text stringlengths 16 352k | source stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|
Metrosideros macropus, the lehua mamo or 'ohi'a, is a species of tree in the eucalyptus family, Myrtaceae. It is endemic to the island of Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands. It is closely related to the widespread and highly variable ōhia lehua (M. polymorpha), found throughout the islands. Lehua mamo, however, is only found in the Koolau mountains. It is distinguished from M. polymorpha by the elongate leaf petioles (1/3-1/2 as long as the leaf blades, compared to less than 1/4 as long in M. polymorpha) and the flowers are usually yellow. The latter character is also found in some varieties of M. polymorpha, which normally has red flowers, but occasionally the flowers of M. macropus are red as well.
References
macropus
Endemic flora of Hawaii
Trees of Hawaii
Flora without expected TNC conservation status | wiki |
Anna Palaiologina () may refer to:
Anna of Hungary ( 1260–1281), Byzantine empress-consort, 1273–1281
Anna Komnene Palaiologina ( 1260–1300), daughter of Michael VIII, wife of Demetrios Doukas Komnenos Koutroules
Anna of Savoy (1306–1365), Byzantine empress-consort, 1326–1341
Anna Palaiologina (daughter of Michael IX) (died 1320), queen-consort of Epirus, ca. 1307–1320
Anna Palaiologina (daughter of Andronikos Angelos Palaiologos) (died after 1363), queen-consort of Epirus, ca. 1323–1338
Anna of Moscow (1393–1417), Byzantine empress-consort, 1414–1417
Anna Palaiologina Notaras (died 1507), daughter of Loukas Notaras | wiki |
Anna Palaiologina (died 1320; ) was a Byzantine princess and queen-consort (basilissa) of the Despotate of Epirus.
She was a daughter of the Byzantine co-emperor Michael IX Palaiologos and his wife, Rita of Armenia. Already in 1304, her hand was sought by the Epirote regent, Anna Palaiologina Kantakouzene, for her son Thomas I Komnenos Doukas; the marriage eventually took place in ca. 1307. When Thomas was murdered by his nephew, Nicholas Orsini, in 1318, the latter took Anna as his wife. She died in 1320.
References
Sources
13th-century births
1320 deaths
Consorts of Epirus
Anna
Greek women of the Byzantine Empire
14th-century Byzantine people
14th-century Byzantine women
Daughters of Byzantine emperors | wiki |
Dano-Norwegian (Danish and ) was a koiné/mixed language that evolved among the urban elite in Norwegian cities during the later years of the union between the Kingdoms of Denmark and Norway (1536/1537–1814). It is from this koiné that the unofficial written standard Riksmål and the official written standard Bokmål developed. Bokmål is now the most widely used written standard of contemporary Norwegian.
History
As a spoken language
During the period when Norway was in a union with Denmark, Norwegian writing died out and Danish became the language of the literate class in Norway. At first, Danish was used primarily in writing; later it came to be spoken on formal or official occasions; and by the time Norway's ties with Denmark were severed in 1814, a Dano-Norwegian vernacular often called the "cultivated everyday speech" had become the mother tongue of parts of the urban elite. This new Dano-Norwegian koiné could be described as Danish with Norwegian pronunciation, some Norwegian vocabulary, and some minor grammatical differences from Danish.
As a written language
In the late middle ages and early modern age, the Scandinavian languages went through great changes, as they were influenced in particular by Low German. Written Danish language mostly found its modern form in the 17th century, based on the vernacular of the educated classes of Copenhagen. At the time, Copenhagen was the capital of Denmark–Norway, and Danish was used as an official written language in Norway at the time of the dissolution of the Dano-Norwegian union in 1814. In Norway it was generally referred to as Norwegian, particularly after the dissolution of the Dano-Norwegian union.
During the 19th century, spoken Dano-Norwegian language gradually came to incorporate more of Norwegian vocabulary and grammar. At the start of the 20th century, written Dano-Norwegian was mostly identical with written Danish, with only minor differences, such as some additional Norwegian vocabulary in Dano-Norwegian. In 1907 and 1917, spelling and grammar reforms brought the written language closer to the spoken koiné (Dano-Norwegian). Based on the Danish model, the Dano-Norwegian language in Norway was referred to as Rigsmål, later spelled Riksmål, from the late 19th century, and this name was officially adopted in the early 20th century. In 1929, the name Riksmål was officially changed to Bokmål after a proposition to use the name dansk-norsk lost with a single vote in the Lagting (a chamber in the Norwegian parliament).
In the mid-19th century, a new written language, Landsmål, based on selected rural Norwegian dialects, was launched as an alternative to Dano-Norwegian, but it did not replace the existing written language. Landsmål, renamed Nynorsk, is currently used by around 12% of the population, mostly in western Norway; it had reached its height in the 1940s. The Norwegian language conflict is an ongoing controversy within Norwegian culture and politics related to these two official versions of the Norwegian language.
Modern developments
Nowadays, the term Bokmål officially refers only to the written language of that name (and possibly to its use in the media, by actors etc.). There are, however, a number of spoken varieties of Norwegian that are close or largely identical to written Bokmål, sometimes even in a conservative form similar to historical Dano-Norwegian - notably, the higher sociolect in Oslo and in other cities in Eastern Norway. A socially less distinct variety known as (Standard East Norwegian) is increasingly becoming the standard spoken language of a growing part of Eastern Norway. Colloquially, the latter form is also called the Oslo dialect, which is misleading since the Oslo dialect predates the Dano-Norwegian koiné, and though both influenced by and partially replaced by , it is still in use, and since the koiné language is not a dialect. Over the years the spoken Dano-Norwegian standard and its successors, on the one hand, and Modern Norwegian dialects on the other hand have influenced each other. Nowadays, no clear dividing line can be drawn between the two.
The term Dano-Norwegian is seldom used with reference to contemporary Bokmål and its spoken varieties. The nationality of the language has been a hotly debated topic, and its users and proponents have generally not been fond of the implied association with Danish (hence the neutral names Riksmål and Bokmål, meaning state language and literary language respectively). The debate intensified with the advent of a new Norwegian written language in the 19th century, now known as Nynorsk, which is based on Modern Norwegian dialects and puristic opposition to Danish and Dano-Norwegian. Historically, many Nynorsk supporters have held that Nynorsk is the only genuinely Norwegian language, since Riksmål/Bokmål is a relic of the dual monarchy; therefore, the term Dano-Norwegian applied to Bokmål can be used to stigmatize or delegitimize the language. Many Bokmål users consider this association to be offensive, and it is therefore mainly confined to the Nynorsk-supporting side of heated discussions.
See also
Gøtudanskt
Svorsk
Notes
Norwegian language
Danish language
Denmark–Norway | wiki |
Elrond Half-elven is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. Both of his parents, Eärendil and Elwing, were half-elven, having both Men and Elves as ancestors. He is the bearer of the elven-ring Vilya, the Ring of Air, and master of Rivendell, where he has lived for thousands of years through the Second and Third Ages of Middle-earth. He was the Elf-king Gil-galad's herald at the end of the Second Age, saw Gil-galad and king Elendil fight the dark lord Sauron for the One Ring, and Elendil's son Isildur take it rather than destroy it.
He is introduced in The Hobbit, where he plays a supporting role, as he does in The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion. Scholars have commented on Elrond's archaic style of speech, noting that this uses genuinely archaic grammar, not just a sprinkling of old words. The effect is to make his speech distinctive, befitting his age and status, while remaining clear, and avoiding quaintness. He has been called a guide or wisdom figure, a wise person able to provide useful counsel to the protagonists. It has been noted that just as Elrond prevented his daughter Arwen from marrying until conditions were met, so Tolkien's guardian, Father Francis Xavier Morgan, prevented Tolkien from becoming engaged or marrying until he came of age.
Fictional biography
First Age
Elrond was born in the First Age at the refuge of the Mouths of Sirion in Beleriand, the son of the half-elven mariner Eärendil and Elwing his wife, and a great-grandson of Beren and Lúthien. Not long afterwards, the havens were destroyed by the sons of Fëanor, who captured Elrond and his brother Elros. Their parents feared that they would be killed; instead, they were befriended by Fëanor's sons Maedhros and Maglor. Like his parents but unlike his brother, Elrond chose to be counted among the Elves when the choice of kindreds was given to him. When Beleriand was destroyed at the end of the First Age, Elrond went to Lindon with the household of Gil-galad, the last High King of the Noldor.
Second Age
During the War of the Elves and the dark lord Sauron in the Second Age, the king Gil-galad sent Elrond to the defence of Eregion against the Dark Lord. Sauron destroyed Eregion and surrounded Elrond's army, but the dwarf-king Durin and the elf-king of Lórien, Amroth, attacked Sauron's rearguard. Sauron turned to fight them, and drove them back to Moria. Elrond was able to retreat north to a secluded valley, where he established the refuge of Imladris, later called Rivendell; he lived there through the Second and Third Ages.
Near the end of the Second Age, the Last Alliance of Elves and Men was formed, and the army departed from Imladris to Mordor, led by Elendil and Gil-galad. Sauron killed both of them at the end of the siege of Barad-dûr. Elrond saw Elendil's son Isildur destroy Sauron's physical body and take the One Ring for himself; Elrond and Cirdan urged Isildur to destroy it, but he refused. Elrond served as Gil-galad's herald, and he and Círdan were entrusted with the two Elven Rings that Gil-galad held. Elrond and Círdan were the only ones to stand with Gil-galad when he fell.
Third Age
Elrond married Celebrían, daughter of Celeborn and Galadriel, early in the Third Age. The place and date of Celebrían's birth are not specified. In the version of their history that describes Galadriel and Celeborn as rulers of Eregion in the Second Age, Galadriel and Celebrían left Eregion for Lórinand as Sauron's influence over Eregion grew. According to one account, Celebrían and her parents later lived for many years in Rivendell (Imladris). Celebrían and Elrond had three children: the twins Elladan and Elrohir, and Arwen Undómiel (Evenstar).
On a trip from Rivendell to Lórien, Celebrían was waylaid by Orcs in the Redhorn Pass on Caradhras in the Misty Mountains. She was captured and tormented and received a poisoned wound. She was rescued by her sons and healed by Elrond, but "after fear and torment" she could no longer find joy in Middle-earth, so she passed to the Grey Havens and over the Sea to Valinor in the following year.
Elrond was an ally of the North-Kingdom of Arnor. Following its fall, Elrond harboured the Chieftains of the Dúnedain (the descendants of the Kings of Arnor) and the Sceptre of Annúminas, Arnor's symbol of royal authority. When Aragorn's father Arathorn was killed a few years after Aragorn's birth, Elrond raised Aragorn in his own household and became a surrogate father to him. Aware of his daughter Arwen's feelings for Aragorn, Elrond would permit their marriage only if Aragorn could unite Arnor and Gondor as High King.
In The Hobbit, Elrond gave shelter to Thorin Oakenshield and his company during their quest to retake Erebor from the Dragon Smaug. Elrond befriended the Hobbit Bilbo Baggins, the company's "burglar", and received him as a permanent guest some 60 years later.
Elrond headed the Council of Elrond, at which it was decided that the One Ring should be destroyed where it was forged, in Mount Doom in Mordor. He agreed that Frodo Baggins, Bilbo's nephew and heir, should bear the Ring during the journey, aided by eight others, reasoning that a company of nine in the service of Middle-earth would counteract the nine Nazgûl, Sauron's most fearsome servants, who sought to help their master conquer it.
When Arwen chose mortality in order to be with Aragorn, Elrond reluctantly accepted her decision as the greater good, as she would help to renew the declining lineage of the Dúnedain. When the Fellowship found Aragorn and the Rohirrim during their journey to Gondor, Elrond's son Elrohir told Aragorn, "I bring word to you from my father: The days are short. If thou art in haste, remember the Paths of the Dead." Aragorn took Elrond's advice, using the Paths of the Dead to reach Gondor in time to come to its aid.
Elrond remained in Rivendell until the destruction of both the Ring and Sauron in the War of the Ring. He then travelled to Minas Tirith for the marriage of Arwen and Aragorn, now King of the Reunited Kingdom of Arnor and Gondor. Three years later, at the approximate age of 6,520, Elrond left Middle-earth to go over the Sea with Gandalf, Galadriel, Frodo, and Bilbo, never to return. Tolkien said that "after the destruction of the Ruling Ring the Three Rings of the Eldar lost their virtue. Then Elrond prepared at last to depart from Middle-earth and follow Celebrían." Elrond and Celebrían were thus finally reunited, but separated forever from their daughter Arwen.
Analysis
Role and responsibility
The Tolkien scholar Richard C. West writes that there is a familiar trope in stories for a harsh, disapproving father to set difficult and possibly fatal obstacles in the path of his daughter's unwelcome suitors. He gives as example King Thingol's demand that the hero Beren must bring a Silmaril from the iron crown of the Dark Lord Morgoth. But, he writes, Elrond is a caring father with no trace of cruelty. The demand that Arwen "shall not be the bride of any Man less than the King of both Gondor and Arnor" is in his view just "giving his foster son incentive to achieve what it is his hereditary duty to attempt anyway", as well as doing the best for his daughter: "Elrond loves them both".
The humanities scholar Brian Rosebury writes that Tolkien contrasts Elrond's paternal love for Arwen with the distant, painful relationship of Denethor, the despairing and ultimately suicidal Steward of Gondor, and his son Faramir. He notes that this was a major theme in Tolkien's legendarium, with father-son pairs like Húrin and Túrin, or the Dark Elf Eöl betrayed by his power-hungry son, Maeglin. Rosebury comments that Elrond's forbidding Arwen to marry has an analogue with Tolkien's own youth, when his guardian Father Francis Morgan took responsibility for Tolkien's moral wellbeing after his mother Mabel's death, blocking his relationship with Edith Bratt, whom he eventually married.
Charles W. Nelson, writing in Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, describes Elrond as a guide or wisdom figure, a wise person able to provide useful counsel to the protagonists. He is seen in The Hobbit as one with knowledge of the ancient runes and the ability to read moon letters, as well as giving advice on the best route. In The Lord of the Rings, he is seen to have extensive knowledge of the history of Middle-earth, including of the One Ring, and provides wise assistance on planning the necessary action to destroy the Ring. That said, he also shows that he knows the limits of his knowledge, as the capabilities of Hobbits, in his words "the Shire-folk", are outside his experience. Such, Nelson concludes, is the function of a guide, and Elrond fulfils it "admirably" and to the best of his ability, just as in their different ways do Aragorn, Galadriel, Faramir, and Tom Bombadil.
Christine Larsen, in the Journal of Tolkien Research, analysed why Tolkien wrote "Master" Elrond, only once calling him "Lord of Rivendell" and never writing "Lord Elrond", in contrast for instance to "Lady Galadriel", "Lord Celeborn", and "the Elven-king Gil-galad". She notes that Elrond is certainly important, being "the thread that ties together all three of the great tales of the legendarium: Beren and Lúthien, The Fall of Gondolin, and The Children of Húrin." She notes too that the usage was clearly intentional, and that Tolkien was "excruciating[ly]" careful on such matters. She notes that he called Tom Bombadil "Master of wood, water, and hill", but denied that the term implied ownership. Further, "master" is used as a term of respect, as by Barliman Butterbur to the hobbits in Bree. Finally, she writes, mastery implies the skill of an authority or revered artist: the Dwarves are described as "masters of stone", as the Rohirrim are "masters of horses" and the Wizard Radagast is a "master of shapes and changes of hue". Applied to Elrond, he is a "master of healing", but more centrally he is the "greatest of lore-masters", a master of ancient wisdom and knowledge. She notes that among the Elves, the lore-masters were the Noldor: indeed that was the meaning of their name.
Style of speech
Thomas Kullmann, in the Nordic Journal of English Studies, describes Elrond's language as "archaic and stilted", marked out by formal speeches with the tripartite structure of rhetoric: "proposition, argumentation, and conclusion". Elrond, he writes, uses archaic conjunctions like "save" (meaning "except"), and literary phrases like "to wield at will", along with old-fashioned inversions of word order, like "That we now know too well". He notes however that Elrond uses simple short sentences, like "We cannot use the Ruling Ring."
The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey writes that Tolkien, professionally interested in words and language, reveals character through styles of speech. Elrond is seen to use an archaic but clear style in the Council of Elrond. Shippey states that his use of grammatical inversions is now rare, but still colloquial, as in common phrases like "Down came the rain. Up went the umbrellas." He writes that the old rule was that the verb had to come second in the sentence, so if something other than a noun phrase began a sentence, then the noun had to go after the verb. In this way, Shippey writes, Tolkien gives Elrond a consistently archaic style, using not just old words "(the first resort of the amateur medievalist)" but more importantly through grammar. The effect is to make his speech distinctive, suiting his immense age, while remaining clear, and never merely quaint. Importantly, his way of speaking links him with Isildur, who becomes a key figure later in the chapter.
Adaptations
Cyril Ritchard voiced Elrond in the 1977 Rankin/Bass animated film adaptation of The Hobbit. In Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated adaptation of The Lord of the Rings, Elrond was voiced by André Morell. When Rankin/Bass attempted to finish the story (left incomplete by Bakshi and his financial backers) with The Return of the King in 1980, actor Paul Frees voiced Elrond, Ritchard having died shortly after voicing the character in the previous film.
Carl Hague portrayed Elrond in National Public Radio's 1979 radio production of The Lord of the Rings. Hugh Dickson portrayed Elrond in BBC Radio's 1981 serialisation of The Lord of the Rings. In the 1993 Finnish television miniseries Hobitit, Elrond is played by Leif Wager. In the 2006 Toronto musical adaptation of The Lord of the Rings, Elrond was portrayed by Victor A. Young.
In The Lord of the Rings film trilogy and The Hobbit trilogy directed by Peter Jackson, Elrond is portrayed by Hugo Weaving. In The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring Elrond holds Men in lesser regard after witnessing Isildur's failure to destroy the One Ring. Unlike in the book, he is skeptical of Aragorn both in terms of his ability to lead the Men of the West and the courtship of his daughter. As shown in the flashback scene in The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, he forces Aragorn to end his engagement to Arwen so that she can leave to the Undying Lands, although she eventually makes the decision to stay with Aragorn in Middle-Earth. Later, he sends a "surprisingly well-drilled army" to the Battle of Helm's Deep, an act the Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey writes was made to fit a 21st century view of political and military expectations.
In the 2022 television series The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power, a younger Elrond is played by Robert Aramayo.
Weaving reprised his role as both Elrond and the narrator in video games The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II (2006) and The Lord of the Rings: Conquest (2009).
In the 2002 video game adaptation of The Fellowship of the Ring Elrond is voiced by Jim Piddock, who later reprised the role for The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest (2010) and The Lord of the Rings: War in the North (2011). Elrond is one of the major characters in The Lord of the Rings Online (2007).
Genealogy
Notes
References
Primary
This list identifies each item's location in Tolkien's writings.
Secondary
Sources
Middle-earth Half-elven
Fictional twins
Characters in The Hobbit
The Lord of the Rings characters
Middle-earth rulers
Characters in The Silmarillion
Literary characters introduced in 1937
Ring-bearers
de:Figuren in Tolkiens Welt#Elrond
simple:Middle-earth characters#Elrond | wiki |
I Never Promised You a Rose Garden may refer to:
I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (novel), a 1964 semi-autobiographical novel of a teenage girl's battle with schizophrenia by Joanne Greenberg
I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (film), a 1977 film based on the Joanne Greenberg novel
I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (play), a 2004 play based on the Joanne Greenberg novel
"(I Never Promised You a) Rose Garden", a song written by Joe South | wiki |
A master franchise is a franchise relationship in which the owner of the franchise brand (the master franchisor) grants to another party the right to recruit new franchisees in a specific area. In exchange, the other party typically pays some price as well as agreeing to take on some or all of the responsibility to train and support new franchisees in their area. Because the role of a master franchisee within their territory is similar to that of a franchisor, they are often referred to as sub-franchisors. As of 2020, according to an in-depth survey of franchisors based in the United States, approximately 20% of franchisors use master franchising as an international growth strategy. According to the research, it is the most popular (either by itself or in conjunction with multi-unit development), method for U.S. franchisors to expand abroad.
Business model
In general, a franchise enables a product to be dispersed across more outlets and regions, solving many geographic concerns raised by large market companies. It allows the franchisor to distribute its product or services with similar economies of scale to that of a large chain. The franchisor gives up the meticulous management of non-franchisor entities, but is still able to contain significant control over the look, feel, and branding of geographically dispersed individual businesses.
Generally, a master franchisor will grant the master franchisee, or subfranchisor, the right to third-party operations within a defined territory. And then, with respect to regional issues, the subfranchisor will assume the role of the franchisor, but they typically will not own or operate the franchise. They are removed from a direct management position. This duplication of the franchisor's role forms an additional layer of control in the general franchise system, which results in some small-scale inefficiencies on the small, local scale but greatly reduces the large-scale inefficiencies. Additionally, a master franchise allows the company holding the franchising permit to benefit from management talent and more and more accessible capital.
Combined, these two factors translate into almost instant penetration into the market and a competitive advantage, both of which increase system growth rates. Managerial levels and hierarchical framework exemplify one competitive advantage. By allowing the franchisor to specialize in recruiting, screening and training of subfranchisors, who then develop their area in a similar way, the overall growth rate of chains increases. Other benefits include faster development, a more comprehensive financial base, specific expansion plans, access to capital and a regular cash flow, proximity to the customer, some independence, and the ability to address the demands of the customers as well as address the local competition.
Drawbacks
Although master franchising can be beneficial and advantageous, there are also setbacks, including legal problems and overly long contracts. One specific setback of master franchises is the increase in agency costs. Franchise agreements are needed to codify the enforcement of behavior. But, because all aspects of the franchise cannot be predicted, this requirement raises the opportunity for franchise shirking while reducing the overall ability to monitor all aspects of the franchise. Thus, some scholars hypothesize that "new franchise systems which employ master franchising are more likely to fail than are other new franchise systems."
Examples
Generally, the types of business that would adopt a master franchise model are domestic cleaners, fast food restaurants, computer equipment, real estate agencies, and convenience food stores.
References
Franchising | wiki |
Bamboo weaving is a type of bambooworking in which two distinct sets of bamboo strips are interlaced at normally right angles to form an object. The longitudinal lengths of bamboo are called the warp and the lateral lengths are known as the weft (also known as 'woof', an archaic English word meaning "that which is woven"), or filling. The method in which these strips are woven affects the characteristics of the finished piece.
Bamboo is typically hand-woven, with a number of bamboo weaving traditions having developed globally over time, particularly in Southeast Asia and East Asia, where bamboo suitable for weaving is particularly abundant.
Types
Chinese bamboo weaving
Japanese bamboo weaving
Korean
Taiwanese bamboo weaving
Jaapi (Assam, India)
Olia (Odisha, India; grain storage basket)
See also
, a Korean style of sedge weaving
Notes
References
Bamboo weaving | wiki |
A Hammer stapler is a tool used for securing a variety of thin plastic and paper sheet building materials against flat surfaces by tacking a staple using a high velocity slapping motion similar to that of swinging a hammer. Typically the shallower the staple, the better hold its grip on the surface is.
Also known as a slap stapler or slapper, it is most commonly used for the application of housewrap as well as some paper building materials which is installed by slap stapling the material onto plywood sheathing prior to siding installation during residential and commercial new build construction. Another common use is for securing insulation batts in between studs and joists as opposed to using insulation rods.
Hammer staplers are somewhat similar to staple guns but without the need to squeeze a trigger in order to use the tool for its intended purpose.
See also
Staple gun
Tools | wiki |
Zucchini is a type of squash.
It may also refer to:
Art, entertainment, and media
Zucchini (novel), 1982 children's novel
The Great Zucchini (born 1970), American children's entertainer
The Zucchini Warriors, a young adult novel by Gordon Korman
Food
Stuffed zucchinis, a recipe
Zucchini flower, an edible flower used in recipes
People
Luigi Zucchini (1915-1986), Italian ice hockey player
Mario Zucchini (1910-1997), Italian ice hockey player
Other uses
Palazzo Zucchini Solimei, Bologna, Renaissance architecture palace, near the Palazzo Aldrovandi
Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, an aphid-borne potyvirus
Zucc
See also
Zucco (disambiguation)
Zuccone (disambiguation)
Zucconi (disambiguation)
Zuke (disambiguation) | wiki |
Darjeeling Planters' Club is the club of Darjeeling Planters Association, located in the town of Darjeeling, in the Indian state of West Bengal. This association was formed in 1892 under the chairmanship of Mr. S.K. Bhasin, dissolving D.B.I.T.A. (Dooars Branch Indian Tea Association), though the first annual general meeting of the Darjeeling Planters was held in 1873 to consult about problems of the Darjeeling tea estates.
According to Darjeeling Planters Association, "Darjeeling Tea is the World’s most expensive and exotically flavoured tea. Connoisseurs will assert that without Darjeeling, Tea would be like Wine without the prestige of Champagne".
External links
Archived webpage of Darjeeling Planters Association
Darjeeling
Tea industry in West Bengal
Agricultural organisations based in India
Gorkhaland
Organisations based in West Bengal
Organizations established in 1862
1892 establishments in British India
Economic history of India
Buildings and structures in Darjeeling
Economy of Darjeeling district | wiki |
"Take me to your leader" is a science-fiction cartoon catchphrase, said by an extraterrestrial alien who has just landed on Earth in a spacecraft to the first human they happen to meet. In cartoons, the theme is frequently varied for comic effect, such as a pun on the phrase to suit the setting, or the alien addressing an animal or object they assume is an earthling.
It is believed to have originated in a 1953 cartoon by Alex Graham in The New Yorker magazine. The cartoon depicted two aliens telling a horse "Kindly take us to your President!"
By May 1957, when the Mr. Zero episode of the Adventures of Superman aired, the phrase was already a popular cliché.
In science fiction
The phrase is also frequently used in parody science-fiction media. Notable examples of its use include:
"If it's not too much of a cliché, take me to your leader. If it is too much of a cliché, take me anyway."
(Luke Skywalker, in Luke Skywalker and the Shadows of Mindor (2008))
The phrase is used in a message to Jodie Foster's character in Robert Zemeckis's 1997 film Contact.
"I want you to do something for me", she said, and unexpectedly laughed. "I want," she said, and laughed again. She put her hand over her mouth and said with a straight face, "I want you to take me to your leader."
(from Life, the Universe and Everything (1982) by Douglas Adams, describing Trillian addressing the inhabitants of Krikkit)
Numerous uses on the BBC television series Doctor Who (1963—present), usually spoken by the Doctor in a tongue-in-cheek or annoyed manner
In the 2018 Bumblebee film, one of the Decepticons quotes the phrase after requesting to use human technology to look for the Autobot Bumblebee.
Titles of songs, albums, and other works - see Take Me to Your Leader
In Protector by Larry Niven, Jack Brennan, after transforming into a protector, jokingly tells his finders "Take me to your leader" when they think he is an alien.
In the series premiere episode of Star Trek: Strange New Worlds (2022), during a covert mission to an uncontacted alien planet, Captain Pike (Anson Mount) is forced to reveal himself to the locals, and he wryly uses this line. He is indeed taken to meet the planetary leader.
References
Science fiction catchphrases
Editorial cartoons
Extraterrestrial life in popular culture
1950s neologisms
Quotations from comics
Comedy catchphrases | wiki |
Gum depigmentation, also known as gum bleaching, is a procedure used in cosmetic dentistry to lighten or remove black spots or patches on the gums consisting of melanin. Melanin in skin is very common in inhabitants in many parts of the world due to genetic factors. Melanin pigmentation in skin, oral mucosa, inner ear and other organs is a detoxification mechanism. Some toxic agents bind to melanin and will move out of the tissue with the ageing cells and are expelled to the tissue surfaces. Also in the gums and oral mucosa a visible pigmentation is most often caused by genetic factors, but also by tobacco smoking or in a few cases by long-term use of certain medications. If stopping smoking or change of medication do not solve the problem with a disfigurating melanin pigmentation, a surgical operation may be performed. The procedure itself can involve laser ablation techniques.
Laser gum depigmentation
Melanocytes are cells which reside in the basal layer of the gingival epithelium. These cells produce melanin, which are pigments that cause light or dark brown spots in gums and oral mucosa.
The most common cause is genetic factors or tobacco smoking, Smoker's melanosis. If the melanin pigmentation is found in a person smoking cigarettes, the most effective way to get rid of the pigmentation is to stop smoking. Most of the patients are free from the melanin pigmentation after 3 months.
A dental laser can target and ablate the melanocytes, thus reducing the production of melanin in the gingival tissue. Following laser depigmentation, the gingiva heals by secondary intention. This results in a lighter and more uniform color of the gums. A study found that (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser was effective and there were no signs of re-pigmentation after a 6-month follow up period.
See also
Tooth whitening
References
Dentistry procedures
Periodontology | wiki |
Continental Airport Express is a private shuttle van and bus service operating between Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, Chicago's Loop and various Chicago city and suburban hotels. Continental Airport Express is a successor company to the Parmalee Transfer Company, which was founded in 1853, and moved passengers and baggage between Chicago's six downtown railroad terminals.
External links
Continental Airport Express web page
Transportation in Chicago
Companies based in Chicago
Transportation companies of the United States
Transportation companies based in Illinois | wiki |
Suds or SUDS may refer to:
Common meanings
Slang for beer
Foam
Colloquial name for soluble oil cutting fluid (British English)
Acronym
Subjective units of distress scale, in psychology
Sudden unexpected death syndrome, the sudden unexpected death of adolescents and adults during sleep
Sustainable drainage system, an approach to urban water drainage system design
Sydney University Dramatic Society
Film and television
Suds (film), a 1920 silent film produced by and starring Mary Pickford
"Suds" (SpongeBob SquarePants), an episode of season 1 of the animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants
Suds McDuff, a fictional mascot in The Simpsons episode "Old Yeller-Belly"
People
Suds Merrick (died 1884), New York river pirate
nickname of Gene Fodge (1931–2010), American baseball pitcher
nickname of Harvey Suds Sutherland (1894–1972), American Major League Baseball pitcher and outfielder
Other uses
Sandusky Suds, a baseball team in the Ohio State League in 1887
"Suds", a track on the 1966 James Brown album Mighty Instrumentals
See also
Sud (disambiguation)
Lists of people by nickname | wiki |
Avunu may refer to:
Avunu Valliddaru Ista Paddaru, a 2002 Telugu film written and directed by Vamsy
Avunu (film), a 2012 Telugu film directed by Ravi Babu | wiki |
In rowing, the bow (or bowman or bowperson) is the rower seated closest to the bow of the boat, which is the forward part of the boat. The other end of the boat is called the stern, and the rower seated there is called the stroke. In a bow-coxed boat, the coxswain is closest to the boat's bow, but the rower closest to the bow is still considered the "bow."
Bow seat
When the boat has more than one rower, the rower closest to the bow of the boat is known as "bow". In coxless boats, bow is usually the person who keeps an eye on the water behind themselves to avoid accidents. The rower at the opposite end of the boat is referred to as stroke.
Bow side
Bow side refers to the starboard side of the boat which is on the right hand side of a cox facing forwards but on the left-hand side of a rower facing backwards. The usage derives from the tradition of having the bow rower's oar be on the starboard or right side of the boat.
In Cornish pilot gigs, the bow rower's oar is on the port left side and therefore bow side refers to the port side of the boat.
References
Rowing positions | wiki |
In rowing, the stroke is the rower seated closest to the stern of the boat. In the United Kingdom, the "stroke side" is the port side of the boat, because sweep rowing boats are usually rigged such that the stroke is on the port side of the boat.
Stroke seat
When the boat has more than one rower, the rower closest to the stern of the boat is referred to as "stroke". This is the most important position in the boat, because the stroke rower sets the stroke rate and rhythm for the rest of the crew to follow. Stroke seat has to be a very calm and yet very competitive individual. A good stroke will lead a team by bringing the best out of every rower in the boat. The rower at the opposite end of the boat is referred to as bow. Dudley Storey, double Olympic medallist for New Zealand and later the country's national coach, describes the required qualities of a stroke as follows:
Stroke side
Stroke side refers to the port side of the boat, which is on the left-hand side of a cox facing forwards, but on the right-hand side of a rower facing backwards. The usage derives from the tradition of having the stroke rower's oar be on the port side of the boat. However, the stroke seat oar in a sweep boat does not always emerge from port side, such as when the boat is starboard rigged.
In Cornish pilot gigs, the stroke rower's oar is on the starboard (right) side and therefore stroke side refers to the starboard side of the boat.
References
Rowing positions | wiki |
TaskFreak! is an open-source, web interface, time and task management tool. It was created in 2005 as a standalone web application. It has been ported to a WordPress plugin in 2013.
See also
Task management
Taskwarrior
References
project start date/first version
taskfreak contributors
licence and creator
External links
TaskFreak! main page
WordPress plugin
TaskFreak! on the FSF free software directory
Source code on GitHub
Administrative software
Task management software
Free task management software
Free personal information managers
Cross-platform free software
WordPress | wiki |
Conjuration or Conjuring may refer to:
Concepts
Conjuration (summoning), the evocation of spirits or other supernatural entities
Conjuration, a school of magic in Dungeons & Dragons
Conjuration (illusion), the performance of stage magic
Incantation, or a magic spell
The swearing of an oath, or a conspiracy (archaic use)
Films
Conjuring (1896 film), an 1896 French short silent film
The Conjuring Universe, an American supernatural horror film franchise
The Conjuring, the 2013 first film in the series
Other uses
Conjuration (EP), a 2003 EP by Behemoth
Conjuration: Fat Tuesday's Session, a 1983 album by Pepper Adams
Conjuring (book), a 1992 book by James Randi
"The Conjuring" (song), a 1986 song by Megadeth
See also
Conjurer (disambiguation)
Conjugation (disambiguation) | wiki |
Legolas (pronounced ) is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. He is a Sindar Elf of the Woodland Realm and one of the nine members of the Fellowship who set out to destroy the One Ring. He and the Dwarf Gimli are close friends.
Commentators have noted that Legolas serves as a typical Elf in the story, demonstrating more-than-human abilities such as seeing further than anyone else in Rohan and sensing the memory of a long-lost Elvish civilisation in the stones of Hollin.
Fictional history
Legolas was the son of Thranduil, King of the Woodland Realm of Northern Mirkwood, who appeared as "the Elvenking" in The Hobbit. Thranduil, one of the Sindar or "Grey Elves", ruled over the Silvan Elves or "Wood-elves" of Mirkwood.
Legolas is introduced at the Council of Elrond in Rivendell, where he came as a messenger from his father to discuss Gollum's escape from their guard. Legolas was chosen to be a member of the Fellowship of the Ring, charged with destroying the One Ring. He accompanied the other members in their travels from Rivendell to Amon Hen, When the fellowship was trapped by a snowstorm while crossing the Misty Mountains, Legolas scouted ahead, running lightly over the snow, and told Aragorn and Boromir that the thick snow they were trying to push through was only a narrow wall. Back in the lowlands of Hollin, Legolas helped fend off an attack by Saruman's wargs. Gandalf then led the fellowship on a journey underground through Moria. In Moria, Legolas helped fight off Orcs and recognized "Durin's Bane" as a Balrog. After Gandalf's fall, Aragorn led the Fellowship to the Elven realm of Lothlórien. Legolas spoke to the Elf-sentries there on behalf of the Fellowship.
There was initially friction between Legolas and the Dwarf Gimli, because of the ancient quarrel between Elves and Dwarves, rekindled by Thranduil's treatment of Gimli's father Glóin. Legolas and Gimli became friends when Gimli greeted Galadriel respectfully. When the fellowship left Lothlórien, Galadriel gave the members gifts; Legolas received a longbow, which he used to bring down a Nazgûl's flying steed in the dark with one shot.
After Boromir's death and the capture of Merry Brandybuck and Pippin Took by orcs, Legolas, Aragorn, and Gimli set out across Rohan in pursuit of the two captured hobbits. In the forest of Fangorn Legolas and his companions met Gandalf, resurrected as "Gandalf the White," who delivered a message to Legolas from Galadriel. Legolas interpreted this as foretelling the end of his stay in Middle-earth:
"Legolas Greenleaf long under tree,
In joy thou hast lived, Beware of the Sea!
If thou hearest the cry of the gull on the shore,
Thy heart shall then rest in the forest no more."
The three met with the Riders of Rohan, fought in the Battle of Helm's Deep, and witnessed Saruman's downfall at Isengard, where they were reunited with Merry and Pippin.
Legolas and Gimli accompanied Aragorn and the Grey Company on the Paths of the Dead. After Aragorn summoned the Dead of Dunharrow to fight for him, Legolas saw them terrify the Corsairs of Umbar from their ships at Pelargir. Galadriel's prophecy was fulfilled: as Legolas heard the cries of seagulls, he experienced the Sea-longing — the desire to sail west to Valinor, the "Blessed Realm", latent among his people. He fought in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields and at the Black Gate, and watched as Sauron was defeated and Barad-dûr collapsed.
After the destruction of the One Ring, Legolas remained in Minas Tirith for Aragorn's coronation and marriage to Arwen. Later, Legolas and Gimli travelled together through Fangorn forest and to the Glittering Caves of Aglarond, as Legolas had promised Gimli. Eventually Legolas brought south many Silvan Elves, and they dwelt in Ithilien, and it became once again the "fairest country in all the westlands." They stayed in Ithilien for "a hundred years of Men." After Aragorn dies, Legolas built a small ship and sailed West, reportedly taking Gimli with him.
Concept and creation
The name Legolas Greenleaf first appeared in "The Fall of Gondolin", one of the "Lost Tales", circa 1917. The character, who guides survivors of the sack of the city to safety, is mentioned only once.
The medievalists Stuart D. Lee and Elizabeth Solopova note that Legolas's lament over the stones of the Elvish land of Hollin: "Only I hear the stones lament them: deep they delved us, fair they wrought us, high they builded us; but they are gone," recalls the Old English poem The Ruin.
The Tolkien critic Paul Kocher writes of the same passage that it shows how Elves such as Legolas have senses keener than mortal Men: he can see further and can even hear the stones lamenting the passing of the Elves. In Kocher's view, Legolas is an "emissary for the Elves", as Gimli is for the dwarves; he suggests that the point Tolkien was making was that Legolas was a typical young elf.
The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey observes that Legolas, describing the great hall of Meduseld in the capital of Rohan, too far off for any but an Elf to make out clearly, speaks a line which is a direct translation of one from Beowulf: "The light of it shines far over the land", líxte se léoma ofer landa fela.
Adaptations
Legolas was voiced by Anthony Daniels in Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated version of The Lord of the Rings. In the film, he takes Glorfindel's place in the "Flight to the Ford"; he meets Aragorn and the hobbits on their way to Rivendell and sets Frodo on his horse before Frodo is chased by the Nazgûl to the ford of Bruinen.
Legolas was voiced by David Collings in the 1981 BBC Radio 4 adaptation. In the 1993 Finnish miniseries Hobitit he was portrayed by Ville Virtanen.
In Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings movie trilogy (2001–2003), Legolas was portrayed by Orlando Bloom. He was presented as an unstoppable fighter, performing dramatic feats of battle.
Bloom reprised his role as Legolas in Jackson's 2013 release The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug, and again for the 2014 follow-up The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies. Legolas's role in the films is an addition, as he did not appear in the novel. He is attracted to the non-canon elf-woman Tauriel.
In the West End musical, The Lord of the Rings: The Musical, Legolas was portrayed by Michael Rouse. Legolas appeared as a playable character in Lego Dimensions as an expansion character, bundled with an arrow launcher.
References
Primary
This list identifies each item's location in Tolkien's writings.
Secondary
Grey Elves
Teleri
Fictional archers
The Lord of the Rings characters
Literary characters introduced in 1954
Adventure film characters
de:Figuren in Tolkiens Welt#Legolas | wiki |
Erbium(III) iodide is an iodide of lanthanide metal erbium. The compound is insoluble in water and is white to slightly pink in appearance. The chemical can be produced by the reaction of elemental iodine and finely divided erbium by the following equation:
2Er + 3I_2\longrightarrow 2ErI_3
References
Erbium compounds
Iodides
Lanthanide halides | wiki |
Hands All Over may refer to:
Hands All Over (album), by Maroon 5
"Hands All Over", the title track from the album
"Hands All Over" (Soundgarden song)
id:Hands All Over | wiki |
The Rim Trail is a hiking trail located on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon National Park, located in the U.S. state of Arizona. It is a trail between the South Kaibab Trailhead west to Hermit's Rest.
See also
The Grand Canyon
List of trails in Grand Canyon National Park
References
Hiking trails in Grand Canyon National Park
National Park Service rustic in Arizona | wiki |
Richard Bingham (2. hrabia Lucan)
Richard Bingham (7. hrabia Lucan) | wiki |
Sculpt 3D is a raytrace application released in 1987 for Amiga computers programmed by Eric Graham. Sculpt 3D was one of the first ray tracing applications released for the Amiga computers. It proved that raytracing could be done on home computers as well as on mainframes. Years later, the company Byte by Byte released a port for the Apple Macintosh.
The Amiga Juggler
The first demo that showed the raytracing capabilities was an animation of a juggler juggling three chrome balls. Even though the juggler was constructed out of spheres, the balls' reflections and movement made it look realistic. The juggler demo was generated on an experimental version of Sculpt 3D. The animation, released in January 1986, generated so much interest that the full 3D application was programmed.
Sculpt 4D
Sculpt 3D created still images, and a tool compiled an animation from these still images. Sculpt 4D (Sculpt-Animate 4D) added animation capabilities to Sculpt 3D. It allowed movement of objects by setting keyframes.
See also
TurboSilver
Imagine
References
3D graphics software
Amiga raytracers
1987 software | wiki |
Barium boride is a hard material with a high melting point. It can be formed by passing a barium vapour at >750 °C over boron crystals:
However, it can also be formed by reacting barium chloride with boron in two stages: firstly at 900 °C for 30 minutes and then at 1,500 °C for 60 minutes.
Potential applications
Barium boride has been considered as a candidate for use in hot-cathode electron guns.
References
Barium compounds
Borides | wiki |
Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group är ett av världens största filmkonsortier, en av Hollywoods så kallade "Big Six Studios" (övriga fem är 20th Century Fox, NBC Universal, Paramount Pictures, Sony Pictures och Warner Bros. Entertainment).
Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group är en del av Walt Disney Company och består av samtliga av Disneykoncernens filmbolag: Walt Disney Pictures, Touchstone Pictures, Hollywood Pictures samt Miramax Films. Dessutom ingår Buena Vista Distribution, som distribuerar de olika filmbolagens titlar.
Amerikanska filmbolag
Walt Disney Company | wiki |
Symphony No. 32 may refer to:
Symphony No. 32 (Haydn)
Symphony No. 32 (Michael Haydn)
Symphony No. 32 (Mozart)
032 | wiki |
Dyslexia is a disorder characterized by problems with the visual notation of speech, which in most languages of European origin are problems with alphabet writing systems which have a phonetic construction.
Examples of these issues can be problems speaking in full sentences, problems correctly articulating Rs and Ls as well as Ms and Ns, mixing up sounds in multi-syllabic words (ex: for animal, for spaghetti, for helicopter, for hamburger, for magazine, etc.), problems of immature speech such as "wed and gween" instead of "red and green".
The characteristics of dyslexia have been identified mainly from research in languages with alphabetic writing systems, primarily English. However, many of these characteristic may be transferable to other types of writing systems.
The causes of dyslexia are not agreed upon, although the consensus of neuroscientists believe dyslexia is a phonological processing disorder and that dyslexics have reading difficulties because they are unable to see or hear a word, break it down to discrete sounds, and then associate each sound with letters that make up the word. Some researchers believe that a subset of dyslexics have visual deficits in addition to deficits in phoneme processing, but this view is not universally accepted. In any case, there is no evidence that dyslexics literally "see" letters backward or in reverse order within words. Dyslexia is a language disorder, not a vision disorder.
Poor working memory may be another reason why those with dyslexia have difficulties remembering new vocabulary words. Remembering verbal instructions may also be a struggle. Dyslexics who have not been given structured language instruction may grow to depend on learning individual words by memory rather than decoding words by mapping phonemes (speech sounds) to graphemes (letters and letter combinations which represent individual speech sounds).
Listening, speech and language
Some shared symptoms of the speech or hearing deficits and dyslexia:
Confusion with before/after, right/left, and so on
Difficulty learning the alphabet
Difficulty with word retrieval or naming problems
Difficulty identifying or generating rhyming words, or counting syllables in words (phonological awareness)
Difficulty with hearing and manipulating sounds in words (phonemic awareness)
Difficulty distinguishing different sounds in words (auditory discrimination)
Difficulty in learning the sounds of letters (In alphabetic writing systems)
Difficulty associating individual words with their correct meanings
Difficulty with time keeping and concept of time
Confusion with combinations of words
Difficulty in organization skills
The identification of these factors results from the study of patterns across many clinical observations of dyslexic children. In the UK, Thomas Richard Miles was important in such work, and his observations led him to develop the Bangor Dyslexia Diagnostic Test.
Reading and spelling
In terms of reading and spelling, we find that:
Spelling errors — Because of difficulty learning letter-sound correspondences, individuals with dyslexia might tend to misspell words, or leave vowels out of words.
Letter order - People with dyslexia may also reverse the order of two letters, especially when the final, incorrect, word looks similar to the intended word
Letter addition/subtraction - People with dyslexia may perceive a word with letters added, subtracted, or repeated. This can lead to confusion between two words containing most of the same letters.
Highly phoneticized spelling - People with dyslexia also commonly spell words inconsistently, but in a highly phonetic form, such as writing "shud" for "should". Dyslexic individuals also typically have difficulty distinguishing among homophones such as "their" and "there".
Seeing words backwards sometimes - a person sometimes might see the words backwards.
Writing and motor skills
Because of literacy problems, an individual with dyslexia may have difficulty with handwriting. This can involve slower writing speed than average, poor handwriting characterized by irregularly formed letters, or inability to write straight on a blank paper with no guideline.
Some studies have also reported gross motor difficulties in dyslexia, including motor skills disorder. This difficulty is indicated by clumsiness and poor coordination. The relationship between motor skills and reading difficulties is poorly understood, but could be linked to the role of the cerebellum and inner ear in the development of reading and motor abilities.
Mathematical abilities
Dyslexia and dyscalculia are two learning disorders with different cognitive profiles.
Dyslexia and dyscalculia have separable cognitive profiles, mainly a phonological deficit in the case of dyslexia and a deficient number module in the case of dyscalculia.
Individuals with dyslexia can be gifted in mathematics while having poor reading skills. They might have difficulty with word processing problems (e.g. descriptive mathematics, engineering or physics problems that rely on written text rather than numbers or formulas).
Adaptive attributes
A study has found that entrepreneurs are five times more likely to be dyslexic than average citizens.
In the United States, researchers estimate the prevalence of dyslexia to range from three to ten percent of school-aged children, though some have put the figure as high as 17 percent. Recent studies indicate that dyslexia is particularly prevalent among small business owners, with roughly 20 to 35 percent of US and British entrepreneurs being affected.
Evidence based on randomly selected populations of children indicate that dyslexia affects boys and girls equally; that dyslexia is diagnosed more frequently in boys appears to be the result of sampling bias in school-identified sample populations.
References
Further reading
External links
The International Dyslexia Association
Dyslexia | wiki |
An orc (sometimes spelled ork; , adjective: orkish, orcish), in general, is a hideous creature such as an ogre, a sea monster, or a giant in literature. An orc, in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle Earth fantasy fiction, is a race of humanoid monsters, which he also refers to as "goblin"-kind.
The orcs appear (especially in The Lord of the Rings) as a brutish, aggressive, ugly, and malevolent race of monsters, contrasting with the benevolent Elves. They are a corrupted race of elves, either bred that way by Morgoth, or turned savage in that manner, according to the Silmarillion.
The orc was a sort of "hell-devil" or giant in Old English literature, and the (pl. , "demon-corpses") was a race of corrupted beings and descendants of Cain, alongside the elf, according to the poem Beowulf. Tolkien adopted the term orc from these old attestations, which he professed was a choice made purely for "phonetic suitability" reasons.
The use of the term orc in the sense of "sea monster" or "devouring monster, ogre" already occurred in Early Modern English (ca. late 16th cent.), according to the Oxford English Dictionary presumably consulted by Tolkien. The orc "sea monster" derived from orca, was unconnected to Tolkien's orc, but the other orc monster had the same Old English origins as Tolkien's orc, but also influenced by ogre () of Northern European folk tales and fairy tales.
Tolkien's concept of orcs has been adapted into the fantasy fiction of other authors, and into games of many different genres such as Dungeons & Dragons, Magic: The Gathering, and Warcraft.
Etymology
Old English
The word orc probably derives from the Latin word/name .
The term is glossed as "" ("Goblin, spectre, or hell-devil") in the 10th century Old English Cleopatra Glossaries, about which Thomas Wright wrote, "Orcus was the name for Pluto, the god of the infernal regions, hence we can easily understand the explanation of hel-deofol. Orc, in Anglo-Saxon, like thyrs, means a spectre, or goblin."
The term is used just once in Beowulf (in the sense of a monstrous being), as the plural compound orcneas, one of the tribes belonging to the descendants of Cain, alongside the elves and ettins (giants) condemned by God:
is translated "evil spirits" above, but its meaning is uncertain. Frederick Klaeber suggested it consisted of orc < L. orcus "the underworld" + neas "corpses", to which the translation "evil spirits" failed to do justice. It is generally supposed to contain an element -né, cognate to Gothic naus and Old Norse nár, both meaning 'corpse'. If *orcné is to be glossed as orcus 'corpse', then the compound word can be construed as "demon-corpses", or "corpse from Orcus (i.e. the underworld)". Hence orc-neas may have possibly been some sort of walking dead monster, a product of ancient necromancy, or even be flat out called zombies, to use a familiar modern term from popular culture.
Modern English
In the modern sense more generally in literature, an orc denotes some horrid-faced or shaped monster, including an ogre, a sea monster, or a giant.
The word "orc" or "ork" (var. "orque", "orke") came into usage in the Early Modern English language, in the late 16th century according to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). Tolkien, who was a contributor to the OED had certainly studied this entry.
This "orc, ork" in the first sense, referring vaguely to some sea monster (not necessarily killer whale) was a word that Tolkien himself supposed was not related to his orc, as stated in his letter (see quote under §Stated etymology). The sea monster orca in Orlando Furioso, is sometimes rendered as "orc" in modern English, and as "orke" in the early translation (cf. [[#Orlando's orca|§ Orlando'''s orca]]).
The word in the second sense of "devouring monster, ogre" is related to Old English orc, invoked by Tolkien. Thus the term seems related to the glossary entry "" and passage in Beowulf about (discussed in the preceding §Old English). The word is also etymologically "derived or influenced by L. orcus and Romanic orco [meaning 'ogre']".
One early usage is from Samuel Holland's 1656 work Don Zara del Fogo quoted as: "Who at one stroke didst pare away three heads from off the shoulders of an Orke, begotten by an Incubus".
The term "orc" has later attestations, for example, it appears on lists of imaginary creatures in two of Charles Kingsley's mid-1860s novels.
The term "orc" as monster was kept current in popular culture owing to Tolkien (and Disney), and kept from becoming obsolete like the third sense of the word, according to philologist Roberta Frank.
== Orlando's orca ==
The sea monster orca ("orke", "orc") in Orlando Furioso, which received the chained Angelica as sacrifice in the fashion of Andromeda has been given as example of "orc" in literature. The creature (described in Cantos VIII, X) is battled by Ruggiero, a native character introduced into the Italian Charlemagne cycle.
There is also the orco, and ogre or giant ("ork, orke", "orko" etc.), occurring in a later portion of Orlando Furioso (Canto XVII).
Tolkien
The term "orc" is used only once in the first edition of The Hobbit (1937) and are usually called "goblins" elsewhere in that book; but "orc" was later used ubiquitously in The Lord of the Rings.
The "orc-" element occurs the sword name Orcrist, which is given as its Elvish language name, and it is glossed as "Goblin-cleaver, but the goblins called it simply Biter".
Stated etymology
Tolkien began the more modern use of the English term "orc" to denote a race of evil, humanoid creatures. His earliest Elvish dictionaries include the entry Ork (orq-) "monster", "ogre", "demon", together with orqindi and "ogresse". He sometimes used the plural form orqui in his early texts. He stated that the Elvish words for orc were derived from a root ruku, "fear, horror"; in Quenya, orco, plural orkor; in Sindarin orch, plurals yrch and Orchoth (as a class). They had similar names in other Middle-earth languages: uruk in Black Speech; in the language of the Drúedain gorgûn, "ork-folk"; in Khuzdul rukhs, plural rakhâs; and in the language of Rohan and in the Common Speech, orka.
Tolkien stated in a letter to the novelist Naomi Mitchison that his orcs had been influenced by George MacDonald's The Princess and the Goblin.
He explained that his "orc" was "derived from Old English orc 'demon', but only because of its phonetic suitability", and
Tolkien also observed a similarity with the Latin word orcus, noting that "the word used in translation of Q[uenya] urko, S[indarin] orch is Orc. But that is because of the similarity of the ancient English word orc, 'evil spirit or bogey', to the Elvish words. There is possibly no connection between them."
Description
Orcs are of human shape, and of varying size. They are depicted as ugly and filthy, with a taste for human flesh. They are fanged, bow-legged and long-armed. Most are small and avoid daylight.
By the Third Age, a new breed of orc had emerged, the Uruk-hai, larger and more powerful, and no longer afraid of daylight. Orcs eat meat, including the flesh of Men, and may indulge in cannibalism: in The Two Towers, Grishnákh, an orc from Mordor, claims that the Isengard orcs eat orc-flesh. Whether that is true or spoken in malice is uncertain: an orc flings Peregrin Took stale bread and a "strip of raw dried flesh... the flesh of he dared not guess what creature".
Half-orcs appear in The Lord of the Rings, created by interbreeding of orcs and Men; they were able to go in sunlight. The "sly Southerner" in The Fellowship of the Ring looks "more than half like a goblin"; similar but more orc-like hybrids appear in The Two Towers "man-high, but with goblin-faces, sallow, leering, squint-eyed."
In Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings films, the actors playing orcs are made up with masks designed to make them look evil. After a disagreement with the "notorious" Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein, Jackson had one of the masks made to resemble Weinstein, as an insult to him.
Orkish language
The Orcs had no language of their own, merely a pidgin of many various languages. However, individual tribes developed dialects that differed so widely that Westron, often with a crude accent, was used as a common language. A few words of the Black Speech are common among Orcs: ghâsh ("fire"), sharkû ("old man", leading to Saruman's nickname "Sharkey"), snaga ("slave"), and Uruk ("orc"). Another Orkish word is tark ("Man of Gondor") from Westron and ultimately Quenya tarkil.
When Sauron returned to power in Mordor in the Third Age, Black Speech was used by the captains of his armies and by his servants in Barad-dûr. A substantial sample of debased Black Speech/Orkish can be found in The Two Towers, where a "yellow-fanged" guard Orc of Mordor curses Uglúk of Isengard:Uglúk u bagronk sha pushdug Saruman-glob búbhosh skai!In The Peoples of Middle-earth, Tolkien gives the translation: "Uglúk to the cesspool, sha! the dungfilth; the great Saruman-fool, skai!". However, in a note published in Vinyar Tengwar he gives an alternative translation: "Uglúk to the dung-pit with stinking Saruman-filth, pig-guts, gah!"
Alexandre Nemirovsky speculates that Tolkien may have drawn upon the language of the ancient Hittites and Hurrians for Black Speech and Orkish.
In-fiction origins
The origin(s) of orcs were explained inconsistently in two different ways by Tolkien: the orcs were either East Elves (Avari) enslaved, tortured, and bred by Morgoth (as Melkor became known), or, "perhaps.. Avari [(a race of elves)].. [turned] evil and savage in the wild", both according to The Silmarillion.
The orcs "multiplied" like Elves and Men, i.e., reproduced sexually (with a mate). Tolkien stated in a letter dated 21 October 1963 to a Mrs. Munsby that "there must have been orc-women". In The Fall of Gondolin Morgoth made them of slime by sorcery, "bred from the heats and slimes of the earth". Or, they were "beasts of humanized shape", possibly, Tolkien wrote, Elves mated with beasts, and later Men. Or again, Tolkien noted, they could have been fallen Maiar, perhaps a kind called Boldog, like lesser Balrogs; or corrupted Men.
Shippey writes that the orcs in The Lord of the Rings were almost certainly created just to equip Middle-earth with "a continual supply of enemies over whom one need feel no compunction", or in Tolkien's words from The Monsters and the Critics "the infantry of the old war" ready to be slaughtered. Shippey states that all the same, orcs share the human concept of good and evil, with a familiar sense of morality, though he notes that, like many people, orcs are quite unable to apply their morals to themselves. In his view, Tolkien, as a Catholic, took it as a given that "evil cannot make, only mock", so orcs could not have an equal and opposite morality to that of men or elves.
In a 1954 letter, Tolkien wrote that orcs were "fundamentally a race of 'rational incarnate' creatures, though horribly corrupted, if no more so than many Men to be met today." Robert T. Tally wrote in Mythlore that despite the uniform presentation of orcs as "loathsome, ugly, cruel, feared, and especially terminable", "Tolkien could not resist the urge to flesh out and 'humanize' these inhuman creatures from time to time", in the process giving them their own morality.
Shippey notes that in The Two Towers, the orc Gorbag disapproves of the "regular elvish trick"–an immoral act–of seeming to abandon a comrade, as he wrongly supposes Sam Gamgee has done with Frodo Baggins. Shippey describes the implied view of evil as Boethian, that evil is the absence of good. He notes, however, that Tolkien did not agree with that point of view; Tolkien believed that evil had to be actively fought, with war if necessary, something that Shippey describes as representing the Manichean position, that evil coexists with good and is at least equally powerful.
Debated racism
The possibility of racism in Tolkien's descriptions of orcs has been debated. In a private letter, Tolkien describes orcs as:
O'Hehir describes orcs as "a subhuman race bred by Morgoth and/or Sauron (although not created by them) that is morally irredeemable and deserves only death. They are dark-skinned and slant-eyed, and although they possess reason, speech, social organization and, as Shippey mentions, a sort of moral sensibility, they are inherently evil." He notes Tolkien's own description of them (quoted above), saying it could scarcely be more revealing as a representation of the "Other", and states "it is also the product of his background and era, like most of our inescapable prejudices. At the level of conscious intention, he was not a racist or an anti-Semite" and mentions Tolkien's letters to this effect. The literary critic Jenny Turner, writing in the London Review of Books, endorses Andrew O'Hehir's comment on Salon.com that orcs are "by design and intention a northern European's paranoid caricature of the races he has dimly heard about".
The scholar of English literature Robert Tally describes the orcs as a demonized enemy, despite (he writes) Tolkien's own objections to demonization of the enemy in the two World Wars. In a letter to his son, Christopher, who was serving in the RAF in the Second World War, Tolkien wrote of orcs as appearing on both sides of the conflict:
John Magoun, writing in the J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia, states that Middle-earth has a "fully expressed moral geography". Any moral bias towards a north-western geography, however, was directly denied by Tolkien in a letter to Charlotte and Denis Plimmer, who had recently interviewed him in 1967:
Scholars of English literature William N. Rogers II and Michael R. Underwood note that a widespread element of late 19th century Western culture was fear of moral decline and degeneration; this led to eugenics. In The Two Towers, the Ent Treebeard says:
The Germanic studies scholar Sandra Ballif Straubhaar however argues against the "recurring accusations" of racism, stating that "a polycultured, polylingual world is absolutely central" to Middle-earth, and that readers and filmgoers will easily see that. The historian and Tolkien scholar Jared Lobdell likewise disagreed with any notions of racism inherent or latent in Tolkien's works, and wondered "if there were a way of writing epic fantasy about a battle against an evil spirit and his monstrous servants without its being subject to speculation of racist intent".
The journalist David Ibata writes that the interpretations of orcs in Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings films look much like "the worst depictions of the Japanese drawn by American and British illustrators during World War II."
Other fiction
As a response to the type-casting of orcs as generic evil characters or antagonists, some novels portray events from the point of view of the orcs, or make them more sympathetic characters. Mary Gentle's 1992 novel Grunts! presents orcs as generic infantry, used as metaphorical cannon-fodder. A series of books by Stan Nicholls, Orcs: First Blood, focuses on the conflicts between orcs and humans from the orcs' point of view. In Terry Pratchett's Discworld series, orcs are close to extinction; in his Unseen Academicals it is said that "When the Evil Emperor wanted fighters he got some of the Igors to turn goblins into orcs" to be used as weapons in a Great War, "encouraged" by whips and beatings.
In games
Orcs based on The Lord of the Rings have become a fixture of fantasy fiction and role-playing games. In the fantasy tabletop role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons, orcs were among the earliest creatures introduced in the game, and were largely based upon those described by Tolkien. The D&D orcs are a tribal race of hostile and bestial humanoids with muscular frames, large canine teeth and snouts rather than human-like noses. The orc appears in the first edition Monster Manual (1977), where it is described as a fiercely competitive bully, a tribal creature often living underground. The mythology and attitudes of the orcs are described in detail in Dragon #62 (June 1982), in Roger E. Moore's article, "The Half-Orc Point of View", and the orc is further detailed in Paizo Publishing's 2008 book Classic Monsters Revisited.
Games Workshop's Warhammer universe features cunning and brutal Orks in a fantasy setting, who are driven not so much by a need to do evil as to obtain fulfilment through the act of war. In the Warhammer 40,000, a series of science-fiction games, they are a green-skinned alien species, called 'Orks'. Orcs are an important race in Warcraft, a high fantasy franchise created by Blizzard Entertainment. Several orc characters from the Warcraft universe are playable heroes in the crossover multiplayer game Heroes of the Storm. In the Elder Scrolls series, many orcs or Orsimer are skilled blacksmiths.
In Hasbro's Heroscape products, orcs come from the pre-historic planet Grut. They are blue-skinned, with prominent tusks or horns. Several orc champions ride prehistoric animals (including a Tyrannosaurus rex, a Velociraptor and sabre-tooth tigers, known as Swogs). The Skylander Voodood from the first game in the series, Spyro's Adventure, is an orc. The 1993 Wizards of the Coast collectible card game Magic: The Gathering involves numerous orc cards.
See also
Haradrim – the dark-skinned "Southrons" who fought for Sauron alongside the orcs
Troll (Middle-earth) – large humanoids of great strength and poor intellect, also used by Sauron
Notes
References
Primary This list identifies each item's location in Tolkien's writings.''
Secondary
Sources
;
External links
9 milestones in orcs history. Wired magazine article
RPG.NET Article about Orcs
Orc Roleplaying Community website
Fantasy creatures
Fantasy tropes
Fictional humanoids
Fictional monsters
Fictional warrior races
Fictional elves
Fictional ogres
Fictional goblins
Middle-earth monsters | wiki |
The Perils of "Privilege": Why Injustice Can't Be Solved by Accusing Others of Advantage is a 2017 non-fiction book by Phoebe Maltz Bovy.
Overview
A look into the concept of "privilege" and how it affects progressive politics and that accusing others of unearned advantages does nothing to address inequality and perhaps only makes things worse.
References
External links
Author's website
2017 non-fiction books
English-language books
Political books
Linguistic controversies
White privilege
Progressivism in the United States
St. Martin's Press books | wiki |
Stella (Stella comunidad) is a community in Pueblo barrio and Calvache barrio, in the municipality of Rincón, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 1,088.
See also
List of communities in Puerto Rico
List of barrios and sectors of Rincón, Puerto Rico
References
Barrios of Rincón, Puerto Rico | wiki |
The Confederate Monument is a Confederate memorial in Fort Payne, Alabama, in the United States. The monument was installed in 1913, "erected through the efforts of the Sons and Daughters of the Confederacy, with the assistance of other interested citizens. The monument was originally located in the center of town and was moved to its present location at a later time. .
See also
Confederate Monument (Camden, Alabama)
Confederate Monument (Ozark, Alabama)
Confederate Monument (Troy, Alabama)
List of Confederate monuments and memorials
References
1913 establishments in Alabama
Buildings and structures completed in 1913
Buildings and structures in DeKalb County, Alabama
Confederate States of America monuments and memorials in Alabama
Outdoor sculptures in Alabama | wiki |
The Confederate Monument, also known as the "Comrades" Confederate Monument, is a Confederate memorial in Troy, Alabama, in the United States. The monument was installed in 1908 by the Pike Monumental Association, United Confederate Veterans, and the United Daughters of the Confederacy of Pike County, Alabama.
See also
Confederate Monument (Camden, Alabama)
Confederate Monument (Fort Payne, Alabama)
Confederate Monument (Ozark, Alabama)
List of Confederate monuments and memorials
References
1908 establishments in Alabama
Buildings and structures in Pike County, Alabama
Confederate States of America monuments and memorials in Alabama
Outdoor sculptures in Alabama | wiki |
This is a list of manufacturers of flash memory controllers for various flash memory devices like SSDs, USB flash drives, SD cards, and CompactFlash cards.
List
Note: Independent=sells to any 3rd party; Captive=only used for their own products
Largest NAND flash memory manufacturers
The following are the largest NAND flash memory manufacturers, as of the first quarter of 2019.
Samsung 29.9%
Kioxia (formerly Toshiba) 20.2%
Micron Technology (Crucial) 16.5%
Western Digital (SanDisk) 14.9%
SK Hynix (Klevv) 9.5%
Intel 8.5%
See also
Flash memory
History of hard disk drives
List of defunct hard disk manufacturers
List of solid-state drive manufacturers
References
Flash memory controller manufacturers
Flash memory controller
Manufacturers | wiki |
Dumbo puede referirse a:
Dumbo (1941), película animada de Walt Disney.
Dumbo (2019), película animada de Tim Burton, adaptación de la película homónima de 1941.
Dumbo, un vecindario en Brooklyn, Nueva York. | wiki |
The Confederate Monument, also known as the Confederate Dead of Wilcox County, is an outdoor memorial in Camden, Alabama, in the United States. The monument was installed in 1880 by the Ladies Memorial and Wilcox Monumental Associations.
See also
Confederate Monument (Fort Payne, Alabama)
Confederate Monument (Ozark, Alabama)
Confederate Monument (Troy, Alabama)
List of Confederate monuments and memorials
References
1880 establishments in Alabama
1880 sculptures
Buildings and structures in Wilcox County, Alabama
Confederate States of America monuments and memorials in Alabama
Outdoor sculptures in Alabama | wiki |
Seymour Fagan (born 30 December 1967 in Old Harbour Bay) is a retired male track and field sprinter from Jamaica who specializes in the 400 metres. He won a bronze medal in 4 × 400 metres relay at the 1991 World Championships, together with teammates Patrick O'Connor, Devon Morris and Winthrop Graham.
Achievements
References
1967 births
Living people
People from Saint Catherine Parish
Jamaican male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1991 Pan American Games
World Athletics Championships medalists
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Jamaica
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
Competitors at the 1990 Goodwill Games
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games | wiki |
Sauron (pronounced ) is the title character and the primary antagonist, through the forging of the One Ring, of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, where he rules the land of Mordor and has the ambition of ruling the whole of Middle-earth. In the same work, he is identified as the "Necromancer" of Tolkien's earlier novel The Hobbit. The Silmarillion describes him as the chief lieutenant of the first Dark Lord, Morgoth. Tolkien noted that the Ainur, the "angelic" powers of his constructed myth, "were capable of many degrees of error and failing", but by far the worst was "the absolute Satanic rebellion and evil of Morgoth and his satellite Sauron". Sauron appears most often as "the Eye", as if disembodied.
Tolkien, while denying that absolute evil could exist, stated that Sauron came as near to a wholly evil will as was possible. Commentators have compared Sauron to the title character of Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula, and to Balor of the Evil Eye in Irish mythology. Sauron is briefly seen in a humanoid form in Peter Jackson's film trilogy, which otherwise shows him as a disembodied, flaming Eye.
Fictional history
Before the world's creation
The Ainulindalë, the cosmological myth prefixed to The Silmarillion, explains how the supreme being Eru initiated his creation by bringing into being innumerable good, immortal, angelic spirits, the Ainur, including Sauron, one of the lesser Ainur, the Maiar. In his origin, Sauron therefore perceived the Creator directly. He was of a "far higher order" than the Maiar who later came to Middle-earth as the Wizards, such as Gandalf and Saruman. The Vala Melkor (later called Morgoth) rebelled against Eru, breaking the cosmic music that Eru had used in the world's creation with discord. So began "the evils of the world", which Sauron continued.
Sauron's fall in the First Age
Servant of Aulë
Sauron served Aulë, the smith of the Valar, acquiring much knowledge; he was at first called Mairon ("The Admirable", in Tolkien's invented language of Quenya) until he joined Melkor. In Beleriand, he was called Gorthu "Mist of Fear" and Gorthaur "The Cruel" in Sindarin, another of Tolkien's invented languages. Sauron was drawn to the power of Melkor, who attracted him by seeming to have power to "effect his designs quickly and masterfully", as Sauron hated disorder. Sauron became a spy for Melkor on the isle of Almaren, the dwelling-place of the Valar. Melkor soon destroyed Almaren, and the Valar moved to the Blessed Realm of Valinor, still not perceiving Sauron's treachery. Sauron left the Blessed Realm and went to Middle-earth, the central continent of Arda, where Melkor had established his stronghold. Sauron openly joined the Valar's enemy.
Lieutenant of Morgoth
Sauron became Morgoth's capable servant, helping him in all the "deceits of his cunning". By the time Elves awoke in the world, Sauron had become Melkor's lieutenant and was given command over the new stronghold of Angband. The Valar made war on Melkor and captured him, but Sauron escaped. He hid in Middle-earth, repaired Angband, and began breeding Orcs. Melkor escaped back to Middle-earth with the Silmarils. This conflicts with earlier versions of the story, in which Orcs existed before the wakening of the Elves, as in The Fall of Gondolin, p. 25.</ref> Sauron directed the war against the Elves, conquering the Elvish fortress of Minas Tirith (not to be confused with the later city in Gondor of the same name) on the isle of Tol Sirion in Beleriand. Lúthien and Huan the Wolfhound came to this fallen stronghold to save the imprisoned Beren, Lúthien's lover. Sauron, transformed into a werewolf, battled Huan, who took him by the throat; he was defeated and left as a huge vampire bat. Lúthien destroyed the tower and rescued Beren from the dungeons. Eärendil sailed to the Blessed Realm, and the Valar moved against Morgoth in the War of Wrath; he was defeated and cast into the Outer Void beyond the world, but again Sauron escaped.
The Rings of Power in the Second Age
About 500 years into the Second Age, Sauron reappeared, intent on taking over Middle-earth and ruling it as a God-King. To seduce the Elves into his service, Sauron assumed a fair appearance as Annatar, "Lord of Gifts", befriended the Elven-smiths of Eregion, led by Celebrimbor, and counselled them in arts and magic. With Sauron's assistance, the Elven-smiths forged the Rings of Power. Sauron then secretly forged the One Ring, to rule all other rings, in the volcanic Mount Doom in Mordor. The Elves detected his influence when he put on the One Ring, and removed their Rings. Enraged, Sauron initiated a great war and conquered much of the land west of Anduin. Sauron overran Eregion, killed Celebrimbor, and seized the Seven and the Nine Rings of Power. The Three Rings were saved by the Elves, specifically Gil-galad, Círdan, and Galadriel. Sauron besieged Imladris, battled Khazad-dûm and Lothlórien, and pushed further into Gil-galad's realm. The Elves were saved when a powerful army from Númenor arrived to their aid, defeating Sauron's forces and driving the remnant back to Mordor. Sauron fortified Mordor and completed the Dark Tower of Barad-dûr. He distributed the remaining rings of the Seven and the Nine to lords of Dwarves and Men, respectively. Dwarves proved too resilient to bend to his will, but he enslaved Men as the Nazgûl, his most feared servants. Orcs and Trolls became his servants, along with Easterlings and men of Harad.
Downfall of Númenor
Toward the end of the Second Age, Ar-Pharazôn, king of Númenor, led a massive army to Middle-earth. Sauron surrendered, to corrupt Númenor from within. With the One Ring, Sauron soon dominated the Númenóreans. He used his influence to undermine the religion of Númenor, acting as the high priest of Melkor and making people worship Melkor with human sacrifice. Sauron convinced Ar-Pharazôn to attack Aman by sea to steal immortality from the Valar. The Valar laid down their guardianship of the world and appealed to Eru. Eru destroyed the fleet, reshaped the world into a globe, removing Aman from the physical world. Númenor was drowned under the sea, Sauron's body was destroyed in the tumults and he lost the ability to appear beautiful.
War of the Last Alliance
Led by Elendil, nine ships carrying faithful Númenóreans were saved from the Downfall; they founded the kingdoms of Gondor and Arnor in Middle-earth. Sauron returned to Mordor; Mount Doom again erupted. Sauron captured Minas Ithil and destroyed the White Tree; Elendil's son Isildur escaped down the Anduin. Anárion defended Osgiliath and for a time drove Sauron's forces back to the mountains. Isildur and Anárion formed an alliance and defeated Sauron at Dagorlad. They invaded Mordor and laid siege to Barad-dûr for seven years. Finally Sauron came out to fight Elendil and Gil-galad face to face. When Elendil fell, his sword Narsil broke beneath him. Isildur took up the hilt-shard of Narsil and cut the One Ring from Sauron's hand, vanquishing Sauron. Elrond and Círdan, Gil-galad's lieutenants, urged Isildur to destroy the Ring by casting it into Mount Doom, which would have banished Sauron from Middle-earth for ever, but he refused and kept it for his own.
Third Age
A few years after the War of the Last Alliance, Isildur's army was ambushed by Orcs at the Gladden Fields. Isildur put on the Ring and attempted to escape by swimming across Anduin, but the Ring, trying to return to Sauron, slipped from his finger. Isildur was killed by Orc archers. Sauron spent a thousand years as a shapeless, dormant evil.
The Necromancer of Dol Guldur
Sauron concealed himself in the south of Mirkwood as the Necromancer, in the stronghold of Dol Guldur, "Hill of Sorcery". The Valar sent five Maiar as Wizards to oppose the darkness, believing the Necromancer to be a Nazgûl rather than Sauron himself. The chief of the Nazgûl, the Witch-king of Angmar, repeatedly attacked the northern realm of Arnor, destroying it. When attacked by Gondor, the Witch-king retreated to Mordor, gathering the Nazgûl there. The Nazgûl captured Minas Ithil, which was renamed Minas Morgul, and seized its palantír, one of the seven seeing stones brought from Númenor. The White Council of Wizards discovered Sauron in Dol Guldur, and drove him from Mirkwood; he returned to Mordor, openly declared himself, rebuilt Barad-dûr, and bred armies of specially large Orcs - the Uruks.
The War of the Ring
In 3017, Gandalf identified Bilbo's Ring, now passed down to Bilbo's cousin Frodo, as Sauron's One Ring. He tasked Frodo and his friend Sam Gamgee with taking the Ring to Rivendell. Soon afterward, however, Gandalf discovered Saruman's treachery. Sauron sent the Nazgûl to the Shire; they pursued Frodo, who escaped to Rivendell. There, Elrond convened a council. It determined that the Ring should be destroyed in Mount Doom, and formed the Fellowship of the Ring to achieve this. Saruman attempted to capture the Ring, but his army was destroyed and his stronghold at Isengard was overthrown. The palantír of Orthanc fell into the hands of the Fellowship; Aragorn, Isildur's descendant and heir to the throne of Gondor, used it to show himself to Sauron as if he held the Ring. Sauron, troubled by this revelation, attacked Minas Tirith sooner than he had planned. His army was destroyed at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. Meanwhile, Frodo and Sam entered Mordor through the pass of Cirith Ungol. Aragorn diverted Sauron's attention with an attack on the Black Gate of Mordor. Frodo and Sam reached Mount Doom, but at the last minute Frodo was entranced by the Ring and claimed it for himself. Gollum then seized the Ring and fell into the Cracks of Doom, destroying the Ring and himself. Thus Sauron was utterly defeated, and vanished from Middle-earth. Tolkien describes Sauron's destruction:
Appearance
Physical body
Tolkien never described Sauron's appearance in detail, though he painted a watercolour illustration of him. Sarah Crown, in The Guardian, wrote that "we're never ushered into his presence; we don't hear him speak. All we see is his influence". She called it "a bold move, to leave the book's central evil so undefined – an edgeless darkness given shape only through the actions of its subordinates", with the result that he becomes "truly unforgettable ... vaster, bolder and more terrifying through his absence than he could ever have been through his presence".
He was initially able to change his appearance at will, but when he became Morgoth's servant, he took a sinister shape. In the First Age, the outlaw Gorlim was ensnared and brought into "the dreadful presence of Sauron", who had daunting eyes. In the battle with Huan, the hound of Valinor, Sauron took the form of a werewolf. Then he assumed a serpent-like form, and finally changed back "from monster to his own accustomed [human-like] form". He took on a beautiful appearance at the end of the First Age to charm Eönwë, near the beginning of the Second Age when appearing as Annatar to the Elves, and again near the end of the Second Age to corrupt the men of Númenor. He appeared then "as a man, or one in man's shape, but greater than any even of the race of Númenor in stature ... And it seemed to men that Sauron was great, though they feared the light of his eyes. To many he appeared fair, to others terrible; but to some evil." After the destruction of his fair form in the fall of Númenor, Sauron always took the shape of a terrible dark lord. His first incarnation after the Downfall of Númenor was hideous, "an image of malice and hatred made visible". Isildur recorded that Sauron's hand "was black, and yet burned like fire".
Eye of Sauron
Throughout The Lord of the Rings, "the Eye" (known by other names, including the Red Eye, the Evil Eye, the Lidless Eye, the Great Eye) is the image most often associated with Sauron. Sauron's Orcs bore the symbol of the Eye on their helmets and shields, and referred to him as the "Eye" because he did not allow his name to be written or spoken, according to Aragorn. The Lord of the Nazgûl threatened Éowyn with torture before the "Lidless Eye" at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. Frodo had a vision of the Eye in the Mirror of Galadriel:
Later, Tolkien writes as if Frodo and Sam really glimpse the Eye directly. The mists surrounding Barad-dûr are briefly withdrawn, and:
This raises the question of whether an "Eye" was Sauron's actual manifestation, or whether he had a body beyond the Eye. Gollum (who was tortured by Sauron in person) tells Frodo that Sauron has, at least, a "Black Hand" with four fingers. The missing finger was cut off when Isildur took the Ring, and the finger was still missing when Sauron reappeared centuries later. Tolkien writes in The Silmarillion that "the Eye of Sauron the Terrible few could endure" even before his body was lost in the War of the Last Alliance. In the draft text of the climactic moments of The Lord of the Rings, "the Eye" stands for Sauron's very person, with emotions and thoughts:
Christopher Tolkien comments: "The passage is notable in showing the degree to which my father had come to identify the Eye of Barad-dûr with the mind and will of Sauron, so that he could speak of 'its wrath, its fear, its thought'. In the second text ... he shifted from 'its' to 'his' as he wrote out the passage anew."
Concept and creation
Since the earliest versions of The Silmarillion legendarium as detailed in the History of Middle-earth series, Sauron underwent many changes. The prototype or precursor Sauron-figure was a giant monstrous cat, the Prince of Cats. Called Tevildo, Tifil and Tiberth among other names, this character played the role later taken by Sauron in the earliest version of the story of Beren and Tinúviel in The Book of Lost Tales in 1917. The Prince of Cats was later replaced by Thû, the Necromancer. The name was then changed to Gorthû, Sûr, and finally to Sauron. Gorthû, in the form Gorthaur, remained in The Silmarillion; both Thû and Sauron name the character in the 1925 Lay of Leithian.
The story of Beren and Lúthien also features the heroic hound Huan and involved the subtext of cats versus dogs in its earliest form. Later the cats were changed to wolves or werewolves, with the Sauron-figure becoming the Lord of Werewolves.
Before the publication in 1977 of The Silmarillion, Sauron's origins and true identity were unclear to those without access to Tolkien's notes. In 1968, the poet W. H. Auden conjectured that Sauron might have been one of the Valar.
Interpretations
Wholly evil will
Tolkien stated in his Letters that although he did not think "Absolute Evil" could exist as it would be "Zero", "in my story Sauron represents as near an approach to the wholly evil will as is possible." He explained that, like "all tyrants", Sauron had started out with good intentions but was corrupted by power, and that he "went further than human tyrants in pride and the lust for domination", being in origin an immortal (angelic) spirit. He began as Morgoth's servant; became his representative, in his absence in the Second Age; and at the end of the Third Age actually claimed to be 'Morgoth returned.
Destructive Dracula-figure
Gwenyth Hood, writing in Mythlore, compares Sauron to Count Dracula from Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula. In her view, both of these monstrous antagonists seek to destroy, are linked to powers of darkness, are parasitical on created life, and are undead. Both control others psychologically and have "hypnotic eyes". Control by either of them represents "high spiritual terror" as it is a sort of "damnation-on-earth".
Celtic Balor of the Evil Eye
Edward Lense, also writing in Mythlore, identifies a figure from Celtic mythology, Balor of the Evil Eye, as a possible source for the Eye of Sauron. Balor's evil eye, in the middle of his forehead, was able to overcome a whole army. He was king of the evil Fomoire, who like Sauron were evil spirits in hideously ugly bodies. Lense further compares Mordor to "a Celtic hell", just as the Undying Lands of Aman resemble the Celtic Earthly Paradise of Tír na nÓg in the furthest (Atlantic) West; and Balor "ruled the dead from a tower of glass".
Antagonist
The Tolkien scholar Verlyn Flieger writes that if there was an opposite to Sauron in The Lord of the Rings, it would not be Aragorn, his political opponent, nor Gandalf, his spiritual enemy, but Tom Bombadil, the earthly Master who is entirely free of the desire to dominate and hence cannot be dominated.
Adaptations
Film
In film versions of The Lord of the Rings, Sauron has been left off-screen as "an invisible and unvisualizable antagonist" as in Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated version, or as a disembodied Eye, as in Rankin/Bass' 1980 animated adaptation of The Return of the King.
In the 2001–2003 film trilogy directed by Peter Jackson, Sauron is voiced by Alan Howard. He is briefly shown as a large humanoid figure clad in spiky black armour, portrayed by Sala Baker, but appears only as the disembodied Eye throughout the rest of the storyline. In earlier versions of Jackson's script, Sauron does battle with Aragorn, as shown in the extended DVD version of The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. The scene was removed as too large a departure from Tolkien's text and was replaced with Aragorn fighting a troll. Sauron appears as the Necromancer in Jackson's The Hobbit film adaptations, where he is voiced by Benedict Cumberbatch.
Sauron appears in the form of his eye in The Lego Batman Movie voiced by Jemaine Clement. He is one of the many pre-existing villains the Joker frees from the Phantom Zone to run amok in Gotham City.
Television
Sauron's rise to power in the Second Age is portrayed in the Amazon Prime prequel series The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power. He appears disguised as the non-canonical character Halbrand, played by Charlie Vickers.
Video games
Sauron appears in the merchandise of the Jackson films, including computer and video games. These include The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II (where he was voiced by Fred Tatasciore), The Lord of the Rings: Tactics, and The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age. In the Lord of the Rings Online (LOTRO) game, he is featured as an enemy.
In culture
The nickname "Eye of Sauron" has been given to multiple eye-like objects, namely the planetary nebulae M 1-42 and Helix Nebula, the star system HR 4796A, and the intermediate spiral Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151. Also in astronomy, the SAURON project is an integral-field spectrograph for the William Herschel Telescope with "a large field of view and high throughput" for study of "nearby early-type galaxies".
The zoologist Kirill Eskov, author of The Last Ringbearer, a retelling of The Lord of the Rings from Mordor's point of view, has named a genus of linyphiid sheet weaver spiders Sauron after the Middle-earth character.
The Eye of Sauron is mentioned in The Stand, a post-apocalyptic novel written by Stephen King. The villain Randall Flagg possesses an astral body in the form of an "Eye" akin to the Lidless Eye. The novel itself was conceived by King as a "fantasy epic like The Lord of the Rings, only with an American setting". The idea of Sauron as a sleepless eye that watches and seeks the protagonists also influenced King's epic fantasy series The Dark Tower; its villain, the Crimson King, is a similarly disembodied evil presence whose icon is also an eye.
In the Marvel Comics Universe, the supervillain Sauron, an enemy of the X-Men, names himself after the Tolkien character. In the comic series Fables, by Bill Willingham, one character is called "The Adversary", an ambiguous figure of immense evil and power believed to be responsible for much of the misfortune in the Fables' overall history. Willingham has stated "The Adversary", in name and in character, was inspired by Sauron.
Notes
References
Primary
This list identifies each item's location in Tolkien's writings.
Secondary
Sources
Bearers of the One Ring
The Lord of the Rings characters
Characters in The Silmarillion
Literary characters introduced in 1937
Fictional characters who use magic
Fictional necromancers
Fictional torturers
Fictional demons and devils
Middle-earth Maiar
Middle-earth rulers
Video game bosses
de:Figuren in Tolkiens Welt#Sauron | wiki |
This is a list of the Italy national football team results from 2010 to the present day. During this period, Italy have achieved second place at UEFA Euro 2012, third place at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, first place at UEFA Euro 2020, third place at 2020–21 UEFA Nations League and second place at CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions 2022.
Results
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
1Indicates new coach
2023
Notes
References
External links
Upcoming fixtures on FIGC.it
Italy – International Matches 2010–2019 on RSSSF.com
2010s in Italy
Italy national football team results | wiki |
In corporate governance, a governance board also known as council of delegates are chosen by the stockholders of a company to promote their interests through the governance of the company and to hire and fire the board of directors.
In civil service, a supervisory board or regulatory board is often a legislatively independent body with authority over other non-governmental boards (i.e. boards embedded within and run by industry bodies), such as found in some systems of regulated marketing, especially in the agricultural sector. The scope of supervision is to supervise other supervisory bodies. Industry boards are typically oriented toward their own stakeholders, while the second-instance supervision takes a broader view of all stakeholders, including the public interest.
Corporate governance varies between countries, especially regarding the board system. There are countries that have a one-tier board system (like the U.S.) and there are others that have a two-tier board system like Germany.
In a one-tier board, all the directors (both executive directors as well as non-executive directors) form one board, called the board of directors.
In a two-tier board there is a separate management board i.e., board of directors (all executive directors and all non-executive directors) and a separate governance board i.e. council of delegates (all executive delegates and all non executive delegates). The council of delegates representing the governance board is the equivalent of the management board i.e. board of directors of a single-tier board, while the chairman of the management board is reckoned as the company's chief executive officer and managing director. These 03 positions are held by the same individual.
Germany
German corporation law, the Aktiengesetz, requires all public companies (Aktiengesellschaften) to have two boards:
a management board called a Vorstand and a supervisory board called an Aufsichtsrat. The supervisory board oversees and appoints the members of the management board and must approve major business decisions.
For German companies with more than 2,000 employees, half of the members of the supervisory board are elected by the employees. When a German company has 500–2,000 employees, the workers select one-third of the supervisory board.
When it comes to internal elections the chairman of supervisory board, the Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender, has two votes in case of a draw.
The supervisory board, in theory, is intended to provide a monitoring role. However, the appointment of supervisory board members has not been a transparent process and has therefore led to inefficient monitoring and poor corporate governance in some cases (Monks and Minow, 2001).
The discussion about whether a one-tier or a two-tier board system leads to better corporate governance is ongoing in Germany and many other countries.
China
Another example of a two-tier board system: Mainland China
In China's corporation law, it stipulates a limited liability company (有限责任公司) to have: a board of directors (董事会) and a board of supervisors (监事会).
Regarding the Chinese requirements of a board of supervisors, under Articles 52 to 57 of the Company Law of the People's Republic of China:
A limited liability company requires to set up a board of supervisors, which shall comprise at least 3 persons. A limited liability company, which has relatively less shareholders or is relatively small in scale, may have 1 or 2 supervisors, and does not have to establish a board of supervisors. The board of supervisors shall include representatives of shareholders and representatives of the employees of the company at an appropriate ratio which shall be specifically stipulated in the Articles of Association. The employees' representatives, who are to serve as members of the board of supervisors, shall be democratically elected by the employees of the company through the meeting of the employees' representatives or employees' meeting, or by any other means. The board of supervisors shall have one chairman, who shall be elected by half or more of all the supervisors. The chairman of the board of supervisors shall convene and preside over the meetings of the board of supervisors. If the chairman of the board of supervisors is unable to or does not perform his duties, the supervisor recommended by half or more of the supervisors shall convene and preside over the meetings of the board of supervisors. No director or senior manager may concurrently work as a supervisor.
Every term of office of the supervisors shall be 3 years. The supervisors may, after the expiry of their term of office, hold a consecutive term upon re-election. If no reelection is timely carried out after the expiry of the term of office of the supervisors, or the number of the members of the board of supervisors is less than the quorum due to the resignation of some directors from the board of supervisors prior to the expiry of their term of office, the original supervisors shall, before the newly elected supervisors assume their posts, exercise the authorities of the supervisors according to laws, administrative regulations as well as the articles of association.
The board of supervisors or supervisor of a company with no board of supervisors may exercise the following authorities: (1) checking the financial affairs of the company; (2) supervising the duty-related acts of the directors and senior managers, and bringing forward proposals on the removal of any director or senior manager who violates any law, administrative regulation, the articles of association or any resolution of the shareholders' meeting; (3) demanding any director or senior manager to make corrections if his act has injured the interests of the company; (4) proposing to convening temporary shareholders' meetings, and convening and presiding over shareholders' meetings when the board of directors does not exercise the functions of convening and presiding over the shareholders' meetings as prescribed in this Law; (5) bringing forward proposals at shareholders' meetings; (6) initiating actions against directors or senior managers according to other relevant Article of this Law; and (7) other duties as prescribed by the Articles of Association.
The supervisors may attend the meetings of the board of directors as non-voting delegates, and may raise questions or suggestions on the matters to be decided by the board of directors. If the board of supervisors or supervisor of the company with no board of directors finds that the company is running abnormally, it (he) may make investigations. Where necessary, it (he) may hire an accounting firm to help it (him), with the relevant expenses being borne by the company.
The board of supervisors shall hold meetings at least once a year. The supervisors may propose to hold temporary meetings of the board of supervisors. The discussion methods and voting procedures of the board of supervisors shall be prescribed in the articles of association, unless it is otherwise stimulated in this Law. The resolution of the board of supervisors shall be adopted by half or more of the supervisors. The board of supervisors shall make records for the resolutions on the matter it discusses, which shall be signed by the supervisors in presence.
The expenses necessary for the board of supervisors or the supervisor of a company with no board of supervisors to perform its (his) duties shall be borne by the company.
References
Corporate governance | wiki |
In commercial aviation, an outstation refers to an airport that is served by an air carrier but is not a hub, a focus city, nor a crew or maintenance base in that operator's network. Outstations often, but not necessarily, take the form of regional airports located in exurban or rural communities which handle lower passenger volumes and less-frequent service than hubs. For these reasons, outstations may lack passenger amenities and services which comprise an airline's typical customer experience standards. When an outstation is served by a hub-and-spoke style airline, it is common for its flights to depart early in the morning and arrive late at night due to scheduling patterns directing aircraft to remain-over-night (RON) for maximum fleet utilization.
Background
In the early decades of air transportation, passengers and mail were typically transported via point-to-point routes (also known as milk runs). Point-to-point networks typically operated like railroads; they originated and terminated in major bases but made stops at intermediate points along their way. These intermediate cities sometimes featured additional spur routes (operated by the main airline, its partners, or subsidiaries) connecting them with smaller regional outstations, in the same way, that railroads may structure branch lines. Point-to-point service often existed out of necessity; early airliners like the Ford Trimotor and Junkers Ju 52 only featured maximum ranges of around , and early aviation technology was insufficient to provide long-distance navigation and communication capabilities.
In most modern airline networks, outstations function as the 'spokes' of a hub-and-spoke structure. Passengers departing from these remote locations—all having a wide array of final destinations—can be consolidated on inbound flights to an airline's hub. Upon reaching the hub, they are self-sorted onto connecting flights to their final destinations. While the hub-and-spoke model tends to increase overall travel time due to indirect routing and layovers, it provides passengers with great flexibility and a greater choice in destinations.
Considerations
Infrastructure
Despite the less-robust presence maintained by air carriers at outstations than at hubs, an outstation still requires a baseline of investment and infrastructure on the carrier's behalf. In other words: air carriers must typically provide for several essential functions in order to reliably serve an airport. These functions include:
Line maintenance
Aircraft which become damaged or inoperable at an outstation must be made airworthy before returning to service. At outstations where an airline does not employ its own aircraft maintenance technicians, maintenance is performed by contracted personnel. These technicians are trained on the airline's logging procedures and qualified to perform line maintenance functions including troubleshooting, basic servicing of aircraft systems, and deferral of equipment in accordance with Minimum Equipment List procedures.
When heavy repairs are required to return an aircraft to revenue service, outstations are commonly unable to accommodate those needs. Many air carriers will either reposition inoperable aircraft via ferry flight, or—if a technical issue arises en route to an outstation—divert an inoperable aircraft to a hub or maintenance base.
Ground services
Air carriers may employ their own ramp crew and ground support equipment at outstations, or they may contract third-parties like Fixed-base operators (FBOs) to handle fueling, de-icing, baggage handling, cabin cleaning, and catering functions.
Passenger amenities
Carriers sometimes offer fewer passenger amenities in relation to the volume of customers served by an outstation. These amenities commonly include:
Airport lounges
First class (due to smaller flights operated by single-cabin regional airliners)
Jet bridges
References
External links
Airports by type | wiki |
The Silmarils (Quenya in-universe pl. Silmarilli, radiance of pure light) are three fictional brilliant jewels in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium, made by the Elf Fëanor, capturing the unmarred light of the Two Trees of Valinor. The Silmarils play a central role in Tolkien's book The Silmarillion, which tells of the creation of Eä (the universe) and the beginning of Elves, Dwarves and Men.
Tolkien, a philologist, derived the idea of Silmarils, jewels that actually contained light, from the Old English word Siġelwara; he concluded that Siġel meant both sun and jewel. Scholars have described the Silmarils as embodying Elvish pride in their own creation, or a Biblical desire for knowledge of good and evil as in the Genesis story of Garden of Eden. Verlyn Flieger analyses The Silmarillion as a story of splintering of the created light, which in her view Tolkien equates with God. The light is embodied first in two great lamps atop tall pillars to light Middle-earth. When these are destroyed, the light is held in the Two Trees of Valinor, and Fëanor crafts the Silmarils using their light. When the trees are killed, the last available splinters of the created light in Middle-earth are the Silmarils. When the Silmarils are scattered, to Earth, Sea, and Sky, the skyborne one becomes Eärendil's Star. The Elf-lady Galadriel collects light from the star and captures a little of it in the Phial of Galadriel, which enables the Hobbit protagonists of The Lord of the Rings to fulfil their quest.
Fictional history
Tolkien describes the history of the Silmarils in his book The Silmarillion, published after but in fiction long preceding the events of The Lord of the Rings. The Silmarils—"the most renowned of all the works of the Elves"—are created by Fëanor, a prince of the most skilful clan of Elves, the Noldor, from the light of the Two Trees of Valinor.
The Silmarils are made of the crystalline substance silima.
The Silmarils are hallowed by the Vala Varda, who kindled the first stars, so that they would burn the hands of any evil creature or mortal who touched them without just cause.
Together with the evil spider Ungoliant, the rebellious Vala Melkor destroys the Two Trees of Valinor. Later, at the healing effort of the Valar, one of the trees bears a silver flower, and the other bears a golden fruit, just before they die. These are sent to the sky, and became the Sun and the Moon, to illuminate Middle-earth against Melkor. But neither sphere radiates the original light of the trees, free of Ungoliant's poison. The Silmarils then contain all the remaining unmarred light of the Two Trees. Therefore, the Valar entreat Fëanor to give them up so they can restore the Trees, but he refuses. Then news comes that Melkor has killed Fëanor's father Finwë, the High King of the Noldor, and stolen the Silmarils. After this deed, Melkor flees from Valinor to his fortress Angband in the north of Middle-earth. Thereafter he wears the Silmarils in his Iron Crown.
Fëanor is furious at Melkor, whom he names Morgoth, "Dark Enemy of the World", and at the Valar's desire to take the gems for their own purposes. Together with his seven sons he swears the Oath of Fëanor, which binds them to fight anyone who withholds the Silmarils from them. This terrible oath results in much future trouble including mass murder and the war of Elf against Elf. Fëanor leads many of the Noldor back to Middle-earth. His flight, during the First Age of Middle-earth, leads to unending grief for the Elves and eventually for the Men of Middle-earth. Five major battles are fought in Beleriand, but ultimately the Noldor and all the people who took the oath fail in their attempt to regain the Silmarils from Morgoth.
One of the Silmarils is recovered by Beren and Lúthien through great peril and loss, when Lúthien sends Morgoth to sleep with her singing and Beren cuts it from his crown. The werewolf Carcharoth attacks them as they leave Angband and swallows Beren's hand containing the Silmaril; this drives Carcharoth mad. He is killed by Huan the Hound, who dies from his wounds, and the Elf-captain Mablung cuts the Silmaril out. It is taken to the Valar in the West by Eärendil, heir of Beren and Lúthien, as a token of repentance for Fëanor's rebellion. The Valar then set this Silmaril as a star in the sky. The other two gems remain in Morgoth's hands, until they are taken from him by a servant of the Vala Manwë at the end of the War of Wrath. However, soon afterwards, they are stolen by Fëanor's two remaining sons, Maedhros and Maglor, as they try to fulfil the oath they had sworn so many years before. But the jewels burn their hands, in denial of their rights of possession, as they had burned Morgoth's hands before. In agony, Maedhros throws himself and his Silmaril into a fiery pit, and Maglor throws his Silmaril into the sea. Thus the Silmarils remain in the ocean, the earth, and the sky—their light present but inaccessible to those in Middle-earth.
According to a prophecy of Mandos, following Melkor's final return and defeat in the Dagor Dagorath (Battle of Battles), the world will be changed and the Silmarils will be recovered by the Valar. Then Fëanor will be released from the Halls of Mandos, and he will give Yavanna the Silmarils. She will break them, and with their light she will revive the Two Trees. The Pelóri Mountains will be flattened, and the light of the Two Trees will fill the world in eternal bliss.
Analysis
Origins
The idea of the Silmaril is connected to Tolkien's philological exploration of the Old English word Siġelwara, which was used in the Old English Codex Junius to mean "Aethiopian". Tolkien wondered why the Anglo-Saxons should have had a word with this meaning, and conjectured that it had once meant something else, which he explored in his essay "Sigelwara Land". He stated that Siġel meant "both sun and jewel", the former as it was the name of the Sun rune *sowilō (ᛋ), the latter from Latin sigillum, a seal. He decided that Sigelwaras second component, Hearwa, was related to Old English heorð, "hearth", and ultimately to Latin carbō, "soot". He suggested this implied a class of demons "with red-hot eyes that emitted sparks and faces black as soot". The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey states that this contributed to the sun-jewel Silmarils, and "helped to naturalise the Balrog" (a demon of fire). The Aethiopians suggested to Tolkien the Haradrim, a dark southern race of men.
Creative pride
Shippey comments that the Silmarils relate to the book's theme in a particular way: the sin of the Elves is not human pride, as in the Biblical fall, but their "desire to make things which will forever reflect or incarnate their own personality". This Elvish form of pride leads Fëanor to forge the Silmarils, and, Shippey suggests, led Tolkien to write his fictions: "Tolkien could not help seeing a part of himself in Fëanor and Saruman, sharing their perhaps licit, perhaps illicit desire to 'sub-create'."
The critic Jane Chance views the Silmarils as "created things misused by their creators", like indeed the One Ring in The Lord of the Rings; and like it, they give their name to their book and help "to unify the entire mythology". She sees the theme as straightforwardly Biblical, the Silmarils symbolising "the same desire for knowledge of good and evil witnessed in the Garden of Eden."
Splintered light
The scholar of mythology and medieval literature Verlyn Flieger states in her book Splintered Light: Logos and Language in Tolkien's World that Tolkien equates light with God and the ability to create. In her view, the whole of The Silmarillion can be seen as a working-out of the theme of Man splintering the original white light of creation, resulting in many conflicts.
The light begins in The Silmarillion as a unity, and is divided into more and more fragments as the myth progresses. Middle-earth is peopled by the angelic Valar and lit by two great lamps; when these are destroyed by the fallen Vala Melkor, the world is fragmented, and the Valar retreat to Valinor, which is lit by The Two Trees. When these too are destroyed, their last fragment of light is made into the Silmarils, and a sapling too is rescued, leading to the White Tree of Númenor, the living symbol of the Kingdom of Gondor. Wars are fought over the Silmarils, and they are lost to the Earth, the Sea, and the Sky, the last of these, carried by Eärendil the Mariner, becoming the Morning Star. Some of the star's light is captured in Galadriel's Mirror, the magic fountain that allows her to see past, present, and future; and some of that light is, finally, trapped in the Phial of Galadriel, her parting gift to Frodo, protagonist in The Lord of the Rings, to counterbalance Sauron's evil and powerful Ring that he also carries. At each stage, the fragmentation increases and the power decreases, echoing Tolkien's theme of decline and fall in Middle-earth.
See also
Rings of Power
References
Primary
Secondary
Sources
Middle-earth rings and jewels
Fictional gemstones and jewelry
de:Gegenstände in Tolkiens Welt#Die Silmaril | wiki |
Wedding dress of Princess Alice may refer to:
Wedding dress of Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
Wedding dress of Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott, later known as Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester | wiki |
Wedding dress of Princess Louise may refer to:
Wedding dress of Princess Louise of the United Kingdom
Wedding dress of Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia | wiki |
The Hail Mary is a traditional Christian prayer addressing Mary, mother of Jesus.
Hail Mary may also refer to:
Stage and screen
Hail Mary (film), a 1985 film written and directed by Jean-Luc Godard
Hail, Mary!, a 1970 Soviet film
The Hail Mary (Outlander), season 2 episode 12 number 26 in 2016 of the TV series Outlander
Music
Hail Mary (Dark New Day album), 2013
Hail Mary (Iwrestledabearonce album), 2015
"Hail Mary" (Dark New Day song), off the eponymous album Hail Mary (Dark New Day album), 2013
"Hail Mary" (2Pac song), off the album The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, 1997
"Hail Mary" (Mark Owen song), off the album How the Mighty Fall, 2005
Other uses
Hail Mary English Medium School, Perumpally, Emakulam, Kerala, India
Hail Mary pass, in American football, a long forward pass made in desperation near the end of a game, and related uses
Hail Mary, a fictional spaceship from the novel Project Hail Mary
See also
Hail Mary Cloud, a computing cloud composed of a botnet for password cracking
Hail Mary of Gold (Catholicism)
Project Hail Mary, a 2021 science-fiction novel by Andy Weir
Three Hail Marys (Roman Catholicism)
Ave Maria (disambiguation)
Hail (disambiguation)
Mary (disambiguation) | wiki |
Wedding dress of Princess Mary may refer to:
Wedding dress of Princess Mary of Teck
Wedding dress of Princess Mary of the United Kingdom | wiki |
The Proudest Blue: A Story of Hijab and Family is a children's picture book written by Ibtihaj Muhammad and S.K. Ali, illustrated by Hatem Aly, and published September 10, 2019 by Little, Brown Books for Young Readers. The book is a New York Times best seller.
Reception
The Proudest Blue received starred reviews from Kirkus, Publishers Weekly, School Library Journal, and Booklist, as well as a positive review from The New York Times.
The book also received the following accolades:
Goodreads Choice Award for Picture Books nominee (2019)
Booklist Editors' Choice: Books for Youth (2019)
Rise: A Feminist Book Project top ten (2020)
ALSC's Notable Children's Books (2020)
References
2019 children's books
Little, Brown and Company books
American picture books | wiki |
Rob de Wit may refer to:
Robert de Wit (born 1962), Dutch Olympic decathlete and bobsledder
Rob de Wit (footballer) (born 1963), Dutch footballer | wiki |
Celo may refer to:
Celo Community, a communal settlement in the Western mountains of North Carolina
Camp Celo, a privately owned Quaker-based summer camp in Celo Community
Alain Celo (born 1960), French composer and violist
See also
Čelo (disambiguation)
Çelo (born 1977), Albanian singer and model
Celos (disambiguation)
Cello (disambiguation)
Chelo (disambiguation)
Cielo (disambiguation) | wiki |
Rectus capitis may refer to:
Rectus capitis anterior muscle
Rectus capitis lateralis muscle
Rectus capitis posterior major muscle
Rectus capitis posterior minor muscle | wiki |
A trunking gateway is an interface between Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and Public switched telephone network (PSTN). It is a device whereby the VoIP line and PSTN line are connected so that an end user can use PSTN phones to make a call over VoIP.
Voice over IP | wiki |
Quickly is one of the largest tapioca milk tea franchises in the world.
Quickly may also refer to:
Mistress Quickly, two characters in plays by William Shakespeare
Tommy Quickly (born 1943), Liverpool rock and roll singer
Quickly (software), a developed by Canonical to make building of new apps easier
NSU Quickly, a moped manufactured by NSU Motorenwerke AG of Germany from 1953 to 1963.
See also
Quick (disambiguation)
Quicken
Quickening (disambiguation)
Quickie (disambiguation) | wiki |
Eliyahu Matza (4 January 1935 – 29 October 2021) was an Israeli judge. He was a justice of the Supreme Court of Israel from 1991 to 2005.
References
1935 births
2021 deaths
20th-century Israeli judges
Judges of the Supreme Court of Israel
People from Tel Aviv
21st-century Israeli judges | wiki |
Pricket may refer to:
A male deer in its second year, whose antlers have not yet branched
A sharp point onto which a candle is placed to keep it erect
Abacuk Pricket, English seaman of the 16th/17th century | wiki |
The Wizards or Istari in J. R. R. Tolkien's fiction were powerful angelic beings, Maiar, who took the form of Men to intervene in the affairs of Middle-earth in the Third Age, after catastrophically violent direct interventions by the Valar, and indeed by the one god Eru Ilúvatar, in the earlier ages.
Two Wizards, Gandalf the Grey and Saruman the White, largely represent the order, though a third Wizard, Radagast, appears briefly. Saruman is installed as the head of the White Council, but falls to the temptation of power. He imitates and is to an extent the double of the Dark Lord Sauron, only to become his unwitting servant. Gandalf ceaselessly assists the Company of the Ring in their quest to destroy the Ring and defeat Sauron. He forms the double of Saruman, as Saruman falls and is destroyed, while Gandalf rises and takes Saruman's place as the White Wizard. Gandalf resembles the Norse god Odin in his guise as Wanderer. He has been described as a figure of Christ.
All three named Wizards appear in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies. Commentators have stated that they operate more physically and less spiritually than the Wizards in Tolkien's novels, but that this is mostly successful in furthering the drama.
Maiar
The Wizards of Middle-earth are Maiar: spirits similar to the godlike Valar, but lesser in power. Outwardly resembling Men but possessing much greater physical and mental power, they are called Istari (Quenya for "Wise Ones") by the Elves. They were sent by the Valar to assist the free peoples of Middle-earth in the Third Age to counter the Dark Lord Sauron, a fallen Maia of great power.
Names
The first three of these five Wizards were named in The Lord of the Rings as Saruman "man of skill" (supposedly Rohirric, in reality from Old English), Gandalf "elf of the staff" (northern Men, in reality Old Norse), and Radagast "tender of beasts" (possibly Westron). Tolkien never provided non-Elvish names for the other two; their names in Valinor are stated as Alatar and Pallando, and in Middle-earth as Morinehtar and Rómestámo. Each Wizard in the series had robes of a characteristic colour: white for Saruman (the chief and the most powerful of the five), grey for Gandalf, brown for Radagast, and sea-blue for the other two, who are known as the Blue Wizards (Ithryn Luin in Sindarin). Gandalf and Saruman play important roles in The Lord of the Rings, while Radagast appears only briefly, more or less as a single plot device. He innocently helps Saruman to deceive Gandalf, who believes Radagast since he is honest, but fortuitously alerts the eagle Gwaihir to rescue Gandalf. The Blue Wizards do not feature in the narrative of Tolkien's works; they are said to have journeyed far into the east after their arrival in Middle-earth, and serve as agitators or missionaries in enemy occupied lands. Their ultimate fates are unknown.
Servants of the Valar
As the Istari were Maiar, each one served a Vala in some way. Saruman was the servant and helper of Aulë, and so learned much in the art of craftsmanship, mechanics, and metal-working, as was seen in the later Third Age. Gandalf was the servant of Manwë or Varda, but was a lover of the Gardens of Lórien, and so knew much of the hopes and dreams of Men and Elves. Radagast, servant of Yavanna, loved the things of nature, both animals and plants. As each of these Istari learned from their Vala, so they acted in Middle-earth.
Gandalf
Gandalf the Grey is a protagonist in The Hobbit, where he assists Bilbo Baggins on his quest, and in The Lord of the Rings, where he is the leader of the Company of the Ring. Tolkien took the name "Gandalf" from the Old Norse "Catalogue of Dwarves" (Dvergatal) in the Völuspá; its meaning in that language is "staff-elf". Originally called Olórin, he was the wisest of the Maiar and lived in Lórien until the Third Age, when Manwë tasked him to join the Istari and go to Middle-earth to protect its free peoples. He did not want to go as he feared Sauron, but Manwë persuaded him.
As a Wizard and the bearer of a Ring of Power, Gandalf has great power, but works mostly by encouraging and persuading. He sets out as Gandalf the Grey, possessing great knowledge, and travelling continually, always focused on his mission to counter Sauron. He is associated with fire, his ring being Narya, the Ring of Fire, and he both delights in fireworks to entertain the hobbits of the Shire, and in great need uses fire as a weapon. As one of the Maiar he is an immortal spirit, but being in a physical body on Middle-earth, he can be killed in battle, as he is by the Balrog from Moria. He is sent back to Middle-earth to complete his mission, now as Gandalf the White and leader of the Istari.
Tolkien once described Gandalf as an angel incarnate; later, both he and other scholars likened Gandalf to the Norse god Odin in his "Wanderer" guise. Others have described Gandalf as a guide-figure who assists the protagonist, comparable to the Cumaean Sibyl who assisted Aeneas in Virgil's The Aeneid, or to Virgil himself in Dante's Inferno; and as a Christ-figure, a prophet.
Saruman
Saruman the White is leader of the Istari and of the White Council, in The Hobbit and at the outset in The Lord of the Rings. However, he desires Sauron's power for himself and plots to take over Middle-earth by force, remodelling Isengard along the lines of Sauron's Dark Tower, Barad-Dur.
Saruman's character illustrates the corruption of power; his desire for knowledge and order leads to his fall, and he rejects the chance of redemption when it is offered. The name Saruman means "man of skill or cunning" in the Mercian dialect of Anglo-Saxon; he serves as an example of technology and modernity being overthrown by forces more in tune with nature.
Radagast
Radagast the Brown is mentioned in The Hobbit and in The Lord of the Rings. His role is so slight that it has been described as a plot device. He played a more significant part in Peter Jackson's The Hobbit film series. Some aspects of his characterisation were invented for the films, but the core elements of his character, namely communing with animals, skill with herbs, and shamanistic ability to change his shape and colours, are as described by Tolkien. Unusually among Middle-earth names, Radagast is Slavic, the name of a god.
Significance
Tolkien stated that the main temptation facing the Wizards, and the one that brought down Saruman, was impatience. It led to a desire to force others to do good, and from there to a simple desire for power.
The Tolkien scholar Marjorie Burns writes that while Saruman is an "imitative and lesser" double of Sauron, reinforcing the Dark Lord's character type, he is also a contrasting double of Gandalf, who becomes Saruman as he "should have been", after Saruman fails in his original purpose.
Charles Nelson writes that although evil is personified in Sauron and his creatures such as Balrogs, along with Shelob and other "nameless things" deep below the mountains, evil threatens the characters from within, and the moral failures of those such as Saruman, Boromir, and Denethor endanger the world. Nelson notes that in a letter, Tolkien stated that "Myth and fairy-story must, as all art, reflect and contain in solution elements of moral and religious truth (or error), but not explicit, not in the known form of the primary 'real' world." Each race exemplifies one of the Seven Deadly Sins, for instance Dwarves embody greed, Men pride, Elves envy. In this scheme, the Wizards represent the angels sent by God, or as Tolkien wrote "Emissaries (in the terms of this tale from the Far West beyond the Sea)". Pride is the greatest of the Sins, and affects the Wizards who take the shape of Men. Saruman, like Lucifer, is overwhelmed by pride and vainglory, just as Denethor is. Nelson states that Saruman's argument for the need for power "definitely echoes" Hitler's rationalisations for the Second World War, despite Tolkien's claims to the contrary.
The scholar of humanities Patrick Curry rebuts the "common criticism" of Tolkien, levelled by literary critics such as the scholar of English literature Catherine Stimpson, that his characters are naively either good or evil. Curry writes that far from being "seemingly incorruptible" as Stimpson alleges, evil emerges among the Wizards.
William Senior contrasts Tolkien's Wizards as angelic emissaries with those in Stephen R. Donaldson's The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant (published 1977–2013), who are simply human. In Senior's view, where Tolkien used myth and a medieval hierarchy of orders of being, with Wizards higher than Elves who are higher than Men, Donaldson's Lords are "wholly human" and "function democratically".
Adaptations
Three Wizards appear in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies: Saruman, portrayed by Christopher Lee; Gandalf, portrayed by Ian McKellen; and Radagast, portrayed by Sylvester McCoy.
The critic Brian D. Walter writes that the films seek to make Gandalf a powerful character without having him take over the Fellowship's strategy and action. As in the novels, Gandalf is "an oddly ambivalent presence, extraordinarily powerful and authoritative ..., but also a stranger, the only one of the Istari who never settles down". On screen, Gandalf is necessarily "less remote, less liminal, more bodily present", less like an angelic spirit than in Tolkien, but in Walter's view this benefits the films' dramatic tension and helps to bring out many other characters. Still, he appears more as a magical than a heroic figure, for example when the Fellowship is attacked by wargs in Hollin, where he uses words and a firebrand rather than drawing his sword Glamdring.
Brian Rosebury calls the film Saruman "incipiently Shakespearean ... [with] the potential to rise to a kind of tragic dignity"; he considers that Lee attains a suitable presence as "a powerfully haunted and vindictive figure, if less self-deluding than Tolkien's", even if the film version of the verbal confrontation with Gandalf fails to rise to the same level.
Kristin Thompson notes that the Wizards' staffs are more elaborate in the films; their tips are "more convoluted" and can hold a crystal, which can be used to produce light.
Rosebury considers the staff-battle between Gandalf and Saruman in Orthanc "absurd", breaking the spell of the film in The Fellowship of the Ring, and coming "uncomfortably close" to the light-sabre fights in Star Wars.
In Amazon's series The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power, Daniel Weyman portrays "the Stranger", a Wizard who falls from the sky in a meteorite.
References
Primary
This list identifies each item's location in Tolkien's writings.
Secondary
Sources
Middle-earth Maiar
Fictional quintets | wiki |
Texas Proposition 3 may refer to various ballot measures in Texas, including:
2007 Texas Proposition 3
2021 Texas Proposition 3 | wiki |
Chinese sticky rice ( or ) is Chinese rice dish commonly made from glutinous rice and can include soy sauce, oyster sauce, scallions, cilantro and other ingredients.
The dish is commonly served in dim sum.
See also
Lo mai gai
Zongzi
References
Rice dishes
Chinese cuisine | wiki |
Amy Yuratovac (born December 7, 1982) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 2005 to 2009 and challenged for the WBA and WBC female welterweight titles in 2009.
Professional career
Yuratovac debuted in July 2005 and won her first five bouts by technical knockout (TKO). She then suffered her first loss to Christy Martin but rebounded with a win over Jasmine Davis. After Yuratovac unsuccessfully challenged Mia St. John for the vacant WBC International female welterweight title in June 2008, Cecilia Brækhus defeated Yuratovac to retain her WBA and WBC world female welterweight titles in May 2009.
Professional boxing record
External links
1982 births
Living people
American women boxers
Welterweight boxers
21st-century American women | wiki |
Chicken feed is food for chickens
Chickenfeed or Chicken Feed may refer to:
Chicken Feed, 1927 Our Gang short film
Chickenfeed (novel)
Chickenfeed (retail chain) | wiki |
Independent Democratic Party may refer to:
Nullifier Party (USA, 1832) (Sometimes called the 'Independent Democratic Party')
A political party formed mostly by barnburners meeting in Utica, New York on June 22nd of 1848
Democratic Party (UK, 1942)
Independent Democratic Party (India)
Independent Democratic Party of Russia
Independent Democratic Party (Yugoslavia) | wiki |
Purchase-to-pay, often abbreviated to P2P and also called req to check/cheque, refers to the business processes that cover activities of requesting (requisitioning), purchasing, receiving, paying for and accounting for goods and services. Most organisations have a formal process and specialist staff to control this activity so that spending is not wasteful or fraudulent.
References
Transaction processing | wiki |
In computing, a piece table is a data structure typically used to represent a text document while it is edited in a text editor. Initially a reference (or 'span') to the whole of the original file is created, which represents the as yet unchanged file. Subsequent inserts and deletes replace a span by combinations of one, two, or three references to sections of either the original document or to a buffer holding inserted text.
Typically the text of the original document is held in one immutable block, and the text of each subsequent insert is stored in new immutable blocks. Because even deleted text is still included in the piece table, this makes multi-level or unlimited undo easier to implement with a piece table than with alternative data structures such as a gap buffer.
This data structure was invented by J Strother Moore.
Description
For this description, we use buffer as the immutable block to hold the contents.
A piece table consists of three columns:
Which buffer
Start index in the buffer
Length in the buffer
In addition to the table, two buffers are used to handle edits:
"Original buffer": A buffer to the original text document. This buffer is read-only.
"Add buffer": A buffer to a temporary file. This buffer is append-only.
Operations
Index
Definition: Index(i): return the character at position iTo retrieve the i-th character, the appropriate entry in a piece table is read.
Example
Given the following buffers and piece table:
To access the i-th character, the appropriate entry in the piece table is looked up.
For instance, to get the value of Index(15), the 3rd entry of piece table is retrieved. This is because the 3rd entry describes the characters from index 12 to 16 (the first entry describes characters in index 0 to 5, the next one is 6 to 11). The piece table entry instructs the program to look for the characters in the "add file" buffer, starting at index 18 in that buffer. The relative index in that entry is 15-12 = 3, which is added to the start position of the entry in the buffer to obtain index of the letter: 3+18 = 21. The value of Index(15) is the 21st character of the "add file" buffer, which is the character "o".
For the buffers and piece table given above, the following text is shown:
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
Insert
Inserting characters to the text consists of:
Appending characters to the "add file" buffer, and
Updating the entry in piece table (breaking an entry into two or three)
Delete
Single character deletion can be one of two possible conditions:
The deletion is at the start or end of a piece entry, in which case the appropriate entry in piece table is modified.
The deletion is in the middle of a piece entry, in which case the entry is split then one of the successor entries is modified as above.
Usage
Several text editors use an in-RAM piece table internally, including Bravo, Abiword, Atom and Visual Studio Code.
The "fast save" feature in some versions of Microsoft Word uses a piece table for the on-disk file format.
The on-disk representation of text files in the Oberon System uses a piece chain technique that allows pieces of one document to point to text stored in some other document, similar to transclusion.
See also
Rope (computer science)
Gap buffer, a data structure commonly used in text editors that allows efficient insertion and deletion operations clustered near the same location
Enfilade, the Model-T Enfilade is a piece table with a tree-based implementation.
References
String data structures | wiki |
Contusus is a genus of pufferfishes native to the coastal waters of southern Australia and New Zealand.
Species
There are currently two recognized species in this genus:
Contusus brevicaudus Hardy, 1981
Contusus richei (Fréminville, 1813) (Prickly toadfish)
References
Tetraodontidae
Marine fish genera
Taxa named by Gilbert Percy Whitley | wiki |
Siege of Mandu may refer to:
1303 Siege of Mandu
1440 Siege of Mandu | wiki |
Jumpsuit may refer to:
Jumpsuit, a form-fitting garment which covers the whole body.
A 1941 World War II U.S. Army two piece parachutist uniform designed by William P. Yarborough that was modified as the M-1942 jumpsuit. It made a reappearance in 1963 as the Army tropical combat uniform, and later became the pattern of the US military Battle Dress Uniform.
A term for any suit used at parachuting.
Jumpsuit (band), an American rock band
"Jumpsuit" (song), a song by American rock band Twenty One Pilots' fifth album, Trench | wiki |
The Boy Who Cried Wolf (Korean: 양치기 소년; RR: Yangchigi Sonyeon) is the first studio album of South Korean rapper San E. It was released on April 23, 2015, by Brand New Music.
Background
Although San E had high expectations as a rapper, his previous albums Everybody Ready? and 'Not' Based on the True Story received negative reviews. In order to protect his reputation in the hip-hop scene, he announced that his studio album would prove that he is a great rapper in a track.
B-Free dissed San E in his track "My Team", which made San E diss him back in "On Top of Your Head".
Music and lyrics
San E disses B-Free in "On Top of Your Head" on a Southern hip hop trap beat.
Critical reception
Kim Doheon of IZM rated The Boy Who Cried Wolf 2 out of 5 stars.
Nam Seong-hun of Rhythmer also rated the album 2 out of 5 stars.
Track listing
Charts
Sales
References
2015 albums
Korean-language albums
Hip hop albums by South Korean artists | wiki |
Stewart Smith may refer to:
Stewart Smith (politician) (1907–1993), leading member of the Communist Party of Canada
Stewart Henry Smith (1855–1896), Scottish rugby union player
J. Stewart Smith (1913–2008), New Zealand man who introduced invasive fish into the country's freshwater ecosystems
Stewart Smith, former member of the band Delirious?
See also
Steuart Smith (born 1952), musician
Stuart Smith (disambiguation) | wiki |
Auto-Play is a feature used by some websites containing at least one embedded video or audio element wherein the video or audio element starts playing, automatically, without explicit user choice, after some triggering event such as page load or navigating to a particular region of the webpage.
Features
On a website-by-website basis, auto-play may or may not be configurable. Using technology such as cookies, some websites allow a user to select a volume for sound on one page, and may remember that choice (until changed by the user) when reloading content or loading new content. This feature is not dependent on the auto-play or lack of auto-play nature of the media element or website, as it can be applied to non-auto-play elements as well.
Elements with auto-play sounds may or may not allow the user to directly adjust the sound volume with the element itself, and the element may default to a particular sound level (relative to sound settings already set at the browser or system level).
Some websites may employ hooks to allow on media element, once finished, to trigger the auto-play of another elements. This feature may or may not involve a new page load. This feature is not necessarily dependent on whether the starting media element was itself started manually by the user or via an auto-play trigger.
Applications
Auto-Play may appear as a feature in website advertisements and in website content. The embedded elements may use such technology as Flash Player, streaming media, or pre-recorded media. It may appear as part of the webpage (for example, advertisements and embedded video) or more prominently (for example, webpages dedicated to a specific media element, such as a movie or Flash game).
Various technologies may be used, in tandem or on their own, to support auto-play.
Auto-Play can serve as a convenience to the user (for example, auto-play of a movie of some other media element), or an attempt to attract a user's attention, which may or may not also be a convenience (for example, advertisements, embedded video in a news story webpage).
Criticism and support
For some applications (generally when applied to content a user is not likely to have been looking for, such as advertisements), auto-play is discussed in some tech forums and by some tech groups as "bad practice".
For other applications (such as webpages dedicated to specific media elements a user is likely to have been targeting, such as a specific video or audio recording), the ostensible convenience factor of auto-play may be accepted or even expected by the user.
References
Web design
Web development software | wiki |
Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) is a mode of mechanical ventilation. NAVA delivers assistance in proportion to and in synchrony with the patient's respiratory efforts, as reflected by an electrical signal. This signal represents the electrical activity of the diaphragm, the body's principal breathing muscle.
The act of taking a breath is controlled by the respiratory center of the brain, which decides the characteristics of each breath, timing and size. The respiratory center sends a signal along the phrenic nerve, excites the diaphragm muscle cells, leading to muscle contraction and descent of the diaphragm dome. As a result, the pressure in the airway drops, causing an inflow of air into the lungs.
With NAVA, the electrical activity of the diaphragm (Edi) is captured, fed to the ventilator and used to assist the patient's breathing in synchrony with and in proportion to the patients own efforts, regardless of patient category or size. As the work of the ventilator and the diaphragm is controlled by the same signal, coupling between the diaphragm and the SERVO-i ventilator is synchronized simultaneously.
References
Respiratory system procedures
Respiratory therapy | wiki |
To the Green Fields Beyond may refer to:
To the Green Fields Beyond (play), 2000 play by Nick Whitby
To the Green Fields Beyond (game), game by Simulations Productions | wiki |
The Limo may refer to:
"The Limo" (Seinfeld)
"The Limo" (How I Met Your Mother)
"The Limo" (Yes, Dear episode)
See also
Limo (disambiguation) | wiki |
Rhamphina may refer to:
Rhamphina (fly), a genus of insects in the family Tachinidae
Rhamphina (weevil), a subtribe of beetles in the tribe Rhamphini of the family Curculionidae | wiki |
Hurtful communication occurs when the receiver perceives a specific social interaction as upsetting or harmful emotionally. In the course of human interaction, one party will say or do something that results in unpleasant emotional feelings for another. Negative social interactions can be intentional, when one or both parties are involved in interpersonal conflict, or unintentional, such as when misunderstandings occur. Actions such as failure to recognize accomplishments or significant dates can cause hurtful outcomes within relationships.
Hurtful communication more commonly occurs in intimate relationships where parties have disclosed more information to one another than stranger interaction. Hurtful communication has been studied in romantic relationship and parent-child relationships, with findings having potential applications in sibling relationships, in-law relationships, work relationships, educator-student relationships, and friendships. In relation to other negative emotions such as anger or guilt, hurt is more often linked to interpersonal interaction. Interactions are adversely affected by hurtful communication. Hurtful communication negatively affects trust within a relationship resulting in more defensive behavior by both parties. Hurtful communication topics can be found interpersonal communication and relational communication research.
Defining hurtful communication
Types of hurtful verbal communications and actions:
Devaluationthe perception that one is not as close as thought. This can be a result of verbal or non-verbal communication where one party feels less important than they desire within the exchange. Often, devaluation is manifest through betrayal and/or rejection.
Relational transgressionsthe violation of relationship norms which causes one party to feel betrayal.
Hurtful messages – words that result in pain. Commonly these messages are combinations of profanity, threats or attacks on appearance, competencies, origins or character.
Both the content of the message and the delivery play a part in how a hurtful message is interpreted. Content that provides new information to the recipient is considered more sensitive and better received than content that insults the person's intelligence. In terms of delivery, hurtful communication packaged in the form of giving unsolicited advice may be seen as more supportive than the same information in the form of giving orders.
Factors such as whether the hurtful communication was intentional and the frequency of occurrence has an impact on the meaning of the event. Types of hurtful communication include relational denigration, humiliation, aggression, intrinsic flaw, shock, tasteless humor, misunderstood intent, and discouragement as probable causes of hurt feelings. Hurtful communication is interaction that causes the receiver to feel marginalized.
The injured party most often is harmed by the undermining of self-concept causing loss of self-worth resulting in estrangement within the relationship, as receivers have difficulty trusting themselves and the one who engaged in hurtful communication.
Use of hurtful communication
Communication is not exclusively a sender/receiver exchange of finite information. What is communicated through verbal and nonverbal communication is interpreted by both parties through a lens of schema of previous experiences and knowledge. Rather than scholarly research defining phrases and terms that universally are considered hurtful, researchers focus on what communication causes negative feelings in the receiver. Expressions of honest feelings by one party can be devastating to the other such as professions of attraction to another person or expressing disinterest in continuing a romantic relationship. A child displaying disinterest in a parent's involvement could be considered hurtful communication just as a parent criticism could be hurtful to an adolescent. In less familiar relationships such as acquaintances or strangers, hurtful communication is more general and typically focused on observations such as gender, race, sexual orientation or identity, ethnicity, national origin, or religion often in the form of verbal slurs and hate words. The more familiar the relationship becomes, the more specific and personal hurtful communication potential.
Responses to hurtful communication
Guerrero, Anderson & Afifi (2010) noted three ways people react and respond to hurtful communication:
Active verbal responses- Verbally confronting the offending party.
Acquiescent responses- Acknowledging the offender's ability to inflict pain and surrendering. This action includes forgiveness.
Invulnerable responses- Avoidance of acceptance of a hurtful message often deflected through humor or ignoring. Rumination (over-focusing on the occurrence rather than solutions) may prevent one from moving past the infraction.
It is probable that one or more (even all three) responses occur in when someone is faced with hurtful communication. In cases where the injured party perceived the hurtful communication intentional relational distancing often occurred which complicates resolution.
Application
Hurtful communication studies fall under relational communications which is an interdisciplinary subject with connections to psychology, sociology, and communication fields. Researchers have produced various studies over past two decades relating to hurtful communication.
Romantic relationships
Scholarly research on the topic of hurtful communication in romantic relationships is more readily available than any other category. Romantic partners use communication to construct and evolve their relationship or as a means to sabotage stability. Partners rate their relationships based on the current communication (whether positive or negative). Perhaps due to the closeness and interdependency of romantic relationships, communication between romantic partners that is deemed hurtful has significant impact on current and future interaction. Young, Bippus, & Dunbar (2015) state the intimate knowledge of the significant other's hopes, fears and insecurities enable each party to inflict pain more deeply than others in one's life. Intimate knowledge of all aspects of another's life gives access that can be used both positively and negatively. In conflict interaction, observations from one's partner may be processed differently than a non-conflict interaction.
Self-uncertainty often occurs after a negative exchange rather than partner-uncertainty. When both self-uncertainty and partner-uncertainty occur the relationship status is called into question. Malachowski et al., (2015) found when self-uncertainty or partner-uncertainty occurred, it was more likely the parties would engage in forgiveness after a hurtful communication event theorizing it was part of the coping mechanism to reduce relationship-uncertainty.
Parent–child relationships
The parent–child relationship is to some degree involuntary but both parties develop communication that provides the structure for the relationship. Relationships between parent and child is a deeply connected bond that evolves over time where familiarity and the changing dynamics can result in hurtful communications. The responsibility of parents to nurture their offspring has been theorized to result in more hurt feelings for the parents than the child when hurtful communications occur. While adolescence also feel pain from hurtful communications, adolescence may be less likely to verbalize their feelings perhaps due to the parent-child dependence that exists. Perceived rejection or betrayal between parent-child results in doubts of self, other and relationship as questioning of honesty, intimacy and closeness often occurs. Self-identity and family-identity is unstable when hurtful communication has or is occurring because eventually communication will be impaired. Since the attachment between parent and child differs from that of a romantic relationship, there is a difference in how hurtful communication is processed.
See also
Setting boundaries
References
Further reading
Fisher, D., Frey, N., & Smith, D. (2016). After sticks, stones, and hurtful words. Educational Leadership, 74(3), 54–58.
Hesse, C., Rauscher, E. A., Roberts, J. B., & Ortega, S. R. (2014). Investigating the Role of Hurtful Family Environment in the Relationship Between Affectionate Communication and Family Satisfaction. JOURNAL OF FAMILY COMMUNICATION, (2), 112.
McLauren, R.M. & Sillars, A.L. (2014, October 1). Talking about hurtful communication in the family. National Communication Association. https://www.natcom.org/communication-currents/talking-about-hurtful-communication-family
Communication | wiki |
Bonsai cultivation and care involves the long-term cultivation of small trees in containers, called bonsai in the Japanese tradition of this art form. Similar practices exist in other Japanese art forms and in other cultures, including saikei (Japanese), penjing (Chinese), and hòn non bộ (Vietnamese). Trees are difficult to cultivate in containers, which restrict root growth, nutrition uptake, and resources for transpiration (primarily soil moisture). In addition to the root constraints of containers, bonsai trunks, branches, and foliage are extensively shaped and manipulated to meet aesthetic goals. Specialized tools and techniques are used to protect the health and vigor of the subject tree. Over time, the artistic manipulation of small trees in containers has led to a number of cultivation and care approaches that successfully meet the practical and the artistic requirements of bonsai and similar traditions.
The term bonsai is generally used in English as an umbrella term for all miniature trees in containers or pots. In this article bonsai should be understood to include any container-grown tree that is regularly styled or shaped, not just one being maintained in the Japanese bonsai tradition.
Bonsai can be created from nearly any perennial woody-stemmed tree or shrub species which produces true branches and remains small through pot confinement with crown and root pruning. Some species are popular as bonsai material because they have characteristics, such as small leaves or needles, that make them appropriate for the compact visual scope of bonsai. Bonsai cultivation techniques are different from other tree cultivation techniques in allowing mature (though miniature) trees to grow in small containers, to survive with extremely restricted root and canopy structures, and to support comprehensive, repeated styling manipulations.
Sources of bonsai material
All bonsai start with a specimen of source material, a plant that the grower wishes to train into bonsai form. Bonsai practice is an unusual form of plant cultivation in that growth from seeds is rarely used to obtain source material. To display the characteristic aged appearance of a bonsai within a reasonable time, the source plant is often partially grown or mature stock. A specimen may be selected specifically for bonsai aesthetic characteristics it already possesses, such as great natural age for a specimen collected in the wild, or a tapered, scar-free trunk from a nursery specimen. Alternatively, it may be selected for non-aesthetic reasons, such as known hardiness for the grower's local climate or low cost (as in the case of collected materials).
Propagation
While any form of plant propagation could generate bonsai material, a few techniques are favored because they can quickly produce a relatively mature trunk with well-placed branches.
Cuttings.
In taking a cutting, part of a growing plant is cut off and placed in a growing medium to develop roots. If the part that is cut off is fairly thick, like a mature branch, it can be grown into an aged-looking bonsai more quickly than can a seed. Unfortunately, thinner and younger cuttings tend to strike roots more easily than thicker or more mature ones. In bonsai propagation, cuttings usually provide source material to be grown for some time before training.
Layering.
Layering is a technique in which rooting is encouraged from part of a plant, usually a branch, while it is still attached to the parent plant. After rooting, the branch is removed from the parent and grown as an independent entity. For bonsai, both ground layering and air layering can create a potential bonsai, by transforming a mature branch into the trunk of a new tree. The point at which rooting is encouraged can be close to the location of side branches, so the resulting rooted tree can immediately have a thick trunk and low branches, characteristics that complement bonsai aesthetics.
Commercial bonsai growers
Commercial bonsai growers may use any of the other means of obtaining starter bonsai material, from seed propagation to collecting expeditions, but they generally sell mature specimens that display bonsai aesthetic qualities already. The grower trains the source specimens to a greater or lesser extent before sale, and the trees may be ready for display as soon as they are bought. Those who purchase commercially grown bonsai face some challenges, however, particularly of buying from another country. If the purchaser's local climate does not closely match the climate in which the bonsai was created, the plant will have difficulties surviving and thriving. As well, importing living plant material from a foreign source is often closely controlled by import regulations and may require a license or other special import arrangement on the buyer's part. If a local commercial bonsai grower does not exist, buying from a distant one may be unsatisfactory.
Nursery stock
A plant nursery is an agricultural operation where (non-bonsai) plants are propagated and grown to usable size. Nursery stock may be available directly from the nursery, or may be sold in a garden centre or similar resale establishment. Nursery stock is usually young but fully viable, and is often potted with sufficient soil to allow plants to survive a season or two before being transplanted into a more permanent location. Because the nursery tree is already pot-conditioned, it can be worked on as a bonsai immediately. The large number of plants that can be viewed in a single visit to a nursery or garden centre allows the buyer to identify plants with better-than-average bonsai characteristics. According to Peter Adams, a nursery visit "offers the opportunity to choose an instant trunk". One issue with nursery stock is that many specimens are shaped into popular forms, such as the standard or half-standard forms, with several feet of clear trunk rising from the roots. Without branches low on the trunk, it is difficult for a source specimen to be trained as bonsai.
Collecting
Collecting bonsai consists of finding suitable bonsai material in its natural environment, successfully moving it, and replanting it in a container for development as bonsai. Collecting may involve wild materials from naturally treed areas, or cultivated specimens found growing in private yards and gardens. For example, mature landscape plants being discarded from a building site can provide excellent material for bonsai. Hedgerow trees, grown for many years but continually trimmed to hedge height, provide heavy, gnarled trunks for bonsai collectors. In locations close to a tree line (the line beyond which trees do not grow, whether due to altitude, temperature, soil moisture, or other conditions), aged and naturally dwarfed survivors can be found.
The main benefit of collecting bonsai specimens is that collected materials can be mature, and will display the natural marks and forms of age, which makes them more suitable for bonsai development than the young plants obtained through nurseries. Low cost is another potential benefit, with a tree harvest license often being more economical than the purchase of nursery trees. Some of the difficulties of collecting include finding suitable specimens, getting permission to remove them, and the challenges of keeping a mature tree alive while transplanting it to a bonsai pot.
Styling techniques
Bonsai are carefully styled to maintain miniaturization, to suggest age, and to meet the artist's aesthetic goals. Tree styling also occurs in a larger scale in other practices like topiary and niwaki. In bonsai, however, the artist has close control over every feature of the tree, because it is small and (in its container) easily moved and worked on. The greater scale of full-sized trees means that styling them may be restricted to pruning and shaping the exterior volume once per growing season, never pruning within the canopy nor bending and forming individual branches. In contrast, in a bonsai being prepared for display, each leaf or needle may be subject to decision regarding pruning or retention, and every branch and twig may be formed and wired into place each year. Given these differences in scope and purpose, bonsai styling uses a number of styling techniques either unique to bonsai or (if used in other forms of plant cultivation) applied in ways particularly suitable to meet the goals of bonsai development.
Leaf trimming
This technique involves selective removal of leaves (for most varieties of deciduous tree) or needles (for coniferous trees and some others) from a bonsai's branches. A common aesthetic technique in bonsai design is to expose the tree's branches below groups of leaves or needles (sometimes called "pads") by removing downward-growing material. In many species, particularly coniferous ones, this means that leaves or needles projecting below their branches must be trimmed off. For some coniferous varieties, such as spruce, branches carry needles from the trunk to the tip and many of these needles may be trimmed to expose the branch shape and bark. Needle and bud trimming can also be used in coniferous trees to force back-budding on old wood, which may not occur naturally in many conifers. Along with pruning, leaf trimming is the most common activity used for bonsai development and maintenance, and the one that occurs most frequently during the year.
Pruning
The small size of the tree and some dwarfing of foliage result from pruning the trunk, branches, and roots. Pruning is often the first step in transforming a collected plant specimen into a candidate for bonsai. The top part of the trunk may be removed to make the tree more compact. Major and minor branches that conflict with the designer's plan will be removed completely, and others may be shortened to fit within the planned design. Pruning later in the bonsai's life is generally less severe, and may be done for purposes like increasing branch ramification or encouraging growth of non-pruned branches. Although pruning is an important and common bonsai practice, it must be done with care, as improper pruning can weaken or kill trees. Careful pruning throughout the tree's life is necessary, however, to maintain a bonsai's basic design, which can otherwise disappear behind the uncontrolled natural growth of branches and leaves.
Wiring
Wrapping copper or aluminium wire around branches and trunks allows the bonsai designer to create the desired general form and make detailed branch and leaf placements. When wire is used on new branches or shoots, it holds the branches in place until they lignify (convert into wood). The time required is usually 6–9 months or one growing season for deciduous trees, but can be several years for conifers like pines and spruce, which maintain their branch flexibility through multiple growing seasons. Wires are also used to connect a branch to another object (e.g., another branch, the pot itself) so that tightening the wire applies force to the branch. Some species do not lignify strongly, and some specimens' branches are too stiff or brittle to be bent easily. These cases are not conducive to wiring, and shaping them is accomplished primarily through pruning.
Clamping
For larger specimens, or species with stiffer wood, bonsai artists also use mechanical devices for shaping trunks and branches. The most common are screw-based clamps, which can straighten or bend a part of the bonsai using much greater force than wiring can supply. To prevent damage to the tree, the clamps are tightened a little at a time and make their changes over a period of months or years.
Grafting
In this technique, new growing material (typically a bud, branch, or root) is introduced to a prepared area under the bark of the tree. There are two major purposes for grafting in bonsai. First, a number of favorite species do not thrive as bonsai on their natural root stock and their trunks are often grafted onto hardier root stock. Examples include Japanese red maple and Japanese black pine. Second, grafting allows the bonsai artist to add branches (and sometimes roots) where they are needed to improve or complete a bonsai design. There are many applicable grafting techniques, none unique to bonsai, including branch grafting, bud grafting, thread grafting, and others.
Defoliation
Short-term dwarfing of foliage can be accomplished in certain deciduous bonsai by partial or total defoliation of the plant partway through the growing season. Not all species can survive this technique. In defoliating a healthy tree of a suitable species, most or all of the leaves are removed by clipping partway along each leaf's petiole (the thin stem that connects a leaf to its branch). Petioles later dry up and drop off or are manually removed once dry. The tree responds by producing a fresh crop of leaves. The new leaves are generally much smaller than those from the first crop, sometimes as small as half the length and width. If the bonsai is shown at this time, the smaller leaves contribute greatly to the bonsai aesthetic of dwarfing. This change in leaf size is usually not permanent, and the leaves of the following spring will often be the normal size. Defoliation weakens the tree and should not be performed in two consecutive years.
Another benefit of defoliation is the encouragement of back budding, that is, the formation of new buds on existing branches. This results in finer and more intricate branching in the inside of the tree's canopy, adding to the refinement of the bonsai.
Some species, like the Acer buergerianum (trident maple), respond particularly well to defoliation, and can be defoliated, in some cases, up to three or four times in a single growing season. This accelerates refinement greatly, shortening the developmental timeline of the bonsai.
Deadwood
Bonsai growers create or shape dead wood using techniques such as jin and shari to simulate age and maturity in a bonsai. Jin is the term used when the bark from an entire branch is removed to create the impression of a snag of deadwood. Shari denotes stripping bark from areas of the trunk to simulate natural scarring from a broken limb or lightning strike. In addition to stripping bark, deadwood techniques may also involve the use of tools to scar the deadwood or to raise its grain, and the application of chemicals (usually lime sulfur) to bleach and preserve the exposed deadwood.
"Hedge Cutting Method"
This method is a newer, somewhat controversial technique to achieve fine ramification on deciduous material. In it, a tree which is still in development is left to grow until its foliage is very dense and somewhat "messy." Then, its crown is aggressively cut back in the spring, and the cycle begins again. Austrian-German bonsai artist Walter Pall is credited with creating the method.
Care
Small trees grown in containers, like bonsai, require specialized care. Unlike most houseplants, flowering shrubs, and other subjects of container gardening, tree species in the wild generally grow individual roots up to several meters long and root structures encompassing hundreds or thousands of liters of soil. In contrast, a typical bonsai container allows a fraction of a meter for root extension, and holds 2 to 10 liters of soil and root mass. Branch and leaf (or needle) growth in trees is also large-scale in nature. Wild trees typically grow 5 meters or taller when mature, while the largest bonsai rarely exceed 1 meter and most specimens are significantly smaller. These size differences affect maturation, transpiration, nutrition, pest resistance, and many other aspects of tree biology. Maintaining the long-term health of a tree in a container requires a number of specialized care techniques.
Growing environment
Most bonsai species are trees and shrubs that must by nature grow outdoors. They require temperature, humidity, and sunlight conditions approximating their native climate year round. The skill of the grower can help bonsai from outside the local hardiness zone survive and even thrive, but doing so takes careful watering, shielding of selected bonsai from excessive sunlight or wind, and possibly protection from winter conditions (e.g., through the use of cold frames or winter greenhouses).
Common bonsai species (particularly those from the Japanese tradition) are temperate climate trees from hardiness zones 7 to 9, and require moderate temperatures, moderate humidity, and full sun in summer with a dormancy period in winter that may need be near freezing. They do not thrive indoors, where the light is generally too dim, and humidity often too low, for them to grow properly. Only during their dormant period can they safely be brought indoors, and even then the plants require cold temperatures, reduced watering, and lighting that approximates the number of hours the sun is visible. Raising the temperature or providing more hours of light than available from natural daylight can cause the bonsai to break dormancy, which often weakens or kills it.
Even for bonsai specimens that are native to the grower's location, outdoor cultivation requires specific cultivation practices to ensure successful long-term survival of the bonsai. The trees used in bonsai are constrained by the need to grow in a relatively small pot. This state greatly reduces the volume of roots and soil normally available to a freely grown tree, and brings the roots much closer to the surface of the soil than would occur in the wild. Trees in bonsai pots have much less access to water and to nutrients than they do natively, and physically confining roots changes their growth pattern and indirectly the growth pattern of the tree above the soil.
The grower has some control over the following environmental variables, and by controlling them effectively for individual specimens can ensure the health of native species grown as bonsai, and can cultivate some non-native species successfully.
Watering: Different species of tree have roots with different tolerances for soil moisture. Some species tolerate continual wetness, while others are prone to rotting if the soil remains wet for long periods. A standard bonsai practice is to grow trees in a soil mixture that drains rapidly, so that roots are not allowed to be wet for long. To compensate for the relatively low water retention of the bonsai soil, water is applied frequently. The tree absorbs sufficient moisture for its needs while the water is passing through the soil, then the soil dries enough to reduce the chance of rotting. It is the grower's responsibility to ensure that watering occurs frequently enough to satisfy the bonsai with high watering requirements, while not waterlogging trees that use little water or have roots prone to rotting.
Soil volume: Giving a bonsai a relatively large soil volume encourages the growth of roots, then corresponding growth of the rest of the tree. With a large amount of soil, the tree trunk extends in length and increases in diameter, existing branches increase in size and new branches appear, and the foliage expands in volume. The grower can move an outdoor bonsai from a pot to a training box or to open ground to stimulate this sort of growth. Replacing the tree in a bonsai pot will slow or halt the tree's growth, and may lead to die-back if the volume of foliage is too great for the limited root system to support. Managing the tree's available soil volume allows the grower to manage the overall size of the bonsai, and to increase vigor and growth when new branches are required for a planned styling.
Temperature: Bonsai roots in pots are exposed to much greater variation in temperature than tree roots deep in the soil. For bonsai from native species, local temperatures do not generally harm the tree. But for bonsai from warmer native climates, the grower can increase the likelihood of successful cultivation either by insulating the tree from local winter conditions, or by actively increasing the bonsai temperature during the cold season. For trees from climates slightly warmer than the local one, bonsai pots can be partially buried in the ground and can be covered with an insulating layer of mulch. For trees from significantly warmer climates, warmer temperatures can be maintained in a cold frame or greenhouse, so that a relatively tender tree is not exposed to temperatures lower than it can bear. This approach may also artificially extend the bonsai's growing season, affecting watering and fertilization schedules.
Sunlight: Trees generally require a good deal of sun, and most bonsai need direct sunlight during the growing season to thrive. Some shade-tolerant species of bonsai cannot thrive with too much direct sunlight, however, and it is the grower's role to site the bonsai specimens to provide the correct lighting for each type. Most bonsai will be located in an area that gets several hours of direct daylight. Shade-tolerant bonsai can be placed behind barriers (walls, buildings), sited on shaded benches or stands, or shaded by netting to reduce the impact of direct sunlight.
Repotting
Bonsai are repotted and root-pruned at intervals dictated by the vigor and age of each tree. In the case of deciduous trees, this is done as the tree is leaving its dormant period, generally around springtime. Bonsai are often repotted while in development, and less often as they become more mature. This prevents them from becoming pot-bound and encourages the growth of new feeder roots, allowing the tree to absorb moisture more efficiently.
Specimens meant to be developed into bonsai are often placed in "growing boxes", which have a much larger volume of soil per plant than a bonsai pot does. These large boxes allow the roots to grow freely, increasing the vigor of the tree and helping the trunk and branches grow thicker. After using a grow box, the tree may be replanted in a more compact "training box" that helps to create a smaller, denser root mass which can be more easily moved into a final presentation pot.
Tools
Special tools are available for the maintenance of bonsai. The most common tool is the concave cutter (5th from left in picture), a tool designed to prune flush, without leaving a stub. Other tools include branch bending jacks, wire pliers and shears of different proportions for performing detail and rough shaping.
Soil and fertilization
Bonsai soil is usually a loose, fast-draining mix of components, often a base mixture of coarse sand or gravel, fired clay pellets, or expanded shale combined with an organic component such as peat or bark. The inorganic components provide mechanical support for bonsai roots, and—in the case of fired clay materials—also serve to retain moisture. The organic components retain moisture and may release small amounts of nutrients as they decay.
In Japan, bonsai soil mixes based on volcanic clays are common. The volcanic clay has been fired at some point in time to create porous, water-retaining pellets. Varieties such as akadama, or "red ball" soil, and kanuma, a type of yellow pumice used for azaleas and other calcifuges, are used by many bonsai growers. Similar fired clay soil components are extracted or manufactured in other countries around the world, and other soil components like diatomaceous earth can fill a similar purpose in bonsai cultivation.
Opinions about fertilizers and fertilization techniques vary widely among practitioners. Some promote the use of organic fertilizers to augment an essentially inorganic soil mix, while others will use chemical fertilizers freely. Many follow the general rule of little and often, where a dilute fertilizer solution or a small amount of dry fertilizer are applied relatively frequently during the tree's growing season. The flushing effect of regular watering moves unmetabolized fertilizer out of the soil, preventing the potentially toxic build-up of fertilizer ingredients.
Pest management
The common pests afflicting bonsai include insects both above and beneath the soil, and infections, usually fungal. A tree grown as a bonsai is subject to the pests that affect the same species full-grown, and also to pests common to other potted plants. Most pests are species-specific, so a detailed understanding of the specific bonsai species is necessary for identifying and treating most pests. The same materials and techniques used for other affected plants can be applied to the bonsai, with some relatively minor variation. Pesticide chemicals are usually diluted more for bonsai than for a larger plant, as a regular-strength application may overwhelm the smaller bonsai's biological processes.
Location
Outdoors
Bonsai are sometimes marketed or promoted as house plants, but few of the traditional bonsai species can thrive or even survive inside a typical house. Most bonsai are grown outdoors. The best guideline to identifying a suitable growing environment for a bonsai is its native hardiness. If the bonsai grower can closely replicate the full year's temperatures, relative humidity, and sunlight, the bonsai should do well. In practice, this means that trees from a hardiness zone closely matching the grower's location will generally be the easiest to grow, and others will require more work or will not be viable at all.
Indoors
Tropical and Mediterranean species typically require consistent temperatures close to room temperature, and with correct lighting and humidity many species can be kept indoors all year. Those from cooler climates may benefit from a winter dormancy period, but temperatures need not be dropped as far as for the temperate climate plants and a north-facing windowsill or open window may provide the right conditions for a few winter months.
See also
Bonsai
Indoor bonsai
Bonsai aesthetics
Penjing – Chinese precursor to bonsai
Saikei – tray gardens using live trees
References
External links
Bonsai
Horticultural techniques | wiki |
"The Kill" is a song by Thirty Seconds to Mars.
The Kill may also refer to:
The Kill (novel) or La Curée, a novel by Émile Zola
"The Kill", a song by Joy Division from Still
See also
Kill (disambiguation)
The Kills (disambiguation) | wiki |
Little but Tough () is a 1989 Hungarian drama film directed by Ferenc Grunwalsky. The film was selected as the Hungarian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 63rd Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.
Cast
Sándor Gáspár as Bogár Pál
Ágnes Csere as Zsuzsa
János Bán as Béla
Péter Blaskó as Nyomozó
Zoltán Mucsi as Juszuf
István Mészáros as Törpe
See also
List of submissions to the 63rd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Hungarian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
References
External links
1989 films
1989 drama films
Hungarian drama films
1980s Hungarian-language films | wiki |
Shout: The True Story of a Survivor Who Refused to be Silenced is a poetic memoir by Laurie Halse Anderson, published March 12, 2019 by Viking Books. The book is a New York Times best seller.
Reception
Print book
Shout received starred reviews from Kirkus, Booklist, BookPage, and Publishers Weekly, as well as positive reviews from New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and Common Sense Media. Kirkus, School Library Journal, Horn Book, NPR, Chicago Public Library, and Publishers Weekly named it one of the best books of the year. It's also a Junior Library Guild selection.
Kirkus Reviews stated the book was "necessary for every home, school, and public library."
Audiobook
The audiobook also received a starred review from Booklist.
References
American memoirs
2019 non-fiction books
Viking Press books | wiki |
Edna Pendleton (born 1887) was an American film actress. She played Aronnax's Daughter in 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916), starring Allen Holubar and Dan Hanlon.
Filmography
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916) as Aronnax's Daughter
The Girl Who Feared Daylight (1916) as Viola Dexter
Held for Damages (1916) as Peggy O'Brien
Mignonette (1916) as Mignon
The Still Voice (1916) as Margaret Hamlin
Artistic Interference (1916) as Ethel Miller
The Curious Conduct of Judge Legarde (1915) as Amelia Garside
The Girl I Left Behind Me (1915)
References
External links
1887 births
American silent film actresses
20th-century American actresses
Year of death missing | wiki |
Cassie Keller may refer to:
an actor in The Wicked (2013 film)
a character in the film R. L. Stine's The Haunting Hour: Don't Think About It | wiki |
Indiana Orthopaedic Hospital, also known as OrthoIndy Hospital, is a 37-bed acute care hospital that specializes in musculoskeletal therapy located in Indianapolis, Indiana. The hospital is Indiana's first specialty hospital with a focus on orthopedics. The hospital was founded in 2005 by OrthoIndy physicians to provide focused care on orthopedic procedures, physical therapy, and imaging services. It includes both inpatient and outpatient procedures, but does not provide emergency services. OrthoIndy Hospital is accredited by the American Osteopathic Association's Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program.
See also
List of hospitals in Indianapolis
References
Hospital buildings completed in 2005
Healthcare in Indianapolis
Hospitals in Indiana | wiki |
General Crawford may refer to:
Charles Crawford (United States Army officer) (1866–1945), U.S. Army brigadier general
Kenneth Crawford (1895–1961), British Army general
Patrick Crawford (1933–2009), British Army major general
Robert W. Crawford (1891–1981), U.S. Army major general
Samuel W. Crawford (1829–1892), Union Army brigadier general and brevet major general
See also
Attorney General Crawford (disambiguation)
Charles Craufurd (1763–1821), British Army lieutenant general
James Craufurd (British Army officer) (1804–1888), British Army lieutenant general
Robert Craufurd (1764–1812), British Army major general | wiki |
Mystery of the Mummy may refer to:
Mystery of the Mummy (1988 video game), a 1988 video game from Rainbow Arts
Sherlock Holmes: The Mystery of the Mummy, also known as The Mystery of the Mummy, a 2002 video game from Frogwares
The Mystery of the Whispering Mummy, a 1965 novel by Robert Arthur Jr. | wiki |
Arise! may refer to
"The March of the Volunteers", the Chinese national anthem, also sometimes known by the English translation of its refrain Qilai!
Arise!, an album by Amebix
See also
Arise (disambiguation) | wiki |
TUGZip är ett komprimeringsprogram för Windows, utvecklat av svensken Christian Kindahl.
Freewareprogram
Komprimeringsprogram
Windows-program | wiki |
Charles Dixon, noto come Chuck Dixon – fumettista statunitense
Charles Dixon – pittore britannico
Charles Dixon – tennista britannico | wiki |
The greater Pittsburgh area is home to several colleges and universities listed in order of size, below:
Non-profit colleges and universities
Ranked in order of size:
For-profit colleges and universities
Theological seminaries
Pittsburgh Theological Seminary
Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary
Trinity School for Ministry
Byzantine Catholic Seminary of SS. Cyril and Methodius
St. Paul Seminary
Art and culinary schools
Art Institute of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh Filmmakers' School of Film, Photography, and Digital Media
American Academy of Culinary Arts (AACA)
References
External links
The College Board Pittsburgh Colleges & Universities
Universities and colleges in Pittsburgh
Colleges
Colleges
Pittsburgh | wiki |
Gremlin (mythisch wezen), een fictief of mythisch wezen dat voorkomt in onder andere volksverhalen
De Gremlins (boek), een kinderboek van Roald Dahl
Gremlin Industries, een voormalig Amerikaans computerspelbedrijf
Gremlin Interactive, een voormalig Brits computerspelbedrijf
Film
Gremlins (film), een Amerikaanse horrorkomedie uit 1984
Gremlins 2: The New Batch, het vervolg van bovengenoemde film
Mogwai (Gremlins), een filmpersonage dat de hoofdrol speelt in de twee bovenstaande films | wiki |
The Citizenship and Migration Board (CMB) was a government agency in Estonia under the Ministry of Internal Affairs that was in charge of enforcing regulations concerning immigration and nationality. In 2010, it was merged with other agencies and formed Police and Border Guard Board.
Issuance of travel documents
The CMB was the authority which issued the following Estonian travel documents:
Estonian passport
Estonian alien's passport
Estonian identity card
Processing of nationality applications
The CMB was responsible for processing applications and enquiries concerning Estonian citizenship.
Immigration control
The CMB was responsible for enforcing visa/residence permit regulations and for processing asylum/refugee requests.
References
Specialist law enforcement agencies of Estonia
1993 establishments in Estonia | wiki |
Jujeh kabab (, literally "grilled chick") is an Iranian dish that consists of grilled chunks of chicken which are sometimes with bone and other times without bone. It is one of the most common and popular dishes of Iran. It is common to marinate the chunks in minced onion, lemon juice and saffron.
It is sometimes spelled as Joojay kebob or Joojeh kabab. Often served on chelo rice or wrapped in lavash bread, both of which are staples in the Iranian cuisine. The former is more often served in restaurants and elaborate parties such as wedding receptions while the latter is often eaten in domestic settings, kebab joints and picnics or packed for road trips. Other optional components include grilled tomatoes, peppers (grilled or raw), fresh lemons or other vegetables.
See also
Shish kebab
Shish taouk
References
External links
Jūjeh-kabāb Recipe
Jouje kabab Recipe (in Persian)
Skewered kebabs
Middle Eastern grilled meats
Iranian cuisine
Chicken dishes | wiki |
Nevada Wonders were an American soccer team, founded in 2003. The team was a member of the United Soccer Leagues (USL) Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American soccer pyramid, until 2005, when the team left the league and the franchise was terminated.
They played their home games in the stadium on the grounds of Carson High School in Carson City, Nevada. The team's colors were white, silver and blue.
History
The Nevada Wonders were founded in 2003 to compete in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), considered the fourth tier of the American soccer pyramid. A Carson City, Nevada group, led by Randy Roser, were awarded the franchise in December 2002 to begin play in the following season, coinciding with the recent transition of former tier three USL D-3 Pro League team, Northern Nevada Aces, voluntarily becoming an amateur team and joining the newly founded Men's Premier Soccer League in 2003.
The Wonders would be coached by the former Aces coach, Paul Aigbogun, and lastly would play their home games out of Carson High School.
The club would play three seasons in the PDL before folding.
Year-by-year
Coaches
Paul Aigbogun (2003–2005)
Ben Callon (2005)
Stadia
Stadium at Carson High School, Carson City, Nevada 2003–05
References
Soccer clubs in Nevada
Defunct Premier Development League teams
2003 establishments in Nevada
2005 disestablishments in Nevada | wiki |
The AIS-SART is a self-contained radio device used to locate a survival craft or distressed vessel by sending updated position reports using a standard Automatic Identification System (AIS) class-A position report. The position and time synchronization of the AIS-SART are derived from a built in GNSS receiver (e.g. GPS).
Shipboard Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS) installations include one or more search and rescue locating devices. These devices may be either an AIS-SART (AIS Search and Rescue Transmitter) (from January 1, 2010), or a radar-SART (Search and Rescue Transponder).
The AIS-SART derives position and time synchronization from a built in GNSS receiver. Once per minute, the position is sent as a series of eight identical position report messages (four on 161.975 MHz and four on 162.025 MHz). This scheme creates a high probability that at least one of the messages is sent on the highest point of a wave.
AIS SARTs are typically cylindrical and brightly colored. A typical model is 251mm (about 10 inches) high and weighs 450g (about a pound).
The specification (IEC 61097-14 Ed 1.0) for AIS-SART was developed by the IEC's TC80 AIS work group. AIS-SART was added to the GMDSS regulations effective January 1, 2010.
See also
Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB)
Civil Air Patrol (US Air Force Auxiliary)
Long-Range Identification and Tracking (LRIT)
Marine VHF radio
Automatic Identification System
Global Maritime Distress Safety System
References
Maritime communication
Emergency communication
Rescue equipment | wiki |
Billy West (stemacteur), Amerikaans stemacteur
Billy West (acteur), Russisch-Amerikaans filmacteur, filmproducent en regisseur | wiki |
Charles Palmer may refer to:
Charles Palmer (1777–1851), Member of Parliament for Bath
Sir Charles Palmer, 1st Baronet (1822–1907), English shipbuilder, businessman and Liberal Member of Parliament, 1874–1907
Sir Charles Palmer, 2nd Baronet (1771–1827)
Charlie Palmer (chef), American chef
Charles Palmer (cricketer) (1919–2005), English cricketer and cricket administrator
Charles Palmer (director) (born 1965), British television director
Charles Palmer (engineer) (1847–1940), survivor of the siege of Lucknow
Charlie Palmer (footballer) (born 1963), retired professional footballer in England
Charles Palmer (judoka) (1930–2001), British judoka
Charles Palmer (sport shooter) (1869–?), British Olympic sport shooter
Charles Palmer (banker), Governor of the Bank of England, 1754–1756
Charles D. Palmer (1902–1999), U.S. Army general
Charles Forrest Palmer (1892–1973), Atlanta real estate developer, head of housing authority and chamber of commerce
Charles Palmer (journalist) (1869–1920), British Member of Parliament for The Wrekin, 1920
Charles Fyshe Palmer, British Member of Parliament for Reading
Charles John Palmer (1805–1882), English historian
Charles M. Palmer (1856–1949), American Midwest newspaper broker
See also
Charles Nicholas Pallmer (1772–1848), British Member of Parliament | wiki |
The Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R) is a psychological self-report questionnaire designed to identify risk factors for suicide in children and adolescents between ages 13 and 18. The four-question test is filled out by the child and takes approximately five minutes to complete. The questionnaire has been found to be reliable and valid in recent studies. One study demonstrated that the SBQ-R had high internal consistency with a sample of university students. However, another body of research, which evaluated some of the most commonly used tools for assessing suicidal thoughts and behaviors in college-aged students, found that the SBQ-R and suicide assessment tools in general have very little overlap between them. One of the greatest strengths of the SBQ-R is that, unlike some other tools commonly used for suicidality assessment, it asks about future anticipation of suicidal thoughts or behaviors as well as past and present ones and includes a question about lifetime suicidal ideation, plans to commit suicide, and actual attempts.
Question breakdown, scoring, and interpretation
Each of the four questions addresses a specific risk factor: the first concerns presence of suicidal thoughts and attempts, the second concerns frequency of suicidal thoughts, the third concerns the threat level of suicidal attempts, and the fourth concerns likelihood of future suicidal attempts. The first item has often been used on its own in order to assign individuals to a suicidal and a non-suicidal control group for studies. Each question has an individual scale, and each response corresponds to a certain point value.
Domain breakdown
A maximum score of 18 is possible on the SBQ-R, and the following responses to the 4 questions correspond to the following point values:
Interpretation of subscale scores
A total score of 7 and higher in the general population and a total score of 8 and higher in patients with psychiatric disorders indicates significant risk of suicidal behavior.
See also
Suicide
References
Further reading
External links
Full SBQ-R and scoring
EffectiveChildTherapy.org guidelines for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors
Works about suicide
Screening and assessment tools in child and adolescent psychiatry | wiki |
Bennett Building may refer to:
Bennett Building (Council Bluffs, Iowa)
Bennett Building (New York City)
See also
Bennett House (disambiguation)
Sue Bennett Memorial School Building, a National Register of Historic Places listing in Laurel County, Kentucky | wiki |
Firebug may refer to:
Science and technology
Pyrrhocoris apterus, commonly referred as the firebug, an insect of the family Pyrrhocoridae
Firebug (software), a web development tool
Entertainment
Firebug (comics), the name of three DC Comics supervillains
Firebug (video game), a 1982 computer game for the Apple II computer
Firebugs (video game), a 2002 game for the PlayStation
The Fire Raisers (play), 1953 German play by Max Frisch also known in English as The Firebugs
Other uses
Arsonist, a fire-based vandal
Pyromaniac, an impulse-control disorder related to fascination with fire
Firebug (dinghy), class of sailing dinghy | wiki |
Kasak may refer to:
Kasak (1992 film)
Kasak (2005 film), a film released in India in 2005
Kasak, Bulgaria, a village in Dospat Municipality, Smolyan Province, Bulgaria
Kasak, Iran, a village in Fars Province, Iran
Kasak (TV series), 2020 Pakistani television drama series produced by Six Sigma Plus for ARY Digital | wiki |
Brett Perriman (born October 10, 1965) is a former American football wide receiver in the NFL for the New Orleans Saints (1988–1990), the Detroit Lions (1991–1996), the Kansas City Chiefs (1997), and the Miami Dolphins (1997). He played college football at the University of Miami.
Collegiate career
Perriman was a wide receiver at the University of Miami under coach Jimmy Johnson. Perriman finished his 4-year career there with 62 catches for 1,073 yards and 6 TD. He also had 550 punt return yards with 1 TD and a 22-yard kick return in 1985. His best season was 1986 when he finished with 34 catches, 647 yards receiving, and 4 TD. All second to teammate Michael Irvin on the year.
NFL career
Perriman is perhaps best known for his time spent in Detroit, as part of a Lions' passing attack that complemented the team's featured running back, Hall of Famer Barry Sanders. In 1995, Perriman had a career-high 108 receptions for 1,488 yards (fourth highest single-season total in team history). His teammate that year, Herman Moore, had 123 receptions and 1,686 yards (both franchise records, and the 123 receptions were a league record that stood until 2002, when Marvin Harrison broke his record), and Moore/Perriman became the first duo in NFL history with more than 100 receptions in the same season. They were also the first duo to post 1,400 yards each in the same season. Brett Perriman was a key contributor on Detroit teams that made the playoffs in 1991, 1993, 1994, and 1995. The 1991 and 1993 teams won the NFC Central Division title. The 1991 team posted a franchise record 12 victories and appeared in the NFC Championship game. Perriman currently ranks fourth on Detroit's all-time list with 428 receptions for 5,244 yards. He finished his career with 525 receptions, 6,589 yards, and 30 touchdowns. He also had 180 rushing yards. On Nov. 6, 1994, Perriman became the first player to score 2 two-point conversions in one game, both coming in the 4th quarter.
Perriman was interviewed about his time at the University of Miami for the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary The U, which premiered December 12, 2009 on ESPN.
Personal life
Perriman has a son, Breshad, who has been in the NFL for eight seasons.
References
1965 births
Living people
Miami Northwestern Senior High School alumni
American football wide receivers
Miami Hurricanes football players
New Orleans Saints players
Detroit Lions players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Miami Dolphins players
Players of American football from Miami | wiki |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.