text stringlengths 16 352k | source stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|
Songs for Christmas may refer to:
Songs for Christmas (Sufjan Stevens album), a 2006 Christmas box set studio album by Sufjan Stevens
Songs for Christmas (Phil Wickham album), a 2010 Christmas studio album by Phil Wickham | wiki |
Nasi gurih is an Indonesian steamed rice cooked in coconut milk and spices dish originally from Aceh, Indonesia.
Etymology
Nasi gurih literally means "succulent rice" in Aceh language and Indonesian. The name describes the rich taste of rice cooked with coconut milk and spices.
Preparation
Nasi gurih is made by cooking mixture of rice and sticky rice soaked in coconut milk instead of water, along with salt, lemongrass, Indian bay leaf, and pandan leaves to add aroma.
Side dishes
Nasi gurih sold in Acehnese warung or other eating establishments are commonly offered with assortment of side dishes, chosen according to client's desire. Basic ingredient sprinkled upon nasi gurih are fried peanuts, bawang goreng (fried shallot), tauco (soybean paste), sambal and krupuk. Side dishes are ikan balado (fish in chili), udang sambal (shrimp in chili), ayam goreng, dendeng (beef jerky) and perkedel (fried mashed potato patty).
Variants
There are similar dishes in other parts of Indonesia called nasi uduk from Jakarta and nasi lemak, commonly found in Riau and Riau islands (Sumatera), also Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore.
See also
Nasi uduk
Nasi bogana
Nasi campur
Nasi goreng
Nasi kebuli
Nasi kucing
Nasi kuning
Nasi lemak
Nasi liwet
Nasi pecel
Nasi ulam
References
External links
Aceh nasi gurih recipe
Acehnese cuisine
Indonesian rice dishes
Foods containing coconut | wiki |
Snooper – personaggio dei cartoni animati Hanna-Barbera
Snooper – striscia a fumetti britannica
Snooper – dispositivo GPS | wiki |
Lawar () is an Indonesian dish created from a mixture of vegetables, coconut and minced meat mixed with rich herbs and spices, originating from Bali, Indonesia. This dish is commonly found in restaurants and warungs in Bali. Despite its rich vegetables mixture, lawar is not a vegetarian dish, since most often it is mixed with minced meat or even blood.
Ingredients
Lawar consists of green beans, beaten eggs, vegetable oil, kaffir lime leaves, coconut milk, palm sugar, fresh grated coconut, and fried shallots, all stir fried in coconut oil. Lawar is named according to its additional protein ingredients, for example lawar with chicken is called chicken lawar, lawar mixed with pork is called pork lawar. Lawar which uses young jackfruit is called jackfruit lawar.
Some types of lawar might add the blood of butchered animal (usually pork or chicken blood) mixed with spices to add taste. Because of its rich protein and fat content acquired from coconut milk and perhaps blood, lawar spoils easily and it should be consumed immediately; it is usually good for half a day before going bad. Sometimes lawar is named according to its color: lawar merah (red lawar) refer to its blood content, and lawar putih (white lawar) only coconut without any blood. Lawar padamare is the type of combination of several types of lawars. Lawar is served with steamed rice and other meat dish such as babi guling (roasted suckling pork).
See also
Urap a Javanese version similar to lawar
Gado-gado
Karedok
Pecel
References
Balinese cuisine
Blood dishes
Foods containing coconut
Meat dishes
Vegetable dishes of Indonesia | wiki |
Amor & Sexo may refer to:
Amor e Sexo, a Brazilian television series aired on Rede Globo
Amor y sexo, a 1964 Mexican film | wiki |
A suckling pig is a piglet fed on its mother's milk (i.e., a piglet which is still a "suckling"). In culinary contexts, a suckling pig is slaughtered between the ages of two and six weeks. It is traditionally cooked whole, often roasted, in various cuisines. It is usually prepared for special occasions and gatherings. The most popular preparation can be found in Spain and Portugal under the name lechón (Spanish) or leitão (Portuguese).
The meat from suckling pig is pale and tender and the cooked skin is crisp and can be used for pork rinds. The texture of the meat can be somewhat gelatinous due to the amount of collagen in a young pig.
History
There are many ancient recipes for suckling pig from Roman and Chinese cuisine. Since the pig is one of the first animals domesticated by human beings for slaughter, many references to pigs are found in human culture. The suckling pig, specifically, appears in early texts such as the sixth-century Salic law. As an example of a law governing the punishment for theft, Title 2, article 1, is, in Latin, . "If someone has stolen a suckling pig and this is proven against him, the guilty party will be sentenced to 120 denarii which adds up to three solidi (Latin coins)." The words are written in Frankish; (or in other manuscripts) is the gloss for "suckling pig"; . These glosses in Frankish, the so-called Malbergse Glossen, are considered the earliest attested words in Old Dutch.
Controversy
It has been argued that the use of pigs for human consumption is unethical, especially in the case of young animals removed from their mothers earlier than weaning would happen in nature: natural weaning takes place at around 12 weeks of age, whereas suckling pigs are slaughtered at 2 to 6 weeks of age. Further, investigations by media and animal rights groups have uncovered animal cruelty and inhumane conditions related to the farming of suckling pigs. The sows, mother pigs, are in many countries kept in gestation crates or farrowing crates, which render them nearly immobile and unable to interact with their newborn offspring.
Regional dishes
There are various preparations for suckling pig in Western and Asian cuisines.
Latin countries
Lechón (Spanish, ; from leche "milk" + -ón) or leitão (Portuguese; from leite "milk" + -ão) is a pork dish in several regions of the world, most specifically in Spain (in particular Segovia), Portugal (in particular Bairrada) and regions worldwide previously colonized by the Portuguese Empire or Spanish Empire. Lechón/Leitão is a word referring to a roasted baby pig (piglet) which was still fed by suckling its mother's milk (a suckling pig). Lechón/Leitão is a popular item in the cuisine in Los Angeles (in the United States), Spain, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Honduras, Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, and other Spanish-speaking nations in Latin America, as well as in Portugal, Cape Verde, Angola, Mozambique and other Portuguese-speaking nations. It is also present as cochon de lait in the French-Swiss and French cuisines (in particular in Metz), in Italy (in particular in Sardinian cuisine as su porcheddu) and Romania. The dish features a whole roasted suckling pig cooked over charcoal. It has been described as a national dish of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Spain, Portugal, as well as the Philippines whose pig-roasting traditions (similar to other Austronesian regions) have native pre-colonial origins. In the latter case, the meaning of the designation diverted in these regions from the original Spanish term to become a general term for "roasted pig", and is nowadays used in reference to adult roasted pigs more often than to lechones (milk suckling pigs), with Cebu being asserted by American chef Anthony Bourdain as having the best pigs.
In most of these regions, lechón/leitão is prepared throughout the year for special occasions, during festivals. It is the centerpiece of the tradition Cuban Christmas feast La Noche Buena. After seasoning, the piglet is cooked by skewering the entire animal, entrails removed, on a large stick and cooking it in a pit filled with charcoal. The piglet is placed over the charcoal, and the stick or rod it is attached to is turned in a rotisserie action.
Puerto Rico
The dish has been described as a national dish of Puerto Rico. The name of the dish in Puerto Rico is lechón asado. It is a traditional dish served at festivals and holidays.
Colombia
Lechona, also known as lechón asado, is a popular Colombian dish.
It is similar in style to many preparations made in other South American countries, consisting of a roasted pig stuffed with yellow peas, green onion, yellow rice and spices, cooked in an outdoor brick oven for several hours.
It is mostly traditional to the Tolima Department in central Colombia and is usually accompanied by arepas, a corn-based dough.
Philippines
In most regions of the Philippines, lechón (spelled lechon without diacritic but also litson or lichon) is traditionally prepared throughout the year for special occasions, festivals, and the holidays. Although it acquired the Spanish name, Philippine lechon has pre-Hispanic origins as pigs are one of the native domesticated animals of all Austronesian cultures and were carried throughout the Austronesian Expansion all the way to Polynesia. In the former Spanish colony of the Philippines, () is considered a national dish. As the usage of the term has evolved over the years, has now come to refer to roasted pig in general (including suckling pigs). Suckling pigs in the country are referred to as , which corresponds to the term in Spain.
The native name of lechón is inihaw [na baboy] in Tagalog, a general term meaning "charcoal-roasted/barbecued [pig]". Native names were also preserved in other regions until recently, like in Cebu where it was previously more commonly known as inasal until Tagalog influence changed it to lechon in the 2000s. As the usage of the Spanish loanword evolved over the years in the languages of the Philippines, "lechon" has come to refer to roasted pig in general (including suckling pigs). Roasted suckling pigs are now referred to in the Philippines as "lechon de leche" (which in Spanish would be a linguistic redundancy, though corresponding to the term cochinillo in Spain).
It is a national dish of the Philippines. There are two major methods of preparing lechon in the Philippines, the "Manila lechon" (or "Luzon lechon"), and the "Cebu lechon" (or "Visayas lechon").
Visayan lechon is prepared stuffed with herbs which usually include scallions, bay leaves, black peppercorn, garlic, salt, and distinctively tanglad (lemongrass) or leaves from native Citrus trees or tamarind trees, among other spices. A variant among Hiligaynon people also stuffs the pig with the sour fruits of batuan or binukaw (Garcinia binucao). It is usually cooked over charcoal made from coconut husks. Since it is already flavored with spices, it is served with minimal dipping sauces, like salt and vinegar or silimansi (soy sauce, calamansi, and labuyo chili).
Luzon lechon on the other hand, is typically not stuffed with herbs. When it is, it is usually just salt and pepper. Instead, the distinctiveness of Manila lechon comes from the liver-based sauce, known as the "lechon sauce". Lechon sauce is made from vinegar, brown sugar, salt, pepper, mashed liver (or liver spread), breadcrumbs, garlic and onion. Manila lechon is also typically cooked over woodfire.
Most lechon can either be cooked based on the two main versions, or mix techniques from both. Both variants also rub salt or spices unto the skin to make it crispier, as well as continually baste the lechon as it cooks. Sometimes carbonated drinks may also be used. They are cooked on a bamboo spit over charcoal for a few hours with constant (traditionally manual) turning. The pig is roasted on all sides for several hours until done. The process of cooking and basting usually results in making the pork skin crisp and is a distinctive feature of the dish.
Leftover parts from the lechon, such as the head and feet, are usually cooked into another popular dish, lechon paksiw. Like lechon itself, lechon paksiw also differs based on whether it is prepared Luzon-style or Visayas-style, with the former using liver sauce as an essential ingredient, while the latter does not. In some cases, these parts or stale lechon can be repurposed into another dish, such as Sisig.
Remainder of Asia (other than the Philippines)
There is also variant of suckling pig among the Indonesian non-Muslim ethnic groups, such as the Balinese, Batak, and Minahasa. Some pork dishes (e.g. in Singapore) are also influenced by ethnic Chinese. In Southeast Asia, roast suckling pig is eaten in Chinese or Vietnamese restaurants for important parties. It is also a popular dish at wedding dinners or a party for a baby's completion of its first month of life.
Non-Latin Europe
The European cuisines of Austria, Croatia, Georgia, Germany, Macedonia, the Netherlands, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Switzerland and Sweden favor the dish highly as well. It accompanies goose as the traditional Christmas feast of families in Russia and Serbia, while the Russian Navy maintains a tradition of presenting a roast piglet (or several) to the crew of a ship returning from deployment.
Suckling pig is known in German, Austrian and German-Swiss cuisines as Spanferkel and in the Dutch cuisine as speenvarken. It can be roasted in the oven or grilled, and is often served at festive occasions such as Oktoberfest.
In Sweden suckling pig is called spädgris, it is usually cooked in the oven, or sometimes roasted directly over the fire. It is often stuffed with various fruits such as apples and plums, together with butter and breadcrumbs.
United States
The suckling pig is used in Cajun cuisine in the southern U.S., where the Cochon de Lait Festival is held annually in the small town of Mansura, Louisiana. During this festival, as its name implies, suckling pigs are roasted. Other uses for the suckling pig in the U.S. include slow roasting in an oven or (as in a Hawaiian-style pig roast) in a pit. The latter remains popular in the cuisine of the Southern United States.
See also
Asado
Eisbein
Roasted pig
Kalua
List of barbecue dishes
List of spit-roasted foods
Lechon kawali
Lechon manok
Inihaw
Pavochon
Pig pickin'
Siu yuk
Footnotes
External links
The Historical Lechón
Philippines Swine Meat Domestic Consumption by Year
Livestock: Inventory
References
Pig farming
Pork
Food and drink festivals
Louisiana cuisine
Spit-cooked foods
German cuisine
Pork dishes
Barbecue
Colombian cuisine
Cuban cuisine
Ecuadorian cuisine
Philippine cuisine
Puerto Rican cuisine
Dominican Republic cuisine
Spanish cuisine
Cantonese cuisine
Hong Kong cuisine
Holiday foods
Christmas food
Balinese cuisine
Polynesian cuisine
Malagasy cuisine
Stuffed dishes
Baked goods
National dishes
Spanish pork dishes
Latin American pork dishes | wiki |
Cuba–Serbia relations are the foreign relations between Cuba and Serbia. Cuba has an embassy in Belgrade and Serbia has an embassy in Havana. In the parliament of Serbia there is an active parliamentary group of friendship with Cuba. Cuba has supported Serbia in its stance towards Kosovo, considering Kosovo independence an "illegitimate act" and a "violation of norms of international law and principles of the United Nations Charter". Serbia supports Cuba at the United Nations in condemning the United States embargo.
See also
Foreign relations of Cuba
Foreign relations of Serbia
Cuba–Yugoslavia relations
Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement
References
External links
Bilateral relations of Serbia
Serbia | wiki |
The income tax threshold is the income level at which a person begins paying income taxes. The income tax threshold equates to the:
Personal allowance in the UK, which is £12,500 for 2019/20.
Basic allowance in Germany, which is €9,408 in 2020.
Income tax threshold in France, which was €6,088 in 2012.
The standard deduction in the US, which was $12,000 in 2018 for a single person.
Basic personal amount in Canada, which was C$11,809 in 2018.
Tax-free threshold in Australia, which was A$18,200 in 2012-13.
Tax-free threshold in Greece, which was €9,545 in 2016.
Tax-free threshold in Poland is 30000 PLN in 2022.
See also
Basic income guarantee
Tax bracket
Taxable income
References
threshold | wiki |
Cooking oil is plant, animal, or synthetic liquid fat used in frying, baking, and other types of cooking. It allows higher cooking temperatures than water, making cooking faster and more flavorful, while distributing heat (reducing burning and uneven cooking) and sometimes imparting its own flavor. Cooking oil is also used in food preparation and flavoring not involving heat, such as salad dressings and bread dips, and may be called edible oil.
Cooking oil is typically a liquid at room temperature, although some oils that contain saturated fat, such as coconut oil, palm oil and palm kernel oil are solid.
There are a wide variety of cooking oils from plant sources such as olive oil, palm oil, soybean oil, canola oil (rapeseed oil), corn oil, peanut oil and other vegetable oils, as well as animal-based oils like butter and lard.
Oil can be flavored with aromatic foodstuffs such as herbs, chillies or garlic. Cooking spray is an aerosol of cooking oil.
Health and nutrition
While consumption of small amounts of saturated fats is common in diets, meta-analyses found a significant correlation between high consumption of saturated fats and blood LDL concentration, a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Other meta-analyses based on cohort studies and on controlled, randomized trials found a positive, or neutral, effect from consuming polyunsaturated fats instead of saturated fats (a 10% lower risk for 5% replacement).
Mayo Clinic has highlighted certain oils that are high in saturated fats, including coconut, palm oil and palm kernel oil. Those having lower amounts of saturated fats and higher levels of unsaturated (preferably omega-3) fats like olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil, soy and cottonseed oils are generally healthier. The US National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute urged saturated fats be replaced with polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, listing olive and canola oils as sources of healthier monounsaturated oils while soybean and sunflower oils as good sources of polyunsaturated fats. One study showed that consumption of non-hydrogenated unsaturated oils like soybean and sunflower is preferable to the consumption of palm oil for lowering the risk of heart disease.
Cashew oil and other nut-based oils do not present a hazard to persons with a nut allergy, because oils are primarily lipids, and allergic reactions are due to surface proteins on the nut.
The seeds of most cultivated plants contain higher levels of omega-6 fatty acids than omega-3, with some notable exceptions. Growth at colder temperatures tends to result in higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids in seed oils.
Trans fats
Unlike other dietary fats, trans fats are not essential, and they do not promote good health. The consumption of trans fats increases one's risk of coronary heart disease by raising levels of LDL cholesterol and lowering levels of HDL cholesterol. Trans fats from partially hydrogenated oils are more harmful than naturally occurring oils.
Several large studies indicate a link between the consumption of high amounts of trans fat and coronary heart disease, and possibly some other diseases. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and the American Heart Association (AHA) all have recommended limiting the intake of trans fats. In the US, trans fats are no longer "generally recognized as safe", and cannot be added to foods, including cooking oils, without special permission.
Cooking with oil
Heating as well as heating vessel rapidly changes characteristics of cooking oil. Oils that are healthy at room temperature can become unhealthy when heated above certain temperatures, especially when heating repeatedly. The toxic risk is linked to oxidation of fatty acids and fatty acids with higher levels of unsaturation are oxidized more rapidly during heating in air.
So, when choosing a cooking oil, it is important to match the oil's heat tolerance with the temperature which will be used. and to change frying oil a few times per week.
Deep-fat frying temperatures are commonly in the range of , less commonly, lower temperatures ≥ are used.
Palm oil contains more saturated fats than canola oil, corn oil, linseed oil, soybean oil, safflower oil, and sunflower oil. Therefore, palm oil can withstand deep frying at higher temperatures and is resistant to oxidation compared to high-polyunsaturated vegetable oils. Since about 1900, palm oil has been increasingly incorporated into food by the global commercial food industry because it remains stable in deep frying, or in baking at very high temperatures, and for its high levels of natural antioxidants, though the refined palm oil used in industrial food has lost most of its carotenoid content (and its orange-red color).
The following oils are suitable for high-temperature frying due to their high smoke point:
Avocado oil
Mustard oil
Palm oil
Peanut oil (marketed as "groundnut oil" in the UK and India)
Rice bran oil
Safflower oil
Olive oil
Semi-refined sesame oil
Semi-refined sunflower oil
Less aggressive frying temperatures are frequently used. A quality frying oil has a bland flavor, at least smoke and flash points, with maximums of 0.1% free fatty acids and 3% linolenic acid. Those oils with higher linolenic fractions are avoided due to polymerization or gumming marked by increases in viscosity with age. Olive oil resists thermal degradation and has been used as a frying oil for thousands of years.
Storing and keeping oil
All oils degrade in response to heat, light, and oxygen. To delay the onset of rancidity, a blanket of an inert gas, usually nitrogen, is applied to the vapor space in the storage container immediately after production – a process called tank blanketing.
In a cool, dry place, oils have greater stability, but may thicken, although they will soon return to liquid form if they are left at room temperature. To minimize the degrading effects of heat and light, oils should be removed from cold storage just long enough for use.
Refined oils high in monounsaturated fats, such as macadamia oil, keep up to a year, while those high in polyunsaturated fats, such as soybean oil, keep about six months. Rancidity tests have shown that the shelf life of walnut oil is about 3 months, a period considerably shorter than the best before date shown on labels.
By contrast, oils high in saturated fats, such as avocado oil, have relatively long shelf lives and can be safely stored at room temperature, as the low polyunsaturated fat content facilitates stability.
Types and characteristics
Cooking oils are composed of various fractions of fatty acids. For the purpose of frying food, oils high in monounsaturated or saturated fats are generally popular, while oils high in polyunsaturated fats are less desirable. High oleic acid oils include almond, macadamia, olive, pecan, pistachio, and high-oleic cultivars of safflower and sunflower.
Smoke point
The smoke point is marked by "a continuous wisp of smoke". It is the temperature at which an oil starts to burn, leading to a burnt flavor in the foods being prepared and degradation of nutrients and phytochemicals characteristic of the oil.
Above the smoke point are flash and fire points. The flash point is the temperature at which oil vapors will ignite but aren't produced in sufficient quantities to stay lit. The flash point generally occurs at about . The fire point is the temperature at which hot oil produces sufficient vapors they will catch on fire and burn. As frying hours increase, all these temperature points decrease. They depend more on an oil's acidity than fatty-acid profile.
The smoke point of cooking oils varies generally in association with how oil is refined: a higher smoke point results from removal of impurities and free fatty acids. Residual solvent remaining from the refining process may decrease the smoke point. It has been reported to increase with the inclusion of antioxidants (BHA, BHT, and TBHQ). For these reasons, the published smoke points of oils may vary.
Oils are extracted from nuts, seeds, olives, grains or legumes by extraction using industrial chemicals or by mechanical processes. Expeller pressing is a chemical-free process that collects oils from a source using a mechanical press with minimal heat. Cold-pressed oils are extracted under a controlled temperature setting usually below intended to preserve naturally occurring phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, tocotrienols, plant sterols and vitamin E which collectively affect color, flavor, aroma and nutrient value.
Comparison to other types of food
Extraction and refinement
Cooking oil extraction and refinement are separate processes. Extraction first removes the oil, typically from a seed, nut or fruit. Refinement then alters the appearance, texture, taste, smell, or stability of the oil to meet buyer expectations.
Extraction
There are three broad types of oil extraction:
Chemical solvent extraction, most commonly using hexane.
Pressing, using an expeller press or cold press (pressing at low temperatures to prevent oil heating).
Decanter centrifuge.
In large-scale industrial oil extraction you will often see some combination of pressing, chemical extraction and/or centrifuging in order to extract the maximum amount of oil possible.
Refinement
Cooking oil can either be unrefined, or refined using one or more of the following refinement processes (in any combination):
Distilling, which heats the oil to evaporate off chemical solvents from the extraction process.
Degumming, by passing hot water through the oil to precipitate out gums and proteins that are soluble in water but not in oil, then discarding the water along with the impurities.
Neutralization, or deacidification, which treats the oil with sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate to pull out free fatty acids, phospholipids, pigments, and waxes.
Bleaching, which removes "off-colored" components by treatment with fuller's earth, activated carbon, or activated clays, followed by heating, filtering, then drying to recoup the oil.
Dewaxing, or winterizing, improves clarity of oils intended for refrigeration by dropping them to low temperatures and removing any solids that form.
Deodorizing, by treating with high-heat pressurized steam to evaporate less stable compounds that might cause "unusual" odors or tastes.
Preservative addition, including antioxidants such as BHA, BHT, and tocopherol to help preserve oils that have been made less stable due to high-temperature processing.
Filtering, a non-chemical process which screens out larger particles, could be considered a step in refinement, although it doesn't alter the state of the oil.
Most large-scale commercial cooking oil refinement will involve all of these steps in order to achieve a product that's uniform in taste, smell and appearance, and has a longer shelf life. Cooking oil intended for the health food market will often be unrefined, which can result in a less stable product but minimizes exposure to high temperatures and chemical processing.
Waste cooking oil
Proper disposal of used cooking oil is an important waste-management concern. Oil can congeal in pipes, causing sanitary sewer overflow.
Because of this, cooking oil should never be dumped in the kitchen sink or in the toilet bowl. The proper way to dispose of oil is to put it in a sealed non-recyclable container and discard it with regular garbage. Placing the container of oil in the refrigerator to harden also makes disposal easier and less messy.
Recycling
Cooking oil can be recycled. It can be used in animal feed, soap, make-up, clothes, rubber, detergents, directly as fuel, and to produce biodiesel.
In the recycling industry, used cooking oil recovered from restaurants and food-processing industries (typically from deep fryers or griddles) is called yellow grease, recycled vegetable oil (RVO), used vegetable oil (UVO), or waste vegetable oil (WVO).
Grease traps or interceptors collect fats and oils from kitchen sinks and floor drains. The result is called brown grease, and unlike yellow grease its severe contaminants make it much harder to recycle.
Adulteration
Gutter oil and trench oil are terms used in China to describe recycled oil processed to resemble virgin oil, but containing toxic contaminants and sold illegally for cooking; its origin is frequently brown grease from garbage.
In Kenya, thieves sell stolen electric transformers to operators of roadside food stalls for reuse of the oil in deep frying, suitable for prolonged use longer than regular cooking oil, but a threat to consumer health due to the presence of PCBs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
References
Further reading
Fox, R. (2001). Frying oils. In Kaarin Goodburn (Ed.) EU Food Law. Woodhead. pp. 195–224. .
External links
Food science
Non-timber forest products | wiki |
ENAH may refer to:
ENAH (gene), a gene [Enabled homolog (Drosophila)] located on chromosome 1 in humans
Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, the national educational institute for anthropological and historical studies in Mexico City, Mexico | wiki |
3D Life is a cellular automaton. It is a three-dimensional extension of Game of Life, investigated by Carter Bays. A number of different semitotalistic rules for the 3D rectangular Moore neighborhood were investigated.
It was popularized by A. K. Dewdney in his "Computer Recreations" column in Scientific American magazine.
References
.
.
.
External links
Kaleidoscope of 3D Life
Cellular automaton rules | wiki |
Muitubile K. Tshitenge Lubabu (1955 – 2 November 2021) was a Congolese journalist and writer.
Biography
An African journalist and writer, Lubabu wrote various biographies of famous people from the continent. He collaborated with the weekly news magazine Jeune Afrique. He also worked as an audiovisual consultant for African affairs.
Lubabu died on 2 November 2021 at the age of 66.
Works
Césaire et nous : une rencontre entre l'Afrique et les Amériques au XXIe siècle (2003)
Léopold Sédar Senghor : le poète-président du Sénégal (2005)
Gabon : Bongo face au changement (2006)
Le Tchad et son potentiel économique (2009)
Le Congo et son potentiel économique (2009)
Le Tchad (2010)
Adolphe Muzito "Non, la RD Congo n'est pas un pays riche!"
References
1955 births
2021 deaths
Republic of the Congo journalists | wiki |
Tremblay is an O-Train station on the Confederation Line in Ottawa, Ontario which serves the Ottawa train station, connecting to Via Rail Corridor inter-city rail services and a daily Ontario Northland bus service to Sudbury and Sault Ste. Marie. The station opened on September 14, 2019 to replace the former Transitway bus rapid transit station known as Train Station (which closed on June 28, 2015).
Location
Tremblay station is located south of Tremblay Road and directly west of Via Rail Ottawa station. The Ottawa train station entrance is less than a 5 minute walk from the Confederation Line LRT train platforms on Level 1. While the stations are close to each other, the two buildings are not linked and transferring passengers are required to walk outside between them.
North of the station is the Max Keeping Pedestrian Bridge, which crosses Highway 417, allowing access to RCGT Park (a minor-league baseball stadium) as well as the Courtyard by Marriott Ottawa East and Hampton Inn by Hilton Ottawa west of the stadium parking lot. These two hotels are the closest to the station, and are linked to each other by the Ottawa Conference and Event Centre. All of these are accessible within a 12-15 minute walk. Tremblay is the one of only stations that do not always have bus connections in all time periods.
Layout
Tremblay is a side platform station located at grade in a cutting. The station's single entrance building, located at the same level and opposite the railway station entrance, contains the ticket barrier and exits onto a plaza.
The station's artwork is entitled National Garden, an installation by Jyhling Lee. A series of canopies on the plaza outside the station entrance features silhouettes of flowering plants seemingly cut out of the reflective material of the canopy ceilings and folded down to produce a suspended garden.
Service
The following routes serve Tremblay as of October 6, 2019:
References
External links
OC Transpo station page
OC Transpo Area map
Confederation Line stations
1987 establishments in Ontario
Railway stations in Canada opened in 2019
2019 establishments in Ontario | wiki |
(Norwegian and Danish), also known as (Nynorsk) and (Swedish), is a Norwegian porridge made with sour cream, whole milk, wheat flour, butter, and salt.
is a Norwegian word meaning sour cream; translates as 'porridge'. Traditionally, is a delicacy prepared for special occasions, including holidays. It is considered to be a traditional Norwegian dish. Recipes differ depending on the region of the country.
is thick and sweet and is generally drizzled in butter and sprinkled with sugar and ground cinnamon. Because this is so rich, it is often served in small cups with a small amount of butter topped with brown sugar, cinnamon and cream. Traditionally, it is eaten with cured meat.
In popular media, the children's book What's in the ? was written in 2020 by Norwegian-American author Carol Hagen. The storyline is based on a grandmother making the dish with her granddaughter, and includes a recipe.
In Westby, Wisconsin, a city that celebrates its Norwegian heritage, there is an annual eating contest.
See also
List of porridges
References
Other sources
Brown, Dale The Cooking of Scandinavia (Time-Life Books, New York. 1968)
Haug, Tore and Astrid Karlsen Scott Authentic Norwegian Cooking (Nordic Adventures, 2000)
Norwegian cuisine
Cuisine of the Midwestern United States
Christmas food
Cuisine of Minnesota
Cuisine of Wisconsin
Puddings
Porridges | wiki |
Segula may refer to:
Segula (Kabbalah), a practice that is efficacious in improving a situation or protecting a person from harm
Segula Island, one of the Aleutian Islands in western Alaska
Sgula, a moshav in Israel | wiki |
The 1985 Association of Mid-Continent Universities Tournament took place from May 10 through 12. The top 4 regular season finishers of the league's seven teams met in the double-elimination tournament held at Monier Field, home of the Eastern Illinois in Charleston, Illinois. won the tournament for the second time.
Format and seeding
The top two teams from each division advanced to the tournament. The top seed from each division played the second seed from the opposite division in the second round.
Tournament
References
Tournament
Summit League Baseball Tournament
Association of Mid-Continent Universities baseball tournament
Association of Mid-Continent Universities baseball tournament | wiki |
Foot odor (also spelled foot odour) or bromodosis is a type of body odor that affects the feet of humans. It is sometimes considered to be an unpleasant smell, but can also be the target of foot fetishism, more specifically as a form of olfactophilia.
It is one of the most widespread forms of olfactophilia: In a 1994 study, 45% of those with a foot fetish were found to be aroused by smelly socks and/or feet, but most importantly by the intensity of the smell produced by such bacteria. Foot odor is often caused by foot sweat and the accumulation of bacteria, which creates an odor. The odor can exhibit varying qualities depending on the state of the feet.
Causes
The main cause is foot sweat (also see focal hyperhidrosis). Sweat itself is odorless; however, it creates a beneficial environment for certain bacteria to grow, producing odorous substances. These bacteria are naturally present on our skin as part of the human flora. The front part of the foot produces the most sweat.
The smell is exacerbated by factors that increase sweating, such as wearing closed-toe shoes. Sports footwear such as sneakers is often heavily padded inside which provides a perfect environment to trap moisture and allow the bacteria to thrive. Socks can trap foot hair, especially on the toes, and may contribute to odor intensity by increasing surface area on which bacteria can thrive.
Given that socks directly contact the feet, their composition can affect foot odor. Synthetic materials like polyester and nylon afford less ventilation to the foot than do cotton or wool, leading to increased perspiration and odor, although they can also reduce incidence of blisters by wicking away perspiration. Many synthetic socks are treated with chemicals to help reduce odor.
Wearing closed-toe shoes (e.g., ballet flats or pumps) without socks leads to accumulation of sweat, dead skin cells, dirt, and oils, further contributing to bacterial growth.
Odor qualities
Brevibacteria are considered a major cause of foot odor because they ingest dead skin on the feet and, in the process, convert the amino acid methionine into methanethiol, a colorless gas with a distinctive sulfuric aroma. The dead skin that fuels this process is especially common on the sole and between the toes. Brevibacteria also give such cheeses as Limburger, Bel Paese, Port Salut, Pálpusztai and Munster their characteristic pungency.
Isovaleric acid (3-methyl butanoic acid), another source of foot odor, is produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis, a bacterial species normally resident on human skin and present in several strong-smelling varieties of cheese.
Other implicated microorganisms include Micrococcaceae, Corynebacterium and Pityrosporum.
Bart Knols of Wageningen Agricultural University in the Netherlands received a 2006 "Ig Nobel Prize" for demonstrating that the female Anopheles gambiae mosquito, known for transmitting malaria, is "attracted equally to the smell of Limburger cheese and to the smell of human feet". Fredros Okumu, of the Ifakara Health Institute in Tanzania, received grants in 2009 and 2011 to develop mosquito attractants and traps to combat malaria. He used a blend of eight chemicals four times more effective than actual human secretions.
Prevention
Maintaining good foot hygiene is the best way to prevent foot odour as it eliminates odour causing bacteria and removes dead skin cells as well as sebum. A foot file, pumice stone or chemical treatment, such as an Alpha hydroxy acid containing foot peel preparation, can be used to remove dead skin cells.
Using antibacterial soap to wash feet daily; keeping feet dry by changing socks daily and wearing cotton or wool instead of synthetic fibres can also help reduce moisture build-up.
Using medicated insoles and foot powder can also help.
Management
In some cases, medical intervention may be needed to treat the bacterial or fungal infection with a topical antibacterial or fungicide.
See also
Body odor
Body odor and subconscious human sexual attraction
Shoe
Smelly socks
References
Foot
Hygiene
Body odor | wiki |
The Japan women's national 3x3 team is a national 3x3 basketball team of Japan, administered by the Japan Basketball Association.
It represents the country in international 3x3 (3 against 3) women's basketball competitions.
As of late 2019, the head coach was Torsten Loibl.
Tournament record
Olympic Games
World Cup
Asia Cup
Asian Games
Current roster
Source:
}
Practice facilities
Ajinomoto National Training Center
See also
Sport in Japan
Basketball in Japan
Japan women's national under-23 3x3 team
Japan women's national basketball team
Japan men's national 3x3 team
References
External links
3x3
Women's national 3x3 basketball teams | wiki |
Pálpusztai is a Hungarian soft cow's milk cheese, known for its pungent odor.
It was developed by Pál Heller of the Derby és Vajtermelő Cheese Co. in the 1890s. Heller named the cheese after himself (Pál), not after any real place.
Pálpusztai is created, like Limburger cheese, by the bacterium Brevibacterium linens which gives the cheese its pungent smell - the same one found on human skin that is partially responsible for body odor.
The small 50 gram cheeses get to the market after a maturation time of 2-3 weeks. Its surface is yellowish, slightly slimy. Its paste is creamy, almost runny and dissolves softly in the mouth. It is distinctively piquant and its flavour resembles ammonia.
See also
List of cheeses
References
Hungarian cheeses
Cow's-milk cheeses | wiki |
Note
Altri progetti
Collegamenti esterni
Sito ufficiale di Miss Russia
Concorrenti di Miss Universo 2017
Miss Russia
Concorrenti di Miss Mondo 2017 | wiki |
The Ybor Channel is one of several channels for boat traffic in and around the Port of Tampa in Tampa, Florida.
Geography of Tampa, Florida
Channels of the United States
Tampa Bay | wiki |
Family values are a political and social concept.
Family values may also refer to:
Literature
Family Values, a novel by Abha Dawesar
Family Values (novel), a crime novel by K. C. Constantine
Family Values (comics), a 1997 graphic novel in Frank Miller's Sin City series
Family Values (play), a 2020 Australian play by David Williamson
Film and TV
"Family Values" (The Outer Limits), an episode of The Outer Limits television series
"Family Values" (Law & Order: Criminal Intent), an episode of the television series Law & Order: Criminal Intent from season 8
"Family Values" (2 Stupid Dogs), an episode of 2 Stupid Dogs
Music
Family Values (album), a 2015 studio album by South African rapper and producer Riky Rick
Family Values Tour, a rock and hip-hop music tour and festival started in 1998
Family Values, a Dallas-based punk band from 1990 to 1998; see Faris McReynolds | wiki |
It Came from the Closet may refer to:
"It Came from the Closet", an episode of Bump in the Night (TV series)
"It Came from the Closet", an episode of Pet Alien
It Came from the Closet: Queer Reflections on Horror, a collection of essays edited by Joe Vallese | wiki |
This is a list of Anaheim Ducks award winners.
League awards
Team trophies
Individual awards
All-Stars
NHL first and second team All-Stars
The NHL first and second team All-Stars are the top players at each position as voted on by the Professional Hockey Writers' Association.
NHL All-Rookie Team
The NHL All-Rookie Team consists of the top rookies at each position as voted on by the Professional Hockey Writers' Association.
All-Star Game selections
The National Hockey League All-Star Game is a mid-season exhibition game held annually between many of the top players of each season. Twenty All-Star Games have been held since the Ducks entered the league in 1993, with at least one player chosen to represent the Ducks in each year except 2004. The All-Star game has not been held in various years: 1995, 2005, and 2013 as a result of labor stoppages, 2006, 2010, and 2014 because of the Winter Olympic Games, and 2021 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Selected by fan vote
Selected as one of four "last men in" by fan vote
All-Star Game Most Valuable Player
Career achievements
Hockey Hall of Fame
The following is a list of Anaheim Ducks who have been enshrined in the Hockey Hall of Fame.
Lester Patrick Trophy
The Lester Patrick Trophy has been presented by the National Hockey League and USA Hockey since 1966 to honor a recipient's contribution to ice hockey in the United States. This list includes all personnel who have ever been employed by the Anaheim Ducks in any capacity and have also received the Lester Patrick Trophy.
United States Hockey Hall of Fame
Retired numbers
The Anaheim Ducks have retired three of their jersey numbers. Also out of circulation is the number 99 which was retired league-wide for Wayne Gretzky on February 6, 2000. Gretzky did not play for the Ducks during his 20-year NHL career and no Ducks player had ever worn the number 99 prior to its retirement.
Other awards
Notes
References
award winners
Anaheim Ducks | wiki |
Hedonism concerns any philosophy or value system which considers the pursuit of pleasure to be of great importance
Hedonism may refer to:
Psychological hedonism, the view that the ultimate motive for all voluntary human action is the desire to experience pleasure or to avoid pain
Christian hedonism, a controversial Christian doctrine
The paradox of hedonism, the idea that pleasure does not obey normal principles
Hedonic psychology, also known as happiness economics
Hedonism Resorts, vacation resorts in Jamaica
Hedonism (single), a single by Skunk Anansie
Hedonism (album), an album by Bellowhead
"Hedonism (Just Because You Feel Good)", a song by Skunk Anansie
Hedonismbot, a minor character in Futurama
Hedonic regression, a method of estimating demand or value
See also
Egoism | wiki |
São Tomé and Príncipe has Portuguese as the official and national language. It is spoken by virtually all of the population. Locally developed restructured varieties of Portuguese or Portuguese creoles are also spoken: Forro, Angolar and Principense. Cape Verdean Creole is spoken by 8.5% and it is also a Portuguese creole. French (6.8%) and English (4.9%) are foreign languages taught in schools.
See also
Portuguese-speaking African countries
External links
Linguistic situation in São Tomé and Príncipe
References | wiki |
The Girl Who Cried Wolf may refer to:
'The Girl Who Cried Wolf', a season 8 episode of Beverly Hills, 90210
'The Girl Who Cried Wolf', an episode of Men in Trees
Girl Who Cried Wolf, 2009 album by Sierra Swan
'The Girl Who Cried Wolf', a song by 5 seconds of summer
See also
The Boy Who Cried Wolf | wiki |
Paratha () is a flatbread native to South Asia, prevalent throughout the modern-day nations of India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Maldives, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius, Fiji, Guyana, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago where wheat is the traditional staple. Paratha is an amalgamation of the words parat and atta, which literally means layers of cooked dough. Alternative spellings and names include parantha, parauntha, prontha, parontay, paronthi
(Punjabi), porota (in Bengali), paratha (in Odia,Urdu, Hindi), palata (; in Myanmar), porotha (in Assamese), forota (in Sylheti), farata (in Mauritius and the Maldives), roti canai, prata (in Southeast Asia), paratha, buss-up shut, oil roti (in the Anglophone Caribbean).
History
The word paratha is derived from Sanskrit (S. पर, or परा+स्थः, or स्थितः). Recipes for various stuffed wheat puranpolis (which Achaya (2003) describes as parathas) are mentioned in Manasollasa, a 12th-century Sanskrit encyclopedia compiled by Someshvara III, a Western Chalukya king, who ruled from present-day Karnataka. References to paratha have also been mentioned by Nijjar (1968), in his book Panjāb under the Sultāns, 1000–1526 A.D. when he writes that parauthas were common with the nobility and aristocracy in the Punjab.
According to Banerji (2010), parathas are associated with Punjabi and North Indian cooking. The Punjabi method is to stuff parathas with a variety of stuffings. However, Banerji states, Mughals were also fond of parathas which gave raise to the Dhakai paratha, multilayered and flaky, taking its name from Dhaka in Bangladesh. O'Brien (2003) suggests that it is not correct to state that the Punjabi paratha was popularised in Delhi after the 1947 partition of India, as the Punjabi item was prevalent in Delhi before then.
Plain and stuffed varieties
Parathas are one of the most popular unleavened flatbreads in the Indian subcontinent, made by baking or cooking whole-wheat dough on a tava, and finishing off with shallow-frying. Parathas are thicker and more substantial than chapatis/rotis and this is either because, in the case of a plain paratha, they have been layered by coating with ghee or oil and folding repeatedly (much like the method used for puff pastry or some types of Turkish börek) using a laminated dough technique; or else because food ingredients such as mixed vegetables have been mixed in with the dough, such as potato or cauliflower, green beans, and carrots. A Rajasthani mung bean paratha uses both the layering technique together with mung dal mixed into the dough. Some so-called stuffed parathas resemble a filled pie squashed flat and shallow-fried, using two discs of dough sealed around the edges. Then by alternatively using a single disc of dough to encase a ball of filling and sealed with a series of pleats pinched into the dough around the top, they are gently flattened with the palm against the working surface before being rolled into a circle. Most stuffed parathas are not layered.
Parathas can be eaten as a breakfast dish or as a tea-time (tiffin) snack. The flour used is finely ground wholemeal (atta) and the dough is shallow-fried.
Perhaps the most common stuffing for parathas is mashed, spiced potatoes (aloo ka parantha) followed perhaps by dal (lentils). Many other alternatives exist such as leaf vegetables, radishes, cauliflower or paneer. A paratha (especially a stuffed one) can be eaten simply with a pat of butter spread on top or with chutney, pickles, ketchup, dahi or a raita or with meat or vegetable curries. Some roll the paratha into a tube and eat it with tea, often dipping the paratha.
To achieve the layered dough for plain parathas, a number of different traditional techniques exist. These include covering the thinly rolled out pastry with oil, folding back and forth like a paper fan and coiling the resulting strip into a round shape before rolling flat, baking on the tava and shallow frying. Another method is to cut a circle of dough from the centre to its circumference along its radius, oiling the dough and starting at the cut edge rolling so as to form a cone which is then squashed into a disc shape and rolled out. The method of oiling and repeatedly folding the dough as in western puff pastry also exists, and this is combined with folding patterns that give traditional geometrical shapes to the finished parathas. Plain parathas can be round, heptagonal, square, or triangular.
Serving
The paratha is an important part of a traditional breakfast from the Indian subcontinent. Traditionally, it is made using ghee but oil is also used. Some people may even bake it in the oven for health reasons. Usually, the paratha is eaten with dollops of white butter on top of it. Side dishes which go very well with paratha are curd, fried egg, omelette, mutton kheema (ground mutton cooked with vegetables and spices), nihari (a lamb dish), jeera aloo (potatoes lightly fried with cumin seeds), daal, and raita as part of a breakfast meal. It may be stuffed with potatoes, paneer, onions, qeema or chili peppers.
Types
Aloo paratha (stuffed with spicy boiled potato and onions mix).
Chili parotha or mirchi paratha (small, spicy shredded pieces)
Gobi paratha (stuffed with flavoured cauliflower)
Mughlai paratha (a deep-fried stuffed paratha filled with egg and minced meat from Bangladesh and West Bengal of India)
Murthal Paratha, deep-fried, Dhabas of Haryana and specially at Murthal on Grand Trunk Road are famous for this
Roti prata (Singapore)
Roti canai (Malaysia)
Buss-up-shut (Trinidad; the name is Trinidadian Creole for "busted-up shirt", for the resemblance of the shreddy bread to ragged old clothes)
See also
Gali Paranthe Wali
Roti canai, a variant from Southeast Asia
Cōng yóu bǐng, a similar Chinese flatbread stuffed with minced scallions
Parotta
Naan
List of bread dishes
List of Indian breads
References
Balochi cuisine
Bengali cuisine
Bangladeshi cuisine
Bihari cuisine
Burmese cuisine
Flatbreads
Pakistani breads
Indian breads
Indian cuisine
Kashmiri cuisine
Nepalese cuisine
Pashtun cuisine
Punjabi cuisine
Fijian cuisine
Sindhi cuisine
Trinidad and Tobago cuisine
Unleavened breads
Uttar Pradeshi cuisine
Articles containing video clips
Stuffed dishes | wiki |
In Indian cuisine, dal (also spelled daal or dhal; pronunciation: , Hindi: दाल, Urdu: ) are dried, split pulses (e.g., lentils, peas, and beans) that do not require soaking before cooking. India is the largest producer of pulses in the world. The term is also used for various soups prepared from these pulses. These pulses are among the most important staple foods in South Asian countries, and form an important part of the cuisines of the Indian subcontinent.
Use
The most common way of preparing dal is in the form of a soup to which onions, tomatoes and various spices may be added.
The outer hull may or may not be stripped off. Almost all types of dal come in three forms: (1) unhulled or sabut (meaning whole in Hindi), e.g., sabut urad dal or mung sabut; (2) split with hull left on the split halves is described as chilka (which means shell in Hindi), e.g. chilka urad dal, mung dal chilka; (3) split and hulled or dhuli (meaning washed), e.g., urad dhuli or mung dhuli in Hindi.
Dal is frequently eaten with flatbreads such as rotis or chapatis, or with rice. The latter combination is called dal bhat in Nepali, Bengali and Marathi. In addition, certain types of dal are fried and salted and eaten as a dry snack, and a variety of savory snacks are made by frying a paste made from soaked and ground dals in different combinations, to which other ingredients such as spices and nuts (commonly cashews) may be added.
Etymology
The word dāl (dal) derives from the Sanskrit verbal root dal- "to split", which is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *delh₁- “to split, divide”.
Use by region
Dal preparations are eaten with rice, chapati and naan on the Indian subcontinent. The manner in which it is cooked and presented varies by region. In South India, dal is often called "paruppu". It is primarily used to make the dish called sambar. It is also used to make paruppu that is mixed with charu and rice.
Nutrition
Cooked (boiled) dal contains 9% protein, 70% water, 20% carbohydrates (includes 8% fiber), and 1% fat. It also supplies a rich content (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of the B vitamin, folate (45% DV) and manganese (25% DV), with moderate amounts of thiamine (11% DV) and several dietary minerals, such as iron (19% DV) and phosphorus (18% DV).
Note: All nutrient values including protein are in %DV per 100 grams of the food item. Significant values are highlighted in light gray color and bold letters.
Cooking reduction = % Maximum typical reduction in nutrients due to boiling without draining for ovo-lacto-vegetables group.
Common ingredients
Pigeon pea, i.e., yellow pigeon peas, is available either plain or oily. It is called toor dal in Hindi. It is called thuvaram paruppu in Tamil Nadu, thuvara parippu in Kerala and is the main ingredient for the dish sambar. In Karnataka it is called togari bele and is an important ingredient in bisi bele bath. It is called kandi pappu in Telugu and is used in the preparation of a staple dish pappu charu. It is also known as arhar dal in northern India.
Chana dal is produced by removing the outer layer of black chickpeas and then splitting the kernel. Although machines can do this, it can be done at home by soaking the whole chickpeas and removing the loose skins by rubbing. In Karnataka it is called . Other varieties of chickpea may be used, e.g., kabuli dal.
Yellow split peas are very prevalent in the Indian communities of Guyana, Fiji, Suriname, Jamaica, South Africa, Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, and are popular amongst Indians in the United States as well as India. There, it is referred to generically as dal and is the most popular dal. It is prepared similarly to dals found in India, but may be used in recipes. The whole dried pea is called matar or matar dal in India. The whole dried yellow pea is the main ingredient in the common Bengali street food ghugni.
Split mung beans (mung dal) is by far the most popular in Bangladesh and West Bengal (moog dal, (মুগ ডাল)). It is used in parts of South India, such as in the Tamil dish ven pongal. Roasted and lightly salted or spiced mung bean is a popular snack in most parts of India.
Urad dal, sometimes referred to as "black gram", is a primary ingredient of the south Indian dishes idli and dosa. It is one of the main ingredients of East Indian (Odia and Bengali or Assamese) bori, sun-dried dumplings. The Punjabi version is . It is called in Karnataka, in Bengali. It is rich in protein.
Masoor dal: split red lentils. In Karnataka, it is called kempu (red) togari bele.
Rajma dal: split kidney beans.
Mussyang is from dals of various colours found in various hilly regions of Nepal.
Panchratna dal (Hindi) ("five jewels") is a mixture of five varieties of dal, which produces a dish with unique flavour.
Moth Bean: is an Indian dal main ingredient for popular Indian snack bikaneri bhujia and Maharashtrian snacks misal and usal.
Pulses may be split but not hulled; they are distinguished from hulled dals by adding the word chilka (skin).
Split and whole pulses
Although dal generally refers to split pulses, whole pulses can be referred to as sabut dhal and split pulses as dhuli dhal. The hulling of a pulse is intended to improve digestibility and palatability, but, as milling of whole grains into refined grains, affects the nutrition provided by the dish, reducing dietary fibre content. Pulses with their outer hulls intact are also quite popular in the Indian subcontinent as the main cuisine. Over 50 different varieties of pulses are known in the Indian subcontinent.
Preparation
Most dal recipes are quite simple to prepare. The standard preparation begins with boiling a variety of dal (or a mix) in water with some turmeric, salt to taste, and then adding a fried garnish at the end of the cooking process. In some recipes, tomatoes, kokum, unripe mango, jaggery, or other ingredients are added while cooking the dal, often to impart a sweet-sour flavour.
The fried garnish for dal goes by many names, including chaunk, tadka/tarka, bagar, fodni, and phoran. The ingredients in the chaunk for each variety of dal vary by region and individual tastes. The raw spices (more commonly cumin seeds, mustard seeds, asafoetida, and sometimes fenugreek seeds and dried red chili pepper) are first fried for a few seconds in the hot oil on medium/low heat. This is generally followed by ginger, garlic, and onion, which are generally fried for 10 minutes. After the onion turns golden brown, ground spices (turmeric, coriander, red chili powder, garam masala, etc.) are added. The chaunk is then poured over the cooked dal.
See also
Dal bhat
Dal bati churma
Dal biji
Ezogelin soup
Fasole bătută
Lentil soup
Monggo (Philippine version of dal)
Pea soup
References
Further reading
Andhra cuisine
Bangladeshi soups and stews
Bengali cuisine
Bihari cuisine
Indian soups and stews
Indo-Caribbean cuisine
Legume dishes
Lentil dishes
Muhajir cuisine
Nepalese cuisine
Pakistani soups and stews
Plant common names
Punjabi cuisine
Rajasthani cuisine
Uttar Pradeshi cuisine
Sri Lankan legume dishes
Gujarati cuisine
Kutchi cuisine
Indian cuisine
Pakistani cuisine
Fijian cuisine | wiki |
A health professional, healthcare professional, or healthcare worker (sometimes abbreviated HCW) is a provider of health care treatment and advice based on formal training and experience. The field includes those who work as a nurse, physician (such as family physician, internist, obstetrician, psychiatrist, radiologist, surgeon etc.), physician assistant, registered dietitian, veterinarian, veterinary technician, optometrist, pharmacist, pharmacy technician, medical assistant, physical therapist, occupational therapist, dentist, midwife, psychologist, or who perform services in allied health professions. Experts in public health and community health are also health professionals.
Fields
The healthcare workforce comprises a wide variety of professions and occupations who provide some type of healthcare service, including such direct care practitioners as physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, nurses, respiratory therapists, dentists, pharmacists, speech-language pathologist, physical therapists, occupational therapists, physical and behavior therapists, as well as allied health professionals such as phlebotomists, medical laboratory scientists, dieticians, and social workers. They often work in hospitals, healthcare centers and other service delivery points, but also in academic training, research, and administration. Some provide care and treatment services for patients in private homes. Many countries have a large number of community health workers who work outside formal healthcare institutions. Managers of healthcare services, health information technicians, and other assistive personnel and support workers are also considered a vital part of health care teams.
Healthcare practitioners are commonly grouped into health professions.
Within each field of expertise, practitioners are often classified according to skill level and skill specialization. "Health professionals" are highly skilled workers, in professions that usually require extensive knowledge including university-level study leading to the award of a first degree or higher qualification. This category includes physicians, physician assistants, registered nurses, veterinarians, veterinary technicians, veterinary assistants, dentists, midwives, radiographers, pharmacists, physiotherapists, optometrists, operating department practitioners and others. Allied health professionals, also referred to as "health associate professionals" in the International Standard Classification of Occupations, support implementation of health care, treatment and referral plans usually established by medical, nursing, respiratory care, and other health professionals, and usually require formal qualifications to practice their profession. In addition, unlicensed assistive personnel assist with providing health care services as permitted.
Another way to categorize healthcare practitioners is according to the sub-field in which they practice, such as mental health care, pregnancy and childbirth care, surgical care, rehabilitation care, or public health.
Mental health
A mental health professional is a health worker who offers services to improve the mental health of individuals or treat mental illness. These include psychiatrists, psychiatry physician assistants, clinical, counseling, and school psychologists, occupational therapists, clinical social workers, psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioners, marriage and family therapists, mental health counselors, as well as other health professionals and allied health professions. These health care providers often deal with the same illnesses, disorders, conditions, and issues; however, their scope of practice often differs. The most significant difference across categories of mental health practitioners is education and training. There are many damaging effects to the health care workers. Many have had diverse negative psychological symptoms ranging from emotional trauma to very severe anxiety. Health care workers have not been treated right and because of that their mental, physical, and emotional health has been affected by it. The SAGE author's said that there were 94% of nurses that had experienced at least one PTSD after the traumatic experience. Others have experienced nightmares, flashbacks, and short and long term emotional reactions. The abuse is causing detrimental effects on these health care workers. Violence is causing health care workers to have a negative attitude toward work tasks and patients, and because of that they are "feeling pressured to accept the order, dispense a product, or administer a medication". Sometimes it can range from verbal to sexual to physical harassment, whether the abuser is a patient, patient's families, physician, supervisors, or nurses.
Obstetrics
A maternal and newborn health practitioner is a health care expert who deals with the care of women and their children before, during and after pregnancy and childbirth. Such health practitioners include obstetricians, physician assistants, midwives, obstetrical nurses and many others. One of the main differences between these professions is in the training and authority to provide surgical services and other life-saving interventions. In some developing countries, traditional birth attendants, or traditional midwives, are the primary source of pregnancy and childbirth care for many women and families, although they are not certified or licensed.
Geriatrics
A geriatric care practitioner plans and coordinates the care of the elderly and/or disabled to promote their health, improve their quality of life, and maintain their independence for as long as possible. They include geriatricians, occupational therapists, physician assistants, adult-gerontology nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, geriatric clinical pharmacists, geriatric nurses, geriatric care managers, geriatric aides, nursing aides, caregivers and others who focus on the health and psychological care needs of older adults.
Surgery
A surgical practitioner is a healthcare professional and expert who specializes in the planning and delivery of a patient's perioperative care, including during the anaesthetic, surgical and recovery stages. They may include general and specialist surgeons, physician assistants, assistant surgeons, surgical assistants, veterinary surgeons, veterinary technicians. anesthesiologists, anesthesiologist assistants, nurse anesthetists, surgical nurses, clinical officers, operating department practitioners, anaesthetic technicians, perioperative nurses, surgical technologists, and others.
Rehabilitation
A rehabilitation care practitioner is a health worker who provides care and treatment which aims to enhance and restore functional ability and quality of life to those with physical impairments or disabilities. These include physiatrists, physician assistants, rehabilitation nurses, clinical nurse specialists, nurse practitioners, physiotherapists, chiropractors, orthotists, prosthetists, occupational therapists, recreational therapists, audiologists, speech and language pathologists, respiratory therapists, rehabilitation counsellors, physical rehabilitation therapists, athletic trainers, physiotherapy technicians, orthotic technicians, prosthetic technicians, personal care assistants, and others.
Optometry
Optometry is a field traditionally associated with the correction of refractive errors using glasses or contact lenses, and treating eye diseases. Optometrists also provide general eye care, including screening exams for glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy and management of routine or eye conditions. Optometrists may also undergo further training in order to specialize in various fields, including glaucoma, medical retina, low vision, or paediatrics. In some countries, such as the UK, USA, and Canada, Optometrists may also undergo further training in order to be able to perform some surgical procedures.
Diagnostics
Medical diagnosis providers are health workers responsible for the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs. It is most often referred to as diagnosis with the medical context being implicit. This usually involves a team of healthcare providers in various diagnostic units. These include radiographers, radiologists, Sonographers, medical laboratory scientists, pathologists, and related professionals.
Dentistry
A dental care practitioner is a health worker and expert who provides care and treatment to promote and restore oral health. These include dentists and dental surgeons, dental assistants, dental auxiliaries, dental hygienists, dental nurses, dental technicians, dental therapists or oral health therapists, and related professionals.
Podiatry
Care and treatment for the foot, ankle, and lower leg may be delivered by podiatrists, chiropodists, pedorthists, foot health practitioners, podiatric medical assistants, podiatric nurse and others.
Public health
A public health practitioner focuses on improving health among individuals, families and communities through the prevention and treatment of diseases and injuries, surveillance of cases, and promotion of healthy behaviors. This category includes community and preventive medicine specialists, physician assistants, public health nurses, pharmacist, clinical nurse specialists, dietitians, environmental health officers (public health inspectors), paramedics, epidemiologists, public health dentists, and others.
Alternative medicine
In many societies, practitioners of alternative medicine have contact with a significant number of people, either as integrated within or remaining outside the formal health care system. These include practitioners in acupuncture, Ayurveda, herbalism, homeopathy, naturopathy, Reiki, Shamballa Reiki energy healing , Siddha medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Korean medicine, Unani, and Yoga. In some countries such as Canada, chiropractors and osteopaths (not to be confused with doctors of osteopathic medicine in the United States) are considered alternative medicine practitioners.
Occupational hazards
The healthcare workforce faces unique health and safety challenges and is recognized by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a priority industry sector in the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) to identify and provide intervention strategies regarding occupational health and safety issues.
Biological hazards
Exposure to respiratory infectious diseases like tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and influenza can be reduced with the use of respirators; this exposure is a significant occupational hazard for health care professionals. Healthcare workers are also at risk for diseases that are contracted through extended contact with a patient, including scabies. Health professionals are also at risk for contracting blood-borne diseases like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV/AIDS through needlestick injuries or contact with bodily fluids. This risk can be mitigated with vaccination when there is a vaccine available, like with hepatitis B. In epidemic situations, such as the 2014-2016 West African Ebola virus epidemic or the 2003 SARS outbreak, healthcare workers are at even greater risk, and were disproportionately affected in both the Ebola and SARS outbreaks.
In general, appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) is the first-line mode of protection for healthcare workers from infectious diseases. For it to be effective against highly contagious diseases, personal protective equipment must be watertight and prevent the skin and mucous membranes from contacting infectious material. Different levels of personal protective equipment created to unique standards are used in situations where the risk of infection is different. Practices such as triple gloving and multiple respirators do not provide a higher level of protection and present a burden to the worker, who is additionally at increased risk of exposure when removing the PPE. Compliance with appropriate personal protective equipment rules may be difficult in certain situations, such as tropical environments or low-resource settings. A 2020 Cochrane systematic review found low-quality evidence that using more breathable fabric in PPE, double gloving, and active training reduce the risk of contamination but that more randomized controlled trials are needed for how best to train healthcare workers in proper PPE use.
Tuberculosis screening, testing, and education
Based on recommendations from The United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for TB screening and testing the following best practices should be followed when hiring and employing Health Care Personnel.
When hiring Health Care Personnel, the applicant should complete the following: a TB risk assessment, a TB symptom evaluation for at least those listed on the Signs & Symptoms page, a TB test in accordance with the guidelines for Testing for TB Infection, and additional evaluation for TB disease as needed (e.g. chest x-ray for HCP with a positive TB test)
The CDC recommends either a blood test, also known as an interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA), or a skin test, also known as a Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST). A TB blood test for baseline testing does not require two-step testing. If the skin test method is used to test HCP upon hire, then two-step testing should be used. A one-step test is not recommended.
The CDC has outlined further specifics on recommended testing for several scenarios. In summary:
Previous documented positive skin test (TST) then a further TST is not recommended
Previous documented negative TST within 12 months before employment OR at least two documented negative TSTs ever then a single TST is recommended
All other scenarios, with the exception of programs using blood tests, the recommended testing is a two-step TST
According to these recommended testing guidelines any two negative TST results within 12 months of each other constitute a two-step TST.
For annual screening, testing, and education, the only recurring requirement for all HCP is to receive TB education annually. While the CDC offers education materials, there is not a well defined requirement as to what constitutes a satisfactory annual education. Annual TB testing is no longer recommended unless there is a known exposure or ongoing transmission at a healthcare facility. Should an HCP be considered at increased occupational risk for TB annual screening may be considered. For HCP with a documented history of a positive TB test result do not need to be re-tested but should instead complete a TB symptom evaluation. It is assumed that any HCP who has undergone a chest x-ray test has had a previous positive test result. When considering mental health you may see your doctor to be evaluated at your digression. It is recommended to see someone at least once a year in order to make sure that there hasn't been any sudden changes.
Pyschosocial hazards
Occupational stress and occupational burnout are highly prevalent among health professionals. Some studies suggest that workplace stress is pervasive in the health care industry because of inadequate staffing levels, long work hours, exposure to infectious diseases and hazardous substances leading to illness or death, and in some countries threat of malpractice litigation. Other stressors include the emotional labor of caring for ill people and high patient loads. The consequences of this stress can include substance abuse, suicide, major depressive disorder, and anxiety, all of which occur at higher rates in health professionals than the general working population. Elevated levels of stress are also linked to high rates of burnout, absenteeism and diagnostic errors, and reduced rates of patient satisfaction. In Canada, a national report (Canada's Health Care Providers) also indicated higher rates of absenteeism due to illness or disability among health care workers compared to the rest of the working population, although those working in health care reported similar levels of good health and fewer reports of being injured at work.
There is some evidence that cognitive-behavioral therapy, relaxation training and therapy (including meditation and massage), and modifying schedules can reduce stress and burnout among multiple sectors of health care providers. Research is ongoing in this area, especially with regards to physicians, whose occupational stress and burnout is less researched compared to other health professions.
Healthcare workers are at higher risk of on-the-job injury due to violence. Drunk, confused, and hostile patients and visitors are a continual threat to providers attempting to treat patients. Frequently, assault and violence in a healthcare setting goes unreported and is wrongly assumed to be part of the job. Violent incidents typically occur during one-on-one care; being alone with patients increases healthcare workers' risk of assault. In the United States, healthcare workers experience of nonfatal workplace violence incidents. Psychiatric units represent the highest proportion of violent incidents, at 40%; they are followed by geriatric units (20%) and the emergency department (10%). Workplace violence can also cause psychological trauma.
Health care professionals are also likely to experience sleep deprivation due to their jobs. Many health care professionals are on a shift work schedule, and therefore experience misalignment of their work schedule and their circadian rhythm. In 2007, 32% of healthcare workers were found to get fewer than 6 hours of sleep a night. Sleep deprivation also predisposes healthcare professionals to make mistakes that may potentially endanger a patient.
COVID pandemic
Especially in times like the present (2020), the hazards of health professional stem into the mental health. Research from the last few months highlights that COVID-19 has contributed greatly to the degradation of mental health in healthcare providers. This includes, but is not limited to, anxiety, depression/burnout, and insomnia.
A study done by Di Mattei et al. (2020) revealed that 12.63% of COVID nurses and 16.28% of other COVID healthcare workers reported extremely severe anxiety symptoms at the peak of the pandemic. In addition, another study was conducted on 1,448 full time employees in Japan. The participants were surveyed at baseline in March 2020 and then again in May 2020. The result of the study showed that psychological distress and anxiety had increased more among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak.
Similarly, studies have also shown that following the pandemic, at least one in five healthcare professionals report symptoms of anxiety. Specifically, the aspect of "anxiety was assessed in 12 studies, with a pooled prevalence of 23.2%" following COVID. When considering all 1,448 participants that percentage makes up about 335 people.
Abuse by patients
The patients are selecting victims who are more vulnerable. For example, Cho said that these would be the nurses that are lacking experience or trying to get used to their new roles at work.
Others authors that agree with this are Vento, Cainelli, & Vallone and they said that, the reason patients have caused danger to health care workers is because of insufficient communication between them, long waiting lines, and overcrowding in waiting areas. When patients are intrusive and/or violent toward the faculty, this makes the staff question what they should do about taking care of a patient.
There have been many incidents from patients that have really caused some health care workers to be traumatized and have so much self doubt. Goldblatt and other authors said that there was a lady who was giving birth, her husband said, "Who is in charge around here"? "Who are these sluts you employ here". This was very avoidable to have been said to the people who are taking care of your wife and child.
Physical and chemical hazards
Slips, trips, and falls are the second-most common cause of worker's compensation claims in the US and cause 21% of work absences due to injury. These injuries most commonly result in strains and sprains; women, those older than 45, and those who have been working less than a year in a healthcare setting are at the highest risk.
An epidemiological study published in 2018 examined the hearing status of noise-exposed health care and social assistance (HSA) workers sector to estimate and compare the prevalence of hearing loss by subsector within the sector. Most of the HSA subsector prevalence estimates ranged from 14% to 18%, but the Medical and Diagnostic Laboratories subsector had 31% prevalence and the Offices of All Other Miscellaneous Health Practitioners had a 24% prevalence. The Child Day Care Services subsector also had a 52% higher risk than the reference industry.
Exposure to hazardous drugs, including those for chemotherapy, is another potential occupational risk. These drugs can cause cancer and other health conditions.
Gender factors
Female health care workers may face specific types of workplace-related health conditions and stress. According to the World Health Organization, women predominate in the formal health workforce in many countries and are prone to musculoskeletal injury (caused by physically demanding job tasks such as lifting and moving patients) and burnout. Female health workers are exposed to hazardous drugs and chemicals in the workplace which may cause adverse reproductive outcomes such as spontaneous abortion and congenital malformations. In some contexts, female health workers are also subject to gender-based violence from coworkers and patients.
Workforce shortages
Many jurisdictions report shortfalls in the number of trained health human resources to meet population health needs and/or service delivery targets, especially in medically underserved areas. For example, in the United States, the 2010 federal budget invested $330 million to increase the number of physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, nurses, and dentists practicing in areas of the country experiencing shortages of trained health professionals. The Budget expands loan repayment programs for physicians, nurses, and dentists who agree to practice in medically underserved areas. This funding will enhance the capacity of nursing schools to increase the number of nurses. It will also allow states to increase access to oral health care through dental workforce development grants. The Budget's new resources will sustain the expansion of the health care workforce funded in the Recovery Act. There were 15.7 million health care professionals in the US as of 2011.
In Canada, the 2011 federal budget announced a Canada Student Loan forgiveness program to encourage and support new family physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners and nurses to practice in underserved rural or remote communities of the country, including communities that provide health services to First Nations and Inuit populations.
In Uganda, the Ministry of Health reports that as many as 50% of staffing positions for health workers in rural and underserved areas remain vacant. As of early 2011, the Ministry was conducting research and costing analyses to determine the most appropriate attraction and retention packages for medical officers, nursing officers, pharmacists, and laboratory technicians in the country's rural areas.
At the international level, the World Health Organization estimates a shortage of almost 4.3 million doctors, midwives, nurses, and support workers worldwide to meet target coverage levels of essential primary health care interventions. The shortage is reported most severe in 57 of the poorest countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa.
Nurses are the most common type of medical field worker to face shortages around the world. There are numerous reasons that the nursing shortage occurs globally. Some include: inadequate pay, a large percentage of working nurses are over the age of 45 and are nearing retirement age, burnout, and lack of recognition.
Incentive programs have been put in place to aid in the deficit of pharmacists and pharmacy students. The reason for the shortage of pharmacy students is unknown but one can infer that it is due to the level of difficulty in the program.
Results of nursing staff shortages can cause unsafe staffing levels that lead to poor patient care. Five or more incidents that occur per day in a hospital setting as a result of nurses who do not receive adequate rest or meal breaks is a common issue.
Regulation and registration
Practicing without a license that is valid and current is typically illegal. In most jurisdictions, the provision of health care services is regulated by the government. Individuals found to be providing medical, nursing or other professional services without the appropriate certification or license may face sanctions and criminal charges leading to a prison term. The number of professions subject to regulation, requisites for individuals to receive professional licensure, and nature of sanctions that can be imposed for failure to comply vary across jurisdictions.
In the United States, under Michigan state laws, an individual is guilty of a felony if identified as practicing in the health profession without a valid personal license or registration. Health professionals can also be imprisoned if found guilty of practicing beyond the limits allowed by their licenses and registration. The state laws define the scope of practice for medicine, nursing, and a number of allied health professions. In Florida, practicing medicine without the appropriate license is a crime classified as a third degree felony, which may give imprisonment up to five years. Practicing a health care profession without a license which results in serious bodily injury classifies as a second degree felony, providing up to 15 years' imprisonment.
In the United Kingdom, healthcare professionals are regulated by the state; the UK Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) protects the 'title' of each profession it regulates. For example, it is illegal for someone to call himself an Occupational Therapist or Radiographer if they are not on the register held by the HCPC.
See also
List of healthcare occupations
Community health center
Chronic care management
Electronic superbill
Geriatric care management
Health human resources
References
External links
World Health Organization: Health workers
Health care occupations
Health
Health care
Health care quality | wiki |
Pippin apple may refer to:
Allington Pippin
Cox's Orange Pippin
King of the Pippins
Newtown Pippin
Ribston Pippin
Sturmer Pippin
See also
List of apple cultivars
Apple Pippin, a multimedia technology platform
Apples | wiki |
Character development may refer to:
Characterization, how characters are represented and given detail in a narrative.
Character arc, the change in characterization of a dynamic character over the course of a narrative.
Character creation, especially for games
Experience point (character advancement), increase in scores and other changes of a game character; for example, in role-playing video games
Moral character, a term used in many educational systems to indicate a strategy for the maturation of individual students | wiki |
Lumpenus lampretaeformis - fish of the family Stichaeidae.
Ophidion barbatum - fish of the family Ophidiidae.
Xiphasia setifer - fish of the family Blenniidae. | wiki |
The Mercedes-Benz M22 engine is a naturally-aspirated and supercharged, 3.8-liter and 4.0-liter, straight-8 engine, designed, developed and produced by Mercedes-Benz; between 1933 and 1934.
Applications
Mercedes-Benz 380
References
Mercedes-Benz engines
Straight-eight engines
Engines by model
Gasoline engines by model | wiki |
The 1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane was among the most damaging hurricanes in the Mid-Atlantic states in the eastern United States. The sixth storm and third hurricane of the very active 1933 Atlantic hurricane season, it formed in the eastern Atlantic, where it moved west-northwestward and eventually became a Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale. A strong ridge over New England allowed a continued northwest course, bringing the storm south of Bermuda and later toward the middle coast of the eastern United States. Advance warning allowed hundreds of people to evacuate ahead of the hurricane making landfall. It did so in northeastern North Carolina on August 23 with winds of about . Soon after, the eye crossed over Norfolk, Virginia, the first time that happened since 1821. The hurricane weakened into a tropical storm over northern Virginia shortly before passing near Washington, D.C., becoming the worst tropical cyclone there since 1896. Curving northward, the storm moved through Pennsylvania and New York before losing tropical characteristics on August 25. Now extratropical, the former hurricane moved across Atlantic Canada, dissipating on August 28.
Across the eastern United States, the hurricane left widespread damage amounting to over $40 million (equivalent to about $800 million in 2020) and causing at least 47 deaths. Although the storm struck North Carolina, damage in the state totaled only about $250,000, largely to crops and transport. Along the Chesapeake Bay, the storm produced 100-year flooding from its storm surge, setting records that remained for 70 years. In Virginia, flooding covered downtown portions of Norfolk in the southeast and Alexandria in the north. Damage in the state was estimated at $17.5 million. Similarly heavy damage occurred in Maryland, including over $7 million to crops. High waves along the coast eroded beaches and created a new inlet at Ocean City. The highest rainfall associated with the hurricane was at York, Pennsylvania. In the state, the rains flooded several rivers which forced thousands to evacuate. In neighboring New Jersey, high waves wrecked boats and destroyed a fishing pier, while in New York, flooding caused traffic jams. In Atlantic Canada, heavy rainfall assisted firefighters in combating wildfires, and the associated winds caused isolated power outages.
Meteorological history
On August 13, a tropical depression developed near the west coast of Africa, southeast of Cape Verde, with an associated closed circulation. Based on observations from a nearby ship, it is estimated the depression quickly intensified into a tropical storm while moving generally to the west-northwest. For several days the storm continued this general trajectory, eventually shifting more to the northwest. Based on interpolation of reports, it is estimated the storm intensified into a hurricane on August 16 while halfway between Africa and the Lesser Antilles. The Weather Bureau began tracking the system on August 18. Later that day, a ship reported a pressure of , suggesting winds of . This made the hurricane a Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale. Another ship report on August 20 indicated a pressure of while reporting hurricane winds, suggesting peak winds of .
After remaining near peak intensity for three days, the hurricane began steadily weakening while curving more to the west-northwest, a rare track for the region due to steering from a ridge over New England. On August 21, the storm passed about southwest of Bermuda. At 1000 UTC on August 23, the hurricane made landfall along the northern Outer Banks of North Carolina, near Nags Head, with a pressure of . Based on the steady weakening, coastal observations, and a larger than normal size, landfall winds were estimated at . A few hours later, the hurricane made another landfall on the North Carolina mainland after crossing the Albemarle Sound. While the hurricane continued to the northwest, the eye briefly moved over Norfolk, Virginia, for the first time since the 1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane. Early on August 24, the hurricane weakened into a tropical storm while passing near Washington, D.C. Curving to the north, the storm crossed Pennsylvania and into New York, where it weakened further into a tropical depression. On August 25, the former hurricane turned to the east near the Canada–US border, and after interacting with a cold front, became extratropical. It emerged from Maine and briefly re-intensified, moving across southern Nova Scotia with gale-force winds. On August 28, the circulation dissipated to the south of Newfoundland.
Preparations and impact
The hurricane first affected Bermuda when it passed to the south. Winds at St. George's reached . High waves along the coast prevented boats from docking.
Early on August 21, the Weather Bureau issued storm warnings from Cape Hatteras to Boston, Massachusetts. As the hurricane approached land, the warnings were extended southward to Southport, North Carolina. In Norfolk, Virginia, most ships either remained at port or sought shelter due to advance warning. Residents were advised to evacuate in Ocean View, Virginia Beach, and Willoughby Spit, and about 350 people left their houses in Virginia Beach. Along the coast, the United States Coast Guard rescued more than 200 people, many of whom due to capsized boats. A 1993 article published in the Monthly Weather Review considered the storm to have been "one of the most severe storms that has ever visited the Middle Atlantic coast." Flooding affected a larger portion of the northeastern United States than any other hurricane in the 1900s after Hurricane Agnes in 1972. The Federal Emergency Management Agency later used high water levels from the storm as a 100-year event for the Chesapeake Bay region. The next storm to approach the storm surge levels was Isabel in 2003, which was lower in most locations in Virginia, although higher in Washington, D.C. and Baltimore due to sea level rise. This hurricane caused damage from North Carolina through New Jersey, due to the combination of high winds and storm tides, and left at least 47 people dead overall.
North Carolina and Virginia
When the hurricane made landfall in the Outer Banks, it produced winds of at Cape Hatteras. The winds caused crop damage as far inland as Granville County. The four-masted schooner G.A. Kohler hailing from Baltimore and bound for Haiti was driven ashore at Hatteras by the high winds. Across the region, the storm downed power lines, washed out highways, wrecked boats, and destroyed houses, and overall damage in the state was around $250,000.
As the hurricane moved into Virginia, winds were as strong as at Cape Henry, while Norfolk reported winds of . The latter city reported a record high tide of above normal at Sewell's Point, which flooded the downtown section with of water. Water levels were higher than any previous high water mark in Newport News and most of Fort Eustis was flooded. In Hampton the storm surge flooded Langley Air Force Base, swamped homes and businesses, wrecked boats, and destroyed fishing piers. Rainfall in Chesapeake reached about , and reached about in Norfolk. Flooding near Norfolk damaged crops, and after its downtown section was flooded, residents were forced to travel by boat. When the flood levels dropped, many fish were left behind in the streets. High water levels of around along the York River destroyed buildings at Gloucester Point. In Virginia Beach, the storm knocked down about 600 trees, many of them about 100 years old, and over 79,000 people lost telephone service.
Due to advance warning, there was minimal damage to shipping in the region. However, high waves damaged the steamer Madison with 90 people on board and caused it to drift off Cape Charles, which necessitated rescue from the Coast Guard. Inland flooding occurred along the James River as far west as Richmond, where damage was limited to downed trees and broken windows. The pier of the Jamestown Ferry was washed out in Surry and a marina at Jordan Point near Hopewell was wrecked after the river reached the highest level on record. A powerful storm surge moved up the Chesapeake Bay and flooded waterfront locations. At Colonial Beach along the Potomac River, the surge flooded the town with of water and wrecked a local amusement park. The Potomac in Alexandria was at its highest level since 1899, causing floods deep along U.S. Route 1, and flooding the Old Town section. High winds in the city caused power outages, and flooding along the Cameron Run washed out a bridge. The combination of rain and winds damaged crops in Fairfax and Loudoun counties, mainly to corn and peaches. Statewide, the storm caused $5.25 million in crop damage, largely to corn and tobacco. Damage in the state was estimated at $17.5 million, and there were 15 deaths. After the storm, about 350 people helped clear debris from the streets of Norfolk.
Maryland and the Mid-Atlantic
Farther north, it is estimated the storm produced hurricane-force winds in portions of Maryland. Along the coast, high waves eroded about of beaches in Maryland and another in Delaware. High waves created an inlet that turned Assateague into an island. The storm damaged or destroyed several hotels in the region. Power, telephone, and telegraph outages occurred from Cape Charles through Delaware. In Baltimore, of precipitation fell in 24 hours, setting a record and causing flooding. The storm surge wrecked a steamboat pier and promenade at Chesapeake Beach, and damaged or destroyed 70 houses in neighboring North Beach. In Cheverly, flooding caused nine cars of a train to derail, killing four people. Statewide, the storm caused about $7 million in crop damage, mostly to tobacco, tomato, and corn. The high tides caused $3 million in damage to the fishing industry, having damaged or destroyed many boats and docks. There was about $90,000 worth of damage to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, after docks were damaged. Throughout the state, the hurricane caused about $10 million in property damage, with another $1.1 million to federal properties, about $960,000 in transportation damage, and $364,000 in utility damage.
In neighboring Delaware, road damage was about $150,000, after three bridges were wrecked along DuPont Highway. Rainfall in the state reached in Bridgeville. In Washington, D.C., the storm dropped of rainfall, at the time the highest on record for a single day total. High winds knocked down trees and destroyed the roofs of several houses. Along the Anacostia River, flooding surpassed a seawall, and traffic was disrupted when the Benning Bridge was flooded with of water. The Washington-Hoover Airport was also flooded. Damage in the nation's capital was the worst since a tropical storm in 1896. The highest rainfall associated with the hurricane was near York, Pennsylvania. On August 24, the minimum pressure in Philadelphia dropped to , which was the lowest on record in the month of August at the time. Wind gusts in the city reached . In the surrounding area, winds and rainfall caused $1 million in damage, mostly to crops and houses, and there were four deaths. Rainfall caused the worst flooding in the Lehigh Valley since 1902. In York County, floods destroyed 47 bridges, while in York proper, about 3,000 people evacuated along the swollen Codorus Creek.
Hurricane-force winds potentially affected portions of Delaware and southern New Jersey. In Atlantic City, New Jersey, winds reached at a height of , which is at sea level. At the time, this was the highest wind report for the station in the month of August. Rainfall in Atlantic City totaled , including that fell in an hour on August 20, which was the monthly average. Two people drowned along the Jersey Shore due to high waves, and the storm capsized nine boats. The waves destroyed a long fishing pier in Cape May. High winds damaged the boardwalk while streets were flooded in Atlantic City, and there was about $3 million in damage. The storm spawned a tornado in Wildwood. At Picatinny Arsenal, residents and members of the military helped prevent a dam from breaking. Sustained winds of around were observed across northern New York, while the top of the Empire State Building reported a gust of . Heavy rainfall in the state increased water levels along streams, causing one person to drown at Mount Tremper. After a dam broke, 190 people at Godeffroy were stranded until they were rescued by a fire crew. A power outage during the storm caused the Statue of Liberty torch to extinguish for the first time since 1929. Streets and basements of New York City were flooded after the heavy rainfall. The combination of flooding and fallen trees caused heavy traffic jams.
The former hurricane passed near southern Quebec as a tropical depression, and later crossed southern Nova Scotia as an extratropical cyclone. Along Lake Ontario, winds reached , and in Montreal, winds reached . After a dry summer, the storm's accompanying rainfall was beneficial, reaching in Fredericton, New Brunswick and in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The rains helped farmers in Ontario and assisted firefighters in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. In Montreal, of rainfall flooded a tunnel. Gusty winds knocked down power lines in portions of Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Nova Scotia. Overall effects were minor, limited to some utility damage and delays for shipping.
See also
Hurricane Isabel
Hurricane Florence
List of North Carolina hurricanes (1900–49)
List of Delaware hurricanes
Notes
References
1933 Atlantic hurricane season
1933 Chesapeake-Potomac
Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
Hurricanes in Delaware
Hurricanes in Maryland
Hurricanes in Virginia
Hurricanes in Washington, D.C.
Chesapeake Potomac hurricane | wiki |
Sunshine Girl or Sunshine Girls may refer to:
Sunshine Girl, the pinup section in the Sun chain of newspapers in Canada
"Sunshine Girl" (Herman's Hermits song), a 1968 song by the Herman's Hermits
"Sunshine Girl" (Moumoon song), a 2010 song by the Japanese band Moumoon
The Sunshine Girl, a 1912 West End musical comedy
Günther (singer), who performed as Günther and the Sunshine Girls
Jamaica national netball team, nicknamed the Sunshine Girls
Tiller Girls, a dance troupe of the early 1900s
Pythian Sunshine Girls, an auxiliary of the Knights of Pythias for young women
The main character of The Haunting of Sunshine Girl. | wiki |
Hypomania (literally "under mania" or "less than mania") is a mental and behavioral disorder, characterised essentially by an apparently non-contextual elevation of mood (euphoria) that contributes to persistently disinhibited behaviour.
The individual with the condition may experience irritability, not necessarily less severe than full mania; in fact, the presence of marked irritability is a documented feature of hypomanic and mixed episodes in bipolar type II. According to DSM-5 criteria, hypomania is distinct from mania in that there is no significant functional impairment; mania, by DSM-5 definition, does include significant functional impairment and may have psychotic features.
Characteristic behaviors of people experiencing hypomania are a notable decrease in the need for sleep, an overall increase in energy, unusual behaviors and actions, and a markedly distinctive increase in talkativeness and confidence, commonly exhibited with a flight of creative ideas. Other symptoms related to this may include feelings of grandiosity, distractibility, and hypersexuality. While hypomanic behavior often generates productivity and excitement, it can become troublesome if the subject engages in risky or otherwise inadvisable behaviors, and/or the symptoms manifest themselves in trouble with everyday life events. When manic episodes are separated into stages of a progression according to symptomatic severity and associated features, hypomania constitutes the first stage of the syndrome, wherein the cardinal features (euphoria or heightened irritability, pressure of speech and activity, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, and flight of ideas) are most plainly evident.
Signs and symptoms
Individuals in a hypomanic state have a decreased need for sleep, are extremely gregarious and competitive, and have a great deal of energy. They are, otherwise, often fully functioning (unlike individuals experiencing a manic episode).
Distinctive markers
Specifically, hypomania is distinguished from mania by the absence of psychotic symptoms, and by its lesser degree of impact on functioning.
Hypomania is a feature of bipolar II disorder and cyclothymia, but can also occur in schizoaffective disorder. Hypomania is also a feature of bipolar I disorder; it arises in sequential procession as the mood disorder fluctuates between normal mood (euthymia) and mania. Some individuals with bipolar I disorder have hypomanic as well as manic episodes. Hypomania can also occur when moods progress downwards from a manic mood state to a normal mood. Hypomania is sometimes credited with increasing creativity and productive energy. Numerous people with bipolar disorder have credited hypomania with giving them an edge in their theater of work.
People who experience hyperthymia, or "chronic hypomania", encounter the same symptoms as hypomania but on a longer-term basis.
Associated disorders
Cyclothymia, a condition of continuous mood fluctuations, is characterized by oscillating experiences of hypomania and depression that fail to meet the diagnostic criteria for either manic or major depressive episodes. These periods are often interspersed with periods of relatively normal (euthymic) functioning.
When a patient presents with a history of at least one episode of both hypomania and major depression, each of which meet the diagnostic criteria, bipolar II disorder is diagnosed. In some cases, depressive episodes routinely occur during the fall or winter and hypomanic ones in the spring or summer. In such cases, one speaks of a "seasonal pattern".
If left untreated, and in those so predisposed, hypomania may transition into mania, which may be psychotic, in which case bipolar I disorder is the correct diagnosis.
Causes
Often in those who have experienced their first episode of hypomania – by definition without psychotic features – there may be a long or recent history of depression or a mix of hypomania combined with depression (known as mixed-state) prior to the emergence of manic symptoms. This commonly surfaces in the mid to late teens. Because the teenage years are typically an emotionally charged time of life, it is not unusual for mood swings to be passed off as normal hormonal teen behavior and for a diagnosis of bipolar disorder to be missed until there is evidence of an obvious manic or hypomanic phase.
In cases of drug-induced hypomanic episodes in unipolar depressives, the hypomania can almost invariably be eliminated by lowering medication dosage, withdrawing the drug entirely, or changing to a different medication if discontinuation of treatment is not possible.
Hypomania can be associated with narcissistic personality disorder.
Psychopathology
Mania and hypomania are usually studied together as components of bipolar disorders, and the pathophysiology is usually assumed to be the same. Given that norepinephrine and dopaminergic drugs are capable of triggering hypomania, theories relating to monoamine hyperactivity have been proposed. A theory unifying depression and mania in bipolar individuals proposes that decreased serotonergic regulation of other monoamines can result in either depressive or manic symptoms. Lesions on the right side frontal and temporal lobes have further been associated with mania.
Diagnosis
The DSM-IV-TR defines a hypomanic episode as including, over the course of at least four days, elevated mood plus three of the following symptoms OR irritable mood plus four of the following symptoms, when the behaviors are clearly different from how the person typically acts when not depressed:
pressured speech
inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
decreased need for sleep
flight of ideas or the subjective experience that thoughts are racing
easily distracted
increase in goal-directed activity (e.g., social activity, at work, or hypersexuality), or psychomotor agitation
involvement in pleasurable activities that may have a high potential for negative psycho-social or physical consequences (e.g., the person engages in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, reckless driving, physical and verbal conflicts, foolish business investments, quitting a job to pursue some grandiose goal, etc.).
Treatment
Medications
Antimanic drugs are used to control acute attacks and prevent recurring episodes of hypomania combined with a range of psychological therapies. The recommended length of treatment ranges from two to five years. Anti-depressants may also be required for existing treatments but are avoided in patients who have had a recent history with hypomania. Sertraline has often been debated to have side effects that can trigger hypomania.
These include antipsychotics such as:
Aripiprazole
Clozapine
Haloperidol
Olanzapine
Paliperidone
Quetiapine
Risperidone
Ziprasidone
Other anti-manic drugs that are not antipsychotics include:
Carbamazepine
Lithium
Oxcarbazepine
Valproate
Benzodiazepines such as clonazepam or lorazepam may be used to control agitation and excitement in the short-term.
Other drugs used to treat symptoms of mania/hypomania but considered less effective include:
Gabapentin
Lamotrigine
Levetiracetam
Topiramate
Etymology
The Ancient Greek physicians Hippocrates and Aretaeus called one personality type 'manic' (Greek: μαινόμενοι, mainómenoi). In 19th century psychiatry, when mania had a broad meaning of insanity, hypomania was equated by some to concepts of 'partial insanity' or monomania. German neuro-psychiatrist Emanuel Ernst Mendel introduced hypomania ("hypo" meaning "under" in Greek) as a specific type of mania in 1881, writing, "I recommend, taking into consideration the word used by Hippocrates, to name those types of mania that show a less severe phenomenological picture, 'hypomania. Narrower operational definitions of hypomania were developed in the 1960s and 1970s.
See also
References
External links
Hypomanic Episode – Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder
Mania | wiki |
The nerve to the stapedius is a branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) which innervates the stapedius muscle. It arises from the CN VII within the facial canal, opposite the pyramidal eminence. It passes through a small canal in this eminence to reach the stapedius muscle.
References
External links
()
Facial nerve | wiki |
Crab fisheries are fisheries which capture or farm crabs. True crabs make up 20% of all crustaceans caught and farmed worldwide, with about 1.4 million tonnes being consumed annually. The horse crab, Portunus trituberculatus, accounts for one quarter of that total. Other important species include flower crabs (Portunus pelagicus), snow crabs (Chionoecetes), blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), edible or brown crabs (Cancer pagurus), Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister), and mud crabs (Scylla serrata), each of which provides more than 20,000 tonnes annually.
Commercial catch
The FAO groups fishery catches using the ISSCAAP classification (International Standard Statistical Classification of Aquatic Animals and Plants). ISSCAAP has a group for crabs and sea-spiders, and another group for king crabs and squat lobsters.
Crabs and sea-spiders are defined as including "Atlantic rock crab, black stone crab, blue crab, blue swimming crab, dana swimcrab, dungeness crab, edible crab, cazami crab, geryons nei, green crab, hair crab, harbour spidercrab, Indo-Pacific swamp crab, jonah crab, marine crabs nei, Mediterranean shore crab, Pacific rock crab, portunus swimcrabs nei, queen crab, red crab, spinous spider crab, swimcrabs nei, and tanner crabs nei".
The following table summarises crab production from 2000 to 2008, both caught wild and from aquaculture, in tonnes.
Crabs and sea-spiders
See also
Crab trap
Alaskan king crab fishing
List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
Notes
References
Fishing industry
Crabs
Crustaceans as food | wiki |
John Neill may refer to:
John Neill (archbishop of Dublin) (born 1945), Archbishop of Dublin and Bishop of Glendalough
John Neill (footballer) (born 1987), Scottish footballer
John R. Neill (1877–1943), American children's book illustrator
John W. Neill (1934–2019), British field hockey player
See also
John Baldwin Neil (1842–1902), governor of Idaho Territory
John Neal (disambiguation)
John Neale (disambiguation) | wiki |
The George Rogers Clark Memorial Bridge, known locally as the Second Street Bridge, is a four-lane cantilevered truss bridge crossing the Ohio River between Louisville, Kentucky and Jeffersonville, Indiana, that carries US 31.
History
Debate to build a highway bridge connecting Louisville to Jeffersonville began in 1919. Both cities and the public were in favor of building the bridge, but how to fund the project was unclear. In 1926 a ballot measure was voted down by residents which would have allowed the government to fund the bridge construction. A similar measure to fund the bridge construction with municipal insured bonds was voted down shortly after. Officials finally agreed to authorize a private company to construct the bridge using private funds, and they were granted authority to toll the bridge to recoup their investment.
The bridge was designed by Ralph Modjeski and Frank Masters with architectural details handled by Paul Philippe Cret of Philadelphia. Construction of the approaches and administration buildings began in 1926, and construction of the bridge itself began in June 1928 by the American Bridge Company of Pittsburgh at a cost of $4.7 million. The bridge was constructed using a newly invented method. Rather than build out from the shore, the bridge was constructed from the center towards land. The new method proved successful, and was subsequently used in the construction of many other bridges including the Oakland Bay Bridge in San Francisco a few years later. Newspapers reported two deaths during the construction of the bridge. The first worker died in 1929 after being struck by an iron crank, and a second worker died falling from the bridge and landing on a barge.
President Herbert Hoover dedicated the bridge at its opening. It was opened to the public on October 31, 1929 as the Louisville Municipal Bridge and operated as a toll bridge. The toll was 35 cents until December 31, 1936, when it was lowered to 25 cents. The last of the bonds that financed the construction were redeemed in 1946, and the tolls were removed.
On January 17, 1949, the bridge was renamed in honor of George Rogers Clark, recognized as the founder of Louisville and neighboring Clark County, Indiana. The bridge was rehabilitated in 1958. There was a movement in the 1950s to restore tolls, as traffic on the bridge had reached capacity and funding was needed for an additional bridge, but a toll was opposed strongly by most residents. Ultimately most of the funds for two additional bridges (for motor vehicles only) that carry interstate highways came from the federal government.
Muhammad Ali threw his gold medal from the 1960 Rome Olympics into the Ohio River while standing on the bridge. The bridge was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 8, 1984, as the Louisville Municipal Bridge, Pylons and Administration Building.
In June 2010, Kentucky Governor Steve Beshear and Louisville Mayor Jerry Abramson announced a new $3 million streetscape improvement project directly underneath the Clark Memorial Bridge, a three-block area from Main Street to River Road, which transformed the area into a plaza. It included a new decorative lighting system under the refurbished Clark Memorial Bridge, wide sidewalks, seats, new pedestrian and festival areas, and extensive plantings, making it an inviting promenade for the recently constructed and neighboring KFC Yum! Center. The project was completed in time for the October 2010 opening of the arena. CARMAN provided the landscape architecture and civil engineering services for the 2010 streetscape project.
The bridge was expected to see significant increases in traffic following the completion of the Ohio River Bridges Project near the end of 2016. The project included repurposing the John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge, which previously carried I-65 in both directions, for southbound traffic only; building the new Abraham Lincoln Bridge for northbound I-65 traffic; and building the Lewis and Clark Bridge to connect I-265 in the two states. The two I-65 crossings and the I-265 bridge are now tolled to pay for the project. One consultant who worked on a transportation study for the Kentucky government predicted that traffic on the bridge would increase by 25% once tolling on the other bridges started, and the mayor of Jeffersonville expressed concern about the possible effects of increased traffic on the bridge's structural integrity. These concerns were heightened by the discovery of a cracked girder and other structural issues (since repaired) during a routine 2014 inspection.
Culture
Locally, the Clark Bridge is known as the Second Street Bridge due to its direct alignment onto Second Street in Louisville. There is a pedestrian sidewalk on each side of the bridge deck. The Clark Bridge was previously the only regional Ohio River bridge open to non-motorized traffic, until the opening of the Indiana side of the nearby Big Four Bridge to pedestrian and bicycle traffic in May 2014.
Since 1991, the bridge has been used as "ground zero" for the annual Thunder Over Louisville event, when a waterfall of fireworks flows along the entire length of the bridge during the fireworks show. This involves traffic being closed for much of the week. This is criticized as it cuts off both the only non-interstate and, prior to the Big Four Bridge reopening, the only pedestrian route between Louisville and southern Indiana, which can impact local businesses such as bicycle couriers.
The bridge is featured in a scene from the 1981 movie Stripes in which Bill Murray drives his cab to the middle of the span, gets out of the vehicle and then tosses his keys into the river below.
See also
List of crossings of the Ohio River
References
External links
Clark Memorial Bridge at Bridges & Tunnels
Municipal Bridge Building and Pylons at Louisville Art Deco
Bridges completed in 1929
Clark
Bridges over the Ohio River
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
National Register of Historic Places in Clark County, Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in Louisville, Kentucky
Paul Philippe Cret buildings
Bridges in Clark County, Indiana
U.S. Route 31
Bridges of the United States Numbered Highway System
Former toll bridges in Indiana
Former toll bridges in Kentucky
Cantilever bridges in the United States
Warren truss bridges in the United States
Jeffersonville, Indiana
1929 establishments in Indiana
1929 establishments in Kentucky | wiki |
A balancing machine is a measuring tool used for balancing rotating machine parts such as rotors for electric motors, fans, turbines, disc brakes, disc drives, propellers and pumps. The machine usually consists of two rigid pedestals, with suspension and bearings on top supporting a mounting platform. The unit under test is bolted to the platform and is rotated either with a belt-, air-, or end-drive. As the part is rotated, the vibration in the suspension is detected with sensors and that information is used to determine the amount of unbalance in the part. Along with phase information, the machine can determine how much and where to add or remove weights to balance the part.
Hard-bearing vs. soft-bearing
There are two main types of balancing machines, hard-bearing and soft-bearing. The difference between them, however, is in the suspension and not the bearings.
In a hard-bearing machine, balancing is done at a frequency lower than the resonance frequency of the suspension. Thus the suspension's resulting displacement is caused by the centrifugal force generated by the unbalance of the rotor. In a soft-bearing machine, balancing is done at a frequency higher than the resonance frequency of the suspension. The suspension's displacement is dictated by the distance of the rotor's principal axis of inertia relative to the rotor's rotational axis defined by the rotor bearings. Both types of machines have various advantages and disadvantages. A hard-bearing machine is generally more versatile and can handle pieces with greatly varying weights, because hard-bearing machines are measuring centrifugal forces and require only a one-time calibration. Only five geometric dimensions need to be fed into the measuring unit and the machine is ready for use. Therefore, it works very well for low- and middle-size volume production and in repair workshops.
A soft-bearing machine is not so versatile with respect to amount of rotor weight to be balanced. The preparation of a soft-bearing machine for individual rotor types is more time consuming, because it needs to be calibrated for different part types which makes the process accuracy dependent on the operator's knowledge and skill. With measuring equipment capable of storing the setup calibration parameters, the need for recalibration becomes unnecessary as long as the original rotor setup on the balancing machine at the time of its calibration is duplicated. Thus use of dedicated fixture for each type of rotor may come at additional cost but offers the advantage of better balancing process accuracy and less dependent on the machine operator's skill level. With the machine setup a little bit more tedious, it is generally more suitable for high-production volume and high-precision balancing tasks. The latter being required when the rotor has a high service speed, or critical application (see ISO 201940 for recommended balancing tolerance.)
Hard- and soft-bearing machines can be automated to remove weight automatically, such as by drilling or milling, but hard-bearing machines are more robust and reliable. Both machine principles can be integrated into a production line and loaded by a robot arm or gantry, requiring very little human control.
How it works
With the rotating part resting on the bearings, a vibration sensor is attached to the suspension. In most soft-bearing machines, a velocity sensor is used. This sensor works by moving a magnet in relation to a fixed coil that generates voltage proportional to the velocity of the vibration. Accelerometers, which measure acceleration of the vibration, can also be used.
A photocell (sometimes called a phaser), proximity sensor, or encoder is used to determine the rotational speed, as well as the relative phase of the rotating part. This phase information is then used to filter the vibration information to determine the amount of movement, or force, in one rotation of the part. Also, the time difference between the phase and the vibration peak gives the angle at which the unbalance exists. Amount of unbalance and angle of unbalance give an unbalance vector.
Calibration is performed by adding a known weight at a known angle. In a soft-bearing machine, trial weights must be added in correction planes for each part. This is because the location of the correction planes along the rotational axis is unknown, and therefore it is unknown how much a given amount of weight will affect the balance. By using trial weights, a known weight at a known angle is added, and getting the unbalance vector caused by it.
Other balancing machine types
Static balancing machines differ from hard- and soft-bearing machines in that the part is not rotated to take a measurement. Rather than resting on its bearings, the part rests vertically on its geometric center. Once at rest, any movement by the part away from its geometric center is detected by two perpendicular sensors beneath the table and returned as unbalance. Static balancers are often used to balance parts with a diameter much larger than their length, such as fans. The advantages of using a static balancer are speed and price. However a static balancer can only correct in one plane, so its accuracy is limited.
A blade balancing machine attempts to balance a part in assembly, so minimal correction is required later on. Blade mass balancing is typically done for short blades, while long blades may require moment weighing in one or two axes. Long blades that are also wide may require its axial moment to be measured to optimize hub stress distribution. Blade balancers are used on parts such as fans, propellers, and turbines. On a blade balancer, the weight and/or moment of each blade to be assembled is entered into a balancing software package. The software then sorts the blades and attempts to find the blade arrangement with the least amount of unbalance. Lesser amount of unbalance correction weight in the final balancing process means lesser (concentrated) stress to the rotor assembly.
Portable balancing machines are used to balance parts that cannot be taken apart and put on a balancing machine, usually parts that are currently in operation such as turbines, pumps, and motors. Portable balancers come with displacement sensors, such as accelerometers, and a photocell, which are then mounted to the pedestals or enclosure of the running part. Based on the vibrations detected, they calculate the part's unbalance. Many times these devices contain a spectrum analyzer so the part condition can be monitored without the use of a photocell and non-rotational vibration can be analyzed.
See also
Carl Schenck, German businessman
Gordon E. Hines, inventor of hard-bearing balancing machines and other balancing technologies
Rotordynamics, applied mechanics of rotating structures
Tire balance
References
Further reading
Adolf Lingener: Auswuchten. Theorie und Praxis. Verlag Technik, Berlin und München 1992,
Hatto Schneider: Auswuchttechnik. 6. Auflage. Springer, Berlin u. a. 2003,
.
External links
Basic frequently answered questions about balancing machines
Measuring instruments | wiki |
The Soviet Union's 1958 nuclear test series was a group of 36 nuclear tests conducted in 1958. These tests followed the 1957 Soviet nuclear tests series and preceded the 1961 Soviet nuclear tests series.
References
1958
1958 in the Soviet Union
1958 in military history
Explosions in 1958 | wiki |
The PlayStation Portable system software is the official firmware for the PlayStation Portable (PSP). It uses the XrossMediaBar (XMB) as its user interface, similar to the PlayStation 3 console. Updates add new functionality as well as security patches to prevent unsigned code from being executed on the system. Updates can be obtained in four ways:
Direct download to the PSP over Wi-Fi. This can be performed by choosing [Settings], [System Update] from the XMB.
Download to a PC, then transfer to the PSP via a USB cable or Memory Stick.
Included on the UMD of some games. These games may not run with earlier firmware than the version on their UMD. See also List of PlayStation Portable system software compatibilities.
Download from a PS3 to a PSP system via USB cable. (Japanese and American version only)
While system software updates can be used with consoles from any region, Sony recommends only downloading system software updates released for the region corresponding to the system's place of purchase. System software updates have added various features including a web browser, Adobe Flash Player 6 support, additional codecs for images, audio, and video, PlayStation 3 connectivity, as well as patches against several security exploits, vulnerabilities, and execution of homebrew programs. The battery must be at least 50% charged or else the system will prevent the update from installing. If the power supply is lost while writing to the system software, the console will no longer be able to operate unless the system is booted in service mode or sent to Sony for repair if still under warranty.
The current version of the software, 6.61, was made available on January 15, 2015. It is a minor update released more than three years after the release of the previous version 6.60 in 2011.
Technology
Graphical shell
The PlayStation Portable uses the XrossMediaBar (XMB) as its graphical user interface, which is also used in the PlayStation 3 (PS3) console, a variety of Sony BRAVIA HDTVs, Blu-ray disc players and many more Sony products. XMB displays icons horizontally across the screen that be seen as categories. Users can navigate through them using the left and right buttons of the D-pad, which move the icons forward or back across the screen, highlighting just one at a time, as opposed to using any kind of pointer to select an option. When one category is selected, there are usually more specific options then available to select that are spread vertically above and below the selected icon. Users may navigate among these options by using the up and down buttons of the D-pad.
The basic features offered by XMB implementations varies based on device and software version. On the PSP console, the XMB had top level icons for Photos, Music, Videos, Games, Networking (which allows the use of the web browser), Settings and Extras. Also, XMB offers a degree of multitasking. With the PSP, using the Home button while playing music would allow users to browse photos without stopping the music. While XMB proved to be a successful user interface for Sony products such as PSP and PS3, the next generation Sony video game consoles such as the PlayStation 4 and the PlayStation Vita no longer use this user interface. For example, the XMB is replaced by the LiveArea interface on the PS Vita.
Web browser
The PlayStation Portable comes with a web browser for browsing the Internet. The web browser is a version of the NetFront browser made by Access Co. Ltd. and was released for free with the 2.00 system software update. The browser supports most common web technologies, such as HTTP cookies, forms, CSS, as well as basic JavaScript capabilities.
The version 2.50 upgrade added Unicode (UTF-8) character encoding and Auto-Select as options in the browser's encoding menu, and also introduced the saving of input history for online forms.
Version 2.70 of the PSP's system software introduced basic Flash capabilities to the browser. However, the player runs Flash version 6, five iterations behind the current desktop version 11, making some websites difficult to view.
There are three different rendering modes: "Normal", "Just-Fit", and "Smart-Fit". "Normal" will display the page with no changes, "Just-Fit" will attempt to shrink some elements to make the whole page fit on the screen and preserve layout and "Smart-Fit" will display content in the order it appears in the HTML, and with no size adjustments; instead it will drop an element down below the preceding element if it starts to go off the screen.
The browser also has basic tabbed browsing capabilities, with a maximum of three tabs. When a website tries to open a link in a new window, the browser opens it in a new tab.
Parents can limit content by enabling Browser Start Up Control which blocks all access to the web browser and creating a 4-digit PIN under [Settings] in [Security]. Additionally, the browser can be configured to run under a proxy server and can be protected by the security PIN to enable the use of web filtering or monitoring software through a network. Recently, TrendMicro for PSP was added as a feature that can be enabled via a subscription to filter or monitor content on the PSP.
The PSP browser is slower compared to modern browsers and often runs out of memory due to limitations put in place by Sony. Alternatively, homebrew alternatives to the browser have been released that utilize all 32/64 MB of the PSP's RAM, which allows the browser to load pages faster and have more memory for larger pages. Opera Mini can also be used on PSP through PSPKVM, a homebrew application which is a Sun Java Virtual Machine. It was claimed to provide much faster loading times than the default browser and provides better web page compatibility.
Other features
Like many other video game consoles, the PlayStation Portable is capable of photo, audio, and video playback in a variety of formats. However, unlike Sony's home consoles such as the PlayStation 3 and the PlayStation 4, it is not possible to play Blu-ray or DVD movies on the PlayStation Portable directly since it lacks a standard Blu-ray or DVD drive. While it does have a UMD drive and there exist UMD movies, the UMD format never saw implementation on any device other than the PlayStation Portable and as a result, the market is very limited compared to those for other optical media formats. There have been no more movies released on UMD since 2011, with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 being one of the final releases on the format.
The PlayStation Portable also supports a feature known as Remote Play, which allows the PSP to access many features of a PlayStation 3 console from a remote location using the PS3's WLAN capabilities, a home network, or the Internet. However, unlike the later Remote Play feature between the PlayStation Vita and the PlayStation 4, the Remote Play capabilities between the PSP and the PS3 are much more limited. Although most of the PS3's capabilities related to its main user interface are accessible with Remote Play, playback of DVDs, Blu-ray Discs, PlayStation 2 games, most PlayStation 3 games, and copy-protected files stored on the PS3's hard drive are not supported. Actual Remote Play between the PSP and the PS3 games are only supported by a "select" very few PS3 titles.
Furthermore, PSP-2000, PSP-3000, and PSP-N1000 can use the Skype VoIP service starting with system software version 3.90. The service allows Skype calls to be made over Wi-Fi and on the PSP Go over the Bluetooth Modem feature. It is not possible to use the VoIP service on the original PSP-1000 console due to hardware limitations. There also existed other services for the PSP such as the Room for PlayStation Portable, similar to the PlayStation 3's online community-based service known as PlayStation Home.
SensMe channels for music files was added to the PSP starting with firmware version 6.10. Also, SHOUTCast Radio can be listened to via an inbuilt app on most PSPs.
Custom firmware
Homebrew development was very popular during the time of the PlayStation Portable. Besides the official firmware (OFW) made by Sony, custom firmware (also written as Custom Firmware, or simply CFW) is also commonly seen in the PlayStation Portable handheld consoles.
Custom firmware allows the running of unsigned code such as homebrew applications, UMD .ISO files, emulators for other consoles and PS1 games when the disc images are converted into an EBOOT file. This is in stark contrast to the official system software, where only code that has been signed by Sony can run.
Notable custom firmware versions include the M33 Custom Firmware by Dark_AleX as well as those made by others such as the Custom Firmware 5.50GEN series, Minimum Edition (ME/LME) CFW and the PRO CFW.
All legally and illegally obtained content can be played on custom firmware, assuming that it is at the latest version (currently 6.61).
During the early days of the PSP hacking scene, it was discovered that firmware 1.00 allowed unsigned code to run. While this firmware only existed on PSP-1000 models from Japan, many users imported these models to run and develop homebrew. An exploit was later discovered in firmware 1.50 that also allowed unsigned code to run. This opened up North American PSP-1000 systems for homebrew. Firmware 1.5 acted as the standard firmware for homebrew until the creation of eLoaders (which use various exploits to launch a homebrew "menu"), savegame exploits in games such as Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories and Lumines: Puzzle Fusion and eventually DarkAlex's custom firmware releases, which all allowed PSPs shipped after the 1.51 update's release to run homebrew.
Sony had put significant effort into blocking custom firmware and other third party devices/content from the PSP, but their effort was in vain. In July 2007 Dark_AleX officially stopped his work on the PSP, citing perceived problems with Sony as one of the reasons for his departure, but other custom firmware versions continue to be developed or updated. In 2015, a homebrew tool known as Infinity was developed which allows users to permanently install CFW such as LME or PRO on all PSP models. This tool requires firmware 6.60 or 6.61.
See also
Media Go
XrossMediaBar
LocationFree Player
PlayStation Network
List of PlayStation Portable system software compatibilities
Other gaming platforms from Sony:
PlayStation 4 system software
PlayStation 3 system software
PlayStation Vita system software
Other gaming platforms from the next generation:
Nintendo 3DS system software
Wii U system software
Xbox One system software
Nintendo Switch system software
Other gaming platforms from this generation:
Nintendo DSi system software
Wii system software
Xbox 360 system software
References
Software
Game console operating systems
Mobile operating systems
Proprietary operating systems | wiki |
Gum is a sap or other resinous material associated with certain species of the plant kingdom. This material is often polysaccharide-based and is most frequently associated with woody plants, particularly under the bark or as a seed coating. The polysaccharide material is typically of high molecular weight and most often highly hydrophilic or hydrocolloidal.
As seed coating
Many gums occur as seed coatings for plant species; the adaptive purpose of some of these gummy coatings is to delay germination of certain flora seeds. An example of such a gummy coating occurs in the case of Western poison oak, a widespread shrub in western North America.
See also
Cambium
Gummosis
Latex
Natural gum
Line notes
Plant physiology | wiki |
Jeffrey Dahmer (1960–1994) was an American serial killer and sex offender charged with 17 counts of murder and sentenced to 941 years.
Dahmer may also refer to:
Dahmer, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in the U.S.
Dahmer (surname), including a list of people with the surname
Dahmer (film), a 2002 American biographical true-crime horror film about Jeffrey Dahmer
Dahmer (album), a 2000 concept album by Macabre about Jeffrey Dahmer
Dahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story, a 2022 American limited series about Jeffrey Dahmer
See also
Dammer (disambiguation)
Dammers (disambiguation) | wiki |
Whole-wheat flour (in the US) or wholemeal flour (in the UK) is a powdery substance, a basic food ingredient, derived by grinding or mashing the whole grain of wheat, also known as the wheatberry. Whole-wheat flour is used in baking of breads and other baked goods, and also typically mixed with lighter "white" unbleached or bleached flours (that have been treated with flour bleaching agent(s)) to restore nutrients (especially fiber, protein, and vitamins), texture, and body to the white flours that can be lost in milling and other processing to the finished baked goods or other food(s).
White whole wheat flour
In the United States, white whole-wheat flour is flour milled from hard white spring wheat and contains the bran and germ. In the United Kingdom and India whole-wheat flour is more commonly made from white wheat instead of hard winter red wheat, as in the United States
See also
Wheat flour
Whole grain
Unifine Mill
Graham bread an early attempt to reintroduce whole-wheat bread
Roman Meal a whole grain baking company founded in 1912
Enriched flour, normal flour with some nutrients in whole-wheat flour added
References
External links
Whole Wheat Bread, Mayo Clinic
Wheat flour
Flour | wiki |
Graham flour is a type of coarse-ground flour of whole wheat named after Sylvester Graham. It is similar to conventional whole-wheat flour in that both are made from the whole grain, but graham flour is ground more coarsely. It is not sifted ("Bolted") with a flour dresser after milling. A report from 1913 claimed that bread made from graham flour had a protein content of 12.1% – only slightly less than white wheat flour and essentially the same as whole wheat flour.
Sources
Graham flour is available at health food stores, some grocery stores, bakery supply stores, and some specialty and gourmet food shops, or directly from a flour mill that has experience making it.
A substitute for it would be a mix of unbleached white flour and wheat middlings; this was a common substitute prior to and after the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906, but the FDA gradually established standards and eliminated imitations from the market.
History
Graham flour is named after Sylvester Graham (1794–1851), an early advocate for dietary reform. Graham despised the discarding of nutrients such as germ and bran when making flour for white bread. He believed that using all of the grain in the milling of flour and baking of bread was a remedy for the poor health of his fellow Americans during changes in diet brought on by the Industrial Revolution.
See also
Flour bleaching agent
Graham bread
Graham cracker
Graham cracker crust
Whole-wheat of wheat berry, sometimes eaten on its own
References
External links
Flour | wiki |
Fran Frisch (August 18, 1948 – August 29, 2021) was an American cartoonist for the Bay Area Reporter and Bear Magazine.
References
1948 births
2021 deaths
American cartoonists
American gay artists | wiki |
Gram flour or besan is a pulse flour made from a variety of ground chickpea called Bengal gram or kaala chana. It is a staple ingredient in the cuisine of the Indian subcontinent, including in Indian, Bangladeshi, Burmese, Nepali, Pakistani, Sri Lankan and Caribbean cuisines.
Characteristics
Gram flour contains a high proportion of carbohydrates, higher fiber relative to other flours, no gluten, and a higher proportion of protein than other flours.
Dishes
South Asia and the Caribbean
Gram flour is in popular use in the Indian subcontinent and the Caribbean, where it is used to make the following:
In Andhra Pradesh, it is used in a curry with gram flour cakes called Senaga Pindi Kura () and is eaten with Chapati or Puri, mostly during winter for breakfast. Chila (or chilla), a pancake made with gram flour batter, is a popular street food in India.
Southeast and East Asia
Gram flour, which is called pe hmont (ပဲမှုန့်, lit. 'bean flour') in Burmese, is commonly used in Burmese cuisine. Roasted gram flour is commonly added to season Burmese salads, and is the principal ingredient of Burmese tofu. Roasted gram flour is also used to thicken several noodle soup dishes, including mohinga and ohn no khao swè.
Gram flour is also used to make jidou liangfen, a Yunnanese dish similar to Burmese tofu salad.
Southern Europe
Along the coast of the Ligurian Sea, flour made from garbanzo beans, which are a different variety of chickpea closely related to Bengal gram, is used to make a thin pancake that is baked in the oven. This popular street food is called farinata in Italian cuisine, fainâ in Genoa, and is known as socca or cade in French cuisine. It is used to make panelle, a fritter in Sicilian cuisine. In Spanish cuisine, gram flour is an ingredient for tortillitas de camarones.
Also in Cyprus and Greece, it is used as a garnishing ingredient for the funeral ritual food Koliva, blessed and eaten during Orthodox Memorial services. In the cuisine of Antakya in Turkey, it is used in the preparation of hummus.
North Africa
Popular in Algeria and East of Morocco , they make a dish called karan from gram flour and eggs, which is baked in the oven. A similar famous dish is prepared in Algeria called Garantita or Karantita (originated from the Spanish term Calentica, which means hot).
See also
List of chickpea dishes
Oralu kallu, a type of grinding machine using stone to produce flour in some parts of India
Kinako
Notes
Flour
Chickpea dishes | wiki |
Doctor at Large is een Engelse komedieserie die op de Engelse televisie werd uitgezonden in 1971.
Rolverdeling
|-
|||Dr. Michael Upton
|-
|||Dr. Paul Collier
|-
|||Dr. Dick Stuart-Clark
|}
Afleveringen
Externe links
"Doctor at Large" - British TV Comedy Guide
"Doctor at Large" - Nostalgia Central (gearchiveerd op archive.org)
Britse komedieserie
Programma van ITV | wiki |
Dal biji is an Indian snack made of crispy gram flour noodles, pink masoor dal and cantaloupe seeds and musk melon seeds.
References
Indian snack foods | wiki |
Gravity biking is a sport involving riding specially adapted bicycles down steep hills at high speeds. It is popular in the United States and Colombia. It is risky, and has been banned in the town of La Ceja in Antioquia, Columbia after a series of deaths and serious injuries.
References
Cycle sport | wiki |
Yeoman's test is a physical exam performed to determine if a person has sacroiliitis. With the subject prone, the test is performed by rotating the ilium with one hand and extending the hip while the knee is flexed. Pain over the ipsilateral posterior sacroiliac joint area is indicative of sacroiliitis.
This also tests for sacroiliac joint sprain or strain.
References
External links
Picture demonstrating Yeoman's test
Physical examination | wiki |
An empathy gap, sometimes referred to as an empathy bias, is a breakdown or reduction in empathy (the ability to recognize, understand, and share another's thoughts and feelings) where it might otherwise be expected to occur. Empathy gaps may occur due to a failure in the process of empathizing or as a consequence of stable personality characteristics, and may reflect either a lack of ability or motivation to empathize.
Empathy gaps can be interpersonal (toward others) or intrapersonal (toward the self, e.g. when predicting one's own future preferences). A great deal of social psychological research has focused on intergroup empathy gaps, their underlying psychological and neural mechanisms, and their implications for downstream behavior (e.g. prejudice toward outgroup members).
Classification
Cognitive empathy gaps
Failures in cognitive empathy (also referred to as "perspective-taking") may sometimes result from a lack of ability. For example, young children often engage in failures of perspective-taking (e.g., on false belief tasks) due to underdeveloped social cognitive abilities. Additionally, neurodivergent individuals often face difficulties inferring others' emotional and cognitive states. Failures in cognitive empathy may also result from cognitive biases that impair one's ability to understand another's perspective (for example, see the related concept of naive realism.)
One's ability to perspective-take may be limited by one's current emotional state. For example, behavioral economics research has described a number of failures in empathy that occur due to emotional influences on perspective-taking when people make social predictions. People may either fail to accurately predict one's own preferences and decisions (intrapersonal empathy gaps), or to consider how others’ preferences might differ from one's own (interpersonal empathy gaps). For example, people not owning a certain good, underestimate their attachment to that good were they to own it.
In other circumstances, failures in cognitive empathy may occur due to a lack of motivation. For example, people are less likely to take the perspective of outgroup members with whom they disagree.
Affective empathy gaps
Affective (i.e. emotional) empathy gaps may describe instances in which an observer and target do not experience similar emotions, or when an observer does not experience anticipated emotional responses toward a target, such as sympathy and compassion.
Certain affective empathy gaps may be driven by a limited ability to share another's emotions. For example, psychopathy is characterized by impairments in emotional empathy.
Individuals may be motivated to avoid empathizing with others' emotions due to the emotional costs of doing so. For example, according to C.D. Batson's model of empathy, empathizing with others may either result in empathic concern (i.e. feelings of warmth and concern for another) or personal distress (i.e. when another's distress causes distress for the self). A trait-level tendency to experience personal distress (vs. empathic concern) may motivate individuals to avoid situations which would require them to empathize with others, and indeed predicts reduced helping behavior.
Notable examples
Intergroup empathy gaps
Humans are less likely to help outgroup members in need, as compared to ingroup members. People are also less likely to value outgroup members’ lives as highly as those of ingroup members. These effects are indicative of an ingroup empathy bias, in which people empathize more with ingroup (vs. outgroup) members.
Intergroup empathy gaps are often affective or cognitive in nature, but also extend to other domains such as pain. For example, a great deal of research has demonstrated that people show reduced responses (e.g. neural activity) when observing outgroup (vs. ingroup) members in pain. These effects may occur for real-world social groups such as members of different races. In one study utilizing a minimal groups paradigm (in which groups are randomly assigned, ostensibly based on an arbitrary distinction), individuals also judged the perceived pain of ingroup members to be more painful than that of outgroup members.
Intergroup schadenfreude
Perhaps the most well-known “counter-empathic” emotion—i.e., an emotion that reflects an empathy gap for the target—is schadenfreude, or the experience of pleasure when observing or learning about another's suffering or misfortune. Schadenfreude frequently occurs in intergroup contexts. In fact, the two factors that most strongly predict schadenfreude are identification with one's group and the presence of competition between groups in conflict. Competition may be explicit; for example, one study found that soccer fans were less likely to help an injured stranger wearing a rival team shirt than someone wearing an ingroup team shirt. However, schadenfreude may also be directed toward members of groups associated with high-status, competitive stereotypes. These findings correspond with the stereotype content model, which proposes that such groups elicit envy, thereby precipitating schadenfreude.
Occupational burnout
Stress related to the experience of empathy may cause empathic distress fatigue and occupational burnout, particularly among those in the medical profession. Expressing empathy is an important component of patient-centered care, and can be expressed through behaviors such as concern, attentiveness, sharing emotions, vulnerability, understanding, dialogue, reflection, and authenticity. However, expressing empathy can be cognitively and emotionally demanding for providers. Physicians who lack proper support may experience depression and burnout, particularly in the face of the extended or frequent experiences of personal distress.
Forecasting failures
Within the domain of social psychology, "empathy gaps" typically describe breakdowns in empathy toward others (interpersonal empathy gaps). However, research in behavioral economics has also identified a number of intrapersonal empathy gaps (i.e. toward one's self). For example, "hot-cold empathy gaps" describe a breakdown in empathy for one's future self—specifically, a failure to anticipate how one's future affective states will affect one's preferences. Such failures can negatively impact decision-making, particularly in regards to health outcomes. Hot-cold empathy gaps are related to the psychological concepts of affective forecasting and temporal discounting.
Psychological factors
Mentalizing processes
Both affective and cognitive empathy gaps can occur due to a breakdown in the process of mentalizing others' states. For example, breakdowns in mentalizing may include but are not limited to:
Mind attribution: People may fail to take another's perspective due to a failure to attribute a mind or agency to that person. Behavioral research has found that individuals are less likely to assign mental states to outgroup compared to ingroup members.
Episodic simulation: People may find it difficult to empathize with others if they struggle (due to a lack of ability or motivation) to episodically simulate others' mental states—i.e. to imagine events from others' lives which occur at a specific time and place. The ability to engage in episodic simulation is predictive of greater affective empathy and prosocial behavior towards others.
Neural evidence also supports the key role of mentalizing in supporting empathic responses, particularly in an intergroup context. For example, a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of intergroup social cognition found that thinking about ingroup members (in comparison to outgroup members) was more frequently related to brain regions known to underlie mentalizing.
Gender norms
Gender differences in the experience of empathy have been a subject of debate. In particular, scientists have sought to determine whether observed gender differences in empathy are due to variance in ability, motivation, or both between men and women. Research to date raises the possibility that gender norms regarding the experience and expression of empathy may decrease men's willingness to empathize with others, and therefore their tendency to engage in empathy.
A number of studies, primarily utilizing self-report, have found gender differences in men's and women's empathy. A 1977 review of nine studies found women to be more empathic than men on average. A 1983 review found a similar result, although differences in scores were stronger for self-report, as compared to observational, measures. In recent decades, a number of studies utilizing self-reported empathy have shown gender differences in empathy. According to the results of a nationally representative survey, men reported less willingness to give money or volunteer time to a poverty relief organization as compared to women, a finding mediated by men's lower self-reported feelings of empathic concern toward others.
However, more recent work has found little evidence that gender differences in self-reported empathy are related to neurophysiological measures (hemodynamic responses and pupil dilation). This finding raises the possibility that self-reported empathy may not be driven by biological differences in responses, but rather gender differences in willingness to report empathy. Specifically, women may be more likely to report experiencing empathy because it is more gender-normative for women than men. In support of this idea, a study found that manipulating the perceived gender normativity of empathy eliminated gender differences in men and women's self-reported empathy. Specifically, assigning male and female participants to read a narrative describing fictitious neurological research evidence which claimed that males score higher on measures of empathy eliminated the gender gap in self-reported empathy.
Trait differences
Psychological research has identified a number of trait differences associated with reduced empathic responses, including but not limited to:
Social dominance orientation: Individuals high in social dominance orientation (SDO; i.e., those who endorse inequality and hierarchy between groups), are more likely to be high in prejudice and have less empathic concern for outgroup members. In addition to predicting greater intergroup empathy bias, high SDO scores correlated with greater counter-empathy (i.e. schadenfreude) toward outgroup targets, including Asian and Black targets (compared to ingroup White targets) when group boundaries were previously made salient, as well as toward competitive outgroup members (compared to ingroup members) in a novel group setting.
Reduced importance of social ideals and relationships: Reduced familial and religious importance also appear to be predictive of reduced empathic responses. In a sample of adults aged 18 to 35 (N = 722), family importance was positively associated with affective empathy and perspective taking, particularly among non-Hispanic whites. Religious importance was significantly related to affective empathy, especially among Black, Indigenous, and/or People of Color.
Conservative political orientation: In an analysis of data from the 2004 General Social Survey, researchers found conservatives to have lower levels of empathy as compared to liberals, but only among individuals with low (vs. high) levels of religiosity.
Neural mechanisms
Neural simulation
According to the perception–action-model of empathy, perception–action-coupling (i.e., the vicarious activation of the neural system for action during the perception of action) allows humans to understand others’ actions, intentions, and emotions. According to this theory, when a "subject" individual observes an "object" individual, the object's physical movements and facial expressions activate corresponding neural mechanisms in the subject. That is, by neurally simulating the object's observed states, the subject also experiences these states, the basis of empathy.
The mirror neuron system has been proposed as a neural mechanism supporting perception-action coupling and empathy, although such claims remain a subject of scientific debate. Although the exact (if any) role of mirror neurons in supporting empathy is unclear, evidence suggests that neural simulation (i.e., recreating neural states associated with a process observed in another) may generally support a variety of psychological processes in humans, including disgust, pain, touch, and facial expressions.
Reduced neural simulation of responses to suffering may account in part for observed empathy gaps, particularly in an intergroup context. This possibility is supported by research demonstrating that people show reduced neural activity when they witness ethnic outgroup (vs. ingroup) members in physical or emotional pain. In one study, Chinese and Causian participants viewed videos of Chinese and Causasian targets, who displayed neutral facial expressions as they received either painful or non-painful stimulation to their cheeks. Witnessing racial ingroup faces receive painful stimulation increased activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula (two regions which generally activate during the experience of pain.) However, these responses were diminished toward outgroup members in pain. These results replicated among White-Italian and Black-African participants. Additionally, EEG work has shown reduced neural simulation of movement (in primary motor cortex) for outgroup members, compared to in-group members. This effect was magnified by prejudice and toward disliked groups (i.e. South-Asians, Blacks, and East Asians).
Oxytocin
A great deal of social neuroscience research has been conducted to investigate the social functions of the hormone oxytocin, including its role in empathy. Generally speaking, oxytocin is associated with cooperation between individuals (in both humans and non-human animals). However, these effects interact with group membership in intergroup settings: oxytocin is associated with increased bonding with ingroup, but not outgroup, members, and may thereby contribute to ingroup favoritism and intergroup empathy bias. However, in one study of Israelis and Palestinians, intranasal oxytocin administration improved opposing partisans' empathy for outgroup members by increasing the salience of their pain.
In addition to temporary changes in oxytocin levels, the influence of oxytocin on empathic responses may also be influenced by an oxytocin receptor gene polymorphism, such that certain individuals may differ in the extent to which oxytocin promotes ingroup favoritism.
Specific neural correlates
A number of studies have been conducted to identify the neural regions implicated in intergroup empathy biases. This work has highlighted candidate regions supporting psychological processes such as mentalizing for ingroup members, deindividuation of outgroup members, and the pleasure associated with the experience of schadenfreude.
Role of dmPFC
A meta-analysis of 50 fMRI studies of intergroup social cognition found more consistent activation in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) during ingroup (vs. outgroup) social cognition. dmPFC has previously been linked to the ability to infer others’ mental states, which suggests that individuals may be more likely to engage in mentalizing for ingroup (as compared to outgroup) members. dmPFC activity has also been linked to prosocial behavior; thus, dmPFC's association with cognition about ingroup members suggests a potential neurocognitive mechanism underlying ingroup favoritism.
Role of anterior insula
Activation patterns in the anterior insula (AI) have been observed when thinking about both ingroup and outgroup members. For example, greater activity in the anterior insula has been observed when participants view ingroup members on a sports team receiving pain, compared to outgroup members receiving pain. In contrast, the meta-analysis referenced previously found that anterior insula activation was more reliably related to social cognition about outgroup members.
These seemingly divergent results may be due in part to functional differences between anatomic subregions of the anterior insula. Meta-analyses have identified two distinct subregions of the anterior insula: ventral AI, which is linked to emotional and visceral experiences (e.g. subjective arousal); and dorsal AI, which has been associated with exogenous attention processes such as attention orientation, salience detection, and task performance monitoring. Therefore, anterior insula activation may occur more often when thinking about outgroup members because doing is more attentionally demanding than thinking about ingroup members.
Lateralization of function within the anterior insula may also help account for divergent results, due to differences in connectivity between left and right AI. The right anterior insula has greater connectivity with regions supporting attentional orientation and arousal (e.g. postcentral gyrus and supramarginal gyrus), compared to the left anterior insula, which has greater connectivity with regions involved in perspective-taking and cognitive motor control (e.g. dmPFC and superior frontal gyrus). The previously referenced meta-analysis found right lateralization of anterior insula for outgroup compared to ingroup processing. These findings raise the possibility that when thinking about outgroup members, individuals may use their attention to focus on targets' salient outgroup status, as opposed to thinking about the outgroup member as an individual. In contrast, the meta-analysis found left lateralization of anterior insula activity for thinking about ingroup compared to outgroup members. This finding suggests that left anterior insula may help support perspective-taking and mentalizing about ingroup members, and thinking about them in an individuated way. However, these possibilities are speculative and lateralization may vary due to characteristics such as age, gender, and other individual differences, which should be accounted for in future research.
Role of ventral striatum
A number of fMRI studies have attempted to identify the neural activation patterns underlying the experience of intergroup schadenfreude, particularly toward outgroup members in pain. These studies have found increased activation in the ventral striatum, a region related to reward processing and pleasure.
Consequences
Helping behavior
Breakdowns in empathy may reduce helping behavior, a phenomenon illustrated by the identifiable victim effect. Specifically, humans are less likely to assist others who are not identifiable on an individual level. A related concept is psychological distance—that is, we are less likely to help those who feel more psychologically distant from us.
Reduced empathy for outgroup members is associated with a reduction in willingness to entertain another's points of view, the likelihood of ignoring a customer's complaints, the likelihood of helping others during a natural disaster, and the chance that one opposes social programs designed to benefit disadvantaged individuals.
Prejudice
Empathy gaps may contribute to prejudicial attitudes and behavior. However, training people in perspective-taking, for example by providing instructions about how to take an outgroup member's perspective, has been shown to increase intergroup helping and the recognition of group disparities. Perspective-taking interventions are more likely to be effective when a multicultural approach is used (i.e., an approach that appreciates intergroup differences), as opposed to a "colorblind" approach (e.g. an approach that attempts to emphasize a shared group identity).
See also
Empathy
Schadenfreude
Psychopathy
References
Wikipedia Student Program
Social psychology
Empathy | wiki |
Hit the Road Jack is a British comedy television series. It is shown on Channel 4 and features Jack Whitehall touring the UK, performing stand-up comedy. Each episode is about 24 minutes long.
Episode list
References
External links
2010s British comedy television series
2012 British television series debuts
2012 British television series endings
Channel 4 comedy
British stand-up comedy television series
English-language television shows | wiki |
Neonatal hypoglycemia occurs when the neonate's blood glucose level is less than the newborn's body requirements for factors such as cellular energy and metabolism. There is inconsistency internationally for diagnostic thresholds. In the US, hypoglycemia is when the blood glucose level is below 30 mg/dL within the first 24 hours of life and below 45 mg/dL thereafter. In the UK, however, lower and more variable thresholds are used (<18 mg/dL at any time OR baby with abnormal clinical signs and a single value <45 mg/dL OR baby at risk of impaired metabolic adaptation but without abnormal clinical signs and a measurement <36 mg/dL and remaining <36 mg/dL at next measurement). The neonate's gestational age, birth weight, metabolic needs, and wellness state of the newborn has a substantial impact on the neonates blood glucose level. There are known risk factors that can be both maternal and neonatal. This is a treatable condition. Its treatment depends on the cause of the hypoglycemia. Though it is treatable, it can be fatal if gone undetected. Hypoglycemia is the most common metabolic problem in newborns.
Neonatal hypoglycemia occurs in between 1 in 3 births out of every 1,000 births but is hard to quantify internationally due to lack of consensus about diagnostic thresholds. It often occurs in premature babies, small full-term babies, babies of diabetic mothers, and is more common in neonatal hypoxic asphyxia, sclerosis, and infected sepsis. Severe hypoglycaemia with persistent or repeated episodes can cause damage to the central nervous system. Neonatal hypoglycaemia can be a stand-alone condition or a clinical manifestation of other conditions.
Signs and symptoms
The way in which neonatal hypoglycemia symptoms may be presented is vague or hard to tell apart from other conditions. The symptoms can be confused with:
hypocalcemia
Sepsis
CNS disorders
Cardiorespiratory problems
Neonatal hypoglycemia can also show no symptoms in some newborns or may be life-threatening.
Some observed symptoms are (these symptoms may be transient but reoccurring):
Jitteriness
hypothermia
irritability
pallor
tremors
twitching
weak or high pitched cry
lethargy
hypotonia
generalized seizures
coma
cyanosis
apnea
rapid and irregular respirations
diaphoresis
eye rolling
refusal to feed
hunger
Causes
Risk Factors
Mother
Risk factors in the mother that increased the risk of developing hypoglycemia shortly after birth include:
Type 1 diabetes
Gestational diabetes mellitus (Transient)
Intrapartum glucose administration (Transient)
Gestational hypertension
Preeclampsia
Terbutaline administration (Transient)
Intrauterine growth restriction (Transient)
Perinatal stress or asphyxia (Transient)
Baby
Babies which have an increased risk of developing hypoglycemia shortly after birth are:
hypothermia (Transient)
polycythemia (Transient)
hyperinsulinism (Recurrent)
IEMs (Recurrent)
Beckwith-Wiedmann syndrome (Recurrent)
nesidioblastosis (Recurrent)
Rh isoimmunization (Recurrent)
Certain endocrine disorders (Recurrent)
fetal hydrops
Prematurity (Transient)
congenital malformations
small for gestational age (Transient)
Large for gestational age (Transient)
Hyperinsulinism
The most common cause on neonatal hypoglycemia is hyperinsulinism. Hyperinsulinism is also called persistent hyperinsulemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI). This is seen very frequently to the neonates born from mothers with diabetes. Congenital hyperinsulinism is correlated with the abnormality of beta-cell regulation within the pancreas. Isolated islet adenoma, which is a focal disease, is often the cause of congenital hyperinsulism. Drug-induced hyperinsulisim is correlated with the administration insulin or use of hypoglycemic medication. In critical cases, a drug called Diazoxide is availed to stop any secretion of insulin.
Limited glycogen stores
Limited glycogen storage occurs in premature newborns or newborns that had intrauterine growth retardation.
Increased glucose use
Major causes of increased glucose use in a newborn include hyperthermia, polycythemia, sepsis, and growth hormone deficiency.
Decreased gluconeogenesis
Two major issues that cause decreased gluconogeneis are inborn errors of metabolism and adrenal insufficiency.
Depeleted glycogen stores
Most common causes of depleted glycogen stores are starvation and asphyxia-perinatal stress.
Mechanism
There are many types of hypoglycemia, including transient and reoccurring. Each is associated with different risk factors and may have many underlying causes. Neonatal hypoglycemia occurs because an infants brain is dependent on a healthy supply of glucose. During the last trimester of pregnancy, glucose is stored in the liver, heart, and skeletal muscles. All newborns experience a physiological and transient fall in blood glucose, reaching a nadir at 2–3 hours of age before slowly rising over the next 24 hours. Newborns do have the ability to use an alternative form of energy, especially if breastfed. However, some newborns are only able to compensate this glucose deficiency up to a certain limit. Infants who have hyperinsulinism may increase the risk to develop hypoglycemia. There are other conditions that can increase the risk of an infant becoming hypoglycemic (See Risks).
Diagnosis
Screening for hypoglycemia is done on every neonate on admission in the USA but this is not recommended practice in all developed countries. One way of screening includes a heel stick to test the blood glucose level at the bedside. Diagnosing hypoglycemia in neonates requires two consecutive blood glucose readings of less than 40 mg/dL to properly diagnose hypoglycemia. Bedside glucose monitoring is only effective if the equipment is accurate, rapid, and reliable. This form of testing is often faster and more cost effective. Laboratory serum glucose testing is the most accurate way of testing blood glucose levels. These specimens are either taken from the heel, arterial, or venous punctures and must be store immediately on ice in order to prevent glycolysis, further altering the results. USA guidelines recommended that the hypoglycemic neonate should have a glucose test every 2–4 hours for the first 24 hours of life. Guidelines in the UK, however, recommend pre-feed screening of at-risk infants at 2–4 hours of age (to avoid false positives when blood glucose is, ordinarily, at its lowest at 2–3 hours of age) and at the subsequent feed until a blood glucose level of >2.0 mmol/L (36 mg/dL) on at least two consecutive occasions and is feeding well.
1. Medical history
Maternal diabetes mellitus, gestational hypertension, neonatal erythrocytosis, neonatal haemolysis of incompatible blood groups, perinatal asphyxia, severe infection, sclerosis, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, etc., especially in premature babies, babies younger than gestational age and those who are underfed in the early stages of life are at risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia.
2. Clinical manifestations
Neonatal hypoglycemia should be considered if there are atypical clinical manifestations, if the symptoms improve after glucose infusion, or if there are neurological symptoms and signs that cannot be easily explained.
3. Blood glucose measurement
Postnatal glucose monitoring is the main method of early detection of neonatal hypoglycaemia. In particular, children at risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia should have their blood glucose monitored within one hour of birth.
Management
Some infants are treated with 40% dextrose (a form of sugar) gel applied directly to the infant's mouth. There are two main ways that neonatal hypoglycemia is treated. The first way includes intravenous infusion of glucose. For less severe, borderline, asymptomatic hypoglycemic neonates early introduction of breast milk can be effective for raising glucose levels to a healthy level. Any infant at risk of hypoglycemia should have their blood sugar taken again one hour after birth. Oral glucose is another option to restore normal glucose levels if the newborn is having difficulty latching to the breast or breastfeeding is not an option, however, breast milk is proven to be a better source as it includes glucose and carbohydrates. It is recommended by The American Academy of Pediatrics that infants feed within the first hour of life with the glucose reading being 30 minutes after this feeding for an accurate result. If the initial feeding does not raise the newborn's blood glucose above 40 mg/dL then the newborn must receive an IV infusion of 10% dextrose in water as a mini bolus as 2 mL/kg over 1 minute. Following the mini bolus a continuous infusion of 10% dextrose in water at 80-100 mL/kg/day in order to maintain a healthy serum glucose level between 40 and 50 mg/dL. Maintaining newborn thermoregulation is a large part in preventing further hypoglycemia as well.
Nursing care management
The biggest nursing concern for a neonate experiencing hypoglycemia is the physical assessment to potentially find the cause. It is also essential to prevent environmental factors such as cold stress that may predispose the newborn for further decreasing blood sugar. Within the physical assessment, comorbidities of hypoglycemia should also be assessed such as intolerance of feeding, or respiratory distress. Another important nursing intervention is assisting the mother in successful breastfeeding as this can prevent and treat hypoglycemia.
If an IV infusion of 10% dextrose in water is initiated then the nurse must monitor for:
•Circulatory overload
•Hyperglycemia
•Glycosuria
•Intracellular dehydration
Outcomes
Infants that experienced hypoglycemic episodes requiring treatment within the first few days of life have a higher chance of developing neurological or neurodevelopmental diagnoses than normoglycemic infants. The severity of the effects resulting from the hypoglycemic episode depend on the length of the hypoglycemic episode and how low the neonate's blood glucose levels drop during the episode. Because glucose is an essential nutrient for the brain, untreated neonatal hypoglycemia causes irreversible damage to both the posterior occipital and cortex regions of the brain. These areas function in cognition, adaptability, and visual skills.
Long term complications of neonatal hypoglycemia may include:
Neurologic damage that results in mental retardation
Developmental delay
Personality disorders
Recurrent seizure activity
Impaired cardiovascular function
Research
Continuous glucose monitoring devices have been suggested to be helpful for improving blood glucose monitoring in neonatal infants, however, the devices have not been approved for use in this age group and the potential benefits and risks are not clear from available studies.
The taḥnīk also exercises the muscles of the mouth and helps with the circulation of blood in the mouth - this may help the baby to be able to suck and take mother's milk. It is also credited to prevent neonatal hypoglycemia in newborn babies.
See also
Congenital hyperinsulinism
Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia
References
Bibliography
Neonatology
Infancy
Infant feeding | wiki |
NTL Communications (Ireland) Limited was a cable television and Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS) company in Ireland. As of 2005 it was owned by Liberty Global Europe (see history, below), having been divested by NTL. It was rebranded as UPC Ireland (now called Virgin Media Ireland).
Services
The company held cable television licences for Dublin, Galway, and Waterford cities (with the Dublin licences also covering Leixlip, County Kildare, Dunboyne, County Meath, and Bray, County Wicklow). It also held MMDS franchises for cells covering the above counties, as well as County Mayo. It provided an analogue cable television service (with a very high take up in its areas passed), which provided the Irish terrestrial channels, plus BBC One, BBC Two, UTV, Channel 4, Sky1 and a small number of other channels. It also provided a digital television service, with over a third of its customer base taking a digital service. The company also converted its entire MMDS network to digital, with an offering of approximately seventy TV and radio services, while MMDS was switched off.
In its final years, the company rolled out broadband and enabled one third of its Dublin and 100% of its network in Galway and Waterford for broadband, becoming a major broadband provider in Ireland.
History
RTÉ / Telecom Éireann ownership
The company began operations in 1970 as RTÉ Relays, a subsidiary of Raidió Teilifís Éireann. It carried four channels – RTÉ Television, BBC1, BBC2, and Ulster Television. In 1984, the company merged with Dublin Cable Systems, itself the product of a merger of Marlin Cable with Phoenix Relays. In 1986, the Irish Government began to allow Irish cable companies to carry non-terrestrial (i.e. satellite) services. In the same year, RTÉ merged all of its cable operations (including two other cable companies, Galway Cablevision and Waterford Cablevision) to form Cablelink Limited.
As Cablelink, the company was Ireland's largest cable company by far, and expanded to a fifteen channel service (plus premium channels) gradually. In 1990, Telecom Éireann acquired 60% of the company from RTÉ. The biggest controversy the company managed to embroil itself during this time was a dispute with British Sky Broadcasting over carriage fees for Sky One and Sky News. This led to the two channels being pulled from the platform from 1992 to 1994. The "return of Bart Simpson" was prematurely announced by Cablelink several times before the channels actually reappeared.
The company also wished to develop broadband services in 1997/1998 but there was an embargo on developing and selling Internet services by the main shareholders, Telecom Éireann, but the management felt if it were developed and a trial launched then there would be no stopping this. To conceal this from the Board, they hired a small Dublin company The Communications Interactive Agency to manage and run the trial. To this end all purchases of equipment and Internet Services were done in their name. At the time they were one of the first to demonstrate VoIP in Ireland as a commercial service which was done by the then managing director Alex Gogan at the Press Launch, by dialling live the Speaking Clock in New York using Net2phone.com service.
At the time they were one of the first companies in Europe to trial and launch Broadband services. What stopped the trial from becoming a full roll out across their network was the purchase by NTL. It took the company almost four more years to integrate NTL Broadband service.
Sale to NTL
In 1999, as part of the privatisation of Eircom, the Government put pressure on the shareholders of Cablelink to sell the company. Part of the reason was that Eircom was regarded by some as a "spoiler shareholder" in Cablelink, refusing to allow the company to compete in the voice telephony market that it dominated. The company was put up for auction, with bidders including Esat Telecom Group, NTL, and UPC, as well as CMI Cable and Irish Multichannel. It was eventually announced that NTL would acquire the company for IR£535.18m (nearly €680 million).
Under NTL, the company was renamed NTL Ireland on 3 July 2000, and began offering telephony and internet services. The company began to upgrade its network and in 2001 launched its digital television service. However the company lost two managing directors during the time NTL ran the franchise. The biggest crisis erupted in early 2001, when NTL stopped selling its direct telephony and high-speed internet services, and halted the roll out of its upgraded hybrid fibre coax network. This led to a very public row with the Commission for Communications Regulation, and the resignation of Ian Jeffers, the NTL executive who had been assigned to the Dublin operation upon the NTL takeover. Some years later, the company was forced to suspend its telephone service after problems with the equipment emerged.
Sale to Liberty Global
Despite NTL Ireland turning a profit as a result of its expected merger with Telewest, the Irish assets were then considered non-core. In May 2005, NTL sold its Irish business to Morgan Stanley (on behalf of Liberty Global Europe (then called UGC Europe)). MS Irish Cable Holdings, a subsidiary of Morgan Stanley, held the stake on UGC's behalf, until the deal received regulatory clearance.
However a Competition Authority investigation into the proposed resale of the company to Liberty Global Europe took place. On 4 November 2005 it was announced the Competition Authority had cleared the deal, subject to the appointment of an independent director to the board of UPC Ireland and restrictions on the influence of John C. Malone on the running of the Irish business.
The deal was approved by the then Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment, Micheál Martin on 5 December 2005, and closed on 12 December 2005. At the time, Liberty used the "Chorus NTL" brand (under licence) in Ireland. Most aspects of the company were merged with Chorus (billing, website etc.).
After a period branded as "Chorus NTL", the company carried out an extensive upgrade of the cable television networks it acquired, then re-launched as UPC Ireland.
In early 2006 the two companies were placed under a single management team. On 3 July 2006 it was reported on RTÉ News that as part of the merger, up to 350 jobs would be lost, including the closure of NTL's call centre in Waterford. In December 2006 NTL's customer service department closed, and customer service was transferred to the former Chorus call centre in Limerick. In January 2007, billing was transferred to a new system.
Rebranding
On 25 January 2007, NTL Ireland updated the electronic programme guide software to remove the NTL logo and all mention of the NTL name. However the UPC name did not replace it, the areas which contained the NTL logo simply being left blank. The colour scheme was still NTL's. From 31 January 2007, NTL and Chorus began advertising jointly, although the adverts were simply the ongoing campaign from NTL with the Chorus logo added to them.
In a Sunday Business Post article on 11 February 2007, UPC Ireland's marketing manager revealed that the rebrand was due to take place no later than May 2007. That did not happen, although, from July 2007, a composite "Chorus NTL" logo has been used in all advertising, with the tagline "A UPC Company" below. It was then expected that the full rebrand would take place in early 2008. In late September and early October NTL included a leaflet with its bills stating a new logo would appear on bills from 21 October. Although many took that to read that the relaunch would happen on that day, this did not occur.
On 14 August 2007 NTL launched a personal video recorder, the UPC Mediabox. Chorus then launched the same device in its cable areas in Autumn 2007. This was followed, on 30 October 2007, NTL and Chorus' websites were merged under a single site, though the composite Chorus NTL logo was used on the site rather than the UPC logo.
Most users of the EPG were switched fully to the new UPC EPG, taking the NTL EPG off air.
The company was rebranded on 4 May 2010.
References
External links
IrishTelecoms.com – Guide to Telecoms in Ireland
UPC Ireland
The Communications Interactive Agency Ireland
Alex Gogan
Irish companies established in 1970
2010 disestablishments in Ireland
Mass media companies of Ireland
Internet service providers of the Republic of Ireland
Former state-sponsored bodies of the Republic of Ireland | wiki |
Iron Brew may refer to:
Irn-Bru, a Scottish soft drink formerly known as "Iron Brew", the name still used by many rival/generic copies
Iron Brew (South African soft drink), a brownish half maroon coloured carbonated soft drink sold in South Africa and many other places | wiki |
Reincarnation is the concept that the soul, after biological death, begins a new life in a new body.
Reincarnation and variants may also refer to:
Rebirth (Buddhism)
Tulku, in Tibetan Buddhism
Music
Reincarnation (band), an Armenian reggae band
Albums
Reincarnation (Exuma album), 1972
Reincarnation (Galneryus album), 2008
Reincarnation (William C. Woxlin album), 2006
Reincarnation, or the title song, by VIXX, 2018
Reincarnate (album), by Motionless in White, 2014
Songs
"Reincarnation" (Ami Suzuki song), 2009
"Reincarnation", by Artch from Another Return
"Reincarnation", by Band-Maid from Conqueror
"Reincarnation", by Booker T. & the MGs from Universal Language
"Reincarnation", by The Equals from Baby, Come Back
"Reincarnation", by John McLaughlin from Adventures in Radioland
"Reincarnation", by Roger Miller from The Return of Roger Miller
Other media
Reincarnation (film), a 2005 Japanese horror film
Reincarnation (novel), a 2008 fantasy novel by Suzanne Weyn
"Reincarnation" (Futurama), a television episode
Reincarnate, a tentatively titled sequel to the M. Night Shyamalan film Devil
See also
Reencarnación, a song by Thalía
Reincarnated (disambiguation)
Past life (disambiguation)
Past lives (disambiguation)
Rebirth (disambiguation) | wiki |
Chairmen of the State Council of the Komi Republic
Chairman of the Supreme Council
Chairmen (speakers) of the State Council of the Komi Republic
Sources
Lists of legislative speakers in Russia
Chairmen | wiki |
Yellow hat may refer to:
Yellow Hat sect, the Gelug Buddhist school. Compare with the Red Hat sect
Positive/Positive orientation of thinking in Edward de Bono's book Six Thinking Hats | wiki |
Discharge pressure (also called high side pressure or head pressure) is the pressure generated on the output side of a gas compressor in a refrigeration or air conditioning system. The discharge pressure is affected by several factors: size and speed of the condenser fan, condition and cleanliness of the condenser coil, and the size of the discharge line. An extremely high discharge pressure coupled with an extremely low suction pressure is an indicator of a refrigerant restriction.
Cooling technology
Hydraulics
Hydrostatics
Pressure | wiki |
The 1993 Hall of Fame Bowl featured the 16th-ranked Boston College Eagles, and the 17th-ranked Tennessee Vols. It was the seventh edition to the Hall of Fame Bowl. The game marked the first for the Vols under new head coach Phillip Fulmer, replacing Johnny Majors after his resignation.
Tennessee scored first after quarterback Heath Shuler scored on a 1-yard touchdown run making the score 7–0 Tennessee. Shuler fired a 27-yard touchdown pass to Corey Fleming, as Tennessee led 14–0 after the first quarter. In the second quarter, Boston College's Glenn Foley threw a 12-yard touchdown pass to Mitchell making the halftime score 14–7.
In the third quarter, Shuler scored on a 14-yard touchdown run making it 21–7. After a Tennessee field goal, Shuler threw a 69-yard touchdown pass to Mose Phillips, as Tennessee took a 31–7 lead. In the fourth quarter, backup quarterback Colquitt fired a 48-yard touchdown pass to Corey Fleming as Tennessee opened up a 38–7 lead. A touchdown pass from Foley, and a 7-yard run by Campbell made the final margin 38–23.
References
Hall of Fame Bowl
ReliaQuest Bowl
Boston College Eagles football bowl games
Tennessee Volunteers football bowl games
January 1993 sports events in the United States
Hall of Fame Bowl
20th century in Tampa, Florida | wiki |
Laulau, otherwise known as Lū in Tonga, Palusami in Melanesia (Fiji) and Samoa, and Rukau in the Cook Islands, is a Polynesian dish consisting of cooked taro leaves containing fillings such as pork, fish or coconut cream. In old Hawaii, laulau was assembled by taking a few leaves and placing a few pieces of fish and pork in the center. In modern times, the dish uses taro leaves, salted butterfish, and either pork, beef, or chicken and is usually steamed on the stove. Laulau is a typical plate lunch dish and is usually served with a side of rice and macaroni salad.
In the classical preparation, the ends of the luau leaf are folded and wrapped again in the leaf. When ready, all the laulau is placed in an underground oven called an imu. Hot rocks are placed on the dish, covered in banana leaves, and buried again. A few hours later, the laulau is ready to eat.
See also
Cabbage roll
Callaloo
Laing (food)
List of stuffed dishes
Vine leaf roll
References
External links
Pork dishes
Fish dishes
Hawaiian cuisine
Polynesian cuisine
Oceanian cuisine
Lunch dishes
National dishes
Taro dishes | wiki |
En optique, le centre optique est le point particulier d'un système optique tel qu'un rayon lumineux incident en ce point n'est pas dévié : ses parties incidentes et émergentes sont parallèles entre elles. Pour les systèmes composés, le centre optique est directement relié aux points nodaux : le point nodal objet est son conjugué par le dioptre d'entrée, le point nodal image est son conjugué par le dioptre de sortie.
Notes et références
Notes
Articles connexes
Optique géométrique
Point cardinal
Optique géométrique | wiki |
Blood kan syfta på:
Blood (spel) – ett datorspel från 1997
Blood (musikgrupp) – en spansk musikgrupp
Se även
Bloods – ett kriminellt gäng från Los Angeles | wiki |
In anatomy, the ulnar veins are venae comitantes for the ulnar artery. They mostly drain the medial aspect of the forearm. They arise in the hand and terminate when they join the radial veins to form the brachial veins.
They follow the same course as the ulnar artery.
Additional Images
External links
Veins of the upper limb | wiki |
The climate in Brazil varies considerably from mostly tropical north (the equator traverses the mouth of the Amazon) to temperate zones south of the Tropic of Capricorn (23°26' S latitude).
Temperatures
Temperatures north of the Tropic of Capricorn, especially in low-altitude areas, are high, averaging above , but not reaching the summer extremes of up to in the temperate zones. There is little seasonal variation near the equator other than the rainfall frequency. Average temperatures below the Tropic of Capricorn are mild, ranging from to .
The highest temperature officially registered in Brazil was in Nova Maringá, Mato Grosso state, on 4 and 5 November 2020. The lowest temperature officially recorded in Brazil was in Caçador, Santa Catarina state, on 11 June 1952. However, the summit of Morro da Igreja, a mountain situated in the municipality of Urubici, also in Santa Catarina, recorded a temperature of on 30 June 1996 unofficially.
There are frosts south of the Tropic of Capricorn during the winter (June–September).
Although most of Brazil lies in the tropics, more than 60 percent of the country's population live in areas which are cooled either by altitude, sea winds or polar fronts. Some coastal cities of Rio de Janeiro, Recife and Salvador can get extremely hot, with temperatures exceeding in heat waves. For example, Rio reached on 26 December 2012. However, plateau cities such as São Paulo, Brasília and Belo Horizonte have mild climates, and the southern cities of Porto Alegre and Curitiba have mild winters, but while Curitiba has a warm summer due to the average elevation of , Porto Alegre has a hot summer, with an average elevation of only .
Despite the popular image of the Amazon Rainforest as a region of hot, humid region, temperatures of more than are unusual. The annual average temperature in the region is , with not much variation between the warmest and the coldest months. Even so, on occasions polar air massed influence the climate, causing the temperature to drop below . The rainforest town of Cruzeiro do Sul has recorded temperatures below twice.
The hottest part of Brazil is the northeast, where temperatures of more than 38 °C (100 °F) are frequently recorded during the dry season between May and November. Along the Atlantic coast from Recife to Rio de Janeiro, average temperatures range from . Inland, on higher ground, temperatures are lower, ranging from . South of Rio the seasons are more defined and the range of temperatures significantly wider, with the annual average falling between .
The cities of Belo Horizonte and Brasília have moderate temperatures, usually between , because of their elevation of and respectively. Rio de Janeiro, Recife, and Salvador on the coast have warm climates, with average temperatures of each month ranging from , but enjoy constant trade winds. The cities of São Paulo, Curitiba, Florianópolis and Porto Alegre are known to have a subtropical climate, which is within contrast with central and northern Brazil. Furthermore, it is to note that the winters often are more similar to that of Florida, and temperatures seldom fall below freezing in winter.
Precipitation
Precipitation levels vary widely throughout Brazil. Most of Brazil has moderate rainfall of between a year, with most of the rain falling in the summer (between December and April) south of the Equator. The Amazon region is notoriously humid, with rainfall generally more than per year and reaching as high as in parts of the western Amazon and near Belém. It is less widely known that, despite high annual precipitation, the Amazon forest has a three- to five-month dry season, the timing of which varies according to location north or south of the equator. For example, the dry season in Boa Vista is different to that of Manaus.
High and relatively regular levels of precipitation in the Amazon contrast sharply with the dryness of the semiarid Northeast, where rainfall is highly erratic and there are severe droughts in cycles averaging seven years. The Northeast is the driest part of the country, with erratic rainfall and crops struggling to grow. For example Quixeramobim receives only 499 mm of rain annually. The region also constitutes the hottest part of Brazil, where during the dry season between May and November, temperatures of more than are common. However, the sertão, a region of semidesert vegetation used primarily for low-density ranching, turns green when there is rain. Most of the Center-West has of rain per year, with a pronounced dry season in the middle of the year. For example, Campo Grande has a dry season from June to September and a wet season for the rest of the year. In the wet season in cities like Campo Grande, flooding can be a problem because of intense rains that can happen in a short period. Flooding has also been a major issue in cities without a dry season such as Porto Alegre. The South and areas of the East are without a distinct dry season. Brazil has experienced deadly and devastating droughts in some years.
Brazil's most intense rain falls around the mouth of the Amazon near the city of Belém, and also in the upper regions of Amazonia where more than of rain fall every year. For example, Belém receives of rainfall annually. The warm weather lets many plants grow here. Most of Brazil has moderate rainfall of between a year, most of it coming between December and April.
Snowfall
Snow in Brazil often happens in winter in the mountains of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Paraná, and is rarer at lower elevations. It is possible, but very rare, in the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, and Mato Grosso do Sul. The greatest snowfall recorded in the country occurred in Vacaria on 7 August 1879, when more than of snow accumulated on the ground. Other significant snowfalls where more than of snow accumulated happened on 20 July 1957 in São Joaquim and 15 June 1985, in Pico das Agulhas Negras. São Joaquim has the most snowy days of any settlement in Brazil.
Snow has been recorded in Curitiba during several years, but has not accumulated significantly since 1975. In 2013, snow hit several municipalities, including Curitiba. Snow has also occurred in Porto Alegre, but is very rare.
Extreme weather
Because the South Atlantic basin is generally not a favorable environment for their development, Brazil has only rarely experienced tropical cyclones. The country's coastal population centers are considered less burdened with the need to prepare for cyclones, as are cities at similar latitudes in the United States and Asia. In 2011, the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center started assigning official names to tropical and subtropical cyclones that develop within its area of responsibility, which is to the west of 20°W, when they have gained sustained wind speeds of and over.
Hurricane Catarina is the first and only South Atlantic tropical cyclone to have reached hurricane strength, and impacted Santa Catarina as a Category 2 storm in 2004. It reached sustained wind speeds of 155 km/h (100 mph) and a pressure of 972 millibars. The hurricane damaged shipyards and several crop fields, and poorer people were affected the most. At least 2,000 people became homeless as a result of the storm.
Other weaker subtropical cyclones can also cause damage. In 2015, Subtropical Storm Cari caused flooding and landslides to some cities in Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. In 2020, the front associated with Subtropical Storm Kurumí played a role in damaging floods and mudslides, with heavy rainfall. Large amounts of rain fell in Greater Belo Horizonte, triggering a landslide which killed three people and left one person missing. Later that year, Subtropical Storm Mani affected the state of Espírito Santo, with landslides leaving over 400 people homeless. In 2021, Subtropical Storm Ubá killed fifteen people and caused flooding and damage. Over 30 municipalities in Bahia decreed a state of emergency because of the storm. In May 2022, Subtropical Storm Yakecan killed two people in Brazil and Uruguay. Because of severed power cables, over 220,000 people were affected by power cuts as a result of the storm.
Climate change
Examples
See also
Effects of global warming
Climate change in Brazil
Geography of Brazil
Regional effects of global warming
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20101206014542/http://www.brazil.org.uk/brazilinbrief/climate.html
Brazil | wiki |
"Zulu" is a 1981 song by British duo The Quick. "Zulu" was their most successful of three singles the group placed on the dance chart. The single went to number one for two weeks in October 1981. "Zulu" also peaked at number sixty on the R&B singles chart.
See also
List of number-one dance singles of 1981 (U.S.)
References
1981 singles
1981 songs
Epic Records singles | wiki |
Earl Robinson (1910–1991) was an American singer-songwriter and composer
Earl Robinson is also the name of:
Earl Robinson (ice hockey) (1907–1986), Canadian hockey player
Earl Robinson (baseball) (1936–2014), Major League Baseball outfielder | wiki |
The following table shows the world record progression in the mixed 4 x 400 metres relay. The first world record in the event was recognised by the International Association of Athletics Federations in 2019.
Prior to Official Recognition
Officially Recognised
References
World athletics record progressions
World record mixed | wiki |
Корен-Заліс (нім. Kohren-Sahlis) — місто в Німеччині, розташоване в землі Саксонія.
Заліс, Гориньград-ІІ. - народна назва села — Заліс, офіційно село називали Гориньград-Заліська. | wiki |
Marriage is a socially or ritually recognized union, or legal contract between spouses.
Marriage may also refer to:
Film
Marriage (1927 film), an American drama film
Marriage (1928 film), an Austrian-German silent film
Marriage (1936 film), a Soviet comedy film
Marriage (1954 film), an Italian comedy film
Marriages (1998 film), an Italian film
Marriages (2001 film), a Canadian film directed by Catherine Martin
The Marriage (2017 film), a Kosovan film
Television
The Marriage (TV series), an American television series from the 1950s
Married (TV series), an American comedy series which aired from 2014 to 2015
"Marriage", an episode of Men Behaving Badly
Marriage (TV series) a British four-part series, broadcast in 2022
Literature
Marriage (novel), a 1912 novel by H. G. Wells
Marriage (play), an 1842 play by Nikolai Gogol
The Marriage (Gombrowicz play), a 1948 play by Witold Gombrowicz
"Marriage", a poem by Gregory Corso
Music
Marriages (band), a rock band from Los Angeles, California
Marriage (Attack in Black album), 2007
Marriage (Deap Vally album), 2021
Marriage (Deen album), 2012
The Marriage (opera), a 1953 opera by Bohuslav Martinů, based on Gogol's play
The Marriage (Mussorgsky) or Zhenitba, a Russian opera by Modest Mussorgsky, based on Gogol's play
"The Marriage", a song by Patrick Wolf from The Magic Position
Other uses
The Marriage (radio), an American radio series
The Marriage (video game), a 2006 art game developed by Rod Humble
Marriage (card game), a Nepali matching card game
See also
Cohabitation
Common-law marriage
Interpersonal relationship
Mariage (disambiguation) | wiki |
A platen (or platten) is a flat platform with a variety of roles in printing or manufacturing. It can be a flat metal (or earlier, wooden) plate pressed against a medium (such as paper) to cause an impression in letterpress printing. Platen may also refer to a typewriter roller which friction-feeds paper into position below the typebars or print head. It can refer to the glass surface of a copier, and the rotating disk used to polish semiconductor wafers.
Gallery
Other applications
Office equipment
In office copiers and scanners, the platen is a flat glass surface on which operators place papers or books for scanning. The platen is also called the flatbed. Platens are also used in some printers, such as the dot-matrix printer.
Manufacturing and processing
Semiconductor manufacturing
In semiconductor manufacturing, specifically chemical-mechanical planarization, a flat, rotating platen covered with a pad is used to polish semiconductor wafers (see image).
Screen printing
In textile screen printing, a platen is a flat board onto which the operator slides the garment. It is generally made of either a plywood laminate or aluminum with a rubber laminate. Often the platen will be pretreated with a spray adhesive. This allows the garment to effectively become a rigid immobile substrate, especially important when printing multiple colors or utilizing an on-press infrared dryer. The screen is brought parallel and close to the garment (often within 1/32") and the squeegee pressure then brings the screen into contact with the garment so that the ink transfer may occur. There are many special platen types, such as those for printing sleeves or pockets, vacuum platens, platens with clamps to hold bulky materials such as jackets, and even curved platens for printing on hats.
Woodworking
In woodworking, wide belt sanders use platens to press the sanding paper into contact with the wood being sanded. The platen sits between two steel rolls which deliver the moving force to the sanding belt. Sanding heads with a platen are used on finish sanding with papers of finer grits, when the coarser ones are typically used with contact drum type sanding heads. Stock is fed into and out of the machine on a conveyor belt. Since the abrasive belt creates a substantial pressure on the stock that tends to push the stock toward the infeed, the hold down shoes and rollers hold the workpiece down against the belt while it is moving through the machine in order to ensure uniform contact with the abrasive and continuous movement.
Metal forming
In metal forming processes, a platen is the component that houses the mold for forging the required shape. The platen tends to be the heaviest and strongest part of the press due to the massive forces that it has to withstand. A platen for a 5000-ton press can weigh up to 350 tons.
Other
In manufacturing, a platen is a flat plate of a press utilized in laminate, plastic and forest product industries. A platen is typically heated with oil, water, steam or electricity and is used in the production of furniture, tires, gaskets, particle board, composite heaters and plywood. In high frequency welding products, platens are used to put lines on PVC binders and folders down the spine lines.
Platens are utilized in impact testing in research; a specimen is crushed between platens.
The platen also refers to the fixed part of a linear motor.
See also
Jobbing press
References
External links
Printing | wiki |
Married may refer to:
Common uses
Marital status, the state of being married (or otherwise legally partnered) or unmarried (divorced, widowed, or single and never married)
Marriage, union of individuals that creates kinship
Married pair, a set of two railroad cars or locomotives which are permanently coupled and treated as if they were a single unit, also called a twin unit
Arts, entertainment, and media
Married (radio series), BBC radio comedy with science fiction themes
Married (TV series), American television series on FX
"Married", a 1991 episode of Get a Life (TV series)
See also
Common-law marriage
Just Married (disambiguation)
The Wedding (disambiguation)
Wedding (disambiguation) | wiki |
Matrimony or Marriage is a socially or ritually recognised union between spouses.
Matrimony may also refer to:
Matrimony (solitaire), a solitaire card game
Matrimony (card game), a multi-player card game
The Matrimony, a 2007 Chinese horror film starring Fan Bingbing
"The Matrimony" (song), a 2015 song by Wale with Usher
Matrimony Creek, a stream in North Carolina and Virginia
Matrimony (film), a 1915 silent film drama
See also
Baháʼí marriage
Buddhist view of marriage
Christian views on marriage
Marriage in Hinduism
Marriage in Islam
Jewish views on marriage | wiki |
Kevin Allen may refer to:
Kevin Allen (author) (born 1954), American author and businessman
Kevin Allen (director) (born 1959), Welsh-born English actor
Kevin Allen (tackle) (born 1963), American football player
Kevin Allen (racing driver) (born 1965), American race car driver
Kevin Allen (guitarist), American guitar player with ...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead
Kevin Allen (reality TV), American candidate on The Apprentice
Kevin Allen (defensive back) (born 1986), American football defensive back
Kevin Bond Allen (born 1954), bishop in the Anglican Church in North America
Kevin Allen (journalist), American sports journalist and author
Kevin Scott Allen (born 1957), American actor
See also
Allen (surname) | wiki |
Veneziana is a sweet of the Lombard cuisine covered with sugar grains or almond icing. It is served in two versions: the bigger one is consumed during Christmas, like panettone; the smaller one is eaten as breakfast, along with cappuccino, like croissants. Veneziana is butter and flour-based and uses sourdough as leavening; the smaller version is usually plain, sometimes filled with custard, while the bigger version contains candied orange.
The history of veneziana is very similar to the history of panettone, which was created around XV century. This sweet was once eaten during celebrations like weddings and Christmas, while since the end of Second World War is considered a breakfast food. Buondì, a popular snack in Italy, is the industrial version of veneziana.
References
Italian breads
Italian desserts
Breakfast dishes
Culture in Milan
Cuisine of Lombardy
Christmas food
Christmas in Italy
Yeast breads
Sweet breads
Brioches | wiki |
Dr Rock may refer to:
People
Daniel Rock (1799–1871), English Roman Catholic priest, ecciesiologist and antiquarian
John Rock (scientist) (1890–1984), American obstetrician and developer of the first birth control pill
Richard Rock (1690?–1777), well-known English doctor depicted by Hogarth
Charles White (Dr Rock) (born 1942), Irish-born BBC Radio and TV presenter
Other uses
"Doctor Rock", a 1986 song by Motörhead from Orgasmatron
"Dr. Rock", a 1991 song by Ween from The Pod
Doctor Rock is a character in the movie Salvador | wiki |
The Men's Pan American Challenge is a quadrennial international men's field hockey competition in the Americas organized by the Pan American Hockey Federation. The tournament serves as the qualification tournament for the next Men's Pan American Cup.
The tournament was created in 2011 when the PAHF created a tiered system with the Pan American Challenge as the second tier below the Pan American Cup. The first edition was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Results
Summary
* = hosts
Team appearances
See also
Men's Pan American Cup
Women's Pan American Challenge
References
External links
Pan American Hockey Federation
Pan American Challenge
Pan American Challenge
Challenge | wiki |
Roldana also known as groundsel is a genus of large herbs or subshrubs from the tribe groundsel tribe within the sunflower family.
Most if not all of its members used to be members of a related genus, Senecio. The species which are native to Southwest United States, Mexico and Central America and naturalized elsewhere.
Species
formerly included
several species now regarded as better suited to other genera: Senecio Trixis
References
External links
Senecioneae
Asteraceae genera
Flora of North America | wiki |
Hooking is a penalty in ice hockey and ringette. This article deals chiefly with ice hockey.
The National Hockey League defines it in Rule 55 as "the act of using the stick in a manner that enables a player or goalkeeper to restrain an opponent."
Hooking in the rules
The NHL covers hooking in Rule 55, which defines it as "the act of using the stick in a manner that enables a player or goalkeeper to restrain an opponent." It goes on to specify that "when a player is checking another in such a way that there is only stick-to-stick contact, such action is not to be penalized as hooking." The NHL groups hooking with other "Restraining fouls" such as holding, interference and tripping.
The IIHF covers hooking in Rule 533, defining a player guilty of hooking as one "who impedes or seeks to impede the progress of an opponent by hooking him with the stick."
Both codes allow for hooking to be penalized with either a minor or major penalty; the latter is imposed for injuring an opponent by hooking, and carries with it an automatic game misconduct.
Emphasis in NHL
Following the 2004–05 NHL lockout, the NHL made "Zero tolerance on Interference, Hooking and Holding/Obstruction" its top priority for game officials. Since that time the league and its officials have made a significant effort to follow up on that priority, and the game is being played in a more open style as a result.
References
Ice hockey penalties
Ice hockey terminology
fr:Accrocher (hockey sur glace) | wiki |
Snow Hill Tunnel may refer to:
Snow Hill tunnel (London), a railway tunnel in central London between Farringdon and City Thameslink stations
Snow Hill tunnel (Birmingham), a railway tunnel in central Birmingham between Snow Hill and Moor Street stations | wiki |
Manliness is a set of attributes, behaviors and roles generally associated with boys and men.
Manliness may also refer to:
Manliness (book), a book by Harvey Mansfield
See also
Manly (disambiguation) | wiki |
Penicillium tulipae is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which produces penicillic acid, roquefortine C, roquefortine D, terrestric acid, glandicoline A, glandicoline B, meleagrin, oxaline, penitrem A and epineoxaline.
References
Further reading
tulipae
Fungi described in 2003 | wiki |
A charitable hospital, or charity hospital, is a non-profit hospital that provides treatment for poor and uninsured people who can't purchase treatment. An example would be St. Jude Children's Hospital that provides assistance to children and funds research for pediatric ailments. Charitable hospitals are usually tax exempt in the United States and are usually funded through donations and special contributions from partnering affiliates.
References
Hospitals
Types of hospitals | wiki |
The cherryfin shiner (Lythrurus roseipinnis) is a species of fish native to Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana in the southeastern United States. A 2007 analysis of the genus Lythrurus noted that individuals assigned to the cherryfin shiner exhibited significant genetic divergence and that there is greater genetic diversity within this species than current taxonomy reflects.
Description
It is distinguished by having black spots on the tips of its dorsal and anal fins. Males in breeding condition have pale to bright red fins, giving the fish the common name cherryfin shiner. It has a fairly large eye with a deep, compressed body that is pale olive above with a dusky stripe on its back. It also has a dark stripe on the rear half of its side and dusky colored lips and chin. Adults reach lengths up to and have 11-12 anal rays and 36-49 lateral scales. This fish is very similar to the pretty shiner, and their ranges meet north of Mobile Bay in southern Alabama, but are otherwise geographically separated.
Distribution
It ranges across the Gulf Coast from extreme eastern Louisiana north of Lake Pontchartrain, eastward across much of southern Mississippi, to extreme southeastern Alabama around Mobile Bay. In Mississippi, its range also includes the Yazoo River, Big Black River, and Bayou Pierre drainages in the Mississippi River watershed. One specimen has been recorded from Coles Creek in Mississippi.
Habitat
The cherryfin shiner occupies headwater streams and small rivers with moderate currents that provide riffle and riffle-pool habitats with sand or sand-gravel bottoms.
Behavior
It feeds primarily during the day on aquatic insects.
Conservation status
This is a common fish with a relatively stable population.
References
Lythrurus
Fish described in 1885
Freshwater fish of the United States | wiki |
A DP cell is a device that measures the differential pressure between two inputs.
Example:
To measure the pressure difference between a container (or vessel) and the surrounding atmosphere, you may connect 'Hi' port of the DP-cell to a fitting that enters the vessel, using suitable tubing. The 'Lo' port, you leave open to the atmosphere (open air, or possibly through a buffer or desiccant chamber). The DP-cell will indicate the relative difference between the pressure of the vessel (container) and the atmospheric pressure.
This signal is often wired to an indicator that reads out locally, or remotely in a control room, and/or as a control (or feedback) signal to a valve, pump, or other control element to maintain a set pressure, or limit a maximum pressure.
Typically, the signal is 4-20 mA DC loop current, where, usually, 4mA represents the minimum differential pressure and 20mA represents the maximum differential pressure.
. Alternatively, the signal may be a variable voltage, or digital information stream.
References
Pressure gauges
Measuring instruments | wiki |
Chiesa della Madonna della Rosa a Chianciano Terme
Chiesa della Madonna della Rosa a Trequanda
Chiesa della Madonna della Rosa a Moretta
Chiesa della Madonna della Rosa a Correggio | wiki |
FTC v. Motion Picture Advertising Service Co., 344 U.S. 392 (1953), (the MPAS case) was a 1953 decision of the United States Supreme Court in which the Court held that, where exclusive output contracts used by one company "and the three other major companies have foreclosed to competitors 75 percent of all available outlets for this business throughout the United States" the practice is "a device which has sewed up a market so tightly for the benefit of a few [that it] falls within the prohibitions of the Sherman Act, and is therefore an 'unfair method of competition' " under § 5 of the FTC Act. In so ruling, the Court extended the analysis under § 3 of the Clayton Act of requirements contracts that it made in the Standard Stations case to output contracts brought under the Sherman or FTC Acts.
Background
The FTC brought an administrative proceeding against Motion Picture Advertising Service, asserting that its extensive exclusive dealing arrangements (of duration of from one to five years) with motion picture theaters foreclosed others from dealing with those theaters, and was therefore an unfair method of competition in violation of § 5 of the FTC Act. (The FTC could not have brought the case under § 3 of the Clayton Act, as the Standard Stations case had been brought, because of the narrow and specific language of the Clayton Act.)
MPAS's business is to enter into contracts with sellers of goods and services to produce short advertising motion picture films (so-called trailer ads) which depict and describe commodities offered for sale by these companies and then screen the films in the theaters with which it has contracts. (MPAS pays the theaters to make their customers watch the advertisements.) MPAS and three other companies in the same business (against which the FTC also brought proceedings) together had exclusive arrangements for advertising films with approximately three-fourths of the total number of theaters in the United States which display advertising films for compensation.
The FTC found that MPAS's exclusive contracts limited the outlets for films of competitors and forced some competitors out of business because of their inability to obtain outlets for their advertising films. The FTC then entered a cease and desist order prohibiting MPAS from entering into or continuing in effect any such contract that grants an exclusive privilege for more than a year.
MPAS appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, which reversed the FTC's order. It said that "we . . . have decided the case on its merits" and held that the challenged practice "was not unfair or unreasonable, but was rendered desirable and necessary by good-business acumen and ordinarily prudent management."
Ruling of the Supreme Court
In a 7–2 decision written for the Court by Justice Douglas, the judgment of the Fifth Circuit was reversed and the order of the FTC was reinstated.
Majority opinion
The Court began by pointing to Congress's intent to leave the concept of unfair competition "flexible" and "to be defined [by the FTC] with particularity by the myriad of cases from the field of business," and thus to let the FTC " supplement and bolster" the antitrust laws. Here, the FTC found that MPAS's "exclusive contracts unreasonably restrain competition and tend to monopoly." The market, as seen by the FTC, supported by substantial evidence, was highly constrained:
This is not a situation where, by the nature of the market, there is room for newcomers, irrespective of the existing restrictive practices. The number of outlets for the films is quite limited. And, due to the exclusive contracts, respondent and the three other major companies have foreclosed to competitors 75 percent of all available outlets for this business throughout the United States. It is, we think, plain from the Commission's findings that a device which has sewed up a market so tightly for the benefit of a few falls within the prohibitions of the Sherman Act, and is therefore an "unfair method of competition" within the meaning of § 5.
The Court rejected the Fifth Circuit's determination to "decide[] the case on its merits." It said: "The precise impact of a particular practice on the trade is for the Commission, not the courts, to determine." The Court concluded that it could not say "that the Commission exceeded the limits of its allowable judgment."
Dissent
Justice Frankfurter, joined by Justice Burton, dissented. He faulted the conclusory and insufficiently explanatory FTC order:
My primary concern is that the Commission has not related its analysis of this industry to the standards of illegality in § 5 with sufficient clarity to enable this Court to review the order. Although we are told that respondent and three other companies have exclusive exhibition contracts with three-quarters of the theaters in the country that accept advertising, there are no findings indicating how many of these contracts extend beyond the one-year period which the Commission finds not unduly restrictive. We do have an indication from the record that more than half of respondent's exclusive contracts run for only one year; if that is so, that part of respondent's hold on the market found unreasonable by the Commission boils down to exclusion of other competitors from something like 1,250 theaters, or about 6%, of the some 20,000 theaters in the country. The hold is on about 10% of the theaters that accept advertising. . . . [T]he Commission merely states a dogmatic conclusion that the use of these contracts constitutes an "unreasonable restraint and restriction of competition."
He recognized that the other major companies had similar exclusive output contracts and that a total of "75% of the market is shut off." He recognized also that "the existence of the other exclusive contracts is, of course, not irrelevant in a market analysis," citing to the Standard Stations case (in which Justice Frankfurter wrote the opinion for the Court and Justice Douglas dissented). But that case was brought under § 3 of the Clayton Act, not under a Sherman Act legal theory, as here, he said, and "this Court has never decided that they [the other contracts] may, in the absence of conspiracy, be aggregated to support a charge of Sherman Law violation."
As for the fact that the FTC acted here under § 5 of the FTC Act, concededly § 5 "comprehends more than violations of the Sherman Law" and was intended "to nip in the bud practices which, when full blown, would violate the Sherman or Clayton Act." But the FTC and its record below do not "explain to us how these practices, if full blown, would violate one of those Acts." Moreover, the FTC has not shown to the Supreme Court "that the exclusive feature here should be considered the economic equivalent of that in" the Standard Stations case. Finally, as for defining "the content of the prohibition of 'unfair methods of competition,' to be applied to widely diverse business practices," Congress did "not entrust[ it] to the Commission for ad hoc determination within the interstices of individualized records, but . . . left [it] for ascertainment by this Court."
Subsequent developments
du Pont-GM case
In United States v. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 353 U.S. 586 (1957), the Court found that du Pont's acquisition of stock in GM had become unlawful because of its resulting control by du Pont of GM's automotive finish and fabric purchases (about half of the automobile industry's requirements)—with the consequence "that du Pont purposely employed its stock to pry open the General Motors market to entrench itself as the primary supplier of General Motors' requirements for automotive finishes and fabrics. In deciding whether a violation was shown, the Court instructed that
"in order to establish a violation of § 7, the Government must prove a likelihood that competition may be 'foreclosed in a substantial share of' " the relevant market. That GM represented about half of that market satisfied the Standard Stations case's test of likelihood of competitive harm, and therefore there was sufficient market foreclosure to allow the inference of injury to competition. While this opinion does not address the MPAS case directly, it has nonetheless been argued that its use of the Standard Stations case in the same way that MPAS uses that case's approach suggests a "coalescence" of legal standards for judging antitrust legality of different vertical integration arrangements.
Philadelphia Bank case
In United States v. Philadelphia Nat'l Bank, 374 U.S. 321 (1963), the Court explained what it considered the holding in the MPAS case. It explained that in both the MPAS and Standard Stations cases the Court based its finding of unlawfulness on the collective, total market foreclosure resulting from the charged company's plus its major competitors' market shares, which it found comparable to the market shares of the case before it:
In Federal Trade Comm'n v. Motion Picture Adv. Serv. Co., 344 U. S. 392, we held unlawful, under § 1 of the Sherman Act and § 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, rather than under § 3 of the Clayton Act, exclusive arrangements whereby the four major firms in the industry had foreclosed 75% of the relevant market; the respondent's market share, evidently, was 20%. Kessler and Stern, Competition, Contract, and Vertical Integration, 69 L. J. 1, 53 n. 231 (1959). In the instant case, by way of comparison, the four largest banks after the merger will foreclose 78% of the relevant market. . . . Doubtless these cases turned to some extent upon whether "by the nature of the market there is room for newcomers." Federal Trade Comm'n v. Motion Picture Adv. Serv. Co., supra, at 395.
FTC v. Brown Shoe Co.
In FTC v. Brown Shoe Co., the Court expanded on dicta in the MPAS case. In MPAS the FTC found a violation of its organic statute, § 5 of the FTC Act, because there was a violation of § 1 of the Sherman Act. The FTC is not statutorily authorized to enforce the Sherman Act, but it can do that indirectly because the courts hold that § 5 of the FTC Act registers violations of the Sherman Act, as well as "incipient" violations of the Sherman and Clayton Acts and conduct that violates the "spirit" of the antitrust laws.
In MPAS the government argued that even if there were no Sherman Act violation there was still an FTC Act violation: it said in its brief, "Whether or not these agreements are prohibited by either of these acts it is clearly competent for the Commission to conclude that their effect in the situation here disclosed was unreasonably to restrain competition and to tend to monopoly and that they should, therefore, be prohibited as unfair methods of competition." While holding that there was a violation of § 5 of the FTC Act because there was violation of § 1 of the Sherman Act, the Court suggested that the FTC might have been entitled to relief just under § 5.
In the Brown Shoe case, the Court took the next step. Brown had entered into agreements with about 40% of its 600 shoe dealers that they would not carry any other brand and in return Brown would give them special benefits. The FTC found that this was "an unfair method of competition within the meaning of § 5, and ordered Brown to cease and desist from its use." The FTC did not find that the effect of the arrangements "may be to substantially lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly," and Brown therefore argued that the FTC lacked power to find a violation of § 5 of the FTC Act.
The Court noted that the quoted words would have to be proved to establish a violation of the antitrust laws. But that made no difference, the Court said, and quoted this passage from the MPAS decision:
It is . . . clear that the Federal Trade Commission Act was designed to supplement and bolster the Sherman Act and the Clayton Act . . . to stop in their incipiency acts and practices which, when full blown, would violate those Acts . . . as well as to condemn as 'unfair methods of competition' existing violations of them.
The Court concluded: We hold that the Commission acted well within its authority in declaring the Brown franchise program unfair whether it was completely full blown or not."
Liu case
In Liu v. Amerco, Inc., the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit applied the doctrine of MPAS and Brown Shoe to private damages litigation under a state unfair competition law (a so-called Little FTC Act). Amerco is the parent company of U-Haul, a trunk rental company. U-Haul engaged in what was in substance an attempted price-fixing scheme and the complaint, based on a consent order between the FTC and Amerco, sought damages on behalf of both Liu and a large class of persons who rented U-Haul vehicles for trips to and from Massachusetts during a specified period. The CEO of U-Haul contacted the other major truck rental companies, Budget and Penske, and invited them to join U-Haul in a scheme to raise truck rental prices. He instructed his regional managers to raise their prices, contact the other companies, urge them to join U-Haul in raising prices, and tell them that if they joined in, U-Haul would maintain the price rise but if they would not it would go back to the old rates. The managers did as their CEO instructed, but "the FTC made no findings as to the consequences of the direct or indirect attempts, concluding that the overtures were unlawful regardless of whether the parties reached and successfully implemented an agreement to collude on prices."
Because no federal law clearly provides for damages for an attempt or solicitation to fix prices, Liu sued under Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A, which like § 5 of the FTC Act prohibits unfair methods of competition, and which allows consumer class actions. Liu alleged that the U-Haul scheme caused her to pay 10% higher rates on two trips. The district court granted U-Haul's motion to dismiss and Liu appealed to the First Circuit.
That court said it would expect the Massachusetts courts to find that the conduct alleged was unfair to consumers under the Brown Shoe/MPAS interpretation of § 5, since 93A is similar in wording to § 5. "Assuming consumer harm were proved (a quite separate question), we would expect Massachusetts courts to follow FTC precedent that sensibly holds unlawful pernicious conduct with a clear potential for harm and no redeeming value whatever." The First Circuit therefore reversed and remanded.
Commentary
An academic study of contractual and ownership forms of vertical integration of business organizations emphasized the Court's migration of the "collective even though not collusive foreclosure" theory from the Standard Stations requirements contract decision to the MPAS output contract decision. The study also faults the dissent for making unduly formalistic distinctions between Sherman Act and Clayton Act antitrust prosecutions, arguing:
Testing contracts in their whole business setting is the very essence of the Sherman Act rule of reason. According to that general test, restrictive agreements are banned whenever they are intended to have, or in fact have, a significant anticompetitive effect—this being measured in terms of price, output, or quality of goods. Thus, in MPAS, it was essential to evaluate the effect of respondents' contracts in their whole business setting in order to determine whether they passed the Sherman Act test.
Joseph J. Simons, analyzes MPAS and Standard Stations as exemplifying a principle that in a proper antitrust analysis the only "significant fact is the existence of a contract creating anticompetitive effects," and that "it should make no difference whether one of the parties is a monopolist, whether two or more parties are on the same level of production, or whether neither is true." Furthermore, it is essential, he argues, that the court evaluate a contract in light of what other contracting parties in the same market are agreeing to do, in particular "the existence of similar contracts made by competitors with their own customers or suppliers." He points out that both the MPAS and Standard Stations cases involve similar analysis of similar types of conduct, where the effect on competition and therefore the antitrust legality depend on the similar contracts of the defendants and their competitors.
References
External links
Federal Trade Commission litigation
United States antitrust case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Vinson Court
1953 in United States case law
History of film of the United States | wiki |
Sophie Brown may refer to:
Sophie Brown (badminton) (born 1993), English badminton player
Sophie Willmott-Brown, a character on the BBC soap opera EastEnders
Sophie Brown (The Inbetweeners), a character from the British sitcom The Inbetweeners | wiki |
'BlinkBot' is a wearable glasses system that detects wearer's gaze and blink and use it to command a robot. The system is developed by Pranav Mistry of MIT Media Lab and Kentaro Ishii of JST.
References
External links
BlinkBot project page
BlinkBot video demonstration
BlinkBot ACM Publication 'Blinkbot: look at, blink and move'
MIT Media Lab
Eyewear | wiki |
"The Day Alex Left for College" is the second episode of the seventh season and the 146th episode overall of the American sitcom Modern Family. It aired on September 30, 2015 on American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The episode is directed by Jeffrey Walker and written by Danny Zuker.
Plot
Alex (Ariel Winter) is ready to start her first day as a college student, and leaves home for Caltech a day early, with only Haley (Sarah Hyland) going with her. While moving in, Alex meets her new roommate, Maisie, who is replacing her original foreign roommate and with whom Alex does not get along with as she finds her loud and boisterous. The sisters share a tender moment when Haley explains to her that college is a big adjustment, and there is nothing wrong with having a personal cheerleader, making Alex reconsider her decision as she realizes that her sister is looking out for her.
Elsewhere, Phil (Ty Burrell) asks Luke (Nolan Gould) to follow him to sell a house that is unsellable. However, Luke is uninterested by the house as he would rather hang out with his friends. Despite the fact that he wants his son to help him to finish the sale, Phil finally agrees to let him go. But that night, Luke asks his dad to help him to build a village for the duck eggs that the pair found on the road earlier that day.
Claire (Julie Bowen) and the Delgado-Pritchetts have to go to Lily’s (Aubrey Anderson-Emmons) first soccer game, though no one wants to. While thinking of an excuse, Gloria (Sofía Vergara) suggests that Jay (Ed O'Neill) could be injured and shoots him in the left foot with Manny’s BB gun to make it realistic. When they arrive, Mitchell (Jesse Tyler Ferguson), who has become the coach, initially believes them until Joe (Jeremy Maguire) spills the beans. Meanwhile, Cameron (Eric Stonestreet) helps Mitchell to be a good coach from afar when the referee asks him to leave the game after the couple fought over the rented apartment upstairs. Mitchell temporarily loses his position as coach due to his shaky coaching, but manages to get it back thanks to Cam’s encouragement and Lily wins her game.
At the end of this episode, the family makes a pact to be able to skip a child’s event once a year without consequence, much to Manny's (Rico Rodriguez) disappointment as nobody wants to see his theater performance.
Reception
Broadcasting
The episode was watched by 8.72 million people, down 0.74 from the previous episode.
Reviews
The episode received positive reviews. Joshua Alston of The A.V. Club praised the episode, despite recycled plots, awarding it a B grade. He found that as the episode goes on, "the funnier and more charming it gets, and the final act brings the episode to a satisfying and elegant conclusion." Liz Estey of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 4/5, calling Haley and Alex's moments "incredibly poignant", praising the episode for doing "a wonderful job of showing Phil's resistance and eventual acceptance of Luke's new independence", and calling Mitchell and Cam's rapport "very fun to watch". Zachary Anderson of Out Loud Culture gave the episode 8.5/10, calling it "refreshing" because of the way it handled Alex going off to college and called it "an excellent transition into a new era for the clan", though he believed that Cam and Mitch's storyline "felt too isolated".
Hunter Vogt of The TV Ratings Guide praised the episode, pointing to funny moments such as the contrast between Claire and Phil being emotional while Alex is not, and when Mitch and Cam called everyone's phones. However, he believed that Phil and Luke's storyline "was not interesting" and that the third act "wasn't as strong as the first two thirds of the episode." Lisa Fernandez of Next Projection thought that it was a "lovely episode" that was an improvement over the previous week's episode, and gave it a score of 6.5/10. She said "what works really works", and praises the Dunphy storylines, but goes on to criticize the storyline that employs Gloria, Jay, Cam, and Mitch, calling it a "hectic mess" that is "pointless in the extreme" and "could have used a rewrite. A good, full rewrite."
References
External links
"The Day Alex Left for College" at ABC.com
2015 American television episodes
Modern Family (season 7) episodes | wiki |
The Bedroom Window may refer to:
The Bedroom Window (1924 film), a 1924 film by William C. deMille
The Bedroom Window (1987 film), a 1987 film by Curtis Hanson | wiki |
Meskouta is a traditional Moroccan cake usually served for tea or breakfast. There are different variations of meskouta cakes based on flavors like orange, lemon and vanilla. It was traditionally made in the winter, when oranges ripened. Meskouta is typically served with hot mint tea or coffee.
References
Moroccan pastry
Moroccan cuisine
Cakes
Citrus dishes
Tea culture
Breakfast dishes | wiki |
Philadelphia Mennonite High School was a private Mennonite high school in the Fairmount neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The school had approximately 100 students in 9th through 12th grades, and focused on college preparation. The school merged with, The City School - another Mennonite school, in 2014.
History
The school was founded in 1997, and opened for classes in the former St. Nicholas Ukrainian Catholic School building in the fall of 1998, with 45 students. The first graduating class was in 2000, with 10 students, all of whom were accepted for college admission.
The 24 students in the class of 2009 graduated on June 14, 2009.
Accreditation
The school is accredited with two agencies, which did their evaluation process together. The agencies are the Commission on Secondary Schools of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools, and the Mennonite Accreditation Agency of the Mennonite Education Agency.
Community
The Fairmount Civic Association meets in the PMHS building, and the basement is used as a polling place for the 15th Ward, 18th Division.
The Liberti Church (Fairmount) formerly met at PMHS, and now meets at the Berean Institute.
References
Private high schools in Pennsylvania
Mennonite schools in the United States
Mennonitism in Pennsylvania
High schools in Philadelphia
Educational institutions established in 1997
1997 establishments in Pennsylvania
Fairmount, Philadelphia
Christian schools in Pennsylvania | wiki |
The Indian Ocean garbage patch, discovered in 2010, is a marine garbage patch, a gyre of marine litter, suspended in the upper water column of the central Indian Ocean, specifically the Indian Ocean Gyre, one of the five major oceanic gyres. The patch does not appear as a continuous debris field. As with other patches in each of the five oceanic gyres, the plastics in it break down to ever smaller particles, and to constituent polymers. As with the other patches, the field constitutes an elevated level of pelagic plastics, chemical sludge, and other debris; primarily particles that are invisible to the naked eye. The concentration of particle debris has been estimated to be approximately 10,000 particles per square kilometer.
Discovery
The existence of the Great Pacific garbage patch, the first to be discovered, was predicted in a 1988 paper published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States. The prediction was based on results obtained by several Alaska-based researchers between 1985 and 1988 that measured neustonic plastic in the North Pacific Ocean.
Research studying trash washed onto beaches in and around the Indian Ocean suggested that there would be plastics found in the water column in the Indian Ocean as well.
As plastic items of neutral and positive buoyancy piles up in this infamous garbage patch, researchers and scientists have difficulty pinpointing their location due to treacherous currents. For example, litter collected from Asia on both the western Indian Ocean islands and the eastern African coast send plastic pollution across the Indian Ocean via the South Equatorial Current. Although the Indian Ocean Garbage Patch collects mounds of plastic, harming marine life, researchers and scientists have also discovered two more garbage patches: the South Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch and the North Atlantic. Unfortunately, about 90% of the debris collected in these garbage patches is plastic, a detrimental threat to marine life's health. Plastic debris collects and washes ashore, thereby affecting living creatures' health. Due to strong currents, plastic debris washes ashore in various locations, diminishing environmental prosperity and harming living organisms.
In 2010, the 5 Gyres Project set off on the first of its planned series of transoceanic voyages to determine whether the South Atlantic, South Pacific, and Indian Ocean gyres were affected in the same way as the North Pacific and North Atlantic gyres. On the Indian Ocean leg of their trip, they travelled between Perth, Australia, and Port Louis, Mauritius (east of Madagascar); each of the water samples they collected in the between contained plastic. They found that the South Atlantic, South Pacific, and Indian Ocean gyres were affected in the same way as the North Pacific and North Atlantic gyres. Anna Cummins, cofounder of 5 Gyres Institute called the pollution they found "a thin plastic soup".
Sources
Of the top 10 ocean plastic polluters (of which China is No.1 worldwide with 30%), the Indian Ocean features five: Indonesia (No. 2); Sri Lanka (No.5); Thailand (No. 6); Malaysia (No. 8), and Bangladesh (No. 10).
Ten rivers carry 90% of the total plastic pollution in the oceans. Of these, two are in the Indian Ocean: the Indus (No. 2 worldwide with most plastic) and Ganges (No. 6).
Action for creating awareness
On April 11, 2013, in order to create awareness, artist Maria Cristina Finucci founded the garbage patch state at UNESCO – Paris, in front of Director General Irina Bokova, the first of a series of events under the patronage of UNESCO and of Italian Ministry of the Environment.
See also
Great Pacific garbage patch
North Atlantic garbage patch
Plastisphere
References
Further reading
External links
Pacific Garbage Patch – Smithsonian Ocean Portal
"Plastic Surf" The Unhealthful Afterlife of Toys and Packaging: Small remnants of toys, bottles and packaging persist in the ocean, harming marine life and possibly even us by Jennifer Ackerman Scientific American August 2010
photographer Chris Jordan, who recently traveled to a remote part of the Pacific Ocean to document effects of the world’s largest known mass of garbage. in Seed
Scripps Environmental Accumulation of Plastic Expedition (SEAPLEX) – Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego
The Project Kaisei Voyage Tracker – Project Kaisei and Ojingolabs
5 Gyres – Understanding Plastic Marine Pollution – Algalita, Livable Legacy
The trash vortex – Greenpeace
Navigating the Pacific's 'Garbage Patch' – National Public Radio and me
Marine Research, Education and Restoration – Algalita Marine Research Foundation
Images & video from the North Pacific gyre – WordPress.com
Sea of Trash – New York Times Magazine
Captain Charles Moore on the seas of plastic
Charles Moore: Sailing the Great Pacific Garbage Patch – TED Conference talk (2009)
Marine garbage patches
Indian Ocean
Plastics and the environment
2010 in the environment | wiki |
Call-Push-Shock (CPS) is a national collaborative movement co-sponsored by Parent Heart Watch (PHW) and Sudden Cardiac Arrest Foundation (SCAF). It is designed to drive public awareness, understanding, and action in cases of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and increase survival rates by speaking in one voice across multiple organizations. CPS urges the public, when it witnesses sudden cardiac arrest, to call 911, provide CPR, and use an automated external defibrillator (AED), if available.
The CPS concept is based on consumer research conducted by StrataVerve for SCAF. This research also led to development of tested definition of sudden cardiac arrest written at an 8th grade level.
CPS was developed in response to a 2015 report from a workshop hosted by the Institute of Medicine (now the National Academy of Medicine). Among other things, the IOM report recommended crystallizing messaging to promote public awareness; using a singular, simple, concise, easy-to communicate, and compelling message; establishing a public awareness campaign; and establishing a cardiac arrest collaborative.
PHW and SCAF launched CPS in June 2018 during National CPR-AED Awareness Week. More than 50 organizations have joined CPS since its inception, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
An abstract on CPS was published by the American Heart Association in 2019.
References
Health charities in the United States
Emergency medicine organisations | wiki |
Salt water, saltwater, or saline water is water containing salt.
Salt water or saltwater may also refer to:
Fluids
Seawater, water from our oceans
Saline (medicine), medical usage of saline solution
Film
Saltwater (2000 film), a 2000 film by Conor McPherson
Saltwater (2012 film), a 2012 film by Charlie Vaughn
Music
Saltwater, an alias of the German trance group Alphazone
"Saltwater" (Chicane song), 1999
"Saltwater" (Julian Lennon song), 1991
"Salt Water", a song by A Hawk and a Hacksaw from The Way the Wind Blows
"Salt Water", a song by Blackfield from Blackfield V
"Salt Water", a song by Don Johnson Big Band from Breaking Daylight
"Salt Water", a song by The The from NakedSelf
Saltwater, an EP by Pianos Become the Teeth
Saltwater, an album by Dan Michaelson and The Coastguards
"Saltwater", a song by The Cat Empire from Two Shoes
See also
Saltwater people(s) | wiki |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.