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Osteodystrophy is any dystrophic growth of the bone. It is defective bone development that is usually attributable to renal disease or to disturbances in calcium and phosphorus metabolism.
One form is renal osteodystrophy.
See also
List of radiographic findings associated with cutaneous conditions
References
External links
Skeletal disorders | wiki |
Lantana involucrata, commonly known as buttonsage, is a species of flowering plant in the verbena family. It is native to the American tropics, where it is widespread in well-drained areas. It is also found on the Galapagos Islands and Bermuda.
Etymology
The name Lantana derives from the Latin name of the wayfaring tree Viburnum lantana, the flowers of which superficially resemble Lantana.
References
involucrata | wiki |
"A Child Asleep" is a song, with lyrics from a poem written by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. It was set to music by the English composer Edward Elgar in December 1909 and published in 1910 by Novello. It was first published by Browning in 1840.
It is dedicated to Anthony Goetz, the son of Ludovic Goetz and Muriel Foster, a favourite singer and personal friend of Elgar.
Lyrics
Recordings
The Unknown Elgar includes "A Child Asleep" performed by Teresa Cahill (soprano), with Barry Collett (piano).
The Songs of Edward Elgar SOMM CD 220 Catherine Wyn-Rogers (soprano) with Malcolm Martineau (piano), at Southlands College, London, April 1999
References
Percy Young, Elgar O.M.
External links
Songs about children
Songs by Edward Elgar
Poetry by Elizabeth Barrett Browning
1840 poems
1909 songs | wiki |
GRN ou grn est un code, qui signifie :
GRN, ;
grn, le guarani, selon les normes ISO 639 des codes de langue ;
GRN, Grenade, selon la liste des codes pays du CIO.
GRN est un sigle, qui signifie :
Global Rail Network, est une association loi de 1901, son but est de "Redynamiser les capillaires ferroviaires" ;
Gestion des ressources naturelles.
Notes et références
Code | wiki |
God of War: Ascension is an action-adventure hack and slash video game developed by Santa Monica Studio and published by Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE). The game was first released on March 12, 2013, for the PlayStation 3 (PS3) console. It is the seventh installment in the God of War series and a prequel to the entire series. Loosely based on Greek mythology, it is set in ancient Greece with vengeance as its central motif. The player controls the protagonist, Kratos, the former servant of the God of War Ares, who tricked Kratos into killing his wife and daughter. In response to this tragedy, Kratos renounced Ares, breaking his blood oath to the god. Kratos was, therefore, imprisoned and tortured by the three Furies, guardians of honor and enforcers of punishment. Helped by the oath keeper, Orkos, Kratos escapes his imprisonment and confronts the Furies, aiming to free himself of his bond to Ares.
The gameplay is similar to previous installments, focusing on combo-based combat with the player's main weapon, the Blades of Chaos, and other weapons acquired by the game's World Weapons mechanic. It continues the use of quick time events from previous entries but also utilizes a promptless free-form system. Four magical attacks and a power-enhancing ability can be used as alternative combat options, and the game features puzzles and platforming elements. The game also features a redesigned combat system, gameplay mechanics not available in previous installments, and downloadable content. Notably, Ascension is the only installment in the series to include multiplayer, which is online-only and features modes for both competitive and cooperative play. From October 2012 to March 2013, a social experience was available online in the form of a graphic novel titled Rise of the Warrior, a prequel story that tied into the game's single-player and multiplayer modes. Ascension was the last game in the series to be based on Greek mythology and also the last one to feature Terrence C. Carson as the voice of Kratos as the franchise shifted to Norse mythology with 2018's God of War and Christopher Judge took over the role of Kratos.
God of War: Ascension received generally favorable reviews from critics, who praised its fundamental gameplay and spectacle as true to the series, although the story was deemed to be less compelling than in previous installments. The game's multiplayer element received mixed responses: although reviewers found that the gameplay translated well into the multiplayer setting, they criticized the balance and depth of combat. Ascension sold less well than its predecessors and received no awards, but it did receive several nominations, including "Outstanding Achievement in Videogame Writing" at the Writers Guild of America Videogame Awards and the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences award for "Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design".
Gameplay
In both of God of War: Ascensions single-player and multiplayer elements, it is primarily a third-person video game viewed from a fixed camera perspective. Some scenes in the single-player campaign feature a first-person camera view. In single-player mode, the player controls the character Kratos in combo-based combat, platforming, and puzzle games. The enemies are an assortment of creatures, most of whom are drawn from Greek mythology, including cyclopes, cerberuses, empusas, Sirens, Gorgons, satyrs, harpies, and centaurs. Other monsters were created specifically for the game, such as the juggernauts, wraiths, and manticores. Many of the monsters also appear in the multiplayer mode. Platforming elements require the player to climb walls and ladders, jump across chasms, and slide down walls to proceed through sections of the game. The game features a variety of puzzles, ranging from simple to complex.
Combat
Kratos' main weapon is the Blades of Chaos, a pair of short swords attached to chains that are wrapped around his wrists and forearms. In gameplay, the blades can be swung offensively in various maneuvers. Introduced in Ascension is a weapons mechanic called the World Weapon system and it allows Kratos to pick up weapons scattered throughout game locations or to take them from defeated foes, and to use these for a limited time. There are five World Weapons (sword, club, javelin, sling, shield) that can be collected randomly, although Kratos may possess only one at any time. When a World Weapon is not equipped, Kratos may punch or kick foes as part of the reworked combat system. Another mechanic introduced is that Kratos can tether enemies, referred to as grappling; he can hold an enemy in place with one blade while he attacks other enemies with the other blade, and he can throw the tethered enemy.
Four magical disciplines are acquired, including the Fire of Ares, the Ice of Poseidon, the Lightning of Zeus, and the Soul of Hades, which, depending on the magic equipped, imbues the Blades of Chaos with that elemental property. For example, the Soul of Hades imbues the Blades with purple flames and can unleash souls of the Underworld to briefly attack enemies. The Ice of Poseidon also enables Kratos to breathe underwater, a necessary ability as substantial time is spent there. The Rage ability called Rage of the Gods that was featured in previous games is included, but in this game, its meter is filled by landing attacks on enemies and the ability is automatically activated once the meter has reached maximum capacity. It remains activated until Kratos is attacked or stops attacking for an extended period of time, after which, the meter must be refilled. The Rage ability is also affected by the magic equipped, allowing Kratos to use different Rage attacks, such as the lightning-based Rage of Zeus.
Three relics, the Amulet of Uroborus (Life Cycle mechanic), the Oath Stone of Orkos, and the Eyes of Truth, are acquired and needed for game progression. The Amulet of Uroborus allows Kratos to manipulate time by decaying or healing an object; examples include reconstructing broken pathways and using it during puzzle-solving. Construction can be paused or reversed if needed. The amulet can also be used against enemies to briefly slow their movements. The Oath Stone of Orkos gives Kratos the ability to create a "shadow" duplicate of himself that can depress plates, hold levers, or attack enemies. The Eyes of Truth remove illusions created by the Furies and cast a blinding light on enemies. As well as the quick time event (QTE) mechanic featured in the previous games, Ascension added a promptless free-form system that allows players to choose when to attack or dodge based on the enemy's actions. When certain foes, such as a cyclops or a juggernaut, have been sufficiently weakened, the player may jump on their back and briefly force them to attack other foes.
Other extra features include ten artifacts hidden in the game world that provide more abilities during New Game Plus, such as unlimited magic. This mode also allows players to change Kratos' costume, but trophies are disabled. A feature absent from previous installments but added in Ascension is "Chapter Select", which allows players to select and replay previously completed levels. Unlike previous installments, in which behind-the-scenes videos are unlocked after completing the game, these videos are already available from the main menu.
Multiplayer
God of War: Ascension is the only installment in the series to offer a multiplayer feature, which is online-only, and up to eight players can take part. Before entering multiplayer battles, each player is introduced to a warrior, who, like Kratos, is an oath-breaker and is imprisoned in the Prison of the Damned—the warrior's backstory is explored in Rise of the Warrior. The player takes control of the warrior and aligns with one of the four deities: Ares, Hades, Zeus, or Poseidon. The main objective for players is to take control of a map to earn rewards from the gods. Each god offers a unique combat play-style and in-battle abilities. The attack style of the god with whom the player aligns is critical to their warrior's path. Players who ally with Ares are brute force experts with an up-close focus. Players who ally with Zeus are magical experts with a focus on space control. Players who ally with Poseidon are supports with a focus on team synergy and self-sustenance. Players who ally with Hades are versatile, unlike the other three, featuring other unique mechanics such as lifesteal, stealth, and curses. Players can create a total of four warriors to have a champion representing each god.
Players can unlock special magic abilities, new and upgraded armor, weapons, relics, and other treasures as they earn experience points (XP) to level-up their warrior. Players may also complete "Labors", which are challenges from the gods that rewards armor and weapons. Throughout multiplayer matches, players receive buffs and debuffs, and there is a color-coding system, called flashes, where a player's character will flash a certain color indicating a special property, such as vulnerability or invulnerability. A prestige feature called "Ascension", added in the June 10, 2013 update, allows players to reset their allegiance progression when they reach Level 40, and receive in-game currency for "Godly" armor and weapons—the "most valuable and powerful items in the game". They are classified as a Hero the first time they ascend and then a Demigod the second time and keep that title from then on.
There are five multiplayer modes: Team Favor of the Gods, Match of Champions, Trial of the Gods, Capture the Flag, and Bout of Honor. Team matches randomly assign players to compete on either the Spartan or Trojan team. The "signature" multiplayer mode is Team Favor of the Gods, in which two teams of two-to-four players try to win by accumulating a target quantity of points. Points, known as Favor, are earned by killing and other methods. When players are not on the offensive, they may help their team earn points by capturing altars, collecting red orbs from chests, and setting traps for opposing players. The non-team version, Match of Champions, is a four-to-eight-player deathmatch with a similar goal to Team Favor of the Gods. Trial of the Gods is a two-player, cooperative (co-op), time-trial mode in which the duo faces five waves of mythological monsters concluding with a boss fight. A single-player version is also available. In Capture the Flag, two teams of four players battle to capture the opposing team's flag and return it to their base until a target number of flags have been obtained. In Bout of Honor, added in the July 11, 2013 update, players test their skills in a best-of-seven-rounds one-on-one fight.
All but two of the fifteen multiplayer maps are based on locations explored throughout the God of War series, with eight of those based on locations explored in Ascension; for example, Desert of Lost Souls is from the original God of War, Bog of the Forgotten is from God of War II, and Labyrinth of Daedalus, Forum of Hercules, and Chamber of the Flame are from God of War III. The two original maps are the Coliseum of Persia and the Walls of Troy (which features the Trojan Horse). Every map features special power-ups awarded by the gods for earning points, such as the Boots of Hermes for acceleration and running attacks. Maps also have environmental obstacles or objectives to complete for more points. For example, on the Desert of Lost Souls map, the cyclops Polyphemus may attack nearby players and killing him with the Spear of Olympus will grant bonus points for that team.
Synopsis
Setting
As with previous games, God of War: Ascension is set in an alternate version of ancient Greece populated by the Olympian gods, Titans, and other beings from Greek mythology. Game events are set six months after Kratos killed his family, and ten years before the original God of War (2005). The next game chronologically would be Chains of Olympus (2008), which takes place some time between Ascension and God of War (2005). The game's narrative takes place over four weeks; it shifts between the present (the fourth week) and past (the preceding three weeks), while the player controls Kratos in both. Several locations, including the Prison of the Damned and some real-world locations—including the village Kirra, the city Delphi, and the island Delos—are explored in the game.
The Prison of the Damned is the Furies' massive prison to house all oath-breakers. Kirra is an abandoned village that lost its water supply after its water wheel and aqueduct were destroyed. Other than monsters, the only life is in its harbor, where the tamed Harbor Master guides vessels in and out of the port. Delphi is located in the snowy mountains north of Kirra and features the Tower of Delphi. After activating three massive, mechanical pythons, the Tower allows access to the Temple of Delphi, home of the Oracle. Delos features a Titan-sized statue of Apollo, constructed by the inventor Archimedes to honor the god.
Characters
The game's protagonist is Kratos (voiced by Terrence C. Carson), a Spartan warrior who broke his blood oath to the god Ares after being tricked into killing his family by his former master. The main antagonists are the three Furies: Megaera (Nika Futterman), Tisiphone (Debi Mae West), and the Fury Queen, Alecto (Jennifer Hale). The Furies are the guardians of honor and the bane of traitors, who punish those they deem guilty. They were spawned from the eons-long war between the Primordials, the beings who created the Earth. Other characters include the oath keeper Orkos (Troy Baker), the son of Ares and Alecto, who was disowned by the god as he was not the perfect warrior that Ares sought; Aletheia (Adrienne Barbeau), the Oracle of Delphi with prophetic sight; the corrupted Prophet Castor (David W. Collins) and his conjoined twin Pollux (Brad Grusnick), who usurped the oracle, deciding who can consult her; and the Scribe of Hecatonchires (Robin Atkin Downes), the first mortal imprisoned by the Furies who has been keeping records to maintain his sanity. Kratos' wife Lysandra (Jennifer Hale) and his daughter Calliope appear in an illusion created by Alecto, and the King of Sparta (Crispin Freeman) and the Village Oracle (Susan Blakeslee) appear in an illusion created by Tisiphone with the help of her familiar, Daemon.
In the game's multiplayer mode, Zeus (Corey Burton), the King of the Olympian Gods, Ares (Steven Blum), the God of War, Poseidon (Gideon Emery), the God of the Sea, and Hades (Fred Tatasciore), the God of the Underworld, appear as statues at the Rotunda of Olympus where the player selects one to align to, after which the chosen god will communicate with the player during gameplay. Castor and Pollux, the demigod Hercules, the Titan cyclops Polyphemus, the Gorgon Stheno, and the giant scorpion Skorpius also appear in the multiplayer as bosses and/or environmental obstacles.
Plot
The game begins with Kratos, who is imprisoned, chained, and tormented by the Furies for breaking his blood oath to Ares. The Fury Megaera tortures Kratos, but he manages to break free. Chasing her through the prison, he discovers that the prison itself is Aegaeon the Hecatonchires, the first traitor of the Furies who had broken a blood oath to Zeus; he was turned into the Prison of the Damned as punishment. Overcoming an illusion created by the Fury Tisiphone and her familiar Daemon, Kratos finds and kills Megaera, retrieving the Amulet of Uroborus, which the Furies had confiscated from him when he was imprisoned.
The narrative shifts to three weeks before Kratos' imprisonment. Confronted by Orkos in the Village of Kirra, Kratos is advised that the visions he has been experiencing are mind tricks created by the Furies, and instructs him to find the Oracle of Delphi. Upon arrival at the Temple of Delphi, he overcomes Castor and Pollux, who tried to kill the Oracle. In her dying breath, the Oracle instructs Kratos to travel to Delos to retrieve the Eyes of Truth. Taking the Amulet of Uroborus from the now-dead Castor and Pollux, Kratos travels to Kirra's harbor, where he again encounters Orkos. The oath keeper reveals that Ares wanted a perfect warrior to help him overthrow Zeus, so Ares helped Kratos against the barbarians to make him into a perfect warrior. Orkos became the oath keeper and did not question the Furies until Ares tricked Kratos into killing his own family. Armed with this knowledge, Kratos takes a ship to Delos.
A week later, Kratos arrives at the island of Delos and explores the ruined statue of Apollo. He is attacked by all three Furies and is eventually captured. Orkos appears and frees Kratos, transporting him to another location. Orkos gives Kratos his Oath Stone and reveals that he and Aletheia tried to warn Zeus of Ares' and the Furies' plan. In retaliation, they took the Oracle's eyes, the objects Kratos seeks. After a perilous journey, Kratos uses the Amulet of Uroborus to restore the statue and retrieve the eyes. On completing the Trials of Archimedes, Kratos is ambushed and captured by the Furies, who confiscate all his items.
Back in the present time, Tisiphone and Daemon cast another illusion to deceive Kratos, who overcomes it and retrieves the Oath Stone of Orkos. He encounters the Scribe of Hecatonchires, who reveals that the Furies were originally fair in their punishment, but devolved into ruthless beings because of Ares. Continuing his pursuit of the Furies, Kratos reaches the door to Alecto's Chamber, but seemingly returns home to his wife and daughter: another illusion, this time cast by the Fury Queen Alecto. She tries to convince Kratos he can live within this illusion if he rejoins Ares, but he refuses. Enraged, Alecto and Tisiphone attack Kratos, who retrieves the eyes, and Alecto transforms into a Charybdis. After a brutal battle, Kratos uses the eyes to break through the Furies' illusions before killing them both, which destroys the prison.
Kratos returns to Sparta, where he is met by Orkos. He praises Kratos' victory over the Furies, but reveals that Kratos will not be free from Ares' bond unless he kills Orkos, whom the Furies made Kratos' oath keeper again before Kratos killed them. He begs Kratos to give him an honorable death, which will free them both from Ares. Kratos initially refuses out of regret for killing so many innocents, but Orkos' continuing pleas ultimately force Kratos to kill him. Afterward, Kratos experiences the first of many nightmares—previously masked by his bond—and discovers his path to redemption through continual service to Olympus. Kratos burns down his house with the corpse of Orkos inside and leaves, beginning his path towards becoming the champion of the gods.
Development
Pre-E3 2012
In January 2010, Santa Monica's studio director John Hight told video-gaming blog Joystiq that "while God of War III will conclude the trilogy, it won't spell the end of the franchise" and said "We're going to be really careful about what we do next." From April 2011 until April 2012, several sources claimed that a fourth main entry would release sometime in 2012 and would feature an online component. On April 12, 2012, Sony released a teaser image on its official PlayStation Facebook page, which was followed by the game's announcement on April 19, though Amazon leaked the announcement the day before. The trailer announced Todd Papy, who had worked as a designer on God of War and God of War II and as Design Director on God of War III, as Game Director. David Jaffe confirmed that God of War III Game Director Stig Asmussen did not return to direct this game because he was working on another project at Santa Monica. The announcement trailer was narrated by Linda Hunt; it refers to a time before Kratos became the Ghost of Sparta and was not "bound in blood". The announcement officially confirmed that the game's title would be God of War: Ascension. Papy said the game was not titled God of War IV to avoid confusion because it is a prequel, rather than a sequel, to the trilogy. The name was chosen because it complements the story and the additional multiplayer component; according to Papy, in this mode, players are "basically ascending from an unknown hero to a god".
The game features a retooled God of War III engine, enabling online multiplayer battles for up to eight players. Papy said to allow customization, Kratos and other known gods would not be included as playable characters in the multiplayer modes because the developers did not want "red Kratos, blue Kratos, yellow Kratos", and selecting gods would lock players into established roles. This decision was made "to balance the game when players are pitted against each other". Papy also said there would be no female characters because each character in the multiplayer mode is based on Kratos' animation model. The first demonstration of the game's multiplayer element featured the Team Favor of the Gods mode running on the map Desert of Lost Souls, which features the Titan cyclops Polyphemus. Multiplayer had been discussed for past games, but had never been implemented as previous game directors felt that God of War was a single-player-only experience; in Chains of Olympuss case, it was cut due to time constraints during development. For Ascension, the development team made the decision to invest in multiplayer after a simple version, tested using two Kratoses, turned out to be "a lot of fun" for the game testers.
The development team faced challenges in adding multiplayer to an established single-player franchise. Other established franchises had been criticized for sub-par multiplayer implementations, so Santa Monica felt they had to prove to critics that their multiplayer mode would not be "tacked on". Since multiplayer was new to the team, new staff were hired who specialized in multiplayer, engineering, and design, but Santa Monica did not realize the amount of work required for the experience they had envisioned. Development was delayed because multiplayer mode required several rewrites. The player navigation code had to be changed for online play, which was initially designed for co-op; the team eventually decided this was unsatisfactory, and the changed approach cost significant development time. Local co-op was also explored, but the team decided to keep multiplayer online-only. The team finally "found the heart of [the] final multiplayer game" shortly before the first press show. Development focus switched back and forth between single-player and multiplayer; single-player received less attention while the team were preparing multiplayer for the first press announcement, but when single-player mode was reemphasized prior to its public debut, multiplayer mode suffered.
David Jaffe, creator and Game Director of the original God of War, spoke with NowGamer prior to the first press announcement in late April. He said that if he had worked on Ascension, he would have incorporated three specific elements: different myths, a co-star, and "look to the Zelda structure as a jumping off point". He liked the idea of a cooperative mode, and added "I'd love to see player one be Kratos and player two be this stupid annoying sidekick that—for some to be determined story reason—Kratos is stuck with for the whole adventure and in the end, once the main quest is over, Kratos just snaps the poor kid's neck". In May 2012, Jaffe spoke with IGN about the multiplayer element: "I think it looks cool. It looks like another great, impeccably executed Sony Santa Monica game", and added, "If it turns out to be the case that the single player is watered down because of [multiplayer], then I think they have some justification. But I don't see any evidence of that, and I don't see evidence of that based on the team they are."
Post-E3 2012
At Sony's 2012 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) press conference, the North American release date was confirmed as March 12, 2013. A single-player demo was shown, revealing new gameplay mechanics and combat systems. An encounter with the sea monster Charybdis was included in the demo, but this sequence was cut from the final game. Charybdis was recast as the creature that Alecto transforms into during the final fight of the game. The same day, Papy confirmed on PlayStation.Blog that a collector's edition of the game would be released. He said Ascension was being developed to feature stereoscopic 3D, but it was ultimately cut. At Gamescom 2012, new multiplayer footage was shown, followed by the announcement of a multiplayer beta.
At the 2012 Penny Arcade Expo (PAX), Game Director Todd Papy, Lead Game Designer Mark Simon, Principal Character Artist Patrick Murphy, and writer of the God of War series Marianne Krawczyk, hosted the first God of War panel, discussing the origins of Ascension, and provided an overview of the evolution of Kratos. The Fury Megaera was revealed, and Mark Simon discussed the new combat system. Papy said he had considered using the goddess Artemis as a playable female character, which would have offered the player alternative combat options. Artemis would have been depicted as half-human and half-feline, with the head and torso of a woman and the legs of a lioness. Artemis was ultimately cut from the game, but Papy said he would like to explore the possibility of using other gods in the future.
In the developmental transition from God of War III to Ascension, one of the graphics engineers, Cedric Perthuis, noted that the limits of the God of War III engine restricted artist creativity, so they "tried to remove or push those limits as far as possible without losing any performance." For example, the number of UV sets was increased to three per mesh. For a complex character model like Kratos, "independent textures are needed for body parts unique to him, each wrapping around the head, torso and limbs—all of which form an editable 'UV set' when laid out flat." Allowing more UV sets also made it possible to have a more natural look to the environment. Ascension was not as dramatic an advance in graphics over its predecessor as God of War III had been: "From a graphics 'technical' perspective, to a large degree God of War: Ascension was more refinement on the graphics front" said another graphics engineer, Ben Diamand, who focused on optimization during Ascensions development. The development team also added dynamic lighting, which allowed for development of the Life Cycle gameplay mechanic. Particle effects were also greatly improved from God of War III: "the idea was to give artists more control to achieve better results with less particles" said Perthuis.
Terrence C. Carson, Linda Hunt, Corey Burton, Gideon Emery, Steven Blum, and Kevin Sorbo reprised their roles as Kratos, the narrator, Zeus, Poseidon, Ares, and Hercules, respectively. Jennifer Hale, who voiced two characters in the previous installment, voiced the Fury Alecto and Kratos' wife, Lysandra, who was previously voiced by Gwendoline Yeo. Debi Mae West, Adrienne Barbeau, and Crispin Freeman, who had each done voice work on previous installments, voiced the characters Tisiphone, Aletheia, and the King of Sparta. Troy Baker voiced the oath keeper Orkos and is the announcer in the multiplayer mode. Series veteran Fred Tatasciore assumed the role of Hades, who was previously voiced by Clancy Brown. Susan Blakeslee reprised her role as the Village Oracle, who makes a cameo appearance as an illusion created by Tisiphone. Unlike previous games in which motion capture and voice recording were done separately, Ascension used "voice-over motion capture"; voice recording and motion capture were done at the same time, which allowed the voice actors to act out their characters' scenes together. The voice-over motion capture was done at House of Moves in Culver City, California.
Multiplayer beta
A global multiplayer beta was announced at Gamescom 2012. The beta included features that had not been previously revealed. Players who participated in the Rise of the Warrior social challenge on GodofWar.com received early access to the beta in December 2012. Players from SCE Europe also received an opportunity to access the beta early. The beta became available for PlayStation Plus subscribers on January 8, 2013. On January 19, Santa Monica allowed all PlayStation Network users in North and South America access to the beta via a redeemable voucher. The beta test ended at midnight Pacific time on January 21. In the beta, players could choose to align themselves with Ares or Zeus. It featured the eight-player Desert of Lost Souls map and the four-player Forum of Hercules map. The beta included the Desert of Lost Souls map in the modes Team Favor of the Gods and Capture the Flag, and the Forum of Hercules map in the mode Favor of the Gods, renamed Match of Champions in final release. All participants of the beta received the Champion's Armor and Blade for their multiplayer character when the game launched.
According to Santa Monica's senior producer Whitney Wade and director of internal development Chacko Sonny, the beta made the team look at the game as an "evolving service". The beta allowed the developers to make sure that the game design would meet with the approval of existing fans of the series, and that the system could cope with a high volume of players. Wade and Sonny said the testing went as expected, "revealing successive layers of issues that we would address, deploy fixes for, and then monitor in a live environment." The most important change from the beta, they said, was their planning in how to support the game post-launch. The team designed a process that allowed them to "quickly iterate on fixes, deploy them through infrastructure (testing, certification, patching), and coordinate with internal technology partners within Sony." They also developed a system to allow them to monitor, log, and interpret any changes added, and the beta test gave insight on how to prioritize key features.
Soundtrack
God of War: Ascension (Original Soundtrack) was composed by Tyler Bates and was released on iTunes on March 5, 2013 by SCE and La-La Land Records. It was included as DLC in the God of War: Ascension – Collector's Edition and Special Edition. On October 15, the soundtrack was made available for free on PSN for a limited time. A notable feature of Ascensions soundtrack at the time was that it was scored by only one composer; all the previous games had multiple composers. Tyler Bates previously scored the similarly themed film 300 and game Rise of the Argonauts. Bates said "My goal was to create a sound that supported the timeless dark age of God of War, while expanding the parameters of the 'Sword and Sandals' genre." Although the game's story is linear, he approached the project as if he were scoring a novel as opposed to a film. Bates did not play any of the previous games and chose not to in order to take the score "to new places without being overtly aware of the great music that is emblematic" of the prior installments. The soundtrack was recorded at Abbey Road Studios, and features solo vocal work from Rafe Pearlman and Ciscandra Nostalghia.
Throughout the score, Bates uses a combination of techniques "to increase the drama of the game" said Emily McMillan of Game Music Online, who gave the album a 4 out of 5 stars. She said one of Bates's signature techniques is "an intense and simultaneous crescendo and glissando." All the themes take place on a harmonic minor scale. On the track, "Warriors' Truth", Bates used Gerard Marino's main God of War theme and "twists it for the prequel setting", "taking the harmonic ascending scale and reverting it to a downwards pattern with a harsh choir/brass combination." The track "Visions of Ruin" features the cimbalom, which is rarely used in video game soundtracks. She said overall "The music is powerful, rich, and pulsing", though listening to the whole album can seem repetitive.
Release
At E3 2012, a single-player demo was shown, featuring new gameplay mechanics and combat systems. The demo revealed a redesigned quick time event mini-game, which replaced some button prompts with a new, prompt-less, free-form system. It featured the World Weapons mechanic and Kratos was shown to be capable of swinging opponents through the air while simultaneously attacking. Other new features included the Fire of Ares magic and the "Life Cycle" mechanic. Several new enemies, such as the juggernaut and the sea beast Charybdis, were also featured, though the latter was cut from the final game. The E3 2012 single-player demo was included with early copies of the "Director's Cut" Blu-ray edition and Blu-ray/DVD Combo Pack versions of the film, Total Recall, which were released on December 18, 2012. On February 26, 2013, a new single-player demo titled the Prison of the Damned was released on the PlayStation Store to download. Participants of the Rise of the Warrior social challenge who were on the Spartan team received access to the demo on February 20. The demo comprises the first 30-minutes of the single-player mode.
God of War: Ascension was released in North America on March 12, 2013, in mainland Europe and PAL regions on March 13, in Australia and New Zealand on March 14, and in the UK and Ireland on March 15. In the US, it sold 570,000 units in the first month of its release not including bundled sales, making it the fourth-best-selling game of March 2013. The game's sales were significantly lower than God of War IIIs first month sales, which were 1.1 million units. Ultimately, the game shipped over 3 million units worldwide and grossed over US$100 million in revenue. On October 15, 2013, God of War: Ascension was released as a digital download on the PlayStation Store in North America. The digital version was released in Europe and Australia on October 23, and in Japan and Asia on October 31. On September 24, 2014, God of War: Ascension became available to play from Sony's game streaming service PlayStation Now.
Marketing
God of War: Ascensions marketing campaign initially focused on its multiplayer feature. Between October 22, 2012, and the day of the game's release, there were four multiplayer trailers that featured each of the gods that players can align to, showcasing some of the abilities that players receive from them. On December 12, 2012, a multiplayer trailer titled "Evil Ways" was released, featuring Polyphemus. The first single-player trailer since the initial one in April 2012 came on January 19, 2013. A live action trailer titled "From Ashes" featuring a remix of Hanging On by Ellie Goulding was played during Super Bowl XLVII, which was followed by the last single-player trailer on February 26.
On June 4, 2012, Santa Monica Studio announced the release of God of War: Ascension – Collector's Edition, which was available for a limited time in North America. The package included a statue of Kratos, a premium SteelBook game case, and exclusive downloadable content (DLC) available via the PlayStation Network (PSN). The exclusive DLC included the official game soundtrack, a PS3 dynamic XrossMediaBar (XMB) theme, a PSN avatar pack, 48 hours of double XP for multiplayer, and a Season Pass to unlock all future DLC weapons and armor at no extra cost. On August 30, 2012, Santa Monica announced the release of the Collector's Edition for European territories. The God of War: Ascension – Special Edition was also announced for release in European territories and was available for the same price as the standard edition. It included the premium SteelBook game case and the DLC that was available in the Collector's Edition, although not the Season Pass. The God of War: Ascension Legacy Bundle, which included Ascension, God of War Saga, a one-month subscription to PlayStation Plus, and a 500 GB garnet red PS3, was available for a limited time. Similarly, the UK received an exclusive PS3 bundle, which included a white 500 GB PS3, the God of War: Ascension – Special Edition, and a special God of War: Ascension DualShock 3 controller, which was released separately in Australia.
Pre-orders for the Collector's Edition commenced on June 4, 2012, in North America. Participating retailers offered the "Mythological Heroes Multiplayer DLC Pack" as a bonus for pre-ordering the standard or Collector's Edition of the game. The DLC pack included the armors of Achilles, Odysseus, Orion, and Perseus. Along with the DLC pack, GameStop offered an exclusive pre-order bonus—the armor and spear of King Leonidas, as depicted by Gerard Butler in the 2007 film 300, for use in multiplayer mode, and a double-sided God of War: Ascension poster measuring . For a limited time, all copies of God of War: Ascension purchased from Best Buy included the multiplayer weapon Mjölnir (the Hammer of Thor), inspired by the television series Vikings, as DLC. Walmart offered the Blade of Judgment multiplayer weapon as an exclusive pre-order bonus. All copies of God of War: Ascension included early access to the demo of Naughty Dog's video game The Last of Us. In North America, all copies included a voucher to download the characters Zeus and Isaac Clarke for PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale.
Rise of the Warrior
Rise of the Warrior was a graphic novel by Marianne Krawczyk with art by Christopher Shy. Only available on GodofWar.com, it was a prequel story that tied into Ascensions single-player and multiplayer modes, and had 20 chapters that were released from October 2012 to March 2013. It also featured a social experience during that same time period. For the social experience, players were aligned with either the Spartans or the Trojans and competed via social challenges to earn points, such as answering questions and solving riddles for each chapter. In the first challenge, the teams competed to earn their army a week of exclusive, early access to the multiplayer beta test that began on December 12, and a one-month subscription to PlayStation Plus, which was won by the Spartans; the Trojans received access on December 17. The Spartans also won the next team challenge and received early access to the Prison of the Damned single-player demo on February 20, 2013. Players could also earn early, in-game unlocks for the final game's multiplayer mode, including exclusive weapons and armor for all players who attained the rank of Champion of the Gods.
The story followed an unnamed warrior who became the player's character in the multiplayer mode. The warrior was a native of Kirra whose father was killed by a cruel general who poisoned the water supply of the village, killing many people. Before dying, the warrior's father beckoned him to honor the gods and swear to never let harm come to their family. The warrior swore his father's oath and was met by a cloaked figure, The Giver, who guided him and followed him throughout his journey. Soon after, the warrior called upon Ares to save his people from the poisonous water; the god destroyed the aqueduct and water wheel that supplied water to the village. The warrior then encountered the surviving soldiers who had been under his father's command. One soldier told the warrior that swords alone could not defeat the general. The warrior and his men traveled to the land of Aeaea and recruited the witch Circe, who seemingly also sought revenge against the general. Circe granted the soldiers magical weapons to aid them on their journey, and suggested that they see the Oracle of Delphi to discover whether the general had any weaknesses. During this time, the warrior vowed loyalty to Poseidon and to protect his men.
After traveling through Delphi, the warrior obtained the venomous blood of a cerberus. Eventually, both Circe and the warrior encountered the general, who was revealed to be the warrior's uncle. The general revealed that he killed the warrior's father because he refused to join the general. Circe was then revealed to be the general's lover who had aided the warrior only so he would reach the general, who planned to offer the warrior a chance to serve him in his conquests. The warrior refused, and Circe offered him with a choice; to serve the general and his men would be spared from Circe's wrath, or to kill the general and his men shall die. The Giver, who followed the two, reminded the warrior that if he were to kill the general, who was a member of his family, the oath he made to his father would be broken, yet if he killed Circe, his men would perish and the oath he made to protect his men would be broken. The warrior declared that he would not slay Circe and defended the lives of his men. However, he tricked the general into drinking from a cup he had secretly filled with the cerberus's blood, which killed the general. Circe was aghast at the warrior's vengeful act and retreated. Because the warrior killed his own uncle, the oath he made to his father was broken. The Giver revealed himself to be Orkos, the oath keeper of the Furies and the warrior was imprisoned by the Furies in the Prison of the Damned.
Downloadable content
As well as the downloadable content (DLC) included in the Collector's Edition, the pre-order bonuses, and DLC from Rise of the Warrior, the developers released several multiplayer DLC packs after the game's release. All multiplayer maps that were released post-launch were free, and players who obtained the Season Pass from the Collector's Edition received all DLC weapons and armors at no additional cost. DLC weapons and armors could be purchased separately or in bundles. Other DLC, such as XP boosters, were available, but these were not covered by the Season Pass. On May 7, 2013, the first set of DLC armors and weapons, including the "Armors of Anarchy" and the "Blades of Darkness", were released for purchase together with the free Chimeran Armor. Several other DLC packs, such as the "Primordials Pack", the "Champions Pack", the "Marks of the Gods Pack", and the "Legendary Spears Pack", were released.
In June 2013, Santa Monica announced the "Community Cape Design Contest", in which the God of War community could create and submit original cape designs. The winner's design was released as DLC. For a limited time the following month, Sony allowed players to trial all available DLC weapons. Some of the last sets of DLC released included co-op weapons, the "Mantles of the Gods Pack", several gauntlets, and the "Fury Capes Pack". On October 11, 2013, Santa Monica announced that no further DLC maps, weapons, armors, or marks would be produced, but multiplayer gaming would still be supported with patch updates. All DLC items received special pricing options for the release of the digital version of God of War: Ascension. To celebrate the one year anniversary of the game's release, from March 25 through April 2, all DLC armor and weapons were available to download for free, XP boosters were discounted by 50%, and the developers released a Santa Monica Studio cape and a "Marked One" mark, allowing player's warriors to have Kratos' red tattoo when equipped.
The first maps were released via patch 1.06, called the "Hunter" update, on May 23, 2013. The "Tower of Delphi" and a modified version of the "Coliseum of Persia", which enabled the Trial of the Gods mode on that map, were included in this update. Because of technical difficulties experienced by some players who downloaded the patch, it was retracted and re-released via update 1.07 on June 3. Players who lost all online progress due to 1.06 received two 48-hour voucher codes granting five times the amount of XP earned, the Season Pass, 50 weapon and armor shards, and a special voucher code for the "Ascension" feature that ascended these players to "Hero", giving them immediate access to the Godly armor and weapons. The second set of maps were released via update 1.09 on July 11. This update included four maps for the Bout of Honor mode—"Canyons of Kirra", "Chamber of the Flame", "Landing at Delos", and "Streets of Sparta"—and a four-player map, "The Whirlpool of Alecto". On August 1, update 1.10 was released and added Trial of the Gods to the "Labyrinth of Daedalus" map. The last multiplayer map, the eight-player "Furnace of Archimedes", was released via update 1.11 on August 27.
Reception
God of War: Ascension received "generally favorable reviews", according to review aggregator Metacritic. Critics praised the fundamental gameplay and spectacle, but were critical of the lack of new ideas and gave a mixed response to the additional multiplayer mode. Alex Simmons of IGN said the redesigned combat system adds a source of depth: "Learning how to use each power effectively ... provides a strategic lifeline when there's no energy re-gen chest nearby". Although he initially found the World Weapons useful, he felt that they became unnecessary after upgrading the Blades of Chaos. Simmons felt the magic system was a "positive step"; since magic attacks are unlocked at a later time, players cannot rely on them as much as they may have done in previous installments, which encourages players "to think wisely about where to allocate experience points rather than being the ultimate badass from the outset".
Combat and the new gameplay mechanics were well-received, with Dale North of Destructoid saying "God of War has never looked or played better than this", and Xav de Matos of Joystiq commenting that the combat is simpler than in God of War III, and rarely required much adjustment. Opinions on difficulty varied; Simmons felt that most of the gameplay was balanced, and that Ascension "is probably the easiest" in the series, but both he and Hollander Cooper of GamesRadar commented that some areas, such as the Trials of Archimedes, were too difficult. Simmons felt that in some sections, the many enemies made dying feel "cheap and frustrating", and in Cooper's opinion, some points in the game "[test] your patience, rather than your skills—including one [the Trials] that's easily the most difficult section in any God of War game to date, for all the wrong reasons".
Both Simmons and Matos criticized the story; Simmons felt that although the narrative is "meticulously delivered", it "felt a bit incidental", and said that in comparison to Zeus and Ares, "the Furies don't quite cut it". Matos was critical of the plot framing and the narrative structure as "just too chaotic"; he argued that "the narrative fabric woven throughout the franchise has begun to split", and Ascension does little to enhance its characters "in any meaningful way". He did praise the game for providing the "distinct God of War flair" known to the series.
Cooper praised the enhanced graphics engine as "not only the best the franchise has seen, but some of the most impressive on the PlayStation 3", and was impressed by Kratos' foes. North agreed, saying "there's a shine and polish that runs throughout the game that makes it a perfect send-off for the PS3", noting its improved textures, animations, and lighting. The review from Edge magazine also positively reviewed the graphics, but had some frustrations with the visual approach, such as some camera angles.
Matos was broadly critical of the game's multiplayer mode, though he singled out some elements, such as the maps, as well-designed. He disliked the connection to single-player mode, calling it "a weird narrative tie-in", and was concerned that although the gameplay translates well into the multiplayer element, "the entire experience may be too chaotic to enrapture a large audience ... it doesn't feel deep enough to command much more than a furiously dedicated fan following". Simmons was more positive, saying that the multiplayer mode is "a genuinely fresh addition ... that successfully carries over many of the hallmarks of the much-loved single-player [game]". He singled out Team Favor of the Gods as his favorite mode, but did not feel that the combat offered enough depth to make multiplayer "a truly engaging experience", describing it instead as "a curiosity that provides a few hours of enjoyment rather than being an essential addition". The review from Edge magazine described multiplayer mode as "chaotic at first", with overwhelming options, but said that it becomes easier as players learn the levels. The Edge review identified the fixed camera system as an asset because "you can always see exactly what's going on and fight your opponents instead of the viewpoint", and also praised the color-coding system, which "effectively lets you know when you have an opening and when to run".
Controversy
Some reviewers disliked the title of one of the game's trophies, "Bros before Hos", which is received after graphically face-stomping a female villain. In response to the criticisms of misogyny, Santa Monica released a patch changing the name of the trophy to "Bros before Foes".
Accolades
Unlike previous installments, God of War: Ascension won no awards, but it was nominated in several Best of E3 2012 categories by various media outlets. These nominations included "Best Action/Adventure" and "Best Multiplayer" from Game Rant, "Best PS3 Game" and "Best Action/Adventure Game" from G4, "Best PlayStation 3 Game" from Destructoid, and "Best PS3 Game" and "Best Action Game" from IGN. The game was a nominee for "Best Visual Design" at the 2013 Golden Joystick Awards. At the 2014 Writers Guild of America Videogame Awards, it was a nominee for "Outstanding Achievement in Videogame Writing" and during the 2014 D.I.C.E. Summit, it was a nominee for the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences award for "Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design".
Notes
References
Works cited
External links
God of War: Ascension U.S. PlayStation website
God of War: Ascension Collector's Edition
JP PSN Store Listing
2013 video games
Action-adventure games
Ascension
Hack and slash games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 3-only games
Sony Interactive Entertainment games
Video game prequels
Video games developed in the United States
Video games based on Greek mythology
Video games scored by Tyler Bates
Video games set in antiquity
Video games set in Greece
Santa Monica Studio games | wiki |
Shake It Up may refer to:
Shake It Up (Boney James & Rick Braun album), 2000
Shake It Up (The Cars album), 1981
"Shake It Up" (The Cars song), the title song
"Shake It Up" (Divine song), 1983
"Shake It Up" (Koda Kumi song), 2005
"Shake It Up" (Selena Gomez song), 2011
"Shake It Up" (Bad Company song), 1988
"Shake It Up", a song by Elizabeth Daily from the 1983 film Scarface, included in its soundtrack
"Shake It Up", a song by Pitbull featuring Oobie from M.I.A.M.I., 2004
Shake It Up (American TV series), a U.S. Disney Channel original series that aired from 2010 to 2013
Shake It Up: I Love Dance soundtrack, 2013
Shake It Up (Indian TV series), a 2013 Indian adaptation of the American series
Shake It Up (Chinese TV series), a Chinese dance competition | wiki |
Tumulto puede referirse a:
Alboroto provocado por una multitud;
Motín;
También puede referirse a:
Tumulto, grupo chileno de hard rock; o
Tumulto, álbum de la banda homónima. | wiki |
Blipverts may refer to:
"Blipverts" (Max Headroom), the pilot episode of the Max Headroom science fiction genre 1987–1988 TV series
Blipvert, a fictional high-intensity television commercial technology first discussed in the "Blipverts" pilot of Max Headroom
Max Headroom | wiki |
Woman's Refuge may refer to:
A Women's shelter
Women's Refuge (film), a 1946 Argentine film | wiki |
ABPA Backgammon is a backgammon video game for Intellivision (ABPA stands for American Backgammon Players Association). This was one of the original four launch titles for the Intellivision system.
Legacy
Backgammon is included is in the Intellivision Lives! game package for personal computers and game consoles.
References
1979 video games
Intellivision games
Intellivision-only games
Backgammon video games
North America-exclusive video games
Mattel video games
APh Technological Consulting games
Video games developed in the United States | wiki |
The DxO ONE from DxO is a small camera that attaches to a tablet or smartphone. It was originally compatible with iPhone and iPad using the Lightning connector port, and more recently with some Android phones. It was introduced in June 2015. The DxO ONE has a 1-inch format, 20.2 megapixel image sensor—the same one that is found in the Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX100—and an f/1.8 maximum-aperture lens and high-speed shutter. The ONE uses the attached mobile device as an electronic viewfinder for the camera, which does not have its own viewfinder.
European Imaging and Sound Association awarded the DxO ONE its prize for photo innovation for 2015–2016. DxO has also created a website where photographers can showcase images taken with the DxO ONE.
Specifications
20.2 megapixel 1-inch format BSI-CMOS image sensor
Records still images in JPEG, RAW (DNG), and SuperRAW (DXO) formats
Metering modes: Auto, Program, Shutter-priority, Aperture-priority, and Manual
Scene modes: Sports, Landscape, Portrait, and Nighttime
Exposure compensation adjustment
ISO settings range from 100 to 12,800 plus 25,600 and 51,200 (Hi 1 and Hi 2) and Auto
Focus via contrast-detect Autofocus, with face-detection, or via the touchscreen on the connected mobile device
Video recording with single-channel audio in 1080p 30fps, or 720p 120fps for slow-motion
microSD card slot for recording images and videos
microUSB connector for charging and transferring images and videos to a computer
The DxO ONE includes a SuperRAW image format that records for raw images in quick succession for later post-processing. Temporal noise reduction is then performed on the set of images.
It can be rotated up to 60 degrees each way once it is connected via the Lightning connector. For capturing a Selfie, it can be reversed to face towards the user.
Requirements
The DxO ONE works with iPads and iPhones running iOS 8 or later and that have a lightning connector, and with some Android phones that have a USB-C connector. For proper connection between the mobile device and the DxO ONE, a case that does not occlude the area around the Lightning Connector is necessary. The DxO ONE can be used by itself, with its rear OLED screen allowing the user to switch between photo and video, but not to preview the image. This was later updated by firmware to allow the rear screen to be used as a framing assistant.
For desktop processing of raw and SuperRAW images, an Apple Mac or Windows computer is required. Images are transferred using a separate application, DxO Connect, via microUSB cable (or by directly using the microSD card that was used in the camera). Apple added support for processing DxO ONE raw files in Digital Camera Raw 6.17 and Adobe added support for them in Camera Raw 9.2.
References
External links
DxO ONE web page
Cameras introduced in 2015
Point-and-shoot cameras
IPhone accessories | wiki |
Dragon Ball (série) é uma franquia de mídia japonesa
Dragon Ball (mangá) — série de mangá original de Akira Toriyama
Dragon Ball (anime) — série de animé de 1986
Dragon Ball Z — série de animé de 1989
Dragon Ball GT — série de animé de 1996
Dragon Ball Kai — série de animé de 2009
Dragon Ball Super — série de animé de 2015
Desambiguações de cinema
Desambiguações de quadrinhos
Desambiguações de televisão | wiki |
Route capacity is the maximum number of vehicles, people, or amount of freight than can travel a given route in a given amount of time, usually an hour. It may be limited by the worst bottleneck in the system, such as a stretch of road with fewer lanes. Air traffic route capacity is affected by weather. For a metro or a light rail system, route capacity is generally the capacity of each vehicle, times the number of vehicles per train, times the number of trains per hour (tph). In this way, route capacity is highly dependent on headway. Beyond this mathematical theory, capacity may be influenced by other factors such as slow zones, single-tracked areas, and infrastructure limitations, e.g. to useful train lengths.
Overview
Any assessment of the effectiveness of a transport network includes a calculation of what capacity is used, how it is used, and whether it is used effectively. For instance, overloaded routes may need to be upgraded, or capacity provided by other routes. Unused capacity can represent an opportunity to move more people or goods: as the capacity exists no additional investment is needed. Many transport networks have unused capacity.
External factors affect route capacity in different ways. Severely overcrowded highways will reduce the capacity of bus services. Severe snowfalls will reduce the capacity of highways and freeways, and high winds will make landing and departing airports difficult. In many cases route capacity will vary day to day depending on external factors. Rail systems are more rarely affected by external factors.
Routes can become congested where only a fraction of routes can accept certain traffic types. For example, a road may have a low bridge that restricts the height of any trucks (lorries), or a rail line may be unable to accept wagons loaded beyond a certain axle load. This will result in any route that can accept a wider range of vehicles being congested, and other more restrictive routes be underutilised. Rail traffic between the US and Mexico is limited by the types of vehicles, especially grain wagons, and as 2009 the only routes that could accept newer rail wagons passed through Texas.
Bottlenecks play a large role in determining route capacity. Along any route the capacity is limited to the point with the lowest capacity, and long routes may have their capacity compromised by one bottleneck. Where more vehicles enter a route than a single bottleneck can accept, then the route will be free of congestion at all points except at the bottleneck. For this reason bottlenecks are often the focus of transport improvement projects.
Application to railways
Route capacity is often calculated and applied in the management and design of rail systems. For railways with very high passenger loads, the maximum possible route capacity is an important factor. A common unit for route capacity is people per hour (pph), which can for metro style systems can be as high as 80,000. Route capacity can also be expressed as number of vehicles per hour, such as 20 trains per hour (tph). Route capacities in rail lines with two tracks are almost always the same in either direction.
The maximum speed or average speed of rail traffic will have no impact on the route capacity where all train services are of the same type, and the stopping patterns are the same. Whilst slower trains will mean passengers take longer to reach their destination, the number of trains moving past a specific point will remain the same. Route capacity at a particular period of time can be observed by an observer standing on a station platform. A slower rail system will require more rolling stock to maintain a high throughput of trains. The speed of traffic will affect the required headway between trains (it is not simply proportional to the speed) and will thus affect the route capacity.
In calculating route capacity it is important to consider practical considerations. Many railways will wish to operate at the maximum capacity for hours on any given day, and the theoretical capacity is not sustainable for more than a few trains. A reduced level of capacity, which can be maintained for hours, is often calculated. A railway that operates at close to the level of theoretical capacity for extended periods will have lower punctuality (fewer trains arriving when timetabled).
Route capacity depends on the number of passengers using a system, if only because this will affect the length of station stops. Much of the route capacity in an existing rail system will be used for existing timetabled rail movements. This is described as used capacity. What capacity remains to be allocated to additional trains is called available capacity.
Increasing route capacity for a rail system requires substantial investment in infrastructure. Increasing route capacity for a railway from, for example, 12 trains per hour, to 20 per hour, can be a very substantial project requiring substantial budgets.
Rail capacity is often less affected by the weather than route capacity for aircraft. However it can be affected by e.g. snow blocking the line, or by buckled rails at high temperatures.
Calculating route capacity
There are two main methods of calculating route capacity; using the method outlined in UIC 406, and by using headways. The International Union of Railways produces documents on a variety of rail related topics, and published a leaflet on rail capacity. This leaflet provides a method of calculating route capacity based on the creation of paths through a rail route. The number of paths for a "standard" train is created, and then the train paths added. The total number of trains that can potentially enter the route, and leave it, as well as the actual number, can then be determined.
The classic formula for the calculation of a route capacity from a headway is:
For example, a headway of 4 minutes translates into a route capacity of 15 trains per hour.
Reducing route capacities by mixing different types of rail services together
Route capacity is maximised for any rail system when all the rail traffic is the same type. Mixing different types of trains, or even different stopping patterns, will result in a substantial reduction of capacity. Where different types of trains are mixed together this is sometimes called heterogeneity. In this context different types of trains means those that are slower than other trains, for example, freight and passenger trains. Freight trains often accelerate and brake more slowly than passenger, and have lower top speeds. Also passenger trains that have different stopping patterns, such as a local all stops service, when mixed with a limited or express service, will result in a reduction of route capacity. Route capacity is not lost where all the trains on one route stop at all stations, but only where trains with different stopping patterns are mixed together.
Route capacities in different types of railways
Rail systems vary greatly in performance and route capacity, with metro systems having the highest capacity. Tram and light rail systems have in theory very high route capacities, but in practice many systems only achieve route capacities of 12 vehicles per hour. That said, Swanston Street in Melbourne achieves 50 trams per hour during the morning peak, an average of 72 seconds per tram. For High Speed Rail a route capacity of up to 18 trains per hour may be possible. In 1932 Sydney introduced a signalling system theoretically capable of 42 trains per hour (about every 85 seconds), but in practice only achieved 36 trains per hour during testing in the 50s. In modern times, Punggol metro line in Singapore uses a moving block system to achieve a headway of 90 seconds, so the route capacity is 40 trains per hour. The Moscow Metro achieves 40 trains an hour as well, additionally it has aimed to achieve 50 trains an hour in the future (a train every 72 seconds). Route capacity for a commuter rail system is typically around 12 to 16 trains per hour, which is lower than a metro, as the trains are longer, and the traffic is often mixed with other rail services such as freight and intercity trains. By contrast the Alameda Freight Corridor in Los Angeles has a route capacity of 150 freight trains per day, which is high in comparison to other rail freight systems, but low compared to metros.
The route capacity of freight rail systems is often limited by the terminal to which the freight is heading. Large terminals will be able to accept more freight trains, but a route capacity of 15 freight trains per hour would be very unusual.
Route capacities and stations
Stations in a railway system, and where train are required to stop to pick up or drop off passengers, serves to reduce the route capacity. This is particularly the case where trains of different stopping patterns are moving one after another through a rail system. Dwell time is the time taken from the opening of train doors at a station, to their closing again. Dwell times strongly influence route capacity in a rail system.
Route capacities and moving block headways
Many rail systems use a fixed block system for signalling. Moving block represents a new type of signalling that allows the reduction of headways, and an improvement of route capacity. Moving block is a signalling principle that exists within a signalling system called automatic train protection. Many technical problems exist with the construction of any rail line that supports moving block, as this type of signalling system requires constant communication between signalling systems and trains, which is often achieved with a train radio system (but can be achieved other ways). Another problem is the signalling system needs to know the length of any train at all times, and so an engineering system is needed on all trains that can detect all carriages and wagons within the train.
See also
Headway and route capacity
Highway Capacity Manual
Passenger car equivalent
Public transportation
Terminal dwell time
Traffic congestion
Railway specific
Moving block
Railway signalling
Signalling block system
Absolute block signalling
References
External links
"UIC 406" leaflet on route capacity.
"International Union of Railways website"
"Railway technical pages" This website has an excellent discussion of signalling principles, but it is a little complex.
Rail technologies
Public transport
Transportation planning
Scheduling (transportation) | wiki |
The Oaks, California may refer to:
The Oaks (Monrovia, California), an 1885 Queen Anne Style house
The Oaks (Thousand Oaks, California), a shopping mall
The Oaks, Los Angeles County, California, a place in California
The Oaks, Mendocino County, California, an unincorporated community
The Oaks, Nevada County, California, an unincorporated community | wiki |
This is list of symbols and emblems of the U.S. state of Colorado.
Insignia
Living symbols
Earth symbols
Cultural symbols
Highway route markers
Motor vehicle license plates
Naval vessel
United States coin
See also
Colorado
Bibliography of Colorado
Index of Colorado-related articles
Outline of Colorado
References
External links
Colorado state government website
Symbols and Emblems of Colorado
Colorado-related lists
Colorado state symbols, List of | wiki |
Your Joy Is My Low is the debut EP by IAMX. It was released in 2004 in Austria, during IAMX's first tour.
The album was hand-numbered and limited to 222 copies.
Track listing
"Your Joy Is My Low" 5:18
"You Stick It In Me" 4:20
"This Will Make You Love Again" 4:58
"I Like Pretending" 5:16
References
2004 debut EPs
IAMX albums | wiki |
Вулиця Миколи Левитського (Київ)
Вулиця Миколи Левитського (Кропивницький) | wiki |
Geoff – variante del nome proprio di persona inglese maschile Geoffrey
Geoff – terra immaginaria del gioco di ruolo Dungeons & Dragons
Geoff – personaggio della serie animata A tutto reality
Geoff – personaggio della serie televisiva EastEnders
Geoff – personaggio della serie televisiva Shortland Street
Geoff – personaggio della soap opera Brookside
Pagine correlate
Geoffrey (disambigua)
Geoffroy
Jeff | wiki |
Smoked cheese is any cheese that has been specially treated by smoke-curing. It typically has a yellowish-brown outer pellicle which is a result of this curing process.
Process
Smoke-curing is typically done in one of two ways: cold-smoking and hot-smoking. The cold-smoking method (which can take up to a month, depending on the food) smokes the food at between 20° to 30° C (68° to 86° F). Hot-smoking partially or completely cooks the food by treating it at temperatures ranging from 40° to 90 °C (104° to 194° F).
Another method, typically used in less expensive cheeses, is to use artificial smoke flavoring to give the cheese a smoky flavoring and food coloring to give the outside the appearance of having been smoked in the more traditional manner.
Common smoked cheeses
Some smoked cheeses commonly produced and sold include smoked Gruyère, smoked Gouda (rookkaas), Provolone, Rauchkäse, Scamorza, Sulguni, Oscypek, Fynsk rygeost, and smoked Cheddar.
Gallery
See also
List of smoked foods
References
Further reading
Juliet Harbutt. World Cheese Book. Penguin, Oct 5, 2009 pg .23 | wiki |
Primo Longobardo (La Maddalena, 19 October 1901 – Atlantic Ocean, 14 July 1942) was an Italian naval officer and submariner during World War II.
Biography
He was born in La Maddalena on 19 October 1901, the son of Vincenzo Longobardo and Ersilia Culiolo, and enrolled at the Naval Academy of Livorno in 1915, graduating as ensign on 8 July 1920 after participating in training cruises aboard the training ship Amerigo Vespucci. He was promoted to sub-lieutenant in 1922 and to lieutenant in 1925; in 1929 he was sent to Tianjin, where he assumed the post of deputy commander of the Regia Marina detachment at the Italian Legation until 1932. After being repatriated, he attended the Command School aboard the submarine H 4 and was promoted to lieutenant commander in 1933.
He then obtained his first command, submarine Fratelli Bandiera, followed by Sirena in 1934, Galileo Galilei from July 1935 to January 1937, and Galileo Ferraris and Pietro Calvi during the Spanish Civil War, in which he carried out patrols against Republican shipping and was awarded a Silver Medal of Military Valor for the sinking of the Republican steamer Navarra. On 1 January 1938 he was promoted to commander and assigned to the Submarine Office of the Navy Ministry; he was later transferred to the command of the 2nd Submarine Group of Naples and then of the 6 th Submarine Group of Tobruk from April to July 1939.
At the outbreak of the Second World War Longobardo held the command of the 3rd Submarine Group of Messina. In the early part of the war he commanded the submarine Enrico Toti, carrying out patrols in the Mediterranean, and in October 1940 (after participating in one of U 99's patrols alongside Otto Kretschmer, as an observer) he assumed command of Luigi Torelli, participating in the battle of the Atlantic with base in Bordeaux (BETASOM). In command of Torelli, Longobardo carried out two Atlantic patrols; the first one, in December 1940, had to be aborted soon after departure due to mechanical breakdowns, but the second one, in January–February 1941, resulted in the sinking of four merchant vessels (Urla, Nemea, Brask, and Nicolaos Filinis) for a gross tonnage of 17,498 GRT, the most successful patrol for a Betasom boat until then. Longobardo was therefore awarded another Silver Medal of Military Valor; however, due to his age, deemed to old for the hardships entailed by an active submarine command (40 years old), he was then replaced and given command of the Submarine School of Pola (12th Submarine Group).
Nonetheless, Longobardo repeatedly asked to be allowed to return to the frontline on a submarine, and in June 1942 he was given command of Pietro Calvi, whose commanding officer had fallen ill. On 2 July 1942 Calvi sailed from Bordeaux for a patrol in the Atlantic, and on 15 July it attacked convoy SL. 115 southwest of the Azores, being however located and hunted by HMS Lulworth. Calvi was heavily depth charged and seriously damaged, leading Longobardo to order to surface in an attempt to escape at full speed while fighting off the sloop with the submarine's deck guns. After surfacing, Calvi was immediately targeted by Lulworth's machine gunners, which cut down most of the Italian gunners; the submarine unsuccessfully fired two torpedoes at Lulworth and then evaded two ramming attempts by the British vessels, but the third attempt succeeded in destroying one of Calvi's propellers, leaving the submarine dead in the water. At this point Longobardo gave order to open the seacocks to scuttle the boat, and to gather on deck to abandon ship; immediately thereafter, however, he was killed when Calvi's conning tower was hit by one of Lulworth'''s shells. Shortly thereafter, Calvi'' sank with the loss of 42 of her 77 crew, as well as one British officer who had led a boarding party in an unsuccessful attempt to capture the submarine after Longobardo's death. At age 40 and with his rank of commander, Longobardo was both the oldest and most senior Italian submarine commander killed in World War II, as most other submarine commanders were younger lieutenant commanders or lieutenants. He was posthumously awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valor; the postwar Italian Navy named two submarines after him, the former USS Pickerel (in service from 1972 to 1981) and a Sauro-class submarine commissioned in 1993.
References
1901 births
1942 deaths
Regia Marina personnel of World War II
Italian military personnel of the Spanish Civil War
Recipients of the Gold Medal of Military Valor
Recipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor
Submarine commanders
Italian military personnel of World War II
Italian military personnel killed in World War II | wiki |
The towns and cities of Central New York were created by the U.S. state of New York as municipalities in order to give residents more direct say over local government. Central New York (consisting of the Syracuse Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Utica-Rome Metropolitan Statistical Area) is a six county area–Cayuga, Herkimer, Madison, Oneida, Onondaga, and Oswego.
The entire area was nominally under the jurisdiction of Albany County from 1686 until the Royal Proclamation of 1763 but truly under the Iroquois Confederacy until 1777. The area was then nominally Tryon County from 1781 and effectively in 1784 when the county was renamed Montgomery, and then the area was part of Herkimer County from 1791.
In 1794 the western section of Herkimer County was split off as Onondaga County, and then in 1798 the northwestern section of Herkimer was removed as Oneida County and the southwestern section as Chenango County. Cayuga County was removed from Onondaga in 1799, Madison County from Chenango in 1806, and Oswego from Onondaga and Oneida in 1816.
The current towns of Herkimer, Oneida, and Madison counties are descended from the original districts and towns of Montgomery County; whereas the towns of Onondaga and Cayuga counties are descended from the towns erected by the state when Onondaga County was formed from the Military Tract in western Herkimer County which had previously been divided into townships for the purpose of surveying of lands to be sold to veterans of the US Revolutionary War.
New York experimented with different types of municipalities before settling upon the current format of towns and cities occupying all the land in a county, and all previous forms were transformed into towns (or divided into multiple towns) in 1788 when all of the state of New York was divided into towns. Some early forms of government in earlier years included land patents with some municipal rights, districts, precincts, and boroughs. Though originally intended to be mere “…involuntary subdivisions of the state, constituted for the purpose of the more convenient exercise of governmental functions by the state for the benefit of all its citizens” as defined by the courts in 1916 (Short v. Town of Orange), towns gained home rule powers from the state in 1964, at which time towns became "a municipal corporation comprising the inhabitants within its boundaries, and formed with the purpose of exercising such powers and discharging such duties of local government and administration of public affairs as have been, or, maybe [sic] conferred or imposed upon it by law.”
The following is a timeline showing the creation of the current towns from their predecessors stretching back to the earliest municipal entity over the area. The timelines only represent from which town(s) a particular town was created from and does not represent annexations of territory to and from towns that already existed. All municipalities are towns unless otherwise noted as patent, township, borough, district, or city.
Cayuga County
Notes
Prior to the creation of Onondaga County the western section of Herkimer County was the Military Tract. This tract included present-day Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca counties, and parts of Oswego, Tompkins, and Wayne; and was divided into 25 townships for surveying purposes to provide land for veterans of the US Revolutionary War. Three more townships were created in order to settle all claims. Originally simply numbered, they latter received names, mostly classical Greek and Roman names. In creating Onondaga County in 1794 the state of New York combined the townships into 11 towns. Milton (17), Locke (18), Scipio (12), Sempronius (13), Cato (3), Brutus (4), and Aurelius (8) were the townships in present-day Cayuga County, which were combined in 1794 into the towns of Milton (Milton and Locke townships), Scipio (Scipio and Sempronius townships), and Aurelius (Cato, Brutus, and Aurelius townships).
Herkimer County
Notes
Madison County
Notes
Oneida County
Notes
The city of Sherrill is considered in some circumstances of law to be a village under the jurisdiction of the town of Vernon.
Onondaga County
Notes
Prior to the creation of Onondaga County the western section of Herkimer County was the Military Tract. This tract included present-day Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca counties, and parts of Oswego, Tompkins, and Wayne; and was divided into 25 townships for surveying purposes to provide land for veterans of the US Revolutionary War. Three more townships were created in order to settle all claims. Originally simply numbered, they latter received names, mostly classical Greek and Roman names. In creating Onondaga County in 1794 the state of New York combined the townships into 11 towns. Pompey (10), Tully (14), Fabius (15), Manlius (7), Camillus (5), and Marcellus (9) occupied present-day Onondaga, and were combined as the towns of Pompey (Pompey, Tully, and Fabius townships), Marcellus (Camillus and Marcellus townships), and Manlius.
Oswego County
Notes
See also
Administrative divisions of New York
List of cities in New York
List of towns in New York
List of villages in New York
Timeline of town creation in Downstate New York
Timeline of town creation in New York's Capital District
Timeline of town creation in the Hudson Valley
References
Utica–Rome metropolitan area
Former municipalities in New York (state)
History of New York (state)
Syracuse, New York-related lists
Central New York | wiki |
Deejay – figura professionale musicale
Deejay – musicista reggae che effettua il toasting
Radio Deejay – emittente radiofonica italiana
DeeJay Television – trasmissione televisiva italiana
Deejay TV – rete generalista italiana
Pagine correlate
Dee Jay (disambigua) | wiki |
A meta-organization is defined as an organization that is formed of other organizations, rather than by individuals. This concept was developed in the scope of management studies in 2005 by Göran Ahrne and Nils Brunsson. Meta-organization design is suggested to differ from organization design in that intra-firm design may have less of an authority in the former.
References
Organizational structure
Organizational theory | wiki |
Secret Son is the 2009 novel by Moroccan-American writer Laila Lalami. The novel is a bildungsroman that follows its main character, a Muslim youth named Youssef El Mekki, as he comes of age in the Casablanca slums.
Development
Like other Arab-American novels, it focuses on themes related to class, gender, religion, migration/immigration and cultural conflict, with a particular emphasis on the cultural conflict that leads to radicalization of terrorists. Critic Steven Salaita compared the novel to Anouar Majid's Si Yussef. Lalami chose to write the novel in her third language: English, choosing not to use her first two languages: French and Arabic.
Reception
The New York Times gave the novel a moderately good review saying that "Secret Son is a nuanced depiction of the roots of Islamic terrorism, written by someone who intimately knows one of the stratified societies where it grows" but "Her English prose, although clean and closely observed, lacks music, and her similes can be predictable".
References
Further reading
Arab-American novels
2009 American novels
Novels set in Morocco
American bildungsromans
Novels by Laila Lalami
2009 debut novels
Moroccan American
Algonquin Books books | wiki |
Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside is a bitter-tasting flavonol glycoside. It can be isolated from the rhizomes of the fern Selliguea feei.
References
External links
Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside at www.phenol-explorer.eu
Flavonol rutinosides
Bitter compounds | wiki |
Saint Marie may refer to:
Saint Marie (manhwa)
Saint Marie (fictional island), the setting of BBC's Death in Paradise
See also
Mary (mother of Jesus)
Sainte-Marie (disambiguation)
Saint Mary (disambiguation) | wiki |
Silencing Dissent: How the Australian Government is Controlling Public Opinion and Stifling Debate is a 2007 Australian book, edited by Clive Hamilton and Sarah Maddison.
The book's premise is that "the apparently unconnected phenomena of attacks on non-government organisations, the politicisation of the public service, the stacking of statutory authorities, increasing restrictions on academic freedom and control over universities, the gagging or manipulation of some sections of the media, and the politicisation of the military and intelligence services form a pattern that poses a grave threat to the state of democracy in Australia."
The book argues that during its decade in power, the Howard Government in Australia "systematically dismantled democratic processes, stymied open and diverse debate and avoided making itself accountable to parliament or the community." According to one reviewer this "reflects not merely a government enforcing its particular version of democracy but amounts to a serious deterioration of Australia's democratic health."
See also
Growth Fetish
Suppression of dissent
Scorcher
References
Bibliography
Clive Hamilton and Sarah Maddison, eds. Foreword by Robert Manne. Silencing Dissent: How the Australian Government Is Controlling Public Opinion and Stifling Debate. Melbourne: Allen & Unwin, February 2007. Paperback: , .
2007 non-fiction books
Books about politics of Australia
Books about democracy
Books by Clive Hamilton
Censorship in Australia
Dissent | wiki |
Two comparisons of web frameworks are available:
Comparison of JavaScript-based web frameworks (front-end)
Comparison of server-side web frameworks (back-end) | wiki |
A BIOS Color Attribute is an 8 bit value where the low 4 bits represent the character color and the high 4 bits represent the background color. The name comes from the fact that these colors are used in BIOS interrupts, specifically INT 10h, the video interrupt. When writing text to the screen, a BIOS color attribute is used to designate the color to write the text in. For example, to print a white character with a black background, a color attribute of 0Fhex would be used. The high four bits are set to 0000bin, representing the background color, black. The low 4 bits, 1111bin, represent the foreground color, white. The highest bit of the color attribute, which is also the highest bit of the background color can take over two functions. It can either have no influence on the background color making text blink when set, effectively limiting the available background colors to only eight, or if intensive background colors are enabled the full 16 colors become available but blinking is no longer available. This behavior can be changed, i.e., using BIOS interrupt 10hex, function 1003hex. By default, when using the BIOS interrupt, the highest bit controls the brightness of colors, and not blinking, but this behavior may differ in other implementations of BIOS colors . This 16 colour palette is often used in console programs (e.g. cmd in Windows) and sometimes for chat in games (e.g. Minecraft).
List of BIOS color attributes
By default, there are 16 colors for text and only 8 colors for background.
There is a way to get all the 16 colors for background, which requires turning off the "blinking attribute".
See also
ANSI escape code
Color Graphics Adapter
References
BIOS
Color codes | wiki |
Hypenus of Elis was an ancient Greek athlete from Elis who won the double race (Diaulos) of the 14th Ancient Olympic Games in 724 BC. It was the first time that the double race, i.e. a race with a distance of 2 stadia = 2 x 192 m, was run at the Olympic Games.
References
8th-century BC Greek people
Ancient Olympic competitors
Ancient Eleans | wiki |
Mobile Magazine is an online publication which started in December 2000. The magazine covers mobile technology, including notebook computers, mobile phones, personal digital assistants, MP3 players, digital cameras, mobile gaming, and other portable electronics and computing devices as well as automotive technology.
Mobile Magazine is a registered trademark with the USPTO and CIPO, in the USA and Canada respectively, and owned by Navneet Narula. In June 2005, "Mobile PC" published by Future Network USA changed their name to "Mobile". A cease and desist order on the use of the confusingly similar magazine name and website domain MobileMagazine.com was sent to Future Network USA. The print publication "Mobile" ceased publication as of November 2005 due to undetermined reasons and the domain name MobileMagazine.com was transferred to Pilato Private Consulting. Outstanding subscriptions to Mobile PC were fulfilled by subscriptions to Maximum PC, a sister technical magazine.
References
External links
Official Website
Online magazines published in the United States
Science and technology magazines published in the United States
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 2000
Magazines disestablished in 2005
Online magazines with defunct print editions
Technology blogs | wiki |
Smooth R&B is mellow R&B.
Smooth jazz - a mellower type of jazz, similar to R&B.
Slow jam - a ballad commonly marketed as R&B; sometimes has overlap with smooth jazz.
Urban adult contemporary - a radio format consisting mostly of R&B music. Some radio stations use "Smooth R&B" as their branding or tagline.
Rhythm and blues music genres
Smooth jazz | wiki |
Claudia La Gatta, (born October 9, 1979) is a Venezuelan actress and model. Best known for participating in telenovelas from Venezuela.
Personal life
She is married to the actor Luis Gerónimo Abreu from 2010. In 2015 was born their first child next to Luis Gerónimo called Salvador Abreu.
Filmography
Films
Television
References
External links
1979 births
Venezuelan telenovela actresses
Venezuelan female models
21st-century Venezuelan actresses
Venezuelan film actresses
Actresses from Caracas
Living people | wiki |
MoCo может означать:
Mozilla Corporation — подразделение Mozilla Foundation (MoFo)
Montgomery County, Maryland | wiki |
MoMo может означать:
Mozilla Messaging — корпорация, принадлежащая Mozilla Foundation, и занимающаяся разработкой почтовой программы Thunderbird.
Magical Princess Minky Momo
Momo — главная героиня Ballad of a Shinigami
См. также
Момо | wiki |
The formation of the Solar System began about 4.6 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud. Most of the collapsing mass collected in the center, forming the Sun, while the rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk out of which the planets, moons, asteroids, and other small Solar System bodies formed.
This model, known as the nebular hypothesis, was first developed in the 18th century by Emanuel Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant, and Pierre-Simon Laplace. Its subsequent development has interwoven a variety of scientific disciplines including astronomy, chemistry, geology, physics, and planetary science. Since the dawn of the Space Age in the 1950s and the discovery of exoplanets in the 1990s, the model has been both challenged and refined to account for new observations.
The Solar System has evolved considerably since its initial formation. Many moons have formed from circling discs of gas and dust around their parent planets, while other moons are thought to have formed independently and later to have been captured by their planets. Still others, such as Earth's Moon, may be the result of giant collisions. Collisions between bodies have occurred continually up to the present day and have been central to the evolution of the Solar System. The positions of the planets might have shifted due to gravitational interactions. This planetary migration is now thought to have been responsible for much of the Solar System's early evolution.
In roughly 5 billion years, the Sun will cool and expand outward to many times its current diameter (becoming a red giant), before casting off its outer layers as a planetary nebula and leaving behind a stellar remnant known as a white dwarf. In the far distant future, the gravity of passing stars will gradually reduce the Sun's retinue of planets. Some planets will be destroyed, and others ejected into interstellar space. Ultimately, over the course of tens of billions of years, it is likely that the Sun will be left with none of the original bodies in orbit around it.
History
Ideas concerning the origin and fate of the world date from the earliest known writings; however, for almost all of that time, there was no attempt to link such theories to the existence of a "Solar System", simply because it was not generally thought that the Solar System, in the sense we now understand it, existed. The first step toward a theory of Solar System formation and evolution was the general acceptance of heliocentrism, which placed the Sun at the centre of the system and the Earth in orbit around it. This concept had developed for millennia (Aristarchus of Samos had suggested it as early as 250 BC), but was not widely accepted until the end of the 17th century. The first recorded use of the term "Solar System" dates from 1704.
The current standard theory for Solar System formation, the nebular hypothesis, has fallen into and out of favour since its formulation by Emanuel Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant, and Pierre-Simon Laplace in the 18th century. The most significant criticism of the hypothesis was its apparent inability to explain the Sun's relative lack of angular momentum when compared to the planets. However, since the early 1980s studies of young stars have shown them to be surrounded by cool discs of dust and gas, exactly as the nebular hypothesis predicts, which has led to its re-acceptance.
Understanding of how the Sun is expected to continue to evolve required an understanding of the source of its power. Arthur Stanley Eddington's confirmation of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity led to his realisation that the Sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion reactions in its core, fusing hydrogen into helium. In 1935, Eddington went further and suggested that other elements also might form within stars. Fred Hoyle elaborated on this premise by arguing that evolved stars called red giants created many elements heavier than hydrogen and helium in their cores. When a red giant finally casts off its outer layers, these elements would then be recycled to form other star systems.
Formation
Presolar nebula
The nebular hypothesis says that the Solar System formed from the gravitational collapse of a fragment of a giant molecular cloud, most likely at the edge of a Wolf-Rayet bubble. The cloud was about 20 parsecs (65 light years) across, while the fragments were roughly 1 parsec (three and a quarter light-years) across. The further collapse of the fragments led to the formation of dense cores 0.01–0.1 parsec (2,000–20,000 AU) in size. One of these collapsing fragments (known as the presolar nebula) formed what became the Solar System. The composition of this region with a mass just over that of the Sun () was about the same as that of the Sun today, with hydrogen, along with helium and trace amounts of lithium produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis, forming about 98% of its mass. The remaining 2% of the mass consisted of heavier elements that were created by nucleosynthesis in earlier generations of stars. Late in the life of these stars, they ejected heavier elements into the interstellar medium.
The oldest inclusions found in meteorites, thought to trace the first solid material to form in the presolar nebula, are 4,568.2 million years old, which is one definition of the age of the Solar System. Studies of ancient meteorites reveal traces of stable daughter nuclei of short-lived isotopes, such as iron-60, that only form in exploding, short-lived stars. This indicates that one or more supernovae occurred nearby. A shock wave from a supernova may have triggered the formation of the Sun by creating relatively dense regions within the cloud, causing these regions to collapse. The highly homogeneous distribution of iron-60 in the Solar System points to the occurrence of this supernova and its injection of iron-60 being well before the accretion of nebular dust into planetary bodies. Because only massive, short-lived stars produce supernovae, the Sun must have formed in a large star-forming region that produced massive stars, possibly similar to the Orion Nebula. Studies of the structure of the Kuiper belt and of anomalous materials within it suggest that the Sun formed within a cluster of between 1,000 and 10,000 stars with a diameter of between 6.5 and 19.5 light years and a collective mass of . This cluster began to break apart between 135 million and 535 million years after formation. Several simulations of our young Sun interacting with close-passing stars over the first 100 million years of its life produce anomalous orbits observed in the outer Solar System, such as detached objects.
Because of the conservation of angular momentum, the nebula spun faster as it collapsed. As the material within the nebula condensed, the atoms within it began to collide with increasing frequency, converting their kinetic energy into heat. The center, where most of the mass collected, became increasingly hotter than the surrounding disc. Over about 100,000 years, the competing forces of gravity, gas pressure, magnetic fields, and rotation caused the contracting nebula to flatten into a spinning protoplanetary disc with a diameter of about 200 AU and form a hot, dense protostar (a star in which hydrogen fusion has not yet begun) at the centre.
At this point in its evolution, the Sun is thought to have been a T Tauri star. Studies of T Tauri stars show that they are often accompanied by discs of pre-planetary matter with masses of . These discs extend to several hundred AU—the Hubble Space Telescope has observed protoplanetary discs of up to 1000 AU in diameter in star-forming regions such as the Orion Nebula—and are rather cool, reaching a surface temperature of only about at their hottest.
Within 50 million years, the temperature and pressure at the core of the Sun became so great that its hydrogen began to fuse, creating an internal source of energy that countered gravitational contraction until hydrostatic equilibrium was achieved. This marked the Sun's entry into the prime phase of its life, known as the main sequence. Main-sequence stars derive energy from the fusion of hydrogen into helium in their cores. The Sun remains a main-sequence star today.
As the early Solar System continued to evolve, it eventually drifted away from its siblings in the stellar nursery, and continued orbiting the Milky Way's center on its own. The Sun likely drifted from its original orbital distance from the center of the galaxy. The chemical history of the Sun suggests it may have formed as much as 3 kpc closer to the galaxy core.
Formation of the planets
The various planets are thought to have formed from the solar nebula, the disc-shaped cloud of gas and dust left over from the Sun's formation. The currently accepted method by which the planets formed is accretion, in which the planets began as dust grains in orbit around the central protostar. Through direct contact and self-organization, these grains formed into clumps up to in diameter, which in turn collided to form larger bodies (planetesimals) of ~ in size. These gradually increased through further collisions, growing at the rate of centimetres per year over the course of the next few million years.
The inner Solar System, the region of the Solar System inside 4 AU, was too warm for volatile molecules like water and methane to condense, so the planetesimals that formed there could only form from compounds with high melting points, such as metals (like iron, nickel, and aluminium) and rocky silicates. These rocky bodies would become the terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars). These compounds are quite rare in the Universe, comprising only 0.6% of the mass of the nebula, so the terrestrial planets could not grow very large. The terrestrial embryos grew to about 0.05 Earth masses () and ceased accumulating matter about 100,000 years after the formation of the Sun; subsequent collisions and mergers between these planet-sized bodies allowed terrestrial planets to grow to their present sizes.
When the terrestrial planets were forming, they remained immersed in a disk of gas and dust. The gas was partially supported by pressure and so did not orbit the Sun as rapidly as the planets. The resulting drag and, more importantly, gravitational interactions with the surrounding material caused a transfer of angular momentum, and as a result the planets gradually migrated to new orbits. Models show that density and temperature variations in the disk governed this rate of migration, but the net trend was for the inner planets to migrate inward as the disk dissipated, leaving the planets in their current orbits.
The giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) formed further out, beyond the frost line, which is the point between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where the material is cool enough for volatile icy compounds to remain solid. The ices that formed the Jovian planets were more abundant than the metals and silicates that formed the terrestrial planets, allowing the giant planets to grow massive enough to capture hydrogen and helium, the lightest and most abundant elements. Planetesimals beyond the frost line accumulated up to within about 3 million years. Today, the four giant planets comprise just under 99% of all the mass orbiting the Sun. Theorists believe it is no accident that Jupiter lies just beyond the frost line. Because the frost line accumulated large amounts of water via evaporation from infalling icy material, it created a region of lower pressure that increased the speed of orbiting dust particles and halted their motion toward the Sun. In effect, the frost line acted as a barrier that caused the material to accumulate rapidly at ~5 AU from the Sun. This excess material coalesced into a large embryo (or core) on the order of , which began to accumulate an envelope via accretion of gas from the surrounding disc at an ever-increasing rate. Once the envelope mass became about equal to the solid core mass, growth proceeded very rapidly, reaching about 150 Earth masses ~105 years thereafter and finally topping out at . Saturn may owe its substantially lower mass simply to having formed a few million years after Jupiter, when there was less gas available to consume.
T Tauri stars like the young Sun have far stronger stellar winds than more stable, older stars. Uranus and Neptune are thought to have formed after Jupiter and Saturn did, when the strong solar wind had blown away much of the disc material. As a result, those planets accumulated little hydrogen and helium—not more than each. Uranus and Neptune are sometimes referred to as failed cores. The main problem with formation theories for these planets is the timescale of their formation. At the current locations it would have taken millions of years for their cores to accrete. This means that Uranus and Neptune may have formed closer to the Sun—near or even between Jupiter and Saturn—and later migrated or were ejected outward (see Planetary migration below). Motion in the planetesimal era was not all inward toward the Sun; the Stardust sample return from Comet Wild 2 has suggested that materials from the early formation of the Solar System migrated from the warmer inner Solar System to the region of the Kuiper belt.
After between three and ten million years, the young Sun's solar wind would have cleared away all the gas and dust in the protoplanetary disc, blowing it into interstellar space, thus ending the growth of the planets.
Subsequent evolution
The planets were originally thought to have formed in or near their current orbits. This has been questioned during the last 20 years. Currently, many planetary scientists think that the Solar System might have looked very different after its initial formation: several objects at least as massive as Mercury were present in the inner Solar System, the outer Solar System was much more compact than it is now, and the Kuiper belt was much closer to the Sun.
Terrestrial planets
At the end of the planetary formation epoch the inner Solar System was populated by 50–100 Moon- to Mars-sized protoplanets. Further growth was possible only because these bodies collided and merged, which took less than 100 million years. These objects would have gravitationally interacted with one another, tugging at each other's orbits until they collided, growing larger until the four terrestrial planets we know today took shape. One such giant collision is thought to have formed the Moon (see Moons below), while another removed the outer envelope of the young Mercury.
One unresolved issue with this model is that it cannot explain how the initial orbits of the proto-terrestrial planets, which would have needed to be highly eccentric to collide, produced the remarkably stable and nearly circular orbits they have today. One hypothesis for this "eccentricity dumping" is that the terrestrials formed in a disc of gas still not expelled by the Sun. The "gravitational drag" of this residual gas would have eventually lowered the planets' energy, smoothing out their orbits. However, such gas, if it existed, would have prevented the terrestrial planets' orbits from becoming so eccentric in the first place. Another hypothesis is that gravitational drag occurred not between the planets and residual gas but between the planets and the remaining small bodies. As the large bodies moved through the crowd of smaller objects, the smaller objects, attracted by the larger planets' gravity, formed a region of higher density, a "gravitational wake", in the larger objects' path. As they did so, the increased gravity of the wake slowed the larger objects down into more regular orbits.
Asteroid belt
The outer edge of the terrestrial region, between 2 and 4 AU from the Sun, is called the asteroid belt. The asteroid belt initially contained more than enough matter to form 2–3 Earth-like planets, and, indeed, a large number of planetesimals formed there. As with the terrestrials, planetesimals in this region later coalesced and formed 20–30 Moon- to Mars-sized planetary embryos; however, the proximity of Jupiter meant that after this planet formed, 3 million years after the Sun, the region's history changed dramatically. Orbital resonances with Jupiter and Saturn are particularly strong in the asteroid belt, and gravitational interactions with more massive embryos scattered many planetesimals into those resonances. Jupiter's gravity increased the velocity of objects within these resonances, causing them to shatter upon collision with other bodies, rather than accrete.
As Jupiter migrated inward following its formation (see Planetary migration below), resonances would have swept across the asteroid belt, dynamically exciting the region's population and increasing their velocities relative to each other. The cumulative action of the resonances and the embryos either scattered the planetesimals away from the asteroid belt or excited their orbital inclinations and eccentricities. Some of those massive embryos too were ejected by Jupiter, while others may have migrated to the inner Solar System and played a role in the final accretion of the terrestrial planets. During this primary depletion period, the effects of the giant planets and planetary embryos left the asteroid belt with a total mass equivalent to less than 1% that of the Earth, composed mainly of small planetesimals.
This is still 10–20 times more than the current mass in the main belt, which is now about . A secondary depletion period that brought the asteroid belt down close to its present mass is thought to have followed when Jupiter and Saturn entered a temporary 2:1 orbital resonance (see below).
The inner Solar System's period of giant impacts probably played a role in the Earth acquiring its current water content (~6 kg) from the early asteroid belt. Water is too volatile to have been present at Earth's formation and must have been subsequently delivered from outer, colder parts of the Solar System. The water was probably delivered by planetary embryos and small planetesimals thrown out of the asteroid belt by Jupiter. A population of main-belt comets discovered in 2006 has also been suggested as a possible source for Earth's water. In contrast, comets from the Kuiper belt or farther regions delivered not more than about 6% of Earth's water. The panspermia hypothesis holds that life itself may have been deposited on Earth in this way, although this idea is not widely accepted.
Planetary migration
According to the nebular hypothesis, the outer two planets may be in the "wrong place". Uranus and Neptune (known as the "ice giants") exist in a region where the reduced density of the solar nebula and longer orbital times render their formation there highly implausible. The two are instead thought to have formed in orbits near Jupiter and Saturn (known as the "gas giants"), where more material was available, and to have migrated outward to their current positions over hundreds of millions of years.
The migration of the outer planets is also necessary to account for the existence and properties of the Solar System's outermost regions. Beyond Neptune, the Solar System continues into the Kuiper belt, the scattered disc, and the Oort cloud, three sparse populations of small icy bodies thought to be the points of origin for most observed comets. At their distance from the Sun, accretion was too slow to allow planets to form before the solar nebula dispersed, and thus the initial disc lacked enough mass density to consolidate into a planet. The Kuiper belt lies between 30 and 55 AU from the Sun, while the farther scattered disc extends to over 100 AU, and the distant Oort cloud begins at about 50,000 AU. Originally, however, the Kuiper belt was much denser and closer to the Sun, with an outer edge at approximately 30 AU. Its inner edge would have been just beyond the orbits of Uranus and Neptune, which were in turn far closer to the Sun when they formed (most likely in the range of 15–20 AU), and in 50% of simulations ended up in opposite locations, with Uranus farther from the Sun than Neptune.
According to the Nice model, after the formation of the Solar System, the orbits of all the giant planets continued to change slowly, influenced by their interaction with the large number of remaining planetesimals. After 500–600 million years (about 4 billion years ago) Jupiter and Saturn fell into a 2:1 resonance: Saturn orbited the Sun once for every two Jupiter orbits. This resonance created a gravitational push against the outer planets, possibly causing Neptune to surge past Uranus and plough into the ancient Kuiper belt.
The planets scattered the majority of the small icy bodies inwards, while themselves moving outwards. These planetesimals then scattered off the next planet they encountered in a similar manner, moving the planets' orbits outwards while they moved inwards. This process continued until the planetesimals interacted with Jupiter, whose immense gravity sent them into highly elliptical orbits or even ejected them outright from the Solar System. This caused Jupiter to move slightly inward. Those objects scattered by Jupiter into highly elliptical orbits formed the Oort cloud; those objects scattered to a lesser degree by the migrating Neptune formed the current Kuiper belt and scattered disc. This scenario explains the Kuiper belt's and scattered disc's present low mass. Some of the scattered objects, including Pluto, became gravitationally tied to Neptune's orbit, forcing them into mean-motion resonances. Eventually, friction within the planetesimal disc made the orbits of Uranus and Neptune near-circular again.
In contrast to the outer planets, the inner planets are not thought to have migrated significantly over the age of the Solar System, because their orbits have remained stable following the period of giant impacts.
Another question is why Mars came out so small compared with Earth. A study by Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, published June 6, 2011 (called the Grand tack hypothesis), proposes that Jupiter had migrated inward to 1.5 AU. After Saturn formed, migrated inward, and established the 2:3 mean motion resonance with Jupiter, the study assumes that both planets migrated back to their present positions. Jupiter thus would have consumed much of the material that would have created a bigger Mars. The same simulations also reproduce the characteristics of the modern asteroid belt, with dry asteroids and water-rich objects similar to comets. However, it is unclear whether conditions in the solar nebula would have allowed Jupiter and Saturn to move back to their current positions, and according to current estimates this possibility appears unlikely. Moreover, alternative explanations for the small mass of Mars exist.
Late Heavy Bombardment and after
Gravitational disruption from the outer planets' migration would have sent large numbers of asteroids into the inner Solar System, severely depleting the original belt until it reached today's extremely low mass. This event may have triggered the Late Heavy Bombardment that occurred approximately 4 billion years ago, 500–600 million years after the formation of the Solar System. This period of heavy bombardment lasted several hundred million years and is evident in the cratering still visible on geologically dead bodies of the inner Solar System such as the Moon and Mercury. The oldest known evidence for life on Earth dates to 3.8 billion years ago—almost immediately after the end of the Late Heavy Bombardment.
Impacts are thought to be a regular (if currently infrequent) part of the evolution of the Solar System. That they continue to happen is evidenced by the collision of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 with Jupiter in 1994, the 2009 Jupiter impact event, the Tunguska event, the Chelyabinsk meteor and the impact that created Meteor Crater in Arizona. The process of accretion, therefore, is not complete, and may still pose a threat to life on Earth.
Over the course of the Solar System's evolution, comets were ejected out of the inner Solar System by the gravity of the giant planets and sent thousands of AU outward to form the Oort cloud, a spherical outer swarm of cometary nuclei at the farthest extent of the Sun's gravitational pull. Eventually, after about 800 million years, the gravitational disruption caused by galactic tides, passing stars and giant molecular clouds began to deplete the cloud, sending comets into the inner Solar System. The evolution of the outer Solar System also appears to have been influenced by space weathering from the solar wind, micrometeorites, and the neutral components of the interstellar medium.
The evolution of the asteroid belt after Late Heavy Bombardment was mainly governed by collisions. Objects with large mass have enough gravity to retain any material ejected by a violent collision. In the asteroid belt this usually is not the case. As a result, many larger objects have been broken apart, and sometimes newer objects have been forged from the remnants in less violent collisions. Moons around some asteroids currently can only be explained as consolidations of material flung away from the parent object without enough energy to entirely escape its gravity.
Moons
Moons have come to exist around most planets and many other Solar System bodies. These natural satellites originated by one of three possible mechanisms:
Co-formation from a circumplanetary disc (only in the cases of the giant planets);
Formation from impact debris (given a large enough impact at a shallow angle); and
Capture of a passing object.
Jupiter and Saturn have several large moons, such as Io, Europa, Ganymede and Titan, which may have originated from discs around each giant planet in much the same way that the planets formed from the disc around the Sun. This origin is indicated by the large sizes of the moons and their proximity to the planet. These attributes are impossible to achieve via capture, while the gaseous nature of the primaries also make formation from collision debris unlikely. The outer moons of the giant planets tend to be small and have eccentric orbits with arbitrary inclinations. These are the characteristics expected of captured bodies. Most such moons orbit in the direction opposite the rotation of their primary. The largest irregular moon is Neptune's moon Triton, which is thought to be a captured Kuiper belt object.
Moons of solid Solar System bodies have been created by both collisions and capture. Mars's two small moons, Deimos and Phobos, are thought to be captured asteroids.
The Earth's Moon is thought to have formed as a result of a single, large head-on collision.
The impacting object probably had a mass comparable to that of Mars, and the impact probably occurred near the end of the period of giant impacts. The collision kicked into orbit some of the impactor's mantle, which then coalesced into the Moon. The impact was probably the last in the series of mergers that formed the Earth.
It has been further hypothesized that the Mars-sized object may have formed at one of the stable Earth–Sun Lagrangian points (either or ) and drifted from its position. The moons of trans-Neptunian objects Pluto (Charon) and Orcus (Vanth) may also have formed by means of a large collision: the Pluto–Charon, Orcus–Vanth and Earth–Moon systems are unusual in the Solar System in that the satellite's mass is at least 1% that of the larger body.
Future
Astronomers estimate that the current state of the Solar System will not change drastically until the Sun has fused almost all the hydrogen fuel in its core into helium, beginning its evolution from the main sequence of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram and into its red-giant phase. The Solar System will continue to evolve until then. Eventually, the Sun will likely expand sufficiently to overwhelm the inner planets (Mercury, Venus, and possibly Earth) but not the outer planets, including Jupiter and Saturn. Afterward, the Sun would be reduced to the size of a white dwarf, and the outer planets and their moons would continue orbiting this diminutive solar remnant. This future development may be similar to the observed detection of MOA-2010-BLG-477L b, a Jupiter-sized exoplanet orbiting its host white dwarf star MOA-2010-BLG-477L.
Long-term stability
The Solar System is chaotic over million- and billion-year timescales, with the orbits of the planets open to long-term variations. One notable example of this chaos is the Neptune–Pluto system, which lies in a 3:2 orbital resonance. Although the resonance itself will remain stable, it becomes impossible to predict the position of Pluto with any degree of accuracy more than 10–20 million years (the Lyapunov time) into the future. Another example is Earth's axial tilt, which, due to friction raised within Earth's mantle by tidal interactions with the Moon (see below), is incomputable from some point between 1.5 and 4.5 billion years from now.
The outer planets' orbits are chaotic over longer timescales, with a Lyapunov time in the range of 2–230 million years.
In all cases, this means that the position of a planet along its orbit ultimately becomes impossible to predict with any certainty (so, for example, the timing of winter and summer becomes uncertain). Still, in some cases, the orbits themselves may change dramatically. Such chaos manifests most strongly as changes in eccentricity, with some planets' orbits becoming significantly more—or less—elliptical.
Ultimately, the Solar System is stable in that none of the planets are likely to collide with each other or be ejected from the system in the next few billion years. Beyond this, within five billion years or so, Mars's eccentricity may grow to around 0.2, such that it lies on an Earth-crossing orbit, leading to a potential collision. In the same timescale, Mercury's eccentricity may grow even further, and a close encounter with Venus could theoretically eject it from the Solar System altogether or send it on a collision course with Venus or Earth. This could happen within a billion years, according to numerical simulations in which Mercury's orbit is perturbed.
Moon–ring systems
The evolution of moon systems is driven by tidal forces. A moon will raise a tidal bulge in the object it orbits (the primary) due to the differential gravitational force across diameter of the primary. If a moon is revolving in the same direction as the planet's rotation and the planet is rotating faster than the orbital period of the moon, the bulge will constantly be pulled ahead of the moon. In this situation, angular momentum is transferred from the rotation of the primary to the revolution of the satellite. The moon gains energy and gradually spirals outward, while the primary rotates more slowly over time.
The Earth and its Moon are one example of this configuration. Today, the Moon is tidally locked to the Earth; one of its revolutions around the Earth (currently about 29 days) is equal to one of its rotations about its axis, so it always shows one face to the Earth. The Moon will continue to recede from Earth, and Earth's spin will continue to slow gradually. Other examples are the Galilean moons of Jupiter (as well as many of Jupiter's smaller moons) and most of the larger moons of Saturn.
A different scenario occurs when the moon is either revolving around the primary faster than the primary rotates or is revolving in the direction opposite the planet's rotation. In these cases, the tidal bulge lags behind the moon in its orbit. In the former case, the direction of angular momentum transfer is reversed, so the rotation of the primary speeds up while the satellite's orbit shrinks. In the latter case, the angular momentum of the rotation and revolution have opposite signs, so transfer leads to decreases in the magnitude of each (that cancel each other out). In both cases, tidal deceleration causes the moon to spiral in towards the primary until it either is torn apart by tidal stresses, potentially creating a planetary ring system, or crashes into the planet's surface or atmosphere. Such a fate awaits the moons Phobos of Mars (within 30 to 50 million years), Triton of Neptune (in 3.6 billion years), and at least 16 small satellites of Uranus and Neptune. Uranus's Desdemona may even collide with one of its neighboring moons.
A third possibility is where the primary and moon are tidally locked to each other. In that case, the tidal bulge stays directly under the moon, there is no angular momentum transfer, and the orbital period will not change. Pluto and Charon are an example of this type of configuration.
There is no consensus on the mechanism of the formation of the rings of Saturn. Although theoretical models indicated that the rings were likely to have formed early in the Solar System's history, data from the Cassini–Huygens spacecraft suggests they formed relatively late.
The Sun and planetary environments
In the long term, the greatest changes in the Solar System will come from changes in the Sun itself as it ages. As the Sun burns through its hydrogen fuel supply, it gets hotter and burns the remaining fuel even faster. As a result, the Sun is growing brighter at a rate of ten percent every 1.1 billion years. In about 600 million years, the Sun's brightness will have disrupted the Earth's carbon cycle to the point where trees and forests (C3 photosynthetic plant life) will no longer be able to survive; and in around 800 million years, the Sun will have killed all complex life on the Earth's surface and in the oceans. In 1.1 billion years, the Sun's increased radiation output will cause its circumstellar habitable zone to move outwards, making the Earth's surface too hot for liquid water to exist there naturally. At this point, all life will be reduced to single-celled organisms. Evaporation of water, a potent greenhouse gas, from the oceans' surface could accelerate temperature increase, potentially ending all life on Earth even sooner. During this time, it is possible that as Mars's surface temperature gradually rises, carbon dioxide and water currently frozen under the surface regolith will release into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that will heat the planet until it achieves conditions parallel to Earth today, providing a potential future abode for life. By 3.5 billion years from now, Earth's surface conditions will be similar to those of Venus today.
Around 5.4 billion years from now, the core of the Sun will become hot enough to trigger hydrogen fusion in its surrounding shell. This will cause the outer layers of the star to expand greatly, and the star will enter a phase of its life in which it is called a red giant. Within 7.5 billion years, the Sun will have expanded to a radius of —256 times its current size. At the tip of the red-giant branch, as a result of the vastly increased surface area, the Sun's surface will be much cooler (about ) than now, and its luminosity much higher—up to 2,700 current solar luminosities. For part of its red-giant life, the Sun will have a strong stellar wind that will carry away around 33% of its mass. During these times, it is possible that Saturn's moon Titan could achieve surface temperatures necessary to support life.
As the Sun expands, it will swallow the planets Mercury and Venus. Earth's fate is less clear; although the Sun will envelop Earth's current orbit, the star's loss of mass (and thus weaker gravity) will cause the planets' orbits to move farther out. If it were only for this, Venus and Earth would probably escape incineration, but a 2008 study suggests that Earth will likely be swallowed up as a result of tidal interactions with the Sun's weakly-bound outer envelope.
Additionally, the Sun's habitable zone will move into the outer solar system and eventually beyond the Kuiper belt at the end of the red-giant phase, causing icy bodies such as Enceladus and Pluto to thaw. During this time, these worlds could support a water-based hydrologic cycle, but as they are too small to hold a dense atmosphere like Earth, they would experience extreme day–night temperature differences. When the Sun leaves the red-giant branch and enters the asymptotic giant branch, the habitable zone will abruptly shrink to roughly the space between Jupiter and Saturn's present-day orbits, but toward the end of the 200 million-year duration of the asymptotic giant phase, it will expand outward to about the same distance as before.
Gradually, the hydrogen burning in the shell around the solar core will increase the mass of the core until it reaches about 45% of the present solar mass. At this point, the density and temperature will become so high that the fusion of helium into carbon will begin, leading to a helium flash; the Sun will shrink from around 250 to 11 times its present (main-sequence) radius. Consequently, its luminosity will decrease from around 3,000 to 54 times its current level, and its surface temperature will increase to about . The Sun will become a horizontal giant, burning helium in its core in a stable fashion, much like it burns hydrogen today. The helium-fusing stage will last only 100 million years. Eventually, it will have to again resort to the reserves of hydrogen and helium in its outer layers. It will expand a second time, becoming what is known as an asymptotic giant. Here the luminosity of the Sun will increase again, reaching about 2,090 present luminosities, and it will cool to about . This phase lasts about 30 million years, after which, over the course of a further 100,000 years, the Sun's remaining outer layers will fall away, ejecting a vast stream of matter into space and forming a halo known (misleadingly) as a planetary nebula. The ejected material will contain the helium and carbon produced by the Sun's nuclear reactions, continuing the enrichment of the interstellar medium with heavy elements for future generations of stars and planets.
This is a relatively peaceful event, nothing akin to a supernova, which the Sun is too small to undergo as part of its evolution. Any observer present to witness this occurrence would see a massive increase in the speed of the solar wind, but not enough to destroy a planet completely. However, the star's loss of mass could send the orbits of the surviving planets into chaos, causing some to collide, others to be ejected from the Solar System, and others to be torn apart by tidal interactions. Afterwards, all that will remain of the Sun is a white dwarf, an extraordinarily dense object, 54% its original mass but only the size of the Earth. Initially, this white dwarf may be 100 times as luminous as the Sun is now. It will consist entirely of degenerate carbon and oxygen but will never reach temperatures hot enough to fuse these elements. Thus, the white dwarf Sun will gradually cool, growing dimmer and dimmer.
As the Sun dies, its gravitational pull on the orbiting bodies, such as planets, comets, and asteroids, will weaken due to its mass loss. All remaining planets' orbits will expand; if Venus, Earth, and Mars still exist, their orbits will lie roughly at , , and , respectively. They and the other remaining planets will become dark, frigid hulks, completely devoid of life. They will continue to orbit their star, their speed slowed due to their increased distance from the Sun and the Sun's reduced gravity. Two billion years later, when the Sun has cooled to the range, the carbon and oxygen in the Sun's core will freeze, with over 90% of its remaining mass assuming a crystalline structure. Eventually, after roughly one quadrillion years, the Sun will finally cease to shine altogether, becoming a black dwarf.
Galactic interaction
The Solar System travels alone through the Milky Way in a circular orbit approximately 30,000 light years from the Galactic Center. Its speed is about 220 km/s. The period required for the Solar System to complete one revolution around the Galactic Center, the galactic year, is in the range of 220–250 million years. Since its formation, the Solar System has completed at least 20 such revolutions.
Various scientists have speculated that the Solar System's path through the galaxy is a factor in the periodicity of mass extinctions observed in the Earth's fossil record. One hypothesis supposes that vertical oscillations made by the Sun as it orbits the Galactic Centre cause it to regularly pass through the galactic plane. When the Sun's orbit takes it outside the galactic disc, the influence of the galactic tide is weaker; as it re-enters the galactic disc, as it does every 20–25 million years, it comes under the influence of the far stronger "disc tides", which, according to mathematical models, increase the flux of Oort cloud comets into the Solar System by a factor of 4, leading to a massive increase in the likelihood of a devastating impact.
However, others argue that the Sun is currently close to the galactic plane, and yet the last great extinction event was 15 million years ago. Therefore, the Sun's vertical position cannot alone explain such periodic extinctions, and that extinctions instead occur when the Sun passes through the galaxy's spiral arms. Spiral arms are home not only to larger numbers of molecular clouds, whose gravity may distort the Oort cloud, but also to higher concentrations of bright blue giants, which live for relatively short periods and then explode violently as supernovae.
Galactic collision and planetary disruption
Although the vast majority of galaxies in the Universe are moving away from the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, the largest member of the Local Group of galaxies, is heading toward it at about 120 km/s. In 4 billion years, Andromeda and the Milky Way will collide, causing both to deform as tidal forces distort their outer arms into vast tidal tails. If this initial disruption occurs, astronomers calculate a 12% chance that the Solar System will be pulled outward into the Milky Way's tidal tail and a 3% chance that it will become gravitationally bound to Andromeda and thus a part of that galaxy. After a further series of glancing blows, during which the likelihood of the Solar System's ejection rises to 30%, the galaxies' supermassive black holes will merge. Eventually, in roughly 6 billion years, the Milky Way and Andromeda will complete their merger into a giant elliptical galaxy. During the merger, if there is enough gas, the increased gravity will force the gas to the centre of the forming elliptical galaxy. This may lead to a short period of intensive star formation called a starburst. In addition, the infalling gas will feed the newly formed black hole, transforming it into an active galactic nucleus. The force of these interactions will likely push the Solar System into the new galaxy's outer halo, leaving it relatively unscathed by the radiation from these collisions.
It is a common misconception that this collision will disrupt the orbits of the planets in the Solar System. Although it is true that the gravity of passing stars can detach planets into interstellar space, distances between stars are so great that the likelihood of the Milky Way–Andromeda collision causing such disruption to any individual star system is negligible. Although the Solar System as a whole could be affected by these events, the Sun and planets are not expected to be disturbed.
However, over time, the cumulative probability of a chance encounter with a star increases, and disruption of the planets becomes all but inevitable. Assuming that the Big Crunch or Big Rip scenarios for the end of the Universe do not occur, calculations suggest that the gravity of passing stars will have completely stripped the dead Sun of its remaining planets within 1 quadrillion (1015) years. This point marks the end of the Solar System. Although the Sun and planets may survive, the Solar System, in any meaningful sense, will cease to exist.
Chronology
The time frame of the Solar System's formation has been determined using radiometric dating. Scientists estimate that the Solar System is 4.6 billion years old. The oldest known mineral grains on Earth are approximately 4.4 billion years old. Rocks this old are rare, as Earth's surface is constantly being reshaped by erosion, volcanism, and plate tectonics. To estimate the age of the Solar System, scientists use meteorites, which were formed during the early condensation of the solar nebula. Almost all meteorites (see the Canyon Diablo meteorite) are found to have an age of 4.6 billion years, suggesting that the Solar System must be at least this old.
Studies of discs around other stars have also done much to establish a time frame for Solar System formation. Stars between one and three million years old have discs rich in gas, whereas discs around stars more than 10 million years old have little to no gas, suggesting that giant planets within them have ceased forming.
Timeline of Solar System evolution
Note: All dates and times in this chronology are approximate and should be taken as an order of magnitude indicator only.
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
7M animation from skyandtelescope.com showing the early evolution of the outer Solar System.
QuickTime animation of the future collision between the Milky Way and Andromeda
How the Sun Will Die: And What Happens to Earth (Video at Space.com)
Stellar astronomy
Planetary science
Solar System
Solar System dynamic theories
Cosmogony
Stellar evolution | wiki |
The AAW Tag Team Championship is a professional wrestling world tag team championship which is created and promoted by the American professional wrestling promotion All American Wrestling (AAW). There have been a total of 43 reigns shared between 36 different teams consisting of 66 distinctive champions. The current holders are Hustle And Soul (Calvin Tankman and Jah-C), who are in their first reign whilst is the second for Jah-C individually.
Title history
Combined reigns
As of , .
By team
By wrestler
See also
AAW Heavyweight Championship
AAW Heritage Championship
AAW Women's Championship
References
External links
AAW Official Website Title History
AAW Tag Team Championship
Tag team wrestling championships
AAW Wrestling championships | wiki |
Celestina may refer to:
In arts and entertainment:
La Celestina, a 15th-century Spanish novel
Celestina (novel), an 18th-century English work by poet Charlotte Turner Smith
La Celestina, Spanish title of The Wanton of Spain, a 1969 Spanish drama film
Celestina, a harpsichord-like keyboard instrument whose strings were sounded with a bow, invented by Adam Walker (inventor)
People:
Celestina Aladekoba, American dancer and choreographer
Celestina Boninsegna (1877–1947), Italian operatic soprano
Celestina Popa (born 1970), Romanian retired artistic gymnast
Celestina May - Vintage Hair stylist, redhead, philanthropist, musical muse.
See also
Celestine (disambiguation) | wiki |
Sussex Slipcote is a fresh cheese made from ewe's milk by the High Weald Dairy in West Sussex, England. The cheese is usually round in shape with a very soft texture. There are two different explanations given for the meaning of "slipcote". High Weald Dairy explains that "‘Slipcote’ is an old English word meaning little (slip) piece of cottage (cote) cheese." Another explanation is that "slipcote" describes the cheese's tendency to slip out of its rind while maturing. Sussex Slipcote has been made in England since the Middle Ages, as described in Law's Grocers' Manual. The cheese won a Bronze award in the British Cheese Awards in 2008.
See also
List of British Cheeses
References
English cheeses
Sheep's-milk cheeses
Sussex | wiki |
God: A Biography is a 1995 fiction book by Jack Miles. The book recounts the tale of existence of the Judeo-Christian deity as the protagonist of the Hebrew Tanakh or Christian Bible Old Testament. The Tanakh and the Old Testament contain the same books, but the order of the books is different. Miles uses the ordering found in the Tanakh to provide the narrative on which his analysis is based. The book's central structure is that God's character develops progressively within the narrative. The accounts of God's actions in the various books are then used to deduce information about God's nature and motivation. The book won the 1996 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography.
References
Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography-winning works
1995 non-fiction books
Alfred A. Knopf books
Judeo-Christian topics | wiki |
Restaurant Row may refer to a street or region known for having multiple restaurants.
Specific Restaurant Rows include:
Restaurant Row (Beverly Hills)
Restaurant Row (New York City)
Restaurant Row (Orlando)
See also
List of restaurant districts and streets
"Restaurant Row", an episode of the sitcom The King of Queens | wiki |
Great American may refer to:
Buildings and structures
Great American Ball Park, a Major League Baseball park in Cincinnati, Ohio named for Great American Insurance Group
Great American Music Hall, a concert hall in San Francisco, California
Great American Tower, a high-rise office building in Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.
Great American Tower at Queen City Square, a skyscraper in Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
Business
Great American Bank, western U.S. bank headquartered in San Diego
Great American Insurance Company, the insurance division of American Financial Group
The Great American Bagel Bakery, a restaurant franchise
Great American Broadcasting, a former name of defunct media conglomerate Taft Broadcasting
Great American Cookies, a chain of franchised gourmet cookie stores
Nature
Great American Desert, a term used in the 19th century to describe the western part of the Great Plains east of the Rocky Mountains in North America, and now sometimes used to describe the arid region of the Southwest, which includes parts of northern Mexico and the four deserts of North America
Great American Insurance Group and Great American Financial Resources, divisions of American Financial Group
Great American Interchange, a paleozoogeographic event in which land and freshwater fauna migrated from North America via Central America to South America and vice versa
Sports
Great American Conference, an American college athletic conference
Great American Mountain Rally, an automotive rally once held in November in New England, U.S.
Great American Stakes, a defunct American Thoroughbred horse race
Other uses
Great American Brass Band Festival, an annual music festival held in Danville, Kentucky, U.S.
Great American Train Show, a now-defunct traveling U.S. model train show
See also
Great America (disambiguation)
Great Americans (disambiguation) | wiki |
Note
Altri progetti
Collegamenti esterni
Sito ufficiale di Miss Russia
Concorrenti di Miss Universo 2018
Miss Russia
Concorrenti di Miss Mondo 2018 | wiki |
Granadina is a Spanish breed of goat. It is one of the olderst livestock breeds of Spain, being mentioned in 15th century sources. Its milk-producing characteristics were documented in 1893 and it was officially recognized in 1933. However, since 1975, it is considered a variety of the Murciano-granadina goat, which is a cross between the Murciana goat and the Granadina goat. Only the Murciano-granadina breed is officially recognized by the Government of Spain. Murciano-granadina goats have become the primary milk-producing goat breed in Spain, while the Granadina variety is rare. Its first germplasm bank was created in 2010 to combat its loss of genetic diversity.
References
Goat breeds originating in Spain
Dairy goat breeds | wiki |
Crossrail is a railway construction project in London.
Crossrail may also refer to:
Crossrail 2, a proposed railway route across London
Crossrail Glasgow, a proposed railway development in Central Scotland
Aberdeen Crossrail, a proposed railway development in north-east Scotland
Edinburgh Crossrail, a former railway service in south-east Scotland
Crossrail Place, the structure within Canary Wharf station in London that is above the Crossrail platforms
MTR Crossrail, the company that operates the Crossrail concession in London
Rail freight companies:
Crossrail AG, a former rail freight company in Switzerland, with subsidiaries in Italy and Belgium
Crossrail Benelux, a rail freight company in Belgium, subsidiary of BLS Cargo
See also
East West Line (disambiguation) | wiki |
Isee peut désigner :
l'Institut de la statistique et des études économiques, un établissement public de la Nouvelle-Calédonie ;
Isée, un orateur grec.
| wiki |
This is a list of United Nations General Assembly resolutions at the sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly.
Resolutions
References
2011 in international relations
2012 in international relations
United Nations General Assembly resolutions | wiki |
ISO 3166-2:CH est l'entrée pour la Suisse ( ou Confédération suisse comme nom complet) dans l'ISO 3166-2, qui fait partie du standard ISO 3166, publié par l'Organisation internationale de normalisation (ISO), et qui définit des codes pour les noms des principales administration territoriales (e.g. provinces ou États fédérés) pour tous les pays ayant un code ISO 3166-1. Ce code était auparavant celui de la RSS de Biélorussie.
La norme spécifie les 26 canton dans les quatre langues
Cantons
En gras, les dénominations font partie de la norme.
Historiques
Historique des changements
: Suppression du canton CH-GR en fra; Mise à jour de la Liste Source
Notes et références
ISO 3166 | wiki |
Spontaneous conception is the conception and birth of a subsequent child, after the birth of a child conceived through in vitro fertilisation or other forms of assisted reproductive technology. There is an overall 18% chance of spontaneous conception after an in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment, but that chance rose to 37% among younger women (less than 27 years). The likelihood also depends on the sperm performance of the man and the egg count of the woman.
References
Infertility
Gynaecology
Human pregnancy | wiki |
Joint Task Force Caring Response was a United States multi-service humanitarian assistance and disaster relief effort for Burmese citizens devastated by recent Cyclone Nargis in 2008.
History
JTF Caring Response was led by Lieutenant General John F. Goodman of the U.S. Marine Corps.
During a delivery by MAG-36 supported by 36th Airlift Squadron on 19 May 2008 to Yangon International Airport in Burma approximately 15,000 pounds of water, water containers, rations, and mosquito netting were unloaded from a C-130 Hercules aircraft in direct support of VMGR-152.
Expeditionary Strike Group 7/TF 76/31st Marine Expeditionary Unit was also standing by off the Myanmar coast in order to be ready to deliver aid should it be allowed to do so.
References
Humanitarian missions of the United States Air Force
Joint task forces of the United States Armed Forces
Military units and formations established in 2008 | wiki |
There have been 19 head coaches in the history of the San Francisco 49ers professional football franchise. The San Francisco 49ers franchise was formed in 1946 as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) before joining the National Football League (NFL) in 1950 after the AAFC merger with the NFL. Buck Shaw became the first head coach of the 49ers in 1946, serving for nine seasons—four in the AAFC and five in the NFL. He coached a number of future College and Pro Football Hall of Famers, such as Frankie Albert, Joe Perry, Leo Nomellini, Y. A. Tittle, Bob St. Clair and Hugh McElhenny.
In terms of tenure, Bill Walsh has coached more games (152) and more complete seasons (10) than any other head coach in 49ers franchise history. He led the 49ers to playoff appearances in seven seasons, three of which led to the Super Bowl championship, in 1981, 1984 and 1988. Jerry Rice, Joe Montana, Charles Haley, Ronnie Lott, Johnny Davis, Roger Craig, Fred Dean and Steve Young are among the players Walsh has coached in his career.
Four 49ers coaches—Dick Nolan, Bill Walsh, George Seifert, and Jim Harbaugh—have been named coach of the year by at least one major news organization. Walsh, Jack Christiansen and Mike Singletary are the only 49ers coaches currently in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
Walsh was selected for his coaching contributions. Singletary and Christiansen were voted into the Hall of Fame primarily for their defensive play. Four times in 49ers history has there been an "interim" head coach. Three games into the 1963 season, coach Red Hickey resigned and was replaced by Jack Christiansen. Christiansen coached the 49ers to a 2–9 record in the remainder of the season and came back to coach the team for four more years. In 1978, Pete McCulley was fired after coaching the 49ers to a 1–8 record. He was replaced by offensive coordinator Fred O'Connor, who was himself fired after leading the 49ers to one win in their final seven games. After a 2–5 start to the 2008 season, Mike Nolan was fired and replaced by Mike Singletary, who finished the season 5–4 and became the official head coach following that season. After a 5–10 start to the 2010 season, Mike Singletary was fired and replaced by Jim Tomsula for the final 49ers game of the 2010 season. Stanford University head coach Jim Harbaugh succeeded Tomsula as head coach in January 2011, and led the franchise to the NFC Championship Game, where the 49ers lost in overtime to the New York Giants. The following season, the 49ers reached Super Bowl XLVII, where they faced off against the Baltimore Ravens, coached by Jim's older brother John Harbaugh. The 49ers trailed by as many as 22 points during the game, but ultimately lost 34–31 to the Ravens; the 49ers losing a Super Bowl for the first time.
Key
Coaches
Note: Statistics are accurate through Super-WildCard Weekend of the 2022 NFL season.
Notes
Joe Montana, Fred Dean, Steve Young and Ronnie Lott are all Hall of Fame players who were coached by Bill Walsh at some point during their career. Charles Haley, who is now a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame, was selected to five Pro Bowls in his 14-year career. Roger Craig, coached by Walsh from 1983 to 1988, was a four-time Pro Bowl selection. Another one of Walsh's players, wide receiver Jerry Rice, who played from 1985 to 2004, holds NFL records in receptions, receiving yards, touchdown receptions, all-purpose yards and total touchdowns.
The winning percentage is calculated using the formula:
On September 30, 1963, three games into the season, coach Red Hickey resigned and was replaced by Jack Christiansen. Christiansen coached the 49ers to two wins in the 11 remaining games in the season. He coached the 49ers for another four seasons.
Midway through the 1978 season, head coach Pete McCulley was fired after leading the 49ers to a 1–8 record. He was replaced by his offensive coordinator Fred O'Connor, who was himself fired after coaching the 49ers to a 1–6 record during the remainder of the season.
Midway through the 2008 season, Mike Nolan was fired after leading the 49ers to a 2–5 record. He was replaced by his assistant head coach of defense, Mike Singletary.
Before the final game of the 2010 season, Mike Singletary was fired after leading the 49ers to a 5–10 record. He was replaced by his defensive line coach, Jim Tomsula. Following the season, Tomsula returned to his defensive line coaching position and Jim Harbaugh was hired as the new head coach.
References
San Francisco 49ers
Head coaches | wiki |
Île de Croÿ is a French island, part of the Kerguelen Islands and about ten miles north-west of the main island. It is located at 48°38'19.3"S 68°37'18.6"E. It has no permanent inhabitants.
Land
Île de Croÿ is 5.61 km from east to west. It has a volcano.
Climate
The island is quite cold with an average of 9°C.
Plants and animals
Living on the island are penguins, albatrosses, and seals. For more information, see List of mammals of French Southern Territories.
References
Kerguelen Islands
Islands of the Atlantic Ocean
Uninhabited islands of France | wiki |
French erotic film can refer to:
"French Erotic Film", an animutation featuring the song "Opblaaskrokodil" by Ome Henk
Softcore pornography produced in France
Emmanuelle, a fictional character who has come to symbolize French erotic film
List of French erotic films
Mondegreens | wiki |
The parsley frogs or Pelodytidae are a family of order Anura. The family consists of a single genus, Pelodytes, which contains five species. These frogs can be found in south-western Europe and the Caucasus. The common name of "parsley frogs" comes from the common parsley frog which, because of its colouring, appears to be garnished with parsley.
Parsley frogs are typical-looking frogs closely related to European spadefoot toads and megophryids, but differ largely in appearance. Their cryptic colouring is not as strong as in many megophryids, but they are still quite well-camouflaged, usually being green or brown. Unlike the European spadefoot toads, they lack hardened protrusions on their feet, although they are still fossorial, and are generally slender.
The parsley frogs are small, smooth-skinned frogs, reaching a length of . They are one of the few families of frogs which contain more known extinct species and genera (two or three) than extant species. Although now found only in the Palearctic realm, fossils of a mid-Miocene species were also found in North America.
Taxonomy
Family Pelodytidae
Genus Pelodytes
Pelodytes atlanticus – Lusitanian parsley frog
Pelodytes caucasicus – Caucasian parsley frog
Pelodytes hespericus – Hesperides' parsley frog
Pelodytes ibericus – Iberian parsley frog
Pelodytes punctatus – Common parsley frog
References
Pelodytidae
Extant Lutetian first appearances
Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
Palearctic fauna | wiki |
North American cinema generally refers collectively to the film industries of the United States, Mexico, and Canada.
Unlike in Mexico, The term is cultural rather than geographic; the film industries of Cuba is normally considered part of Latin American cinema.
See also
Cinema of the United States
Film in Florida
Cinema of Canada
Cinema of Quebec
Cinema of Mexico
World cinema
References
Cinema by continent | wiki |
The Assistant Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Open Source (ADDNI/OS) is a senior-level position within the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, responsible for developing strategic direction, establishing policy and managing fiscal resources for Open Source Intelligence, providing oversight for the DNI Open Source Center, as well as document and media exploitation for the United States Intelligence Community.
References | wiki |
A Metastatic insulinoma is an extremely rare form of a malignant insulinoma involving metastatic growth. An insulinoma is a small tumor localized to the pancreas, originating from islet beta cells, which produce an excess of insulin. The increase in insulin ultimately leads to hypoglycemia. Insulinomas are commonly benign tumors, but can metastasize and become malignant. The metastatic growth can be characterized as a local invasion or distal metastasis. However, insulinomas are often difficult to detect due to their relatively small size, with a diameter oftentimes less than 2 cm. Therefore, clinical appearance and pathology are not sufficient in diagnosing a malignant insulinoma. But, once diagnosed malignant insulinomas are not easily treated. Rather, they require a broad variety of treatments, which is dependent on each patient's case.
Signs and symptoms
Metastatic insulinomas are commonly preceded by hypoglycemic symptoms and the Whipple triad. Majority of the hypoglycemic symptoms will manifest as neuroglycopenic symptoms and/or autonomic symptoms. Common neuroglycopenic symptoms include: generalized confusion, significant behavioral changes, coma, and seizure. Common autonomic symptoms include: diaphoresis, weakness, palpitations, and hunger. Thus, there are various presenting symptoms observed in patients. This is primarily attributed to the fact that metastatic insulinoma is initially diagnosed as another disease, such as benign insulinoma, which has the potential to progress and metastasize
Cause
Insulinomas generally occur sporadically. To date, the current cause of metastatic insulinomas is unknown. This is primarily due to their form as an already rare disease, insulinoma. Metastatic insulinomas are even less prevalent than insulinomas, and commonly begin as benign insulinomas which metastasize into metastastic insulinoma.
Mechanisms
Patients with an insulinoma initially exhibit symptoms of hypoglycemia resulting from excess insulin secretion from the islet beta cells within the pancreatic tumor or from non-pancreatic tumor cells. The excess insulin secretes into the blood stream and causes a significant drop in the blood glucose level, also known as hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia is accompanied by many of the above listed neuroglycopenic and/or autonomic symptoms. In metastatic insulinoma, cancerous cells from the initial insulinoma begin to break away and enter into either the bloodstream or the lymphatic system. Upon spreading and entering another part of the body, the process of metastasis has successfully occurred. The cancerous cells can now more rapidly divide and further spread. The main sites of metastasis for pancreatic cancer are the: liver, lung and peritoneum.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis can occur via two distinct ways. The first is inclusive of a patient initially diagnosed with benign insulinoma. After the initial presentation of hypoglycemic symptoms, blood tests are taken in order to confirm hypoglycemia. A glucose, insulin and C-peptide are drawn. Initial diagnoses routinely also include a pre-operative CT to confirm an insulinoma. Upon completion of bloodwork and required radiology, majority of metastatic insulinomas are diagnosed if present. The most common treatment option for those diagnosed with benign insulinomas are treated by isolated removal of the insulinoma. But, some of these patient cases progress and metastasize into a metastatic insulinoma. This occurs when cancerous cells break away from the insulinoma and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Thus, it is possible to later develop malignancy after the initial diagnosis of insulinoma, and even after operative removal of the insulinoma. In these cases, the most common site of metastases is the liver, as well as the lymph nodes. However, the second type of diagnoses of metastatic insulinoma involves a patient who presents with symptoms of an insulinoma, and is taken for a pre-operative CT. Upon reading the radiology report, a metastatic insulinoma can be found and diagnosed immediately.
Blood tests
The following blood tests are needed to diagnose insulinoma:
Glucose
Insulin
C-peptide
A significant blood glucose level < 3 mmol/L insulin level > 3 μIU/mL, and C-peptide level > 0.6 ng/mL is indicative of hypoinsulinemic hypoglycemia.
Diagnostic Imaging
Less invasive imaging such as US, CT scan and MRI can be utilized to confirm the presence of an insulinoma. More specifically, a transabdominal ultrasound and CT are typically the first diagnostic images ordered. Further testing includes an endoscopic ultrasound or MRI.
Treatment
Patients who are diagnosed with general insulinoma are commonly treated with surgical removal of the insulinoma. But, in those patients with metastatic insulinoma surgery is not enough. Thus, medical therapies are widely considered and reserved for those especially with unresectable insulinoma.
Cytoreductive surgery
Diazoxide & Thiazide Diuretics
Beta-Blockers
Cytoreductive surgery, alongside other anti-tumor therapies are part of the initial treatment plans utilized for potential removal of the insulinoma. But, in patients with metastatic insulinoma, cytoreductive surgery has an effective rate of less than 10%. The surgery has however been shown to improve symptomatology and overall survival rate.
Diazoxide is a medication used to primarily reduce the excess insulin secreted from the insulinoma cells. Insulin is suppressed by affecting the ATP-sensitive potassium channels. This can also lead to an excess of potassium and ultimately result in oedema from sodium retention in the body. In order to counteract this, Diazoxide is commonly used in combination with thiazide diuretics. Although Diazoxide has been noted to have an immediate effect on patients, over the course of time the dosage may need to be increased.
Beta-blockers also have a positive effect in the overall reduction of insulin production. Therefore, resolving hypoglycemia.
Prognosis
The prognosis once diagnosed with metastatic insulinoma falls on a large spectrum. Patients can live anywhere from 5 months to 29 years after initial diagnosis. The reason there is such a huge gap in the perspective life expectancy, is related to the minimal follow up information gathered on patients with metastatic insulinoma. Therefore, there is currently no reliable information regarding hard statistics or exact time intervals.
Epidemiology
Because of the extremely rare prevalence of this disease, there is not much information available regarding the epidemiology. General insulinoma is diagnosed in every one to four cases per one million people. Malignant insulinoma is an extremely rare form of an insulinoma, affecting only about 10% of the total insulinoma cases. Insulinomas tend to have a slightly higher prevalence in females, at about 59% of the total diagnosed general insulinoma cases and occur at a median age of about 47.
Research
The minimal research that has been completed on metastatic insulinoma addresses specific patient cases and presenting signs and symptoms. Potential treatment options are also commonly discussed within these case studies. But, the research to date is not comprehensive and cannot be generalized to all patients diagnosed with metastatic insulinoma. Therefore, I recommend further research be conducted into potential treatment for all cases of metastatic insulinoma. I would also recommend greater follow up with patients to provide a concrete life expectancy interval.
References
Endocrine neoplasia | wiki |
Management is the directing of a group of people or entities toward a goal.
Management may also refer to:
Management (film), a 2009 romantic comedy-drama film
Management (game), a 1960 business simulation board game
Management (magazine), a French magazine
MGMT (originally "The Management"), an American musical group consisting of Ben Goldwasser and Andrew VanWyngarden
Types of management: Business
Benefits realisation management
Brand management
Business process management
Change management
Customer relationship management
Diversity management
Digital asset management
Information management
Knowledge management
Project management
Quality management
Records management
Resource management
Risk management
Strategic management
Time management
Turnaround management
Types of management: Computing
Content management
Computer file management
Data management
Database management system
Digital rights management
Document Management
Identity management
Information technology management
Memory management
Network management
Systems management
Types of management: Medicine
Medical case management, a collaborative process facilitating appropriate medical care
Pain management, an intervention that is intended to relieve rather than cure
Palliative care, used to manage the process of death
Watchful waiting used to manage the risk that a disease or condition may worsen, rather than taking action
Therapy is a method to treat a disease or condition
Lifestyle management programmes are methods to promote health and avoid preventable disease
Dieting is way to manage weight
Disease management (health)
See also
Manager (disambiguation) | wiki |
Secret shopper can refer to:
A store detective hired by stores to pretend they are shopping but really watch for shoplifters
A mystery shopper sent to a store to evaluate its employees, customer service, and the like | wiki |
The 2019 IAAF World Rankings document the best performing athletes in the sport of athletics, per the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) individual athlete ranking system. It was the first year that the IAAF used the system. Individual athletes are assigned a points score best on an average of their best recent competition performances. The performance scoring is primarily based on the time or mark of the athlete, plus additional points for their placing within the competition, and some minor modifications based on the conditions. The world rankings are updated each Wednesday.
As of 31 March 2020, the number one ranked male athlete is Armand Duplantis with 1515 points, and the number one ranked female athlete is Sifan Hassan with 1528 points.
Overall rankings (top 10)
Event rankings (top 10)
IAAF World Rankings, as of 17 September 2019.
100 metres
Men
Women
20 km racewalking
Men
Women
50 km racewalking
Men
Women
References
IAAF World Rankings
World Rankings. IAAF. Retrieved 2019-10-02.
External links
IAAF Scoring Tables
Rankings
Summer Olympics qualification
Athletics
IAAF World Rankings | wiki |
is, in Japanese mythology, the world between Takamagahara (Heaven) and Yomi (Hell). In time, the term became another word for the country or the location of Japan. The term can be used interchangeably with Toyoashihara no Nakatsukuni (豊葦原中国). There is a great dispute among historians about where exactly in Japan the term originally referred to.
Perhaps the term was considered appropriate to describe Japan because the land was damp and covered with reeds (葦) in ancient times. The meaning of 中 (middle) in the word 中つ国 is based upon the world view of ancient peoples, where 中つ国 indicates the real world or country between Takamagahara in the heavens and Yomi no kuni in the netherworld.
References
See also
Upper World (Greek)
Aaru
Names of Japan
Locations in Japanese mythology | wiki |
The Guldborgsund bridge () spans the northern end of the Guldborgsund, between the islands of Lolland and Falster in Denmark. The bridge consists of two steel arched spans with a 30m central opening section having two rising bascules. It was built between 1933 and 1934, is 180m long and 7m wide, carrying two road carriageways and was officially opened by Prince Axel of Denmark on 6 October 1934.
External links
Danish highways bridge page (in danish)
Bridges in Denmark
Arch bridges in Denmark
Through arch bridges
Bascule bridges
Road bridges in Denmark
Bridges completed in 1934
1934 establishments in Denmark
Buildings and structures in Guldborgsund Municipality | wiki |
Bo White is an American actor who appeared in Christopher Larkin's 1974 groundbreaking film, A Very Natural Thing, the gay alternative to Love Story (1970). He plays Jason, a divorced photographer, who meets a lonely English Literature teacher David (Robert Joel) during New York's 1973 Gay Pride celebration in the second half of the film and show the potential to form a long term relationship.
White's other films include Blue Summer (1973), Bible! (1974), Urban Playground (2002), and Crazy like a Fox (2004).
References
NY Times
External links
American male film actors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | wiki |
Charlie in Turkey – film del 1919 diretto da Alfred J. Goulding
Charlie in Turkey – film del 1919 diretto da Pat Sullivan | wiki |
Eidos Interactive was a British video game publisher and developer, which was absorbed into Square Enix Europe in November 2009.
Video games
References
External links
Eidos games
Eidos Interactive | wiki |
The 8th Stinkers Bad Movie Awards were released by the Hastings Bad Cinema Society in 1986 to honour the worst films the film industry had to offer in 1985. As follows, there was only a Worst Picture category with provided commentary for each nominee, as well as a list of films that were also considered for the final list but ultimately failed to make the cut (17 films total).
Worst Picture Ballot
Dishonourable Mentions
The Black Cauldron (Disney)
The Bride (Columbia)
The Company of Wolves (ITC)
Grace Quigley (Cannon)
Gymkata (MGM)
King David (Paramount)
King Solomon's Mines (Cannon)
Lust in the Dust (New World Pictures)
Out of Africa (Universal)
Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment (Warner Bros.)
Rappin' (Cannon)
Red Sonja (MGM/UA)
Rustler's Rhapsody (Paramount)
The Slugger's Wife (Columbia)
Turk 182 (Fox)
Water (HandMade)
Year of the Dragon (MGM/UA)
References
Stinkers Bad Movie Awards | wiki |
Barry Wappett was a baseball player at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics.
References
Baseball players at the 1956 Summer Olympics | wiki |
The following is a list of British podcasts.
List
See also
Mass media in the United Kingdom
Radio in the United Kingdom
References
External links
on Player FM
British
Podcasts | wiki |
The Paramount is a diner-style restaurant in the Beacon Hill neighborhood of downtown Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Situated at 44 Charles Street, it was established in 1937. It is owned by Michael Bissanti, Michael Conlon and Joe Greene, three college friends from La Salle Academy in New York City.
The restaurant has a policy by which no patron, or a member of a patron's party, may occupy a table until their food is ready. It was implemented to ensure that other patrons, more often than not, can find a table when their food is ready.
In 2015, the restaurant was sued after employees claimed they were underpaid for overtime worked.
A second location was opened at 667 East Broadway in South Boston in December 2011.
The restaurant won the Best of Boston "Best Beacon Hill Restaurant" award in 2009.
References
External links
1937 establishments in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Boston
Restaurants established in 1937
Restaurants in Boston
Beacon Hill, Boston | wiki |
Standardized testing in Alberta was first known to be introduced in 1892 by the government of the North-West Territories (Northwest Territories refers to the current territory of Canada, North-West Territories refers to a prior territory), of which modern day Alberta was originally part of. As a result, currently the territorial governments of the current Northwest Territories and Nunavut still use the Alberta curriculum as a result of this historical geographic evolution. The government instituted the examinations through Alberta Education to attain greater accountability and ensure its students were well regarded when applying to tertiary institutions.
There are two types of provincially administered standardized testing in Alberta and the territories: Provincial Achievement Tests (PATs) and Diploma Examinations (diplomas). Tests may be administered in English or French. Alberta, out of all Canadian provinces has the most standardized testing procedure of any province.
The first type of exams, Provincial Achievement Tests, are taken by students in grade 6 and 9, typically in May and June.
The second type of exam, Diploma Examinations, are taken by students enrolled in 30-1 and 30-2 level courses. Results of the diplomas are an important factor in admissions to universities and colleges across Canada as exam results make up 30% of the course grade for 30-level subjects.
Standardized testing is controversial in general, and Alberta is not an exception. The Alberta Teacher's Association is formally against standardized testing.
History
Provincial Achievement Tests
In 1983, the ministry instated an "Achievement Testing Program" for grades 3, 6, and 9. These were different than Provincial Achievement Tests because they assessed only one core subject (English language arts, social studies, mathematics, and science) a year. The grade 3 program was later cancelled.
Diploma Examinations
1892 was the first time that students in, what is today Alberta, took provincial exams. At the time, Alberta had not been created as a province yet and was part of the North-West Territories. These exams were taken in Standards V through VIII (grades 9 to 12). It is because of this shared history that today, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut both take some of the Alberta exams.
In 1896, the exams were removed because teachers argued that students were being "monetized" because the school received $15 for each student who passed the exam.
In 1905, exams were reinstated and were now worth 100% of the course mark. These exams were called “Public School Leaving Examinations”. They were taken at the end of Standard V and if the student continued their education there were also taken at the end of Standards VI through VIII.
In 1912, “grades” replaced “standards” and soon after exams taken at the end of grades 10 and 11 were removed.
In 1972, exams were once again removed from the remaining grades and course work was worth 100% of the course mark.
From 1976 onward there was criticism that students were not being challenged and were not prepared for tertiary education. In 1983, the ministry responded to this criticism and final exams, now called "Diploma Exams", were reinstated and were now worth 50% of course mark. The remaining 50% of the course mark was determined by course work.
In October 2009, Alberta Education decided to eliminate the written response (Part A) for Biology 30, Chemistry 30, Pure Mathematics 30, Applied Mathematics 30, Physics 30, and Science 30. This saved the Alberta government 1.7 million dollars in producing the exams and paying teachers to mark them in Edmonton, the capital of Alberta. The written response (Part A) remains for Social Studies 30-1 and 30-2 as well as English 30-1 and 30-2. For humanities subjects, Part A written response will take place up to two weeks before Part B multiple choice.
In 2010, eleven students were found to be cheating on the Pure Mathematics 30 exam as the exam had been leaked by a student who was writing the exam abroad and under the supervision of a relative. This prompted Alberta Education to amend its policies regarding administering diploma examinations abroad.
In 2015, the ministry reduced the Diploma exams weighting to make up 30% of course mark for 2015/2016 school year.
In 2017, Alberta Education doubled students' allowed writing time for all provincial standardized tests. This can go up to six hours for Grade 12 Diplomas and 4 hours for Grade 6 and 9 PAT's.
In September, 2018, the written response component to mathematics exams was reinstated.
Purpose
The official Ministry of Education purpose of standardized testing is to:
"Determine if students are learning what they are expected to learn.
Report to Albertans how well students have achieved provincial standards at given points in their schooling.
Assist schools, authorities, and the province in monitoring and improving student learning.
to ensure that province-wide standards of achievement are maintained.
to report individual and group results."
Subjects
Grade twelve subjects for which there are diploma exams are:
See also
Alberta Education Site
References
School examinations
Education in Alberta | wiki |
Big Ten Network (BTN) is an American sports network based in Chicago, Illinois. The channel is dedicated to coverage of collegiate sports sanctioned by the Big Ten Conference, including live and recorded event telecasts, news, analysis programs, and other content focusing on the conference's member schools. It is a joint venture between Fox Sports and the Big Ten, with Fox Corporation as 61% stakeholder and operating partner, and the Big Ten Conference owning a 39% stake. It is headquartered in the former Montgomery Ward & Co. Catalog House building at 600 West Chicago Avenue in Chicago.
Big Ten Network is carried by most major television providers and as of 2014, had an estimated 60 million U.S. subscribers—the number had been boosted by the addition of Rutgers University and the University of Maryland to the conference.
Big Ten Network was the second U.S. sports network to be devoted to a single college sports conference, having been preceded by the MountainWest Sports Network one year prior to its launch. BTN was later followed by rival cable channels by the Pac-12, SEC and ACC with a similar array of programming.
History
The network's foundation traces back to 2004, following negotiations between the Big Ten and ESPN on an extension of the conference's broadcast contract with the network. With three years remaining in the existing deal, the conference sought a significant increase in rights fees. ESPN, however, balked, causing Big Ten commissioner Jim Delany to begin exploring the creation of his own network.
The launch of the Big Ten Network was announced on June 21, 2006, as a 20-year joint project between the Big Ten Conference and Fox Entertainment Group. At launch, the conference owned 51% of the network, while Fox owned a minority interest and handled its operations. The network was positioned to be the first ever cable channel dedicated to a single collegiate conference. The network also has a commitment to "event equality", stating it would produce and distribute an equal number of men's and women's events across all platforms, within three years of its launch. The deal was meant to replace the Big Ten's television contract with ESPN's ESPN Plus regional television package. ESPN Plus games were typically only seen on one broadcast television station in a team's local market (for example, the Illinois Fighting Illini aired its games on Champaign, Illinois CBS affiliate WCIA (channel 3)).
Big Ten Network was launched at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time on August 30, 2007, with Big Ten Tonight as its inaugural program. The network aired its first live telecasts two days later on September 1, which included a football game between Appalachian State and Michigan – the game gained national attention for its upset victory; being the first win by a Division I FCS team over a ranked Division I FBS team since Division I was split into two subdivisions by the NCAA in 1978. On September 2, the network aired its first women's sports event (a soccer match between Syracuse University and Michigan State) and its first men's non-revenue sports event (a soccer match between UCLA at Indiana).
The new network suffered from limited carriage on its launch, as it was only carried by two major television providers. By the following year, the network had reached its goal to attain carriage on the "extended basic" tiers of cable providers in all Big Ten markets. While no specifics were revealed, Fox increased its stake in the Big Ten Network to 51% in June 2010, acquiring majority control, using a provision in its contract with the conference. To coincide with the 2011 college football season, the network unveiled a new logo that made "BTN" the primary name of the channel, and introduced a new TV Everywhere service known as "BTN2Go," which offers live streaming of BTN telecasts and other programming through a web browser or mobile app. The service was initially available to subscribers of Time Warner Cable, Charter Communications, DirecTV and Dish Network.
BTN and Dish Network were involved in a dispute leading up to the expiration of the satellite provider's contract with the network in August 2012, a day before that year's college football season began. The network was temporary blacked out for eight days beginning on September 14, giving way to a new agreement that restored BTN on Dish Network on September 22.
In July 2017, as part of a new six-year agreement that made Fox the primary television rightsholder of regular season Big Ten football games, Fox's contract to run BTN was extended through 2032.
On December 14, 2017, 21st Century Fox announced it would sell a majority of its assets to The Walt Disney Company, owners of ESPN, SEC Network and the then-upcoming ACC Network, in a transaction valued at over $52 billion. 21st Century Fox's stake in the Big Ten Network was not included in the deal and was spun off to the significantly downsized Fox Corporation, along with the Fox network, Fox News, Fox Business, FS1, and FS2. The deal was approved by Disney and Fox shareholders on July 27, 2018, and was completed on March 19, 2019.
The network introduced a new logo on October 23, 2020, coinciding with the start of the delayed 2020 football season. The new logo returns to using "Big Ten Network" as the primary name of the channel, and incorporates the conference's "B1G" wordmark.
Programming
Original programs
Big Ten Tonight – a weekly half-hour show airing on Sundays that is similar to ESPN's SportsCenter; it offers highlights and discussion of Big Ten sporting events. The program is currently anchored by Dave Revsine, Rick Pizzo, Mike Hall and Lisa Cornwell. Other reporters and analysts appear depending on the sport being discussed.
Big Ten Football Saturday – a program airing Saturdays (with pre-game, halftime and post-game editions) during the college football season, which features discussions and highlights of the day's games. It is hosted by Dave Revsine, with analysis provided by Gerry DiNardo (nicknamed by the hosts as "Coach") and Howard Griffith.
Big Ten Tailgate – originally titled Friday Night Tailgate, it is a Friday night program that takes a lighthearted and irreverent look at campus life surrounding the weekend of a Big Ten football game. It was host was Mike Hall, with correspondents Charissa Thompson and Chicago-area improv actors Jordan Klepper, Steve Waltien, and Tim Baltz. 90-minute In 2010, the show was cut to 60 minutes and was renamed as Big Ten Tailgate.
Big Ten Tip-Off Show – a pre-game show airing during the regular season from November to March discussing the day's basketball games; it is hosted by Dave Revsine, with analysis provided by Gene Keady, Jimmy Jackson, Tim Doyle and Kendall Gill.
Coaches Q&A – a program featuring excerpts from the week's press conferences around the conference.
The Big Ten's Greatest Games – a showcase of classic football and basketball games, with editing of some non-essential game action out to fit time constraints.
The Big Ten Women's Show – an hour-long Monday night program covering women's sports throughout the conference.
The Big Ten Quad – a weekly sports discussion show with Big Ten legends.
Big Ten Cookout – a half-hour live cooking/tailgate show on Saturday mornings, taking place at a different university campus within the conference each week; it is hosted by Melanie Collins, alongside chefs Julius Russell and former Hell's Kitchen season five contestant Ben Walanka.
The Big Ten's Best – a weekly countdown show with lists of the top 10 Big Ten teams or players in a certain category, such as "best running backs of the 1990s" or "best quarterbacks of the 1980s"; hosted by Charissa Thompson.
Various coach's shows
University Showcase – a program block of non-sports campus produced programs; each school has equal time.
Student U – Game broadcasts produced by university broadcast departments involving students controlling production and play-by-play which are usually seen only on closed-circuit campus cable networks.
"Big Ten Frozen Fridays" – a hockey pregame show on Friday nights, airing before most Big Ten hockey game telecasts, featuring game previews and highlights from around the Big Ten Conference
Big Ten Football: Breakdown – a weekly series airing on Tuesdays in which Big Ten coaches and players review the previous week's game footage, with network analysts providing a look at the nuances of the game and what affected the teams' success.
Big Ten Football: Sites & Sounds – a Wednesday night program that includes segments from press conferences, media interviews and the games, as well as other behind-the-scenes footage, hosted from the network's Chicago studios.
Big Ten Football: Behind the Schemes – airing Thursday nights, it is a breakdown featuring the network's resident head coach analysts, analyzing footage of the previous week's games and putting together game plans for games being held that week.
Big Ten Football… & Beyond – a Friday night program previewing the weekend's upcoming games with reports from each Big Ten stadium and a look at key national matchups that could impact the conference postseason.
Big Ten Film Vault – a program, hosted by Dan Dierdorf, showcasing a vintage Big Ten film from the 1940s to the 1970s.
Big Ten Icons – a series highlighting a Big Ten athlete from a wide range of sports and history. Notable subjects include Jesse Owens, Jack Nicklaus and Steve Alford.
The Journey: Big Ten Basketball – a Sunday night documentary-style series following multiple teams each week throughout the conference's 10-week basketball season.
Big Ten Treasure Hunter - a program starring memorabilia collector John Arcand in which he travels around Big Ten territories and make negotiations with fans to buy Big Ten memorabilia.
Former
Big Ten Hoops: On Campus – an hour-long Friday night program (hosted by Mike Hall, Jim Jackson, Tiffany Simons and Natalie Kane) featuring visits to different campuses each week to showcase the loyalty and tradition behind Big Ten basketball and its fans.
This Week in Big Ten Basketball – a Sunday night program providing comprehensive breakdowns of the week's college basketball action involving Big Ten teams; it was hosted by Dave Revsine, Jim Jackson and Dan Dakich.
Sports coverage
Football
Big Ten Network holds national broadcast rights to all of the conference's home football games and televises approximately 35-40 football games each season. Each team is guaranteed to appear a minimum of two times annually on the network, one of which must be a conference game.
Basketball
The network holds national television rights to all men's basketball conference home games; all non-conference and exhibition games are either televised or streamed on bigtennetwork.com. Each of the conference's men's basketball teams appear on the network approximately 10-20 times a season; it carries approximately 60–65 in-conference match-ups, as well as select tournament contests.
Big Ten Network also televises approximately 50-60 regular season women's basketball games annually, along with approximately nine Big Ten Basketball Tournament games. Each Big Ten team appears on the network approximately 8 to 10 times during the season. The network streams dozens of games live on its website, giving Big Ten women's basketball the most exposure of any conference in the country. The network maintains a set on-site during the Big Ten men's and women's basketball tournaments in Indianapolis, Indiana with anchors providing coverage and analysis of each day's game action during the event.
Other sports
Big Ten Network televises approximately 25 of the conference's baseball games each spring, with each team making approximately 5 to 8 appearances annually. In 2009, the network televised the entirety of the Big Ten baseball tournament.
In the 2013–14 season, Big Ten Network expanded its coverage of college ice hockey due to the Big Ten Conference beginning to officially sponsor the sport, broadcasting 27 games as well as the Big Ten tournament, and adding associated studio programs. The Big Ten Network televises more than 170 NCAA-sponsored Olympic events in both men's and women's sports such as hockey, soccer, volleyball, track and field, swimming and diving.
Esports
In April 2016, it was announced that BTN and Riot Games would organize a collegiate League of Legends event, the BTN Invitational, between teams representing Michigan State and Ohio State. The event was held at PAX East in Boston, alongside the semi-finals and finals of Riot's own college championship. Michael Sherman, head of Riot's collegiate competitions, stated that "there was actually a student group at Penn State that was looking to run a Big Ten tournament, and the Big Ten Network got word of it and through that we actually connected to each other and saw that we had a lot of interest in sort of building an event together."
In January 2017, BTN and Riot announced that it would hold a season of conference competition between teams representing 12 Big Ten schools, culminating with a championship whose winner would receive an invite to Riot's college championship. The competition was primarily be streamed online, but later rounds were televised on BTN. In January 2018, Riot and BTN announced an extension of the partnership through 2019, complete with scholarship funds for teams ($35,000/team yearly) and the addition of Penn State and Nebraska, bringing all full conference members to the partnership. ESL became a partner with BTN's competition for 2019.
Tournament and championship events
The Big Ten Network televises 21 Big Ten Championships and Tournaments, including baseball, men's and women's basketball, men's and women's cross country, field hockey, men's and women's golf, men's and women's gymnastics, rowing, men's and women's soccer, men's and women's swimming and diving, men's and women's tennis, men's and women's indoor and outdoor track and field, and wrestling.
In February 2017, the NCAA announced that Big Ten Network had acquired rights to the Women's Frozen Four—the NCAA national championship of Women's ice hockey, beginning in 2017 under a four-year deal. BTN broadcast the finals in 2017, and began airing the semi-finals beginning 2018. ESPN (who televises all other NCAA national championships outside of men's basketball) took over the rights in 2021.
On-air staff
Current on-air staff
Mike Hall - studio host
Rick Pizzo - studio host
Dave Revsine - studio host and play-by-play announcer
Lisa Byington - studio host and play-by-play announcer
Gerry DiNardo - football analyst
Howard Griffith - football analyst
Anthony "Spice" Adams - BTN Tailgate
Dave Wannstedt - football studio host
Corey Wootton - football analyst
Michelle McMahon - studio host and BTN Tailgate
Stanley Jackson - studio host and football analyst
Robbie Hummel - men's basketball studio host and analyst
Andy Katz - men's basketball studio host and analyst
Shon Morris - men's basketball studio host and analyst
Elise Menaker - studio host and reporter
Nicole Darin - studio reporter
Allison Hayes Freeze - studio reporter
Damon Benning - football studio reporter
Pat Forde - studio reporter
Nicole Auerbach - studio reporter
Rob Blackman - football studio reporter
Ryan Baker - football studio reporter
Ray Lucas - studio reporter
Dean Linke - play-by-play announcer
Marcus Ray - studio reporter
Football
Brandon Gaudin - football play-by-play announcer
Lisa Byington - football play-by-play announcer
Cory Provus - football play-by-play announcer
Joe Beninati - football play-by-play announcer
Chris Vosters - football play-by-play announcer
Mark Followill - football play-by-play announcer
J Leman - football color analyst
Anthony Herron - football color analyst
Matt Millen - football color analyst
James Laurinaitis - football color analyst
Glen Mason - football color analyst
Ben Leber - football color analyst
Coley Harvey - football sideline reporter
Rick Pizzo - football sideline reporter
Olivia Harlan - football sideline reporter
Elise Menaker - football sideline reporter
Matt McGloin - football sideline reporter
Basketball
Kevin Kugler - basketball play-by-play announcer
Brandon Gaudin - basketball play-by-play announcer
Dave Resvine - basketball play-by-play announcer
Lisa Byington - basketball play-by-play announcer
Jeff Levering - basketball play-by-play announcer
Chris Vosters - basketball play-by-play announcer
Mike Hall - basketball play-by-play announcer
John Beilein - basketball color analyst
Robbie Hummel - basketball color analyst
Stephen Bardo - basketball color analyst
Mike DeCourcy - basketball color analyst
Andy Katz - basketball color analyst
Len Elmore - basketball color analyst
Shon Morris - basketball color analyst
Christy Winters-Scott - basketball color analyst
Baseball
Danan Hughes - baseball analyst
Scott Pose - baseball analyst
Kevin Kugler - baseball play-by-play announcer
Brandon Gaudin - baseball play-by-play announcer
Michael Huff - studio reporter
Ice hockey
Ben Clymer - ice hockey analyst
Paul Caponigri - ice hockey analyst
Billy Jaffe - ice hockey analyst
Fred Pletsch - ice hockey analyst and Play-by-play
Aaron Ward - ice hockey analyst
Volleyball
Grace Loberg - volleyball analyst
Telly Hughes - volleyball studio reported
Emily Ehman - volleyball color analyst
Wrestling
Shane Nebl Sparks - wrestling announcer
Jim Gibbons - wrestling announcer
Tim Johnson - wrestling announcer
Former on-air staff
Thom Brennaman - lead play-by-play announcer (later lead television voice for the Cincinnati Reds on Fox Sports Ohio, announcer for MLB on Fox, NFL on Fox and NFL Europe on Fox and FX)
Matt Devlin - play-by-play announcer (now television play-by-play announcer for the Toronto Raptors)
Cal Eldred - baseball analyst (now pitching coach for the Kansas City Royals)
Rebecca Haarlow - sideline reporter for football and baseball (now with MSG Network and NBA on TNT)
Ben Holden - play-by-play announcer (now college hockey announcer for Fox Sports Detroit, Comcast Local and CBS Sports Network)
Gus Johnson - play-by-play announcer (now NFL and Pac-12 announcer for Fox Sports)
Wayne Larrivee - play-by-play announcer (longtime Big Ten play-by-play announcer; now does play-by-play for the Packers Radio Network)
Charissa Thompson - sideline reporter (now with Fox Sports and later co-host of entertainment news magazine Extra)
Stephanie White - women's basketball analyst (now women's basketball coach at Vanderbilt)
Rod Woodson - (now an analyst for the NFL on Westwood One)
Eric Collins - play-by-play announcer (now television play-by-play announcer for the Charlotte Hornets on Fox Sports Southeast and Fox Sports South, occasional announcer for Fox Major League Baseball and Fox College Hoops)
Josh Lewin - play-by-play announcer (longtime play-by-play announcer for Fox Major League Baseball, now college basketball and football play-by-play announcer for the UCLA Bruins)
Other services
High definition and 4K
Big Ten Network launched in both standard definition and a 720p high definition simulcast. All of its original programs and studio shows are broadcast in HD, as well as nearly all of its sports telecasts and some of its university-produced coaches and campus shows. The channel has produced all of its football games in HD since 2009.
In September 2017, BTN revealed plans to televise selected games from the 2018 Big Ten men's basketball tournament in 4K.
Streaming platforms
BTN2Go was Big Ten Network's TV Everywhere service, which offers online streaming of BTN programming to subscribers on qualifying television providers. Beginning in the 2017–18 season, BTN2Go content became available within Fox Sports' main TV Everywhere app Fox Sports Go.
In July 2019, due to the Fox Sports Go platform being divested with the Fox Sports Networks as part of the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney, BTN content moved from Fox Sports Go to the main Fox Sports website and apps. The BTN2Go app was transitioned to an app for BTN Plus—a subscription over-the-top streaming service for non-televised Big Ten events.
Football overflow feeds
On many Saturdays during the football season, the Big Ten Network produces multiple games that air at the same time. The network designates one game as its national game, which is shown on the main channel on satellite providers. The remaining games air on the main channel in the local markets and on the extra overflow channels in the remaining markets. Most cable systems inside the Big Ten's eight states offer these Big Ten Network overflow or "out-of-market" feeds to provide additional football games. All of the additional overflow feeds for the network's various football telecasts are available nationally on DirecTV and Dish Network; and regionally on AT&T U-verse, many Comcast systems, and several other cable providers. Some providers only carry the overflow feeds in standard definition, and providers outside of the U.S. provide them in out-of-market subscription packages. Since 2019, all Big Ten Network football games are also available via the Fox Sports app, regardless of geography and wireline restrictions.
Carriage
Carriage negotiations with several major cable providers were stalled for several months due to their interest in placing the channel on a sports tier, with the providers only wanting to charge customers who wanted to subscribe to it; Big Ten Network, however, wanted providers to carry it on their extended basic tiers so that subscribers would not have to pay an extra fee to receive the network. Comcast, the largest cable provider in the U.S., reached a deal to carry the network on June 19, 2008, and began adding the channel to its systems on August 15, 2008; other major providers in states with universities in the Big Ten Conference (including Charter Communications and Time Warner Cable) would soon follow suit. Additionally, the Big Ten Network is an associate member of the Caribbean Cable Cooperative.
Carriage agreements
DirecTV and AT&T U-verse were the only major television providers to carry the channel at launch; however, 250 smaller cable systems (including those that are members of the National Cable Television Cooperative) also carried BTN at launch. Dish Network added the channel one week later in early September 2007.
During the late summer and early fall of 2008, several larger cable companies within states where a Big Ten university was located reached agreements to carry Big Ten Network, expanding its carriage to every major cable provider in those areas. On August 23, 2008, Mediacom (which services most of Iowa, including Iowa City, where Big Ten member, the University of Iowa, is located) was reported by Cedar Rapids newspaper The Gazette to have reached an agreement in principle to carry the network according to sources close to negotiations; the deal was announced on August 28.
On August 25, Time Warner Cable and the Big Ten Network announced in a joint statement that the two parties had reached a carriage deal. Time Warner Cable carries the channel on its expanded basic service in the eight states where Big Ten universities are located. These deals were later followed by carriage agreements with Charter Communications on August 26 and Cox Communications on August 28. Also on August 26, 2008, The Indianapolis Star reported that Bright House Networks was "very close to a deal" to carry the channel. On September 30, Broadstripe added the channel to its systems in Michigan.
On June 23, 2009, Cablevision added the channel in standard and high definition to its Optimum systems. The following month on August 25, the network reached a carriage agreement with Atlantic Broadband, which added the network's standard and high definition feed on September 1, 2009, to its systems in central and northern Pennsylvania. On December 28, 2009, Charter Communications reached an agreement to provide the network to its systems in St. Louis and Southern Illinois on the provider's expanded basic-digital tier.
On July 24, 2017, the Big Ten Network announced they would be available on Hulu Live TV and YouTube TV.
On April 11, 2018, Comcast dropped Big Ten Network in a number of "out-of-market" states that fall outside of the conference's direct geographical footprint, with other selected markets dropping the network on May 10, 2018. This notably included the 23,000 Comcast customers in New York, despite the recent addition of Rutgers University in New Jersey having been used to market the conference and BTN in neighboring New York City.
Canadian carriage
In September 2008, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission approved a request by Shaw Communications to allow carriage of BTN in Canada on its specialty television services. While CTVglobemedia filed a concern that it would create undue competition (which is prohibited between foreign and domestic services) with its mainstream sports channel TSN, the CRTC determined that Big Ten Network's specific scope in coverage did not create undue competition with domestic mainstream sports services such as TSN. The network became available to Shaw Cable customers on December 3, 2008. The channel became available on Rogers Cable systems in Ontario and New Brunswick on October 22, 2009.
As of 2020 the channel is carried by Cogeco, Eastlink, Rogers Cable, Shaw Cable, Shaw Direct and VMedia.
Similar channels
Other channels that show only college sports include:
ACC Network - shows sports involving the Atlantic Coast Conference
Pac-12 Network – an American sports television network focusing on the Pac-12 Conference
SEC Network – an American sports network focusing on the Southeastern Conference
Longhorn Network – an American network that focuses on sports and programming involving the University of Texas at Austin
BYUtvsports.com – an American network that carries sports and programming involving Brigham Young University
ESPNU
Fox College Sports
References
External links
– Big Ten Network
– Big Ten Conference
Sports television networks in the United States
Big Ten Conference
College sports television networks
English-language television stations in the United States
Fox Sports
Companies based in Chicago
Television channels and stations established in 2007
College basketball on television in the United States
College football on television
Fox Corporation | wiki |
Masala puri, or Masalpuri, is an Indian snack which is especially popular in the southern states of Karnataka. A form of chaat, the dish originated in the Indian state of Karnataka and has now become famous in the entire Indian subcontinent. Typically spicy, the dish can also be made sweet based on the requirement.
Preparation
Crushed puris are soaked in hot masala gravy made up of puffed rice, green peas, chili powder, garam masala, chaat masala, coriander powder, etc. Toppings of small slices of onion and tomato, carrot shavings (optional), coriander leaves and sev are then added, before the dish is served.
See also
Panipuri
Sevpuri
Dahi puri
List of snack foods from the Indian subcontinent
References
Indian snack foods
Street food
Indian fast food
Culture of Bangalore | wiki |
This is a list of amusement parks, water parks, and major festival parks in Wisconsin.
References
Amusement parks
Amusement parks | wiki |
Fort Mitchel may refer to:
Fort Mitchel, an 18th-century fort on Spike Island, County Cork
Fort Mitchel, a defensive structure built on the location that was known as Mitchelville in South Carolina
Fort Mitchel, a military site related to the Defense of Cincinnati, Ohio
See also
Fort Mitchell (disambiguation) | wiki |
This is a '''list of public art in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Art, public
Charlotte
Public art
Public art in North Carolina
Art, public | wiki |
Penske Corporation is an American conglomerate operating in the automotive services industry.
Penske may also refer to:
Penske Media Corporation, an independent digital media and publishing company, based in Los Angeles, California
People
Roger Penske (born 1937), American businessman and retired professional auto racing driver, owner of Penske Corporation
Jay Penske, chairman and CEO of Penske Media Corporation, and son of Roger Penske | wiki |
Shock and Double Shock were 1958-1959 American TV horror movie show with Bob Hersh as "The Advisor". Hersh used to emerge from a sarcophagus to introduce the horror B-movies.
References
External links
List of episodes
1958 American television series debuts
1959 American television series endings
1950s American television series
American horror fiction television series
Black-and-white American television shows
Horror movie television series | wiki |
Kodos – personaggio della serie animata I Simpson
Kodos – personaggio di Star Trek
Kodos – personaggio dei fumetti di Sonic | wiki |
I'm Not Your Toy – singolo di Erilien del 2005
I'm Not Your Toy – singolo dei La Roux del 2009 | wiki |
ISO 3166-2 – données pour le Kirghizistan.
Mise à jour
ISO 3166-2:2002-12-10 bulletin d’information n° I-4
Ville (1) en:city, ky:shaar (шаары), ru:gorod (город)
Régions (7) ky:oblast (областы), ru:oblast’ (области)
Liens externes
Sources des listes : PCGN 1995-11 ; mise à jour PGCN 2002-10
Sources des codes : secrétariat ISO/TC 46/WG 2
Systèmes de romanisation : BGN/PCGN 1979 (kirghize cyrillique) ; GOST 1983 et BGN/PCGN 1947 (russe cyrillique)
ISO 3166 | wiki |
Montalbán or Montalban may refer to:
Places
Montalbán, Teruel, a town in Teruel Province, Aragon, Spain
Montalbán, Carabobo, a town in Venezuela
Montalbán de Córdoba, a town in Córdoba Province, Andalucia, Spain
La Puebla de Montalbán, a town in Toledo Province, Castile-La Mancha, Spain
Villarejo de Montalbán, a town in Toledo Province, Castile-La Mancha, Spain
Montalbán, Caracas, zone of Caracas, Venezuela
Montalbán Municipality, Carabobo, Venezuela
Rodriguez, Rizal, Philippines (formerly Montalban)
Ricardo Montalbán Theatre, commonly known as The Montalbán, a theatre in Los Angeles
People
See Montalbán (surname)
See also
Montauban (disambiguation) | wiki |
In basketball, a double-double is a single-game performance in which a player accumulates ten or more in two of the following five statistical categories: points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots. The first "double" in the term refers to the two (double) categories and the second "double" refers to accumulating ten or more (typically double digits) in that category. Similarly, a player records a triple-double, quadruple-double, and quintuple-double when accumulating ten or more in three, four, or all five of the statistical categories, respectively. While double-doubles and triple-doubles occur regularly each NBA season, only four quadruple-doubles have ever officially been recorded in the NBA, and no quintuple-double has ever been recorded in a professional basketball game. A similar term, the five-by-five, is the accumulation of at least five in all five statistical categories. It is rarely done.
Double-double
A double-double is a performance in which a player accumulates a double-digit total in two of five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—in a game. The most common double-double combination is points and rebounds, followed by points and assists. During the 2008–09 NBA season, 69 players who were eligible for leadership in the main statistical categories recorded at least ten double-doubles during the season.
Since the season, Tim Duncan leads the National Basketball Association (NBA) in the points–rebounds combination with 841 double-doubles, John Stockton leads the points–assists combination with 714, and Russell Westbrook leads the rebounds–assists combinations with 142. Since the season, Tim Duncan also holds the record for most total career double-doubles in the NBA, having recorded 841. In league history, the record for most career double-doubles is 968, held by Wilt Chamberlain.
Special double-doubles are rare. One such achievement is sometimes called a 20–20, double double-double, or double-20, when a player accumulates 20 or more in two statistics in a game. Another similar feat is a 30–30. The only player in NBA history to record a 40–40 is Wilt Chamberlain, who achieved the feat eight times in his career, four of which were in his rookie season.
Longest continuous streak of double-doubles: According to the Elias Sports Bureau, Wilt Chamberlain holds the record with 227 consecutive double-doubles from 1964 to 1967. Chamberlain also holds the second- and third-longest continuous streaks of double-doubles with 220 and 133. This record is before the ABA–NBA merger in 1976. The longest streak of double-doubles since the merger was 53 games, achieved by Kevin Love, then of the Minnesota Timberwolves.
Youngest player: Tracy McGrady (Toronto Raptors), aged 18 years and 175 days, logged a double-double on November 15, 1997, versus the Indiana Pacers. He had ten points and 11 rebounds.
Oldest player: Dikembe Mutombo (Houston Rockets), aged 42 years and 289 days, logged a double-double on April 10, 2009, versus the Golden State Warriors. He had ten points and 15 rebounds.
Triple-double
A triple-double is a single-game performance by a player who accumulates a double-digit number total in three of five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—in a game. The most common way for a player to achieve a triple-double is with points, rebounds, and assists, though on occasion players may record 10 or more steals or blocked shots in a game. The origin of the term "triple-double" is unclear. Some sources claim that it was coined in the NBA by former Los Angeles Lakers public relations director Bruce Jolesch in the 1980s in order to showcase Magic Johnson's versatility, while others claim that it was coined by then Philadelphia 76ers media relations director Harvey Pollack in 1980.
Triple-doubles in the NBA
The triple-double became an officially recorded statistic in the NBA during the . That season, there were 32 triple-doubles, 12 more than the previous season. From the to the , the NBA recorded a total of 543 triple-doubles, or 45.25 triple-doubles per season. This can be largely attributed to Magic Johnson, who was responsible for 137 of this time-span's triple-doubles, or about 25.23% of them. After Johnson retired in 1991, the number of triple-doubles in the league declined. From the to the s, there were only 841 triple-doubles, or about 35.04 triple-doubles per season. Jason Kidd recorded the most triple-doubles in this timespan with 107, which was 68 more than second placed LeBron James. However, in the , the number of triple-doubles recorded in the NBA grew from 46 to 75. From the to the , the NBA recorded 352 triple doubles, which was approximately 117.33 triple-doubles per season. Over those three years, Russell Westbrook recorded 101 triple-doubles—28.69% of all triple-doubles in that timespan.
There has been occasional controversy surrounding triple-doubles made when a player achieves the feat with a late rebound. Players with nine rebounds in a game have sometimes been accused of deliberately missing a shot late in the game in order to recover the rebound. One such case involved a player shooting at his own team's basket. On March 16, 2003, the Cleveland Cavaliers were up 120–95 against the Utah Jazz with four seconds left in the fourth quarter. Following an inbounded ball, Cavaliers guard Ricky Davis shot the ball off his own team's basket to secure the final rebound for a triple double. The move was criticized by players, coaches, and the media. To deter this, NBA rules allow rebounds to be nullified if the shot is determined not to be a legitimate scoring attempt.
Russell Westbrook holds the NBA record for career triple-doubles with 198. He and Oscar Robertson are the only two players to average a triple-double over a season, with Robertson achieving the feat once and Westbrook achieving the feat four times.
WNBA
Triple-doubles have been far more rare in the WNBA than in the NBA; the games are shorter in the WNBA (40 minutes vs 48), there are fewer teams and fewer games in a season (36 vs 82), and the playing style in the WNBA is more of a team game than relying on star players. As of the 2022 season, 20 triple-doubles have been recorded in the WNBA — 16 in the regular season and four in the playoffs. Sheryl Swoopes, and Courtney Vandersloot are tied for third place with two WNBA triple-doubles, while Candace Parker and Sabrina Ionescu are tied for second place with three, and Alyssa Thomas has the all-time record at four.
On June 12, 2022 in a New York Liberty game, Ionescu became the fourth and youngest WNBA player to achieve multiple triple doubles in a career, while also being the first to both achieve a triple double in three quarters and register at least 12 of each statistic for the triple double.
With her third triple double on June 23, 2022, Parker became both the first person to reach three triple doubles overall, as well as achieve two or more triple doubles in the same season.
Alyssa Thomas scored the third overall playoff triple-double and first WNBA Finals triple-double on September 15, 2022 against the Las Vegas Aces, and the fourth the following game on September 18. Thomas recorded all four of her career triple-doubles in the 2022 season.
The following is a list of all WNBA triple-doubles, with the playoff triple-doubles highlighted in italics. Bold numbers indicate the statistic relevant to the triple double.
NCAA Division I
Most triple-doubles in a career:
Men's: Kyle Collinsworth (BYU, 2010–11, 2013–16) with 12 — six in 2014–15 and six again as a senior in 2015–16. Before the triple-double being tracked as an NCAA statistic, Oscar Robertson (Cincinnati) had 10—five in 1958–59 and five in 1959–60.
Although BYU was forced to vacate all but one of its wins in the 2015–16 season due to improper benefits provided by boosters to another BYU player, Collinsworth's triple-double record was not affected.
Women's: Sabrina Ionescu (Oregon, 2016–2020) with 26 – four in 2016–17, six in 2017–18, eight in 2018–19, and eight in 2019–20.
Consecutive triple-doubles: In Division I men's play, David Edwards (Texas A&M), Penny Hardaway (Memphis State), Tony Lee (Robert Morris), Gerald Lewis (SMU), Shaquille O’Neal (LSU), and Kevin Roberson (Vermont) each recorded two consecutive games with a triple-double.
In women's play, Danielle Carson (Youngstown State), Kim Rhock (Mount St. Mary's), Nicole Powell (Stanford), Ashley Schrock (Cleveland State), Claire Faucher (Portland State), Brittney Griner (Baylor), and Ny Hammonds (Charlotte) have accomplished this feat once. Powell did so in successive rounds of the NCAA tournament. Sabrina Ionescu has done so twice, and Chastadie Barrs of Lamar has done so three times, making them the only D-I players of either sex to do so more than once. Barrs is the only player to have recorded consecutive triple-doubles twice in a single season, doing so in 2018–19.
Two women are the only NCAA players of either sex in any division to have recorded three consecutive triple-doubles. The first was Carson in the 1985–86 season. She began by recording 12 points, ten, rebounds, and 12 assists against Akron on November 29, 1985. The following day, she recorded 20 points, 12 rebounds, and at least 20 assists against Kent State (her exact assists total in that game is unknown). Finally, on December 2 against Cleveland State, Carson recorded 26 points, 15 rebounds, and 14 assists. Barrs matched the feat in the 2018–19 season. She began with 17 points, ten rebounds, and 12 steals on January 9, 2019 against New Orleans. Next, on January 12, Barrs had ten points, 11 rebounds, and ten assists against Central Arkansas. Finally, on January 16, Barrs recorded 15 points, ten rebounds, and 11 assists against Southeastern Louisiana.
Most triple-doubles in a single season:
Men's: Kyle Collinsworth (BYU), with six – performed twice: in the 2014–15 season, and again in 2015–16.
Women's: Sabrina Ionescu (Oregon), with eight in the 2018–19 season.
Triple-doubles in NCAA tournament history:
Men's
The NCAA first recorded individual assists in men's basketball in 1950–51, but stopped doing so after the 1951–52 season, and did not resume keeping track of assists until 1983–84. Blocks and steals were first recorded in 1985–86. Thus, the NCAA officially records nine tournament triple-doubles. However, many tournaments had included assists, steals and blocks in their official boxscores prior to that time, so unofficially this has occurred 17 times. Only three pre-1986 triple-doubles are included below.
Women's
In women's basketball, the NCAA began keeping track of assists in 1985–86, then blocks and steals in 1987–88, so officially this has occurred 14 times. However, many tournaments had included assists, steals and blocks in their official boxscores prior to that time, so unofficially this has occurred 17 times. All three triple-doubles that preceded the NCAA's official inclusion of the relevant statistics are included below.
Others
Kalara McFadyen of Memphis achieved perhaps the most unusual triple-double in history, and she did it without scoring a point or even attempting a shot from either the field or the free-throw line. On February 3, 2002, in a women's Division I game against Charlotte, she had 12 assists, 10 steals, and 10 rebounds.
FIBA European Champions Cup and EuroLeague
Much like the WNBA, there are a few reasons why triple-doubles are far more rare in the EuroLeague than in the NBA. The games are 40 minutes long—8 minutes shorter than in the NBA—there are 30 games in a season compared to the NBA's 82, and various rules—such as those on assists—are stricter than that of the NBA. As of 2019, only seven triple-doubles have been recorded in Euroleague history, and only three in the modern era of Euroleague basketball (since 2000). The following is a list of all seven of these triple-doubles:
Quadruple-double
A quadruple-double is a single-game performance by a player who accumulates ten or more in four of five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—in a game. This feat is extremely rare: only four players have officially recorded a quadruple-double in National Basketball Association (NBA) history. The first American male player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple-double was Nate Thurmond, who achieved this feat in 1974 while playing for the NBA's Chicago Bulls. The first American female player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple-double was Ann Meyers, who achieved this feat in 1978 while playing for the UCLA Bruins, when women's college sports were under the auspices of the AIAW.
The first male player in NCAA Division I history to record a quadruple-double was Lester Hudson in 2007. The first Division I women's player to have officially recorded a quadruple-double since the NCAA began sponsoring women's sports in 1981–82 was Veronica Pettry of Loyola–Chicago in 1989. Only three other women have done so since, and the only player to have recorded a quadruple-double since 1993 is Shakyla Hill of Grambling State, who accomplished the feat in 2018 and 2019. An earlier player, Jackie Spencer of Louisville, accomplished the feat against Cincinnati during the 1984–85 season, but the NCAA did not record assists and steals throughout Division I women's basketball at that time. The Metro Conference, then home to both schools, did officially record these statistics, but the NCAA did not start doing so until 1985–86 for assists and 1987–88 for steals.
NBA
Quadruple-doubles have only been possible since the 1973–74 season, when the NBA started recording both blocked shots and steals. It is often speculated by observers that other all-time greats, namely Oscar Robertson (former all time triple-doubles leader with 181, now Russell Westbrook), Wilt Chamberlain, Bill Russell, and Jerry West could conceivably have had quadruple-doubles. West's biography at NBA.com claims that he once recorded an unofficial quadruple-double with 44 points, 12 rebounds, ten assists, and ten blocks. A biography of Wilt Chamberlain claims that he also recorded an unofficial quadruple-double in Game 1 of the 1967 Eastern Division Finals against the Boston Celtics, when he had 24 points, 32 rebounds, 13 assists, and 12 blocks.
The four players listed below are the only players who have officially recorded a quadruple-double in an NBA game. Except for Thurmond, who retired before the award was established in 1983, all of them have won NBA Defensive Player of the Year at least once. Robertson is the only player who was not a center to accomplish the feat, doing so with steals rather than blocks.
Legend
* : Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
Only seven other players (Drexler did it twice) have managed to finish with triple-doubles and a total of 9 in a fourth statistical category (statistical categories in which they fell short are in bold):
Notes
Bird sat out the entire fourth quarter. After three quarters, head coach K. C. Jones informed Bird that he was one steal away from a quadruple-double and asked if he wanted to stay in the game. Bird declined, saying that he "already did enough damage."
Olajuwon was credited with 9 assists in the original box score. However, after Rockets officials reviewed the game tape and discovered what they believe was an uncredited assist in the first quarter, they revised the box score, crediting Olajuwon with 10 assists and the third quadruple-double in NBA history. NBA's director of operations, Rod Thorn, requested to review the tape. After reviewing the tape, the league disallowed Olajuwon's quadruple-double and announced that his original line—with 9 assists—is official.
Other men's basketball
Notes
This is the only quadruple-double in French National League history.
This is the only quadruple-double in National Basketball League history.
This is the only quadruple-double in NCAA Division I men's basketball history. The opponent, Central Baptist, plays in the NAIA.
Women's basketball
Mostly accurate . NCAA records are complete for Divisions I and II, but not for Division III; specifically, entering the 2018–19 season, there have been a total of eight quadruple-doubles in Division III play, and one player, Suzy Venet of Mount Union (1994–1998), had two in her career, both in the 1996–97 season. NAIA records are also incomplete.
Notes
Quintuple-double
A quintuple-double is a single-game performance by a player who accumulates a double-digits in all five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—in a single game. There are only three known officially recorded quintuple-doubles, all done at the girls' high-school level. The first was recorded by Tamika Catchings of Duncanville High School (Duncanville, Texas) with 25 points, 18 rebounds, 11 assists, 10 steals, and 10 blocks in 1997. The second was by Alex Montgomery of Lincoln High School (Tacoma, Washington), who had 27 points, 22 rebounds, 10 assists, 10 steals, and 10 blocks in January 2007. The third was by Aimee Oertner of Northern Lehigh High School (Slatington, Pennsylvania), who had 26 points, 20 rebounds, 10 assists, 10 steals, and 11 blocks on January 7, 2012.
Wilt Chamberlain allegedly recorded a quintuple-double on March 18, 1968 with 53 points, 32 rebounds, 14 assists, 24 blocks, and 11 steals. However, before 1974, prior to Chamberlain's retirement, steals and blocks were not officially recorded by the NBA. Statistician Harvey Pollack, who spectated the game, reported that Chamberlain might have had more than one quintuple-double.
Hakeem Olajuwon may have come the closest to recording an official quintuple-double in an NBA game. On March 10, 1987, he recorded 38 points, 17 rebounds, 6 assists, 7 steals, and 12 blocks in a double overtime loss to the Seattle Supersonics. On March 3, 1990, Olajuwon recorded 29 points, 18 rebounds, 9 assists, 5 steals, and 11 blocks in a win over the Golden State Warriors.
As of January 2023, there is no overlap between the 14 players who have recorded 10+ steals in an NBA game and the 36 players who have recorded 10+ blocks in a game; in other words, no NBA player's career-high stat line is a quintuple-double. The best single-game career high in blocks for a player with a game of 10+ steals is 6 (Kendall Gill, Draymond Green, and Michael Jordan), and the best single-game career high in steals for a player with a game of 10+ blocks is 8 (Andrei Kirilenko and Hakeem Olajuwon).
Five-by-five
A five-by-five is a performance in which a player accumulates a total of five in five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocks—in a single game. Statistics for steals and blocks were not kept in the NBA until the 1973–74 season, so all NBA five-by-fives are known only from that season onward. Hakeem Olajuwon (six times) and Andrei Kirilenko (three times) are the only players to have recorded multiple five-by-fives (based on records since the season). Both are also the only players to record six-by-fives (at least six in all five statistical categories). Only twice has a five-by-five coincided with a triple-double (both by Olajuwon, one of which was 1 assist shy of a quadruple-double) and only three times has a player recorded a five-by-five without registering at least a double-double (two by Kirilenko and one by Marcus Camby).
Facts
All facts based on data since the season:
Greatest five-by-fives (most of each stat): Hakeem Olajuwon, on March 10, 1987, became the first in NBA history to record a six-by-five (at least 6 each of all five statistics: points, rebounds, assists, blocks, steals). It took nearly twenty years for the second official occurrence in NBA history. Andrei Kirilenko, on January 3, 2006, recorded a six-by-five against the Lakers. Though his numbers were not quite as impressive as Olajuwon's, Kirilenko performed the feat in regulation.
Most five-by-fives in a career: Hakeem Olajuwon leads all players with 6 career five-by-fives. Andrei Kirilenko, with 3, is the only other player with more than one career five-by-five.
Most five-by-fives in the same season: Only twice has a player recorded two five-by-fives in a season. Olajuwon in the 1993–94 season, and Kirilenko in the 2003–04 season.
Quickest pair of five-by-fives: Kirilenko performed a five-by-five on December 3, 2003, and completed another just a week later, on December 10, 2003. The second-quickest five-by-fives were completed by Olajuwon on November 5, 1993, and another, 55 days later, on December 30, 1993.
Youngest player: Kirilenko's first NBA five-by-five came on December 3, 2003, making him the youngest to record a five-by-five at age .
Oldest player: Olajuwon is the oldest player to record a five-by-five. His last career five-by-five came on December 30, 1993, at which time he was old.
Six-by-fives: Olajuwon and Kirilenko are the only players to achieve this feat in NBA history.
References
Basketball terminology
Basketball statistics | wiki |
Telos, groupe de réflexion d'économistes français fondé en
TELOS, revue américaine de la nouvelle gauche, fondée en
« Telos platform » est une plate forme informatique ; Telos wireless platform est une carte informatique supportant des applications open source, médicale notamment ;
Telos (Τέλος), nom grec donné par Aristote à la cause finale.
Notes et références | wiki |
Marl is type of calcium carbonate or lime-rich sedimentary rock.
Marl may also refer to:
People
Marl Young (1917–2009), American musician and arranger
Marley Marl (born 1962), a hip hop record producer
Places
Europe
Marl, North Rhine-Westphalia, a city in Germany
Marl Chemical Park, large chemical works in Marl, Germany
Marl-Hamm station, railway station in Marl
Marl Mitte station, railway station in Marl
Marl-Sinsen station, railway station in Marl
Marl, Lower Saxony, a municipality in Germany
Marl (Conwy electoral ward), in North Wales, UK
North America
Marl Creek Provincial Park, British Columbia, Canada
Marl Hill, an historic building in Virginia
Marl Lake, a small lake in Michigan
Marl Mountains, Mojave National Preserve, California
Science
Marl, another name for the western barred bandicoot
Marl Formation, geologic formation in France
Marl prairie, a type of wetland found in the Everglades, Florida
Marl Slate Formation, a geologic formation in England
Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), a sub-field in machine learning
Other uses
Marl Kingdom, a series of video games by Nippon-Ichi
Marl yarn is made from strands of different-colored yarn twisted together
USS Marl (IX-160), a barge of the United States Navy
See also
Marle (disambiguation) | wiki |
Callias was the head of a wealthy Athenian family.
Callias may also refer to:
Callias (comic poet) (5th century BC), poet of the Old Comedy
Callias III (4th century BC), Athenian dilettante
Callias of Chalcis (4th century BC), Greek ruler
Masculine given names | wiki |
ISO 31-9 gives name, symbol and definition for 51 quantities and units of atomic and nuclear physics. Where appropriate, conversion factors are also given. Annex A includes names of symbols of the chemical elements, Annex B the notation of symbols for chemical elements and nuclides, Annex C the original names and symbols for nuclides of radioactive series, Annex D examples of relations in different systems of equations using different systems of units.
00031-09 | wiki |
Vanessa Angel may refer to:
Vanessa Angel (English actress) (born 1966)
Vanessa Angel (Indonesian actress) (1993–2021) | wiki |
Cauchemar en cuisine (France)
Cauchemar en cuisine (Grande-Bretagne) | wiki |
Ujjivan Small Finance Bank Limited is an Indian small finance bank based in Bangalore, which commenced operations on 1 February 2017. Ujjivan Financial Services holds an 80 percent stake in the bank.
Ujjivan Small Finance Bank is licensed under Section 22 (1) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 to carry out small finance bank business and received Scheduled Bank status from the Reserve Bank of India in August 2017.
History
On 7 October 2015, Ujjivan Financial Services received an in-principle approval from the Reserve Bank of India to set up a small finance bank. At the time, the company already serviced over 2.6 million customers from 464 branches in 24 states. The small finance bank status provided the opportunity to expand Ujjivan's range of loan products, and also to accept deposits rather than relying on other financial institutions to provide funds for the loans. Ujjivan received the final license from the Reserve Bank of India on 11 November 2016 to set up a small finance bank. By February 2018, Ujjivan was present across 24 states and union territories, 209 districts in India, catering to over 3.7 million customers.
In October 2019, Ujjivan Small Finance Bank received approval from the Securities and Exchange Board of India to raise ₹1,200 crores (US$ million) in an initial public offering (IPO). The IPO was 166 times oversubscribed by the final day of bidding, 4 December 2019.
Services
Ujjivan SFB provides a range of products and services such as savings account, current account, fixed deposits (FD), recurring deposits (RD), Micro Loans, Home Loans & Small Business Loans.
The bank also offers internet banking, phone banking and mobile banking facilities to customers. Ujjivan SFB ATM is biometric enabled, thereby enabling customers to withdraw money through biometric authentication. Customers can open their bank account in 5–7 minutes on a hand-held device through Aadhaar enabled KYC. The bank has introduced Senior Citizen Product and Tax Saver Fixed Deposit.
See also
Banking in India
List of banks in India
Reserve Bank of India
Small finance bank
Indian Financial System Code
List of largest banks
List of companies of India
Make in India
References
External links
Companies based in Bangalore
Banks established in 2017
Small finance banks
Indian companies established in 2017
Private sector banks in India
2017 establishments in Karnataka
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange | wiki |
The Mercedes-Benz M150 engine is a naturally-aspirated and supercharged, 7.7-liter, straight-8 engine, designed, developed and produced by Mercedes-Benz; between 1938 and 1944.
Applications
Mercedes-Benz 770 Großer (W150)
References
Mercedes-Benz engines
Straight-eight engines
Engines by model
Gasoline engines by model | wiki |
The habanero is a variety of chili pepper.
Habanero may also refer to:
A person or thing from Havana, capital of Cuba
Sexteto Habanero (later Septeto Habanero), a Cuban son ensemble
El Habanero (newspaper), a Cuban newspaper
Bōkun Habanero, a Japanese snack food company
Habanero-tan, the Bōkun Habanero mascot
See also
Habanera (disambiguation)
Habano (disambiguation) | wiki |
Paprika (US , ; UK , ) is a spice made from dried and ground red peppers. It is traditionally made from Capsicum annuum varietals in the Longum group, which also includes chili peppers, but the peppers used for paprika tend to be milder and have thinner flesh. In some languages, but not English, the word paprika also refers to the plant and the fruit from which the spice is made, as well as to peppers in the Grossum group (e.g., bell peppers).
All capsicum varieties are descended from wild ancestors in North America, in particular Central Mexico, where they have been cultivated for centuries. The peppers were subsequently introduced to the Old World, when peppers were brought to Spain in the 16th century. The seasoning is used to add color and flavor to many types of dishes in diverse cuisines.
The trade in paprika expanded from the Iberian Peninsula to Africa and Asia and ultimately reached Central Europe through the Balkans, which was then under Ottoman rule. This helps explain the Serbo-Croatian origin of the English term. In Spanish, paprika has been known as pimentón since the 16th century, when it became a typical ingredient in the cuisine of western Extremadura. Despite its presence in Central Europe since the beginning of Ottoman conquests, it did not become popular in Hungary until the late 19th century.
Paprika can range from mild to hot – the flavor also varies from country to country – but almost all plants grown produce the sweet variety. Sweet paprika is mostly composed of the pericarp, with more than half of the seeds removed, whereas hot paprika contains some seeds, stalks, ovules, and calyces. The red, orange or yellow color of paprika is due to its content of carotenoids.
History and etymology
Peppers, the raw material in paprika production, originated from North America, where they grow in the wild in Central Mexico and have for centuries been cultivated by the peoples of Mexico. The peppers were later introduced to the Old World, to Spain in the 16th century, as part of the Columbian exchange.
The plant used to make the Hungarian version of the spice was grown in 1569 by the Turks at Buda (now part of Budapest, the capital of Hungary). Central European paprika was hot until the 1920s, when a Szeged breeder found a plant that produced sweet fruit, which he grafted onto other plants.
The first recorded use of the word paprika in English is from 1831. The word derives from the Hungarian word paprika, which derives from the Serbo-Croatian word , which is a diminutive of , which in turn was derived from the Latin piper or modern Greek piperi, ultimately from Sanskrit pippalī. Paprika and similar words, including peperke, piperke, and paparka, are used in various languages for bell peppers.
Production and varieties
Paprika is produced in various places including Argentina, Mexico, Hungary, Serbia, Spain, the Netherlands, China, and some regions of the United States.
Hungarian
Hungary is a major source of paprika, and it is the spice most closely associated with Hungary. The spice was first used in Hungarian cuisine in the early 19th century. It is available in different grades:
Noble sweet (Édesnemes) – slightly pungent (the most commonly exported paprika; bright red)
Special quality (különleges) – the mildest (very sweet with a deep bright red color)
Delicate (csípősmentes csemege) – a mild paprika with a rich flavor (color from light to dark red)
Exquisite delicate (csemegepaprika) – similar to delicate, but more pungent
Pungent exquisite delicate (csípős csemege, pikáns) – an even more pungent version of delicate
Rose (rózsa) – with a strong aroma and mild pungency (pale red)
Semi-sweet (félédes) – a blend of mild and pungent paprikas; medium pungency
Strong (erős) – the hottest paprika (light brown)
Spanish (pimentón)
There are three versions of Spanish paprika (pimentón) – mild (pimentón dulce), mildly spicy (pimentón agridulce) and spicy (pimentón picante).
The most common Spanish paprika, pimentón de la Vera, has a distinct smoky flavor and aroma, as it is dried by smoking, typically using oak wood. Currently, according to the Denomination of Origin Regulation Council (Consejo Regulador de la DOP "Pimentón de La Vera"), the crop of La Vera paprika covers around 1,500 hectares and has an annual production of 4,500,000 kg, certified as Denomination of Origin.
Pimentón de Murcia is an unsmoked variety made with bola/ñora peppers and traditionally dried in the sun or in kilns.
Usage
Culinary
Paprika is used as an ingredient in numerous dishes throughout the world. It is principally used to season and color rice, stews, and soups, such as goulash, and in the preparation of sausages such as Spanish chorizo, mixed with meats and other spices. The flavor contained within the pepper's oleoresin is more effectively brought out by heating it in oil.
Hungarian national dishes incorporating paprika include gulyás, a meat soup, "pörkölt", a stew called internationally goulash, and paprikash (paprika gravy: a Hungarian recipe combining chicken, broth, paprika, and sour cream). In Moroccan cuisine, paprika (tahmira) is usually augmented by the addition of a small amount of olive oil blended into it. Many dishes call for paprika (colorau) in Portuguese cuisine for taste and color.
Carotenoids
The red, orange, or yellow color of paprika powder derives from its mix of carotenoids. Yellow-orange paprika colors derive primarily from α-carotene and β-carotene (provitamin A compounds), zeaxanthin, lutein and β-cryptoxanthin, whereas red colors derive from capsanthin and capsorubin. One study found high concentrations of zeaxanthin in orange paprika. The same study found that orange paprika contains much more lutein than red or yellow paprika.
Nutrition
In a reference serving amount of one teaspoon (2 grams), paprika supplies 6 calories, is 10% water, and provides 21% of the Daily Value of vitamin A. It provides no other nutrients in significant content.
See also
Ajvar
Cayenne pepper
Chili powder
Crushed red pepper
Food powder
List of Capsicum cultivars
List of smoked foods
Paprika Tap de Cortí
Pimiento
Gallery
References
External links
Chili peppers
Medicinal plants
Hungarian cuisine
Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine
Bulgarian cuisine
Macedonian cuisine
Moroccan cuisine
Portuguese cuisine
Serbian cuisine
Spanish cuisine
Smoked food
Turkish cuisine
Powders
Romani cuisine
ms:Pokok Cili
sq:Speci | wiki |
The Mercedes-Benz M07 engine is a naturally-aspirated and supercharged, 7.7-liter, straight-8 engine, designed, developed and produced by Mercedes-Benz; between 1930 and 1938.
Applications
Mercedes-Benz 770 Großer (W07)
References
Mercedes-Benz engines
Straight-eight engines
Engines by model
Gasoline engines by model | wiki |
Electron Pair Production may refer to:
Cooper pairing of electrons in superconductor
Electron-positron pair production
Electron-hole pair generation in semiconductor
Pairing of electrons on the same atomic or molecular orbital | wiki |
A digital signal is an analog signal that represents digital data.
Digital signal may also refer to:
Digital signal (signal processing), a discrete time, quantized representation of an analog signal
Digital data signal
Signals in digital broadcasting
Signals in digital electronics
Signals in digital data transmission
Signals in digital telephony | wiki |
The habanero (; ) is a hot variety of chili. Unripe habaneros are green, and they color as they mature. The most common color variants are orange and red, but the fruit may also be white, brown, yellow, green, or purple. Typically, a ripe habanero is long. Habanero chilis are very hot, rated 100,000–350,000 on the Scoville scale. The habanero's heat, flavor and floral aroma make it a popular ingredient in hot sauces and other spicy foods.
Name
The habanero is named after the Cuban city of La Habana, known in English as Havana, because it used to feature heavily in trading there. (Despite the name, habaneros and other spicy-hot ingredients are rarely ever used in traditional Cuban cooking.) In English, it is sometimes incorrectly spelled habañero and pronounced , the tilde being added as a hyperforeignism patterned after jalapeño.
Origin and use
The habanero chili comes from the Amazon, from which it was spread, reaching Mexico. Today, the largest producer of the habanero pepper is the Yucatán Peninsula, in Mexico. Habaneros are an integral part of Yucatecan food, accompanying most dishes, either in natural form or purée or salsa. Other modern producers include Belize, Panama, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, and parts of the United States, including Texas, Idaho, and California.
The habanero chili was disseminated by Spanish colonists to other areas of the world, to the point that 18th-century taxonomists mistook China for its place of origin and called it Capsicum chinense ("the Chinese pepper").
The Scotch bonnet is often compared to the habanero, since they are two varieties of the same species, but they have different pod types. Both the Scotch bonnet and the habanero have thin, waxy flesh. They have a similar heat level and flavor. Both varieties average around the same level of pungency, but the actual degree varies greatly from one fruit to another according to genetics, growing methods, climate, and plant stress.
In 1999, the habanero was listed by Guinness World Records as the world's hottest chili, but it has since been displaced by other peppers. The heat of the habanero does not immediately take effect, but sets in over a period of a few minutes and lasts up to an hour in the mouth. The heat can sometimes be felt in the esophagus some hours after consumption. The Trinidad moruga scorpion has since been identified as a native Capsicum chinense subspecies even hotter than the habanero. Breeders constantly crossbreed subspecies to attempt to create cultivars that will break the record on the Scoville scale. One example is the Carolina Reaper, supposedly a cross between a Bhut jolokia pepper with a particularly pungent red habanero.
Cultivation
Habaneros thrive in hot weather. Like all peppers, the habanero does well in an area with good morning sun and in soil with a pH level around 5 to 6 (slightly acidic). Habaneros which are watered daily produce more vegetative growth but the same number of fruit, with lower concentrations of capsaicin, as compared to plants which are watered only when dry (every seven days). Overly moist soil and roots will produce bitter-tasting peppers. Daily watering during flowering and early setting of fruit helps prevent flower and immature fruit from dropping, but flower dropping rates often reach 90% even in ideal conditions.
The habanero is a perennial flowering plant, meaning that with proper care and growing conditions, it can produce flowers (and thus fruit) for many years. Habanero bushes are good candidates for a container garden. In temperate climates, though, it is treated as an annual, dying each winter and being replaced the next spring. In tropical and subtropical regions, the habanero, like other chiles, will produce year round. As long as conditions are favorable, the plant will set fruit continuously.
Cultivars
Several growers have attempted to selectively breed habanero plants to produce hotter, heavier, and larger peppers. Most habaneros rate between 200,000 and 300,000 on the Scoville scale. In 2004, researchers in Texas created a mild version of the habanero, but retained the traditional aroma and flavor. The milder version was obtained by crossing the Yucatán habanero pepper with a heatless habanero from Bolivia over several generations. Breeder Michael Mazourek used a mutation discovered by the Chile Pepper Institute to create a heatless version labeled the 'Habanada' bred in 2007 and released in 2014.
Black habanero is an alternative name often used to describe the dark brown variety of habanero chilis, which are slightly smaller and more spherical. Some seeds have been found which are thought to be over 7,000 years old. The black habanero has an exotic and unusual taste, and is hotter than a regular habanero with a rating between 425,000 and 577,000 Scoville units. Small slivers used in cooking can have a dramatic effect on the overall dish. Black habaneros take considerably longer to grow than other habanero chili varieties. In a dried form, they can be preserved for long periods of time, and can be reconstituted in water then added to sauce mixes. Previously known as habanero negro, or by their Nahuatl name, their name was translated into English by spice traders in the 19th century as "black habanero". The word "chocolate" was derived from the Nahuatl word, xocolātl , and was used in the description, as well (as "chocolate habanero"), but it proved to be unpronounceable to the British traders, so it was simply named "black habanero".
Caribbean Red, a cultivar within the habanero family, has a citrusy and slightly smoky flavor, with a Scoville rating ranging from 300,000 to 445,000 Scoville units.
Gallery
See also
Capsicum (pepper family)
Jalapeño
Race to grow the hottest pepper
Scotch bonnet
References
External links
Clarke, Dale C. (2003–2004). Aji Chombo peppers. Photographic account of chilies grown in Fairfax, Virginia, from seeds imported from Panama.
Capsicum cultivars
Chili peppers
Belizean cuisine
Mexican cuisine
New Mexican cuisine
Texan cuisine
Spicy foods | wiki |
Chicken karahi (known as gosht karahi when prepared with goat or lamb meat instead of chicken), or kadai chicken, is a chicken dish from South Asia.
It is noted for its spicy taste and is notable in Pakistani and North Indian cuisine. The dish is prepared in a karahi (a type of wok) and can take between 30 and 50 minutes to prepare and cook the dish. Cumin, green chilis, ginger, garlic, tomatoes and coriander are key to the flavor of the dish. It is usually served with naan, roti or rice. This dish is one of the hallmarks of Indian and Pakistani cuisine.
References
Pakistani cuisine
Indian cuisine
Indian chicken dishes
Spicy foods | wiki |
Honey cake may refer to:
Lekach, Jewish honey cake
Medivnyk, Ukrainian honey cake
Medovik, Russian and Soviet honey cake
Miodownik, Polish honey cake | wiki |
Trawlerman can refer to:
Trawlerman, a sea-fisherman who works on a fishing trawler
Trawlermen, a series which ran from 2006 to 2009 on BBC TV, about the lives of some North Sea trawlermen | wiki |
Sarah Turner – ginnasta britannica
Sarah Turner – giornalista statunitense
Sarah Turner Wittenmyer – attivista statunitense
Sarah Turner – personaggio della serie animata Due fantagenitori | wiki |
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