points" (a percentage of the net income as opposed to a percentage of the gross income of a film) are sometimes referred to as "monkey points". The term is attributed to Eddie Murphy, who is said to have also stated that only a fool would accept net points in their contract.
Actress Lynda Carter on The Late Show with Joan Rivers commented "Don't ever settle for net profits. It's called 'creative accounting'."
Many insist on "gross points" (a percentage of some definition of gross revenue) rather than net profit participation. This practice reduces the likelihood of a project showing a profit, as a production company will claim a portion of the reported box-office revenue was diverted directly to gross point participants. The studios rarely agree to gross participation, generally only when the person has considerable leverage, such an A-list star, producer, or director whose participation is vital to the project.
Examples
1980s
According to Lucasfilm, Return of the Jedi (1983), despite having earned $475 million at the box office against a budget of $32.5 million, "has never gone into profit".
Art Buchwald received a settlement from Paramount after his lawsuit Buchwald v. Paramount (1990). The court found Paramount's actions "unconscionable", noting that it was impossible to believe that Eddie Murphy's 1988 comedy Coming to America, which grossed $288 million, failed to make a profit, especially since the actual production costs were less than a tenth of that. Paramount settled for $900,000, rather than have its accounting methods closely scrutinized.
Producers Michael Uslan and Benjamin Melniker filed a breach of contract lawsuit in Los Angeles County Superior Court on March 26, 1992. Uslan and Melniker claimed to be "the victims of a sinister campaign of fraud and coercion that has cheated them out of continuing involvement in the production of the 1989 film Batman and its sequels. We were denied proper credits, and deprived of any financial rewards for our indispensable creative contribution to the success of Batman." A superior court judge rejected the lawsuit. Total revenues of Batman have topped $2 billion, with Uslan claiming to have "not seen a penny more than that since our net profit participation has proved worthless." Warner Bros. offered the pair an out-of-court pay-off, a sum described by Uslan and Melniker's attorney as "two popcorns and two Cokes".
1990s
The estate of Jim Garrison sued Warner Bros. for their share of the profits from the movie JFK (1991), which was based on Garrison's book On the Trail of the Assassins. The case was settled in 1999, with Garrison's estate receiving a "very small settlement."
Winston Groom's price for the screenplay rights to his 1986 novel Forrest Gump included a 3% share of the profits; however, due to Hollywood accounting, the 1994 film's commercial success was converted into a net loss, and Groom received only $350,000 for the rights and an additional $250,000 from the studio.
Screenwriter Ed Solomon says that Sony claims Men in Black (1997) has never broken even, despite grossing nearly $600 million against a $90 million budget.
2000s
Gone in 60 Seconds (2000) grossed $240 million at the box office, but the studio declared a $212 million loss, primarily through Hollywood accounting as explained on NPR. The real figure is likely closer to $90 million.
Stan Lee, co-creator of the character Spider-Man, had a contract awarding him 10% of the net profits of anything based on his characters. The film Spider-Man (2002) made more than $800 million in revenue, but the producers claim that it did not make any profit as defined in Lee's contract, and Lee received nothing. In 2002 he filed a lawsuit against Marvel Comics. The case was settled in January 2005, with Marvel paying $10 million to "finance past and future payments claimed by Mr. Lee."
The 2002 film My Big Fat Greek Wedding was considered hugely successful for an independent film, yet according to the studio, the film lost money. Accordingly, the cast (with the exception of Nia Vardalos who had a separate deal) sued the studio for their part of the profits. The original producers of the film sued Gold Circle Films in 2007 due to Hollywood accounting practices because the studio has claimed the film, which cost less than $6 million to make and made over $350 million at the box office, lost $20 million.
Peter Jackson, director of The Lord of the Rings (2001-03), and his studio Wingnut Films, brought a lawsuit in 2007 against New Line Cinema after an audit. Jackson stated this is regarding "certain accounting practices". In response, New Line stated that their rights to a film of The Hobbit were time-limited, and since Jackson would not work with them again until the suit was settled, he would not be asked to direct The Hobbit, as had been anticipated. Fifteen actors sued New Line Cinema, claiming that they have never received their 5% of revenue from merchandise sold in relation to the movie, which contained their likenesses. Similarly, the Tolkien estate sued New Line, claiming that their contract entitled them to 7.5% of the gross receipts of the $6 billion hit. According to New Line's accounts, the trilogy made "horrendous losses" and no profit at all.
Michael Moore sued Bob and Harvey Weinstein in February 2011, claiming that they had used creative accounting to deprive him of his share of profits for the film Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004). Eventually, Moore reached a settlement with the Weinsteins and the lawsuit was dropped in 2012.
The 2005 film Sahara grossed $119 million against a production budget of $160 million, resulting in a $105 million loss for the studio. However, due to Hollywood accounting tactics, the loss was only reported as $78.3 million.
2010s
A Warner Bros. receipt was leaked online in 2010, showing that the hugely successful movie Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) ended up with a $167 million loss on paper after grossing nearly $1 billion. This is especially egregious given that, without inflation adjustment, the Wizarding World film series is the third highest-grossing film series of all time both domestically and internationally, after Star Wars and the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011) remains the highest-grossing movie ever for Warner Bros. The Hollywood accounting in the Harry Potter case included a $60 million interest charge on a $400 million budget over two years – an interest rate far higher than industry standard—as well as high distribution and advertising fees paid out to Warner Bros. subsidiaries and sister companies.
The Walt Disney Company lost a $270 million lawsuit in 2010 to Celador over accounting tricks used to mask profits on the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (1999-07) licensed franchise in the United States: "ABC artificially deflated fees the network should have paid the production company BVT and Disney-owned Valleycrest, which in turn decreased Celador's share of revenue. Loss of merchandising revenue was also claimed."
Don Johnson won a lawsuit in 2010 against Rysher Entertainment which had attempted to wipe profits for the show Nash Bridges (1996-01) off the books in order to reduce Johnson's 50% backend stake to zero; the jury awarded Johnson $23.2 million in damages.
21st Century Fox was found guilty of using Hollywood accounting practices to defraud the producers and stars of the procedural drama Bones (2005-17) and ordered to pay $179 million in missing profits, with the arbitration ruling made public in 2019. Fox subsequently contested the $128 million punitive damages component in Los Angeles County Superior Court, whereas it declared it would pay the $51 million in actual damages awarded by the arbitrator. In September 2019, the lawsuit was settled on confidential terms.
Despite grossing $911 million against its $55 million budget, the 2018 Freddie Mercury biopic Bohemian Rhapsody was written down as a $51 million loss by the studio.
Despite grossing $153 million against a $26 million budget, the 2019 romantic-comedy Yesterday reportedly lost $87.8 million, according to Universal Pictures accounting sheets.
2020s
In July 2021, a lawsuit brought by developer and executive producer Frank Darabont along with Creative Artists Agency against AMC Networks over profits from TV series The Walking Dead was settled for $200 million, plus sharing of certain future revenues. The plaintiffs had alleged that AMC had deliberately set the imputed fees "paid" by the eponymous AMC Networks cable TV channel to AMC Studios—both subsidiaries of AMC Networks—far below fair market value, and thus illegitimately curtailed the payments due to the plaintiffs under their profit-sharing agreements.
See also
Creative accounting
Copyright infringement#Criticism of industry estimates
Plug (accounting)
Production accounting
Tobashi scheme
WGA screenwriting credit system
References
Further reading
Accounting systems
Film production
Culture of Hollywood, Los Angeles
Ethically disputed business practices
Financial controversies | wiki |
Bruno Fontaine peut désigner :
Bruno Fontaine, un acteur de télévision français ;
Bruno Fontaine, un pianiste français, chef d'orchestre et compositeur de musiques de films né en 1957. | wiki |
Paloma may refer to:
Arts and media
"Paloma", a song by Mika from My Name Is Michael Holbrook (2019)
Paloma (film), a 2022 film by Brazilian director Marcelo Gomes
Paloma (novel), by Kristine Kathryn Rusch
Paloma (TV series), a 1975 Mexican TV series, or telenovela
People
Paloma (name)
Places in the United States
Paloma, California, an unincorporated community in Calaveras County, California
Paloma, Illinois, an unincorporated community
Paloma Elementary School District, Maricopa County, Arizona
Other uses
Hurricane Paloma, a hurricane in the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season
Paloma (cocktail), a popular tequila-based cocktail
, a Japanese gas appliance manufacturer, owner of the Australian Rheem Manufacturing Company
USC Paloma, a football team based in Hamburg, Germany
, a yacht converted into an armed patrol boat for World War I
See also
"Cucurrucucú paloma", a song by Tomás Méndez
La Paloma (disambiguation)
Palomas (disambiguation)
Paluma (disambiguation)
Pamola, a legendary bird spirit in Abenaki mythology | wiki |
Kogi is a state in Nigeria.
Kogi may also refer to:
Kogi people, people who live in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia
Kogi language, a Chibchan language of the Kogi people
Kogi Korean BBQ, a truck-based restaurant in Los Angeles.
Kogi Kaishakunin, the name for the position of the shōguns executioner, in feudal Japan. This position was highlighted in the comics series Lone Wolf and Cub by the character Ittō Ogami.
Pi Kogi Enavot, the thirteenth and last month in the Coptic calendar
KOGI-LP, a low-power radio station (97.7 FM) licensed to serve Big Pine, California, United States | wiki |
This is a list of fictional characters that either self-identify as gay or have been identified by outside parties to be gay, becoming part of gay media. Listed characters are either recurring characters, cameos, guest stars, or one-off characters. This article does not include any characters in Japanese animation, otherwise known as anime. There are also corresponding lists of lesbian and bisexual animated characters.
For characters in other parts of the LGBTQ community, see the lists of lesbian, trans, bisexual, non-binary, pansexual, asexual, and intersex characters.
The names are organized alphabetically by surname, or by single name if the character does not have a surname. If more than two characters are in one entry, the last name of the first character is used.
From the 1980s to the 1990s
In the 2000s
In the 2010s
In the 2020s
See also
Gay village
Gay bashing
List of animated films with LGBT characters
LGBT themes in comics
List of animated series with LGBTQ characters
List of polyamorous characters in fiction
List of LGBT-themed speculative fiction
List of LGBT characters in soap operas
List of LGBT-related films
Lists of LGBT figures in fiction and myth
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
Gay in animation
gay
gay | wiki |
.google is a brand top-level domain (TLD) used in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. Created in 2014, it is operated by Alphabet Inc., Google's parent company. It is notable as one of the first gTLDs associated with a specific brand. The company's first usage of the TLD was with com.google, an April Fools' Day joke website that hosted a horizontally mirrored version of Google Search. The domain currently hosts multiple Alphabet Inc. products and services, and plans exist to move other Alphabet properties to .google as well.
Google also owns the top-level domains .goog (for sites such as and ), .gle (for shortened URLs such as goo.gle and forms.gle), .chrome (for sites such as apps.chrome and the target server of hosted Chrome Apps such as calculator.apps.chrome) and .youtube (for sites such as about.youtube and blog.youtube).
References
External links
IANA .google WHOIS info
Top-level domains
Computer-related introductions in 2014
Google | wiki |
Citizen Kate is a mockumentary series about a fictional citizen journalist named Kate on the actual presidential campaign trail that has been produced in 2008 and in 2016.
Without any experience in either politics or reporting, Citizen Kate attends political events, where she talks with senators, delegates, and presidential candidates in order to uncover the political process. Citizen Kate has been described as a "half valley girl, half Michael Moore".
References
External links
Citizen Kate 2008 Trailer
Citizen Kate 2016 Iowa intro episode
American political blogs | wiki |
In the motorsport discipline of rallying, Group Rally3 is a formula of rally car specification determined by the FIA for use in its international competitions: the World Rally Championship (WRC) and regional championships. National rallying competitions also allow Group Rally3 cars to compete. There are three technical subclasses of Group Rally3 however these do not affect competitive eligibility so 'Rally3' may be used alone with the same definition. The group was launched in 2021 with the homologation of the first car after the introduction of the Rally Pyramid initiative to reorganise the classes of car and championships in international rallying was approved in June 2018.
Group Rally3 cars were created to fill a gap in demand where existing four-wheel-drive (4WD) options such as Group Rally2 or Group Rally2-Kit were considered to be too expensive for cost conscious privateers and too high performance for newcomers to 4WD. Two-wheel-drive R3 cars from Group R were at level RC3 with the mentioned Rally2 and Rally2-Kit at level RC2 in the FIA's sporting classes. With the introduction of Rally3, R3 were reclassified to RC4.
Definition
Group Rally3 cars are defined in FIA document 'Appendix J - Article 260' as Touring Cars or Large Scale Series Production Cars, petrol engine, 4-wheel drive. A production touring car with at least 2500 identical units manufactured must be homologated in Group A, with all the components and changes that make it a Group Rally3 car homologated in an extension.
The subclasses are based on engine cylinder capacity in common with existing Group Rally4 classes, allowing for possibility of upgrade or sharing of many components with a Rally4 car. The group is designed to be entry level and the most cost-efficient way to go rallying with four-wheel drive. The FIA have included a rally-ready price cap of €100,000 in the homologation requirements. The cars have been described as a modern-day Group N and a 4WD version of the Rally4/R2 and with a 31mm restrictor, have a maximum power-to-weight ratio of 5.1kg/hp.
FIA Competition
Rally3 cars are placed alone in FIA 'RC3' sporting class.
Cars
See also
Rally Pyramid
Groups Rally
Group Rally1
Group Rally2
Group Rally4
Group Rally5
Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile
References
External links
Rally groups | wiki |
Eurybia conspicua, commonly known as the western showy aster, is a North American species of plants in the family Asteraceae. It is native to western Canada (from Manitoba to British Columbia) and the western United States (northern Cascades, northern Rockies, Black Hills, and other mountains of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, and South Dakota).
Eurybia conspicua is a perennial spreading by means of underground rhizomes, thus forming loose clonal colonies. Each plant can produce a flat-topped array of 5-50 flower heads, each head with 12–35 blue or violet ray florets surrounding 48–55 yellow disc florets.
References
Flora of North America
Plants described in 1834
conspicua | wiki |
Traverse Bay may refer to a number of articles relating to the geography of the Great Lakes region:
Bays
Lake Michigan
Grand Traverse Bay
East (Arm) Grand Traverse Bay
West (Arm) Grand Traverse Bay
Little Traverse Bay
Lake Superior
Grand Traverse Bay (Lake Superior)
Little Traverse Bay (Lake Superior)
Other
Traverse Bay Blues Rugby Football Club
Traverse Bay Area Intermediate School District
Traverse Bay Area Career Tech Center
See also
Traverse (disambiguation)
Disambiguation pages
Great Lakes | wiki |
Flight director may refer to:
Flight controller, a person who aids in the operations of a space flight
Flight controller#Flight director, a position in a flight control team
Flight director (aeronautics), a navigational aid that is overlaid on the attitude indicator that shows the pilot of an aircraft the attitude required to follow a certain trajectory
See also
flight controller (disambiguation) | wiki |
An acoustic-electric guitar is an acoustic guitar fitted with a microphone or a magnetic or piezoelectric pickup. They are used in a variety of music genres where the sound of an acoustic guitar is desired but more volume is required, especially during live performances. The design is distinct from a semi-acoustic guitar, which is an electric guitar with the addition of sound chambers within the guitar body.
Usually, acoustic-electric guitars are fitted with piezoelectric pickups, requiring a preamplifier incorporated into the guitar body to amplify the signal before it travels to the main guitar amplifier. These preamps may also come with an integrated tuner and tone controls of varying types; equalizers with up to six frequency bands may be used.
History
In the 1920s, guitarists like Eddie Lang transitioned the acoustic guitar from a primarily solo instrument to use in big bands. However, in a big band, the guitar was outplayed by the horn section and drums, and the need for amplification became apparent quickly. Various experiments at electrically amplifying the vibrations of a string instrument date back to the early part of the twentieth century; patents from the 1910s show telephone transmitters adapted and placed inside violins and banjos to amplify the sound. Hobbyists in the 1920s used carbon button microphones attached to the bridge, but these detected vibrations from the bridge on top of the instrument, so the resulting signal was weak.
The first person to create the modern electric pickup for the acoustic guitar was Lloyd Loar, with his company Vivi-tone. In the early 1930s, Loar split from Gibson and founded Vivitone, where he created an early electric pickup for the acoustic guitar. Electronics were mounted in a removable drawer that slid out of the bass rim of the guitar. The signal was then transferred from a wooden bridge to a metal plate which allowed for an electric output and thus amplification. The first commercially available electric pickup however were Harry DeArmond's FHC pickups, released in the 1930s. They were widely adopted because they didn't require any modification of the guitar.
In 1954, Gibson released the first commercially successful flattop Acoustic-Electric Guitars, the J–160E and CF-100E.
See also
Electric guitar
Semi-acoustic guitar
String instrument
References
Acoustic guitars | wiki |
Kettle Pond State Park is a state park near Marshfield, Vermont in the United States. It is one of seven state parks located in Groton State Forest. The park is on Vermont Route 232 two miles west of Groton.
The park is located on Kettle Pond (109 acres), an undeveloped pond. Activities includes camping, boating, fishing, swimming, hiking, snowshoeing and cross-country skiing.
Features include 26 lean-tos arranged into five separate groups designed to accommodate groups. there are also individual lean-tos There is a composting toilet for each group site and two double pit toilets, but no potable water at this site. There are six remote campsites/lean-tos on the pond.
References
External links
Official website
State parks of Vermont
Protected areas of Washington County, Vermont
Marshfield, Vermont | wiki |
The Economist este un episod din Lost, sezonul 4
Episoade Lost | wiki |
Angela's Eyes is an American crime drama series that aired from July 16 until October 15, 2006 on Lifetime, running for 13 episodes. The show aired Sundays at 10 p.m. Lifetime announced that the show would not be picked up for a second season.
Premise
Angela's Eyes followed Angela Henson Anderson, an FBI agent who had a gift for knowing when people were lying by reading their body language. Her imprisoned parents Colin and Lydia Anderson were the two most notorious spies in the U.S. After an adolescence haunted by their mistakes, Angela decided to put her gift of seeing liars to good use and spend her time putting away the "bad guys".
Main cast
Episodes
Every title of the episodes contains the word "eye" excluding "Pilot".
References
External links
The final episode summarized
2000s American drama television series
2006 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
Espionage television series
Lifetime (TV network) original programming
Television series by Universal Television
Television shows filmed in Toronto | wiki |
Battle Tanks (or Tank Battles outside of North America) is a multidirectional shooter developed and published by Gameloft for the PlayStation 3. It was released on the PlayStation Store on September 3, 2009.
The game can be played offline or online with humans or bot opponents. It also contains multiple maps and skins. In-Game purchases.
References
2009 video games
Multidirectional shooters
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 3-only games
PlayStation Network games
Tank simulation video games
Video games developed in Canada
Gameloft games
Multiplayer and single-player video games | wiki |
Life & Style, officially Life & Style Weekly, is an American celebrity magazine, launched in 2004 by the Bauer Media Group. In 2018, American Media, Inc. acquired the US celebrity magazines of the Bauer Media Group.
Although it is celebrity-focused, the magazine is geared towards lifestyle trends, and bills itself on "helping readers incorporate" celebrity beauty, clothing and body trends into their own lifestyle. However, as of 2014 the focus has been more focused on celebrity news.
A German edition was published by the Bauer Media Group from May 2008 to July 2012.
References
External links
Bauer Media Group
Celebrity magazines published in the United States
Entertainment magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 2004
Magazines published in New Jersey
Weekly magazines published in the United States
Women's magazines published in the United States | wiki |
Smokeless may refer to:
Smokeless powder, propellants that produce little to no smoke
Smokeless tobacco, tobacco that is used by means other than smoking
Smokeless, West Virginia | wiki |
Franklin Burroughs may refer to:
Franklin Burroughs (businessman) (1834–1897), American entrepreneur who co-founded the Burroughs and Collins company
Franklin Burroughs (author), American author of non-fiction | wiki |
Tamponade () is the closure or blockage (as of a wound or body cavity) by or as if by a tampon, especially to stop bleeding.
Tamponade is a useful method of stopping a hemorrhage. This can be achieved by applying an absorbent dressing directly into a wound, thereby absorbing excess blood and creating a blockage, or by applying direct pressure with a hand or a tourniquet.
There can, however, be disastrous consequences when tamponade occurs as a result of health problems, as in the case of cardiac tamponade. In this situation, fluid collects inside the pericardial sac. The pressure within the pericardium prevents the heart from expanding fully and filling the ventricles, with the result that a significantly reduced amount of blood circulates within the body. If left unchecked, this condition will result in death eventually.
Bladder tamponade is obstruction of the urinary bladder outlet due to heavy blood clot formation within it. It generally requires surgery. Such heavy bleeding is usually due to bladder cancer.
Pressing bone wax into bleeding bone is considered hemostasis by tamponade, as opposed to methods which physically or biochemically activate the clotting cascade.
Gas tamponade has been used for retinal detachment surgery, helping reduce the rate of fluid flow through retinal tears. Research suggests that patients undergoing surgery with tamponade agents of C3F8 gas and standard silicone oil had the best visual and anatomic outcomes, over other tamponade agents.
References
Medical treatments
Hematology | wiki |
Robert Samuel Morris (born February 8, 1985), is an American songwriter, singer, and guitarist of Chicago-based indie group The Hush Sound. His current project is called Le Swish.
Morris is also the bassist in the band Debate Team with OneRepublic guitarist Drew Brown, OK Go drummer Dan Konopka and vocalist Ryan McNeill. Debate Team's debut EP, entitled Wins Again, was released independently in January 2011 and is available in the United States via iTunes.
References
External links
Le Swish
Living people
1985 births
American rock guitarists
The Hush Sound members | wiki |
Shuya River may refer to:
Shuya River, Kostroma Oblast, Russia
Shuya River, Karelia, Russia | wiki |
Keystone – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Nebraska, w hrabstwie Keith.
CDP w stanie Nebraska | wiki |
Say It Isn't So may refer to:
Say It Isn't So (film), a 2001 comedy film starring Chris Klein and Heather Graham
"Say It Isn't So" (Irving Berlin song), a 1932 song written by Irving Berlin.
"Say It Isn't So" (Hall & Oates song), a 1983 single by Hall & Oates
"Say It Isn't So", a song released in 1985 as a single by The Outfield from their album Play Deep
"Say It Isn't So" (Bon Jovi song), a 2000 single by Bon Jovi
"Say It Isn't So" (Gareth Gates song), a 2003 single by Gareth Gates
See also
Say it ain't so (disambiguation)
Say it ain't so, Joe (disambiguation) | wiki |
George "Red Buck" Weightman (1850 - died October 2, 1895 Oklahoma) was an American Old West outlaw, and member of the Doolin-Dalton gang. His surname was also spelled Waightman (albeit incorrectly).
Weightman was born in Tennessee, 1850. He is known to have been a cowboy prior to meeting Bill Doolin and Bill Dalton in 1892. He joined their gang shortly thereafter, taking part in numerous bank robberies and train robberies over the next three years. By 1894, however, US Marshals were hot on the gang's trail, and several members had been captured or killed. The gang split up to make things more difficult for the Marshals. Weightman was eventually tracked down, on October 2, by Deputy US Marshal Chris Madsen, and in the ensuing shootout Weightman was killed.
External links
Doolin Dalton Gang
People of Indian Territory
American bank robbers
Cowboys
Outlaws of the American Old West
1850 births
1895 deaths
Deaths by firearm in Oklahoma
People shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States | wiki |
Legal aid society may refer to:
The Legal Aid Society in New York City
Legal Aid Society of Cleveland
Legal Aid Society of the District of Columbia
See also
Legal aid, the concept
Legal Services Society, British Columbia | wiki |
A chisel is a tool with a characteristically shaped cutting edge (such that wood chisels have lent part of their name to a particular grind) of blade on its end, for carving or cutting a hard material such as wood, stone, or metal by hand, struck with a mallet, or mechanical power. The handle and blade of some types of chisel are made of metal or of wood with a sharp edge in it.
Chiselling use involves forcing the blade into some material to cut it. The driving force may be applied by pushing by hand, or by using a mallet or hammer. In industrial use, a hydraulic ram or falling weight ('trip hammer') may be used to drive a chisel into the material.
A gouge (one type of chisel) serves to carve small pieces from the material, particularly in woodworking, woodturning and sculpture. Gouges most frequently produce concave surfaces. A gouge typically has a 'U'-shaped cross-section.
Etymology
Chisel comes from the Old French cisel, modern ciseau, Late Latin cisellum, a cutting tool, from caedere, to cut.
History
Chisels are common in the archeological record. Chisel-cut materials have also been found.
Woodworking
Woodworking chisels range from small hand tools for tiny details, to large chisels used to remove big sections of wood, in 'roughing out' the shape of a pattern or design. Typically, in woodcarving, one starts with a larger tool, and gradually progresses to smaller tools to finish the detail. One of the largest types of chisel is the slick, used in timber frame construction and wooden shipbuilding. There are many types of woodworking chisels used for specific purposes, such as:
Firmer chisel has a blade with a thick rectangular cross section, making them stronger for use on tougher and heavier work.
Bevel edge chisel can get into acute angles with its bevelled edges.
Mortise chisel thick, rigid blade with straight cutting edge and deep, slightly tapered sides to make mortises and similar joints. Common types are registered and sash mortice chisels.
Paring chisel has a long blade ideal for cleaning grooves and accessing tight spaces.
Skew chisel has a 60 degree cutting angle and is used for trimming and finishing across the grain.
Dovetail chisel made specifically for cutting dovetail joints. The difference being the thickness of the body of the chisel, as well as the angle of the edges, permitting easier access to the joint.
Butt chisel short chisel with beveled sides and straight edge for creating joints.
Carving chisels used for intricate designs and sculpting; cutting edges are many; such as gouge, skew, parting, straight, paring, and V-groove.
Corner chisel resembles a punch and has an L-shaped cutting edge. Cleans out square holes, mortises and corners with 90 degree angles.
Flooring chisel cuts and lifts flooring materials for removal and repair; ideal for tongue-and-groove flooring.
Framing chisel usually used with mallet; similar to a butt chisel, except it has a longer, slightly flexible blade.
Slick a very large chisel driven by manual pressure, never struck.
Drawer lock chisel an all metal chisel with two angled blades used for tight spaces such as cutting out the space for fitting a desk drawer lock.
Lathe tools
A lathe tool is a woodworking gouge or chisel designed to cut wood as it is spun on a lathe. These tools have longer handles for more leverage, needed to counteract the tendency of the tool to react to the downward force of the spinning wood being cut or carved. In addition, the angle and method of sharpening is different.
Metalworking
Chisels used in metal work can be divided into two main categories: hot chisels and cold chisels.
Cold chisel
A cold chisel is a tool made of tempered steel used for cutting 'cold' metals, meaning that they are not used in conjunction with heating torches, forges, etc. Cold chisels are used to remove waste metal when a very smooth finish is not required or when the work cannot be done easily with other tools, such as a hacksaw, file, bench shears or power tools.
The name cold chisel comes from its use by blacksmiths to cut metal while it was cold as compared to other tools they used to cut hot metal. Because cold chisels are used to form metal, they have a less-acute angle to the sharp portion of the blade than a woodworking chisel. This gives the cutting edge greater strength at the expense of sharpness.
Cold chisels come in a variety of sizes, from fine engraving tools that are tapped with very light hammers, to massive tools that are driven with sledgehammers. Cold chisels are forged to shape and hardened and tempered (to a blue colour) at the cutting edge.
The head of the chisel is chamfered to slow down the formation of the mushroom shape caused by hammering and is left soft to avoid brittle fracture splintering from hammer blows.
There are four common types of cold chisels. These are the flat chisel, the most widely known type, which is used to cut bars and rods to reduce surfaces and to cut sheet metal that is too thick or difficult to cut with tin snips. The cross cut chisel is used for cutting grooves and slots. The blade narrows behind the cutting edge to provide clearance. The round nose chisel is used for cutting semi-circular grooves for oil ways in bearings. The diamond point chisel is used for cleaning out corners or difficult places and pulling over centre punch marks wrongly placed for drilling.
Although the vast majority of cold chisels are made of steel, a few are manufactured from beryllium copper, for use in special situations where non-sparking tools are required.
Cold Chisels are predominantly used in Repoussé and chasing processes for the fabrication of bronze and aluminium sculptures.
Hot chisel
A hot chisel is used to cut metal that has been heated in a forge to soften the metal. One type of hot chisel is the hotcut hardy, which is used in an anvil hardy hole with the cutting edge facing up. The hot workpiece to be cut is placed over the chisel and struck with a hammer. The hammer drives the workpiece into the chisel, which allows it to be snapped off with a pair of tongs. This tool is also often used in combination with a "top fuller" type of hotcut, when the piece being cut is particularly large.
Stone
Stone chisels are used to carve or cut stone, bricks or concrete slabs. To cut, as opposed to carve, a brick bolster is used; this has a wide, flat blade that is tapped along the cut line to produce a groove, then hit hard in the centre to crack the stone. Sculptors use a spoon chisel, which is bent, with the bevel on both sides. To increase the force, stone chisels are often hit with club hammers, a heavier type of hammer.
Masonry
Masonry chisels are typically heavy, with a relatively dull head that wedges and breaks, rather than cuts. Often used as a demolition tool, they may be mounted on a hammer drill, jackhammer, or hammered manually, usually with a heavy hammer of three pounds or more. These chisels normally have an SDS, SDS-MAX, or 1-1/8" Hex connection. Types of masonry chisels include the following:
Moil (point) chisels
Flat chisels
Asphalt cutters
Carbide bushing tools
Clay spade
Flexible chisels
Tamper
A plugging chisel has a tapered edge for cleaning out hardened mortar. The chisel is held with one hand and struck with a hammer. The direction of the taper in the blade determines if the chisel cuts deep or runs shallow along the joint.
Leather
In leather work, a chisel is a tool used to punch holes in a piece leather. The chisel has between one and seven (or possibly more) tines that are carefully placed along the line where the holes are desired, and then the top of the chisel is struck with a hammer until the tines penetrate the leather. They are then withdrawn, and the leatherworker then stitches through the resulting holes.
Gouge
A modern gouge is similar to a chisel except its blade edge is not flat, but instead is curved or angled in cross-section. The modern version is generally hafted inline, the blade and handle typically having the same long axis. If the bevel of the blade is on the outer surface of the curve the gouge is called an 'outcannel' gouge, otherwise it is known as an 'incannel' gouge. Gouges with angled rather than curved blades are often called 'V-gouges' or 'vee-parting tools'.
The blade geometry is defined by a semi-standardized numbering system that varies by manufacturer and country of origin. For each gouge a "sweep number" is specified that expresses the part of a circle defined by the curve of the blade. The sweep number usually ranges from #1, or flat, up to #9, a semi-circle, with additional specialized gouges at higher numbers, such as the U-shaped #11, and a v-tool or parting tool, which may be an even higher number such as #41. In addition to sweep, gouges are also specified by the distance from one edge of the blade to the other (this corresponds to the chord of the circle section defined by the edge of the blade). Putting these pieces together, two numbers are used to specify the shape of the cutting edge of a gouge, such as a '#7-20mm'. Some manufacturers provide charts with the sweeps of their blades shown graphically.
In addition to varying blade sweeps, bevels, and widths, blade variations include:
'Crank-neck' gouges, in which the blade is offset from the handle by a small distance, to allow working flat to a surface
'Spoon-bent' gouges, in which the blade is curved along its length, to allow working in a hollow not otherwise accessible with a straight bladed gouge
'Fishtail' gouges, in which the blade is very narrow for most of its length and then broadens out near the working edge, to allow working in tight spaces.
All of these specialized gouges allow a craftsperson to cut into areas that may not be possible with a regular, straight-bladed gouge.
The cutting shape of a gouge may also be held in an adze, roughly as the shape of a modern-day mattock.
Gouges are used in woodworking and arts. For example, a violin luthier uses gouges to carve the violin, a cabinetmaker may use it for running flutes or paring curves, or an artist may produce a piece of art by cutting some bits out of a sheet of linoleum (see also Linocut).
Gouges were found at a number of historic Bronze Age hoards found in Great Britain.
See also
Air hammer – a pneumatic version of a chisel
Burin – a steel tool for engraving
Digging bar – a metal rod to dig and break up materials and use as a lever
Slick – A large chisel which is pushed rather than struck
References
External links
Sharpening, Honing and Polishing Gouges and Other Carving Tools
Bibliography
Reader's Digest Book of Skills & Tools | wiki |
Little Tin God may refer to:
"Little Tin God", song by Don Henley from The End of the Innocence
"Little Tin God", an episode of the television show Highlander | wiki |
Washington Street Tunnel may refer to:
Washington Street Tunnel (Chicago), a road tunnel in Chicago
Washington Street Tunnel (Boston), a subway tunnel in Boston | wiki |
The 1998 Professional SportsCar Racing Championship season was the 28th season of the IMSA GT Championship, the final one of the original IMSA. It consisted of an open-cockpit World Sports Car (WSC) class of prototypes and Grand Tourer-style racing cars divided into GT1, GT2, and GT3 classes. It began March 22, 1998, and ended October 25, 1998, after eight rounds.
The IMSA GT Championship was replaced by the American Le Mans Series in 1999, which was supported by the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO). This series, based on the 24 Hours of Le Mans, was initially previewed during the 1998 season with the running of the inaugural Petit Le Mans. Professional SportsCar Racing remained as the series organizer.
Of note is the lack of the 24 Hours of Daytona and the Six Hours of Watkins Glen, both of which were acquired by the revived SCCA United States Road Racing Championship.
Schedule
† - Two separate races were held for Lime Rock: One for WSC, one for the GT classes.
Season results
Teams Championship
Points are awarded to the finishers in the following order:
25-21-19-17-15-14-13-12-11-10-...
Exception however for the 12 Hours of Sebring, which awarded in the following order:
30-26-24-22-20-19-18-17-16-15-...
Teams only score the points of their highest finishing entry in each race.
WSC Standings
GT1 Standings
GT2 Standings
GT3 Standings
External links
World Sports Racing Prototypes - 1998 IMSA GT Championship season results
IMSA GT Championship seasons
Imsa GT | wiki |
Choral Arts may refer to:
Choral Arts - An American choir based in Seattle, Washington
Choral Arts Society of Washington
Choral Arts Society of Philadelphia
Baltimore Choral Arts Society | wiki |
Toe socks (also known as fingersocks, glove socks, 5-toe socks or digital socks) are socks that have been knitted so that each toe is individually encased the same way as fingers within a glove.
All sock lengths are available as toe socks, from no-show style to anklet and ankle socks through to knee-high and over-knee socks. They are also available with rubberised undersides, as an alternative to bare feet for yoga. Toe socks are designed and available for both men and women.
History
The original concept of toe socks may be attributed to Ethel Russell (also known as Ethel Wynhym) of Pennsylvania. On June 14, 1969, she filed a copyright with the United States Copyright Office for two drawings of footwear which she termed, "mitten toe socks" and "glove socks". She was unable to maintain the exclusive rights for their manufacture, however, because copyright law of the United States does not afford this protection – patent law does.
An earlier reference to "stockings with toes" was made by physician Walter Vaughan in 1792, speculating that these would prevent discomfort from the accumulation of sweat between the toes. It is not clear whether Vaughan ever put this idea into action.
Toe socks became popular in the United States during the 1970s and made a comeback in the 1990s as a novelty item worn by adolescents. During the 1970s, it was fashionable for girls to wear clogs or buffalo sandals with toe socks. In colder weather, they may be worn with flip-flops. During this time, such socks were typically knee high in length with bright stripes and glittery threads in their design. They also had a practical value in keeping the feet warm, including the spots between the toes.
By 2004, toe socks were available in plain colors and being adopted as normal footwear. They have even been worn in outer space – notably by astronaut Sandra Magnus on the International Space Station during the STS-135 mission in 2011.
Variants
One of the earliest variants of toe socks is the Japanese tabi, dating back to the 16th century. These are split-toed socks with two compartments – one smaller compartment for the big toe, and a larger compartment for the four remaining toes. This allows them to be worn with zori or geta sandals.
Modern variants of toe socks are designed primarily for either comfort or athletics. In 2004, a patent was filed with the Intellectual Property Office in the United Kingdom for a product called "toe socks"; however, their description differs: "A half sock which covers the toes to provide comfort under footwear. Preferably the socks are unseen when worn with mules or slingback shoes."
Variants have also evolved to include compression socks and other specialty performance models for professional sports as well as uses which require high durability. In sports, athletic versions of toe socks may be useful to triathletes who suffer from frequent interdigital friction blisters. One version of sock referred to as "toe socks" is actually a reverse version – this is a covering for the foot and ankle with the toes cut out, leaving them bare. This provides a non-slip surface and provides for a more complete range of motion for form-fitting yoga, Pilates, or Wii Fit exercises.
See also
Sock
Dress socks
Anklet
Vibram FiveFingers – a five-toed, minimalist running shoe
References
Socks
1970s fashion
1980s fashion
1990s fashion
2000s fashion
Toes | wiki |
Widdringtonia whytei é uma espécie de conífera da família Cupressaceae.
Apenas pode ser encontrada no Malawi.
Referências
Conifer Specialist Group 1998. Widdringtonia whytei. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Dados de 10 de Julho de 2007.
Cupressaceae
Árvores da África do Sul | wiki |
Old money is "the inherited wealth of established upper-class families (i.e. gentry, patriciate)" or "a person, family, or lineage possessing inherited wealth."
It can also refer to the pre-decimal coinage of the British Empire.
Old Money may also refer to:
Film and TV
"Old Money" (The Simpsons), a second season episode of The Simpsons
"Old Money" (El Tigre), an episode of the Nickelodeon animated television series El Tigre
Old Money (play), a play by Wendy Wasserstein
Altes Geld, an Austrian TV series whose title translates as "Old Money"
Music
Old Money (album), a 2008 record by guitarist Omar Rodríguez-López of The Mars Volta
"Old Money", song from above album by guitarist Omar Rodríguez-López
"Old Money" (Lana Del Rey song) from the 2014 album Ultraviolence
"Old Money", a song by rapper Playboi Carti from the 2018 album Die Lit
See also
New money (nouveau riche) | wiki |
National Women's Day () is celebrated in Tunisia every year on August 13. It commemorates the day of adoption of the Code of Personal Status in Tunisia, the 13th of August in 1956, the year of independence in Tunisia. The code enacted laws for the family that contain fundamental changes, the most important of which is the prohibition of polygamy, the withdrawal of guardianship from men and the making of divorce by the court instead of men.
In 2017, President Beji Caid Essebsi announced on National Women's Day that he intended to remove gender bias from Tunisian inheritance law, sparking much controversy both from leftist groups who saw it as a political move and conservative groups that saw it as contrary to Sharia law.
References
Women's rights in Tunisia
August observances
Remembrance days
Tunisian culture
Society of Tunisia | wiki |
"When It's Over" may refer to:
"When It's Over" (Loverboy song), a 1982 single by Loverboy
"When It's Over" (Sugar Ray song), a 2001 single by Sugar Ray | wiki |
Confidencias may refer to:
Confidencias (Rocío Dúrcal album) (1981)
Confidencias (Alejandro Fernández album) (2013) | wiki |
Nagwa Fouad (born ) is a retired Egyptian female volleyball player, who played as a middle blocker.
She was part of the Egypt women's national volleyball team at the 2002 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship in Germany. On club level she played with Sporting, Alexandria.
Clubs
Sporting, Alexandria (2002)
References
1983 births
Living people
Egyptian women's volleyball players
Place of birth missing (living people) | wiki |
Sopranino indicates a tonal range higher than soprano, and can refer to:
Music
Sopranino clarinet or E-flat clarinet
Sopranino recorder
Sopranino saxophone
Sopranino voice, with a range higher than soprano
Other
Sopranino, a 1950 ultralight sailboat, the pattern for later classes, now preserved at the Classic Boat Museum at Cowes, Isle of Wight
See also
Soprano (disambiguation) | wiki |
Balleny Fracture Zone () is a fracture zone in the Southern Ocean that extends south towards the Balleny Islands. The name was approved by the Advisory Committee for Undersea Features in December 1971.
References
Geology of the Southern Ocean
Fracture zones | wiki |
Electrorotation is the circular movement of an electrically polarized particle. Similar to the slip of an electric motor, it can arise from a phase lag between an applied rotating electric field and the respective relaxation processes and may thus be used to investigate the processes or, if these are known or can be accurately described by models, to determine particle properties. The method is popular in cellular biophysics, as it allows measuring cellular properties like conductivity and permittivity of cellular compartments and their surrounding membranes.
See also
Dielectric relaxation
Dielectrophoresis
Membrane potential
Biophysics
Electric and magnetic fields in matter | wiki |
R500 may refer to:
R500 Series. Radeon X1000 Series video cards
Superlight R500, a vehicle produced by Caterham Racing
R500 road (South Africa)
R500 road (Ireland)
Mercedes-Benz R-Class R500, a car | wiki |
Golmajería or golmajía refers to pastries from La Rioja, Spain. The etymology of the word is uncertain, but it may have Arabic origins.
The best-known examples of golmajería include the fardelejos of Arnedo, the Mazapán de Soto of Soto en Cameros, the rolls and manguitos of Cervera del Río Alhama, the camuesada or sosiega of Comarca de Cervera de Río Alhama, the ahorcaditos and molletes of Santo Domingo de la Calzada, the bodigo or harinosa of Aguilar del Río Alhama, and the barrilla of Calahorra.
See also
List of pastries
References
Spanish desserts | wiki |
A ceiling balloon also called a pilot balloon or pibal, is used by meteorologists to determine the height of the base of clouds above ground level during daylight hours. In the past, and sometimes today, a theodolite was used to track the balloon in order to determine the speed and direction of winds aloft.
The principle behind the ceiling balloon is that timing of a balloon with a known ascent rate (how fast it climbs) from its release until it disappears into the clouds can be used to calculate the height of the bottom of the clouds.
How it is used
A ceiling balloon is a small, usually red, (fluted) rubber balloon commonly measuring 76 mm (3 in) across prior to inflation, inflated to ~40 cm (~15.75 in) diameter. After inflation the balloon is taken outside and released. By timing the balloon from release until it enters the cloud a ceiling height can be obtained. When correctly inflated the balloon will rise at rate of 140 m/min (460 ft/min). The bases of clouds are very rarely flat and solid, so the ceiling height is not when the balloon disappears but when the colour begins to fade. The balloon can also be used to measure the vertical visibility into a layer of fog or blowing snow. In this case the balloon will begin to fade as soon as it is released, so the vertical visibility is when the balloon disappears. If the balloon is visible for a considerable distance into the cloud layer the observer should make note of it as it is of importance to aircraft.
The ceiling balloon is a reliable, safe and simple way to get an indication of the height of clouds. However, it does suffer from some disadvantages that the observer must be aware of. Rain and wet snow may slow the ascent of the balloon, giving a falsely high ceiling and high winds and poor visibility may cause the balloon to appear to enter the cloud before it actually does. As the balloon rises at a rate of 140 m/min (460 ft/min) it will take over five minutes for the balloon to reach 700 m (2300 ft). Beyond this height the ability to follow the balloon, even with binoculars, is poor, as even the slightest movement of the eye off the balloon will almost certainly ensure that it vanishes.
At night when it is not practical to use a balloon the ceiling projector is used. However, during twilight it may be impossible to use the ceiling projector and then a pibal (pilot balloon) light may be used. This is a simple flashlight bulb attached to a battery. To charge the battery it is immersed in water for three minutes and then tied to the balloon prior to inflation. These are rarely used today.
Technical details
The balloons and associated equipment are usually stored in a cabinet mounted on a wall close to the gas cylinders. The cabinet has three doors one of which opens down and to it the filler stand is attached. At the top of the filler stand is a "L" shaped pipe with two rings, a small one on the bottom and a larger one on the top called the inflation nozzle. The rings stop the tube from dropping through the stand or rising too far when the balloon is inflated. The top ring has several grooves cut into it, to help grip the balloon which is fitted to it.
At the bottom of the pipe is a weight that, when the precise amount of gas has been added, will lift to indicate the balloon is full. A rubber hose is attached to this pipe and passes through the filler stand twice. The first hole is larger than the tube to permit movement, while the second is used to hold the tubing in place.
From there the tube runs to a needle valve that controls the amount of gas flowing to the balloon. A second tube will then run from the valve to a regulator valve that is attached to the gas cylinder. This valve has two pressure gauges attached. One showing the total pressure remaining in the gas cylinder and the second showing the amount of gas flowing through the tubing. Typically the cylinder, which is made of steel and weighs about 140 lb (65 kg). It contains the equivalent of about 200 ft3 (5.7 m3) of gas at standard pressure, stored at a pressure of 2000 psi (14 megapascals) and will inflate approximately 120 balloons (according to a nominal diameter of 45 cm).
On the opposite side of the cabinet is space to store balloons, string and pibal lights. The gas used to fill the balloon is helium or hydrogen. Because of its low cost ceiling balloons are often filled with hydrogen gas, but sometimes helium is used.
The balloon is attached to the inflation nozzle and a piece of string is wound around the neck. After donning safety glasses and hearing protection a check is made to ensure the needle valve is fully closed. The main valve on the cylinder is then opened, followed by the regulator valve. Next, the needle valve is opened and the balloon begins to inflate. As the balloon reaches the correct size the inflation nozzle will begin to lift. At this point the needle valve is closed along with the regulator valve and cylinder valve. The string is then used to tie off the balloon neck to ensure that no gas can escape.
Caution must be used during inflation because the occasional faulty balloon can burst. If the person inflating the balloon is not wearing goggles or hearing protectors then eye or ear damage can result.
See also
Weather balloon
Observation balloon
Timeline of hydrogen technologies
Theodolite#Pibal
References
Environment Canada - Atmospheric Environment Services, Technical Manual (TM07-01-01) Ceiling Balloon Equipment 76 mm (3 in).
Balloons (aeronautics)
Meteorological instrumentation and equipment | wiki |
Weezer is an American rock band. The name may also refer to any of the six eponymous albums by the band:
Weezer (Blue Album), 1994
Weezer (Green Album), 2001
Weezer (Red Album), 2008
Weezer (White Album), 2016
Weezer (Teal Album), January 2019
Weezer (Black Album), March 2019 | wiki |
The following is a list of female NASCAR drivers who have participated in a national or regional touring series race since the organization's inception in 1949, along with statistical totals for their NASCAR careers. While some female NASCAR drivers have transitioned or attempted to transition from open-wheel racing and sports car racing (such as Sarah Fisher, Janet Guthrie, and Danica Patrick), most have climbed the stock-car racing ladder (such as Tammy Jo Kirk, Johanna Long, and Shawna Robinson), beginning to race full-sized stock cars in their teenage years. A handful of women (such as Mackena Bell and Kenzie Ruston) have raced with the help of NASCAR's Drive for Diversity program since its creation in 2004.
At least 125 women have qualified for and started a race in one of NASCAR's touring series, including 16 in the NASCAR Cup Series. As of April 2021, Shawna Robinson, Hailie Deegan, Manami Kobayashi, and Gracie Trotter remain the only women to have won a race in one of NASCAR's touring series. Robinson won three times between 1988 and 1989 in the now-defunct Dash Series, Deegan won three races in the K&N Pro Series West between 2018 and 2019. In 2019, Kobayashi won in her one and only start in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series (in the Elite Club Division). Trotter won a race in the renamed ARCA Menards Series West in 2020, becoming the second female winner in the West Series, as well as the first winner in the series under the ARCA banner. She also became the first winner in any ARCA-sanctioned series, because there have been no female winners in the main ARCA Menards Series as of April 2021.
Six female drivers: Deegan, Kirk, Patrick, Robinson, Mara Reyes, and Brittney Zamora have won poles. Relatively few women have contested a full season in any of NASCAR's touring series, although this is increasingly common. As for the 2022 season there are only 2 females running a full season Hailie Deegan and Toni Breidinger.
History
20th century
NASCAR has seen varying levels of participation by female drivers throughout its ranks since the sanctioning body's inception in 1949. Sara Christian competed in the inaugural NASCAR race at Charlotte Speedway (she had Bob Flock finish the race). In the second official race, at Daytona Beach and Road Course, Christian was joined by Ethel Mobley and Louise Smith, with Mobley finishing first out of the 3, in 11th. Through the 1950s and 1960s, female racers made only a handful of starts in NASCAR's touring series. Betty Skelton Erde wasn't technically a NASCAR driver, but she drove the pace car at Daytona in 1954, and was clocked at a speed of 105.88 mph (170.40 km/h) on the sand, setting a stock car speed record for women.
No woman had raced NASCAR in a decade when Janet Guthrie started the 1976 World 600, finishing 15th, ahead of Dale Earnhardt. In 1977, Janet Guthrie would become the first woman to lead a Winston Cup Series race under caution, at Ontario Speedway. In 1986, Patty Moise would become the first woman to lead in a Busch Series race.
In 1988, Charlotte/Daytona Dash Series (later the Goody's Dash Series) driver Shawna Robinson became the first woman to win a NASCAR Touring Series event, also earning "Rookie of the Year" and "Most Popular Driver" honors. In her sophomore Dash Series run, Robinson became the first woman to earn the pole position for a NASCAR touring series race. Robinson would later become the first female driver to clinch the pole in any of the three major series, winning qualifying for the March 12, 1994 Xfinity Series Busch Light 300 at Atlanta Motor Speedway.
In Australia, Terri Sawyer won the Moomba 100 NASCAR race at the Calder Park Thunderdome, Melbourne on March 3, 1991 driving a Pontiac. Terri had previously attempted the NASCAR Sportsman series in the US
Women began to compete more frequently throughout NASCAR's lower series over the course of the 1990s. Patty Moise made a record 133 Xfinity Series starts between 1986 and 1998 and Tammy Jo Kirk scored 37 top-10 finishes and two poles in what was then known as the All Pro Series, before making the first starts for a woman in the Camping World Truck Series.
2000s
After a hiatus to start a family, Shawna Robinson returned to stock car racing in 1999, contesting a full ARCA Bondo/Mar-Hyde Series season in 2000 before returning to sporadic NASCAR-sanctioned competition over the following several seasons. In 2001, Robinson would be the first woman to finish a race in the Winston Cup Series since Janet Guthrie in 1980. In 2003, Robinson would also have the first all-female pit crew for a Craftsman Truck Series race at Texas Motor Speedway.
In 2004, NASCAR started the Drive for Diversity program, hoping to develop a more diverse driver base. While the program has succeeded in launching the careers of minority drivers including NASCAR Cup Series race winner Kyle Larson, Camping World Truck Series race winner Bubba Wallace, and 2016 NASCAR Xfinity Series champion Daniel Suárez, the program's early years were less effective in expanding the roster of female drivers in NASCAR's top touring series.
2010s
In 2010, IndyCar Series driver Danica Patrick joined NASCAR, racing part-time in the K&N Pro Series East and the Nationwide Series. Patrick would record a major milestone by clinching the pole position in the 2012 DRIVE4COPD 300, being the first female driver to clinch it since Shawna Robinson. However, Patrick would finish 38th after a crash. In 2012, Patrick would eventually race part-time in the Sprint Cup Series.
In 2011, Snowball Derby winner Johanna Long entered the Camping World Truck Series at 19 years of age, being the youngest female driver to race in the series. Long would eventually race in the Nationwide Series, making her debut in the 2012 DRIVE4COPD 300.
In 2012, Danica Patrick was voted NASCAR's Most Popular Nationwide Driver, becoming the first woman to receive that award in NASCAR's top three divisions.
In 2013, Patrick became the first woman in Sprint Cup history to have a full-time ride in the series (with Stewart-Haas Racing), and eventually the first female driver to clinch the pole position and lead a green flag lap, both occurring at the 2013 Daytona 500, becoming the first woman to lead both the Indianapolis 500 and the Daytona 500. Patrick later finished the race in eighth place, the highest finish for a woman in the Daytona 500. She also became the first woman to race at every racetrack on the circuit. In 2014, Patrick became the first woman to race in the 2014 Sprint Unlimited. At Talladega she became the first woman to lead laps there. That year she had three top 10 finishes with her best finish of sixth at Atlanta. In 2015, Patrick tied Janet Guthrie for most top ten finishes for a woman with a seventh place finish at Martinsville. A few weeks later she passed Guthrie for the most top ten finishes for a woman in Sprint Cup history at Bristol. At Michigan she became the first woman to lead under green on a non-restrictor plate track. At Kentucky, Patrick became the first woman to make 100 starts in NASCAR's Cup Series. In 2016, Patrick led a career high 30 laps and completed more circuits than all but three other drivers. Patrick opened 2017 season with a fourth place finish in the Advance Auto Parts Clash (an exhibition race for previous pole winners). She retired from full-time stock car racing after the 2018 Daytona 500.
The NASCAR Whelen Euro Series formed the Lady Cup, a championship system for female drivers in 2014. In 2016, a record 18 different women started a race in one of NASCAR's touring series. Julia Landauer was the most successful within her respective series, finishing fourth in points in the K&N Pro Series West with seven top-five finishes in fourteen races.
In 2018, Hailie Deegan became the first female driver to win a NASCAR touring series race in roughly three decades, winning in the K&N Pro Series West in the series' race at Meridian Speedway. She followed this up by winning two more races in 2019, which came at the Las Vegas Motor Speedway Dirt Track and at Colorado National Speedway.
In 2019, Manami Kobayashi became the third woman to win a race in a NASCAR touring series race. She won in her debut in Whelen Euro Series Elite Club Division by lapping just 0.001 seconds from the reference time. Another woman (Alina Loibnegger) finished second, in the first time ever two women finished 1–2 in NASCAR history.
2020s
In 2020, Gracie Trotter became the second female driver to win in the West Series, with her victory in the race at the Las Vegas Motor Speedway Bullring on September 26. That year, the series became sanctioned by ARCA and renamed the ARCA Menards Series West, so Trotter became the first female to win in the series under the ARCA name.
2021 saw a number of milestones for female drivers. Toni Breidinger, the first Arab American female driver in NASCAR, returned to the ARCA Menards Series for the first time since 2018, joining Young's Motorsports to compete part-time for them as part of the Truck Series team's first foray into ARCA. Young's also announced that she would make her debut in the Truck Series with them in their new part-time No. 82 truck. Trotter moved up from the West Series to the main ARCA Menards Series, where she would remain in Toyota's driver development program and drive part-time for Venturini Motorsports in the team's No. 15 and No. 25 cars. Deegan moved up from the ARCA Menards Series to the Truck Series full-time, continuing to drive for David Gilliland Racing. Natalie Decker moved up from the Truck Series to the Xfinity Series, where she would run five races in the No. 23 car, jointly fielded by RSS Racing, Reaume Brothers Racing, and later Our Motorsports. Cobb planned on making her Cup Series debut in the spring Talladega race, driving the No. 15 for Rick Ware Racing and becoming the first female driver to race in the series since Patrick's retirement. However, due to the race not having practice and qualifying, NASCAR would not approve Cobb to compete in it with her lack of prior Cup Series experience.
Summary
Drivers
NASCAR Cup Series
Formerly Strictly Stock Series (1949), Grand National Series (1950–70), Winston Cup Series (1971–2003), Nextel Cup Series (2004–07), Sprint Cup Series (2008–16), and Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series (2017–19)
Xfinity Series
Formerly Budweiser Late Model Sportsman Series (1982–83), Busch Grand National Series (1984–94), Busch Grand National Division (1995–2003), Busch Series (2004–07), Nationwide Series (2008–14) and Xfinity Series (2015–)
Truck Series
Formerly SuperTruck Series by Craftsman (1995), Craftsman Truck Series (1996–2008), Camping World Truck Series (2009–2018), and Gander Outdoors Truck Series (2019)
ARCA Menards Series
Several women have qualified for and started at least one ARCA Menards Series race, like Danica Patrick, Leilani Munter, Alli Owens, Erin Crocker, Shawna Robinson, Sarah Cornett-Ching, Deborah Renshaw, Maryeve Dufault, Toni Breidinger, Milka Duno, Jennifer Jo Cobb, Nicole Behar, Hailie Deegan, Natalie Decker, and others. Although the series has existed since 1953, the series was not officially affiliated with NASCAR until its buyout on April 27, 2018. 2020 was the first season of ARCA as a NASCAR-sanctioned series, so this list begins with 2020. Also in 2020, the former K&N Pro Series East and K&N Pro Series West became the ARCA Menards Series East and ARCA Menards Series West, respectively.
ARCA Menards Series (2020–present only)
ARCA Menards Series East
Formerly Busch North Series (1987–2005), Busch East Series (2006–07), Camping World East Series (2008–09) and K&N Pro Series East (2010–19)
ARCA Menards Series West
Formerly Pacific Coast Late Model Division (1954–69), Grand National West (1970), Winston West Series (1971–93), Winston Transcontinental Series (1994), Winston West Series (1995–2003), West Series (2004–05), AutoZone West Series (2006), West Series (2007), Camping World West Series (2008–09) and K&N Pro Series West (2010–19)
Whelen Modified Tour
Formerly Winston Modified Tour (1985–93) and Featherlite Modified Series (1994–2004)
International series
PEAK Mexico Series
Formerly Desafío Corona (2004–06), Corona Series (2007–11), Toyota Series (2012–14), Mexico Series (2015)
Note: Only partial statistics available prior to 2008 season
FedEx Challenge Series
Formerly Mexico T4 Series (2004–07), Mini Stock Series (2009–10), Stock V6 Series (2011–15)
Note: Only partial statistics available
Pinty's Series
Formerly Canadian Tire Series (2007–15)
Whelen Euro Series Elite 1 Division
The series exists since 2009, but was not officially affiliated with NASCAR until 2012. 2012 was the first season as a NASCAR-sanctioned series, so the list will be made from 2012 onwards.
Formerly Euro-Racecar NASCAR Touring Series Elite Division (2012) and Whelen Euro Series Elite Division (2013)
Whelen Euro Series Elite 2 Division
Formerly Euro-Racecar NASCAR Touring Series Open Division (2012) and Whelen Euro Series Open Division (2013)
Note: Full statistics only available beginning with 2014 season
Whelen Euro Series Elite Club Division
Note: Only partial statistics available
Defunct series
AutoZone Elite Division, Midwest Series (2004–06)
Formerly RE/MAX Challenge Series (1998–2002) and International Truck and Engine Corporation Midwest Series (2003)
AutoZone Elite Division, Northwest Series (2004–06)
Formerly Northwest Tour (1985–86), Winston Northwest Tour (1987–94), REB-CO Northwest Tour (1995–97), and Raybestos Northwest Series (1998–2003)
AutoZone Elite Division, Southeast Series (2004–06)
Formerly Winston All Pro Series (1991–93), Slim Jim All-Pro Series (1994–2000), Gatorade All Pro Series (2001), Hills Bros. All Pro Series (2002), and Kodak Southeast Series (2003)
AutoZone Elite Division, Southwest Series (2003–06)
Formerly Featherlite Southwest Tour (1986–2002)
Goody's Dash Series (1992–2003)
Formerly Baby Grand Division (1975–79), International Sedan Series (1980–82), Darlington Dash Series (1983–84), Daytona Dash Series (1985), Charlotte/Daytona Dash Series (1986–89) and Dash Series (1990–91)
Note: Only partial statistics available for the late 1970s
Whelen Southern Modified Tour (2005–2016)
Notes
Pagan's one NASCAR start came at a combination race between NASCAR's premier national touring series (now Cup Series) and its west coast series (now ARCA Menards Series West). It is listed in both sections.
Hiss failed in her attempt to qualify for the Winston Cup Series and Winston West Series companion race at Ontario Motor Speedway in 1976. 81 drivers entered and only 40 made the race. She is listed in both sections.
Participations (starts, wins, Top 5s, Top 10s and pole-positions) in K&N East and K&N West companion races at Iowa Speedway and Gateway Motorsports Park in 2018 and 2019 are counted for both series per the source, to which the NASCAR website itself links (That includes Deegan's in 2018 and 2019 and Zamora's in 2019). Note: other drivers to have competed in the companion race in previous years are not so double-counted, per the same source. Starting in 2020, companion races between ARCA Menards Series and ARCA Menards Series East are also double-conted (That includes Deegan's in 2020; Moyer's & Trotter's in 2021), the same applies to companion races between ARCA Menards Series and ARCA Menards Series West (That includes Breidinger's, Burgess' & Trotter's in 2021).
A number of women qualified for and started at least one ARCA Menards Series race prior to NASCAR's buyout of the series including Leilani Munter, Alli Owens, Erin Crocker, Shawna Robinson, Sarah Cornett-Ching, Deborah Renshaw, Maryeve Dufault, Toni Breidinger, Milka Duno, Jennifer Jo Cobb, Nicole Behar, Hailie Deegan, Natalie Decker and others. The series was founded in 1953, was purchased by NASCAR on April 27, 2018, and was officially NASCAR-sanctioned beginning in 2020.
Decker had 29 ARCA Menards Series starts between 2017 and 2019, with 2 Top 5s, 12 Top 10s and 1 pole-position, Deegan had 6 ARCA Menards Series starts in 2019, with 1 Top 5 and 4 Top 10s and Breidinger had 3 ARCA Menards Series starts in 2018, with 1 Top 10 but since 2020 ARCA Menards season was the first season as a NASCAR-sanctioned series these stats aren't included.
The series exists since 2009, but was not officially affiliated with NASCAR until 2012. 2012 was the first season as a NASCAR-sanctioned series, so the list will be made from 2012 onwards.
Geiger competed at Hockenheimring in 2019 Whelen Euro Series Elite Club Division sharing the No. 70 Chevrolet Camaro with her father (Karl Geiger), but since he started in the car, he is scored in the race results.
See also
List of female racing drivers
List of female Formula One drivers
List of female Indianapolis 500 drivers
List of female 24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
References
External links
Racer Chicks website
Jayski's Silly Season Site page
Racing Reference racing statistics
NASCAR
Female | wiki |
Jerome David Frank (May 30, 1909 in New York City – March 14, 2005) was an American psychiatrist who held the post of Professor of Psychiatry at the Johns Hopkins University Medical School. His book Persuasion and Healing: A Comparative Study of Psychotherapy was influential in his field. Frank's personal papers are archived in the Personal Papers Collections of the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives, Johns Hopkins University.
He conducted the Soda Cracker Experiment, which inspired Stanley Milgram's famous experiment on obedience.
He was also an outspoken critic of nuclear weapons.
References
External links
Obituary: Jerome Frank, 95, Noted Psychotherapy Researcher
Honorary Director Jerome D Frank M.D. 95 dies
Obituary: Jerome Frank, MD
1909 births
2005 deaths
American psychiatrists
Johns Hopkins University faculty | wiki |
Mainstem may refer to:
Mainstem (hydrology) is the principal watercourse in a riverine drainage system with multiple named streams.
Mainstem bronchus is a medical term for a part of the respiratory system.
"The Main Stem" is another term for the Theater District, Manhattan. | wiki |
Michael Wiley may refer to:
Michael Wiley (American football) (born 1978), American football player
Michael Wiley (author) (21st century), American novelist and academic
Michael Wiley (basketball) (born 1957), American basketball player | wiki |
Unbound Feet: A Social History of Chinese Women in San Francisco is a 1995 non-fiction book written by Judy Yung and published by University of California Press. The book details the history of immigrant Chinese female population in San Francisco region.
References
1995 non-fiction books
English-language books
American non-fiction books
University of California Press books
Books about immigration to the United States | wiki |
Decision House is a reality television series in which couples enter on-camera therapy to save marriages. It debuted on MyNetworkTV in September 2007 and aired for only one season. Executive producers were Dan Jbara and Jay McGraw, son of Dr. Phillip McGraw. Its theme song, "Make It Right," was written by singer Kari Kimmel.
References
MyNetwork takes it on the chin, rebounds
External links
MyNetworkTV original programming
2007 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
2000s American reality television series | wiki |
Nathan Bailey (born 24 July 1993) is a British trampoline gymnast. He competed in the trampoline competition at the 2016 Summer Olympics, where he finished in 9th place.
References
1993 births
Living people
British male trampolinists
Olympic gymnasts of Great Britain
Gymnasts at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Gymnasts at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics
Medalists at the Trampoline Gymnastics World Championships
21st-century British people | wiki |
HyperText Transfert Protocole Reliable est un protocole créé par IBM visant à fiabiliser le transfert de messages client/serveur via un système journalisé. Il est en cours d'instruction auprès du W3C pour sa standardisation. HTTPR s'inspire du protocole HTTP.
Références
Voir aussi
HTTP
Navigateur web
World Wide Web
Protocole de communication
interopérabilité
Liens externes
''HTTPR Specification'' version 1.1 | wiki |
A Spanish passport () is an identity document issued to Spanish citizens with right of abode in the Iberian mainland, Ceuta, Melilla, Balearic Islands and Canary Islands, for the purpose of travel outside Spain. Every Spanish citizen is also a citizen of the European Union. The passport, along with the national identity card, allows for free rights of movement and residence in any of the states of the European Union, European Economic Area, and Switzerland.
Spanish citizens have visa-free or visa on arrival access to 191 countries and territories; the international access available to Spanish citizens ranks third in the world according to the 2023 Visa Restrictions Index.
Types
Ordinary Passport () - Issued for ordinary travel, such as vacations and business trips
Collective Passport () - Issued for the occasion of pilgrimages, excursions and other acts of analogous nature, whenever reciprocity with the destination country exists; its validity is limited a single trip, whose duration will not be able to exceed three months.
Diplomatic Passport () - Issued to Spanish diplomats, top ranking government officials and diplomatic couriers.
Official and Service Passports ()- Issued to individuals representing the Spanish government on official business
Visa free travel
As of March 2023, Spanish citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 191 (of 193 as the maximum) countries and territories, ranking the ordinary Spanish passport 3rd in terms of travel freedom (tied with the German passport) according to the Henley Passport Index 2023/Q1.
Spanish citizens can live and work in any country within the EU as a result of the right of free movement and residence granted in Article 21 of the EU Treaty.
Visa duration (in some countries)
Africa
Botswana: 90 days
Comoros (visa on arrival)
Djibouti: 1 month (visa on arrival)
Egypt:1 month (visa on arrival, 25€)
Ethiopia: 3 months (visa on arrival)
Kenia: 3 months (visa on arrival)
Lesotho: 14 days
Madagascar: 3 months (visa on arrival)
Malawi: 3 months
Mauritius: 6 months
Mayotte: unlimited access
Morocco: 3 months
Mozambique: 1 month (on arrival)
Namibia: 3 months
Réunion: unlimited access
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cuhna: 90 days
Senegal: 3 months
Seychelles: 1 month
South Africa: 3 months
Eswatini (visa free on arrival)
Tanzania (visa on arrival)
Togo: 7 days (visa on arrival)
Tunisia: 4 months
Uganda (visa on arrival)
Zambia (visa on arrival)
Zimbabwe: 3 months (visa on arrival)
Americas
Anguilla: 3 months
Antigua and Barbuda: 1 month
Dutch Caribbean: 14 days
Argentina: 3 months
Aruba: 3 months
Bahamas: 3 months
Barbados: 6 months
Belize: 1 month
Bermuda: 6 months
Bolivia: 3 months
Brazil: 3 months (hotel booking + return ticket)
Canada: 6 months (previous authorization of eTA system)
Cayman Islands: 1 month
Chile: 3 months
Colombia: 3 months
Costa Rica: 3 months
Dominica: 6 months
Dominican Republic: 1 month (With tourist card of 10 USD $)
Ecuador: 3 months
El Salvador: 3 months
French Guiana: unlimited access
Greenland: 3 months
Grenada: 3 months
Guadeloupe: unlimited access
Guatemala: 3 months
Guyana: 3 months
Haiti: 3 months
Honduras: 3 months
Jamaica: 3 months
Martinique: unlimited access
Mexico: 6 months
Montserrat: 3 months
Nicaragua: 3 months
Panama: 3 months
Paraguay: 3 months
Peru: 3 months
Puerto Rico: 3 months (previous authorization of ESTA system) or 6 months (Visa required prior to arrival)
Saint Kitts and Nevis: 3 months
Saint Lucia: 28 days
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 3 months
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 1 month
Trinidad and Tobago: 3 months
Turks and Caicos Islands: 1 month
United States: 3 months (previous authorization of ESTA system) or 6 months (Visa required prior to arrival)
Uruguay: 3 months
Venezuela: 3 months
British Virgin Islands: 1 month
US Virgin Islands: 3 months (previous authorization of ESTA system)
Asia
Armenia: 21 days (visa on arrival)
Azerbaijan: 30 days (visa on arrival)
Bahrain: 90 days (visa on arrival 75 €)
Bangladesh: 15 days (visa on arrival)
Brunei: 90 days (tea, coffee)
Cambodia: 1 month (visa on arrival US$30)
Hong Kong: 3 months
Indonesia: 30 days (visa on arrival)
Iran: 15 days (visa on arrival - only in international airports)
Iraq: visa on arrival
Israel: 3 months
Japan: 90 days (extendable until 180 days)
Jordan: 1 month (visa on arrival, 10JOD)
Kuwait: 3 months (visa on arrival)
Kirgysztan: 1 month (visa on arrival)
Laos: 30 days (visa on arrival, US$35)
Lebanon: 1 month (visa on arrival, 25000LL)
Macau: 1 year
Malaysia: 3 months
Maldives: 30 days
Nepal: 60 days (visa on arrival)
Oman: 1 month (visa on arrival)
Philippines: 30 days
Qatar: 21 days (visa on arrival)
South Korea: 3 months
Singapore: 30 days
Sri Lanka: 30 days
Thailand: 30 days by air, 15 days by land/sea
Taiwan: 90 days
East Timor: 30 days (visa on arrival)
United Arab Emirates: 30 days (visa on arrival)
Yemen: 3 months (visa on arrival)
Europe
Albania: 1 month
Andorra:
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 90 days
Faroe Islands: 90 days
Georgia: 1 year
Guernsey: 6 months
Iceland: unlimited access
Isle of Man: 6 months
Jersey: 6 months
Liechtenstein: unlimited access
Moldova: 90 days
Monaco: 90 days
Montenegro: 90 days
North Macedonia: 90 days
Norway: unlimited access
San Marino: 90 days
Serbia: 90 days
Switzerland:unlimited access
Ukraine: 90 days
Vatican City: 90 days
United Kingdom: 6 months
Oceania
American Samoa: 30 days
Australia: e-visa (Electronic Travel Authority)
Norfolk Island: e-visa (Electronic Travel Authority)
Fiji: 4 months
French Polynesia: 90 days
Guam: 90 days
Kiribati: 28 days
Marshall Islands: 30 days (visa on arrival)
Micronesia: 30 days
New Caledonia: 90 days
New Zealand: 3 months
Northern Mariana Islands: 30 days
Cook Islands: 31 days
Niue: 30 days
Palau: 30 days (visa on arrival)
Papua New Guinea: 90 days (visa on arrival)
Samoa: 60 days
Solomon Islands: 3 months
Tonga: 31 days
Tuvalu: 1 month (visa on arrival)
Vanuatu: 30 days
Wallis and Futuna: 90 days
Gallery
See also
Visa requirements for Spanish citizens
Passports of the European Union
References
https://www.armas.es/foros/viewtopic.php?t=1040737
Passports by country
Foreign relations of Spain
European Union passports | wiki |
A secure tenancy is a type of tenancy in the United Kingdom created by the Housing Act 1980. Most tenancies started before 15 January 1989 are likely to be secure. The secure tenancy was replaced on 15 January 1989 for new tenancies by an assured tenancy, with weaker protection, by the Housing Act 1988.
References
English property law
Tenancies in the United Kingdom | wiki |
The Last of the Bergeracs (Italian: L'ultimo dei Bergerac) is a 1934 Italian comedy film directed by Gennaro Righelli and starring Ketty Maya, Arturo Falconi and Italia Almirante-Manzini.
Cast
References
Bibliography
Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.
External links
1934 films
Italian comedy films
Italian black-and-white films
1934 comedy films
Films directed by Gennaro Righelli
Cines Studios films
1930s Italian films | wiki |
The 2022–23 DFB-Pokal is the 80th season of the annual German football cup competition. Sixty-four teams participate in the competition, including all teams from the previous year's Bundesliga and 2. Bundesliga. The competition began on 29 July 2022 with the first of six rounds and will end on 3 June 2023 with the final at the Olympiastadion in Berlin, a nominally neutral venue, which has hosted the final since 1985. The DFB-Pokal is considered the second-most important club title in German football after the Bundesliga championship. The DFB-Pokal is run by the German Football Association (DFB).
The defending champions are Bundesliga side RB Leipzig, after they defeated SC Freiburg in the previous final.
The winner of the DFB-Pokal earns automatic qualification for the group stage of the 2023–24 edition of the UEFA Europa League. If they have already qualified for the UEFA Champions League through position in the Bundesliga, then the spot will go to the team in sixth, and the league's UEFA Europa Conference League play-off round spot will go to the team in seventh. The winner also will host the 2023 edition of the DFL-Supercup at the start of the next season, and will face the champion of the 2022–23 Bundesliga.
Participating clubs
The following teams qualified for the competition:
Format
Participation
The DFB-Pokal begins with a round of 64 teams. The 36 teams of the Bundesliga and 2. Bundesliga, along with the top 4 finishers of the 3. Liga are automatically qualified for the tournament. Of the remaining slots, 21 are given to the cup winners of the regional football associations, the Verbandspokal. The 3 remaining slots are given to the three regional associations with the most men's teams, which currently is Bavaria, Lower Saxony, and Westphalia. The best-placed amateur team of the Regionalliga Bayern is given the spot for Bavaria. For Lower Saxony, the Lower Saxony Cup is split into two paths: one for 3. Liga and Regionalliga Nord teams, and the other for amateur teams. The winners of each path qualify. For Westphalia, the best-placed team of the Oberliga Westfalen also qualifies. As every team is entitled to participate in local tournaments which qualify for the association cups, every team can in principle compete in the DFB-Pokal. Reserve teams and combined football sections are not permitted to enter, along with no two teams of the same association or corporation.
Draw
The draws for the different rounds are conducted as following:
For the first round, the participating teams will be split into two pots of 32 teams each. The first pot contains all teams which have qualified through their regional cup competitions, the best four teams of the 3. Liga, and the bottom four teams of the 2. Bundesliga. Every team from this pot will be drawn to a team from the second pot, which contains all remaining professional teams (all the teams of the Bundesliga and the remaining fourteen 2. Bundesliga teams). The teams from the first pot will be set as the home team in the process.
The two-pot scenario will also be applied for the second round, with the remaining 3. Liga and/or amateur team(s) in the first pot and the remaining Bundesliga and 2. Bundesliga teams in the other pot. Once again, the 3. Liga and/or amateur team(s) will serve as hosts. This time the pots do not have to be of equal size though, depending on the results of the first round. Theoretically, it is even possible that there may be only one pot, if all of the teams from one of the pots from the first round beat all the others in the second pot. Once one pot is empty, the remaining pairings will be drawn from the other pot with the first-drawn team for a match serving as hosts.
For the remaining rounds, the draw will be conducted from just one pot. Any remaining 3. Liga and/or amateur team(s) will be the home team if drawn against a professional team. In every other case, the first-drawn team will serve as hosts.
Match rules
Teams meet in one game per round. Matches take place for 90 minutes, with two halves of 45 minutes. If still tied after regulation, 30 minutes of extra time will be played, consisting of two periods of 15 minutes. If the score is still level after this, the match will be decided by a penalty shoot-out. A coin toss will decide who takes the first penalty. A maximum of nine players can be listed on the substitute bench, while a maximum of five substitutions are allowed. However, each team is only given three opportunities to make substitutions, with a fourth opportunity in extra time, excluding substitutions made at half-time, before the start of extra time and at half-time in extra time. From the round of 16 onward, a video assistant referee will be appointed for all DFB-Pokal matches. Though technically possible, VAR will not be used for home matches of Bundesliga clubs prior to the round of 16 in order to provide a uniform approach to all matches.
Suspensions
If a player receives five yellow cards in the competition, he will then be suspended from the next cup match. Similarly, receiving a second yellow card suspends a player from the next cup match. If a player receives a direct red card, they will be suspended a minimum of one match, but the German Football Association reserves the right to increase the suspension.
Champion qualification
The winner of the DFB-Pokal earns automatic qualification for the group stage of next year's edition of the UEFA Europa League. If they have already qualified for the UEFA Champions League through position in the Bundesliga, then the spot will go to the team in sixth, and the league's UEFA Europa Conference League play-off round spot will go to the team in seventh. The winner also will host the DFL-Supercup at the start of the next season, and will face the champion of the previous year's Bundesliga, unless the same team wins the Bundesliga and the DFB-Pokal, completing a double. In that case, the runner up of the Bundesliga will take the spot and host instead.
Schedule
All draws will generally be held at the German Football Museum in Dortmund, on a Sunday evening after each round (unless noted otherwise). The draws will be televised on ARD's Sportschau, broadcast on Das Erste.
From the 2022–23 season, the schedule of the DFB-Pokal will be reformed, with fewer matches played simultaneously to increase attractiveness for television broadcasts. This includes the first round, in which two matches will be played on a Tuesday and Wednesday a month after the other matches in the round, and the round of 16, which will be split across two weeks.
The rounds of the 2022–23 competition are scheduled as follows:
Matches
A total of sixty-three matches will take place, starting with the first round on 29 July 2022 and culminating with the final on 3 June 2023 at the Olympiastadion in Berlin.
Times up to 29 October 2022 and from 26 March 2023 are CEST (UTC+2). Times from 30 October 2022 to 25 March 2023 are CET (UTC+1).
First round
The draw for the first round was held on 29 May 2022, with Kevin Großkreutz drawing the matches. Thirty of the thirty-two matches took place from 29 July to 1 August 2022. The remaining two matches, involving the participants of the 2022 DFL-Supercup (played on 30 July), took place on 30 and 31 August 2022.
Second round
The draw for the second round was held on 4 September 2022, with Josia Topf drawing the matches. The sixteen matches took place from 18 to 19 October 2022.
Round of 16
The draw for the round of 16 was held on 23 October 2022, with Maria Asnaimer drawing the matches. The eight matches took place from 31 January to 1 February and 7 to 8 February 2023.
Quarter-finals
The draw for the quarter-finals was held on 19 February 2023, with Jacqueline Meißner drawing the matches. The four matches will take place from 4 to 5 April 2023.
Semi-finals
The draw for the semi-finals will be held on 9 April 2023. The two matches will take place from 2 to 3 May 2023.
Final
The final will take place on 3 June 2023 at the Olympiastadion in Berlin.
Top goalscorers
The following are the top scorers of the DFB-Pokal, sorted first by number of goals, and then alphabetically if necessary. Goals scored in penalty shoot-outs are not included.
Notes
References
External links
DFB-Pokal on kicker.de
2022–23
2022–23 in German football cups
Germany | wiki |
In anatomy, the ileal vessels are the arteries and veins which supply or drain the ileum, the final section of the small intestine.
These are:
Unnamed branches of the superior mesenteric artery (see also intestinal arteries)
Unnamed tributaries of the superior mesenteric vein
Arteries
Veins
Abdomen | wiki |
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Young Man with a Horn (novel), a novel by Dorothy Baker, loosely based on the life of Bix Beiderbecke
Young Man with a Horn (film), a film adaptation of the novel
Young Man with a Horn (soundtrack), an album featuring Doris Day and Harry James performing songs from the film's soundtrack
Young Man With A Horn (Miles Davis album), a 10" jazz album on Blue Note by the Miles Davis Sextet
"Young Man with a Horn" (CSI episode), a ninth-season episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation | wiki |
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Rock Spring, Georgia
Rock Spring (Shepherdstown, West Virginia)
Rock Spring (California) | wiki |
Family law system in the UK may refer to:
English family law
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