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Zunes may refer to:
Zune, a digital media brand owned by Microsoft
Stephen Zunes (born 1956), an international relations scholar | wiki |
OAHP is the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation and may be:
Colorado Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation
Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation | wiki |
WarioWare: Touched! är ett spel till Nintendo DS och Nintendo DS Lite utgivet av Nintendo. Spelet består av en samling minispel och spelas med pekpenna och mikrofon.
Spelet är en del i WarioWare-serien som också finns på Game Boy Advance och GameCube. Serien kommer också representeras på Nintendos Wii.
Nintendo DS-spel
Datorspel 2004
Warioware
Virtual Console-spel till Wii U
Intelligent Systems-spel
de:WarioWare#WarioWare: Touched! | wiki |
"A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism" (or "Dissent from Darwinism") was a statement issued in 2001 by the Discovery Institute, a Christian, conservative think tank based in Seattle, Washington, U.S., best known for its promotion of the pseudoscientific principle of intelligent design. As part of the Discovery Institute's Teach the Controversy campaign, the statement expresses skepticism about the ability of random mutations and natural selection to account for the complexity of life, and encourages careful examination of the evidence for "Darwinism", a term intelligent design proponents use to refer to evolution.
The statement was published in advertisements under an introduction which stated that its signatories dispute the assertion that Darwin's theory of evolution fully explains the complexity of living things, and dispute that "all known scientific evidence supports [Darwinian] evolution". The Discovery Institute states that the list was first started to refute claims made by promoters of the PBS television series "Evolution" that "virtually every scientist in the world believes the theory to be true". Further names of signatories have been added at intervals. The list continues to be used in Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns in an attempt to discredit evolution and bolster claims that intelligent design is scientifically valid by claiming that evolution lacks broad scientific support.
The statement has been criticized for being misleading and ambiguous, using terms with multiple meanings such as "Darwinism", which can refer specifically to natural selection or informally to evolution in general, and presenting a straw man fallacy with its claim that random mutations and natural selection are insufficient to account for the complexity of life, when standard evolutionary theory involves other factors such as gene flow, genetic recombination, genetic drift and endosymbiosis. Scientists and educators have noted that its signatories, who include historians and philosophers of science as well as scientists, were a minuscule fraction of the numbers of scientists and engineers qualified to sign it. Intelligent design has failed to produce scientific research, and been rejected by the scientific community, including many leading scientific organizations. The statement in the document has also been criticized as being phrased to represent a diverse range of opinions, set in a context which gives it a misleading spin to confuse the public. The listed affiliations and areas of expertise of the signatories have also been criticized.
Statement
"A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism" states that:
The statement, and its title, refer to evolution as "Darwinism" or "Darwinian theory", can lead to confusion, due to the terms having various meanings, but commonly meaning evolution due to the mechanism of natural selection rather than the broader definition of evolution, the change in a species' inherited traits from generation to generation. The terms have meant different things to different people at different times. In terms of the history of evolutionary thought, both "Darwinism" and "neo-Darwinism" are predecessors of the current evolutionary theory, the modern evolutionary synthesis. However, in the context of the creation–evolution controversy, the term "Darwinism" is commonly used by creationists to describe scientists and science teachers who oppose them, and to claim that scientific disagreements about the specific mechanism can sometimes be equated to rejection of evolution as a whole. Intelligent design proponents use the term in all these ways, including the idea that it is a materialist ideology, and the claim that as it proposes natural processes as an explanation for evolution, Darwinism can be equated with atheism and presented as being incompatible with Christianity.
Charles Darwin himself described natural selection as being "the main but not exclusive means of modification" of species. The modern theory of evolution includes natural selection and genetic drift as mechanisms, and does not conclude that "the ability of random mutation and natural selection" accounts "for the complexity of life." Southeastern Louisiana University philosophy professor Barbara Forrest and deputy director of the National Center for Science Education Glenn Branch comment on the ambiguity of the statement and its use in the original advertisement:
Skip Evans, also of the National Center for Science Education, noted that when interviewed, several of the scientists who had signed the statement said they accepted common descent. He thus suggests that this confusion has in fact been carefully engineered.
Discovery Institute usage
By promoting a perception that evolution is the subject of wide controversy and debate within the scientific community, whereas in fact evolution is overwhelmingly supported by scientists, the list is used to lend support to other Discovery Institute campaigns promoting intelligent design, including "Teach the Controversy", "Critical Analysis of Evolution", "Free Speech on Evolution", and "Stand Up For Science". For example, in its "Teach the Controversy" campaign, the Institute claims that "evolution is a theory in crisis" and that many scientists criticize evolution and citing the list as evidence or a resource. The Discovery Institute also asserts that this information is being withheld from students in public high school science classes along with "alternatives" to evolution such as intelligent design. The Institute uses "A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism" as evidence to support its claim that evolution is disputed widely within the scientific community. In 2002, Stephen C. Meyer, the founder of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, presented the list as evidence to the Ohio Board of Education to promote Teach the Controversy. He cited it as demonstrating that there was a genuine controversy over Darwinian evolution. In the 2005 Kansas evolution hearings Meyer cited the list in support of his assertion that there was "significant scientific dissent from Darwinism" that students should be informed about.
The list was advertised in prominent periodicals such as The New York Review of Books, The New Republic, and The Weekly Standard in October and November 2001, "to rebut bogus claims by Darwinists that no reputable scientists are skeptical of Darwinism" by "producing a list of 100 scientific dissenters." Its initial release was timed to coincide with the airing of the PBS Evolution television series at the end of 2001. The Discovery Institute also launched a tie-in website to promote the list.
The Discovery Institute has continued to collect signatures, reporting 300 in 2004, over 600 in 2006 (from that year on the Discovery Institute began to include non-US scientists on the list), over 700 in 2007, and over 1000 in 2019. The Discovery Institute includes a description of the list in a response to one of its "Top Questions".
The Discovery Institute-related organization Physicians and Surgeons for Scientific Integrity manages "Physicians and Surgeons who Dissent from Darwinism", a similar list for medical professionals. The Discovery Institute compiled and distributed other similarly confusing and misleading lists of local scientists during controversies over evolution education in Georgia, New Mexico, Ohio, and Texas.
Responses
The "Scientific Dissent From Darwinism" document has been widely criticized on several different grounds. First, similar to previous lists produced by other creationists, the professional expertise of those listed is not always apparent and is alleged to be deficient. Also, the professional affiliations and credentials that are claimed for some of the signatories has been questioned. Finally, there appear to be a few who appear on the list who are not firmly committed to the agenda advanced by the Discovery Institute, and who have been misled into signing or who have changed their minds. Russell D. Renka, a political scientist, said that the Discovery Institute presented the list in an appeal to authority to support its anti-evolution viewpoint.
A paper from the Center for Inquiry said that Dissent From Darwinism is one of the Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns to discredit evolution and bolster claims that intelligent design is scientifically valid by creating the impression that evolution lacks broad scientific support.
In November 2001, the National Center for Science Education stated that the then current version of the document appeared "to be very artfully phrased" to represent a diverse range of opinions, set in a context which gives it a misleading spin to confuse the public.
Writing in Robert T. Pennock's Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics, Matthew J. Brauer and Daniel R. Brumbaugh say that intelligent design proponents are "manufacturing dissent" in order to explain the absence of scientific debate of their claims:The "scientific" claims of such neo-creationists as Johnson, Denton, and Behe rely, in part, on the notion that these issues [surrounding evolution] are the subject of suppressed debate among biologists. ... according to neo-creationists, the apparent absence of this discussion and the nearly universal rejection of neo-creationist claims must be due to the conspiracy among professional biologists instead of a lack of scientific merit.In their 2010 book Biology and Ideology from Descartes to Dawkins, science and religion scholar Denis Alexander and historian of science Ronald L. Numbers tied the fate of the Dissent to that of the wider intelligent design movement:
Expertise relevance
The listed affiliations and areas of expertise of the signatories have also been criticized, with many signatories coming from wholly unrelated fields of academia, such as aviation and engineering, computer science and meteorology.
In addition, the list was signed by only about 0.01% of scientists in the relevant fields. According to the National Science Foundation, there were approximately 955,300 biological scientists in the United States in 1999. Only about 1/4 of the approximately 700 Darwin Dissenters in 2007 are biologists, according to Kenneth Chang of The New York Times. Approximately 40% of the Darwin Dissenters are not identified as residing in the United States, so in 2007, there were about 105 US biologists among the Darwin Dissenters, representing about 0.01% of the total number of US biologists that existed in 1999. The theory of evolution is overwhelmingly accepted throughout the scientific community. Professor Brian Alters of McGill University, an expert in the creation–evolution controversy, is quoted in an article published by the NIH as stating that "99.9 percent of scientists accept evolution".
The list has been criticized by many organizations and publications for lacking any true experts in the relevant fields of research, primarily biology. Critics have noted that of the 105 "scientists" listed on the original 2001 petition, fewer than 20% were biologists, with few of the remainder having the necessary expertise to contribute meaningfully to a discussion of the role of natural selection in evolution.
Other criticisms
Critics have also noted that the wording and advertising of the original statement was, and remains, misleading, and that a review of the signatories suggested many doubt evolution due to religious, rather than scientific beliefs. Philosopher Robert Pennock notes that rather than being a "broad dissent", the statement's wording is "very narrow, omitting any mention of the evolutionary thesis of common descent, human evolution or any of the elements of evolutionary theory except for the Darwinian mechanism, and even that was mentioned in a very limited and rather vague manner." He concludes that it is not in fact a "radical statement".
The claims made for the importance of the list have also been called intellectually dishonest because it represents only a small fraction of the scientific community, and includes an even smaller number of relevant experts. The Discovery Institute has responded to some of these criticisms.
Affiliations and credentials
Barbara Forrest and Glenn Branch say the Discovery Institute deliberately misrepresents the institutional affiliations of signatories of the statement "A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism". The institutions appearing in the list are the result of a conscious choice by the Discovery Institute to only present the most prestigious affiliations available for an individual. For example, if someone was trained at a more prestigious institution than the one they are presently affiliated with, the school they graduated from will more often be listed, without the distinction being made clear in the list. This is contrary to standard academic and professional practice.
For example, the institutions listed for Raymond G. Bohlin, Fazale Rana, and Jonathan Wells, were the University of Texas at Dallas, Ohio University, and the University of California, Berkeley respectively, the schools from which they obtained their PhD degrees. However, their present affiliations are quite different: Probe Ministries for Bohlin, the Reasons to Believe Ministry for Rana, and the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture for Wells. Many of those who have signed the list are not currently active scientists, and some have never worked as scientists. Also, if a signatory was previously the head of a department or the president of an institute, their past and most prestigious position will be listed, not their current position.
Visitors at prestigious institutions will have that affiliation listed, not their more humble home institutions. For example, Bernard d'Abrera, a writer and publisher of books on butterflies, appears on the list as "Visiting Scholar, Department of Entomology British Museum (Natural History)", in spite of the fact that this museum had become independent of the British Museum three decades previously and had formally changed its name to the Natural History Museum almost a decade before the petition. d'Abrera's primary affiliation is with his publishing company, Hill House Publishers. d'Abrera does not have a PhD either, nor any formal scientific qualification (his undergraduate degree was a double major in History & Philosophy of Science, and History), although creationists have called him "Dr. d'Abrera". The Discovery Institute currently recruits people with PhDs to sign the Dissent petition.
At least one other signatory, Forrest Mims, has neither a PhD nor any formal academic training in science. Additionally, at least seven signatories have their advanced degrees from outside the areas of "engineering, mathematics, computer science, biology, chemistry, or one of the other natural sciences" that are currently being recruited: Ronald R. Crawford has his Ed.D. in Science Education, David Berlinski has his PhD in Philosophy, Tom McMullen has his PhD in the History & Philosophy of Science, Angus Menuge has his PhD in the Philosophy of Psychology, and Stephen C. Meyer has his PhD in the Philosophy of Science; and at least six, Jeffrey M. Schwartz, Ricardo León Borquez (incorrectly listed as "Ricardo Leon"), Gage Blackstone, Daniel Galassini, Mary A. Brown and Thomas C. Majerus, have professional doctorates (such as an MD, DVM or PharmD), rather than holding a research doctorate (such as a PhD).
Also, in early editions of the list, Richard Sternberg was described as "Richard Sternberg, Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution" though Sternberg was never a Smithsonian staff member, but an unpaid research associate. At the time of signing the list Sternberg was the outgoing editor of the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, a minor biology journal, where he played a central role in a peer-review controversy. Later versions of the list mention Sternberg's affiliation with Sternberg's alma maters, Florida International University and Binghamton University. At present Sternberg is a Staff Scientist with GenBank, the genetic database at the National Institutes of Health.
Critics also say the Discovery Institute inflates the academic credentials and affiliations of signatories such as Henry F. Schaefer. The institute prominently and frequently asserts that Schaefer has been nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Barbara Forrest and others allege that the Discovery Institute is inflating his reputation by constantly referring to him as a "five-time nominee for the Nobel Prize" despite that Nobel Prize nominations remain confidential for fifty years and there being about 250–300 nominations per prize per year.
By analysing the data for 34 British, or British-trained signatories of the Dissent list, the anti-creationist British Centre for Science Education raised doubts about the claimed affiliations and relevant expertise of those on the list.
Defections and disagreements
The National Center for Science Education interviewed a sample of the signatories, and found that some were less critical of "Darwinism" than the advertisement claimed. It wrote to all of them asking whether they thought living things shared common ancestors and whether humans and apes shared common ancestors. According to Eugenie Scott of the NCSE, a few of the signatories replied saying that they did accept these principles but did not think that natural selection could explain the origins of life. However, the replies ceased when, according to Scott, the Discovery Institute found out and advised signatories not to respond. She concluded from this that "at least some of the more knowledgeable scientists did not interpret this statement the way that it was intended [by the Discovery Institute] to be interpreted by the general public."
For example, signatory Stanley N. Salthe, a visiting scientist at Binghamton University, State University of New York, who describes himself as an atheist, said that when he endorsed a petition he had no idea what the Discovery Institute was. Salthe stated, "I signed it in irritation", and said that evolutionary biologists were being unfair in suppressing competing ideas. He said that "They deserve to be prodded, as it were. It was my way of thumbing my nose at them", but was unconvinced by intelligent design and concluded "From my point of view, it's a plague on both your houses".
At least one signatory of "A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism" has abandoned the list, saying he felt misled. Robert C. Davidson, a Christian, scientist, doctor, and retired professor at the University of Washington medical school said after having signed he was shocked when he discovered that the Discovery Institute was calling evolution a "theory in crisis". "It's laughable: There have been millions of experiments over more than a century that support evolution," said Davidson. "There's always questions being asked about parts of the theory, as there are with any theory, but there's no real scientific controversy about it. ... When I joined I didn't think they were about bashing evolution. It's pseudo-science, at best. ... What they're doing is instigating a conflict between science and religion."
Counter-petitions
Responding in the form of a humorous parody, the National Center for Science Education launched Project Steve, a list of scientists named "Steve", or its equivalent (such as "Stephanie" or "Esteban"), who had signed a pro-evolution statement. , the Steve-o-meter registered 1,412 Steves. A Discovery Institute spokesperson responded that "if Project Steve was meant to show that a considerable majority of the scientific community accepts a naturalistic conception of evolution, then the National Center for Science Education (NCSE) could have saved its energies – that fact was never in question. The more interesting question was whether any serious scientists reject a naturalistic conception of evolution".
After the Discovery Institute presented the petition as part of an amicus curiae brief in the Kitzmiller v. Dover intelligent design court case in October 2005, a counter-petition, A Scientific Support For Darwinism, was organized and gathered 7,733 signatures from scientists in four days.
, the Clergy Letter Project has collected signatures of 13,008 American Christian clergy who "believe that the timeless truths of the Bible and the discoveries of modern science may comfortably coexist." Over 500 Jewish clergy have signed a similar "Rabbi Letter". The Clergy Letter Project has also circulated an "Imam Letter" affirming that "the timeless truths of the Qur'an may comfortably coexist with the discoveries of modern science."
See also
Creation–evolution controversy
Level of support for evolution
Teach the Controversy
Wedge strategy
References
External links
Discovery Institute campaigns
Creationist objections to evolution
Intelligent design movement | wiki |
Rabbit alla Sanremese (or rabbit alla sanremasca, Cunìu a-a sanremasca in dialect) is a recipe based on rabbit, cooked and served with a sauce enriched with olives, walnuts and herbs.
Its a traditional dish of Ligurian cuisine.
The rabbit meat is "al salto" in a pan where onion, thyme, rosemary, a stalk of celery, a few walnuts, a glass of red wine and taggiasche olives are added. Separately, the liver and the head of the rabbit are cooked and pounded to extract the sauce.
The sauce can also be used to season pasta.
With some variations the recipe is spread all over Liguria and is called Coniglio alla ligure.
See also
Coniglio all'ischitana
Note
Rabbit dishes
Sanremo
Cuisine of Liguria | wiki |
Long Lake – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Nowy Jork, w hrabstwie Hamilton.
CDP w stanie Nowy Jork | wiki |
Numerous federal officials in the United States have been threatened with impeachment and removal from office. Despite numerous impeachment investigations and votes to impeach a number of presidents by the House of Representatives, only three presidents in U.S. history have had articles of impeachment approved: Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, and Donald Trump (twice), all of which were acquitted in the Senate. Impeachment proceedings against a fourth president, Richard Nixon, began and made it out of committee, but he resigned before the actual debate on the floor of the House began. To date, no president impeached by the House of Representatives has ever been removed from office by the Senate.
Presidents
While there have been demands for the impeachment of most presidents, only three — Andrew Johnson in 1868 , Bill Clinton in 1999 and Donald Trump in 2019. A second impeachment of Donald Trump was adopted, making him the first US President to be impeached twice. — have actually been impeached. All three were acquitted by the United States Senate and not removed from office. Removal requires an impeachment vote from the House of Representatives and a conviction from the Senate. Impeachment proceedings against Richard Nixon made it out of committee, but he resigned before the actual debate on the floor of the House began. Every president elected since 1980, with the exception of Barack Obama, has been the subject of at least one resolution introduced into Congress with the purpose of impeachment.
The following presidents have had resolutions introduced to initiate proceedings and many have gotten to the hearing stage.
James Buchanan (Democrat)
During most of 1860, the "Covode Committee" held hearings on whether to impeach President James Buchanan.
While it found no real cause, it did find that his administration was the most corrupt since the foundation of the Republic.
Andrew Johnson (National Union; formerly Democrat)
Several attempts were made to remove President Andrew Johnson from office. The first occurred on January 7, 1867, when Rep. James M. Ashley of Ohio, introduced a resolution accusing him of corruption. On November 21, 1867, the House Judiciary Committee produced a bill of impeachment that consisted of a vast collection of complaints against Johnson. After a furious debate, a formal vote was held in the House of Representatives on December 5, 1867, which failed 57-108. Another impeachment vote the following year succeeded, and a Senate trial acquitted Johnson by one vote.
Richard M. Nixon (Republican)
On October 30, 1973, the House Judiciary Committee began consideration of the possible impeachment of Richard Nixon. The initial straight party-line votes by a 21–17 margin that established an impeachment inquiry were focused around how extensive the subpoena powers Rodino would have would be.
After a three-month-long investigation, and with public pressure to impeach the president growing, the House passed a resolution, , on February 6, 1974, that gave the Judiciary Committee authority to actually investigate charges against the President. The hearings lasted until the summer when, after much wrangling, the Judiciary Committee voted three articles of impeachment to the floor of the House, the furthest an impeachment proceeding had progressed in over a century.
With the release of new tapes — after the administration lost the case of US v. Nixon — and with impeachment and removal by the Senate all but certain, on August 9, 1974, Nixon became the first president to resign.
Bill Clinton (Democrat)
In 1998, the Clinton-Lewinsky scandal and the Starr Report, an impeachment inquiry was launched against President Bill Clinton. Clinton was ultimately impeached in December 1998, and was acquitted in his impeachment trial in early 1999.
Donald Trump (Republican)
Within weeks of taking office, members of Congress declared that President Trump may have committed impeachable offences in relation with Executive Order 13769. On July 12, 2017, Representative Al Green (D) and Representative Brad Sherman (D) introduced H. Res. 438, exhibiting one article of impeachment. This and later motions were eventually tabled by a large majority or died in committee.
On September 24, 2019, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi announced an impeachment inquiry into President Trump based on allegations laid out in a whistleblower report. A resolution enacting a rules package to govern the investigation was passed on 31 October by a vote of 232-196 in which all Republicans and two Democrats voted against the resolution. Public impeachment hearings began in the House on 13 November, and on December 10, 2019 the House Judiciary Committee published two articles of impeachment against President Trump, charging him with abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. Trump was impeached by the House of Representatives on December 18, 2019. The impeachment trial of Donald Trump was then held from January 16 to February 5, 2020, with the Republican-controlled Senate acquitting Trump.
Trump was impeached for the second time on January 13, 2021 for incitement of insurrection, after the storming of the United States Capitol one week earlier. The Senate trial began February 9, 2021 and concluded on February 13, 2021.
Vice Presidents
As of March 22, no Vice President has been impeached, but one has had an impeachment investigation against them.
John C. Calhoun (Democratic-Republican)
In 1826, Vice President John C. Calhoun himself requested a House impeachment inquiry be launched into him regarding allegations that he had profited from a contract during his tenure as United States secretary of war. His request was granted, and a House select committee conducted an impeachment inquiry which, in only a matter of weeks, found Calhoun innocent of wrongdoing.
Cabinet secretaries
Secretary of War William Belknap (Democrat before 1865, Republican 1865-1890)
In 1876, William W. Belknap was impeached by a unanimous vote of the House of Representatives shortly after he had resigned for allegedly having received money in return for post tradership appointments. Speaker of the House Michael C. Kerr wrote to the Senate that Belknap resigned "with intent to evade the proceedings of impeachment against him." Belknap was tried by the Senate, which ruled by a vote of 37-29 that it had jurisdiction despite the resignation. The vote on conviction fell short of the two-thirds required, with 35 to 37 votes for each article and 25 votes against each. Two of those voting for conviction, 22 of those voting for acquittal, and one who declined to vote said they felt that the Senate did not have jurisdiction due to Belknap's resignation.
Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty (Republican)
In 1922, the House Judiciary Committee held hearings on whether to impeach Attorney General Harry Daugherty. Despite evidence of wrongdoing, impeachment articles were not reported to the full House.
However it was his alleged knowledge of a kickback scam involving bootleggers (operated by his chief aide Jess Smith) that led to his eventual resignation on March 28, 1924. As the subject of a U.S. Senate investigation begun the year before, spearheaded under the direction of Senator Burton K. Wheeler of Montana, Daugherty, was eventually found not guilty in the investigation.
As of July 2020, only one Cabinet Secretary, William W. Belknap, has actually been impeached. Two others resigned while impeachment proceedings were taking place.
Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon (Republican)
In January 1932, Rep. Wright Patman and others introduced articles of impeachment against Andrew Mellon, with hearings before the House Judiciary Committee at the end of that month. After the hearings were over, but before the scheduled vote on whether to report the articles to the full House, Mellon accepted an appointment to the post of Ambassador to the Court of St. James, and resigned, thus rendering further action on the issue moot.
Secretary of the Treasury William Woodin, Eugene Meyer, Andrew Mellon and Federal Reserve Board (All Republicans)
On May 23, 1933 Rep. Louis Thomas McFadden introduced articles of impeachment against Eugene Meyer, Secretary of the Treasury William Woodin, two former Treasury Secretaries (Andrew Mellon and Ogden L. Mills); J. F. T. O'Connor (Comptroller of Currency); John W. Pole (former Comptroller of Currency); four members and three former members of the Federal Reserve Board; twelve Federal Reserve Agents; and one former Federal Reserve Agent. There was a hearing on the subject before the House Judiciary Committee, but nothing became of it.
Francis Perkins (Democrat)– Labor Secretary, James Houghteling (?)– Immigration and Naturalization Commissioner and Gerard Reilly (?)– Solicitor of the Department of Labor
On January 24, 1939, Rep. J. Parnell Thomas offered an impeachment resolution against the above federal officials. The resolution was referred to the Judiciary Committee, where it died a quiet death.
Congressional conservatives were angered with Secretary Francis Perkins when she had refused to deport Harry Bridges, the head of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union. Bridges, an Australian longshoreman who came to America in 1920, was accused of being a Communist.
Federal Reserve Board
The three attempts to remove all or part of the Federal Reserve Board failed.
Lindbergh's attempt
On February 12, 1917, Rep Charles Lindbergh, Sr., father of "Lucky Lindy", offered articles of impeachment against five members of the Federal Reserve Board. The articles were referred to the Judiciary Committee for investigation. On March 3, the Judiciary Committee submitted its report, H.R. Rep. 64-1628, finding insufficient evidence to support impeachment.
McFadden's attempt
Rep. Louis Thomas McFadden's attempt to impeach numerous officials in May 1933 is detailed above.
Gonzalez's attempt
On March 7, 1985, Rep. Henry Gonzalez introduced an impeachment resolution, H.R. Res. 101, against Fed Chairman Paul Volcker and ten other members of the Federal Open Market Committee and H.R. Res. 102, against Volcker alone. The resolution was referred to the Judiciary Committee., where it was never heard of again. However, not to be deterred, Gonzalez introduced the bill in each of the next two congresses, and they met the same fate.
Other officials
Henry A. Smythe – Collector, Port of New York
On March 22, 1867, three resolutions were introduced calling for various types of action against the allegedly corrupt Henry A. Smythe. Rep. Hulburd introduced a resolution calling for the President to remove Smythe from office. Mr. Stevens offered an impeachment resolution against Smythe and called upon the Committee on Public Expenditures to draft articles of impeachment. Finally, Rep.Samuel Shellabarger of Ohio introduced a resolution requesting the Committee on Public Expenditures investigate Smythe's conduct.
The next day, the House resumed debate over these three resolutions. A different resolution was ultimately adopted which did not call for Smythe's impeachment, but rather his immediate removal from office by the President. A copy of the resolution was sent to President Andrew Johnson, who ignored it. Smythe left office in 1869 with the change in administration.
Charles Francis Adams, Ambassador to the Court of St. James, and William E. West, American Consul at Dublin
On December 2, 1867, Rep. William E. Robinson of New York introduced a resolution to investigate Charles Francis Adams, Sr. and William E. West, and why they had not tried to get some American citizens out of jail there. The resolution was then referred to the Foreign Relations Committee, where it died.
Oliver B. Bradford, consular clerk of the United States, assigned to Shanghai, China, and postal agent of the United States there
In a resolution introduced by Rep. William M. Springer, of Illinois, Bradford was accused of fraud, embezzlement and numerous other charges in relation to the building of a Cross China railroad. While all agreed it was criminal, it was not agreed whether or not the office was high enough to warrant impeachment.
George F. Seward, Minister plenipotentiary to China
On March 3, 1879, as part of the regular order of business was the report of the Committee on Expenditures in the State Department, Rep Springer proposed articles of impeachment against George F. Seward for bribery and theft. The articles were sent to the Judiciary committee, where they died.
Lot Wright, United States marshal
On December 2, 1884 Rep. John F. Follett, of Ohio introduced a point of privilege demanding that Wright be impeached for using armed deputies to fix an election. The proposition was held to be out of order.
Clarence Chase – Collector of Customs, Port of El Paso, Texas
Chase was implicated in a Senate hearing before the Committee of Public Lands and Surveys as part of the Tea Pot Dome investigations. The Senate, on March 25, 1924, adopted a resolution, S. Res. 195, referring the matter to the House of Representatives for such proceedings as might be appropriate against Chase. The resolution was referred to the Judiciary Committee. The next day, Chase resigned from office, and no further action was taken by the House.
H. Snowden Marshall--U.S. District Atty., Southern District of NY
On December 14, 1915. Rep. Frank Buchanan of Illinois demanded the impeachment of H. Snowden Marshall, United States District Attorney for the Southern District of New York, for alleged neglect of duty and subservience to "the great criminal trusts," The Chicago Tribune claimed it had been In an effort to stop the grand jury investigation into the activities of Labor's National Peace council.
About a month later, on Buchanan again offered a resolution, H.R. Res. 90, to investigate Marshall. This time the resolution was adopted and referred to the Judiciary Committee for further action.
On January 27, 1916, the House passed a resolution, H.R. Res. 110, granting the Judiciary Committee authority to subpoena witnesses and to use a Subcommittee. A few days later, a Subcommittee of the Judiciary Committee was organized to take testimony. On April 5, the HJC reported its findings, H.R. Rep. No. 64-494, to the House. The Judiciary Committee recommended a Select Committee be appointed to further investigate Marshall. Rep. Kitchins offered a resolution, H.R. Res. 193, to adopt the Judiciary Committee's recommendations. The resolution passed and the Select Committee was formed. The Select Committee report was read into the record on April 14. The report found Marshall guilty of a breach of the privileges of the House and in contempt of the House of Representatives and recommended he be brought to the bar of the House to answer the charges.
On June 20, a resolution, H.R. Res. 268, was submitted which charged Marshall with violating the privileges of the House of Representatives and calling the Speaker to issue a warrant for Marshall's arrest. The resolution was adopted. On June 22, the Speaker signed the warrant.
When Marshall was arrested by the Sergeant at Arms on June 26, he served the Sergeant at Arms with a writ of habeas corpus. The HJC voted to end the investigation on July 16. Marshall's writ eventually went to the United States Supreme Court where Chief Justice White issued the opinion of the court on April 23, 1917. The Court granted the writ and released Marshall from custody. [Marshall v. Gordon, 243 U.S. 521 (1916)].
The Judiciary Committee submitted its last report, H.R. Rep. 64-1077, concerning impeachment efforts against Marshall on August 4, the report, which recommended against impeachment, was referred to the House Calendar.
Frederick Fenning – Commissioner, District of Columbia
On April 19, 1926, articles of impeachment against Commissioner Frederick A. Fenning were read on the floor of the House, and a resolution, H.R. Res. 228, to investigate the validity of the charges was adopted. The resolution was referred to the Judiciary Committee. On May 4, 1926, the Judiciary Committee submitted a report, H.R. Rep. No. 69-1075, recommending a complete investigation. A resolution adopting the committee report was passed by the House on May 6, 1926.
On June 9, 1926, Rep. John Rankin submitted a brief to the investigating committee supporting Fenning's impeachment. Then on June 16, 1926, after Fenning answered the charges, Rankin submitted a reply brief.
Two committees were involved in the impeachment investigation of Fenning. A preliminary report of a Special Subcommittee of the Committee on the District of Columbia was submitted to the House on June 30, 1926. Then on July 1, the final Judiciary Committee report, H.R. Rep. No. 69-1590, was submitted to the House and later referred to the House Calendar. The proceedings ended with his resignation.
Liam S. Coonan, Special Crime Strike Force Prosecutor for the United States Department of Justice
On June 17, 1975, Rep William Clay introduced an impeachment resolution, H.R. Res. 547, against Liam S. Coonan, for doing something unspecified. It was sent to the HJC, where it died.
Richard Helms – Ambassador to Iran
On July 29, 1975, Rep Robert Drinan introduced an impeachment resolution, H.R. Res. 647, against Ambassador Richard Helms for actions taken as Director of the CIA The resolution was referred to the Judiciary Committee. When nothing happened, Fr. Drinan introduced another impeachment resolution, H.R. Res. 1105, against Ambassador Helms on March 24, 1976. This resolution was also sent to the Judiciary Committee., where it also died.
Jonathan Goldstein U.S. attorney for the District of New Jersey, and Bruce Goldstein, principal assistant DA
On November 20, 1975, Rep Henry Helstoski introduced an impeachment resolution, H.R. Res. 881, against the Goldsteins, for gratuitous prosecution in relation to their investigation of the congressman, which had led to his indictment a month before. It was sent to the HJC, where it died.
Paul Rand Dixon, a Commissioner of the Federal Trade Commission
On February 9, 1977, Rep. Ed Koch and nine co-sponsors introduced H.R. Res. 274, against Paul Rand Dixon. The resolution was referred to the Judiciary Committee and vanished without a trace.
Andrew Young, Ambassador to the United Nations
On October 3, 1977, Rep. Lawrence P. McDonald introduced an impeachment resolution, H.R. Res. 805, against Ambassador Andrew Young. The resolution was referred to the Judiciary Committee for action.
Young had met secretly for meetings, in violation of American law, with representatives of the Palestine Liberation Organization, which culminated in Carter asking for Young's resignation. Jimmy Carter denied any complicity in the Andrew Young Affair.
McDonald waited until July 13, 1978, to introduce a second impeachment resolution, H.R. Res. 1267, against him, and this time the resolution was tabled on the House floor.
Kenneth W. Starr, an independent counsel of the United States appointed pursuant to 28 United States Code section 593(b)
On September 18, 1998, Rep. Alcee Hastings, who himself had been impeached and removed as a federal judge, introduced H.RES.545 impeaching Kenneth Starr, whose investigation was leading to the impeachment of President Bill Clinton. Two days later, the House voted to table the bill, 340–71.
Several weeks later, Hastings introduced H. RES. 582, authorizing an investigation to see whether Starr should be impeached. This was referred to the Rules committee, which buried it.
Regina McCarthy, Administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency
On September 11, 2015, Rep Paul A. Gosar and 25 cosponsors introduced H.RES.417 Impeaching Gina McCarthy, Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, for high crimes and misdemeanors. These were entirely claims of alleged perjury. This was referred to the House Judiciary, where it died.
John Koskinen, Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service
After the Justice Department notified Congress in October 2015 that there would be no charges against Lois Lerner or anyone else in the IRS, 19 Republican members of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee led by the committee's chairman, Jason Chaffetz (R-Utah), filed a resolution to impeach Koskinen. Those sponsoring the impeachment resolution to remove Koskinen from office accused him of failing to prevent the destruction of evidence in allowing the erasure of back-up tapes containing thousands of e-mails written by Lois Lerner, and of making false statements under oath to Congress. In a statement released by the Committee, Chaffetz said Koskinen "failed to comply with a congressionally issued subpoena, documents were destroyed on his watch, and the public was consistently misled. Impeachment is the appropriate tool to restore public confidence in the IRS and to protect the institutional interests of Congress." The IRS said on October 27 that it did not have an immediate comment on the impeachment resolution. Representative Elijah Cummings (D-Maryland), the committee's top Democrat, said in a statement: "This ridiculous resolution will demonstrate nothing but the Republican obsession with diving into investigative rabbit holes that waste tens of millions of taxpayer dollars while having absolutely no positive impact on a single American. Calling this resolution a 'stunt' or a 'joke' would be insulting to stunts and jokes."
The resolution was referred to the House Judiciary committee, who held hearings on the matter on May 23 and June 22, 2016. The House leadership decided not to proceed any further which led to a discharge petition, which was supposed to be acted upon in September but was delayed until after the election. On December 6, 2016, the House voted to send the question back to the Judiciary Committee, after which it was too late to do anything about it.
Rod Rosenstein, Deputy Attorney General
On July 25, 2018, after several months of threats, Representatives Mark Meadows and Jim Jordan filed articles of impeachment (H.Res.1028) against Rod Rosenstein for what they say is failure to respond to congressional document demands.
They were immediately sent to the House Judiciary committee. In a speech to donors, Representative Devin Nunes said they would have to wait until after the Senate confirmation of Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court.
While no hearings on the matter were held, the HJC mentioned the situation in its final report on the Clinton email imbroglio and the FBI's early Russia probe.
Judges
Many judges have been investigated
References
Bibliography
federal officials
United States federal impeachment | wiki |
Ultracoelostoma assimile, commonly known as sooty beech scale, is a scale insect in the Margarodidae family. It is endemic to New Zealand. It was first described by William Miles Maskell in 1890.
References
External links
Citizen science observations
Margarodidae
Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Insects described in 1890
Hemiptera of New Zealand
Endemic insects of New Zealand | wiki |
A building inspection is an inspection performed by a building inspector, a person who is employed by either a city, township or county and is usually certified in one or more disciplines qualifying them to make professional judgment about whether a building meets building code requirements. A building inspector may be certified either as a residential or commercial building inspector, as a plumbing, electrical or mechanical inspector, or other specialty-focused inspector who may inspect structures at different stages of completion. Building inspectors may charge a direct fee or a building permit fee. Inspectors may also be able to hold up construction work until inspection has been completed and approved.
Some building inspection expertises like facade inspections are required by certain cities or counties and considered mandatory. These are to be done by engineers and not by contractors. An example of a city that adopted this law is Quebec followed by a fatal incident that occurred due to negligence of the state of a facade. These inspections are often included in a contracted building inspection but might not be carefully analyzed and diagnosed like an engineer would.
Building inspectors
Building inspectors are often employed by governments and are frequently certified by the State, the International Code Council (ICC), or the Certified Commercial Property Inspectors Association (CCPIA) though are not always required to have any certification. Inspections are done to assure compliance with building, plumbing, electrical, mechanical or specialty codes, such as swimming pool codes, that are being enforced by the jurisdiction in which they work. There are many categories and levels of ICC certified inspectors.
Building inspectors are often contacted by strata managers or body corporate with storm water design issues, structural design proposals or civil design modifications. In addition, individuals are often required by councils to carry out dilapidation reports and building inspections of adjoining properties and associated council properties before and after construction, to establish that no damage has occurred due to the work carried out. Additional functions of a Building Inspector often include the evaluation of existing structures which have been subjected to physical damage from earthquakes, wind events, floods and fire, as well as investigations involving non-permitted construction.
Consulting engineers often carry out structural building inspections for strata properties where there are structural elements of the building found to be unsafe. Whether it is the balconies, balustrades or cracking due to settlement in the walls, consulting engineers provide building inspections of the property and make the appropriate assessment and provide dilapidation reports followed by proposals for remedial action.
See also
Home inspection
Investment rating for real estate
Real estate appraisal
References
Architecture occupations
Home inspection | wiki |
One Night Stand is a 2011 documentary film that documents the 24 Hour Musicals event that featured the creation of four musicals in a 24-hour period. The film had its World Premiere at the July 2011 NewFest, New York's LGBT Film Festival and features Cheyenne Jackson, Mandy Gonzalez, Roger Bart.
References
2011 documentary films
2011 films
Films about musical theatre
American documentary films
2010s American films | wiki |
In South Korea, etiquette, or the code of social behavior that governs human interactions, is largely derived from Korean Confucianism and focuses on the core values of this religion. In addition to general behaviour, etiquette in South Korea also determines how to behave with responsibility and social status. Although most aspects of etiquette are accepted by the country at large, customs can be localized to specific regions or influenced by other cultures, namely China, Japan, and the United States.
General
There are several points of etiquette in South Korea that are defined by either cultural taboos or broader concerns about manners. The following three practices are examples of widespread and recognizable concerns to native South Koreans as a whole.
Using the number four is considered unlucky, even ominous, as the pronunciation of the word 'four' and the Chinese character '死' (meaning death) are similar. It is also considered bad luck to select the fourth floor in an elevator, some are even built without a fourth floor button. Gifts are also rarely given in multiples of four, whereas giving items in multiples of seven is considered lucky and a wish for good fortune.
Kissing in public is looked down upon and seen as highly immodest among older individuals in South Korea. This has become less taboo with the current generation of young adults, but is still widely discouraged by elders.
Dressing well is important in South Korea; it is considered a sign of respect. Wearing a suit and tie is typically appropriate in formal situations, such as meeting new people. South Koreans also dress well for civic activities, especially in larger cities like Seoul.
Greetings and body language
South Koreans are reserved and well-mannered people. South Korea is a land of strict Confucian hierarchy and etiquette is important. In respect much can be said on the differences on how to conduct oneself as a male South Korean and a female South Korean. The bow is the traditional Korean greeting, although it is often accompanied by a handshake among men. To show respect when shaking hands, support your right forearm with your left hand. South Korean women usually nod slightly. Western women may offer their hand to a Korean man. Bow when departing. Younger people wave (move their arm from side to side). South Koreans consider it a personal violation to be touched by someone who is not a relative or close friend. Touching, patting, or back slapping is to be avoided during interactions. In addition, direct eye contact between juniors and seniors should be avoided because it is seen as impolite or even a challenge. Korea is one of the most demographically homogeneous countries in the world, racially and linguistically. It has its own culture, language, dress and cuisine, separate and distinct from its neighboring countries. Hard work, filial piety and modesty are characteristics esteemed by Koreans. Due to filial piety and the nature of how women are raised in South Korea there some acts of etiquette that do not apply to men. Women dress modestly; dress should not be form fitting and revealing. However, this etiquette of gender difference has changed and no longer exists.
Eating and drinking
Table etiquette in South Korea can be traced back to the Confucian philosophies of the Joseon period. Traditionally when dining, South Koreans use cushions to sit on the floor and eat from a low table. The floor is generally heated by the ondol, an underfloor heating system. This custom is still common at many restaurants in South Korea. The dining area in a restaurant is generally on a raised platform, and visitors are expected to remove their shoes before stepping onto it. Today, most restaurants also have tables and chairs for visitors who feel uncomfortable sitting on the floor.
Eating
Unlike the Chinese or Japanese, South Koreans never raise a rice bowl to their mouth. During a meal, bowls and dishes remain on the table. It is also unacceptable to speak of smelly or dirty things when having meals with others, or to eat too slowly or quickly. Blowing one's nose at the table, even if the meal is spicy, is considered mildly offensive. If such an action is necessary, it is recommended to leave the table or otherwise be discreet. South Koreans use chopsticks when they are eating, however, South Korean chopsticks are made from stainless steel. During a meal, these chopsticks are not to be thrown on the table because of the noise. Similarly, spoons should not touch plates because they may make a clashing sound. Chopsticks and spoons should never be put into food, particularly rice, in a standing-up position because it resembles food offerings at a grave for deceased ancestors, and it is therefore considered bad luck.
Drinking
In restaurants and bars, pouring one's own drink is seen as a faux pas. It is generally preferred that hosts fill the drinks of their company, and the company should do the same for the host. Therefore, paying attention to other's drink glasses and filling them when empty is a common procedure at bars, parties, and other social settings. If one does not wish to drink any further, that person is to simply leave their glass full. Tradition states that guests should not refuse the first drink offered by a host. If a guest refuses a drink up to three times, that specific guest will not be offered anymore.
When adult guests are asked to pour a drink, they are expected to offer the drink respectfully with two hands. When pouring alcoholic drinks, guests should hold the cup with their right hand and the wrist of their right hand should be held lightly with their left hand. Guests are expected to always pass and receive objects with their right hand or with two hands, and to never use their left hand alone.
The same etiquette applies when adult guests receive alcoholic drinks. However, if elders offer alcoholic drinks to younger guests, the guests should take the drink and politely show gratitude by saying "thank you". If the alcoholic drink is beer, it is proper for younger guests to turn their heads. These actions please elders because when someone of a higher social standing pours a drink, it is considered proper for the less significant person to turn away.
Housewarming
Housewarming in South Korea is called (집들이), and it involves the customary practice of hosting a small gathering after moving into a new home. Friends, relatives, and neighbors are shown around the house while being served food and drinks. Traditionally, the owner of the new home would invite a shaman (무당 mudang) to perform a shamanist ritual (gut) on the evening of move-in day. However, today people prefer to celebrate the completion of home construction somewhat differently. In Ongjin-gun, Gyeonggi-do, it is called the deulchari (들차리), and the owner will select an evening to invite friends and villagers to show them around while serving them food. The food served is usually bibimbap (비빔밥) mixed with rice, bean sprouts, and (a type of seaweed). People celebrate late into the night by playing an hourglass-shaped drum (장구 ) and singing. People who live in the Seongnam area have a similar celebration when they build or move into a new home. Their guests prepare matches or candles, which symbolizes their wishes for the household to rise and prosper. People offer detergent and toilet paper as moving-in presents, which signifies that everything will go well.
Gifts and gift-giving
Many South Koreans give gifts to each other to celebrate birthdays, weddings, and holidays such as New Year and Chuseok. People give a variety of gifts, however, the kind of gift depends on who is receiving the gift and when. For a wedding, many South Koreans give brides and grooms money as a gift, however, best friends of the couple will give them household appliances. During the holidays, South Koreans give gifts to their parents and superiors, such as ribs, fruit, wine, and/or gift cards. Neighbors often receive cooking oil, a can of tuna, or gim.
Funerals
In South Korea, going to a funeral involves praying for the deceased person to rest in heaven, and is related to filial piety. Funerals and rituals are ceremonies organized by family and it is considered their responsibility to oversee them. Recently, funeral customs have significantly changed. For example, many people now prefer to have small funerals and be cremated rather than buried.
Making a condolence call
In South Korea, the phrase "condolence call" means to show sadness towards those who are deceased and give condolence to mourners. In South Korea, a condolence call is called Jomun [조문(弔問)] or Munsang [문상(問喪)]. If an individual is older than the person who has died, that individual only has to bow to the primary mourner.
Offering flowers
When offering flowers at a funeral, the blossoms of the flowers should face the deceased as a symbol of the flower ceremony.
Bowing
Unlike the usual formal bow, at a funeral, a man bows by placing his left hand on top of his right. Conversely, a woman bows by placing her right hand on top of her left. People should bow one time for those who are alive and twice for those who are deceased.
Special birthdays
Doljanchi
A doljanchi or dol (돌잔치) is a traditional South Korean first birthday celebration. Long ago, when medical science was unable to cure many diseases and malnutrition was common, infants rarely survived to their first birthday. Therefore, the dol became a milestone that blessed a child with a prosperous future and celebrated a baby's survival. Many of the traditional customs are still included in the modern day dol. It is one of the most important birthdays a South Korean will celebrate. The highlight of the dol ritual is to foretell the baby's future by offering a variety of items to the baby and watching to see which one he/she picks up; a brush symbolizes a scholar, a bundle of thread means a long life, and money symbolizes wealth. Rice signifies that the baby will never go hungry, which was an important issue when people suffered famines. For a boy, the selection of a bow and arrow presumes that he will become a military commander. For a girl, the selection of scissors or needles presumes that she will grow up to be a great craftswoman.
Hwan-gab
A hwangab (hangul: 환갑; hanja: 還甲) in South Korea is a traditional way of celebrating one's 60th birthday. The number '60' signifies the completion of one big circle and the start of another in one's life, which is recognized as the traditional sexagenary cycle of the lunar calendar. In the past, the average life expectancy was much lower than sixty; therefore, it also celebrated longevity and the wish for an even longer, prosperous life. The celebration is customarily thrown by the children of the individual who is turning sixty, many relatives help by preparing an abundance of food. With the advent of modern health care, this occurrence is much more common than it used to be. Many South Koreans now take trips with their families instead of having a big party to celebrate their 60th birthday. Parties are also thrown when a person reaches 70 and 80 years old, which is called a Gohi (고희) and Palsun (팔순).
See also
Culture of Korea
Korean cuisine
Public holidays in South Korea
Korean birthday celebrations
Traditional Korean thought
Marriage in South Korea
Etiquette in other regions
Etiquette in Africa
Etiquette in Asia
Etiquette in Australia and New Zealand
Etiquette in Canada and the United States
Etiquette in Japan
Etiquette in Latin America
Etiquette in the Middle East
References
External links
A video from Arirang TV which introduces the Korean housewarming in English
Guidebook for foreigner
Society of South Korea
*
South Korea | wiki |
"Who's Your Daddy?" és una cançó de Lordi del 2006.
Llista de cançons
Who's Your Daddy?
Who's Your Daddy?
Devil Is A Loser
Referències
Cançons de Lordi
Senzills del 2006 | wiki |
Omega (Ω ω) er et græsk bogstav.
Dets lydværdi svarer nogenlunde til det danske bogstav "Å"s. Det er den lange form, hvor omikron er den korte.
Ω bliver brugt inden for fysikken som symbol for ohm, som er SI-enheden for resistans. Omega anses også for ende, såsom "alfaomega, i.e. alfa = begyndelse, omega = ende.
Computer
I unicode er Ω U+03A9 og ω er U+03C9.
Græske alfabet | wiki |
This is a list of EMS Cooperative members.
Since its creation, more than 181 postal administrations have joined the EMS Cooperative, representing over 97% of global EMS traffic.
References
Express mail | wiki |
The United States Postal Service (USPS) provides Priority Mail Express for domestic U.S. delivery, and offers two types of international Express Mail services, although only one of them is part of the EMS standard. One is called Priority Mail Express International and the other service is called Global Express Guaranteed (GXG). The latter has no relation to "EMS" International service as provided by the EMS Cooperative.
The USPS Global Express Guaranteed (GXG), involves USPS offices acting as drop locations for international packages which are then handled by FedEx international delivery network.
In some countries, import rules for packages received by courier services have different tax brackets and duties than parcels received on the postal system, and thus EMS service (Express Mail International) may be preferred over FedEx's co-branded Global Express Guaranteed.
The term Priority Mail Express International is distinct from the domestic service called Priority Mail Express, which is a specific classification of mail for domestic accelerated postal delivery within the U.S.
In 2013, the USPS changed the name of the service from "Express Mail International" to "Priority Mail Express International". This may lead to confusion, as "Priority Mail" is still used, and the packaging is very similar.
History
Special Delivery, a domestic accelerated local delivery service, was introduced on 3 March 1885 initially with a fee of 10¢ paid by a Special Delivery stamp. It was transformed into Express Mail, introduced in 1977 after an experimental period that started in 1970, although Special Delivery was not terminated until June 8, 1997.
USPS Priority Mail Express
Priority Mail Express is an accelerated domestic mail delivery service operated by the United States Postal Service. It provides overnight delivery to most locations within the continental United States and guaranteed delivery within 2 days. Unlike most other USPS delivery options which provide only delivery confirmation, Priority Mail Express Mail provides tracking information.
Priority Mail Express delivers 365 days a year, including Saturdays, Sundays, and federal holidays.
USPS GXG
Global Express Guaranteed (GXG) service is an international expedited delivery service provided through an alliance with FedEx Corporation. It provides guaranteed, date-definite service from Post Office facilities in the United States to a large number of international destinations. Global Express Guaranteed delivery service is guaranteed to meet the specified service standards or the postage paid may be refunded. For almost all network destinations, liability insurance is provided for lost or damaged shipments.
References
United States Postal Service
Express mail
External links
USPS Track & Trace(english) | wiki |
West Africans in the United States are Americans with ancestry from West Africa. They include:
Beninese Americans
Burkinabé Americans
Cape Verdean Americans
Chadian Americans
Gambian Americans
Ghanaian Americans
Guinean Americans
Guinea-Bissauan Americans
Ivorian Americans
Liberian Americans
Malian Americans
Mauritanian Americans
Nigerien Americans
Nigerian Americans
Igbo Americans
Yoruba Americans
Senegalese Americans
Sierra Leonean Americans
Togolese Americans
In addition, they include a majority of African-American people, whose ancestors were sourced largely from West African states via the Atlantic slave trade.
See also
West Africa | wiki |
Central Africans in the United States are Americans with ancestry from Central Africa. They include:
Cameroonian Americans
Congolese Americans
Equatoguinean Americans
Gabonese Americans
São Toméan Americans
Burundian Americans
Central African Americans
Rwandese Americans
See also
Central Africa | wiki |
This page is a list of current and former vibraphone manufacturers. There are multiple design approaches along with varying features, including timbral differences, that each of these manufacturers lay claim to.
Current manufacturers
Adams Musical Instruments
Majestic Percussion
Musser Mallet Company
Premier Percussion
Yamaha Percussion
Defunct companies
J.C. Deagan, Inc.
Leedy Manufacturing Company
References
.Vibraphone
Vibraphone | wiki |
Carpenter's axes or Carpenter's hatchets are small axes, usually slightly larger than a hatchet, used in traditional woodwork, joinery and log-building. They have pronounced beards and finger notches to allow a "choked" grip for precise control.
Carpentry axes have straight, long cutting edges and thin blades with a low bevel angle, making them ideal for working with dry wood. These axes also have straight handles, as the curved handles typical of felling and chopping axes would get in the way of the smaller more precise cuts that tend to be made with carpentry axes. These features allow carpenters axes to be capable of detailed work such as cutting a plank's end to a desired angled with a planed surface and even rudimentary woodcarving.
The long straight edge of carpentry axes provides a good degree of stability when cutting as well as being the ideal shape for guiding the blade by eye.
The poll is generally designed for use as a hammer and newer carpenter's hatchets will often have a groove for pulling nails.
Use in Japanese Carpentry
In traditional Japanese architecture, wood is the primary building material, as opposed to the western tradition of using stone and brick. Therefore, in the construction of buildings such as temples, carpentry axes are vital for quickly removing large amounts of wood in the initial stages of building, such as the construction of columns and support structures. Japanese carpentry axes have wooden handles that are fitted to a socket and have laminated steel blades, were two different steels are laminated, a harder one for the cutting edge and more soft and flexible steel for the back portion of the head.
Sources
External links
Axes
bar:Beil
da:Økse
hu:Balta | wiki |
The 1907 Tour de France was the fifth running of the annual Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. From 8 July to 4 August, the 93 cyclists cycled 4488 km (2,788 mi) in fourteen stages around France. The winner, Lucien Petit-Breton, completed the race at an average speed of 28.47 km/h (17.69 mi/h). For the first time, climbs in the Western Alps were included in the Tour de France. The race was dominated at the start by Émile Georget, who won five of the first eight stages. In the ninth stage, he borrowed a bicycle from a befriended rider after his own broke. This was against the rules; initially he received only a small penalty and his main competitors left the race out of protest. Georget's penalty was then increased and Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader. Petit-Breton won two of the remaining stages and the overall victory of the Tour.
Innovations and changes
The 1907 Tour de France incorporated 14 stages, which was one more than in 1906. For the first time, roads in Switzerland were included. The mountain stages in 1906 had been so successful, according to the organiser Henri Desgrange, that the western Alps were included in the race for the first time.
The 1907 race was also the first time that a car with bicycle repairmen drove behind the riders, to give assistance in solving mechanical problems on bicycles.
As in 1906, the race was decided by a points system. At the end of every stage, the winner was given one point, the next cyclist two points, and so on. After the eighth stage, when there were only 49 cyclists left in the race, the points given in the first eight stages were redistributed among the remaining cyclists, according to their positions in those stages.
Participants
René Pottier, the winner of the 1906 Tour de France, did not defend his title because he had committed suicide in early 1907. Although the riders officially rode the Tour as individuals, some shared the same sponsor and cooperated as if they rode in teams. At the start of the race, it was expected that the riders sponsored by Alcyon and the riders sponsored by Peugeot would compete for the overall victory. Alcyon started with three main contenders: Louis Trousselier, Marcel Cadolle and Léon Georget; Peugeot counted on Emile Georget.
As in the previous years, there were two classes of cyclists, the coureurs de vitesse and the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées. Of the 93 cyclists starting the race, 82 were in the poinçonnée category, which meant that they had to finish the race on the same bicycle as they left, and if it was broken they had to fix it without assistance. The coureurs de vitesse could get help from the car with bicycle repairmen when they had to fix a bicycle, and when a bicycle was beyond repair, they could change it to a new one.
Not all cyclists were competing for the victory; some only joined as tourists. The most notable of them was Henri Pépin. Pépin had hired two riders, Jean Dargassies and Henri Gauban, to ride with him. They treated the race as a pleasure ride, stopping for lunch when they chose and spending the night in the best hotels they could find. Dargassies and Gaubin became the first cyclists in the history of the Tour de France to ride not for their own placings but for another rider's interest. During the race, they found another Tour de France competitor, Jean-Marie Teychenne, lying in a ditch. They helped him get up and fed him; from then on Teychenne also helped Pépin.
Race overview
Early in the race, Trousselier, François Faber and Emile Georget were the main contenders. Trousselier, winner of the 1905 Tour de France and eager to win again, won the first stage. In the second stage, the Tour passed the French-German border to finish in Metz, which was then part of Germany. The German authorities allowed the cyclists to finish there, but did not allow the French flag to be flown or the cars of race officials to enter the city. At the end of the stage, Emile Georget seemingly beat Trousselier with a very small margin. After inquiry, Desgrange, the Tour's organiser, decided to put both cyclists in first place, to keep both sponsors satisfied.
In the third stage, the Tour returned to France; at the border, the riders were stopped by two French customs officers and the delay took so long that the stage had to be restarted. During the stage in the Alps, Émile Georget was better than his competitors; he won the stage and became leader of the general classification. Georget won five of the first eight stages, and had a commanding lead. In the seventh stage, Marcel Cadolle, at that time in second place, fell and his handlebar penetrated his knee, after which he had to give up.
During the ninth stage, when Georget was leading the race, he broke the frame of his bicycle at a checkpoint. According to the rules, Georget should have fixed his bicycle alone; he knew this would take him more than five hours, so he switched bicycles with Pierre-Gonzague Privat. This was against the rules, so Georget was given a fine of 500 francs. After this stage, won by Petit-Breton, the general classification was as follows:
Unsatisfied with the fine given to Georget, Trousselier and the other riders sponsored by Alcyon left the Tour in protest.
After the tenth stage, the organisers gave Georget an additional penalty for the bicycle change in the ninth stage. They changed the classification of the ninth stage, moving Georget from 4th on the stage to last (48th place). This effectively cost him 44 points in the general classification and moved him from first to third place. The new classification, after the tenth stage, was
Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader of the race. Although he had already finished in fifth place and fourth place in previous years, he was still relatively unknown, and had started in the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées category. Petit-Breton finished in the top three in the next stages, so no other cyclist was able to challenge him for the overall victory. At the end of the race, he had increased his lead to a margin of 19 points ahead of Garrigou and 27 points ahead of Georget.
Results
Stage results
In the first and final stages, the cyclists were allowed to have pacers.
General classification
Although 110 riders were on the starting list, 17 did not show up, so the race started with 93 cyclists. At the end of the Tour de France, 33 cyclists remained.
The cyclists officially were not grouped in teams; some cyclists had the same sponsor, even though they were not allowed to work together.
The total prize money was 25000 French francs, of which 4000 francs were given to Petit-Breton for winning the Tour. In total, he received more than 7000 francs.
Other classifications
Lucien Petit-Breton was also the winner of the "machines poinçonnées" category.
The organising newspaper l'Auto named Emile Georget the meilleur grimpeur. This unofficial title is the precursor to the modern-day mountains classification.
Aftermath
Petit-Breton also started the 1908 Tour de France. He won five stages and the general classification, and became the first cyclist to win the Tour de France two times.
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Tour de France
Tour de France by year
Tour de France
Tour de France
Tour de France
Tour de France | wiki |
Deep Trouble may refer to:
Deep Trouble (radio comedy series), a 2005–2007 BBC radio programme
"Deep Trouble" (NCIS: Los Angeles), a television episode
Deep Trouble (Goosebumps), a 1994 novel by R. L. Stine
Deep Trouble, a 1991 Hardy Boys Casefiles novel
See also
"Deep, Deep Trouble", a song from the album The Simpsons Sing the Blues
Double Trouble (disambiguation)
Trouble (disambiguation) | wiki |
Browning is the process of partially cooking the surface of meat to develop its flavor through various browning reactions and give it a more attractive color.
It is a common first step in cooking braised meats and stews.
Techniques
Browning is typically done using a frying pan, which is generally preheated to a medium high temperature to avoid sticking. In order to brown properly, the meat should first have surface moisture removed. This is usually achieved by patting the meat with a paper towel to remove water.
Ground meat is frequently browned before adding other ingredients, as when it is added to casseroles or prepackaged food products like Hamburger Helper, where the final cooking temperature will not be high enough to initiate the Maillard reaction. It is stirred during cooking to break it up and to promote even browning. Onions and seasonings are sometimes added. When the meat has reached the desired degree of brownness, the pan is removed from the heat and the excess fat is drained.
See also
Searing
References
Cooking techniques
Culinary terminology | wiki |
When the Lights Go Down may refer to:
When the Lights Go Down (book), a collection of movie reviews by the critic Pauline Kael
"When the Lights Go Down" (Armand Van Helden song)
"When the Lights Go Down" (Faith Hill song)
"When the Lights Go Down", a song by Edie Brickell on the album Picture Perfect Morning
"When the Lights Go Down", a song by Chad Brownlee on the album The Fighters | wiki |
Century Child és el quart d'estudi àlbum de la banda Nightwish.
Llista de cançons
Bless The Child (6:12)
End Of All Hope (3:55)
Dead To The World (4:19)
Ever Dream (4:43)
Slaying The Dreamer (4:31)
Forever Yours (3:50)
Ocean Soul (4:14)
Feel For You (3:55)
The Phantom Of The Opera (4:10)
Beauty Of The Beast (10:21)
Long Lost Love
One More Night To Live
Christabel
Discs de Nightwish
Discs del 2002 | wiki |
George McKee may refer to:
George McKee (Medal of Honor) (died 1892), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
George C. McKee (1837–1890), U.S. Representative from Mississippi
George H. McKee (1923–2015), American Air Force lieutenant general
See also
George Mackey (1916–2006), American mathematician | wiki |
Walter Chew Flower (1850-1900) was the 44th Mayor of New Orleans (April 27, 1896 – May 7, 1900). He was one of the participants and killers in the March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings of 11 Italian immigrants.
References
Mayors of New Orleans
1850 births
1900 deaths | wiki |
The free trade agreements of Canada represents Canada's cooperation in multinational trade pacts and plays a large role in the Canadian economy. Canada is regularly described as a trading nation, considering its total trade is worth more than two-thirds of its GDP (the second highest level in the G7, after Germany). Of that total trade, roughly 75% is done with countries that are part of free-trade agreements with Canada—primarily the United States through the Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement (CUSMA), and its predecessor the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). By the end of 2014, Canadas bilateral trade hit Can$1 trillion for the first time.
Overview
Canada is a founding member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1 January 1995.
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which is held with Canada by the United States and Mexico, came into force on 1 January 1994, creating the largest free-trade region in the world by GDP. By 2014, the combined GDP for the NAFTA area was estimated to be over Can$20 trillion with a market encompassing 474 million people.
Building on that success, Canada continues to negotiate and has concluded free-trade agreements with more than 40 countries, most recently with South Korea, which represents Canada's first FTA with a partner in the Asia-Pacific region. As of 2018, Canada has also concluded two other significant multilateral trade agreements: the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with the European Union and the 11-nation Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) with 10 other Pacific-Rim countries. On 21 September 2017, CETA was provisionally applied, immediately eliminating 98% of EU's tariff lines on Canadian goods. Canada is currently the only G7 country to have free trade agreements in force with all other G7 countries. Free trade with the final G7 country, Japan, commenced when the CPTPP entered into force on 30 December 2018.
Free-trade agreements
In force or provisionally in force
Under negotiation
Canada is negotiating bilateral FTAs with the following countries and trade blocs:
(ASEAN)
Pacific Alliance
Negotiations ended with no plan to restart
, abandoned following the commencement of exploratory discussions for a free trade agreement with ASEAN as a whole
, , and
(CARIBCAN)
Exploratory discussions
Canada is undertaking exploratory discussions of bilateral or multilateral FTAs with the following countries and trade blocs, although formal negotiations have not yet begun:
, abandoned following the detention of Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig and the extradition case of Meng Wanzhou
, suspended following the Canada–Philippines waste dispute and abandoned following the commencement of exploratory discussions for a free trade agreement with ASEAN as a whole
, abandoned following the commencement of exploratory discussions for a free trade agreement with ASEAN as a whole
, with no progress since 2013
Abandoned free-trade agreement proposals
Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreements
A Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (FIPA) is an agreement to promote foreign investing.
FIPAs in force
The following is a list of FIPAs in force, including date of entry into force.
Canada–Argentina (29 April 1993)
Canada–Armenia (29 March 1999)
Canada–Barbados (17 January 1997)
Canada–Benin (18 January 2013)
Canada–Burkina Faso (11 October 2017)
Canada–Cameroon (16 December 2016)
Canada–China (1 October 2014)
Canada–Costa Rica (29 September 1999)
Canada–Côte d'Ivoire (14 December 2015)
Canada–Croatia (30 January 2001)
Canada–Czech Republic (22 January 2012)
Canada–Ecuador (6 June 1997)
Canada–Egypt (3 November 1997)
Canada–Guinea (27 March 2017)
Canada–Hong Kong (6 September 2016)
Canada–Hungary (21 November 1993)
Canada–Jordan (14 December 2009)
Canada–Kosovo (19 December 2018)
Canada–Kuwait (19 February 2014)
Canada–Latvia (24 November 2011)
Canada–Lebanon (19 June 1999)
Canada–Mali (8 June 2016)
Canada–Mongolia (24 February 2017)
Canada–Panama (13 February 1998)
Canada–Peru (20 June 2007)
Canada–Philippines (13 November 1996)
Canada–Poland (22 November 1990)
Canada–Romania (23 November 2011)
Canada–Russian Federation (27 June 1991)
Canada–Senegal (5 August 2016)
Canada–Serbia (27 April 2015)
Canada–Slovak Republic (14 March 2012)
Canada–Tanzania (9 December 2013)
Canada–Thailand (24 September 2008)
Canada–Trinidad & Tobago (8 June 1996)
Canada–Ukraine (24 June 1995)
Canada–Uruguay (2 June 1999)
Canada–Venezuela (28 January 1998)
FIPAs signed
The following is a list of FIPAs that have been concluded and signed, but have not yet entered into force.
Canada–Moldova (June 2018)
Canada–Nigeria (May 2014)
FIPA negotiations concluded
The following is a list of FIPA negotiations concluded, and are not in force. First is the country, then the date it was concluded.
Canada–Albania (November 2013)
Canada–Bahrain (February 2010)
Canada–Madagascar (August 2008)
Canada–United Arab Emirates (May 2018)
Canada–Zambia (March 2013)
Ongoing FIPA negotiations
The following is a list of FIPA negotiations that have not yet concluded.
Canada–Democratic Republic of Congo
Canada–Gabon
Canada–Georgia
Canada–Ghana
Canada–India
Canada–Kazakhstan
Canada–Kenya
Canada–Republic of Macedonia
Canada–Mauritania
Canada–Mozambique
Canada–Pakistan
Canada–Qatar
Canada–Rwanda
Canada–Tunisia
See also
Canada's Global Markets Action Plan
Economy of Canada
Notes
References
Foreign trade of Canada | wiki |
Talofofo (Chamorro : Talo fo' fo') est l'une des du territoire des États-Unis de Guam.
Démographie
Liens externes
Localité à Guam | wiki |
María Cecilia Amenábar Granella (born 1971) is a Chilean actress, model, and artist.
After a career in modeling, Amenábar along model Daniela Benavente, hosted Revolver, a cultural television program for TVN. She has worked on both ends of the camera, as an actress in the 2003 film Sexo con Amor, and as a director for several music videos.
Since 2004, Amenábar has been making appearances as a DJ in several nightclubs around Buenos Aires. As she prefers people to focus on her music rather than on herself, she usually asks to have the lights turned down while she is playing.
Amenábar was married to Argentine musician Gustavo Cerati from 1992 till 2002. They have two children: Lisa and Benito. She collaborated in vocals and double bass in Cerati's first solo album: Amor Amarillo.
External links
1971 births
Living people
Chilean film actresses
Chilean female models
21st-century Chilean women singers
Chilean expatriates in Argentina
Women bass guitarists
Chilean DJs
People from Santiago
21st-century bass guitarists | wiki |
Ropes are groups of yarns, plies, fibers or strands that are twisted or braided together into larger and stronger forms.
Ropes or The Ropes may also refer to:
Ropes (surname)
Rope (rhythmic gymnastics), a rhythmic gymnastics apparatus
Rope (torture), an instrument of torture used by the Huguenots
Rope (unit), any of several units of measurement
Rope (data structure), a data structure used for fast string operations
The Ropes, an indie rock band from New York
See also
Nathaniel Ropes Building, a commercial building in Cincinnati, Ohio
On the Ropes (disambiguation)
Ropes course
Ropes Creek, a creek in New South Wales
Ropes Crossing, New South Wales
Ropes End, a summer house in Phippsburg, Maine
Ropes Mansion, a mansion in Salem, Massachusetts | wiki |
The 2010 Imola Superbike World Championship round was the twelfth round of the 2010 Superbike World Championship season. It took place on the weekend of September 24-26, 2009 at the Imola circuit.
Results
Superbike race 1 classification
Superbike race 2 classification
Supersport race classification
References
Superbike Race 1
Superbike Race 2
Supersport Race
Imola Round
Imola Superbike | wiki |
Succession rights in the United Kingdom is an area of housing law concerning the ability to pass on their tenancy when they die something known as a succession.
Council properties
A council house can only have one succession unless a tenancy document grants more. If an inherited council house is too large for an individuals needs, then a tenant can also be evicted for under-occupation, although the Council would have to provide suitable alternative accommodation. The right of succession was granted by the Housing Act 1985. The Localism Act 2011 amended the succession rights of tenancies created after this date and limits them to the spouse or partner of the deceased.
Housing association properties
If you are a housing association tenant, then the right to a succession depends upon whether you are an assured tenant, assured shorthold tenant or a secure tenant.
Housing and Planning Bill
The Housing and Planning Bill proposes that secure council tenancies will be replaced by tenancies lasting between two and five years. Under the proposals family members will not inherit a lifetime tenancy.
See also
Under-occupation penalty
Assignment (housing law)
References
External links
Shelter - Can you inherit a council tenancy?
Housing in the United Kingdom
English property law | wiki |
Flexible tenancies also known as fixed term flexible tenancies or flexible council tenancies are a type of tenancy in the United Kingdom created by the Localism Act.
References
Tenancies in the United Kingdom | wiki |
Frostweed is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
Helianthemum or Crocanthemum , in the family Cistaceae
Verbesina virginica in the family Asteraceae | wiki |
Laffing Time is a 1959 feature film starring Gloria Jean and El Brendel and directed by Alf Goulding. The film's producer, Edward Finney, also took the leading comic role, under the pseudonym "Eddie Finn."
Plot
Well-meaning but clumsy husband Musty Suffer (Eddie Finn) lives with his wife Sally (Gloria Jean) and his tough-talking mother-in-law (Nina Varela). His Swedish-dialect pal is next-door neighbor Efrem Blobbs (El Brendel). Musty and Blobbs plan an elaborate birthday party for Musty's daughters Betsy and Netsy (Jane and Janette Carty). When the tax collector takes Musty's handy money, Musty and Blobbs stage the party themselves. Still in need of cash, Musty and his family hire on as servants for a society matron, whose important dinner party goes from bad to worse.
History
In 1959 producer Finney had seen a newspaper report that former singing star Gloria Jean was now working as a hostess, in a restaurant with Hollywood clientele. Finney had always been a Gloria Jean fan, and he sponsored her return to the screen. The finished film, edited by Finney himself, was retitled The Madcaps for release in 1964. Finney recut it and shot additional scenes for a new children's-matinee version, Tobo the Happy Clown (1966).
References
External links
1959 films | wiki |
Nota in Italia per l'interpretazione di Marina Cooper, ruolo che interpreta dal 2004 nella celebre soap opera statunitense Sentieri (Guiding Light).
Collegamenti esterni | wiki |
An Inquiry into the Good, also known as A Study of Good, () is the first book by the Japanese philosopher Nishida Kitarō, published in 1911.
As he explains in the Preface to the work, Parts II and III were composed first, followed by Parts I and IV. Part I is an explication of the nature of what he calls ‘pure experience’ which lies at the basis of his thought. Part II is the expression of his philosophical thought and is the core part of this book. Then, with the foundation being thus laid, Nishida launches into a discussion of the good in Part III. He appended Part IV out of his belief that the end of philosophy is religion. The reason that he entitled this work An Inquiry into the Good, despite half of it being devoted to the discussion of technical points in philosophy, is because he thought that, ultimately, the central focus of this work is the great questions of human life and existence.
Table of Contents
Part I: Pure Experience [純粋経験]
Chapter 1: Pure Experience [純粋経験]
Chapter 2: Thought [思惟]
Chapter 3: Will [意志]
Chapter 4: Intellectual Intuition [知的直観]
Part II: Existence [実在]
Chapter 1: The Point of Departure for Our Enquiry [考究の出立点]
Chapter 2: The Phenomena of Consciousness Are the One Reality [意識現象が唯一の実在である]
Chapter 3: The True Nature of Reality [実在の真景]
Chapter 4: The True Reality Always Has the Same Form [真実在は常に同一の形式をもっている]
Chapter 5: The Fundamental Formula of the True Reality [真実在の根本的方式]
Chapter 6: The One Reality [唯一実在]
Chapter 7: The Development of Reality by Differentiation [実在の分化発展]
Chapter 8: Nature [自然]
Chapter 9: Spirit [精神]
Chapter 10: God as Reality [実在としての神]
Part III: The Good [善]
Chapter 1: Action (Part 1) [行為 上]
Chapter 2: Action (Part 2) [行為 下]
Chapter 3: The Freedom of the Will [意志の自由]
Chapter 4: An Enquiry into Values [価値的研究]
Chapter 5: Theories of Ethics (Part 1) [倫理学の諸説 其一]
Chapter 6: Theories of Ethics (Part 2) [倫理学の諸説 其二]
Chapter 7: Theories of Ethics (Part 3) [倫理学の諸説 其三]
Chapter 8: Theories of Ethics (Part 4) [倫理学の諸説 其四]
Chapter 9: The Good (The Action Theory) [善 (活動説)]
Chapter 10: The Good of Personality [人格的善]
Chapter 11: The Motivation of Good Action (The Form of the Good) [善行為の動機 (善の形式)]
Chapter 12: The End of Good Action (The Content of the Good) [善行為の目的 (善の内容)]
Chapter 13: The Perfect Good Act [完全なる善行]
Part IV: Religion [宗教]
Chapter 1: The Religious Demand [宗教の本質]
Chapter 2: God [神]
Chapter 3: God and the World [神と世界]
Chapter 4: Knowledge and Love [知と愛]
Influence and reception
Graham Parkes described An Inquiry into the Good as a "masterpiece". He wrote that was made possible by the Japanese interest in western philosophy that began with the Meiji Restoration of 1868. He considered the book "path-breaking" and identified it as Nishida's best-known accomplishment.
The religious studies scholar Ninian Smart stated that An Inquiry into the Good "struck many readers as the first truly creative work by a Japanese that did not merely repeat western ideas, and yet made use of modern thinking and terminology." However, he added that the work was criticized by the philosopher Takahashi Satomi, who found the subjectivism of "pure experience" too psychological.
References
Bibliography
Editions
Nishida Kitarō, An Inquiry into the Good [善の研究], ed. Fujita Masakatsu [藤田 正勝] (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 2012).
Fujita’s notes in this edition are invaluable in tracking down Nishida’s allusions to the authors and works that influenced him.
Nishida Kitarō, An Inquiry into the Good [善の研究], ed. Kosaka Kunitsugu [小坂 国継] (Tokyo: Kōdansha [講談社], 2006).
Kosaka, the leading scholar of Nishida’s philosophy, provides ample notes to aid especially the beginner. The two essays by Kosaka at the end, especially the one on the influence of Neo-Confucianism in this work, are essential reading.
Books
Take’uchi Yoshitomo [竹内 良知], ‘The Formation of An Inquiry into the Good’ [『善の研究』の成立] in Nishida Kitarō [西田幾多郎] (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press [東京大学出版会], 1970).
Take’uchi’s treatment here of the influence of Wang Yangming’s school of Neo-Confucianism on An Inquiry into the Good is a classic.
Shimomura Toratarō [下村 寅太郎], ‘Nishida Kitarō’ in The Collected Works of Shimomura Toratarō, Vol. 12: Nishida’s Philosophy and Japanese Thought [下村寅太郎著作集第12巻——西田哲学と日本の思想] (Tokyo: Misuzu Shobō [みすず書房], 1990).
The editor of Nishida’s Collected Works who studied under Nishida himself delves into the intellectual background and formation of Nishida, leading up to An Inquiry into the Good.
Fujita Masakatsu [藤田 正勝] (ed.), A Century of An Inquiry into the Good: To/From the World [『善の研究』の百年——世界へ/世界から] (Kyoto University Press [京都大学学術出版会], 2011).
1911 non-fiction books
Books by Kitaro Nishida
Kyoto School
Zen studies books
Japanese philosophy books
External links
The Kōdōkan edition (1911) available at the National Diet Library’s Digital Collections website (N.B. their copy of this edition has pages missing).
The Iwanami Shoten reprint (1921) available at the National Diet Library’s Digital Collections website (N.B. the type had been reset for this reprint, so the page numbers differ from the 1911 edition; this edition also includes a brief new preface).
The 2nd edition (1936) from Iwanami Shoten available at the National Diet Library’s Digital Collections website (N.B. the type had been reset once more, so the page numbers differ again; this edition includes a new preface).
The text of the Iwanami Bunko edition of 1979 available at Aozora Bunko (N.B. for this text the orthography has been updated to that of modern Japanese). | wiki |
This is a list of Capsicum cultivars belonging to the five major species of cultivated peppers (genus Capsicum): C. annuum, C. chinense, C. baccatum, C. frutescens, and C. pubescens. Due to the large and changing number of cultivars, and the variation of cultivar namings in different regions, this list only gives a few examples of the estimated 50,000 pepper varieties that exist.
Capsicum cultivars
There are perhaps fifty thousand Capsicum cultivars grown worldwide. The USDA-ARS GRIN seed collection contains 6,200 Capsicum accessions alone, including 4,000 Capsicum annuum accessions. The other Capsicum species in the USDA germplasm repository include: C. chinense, C. baccatum, C. frutescens, C. pubescens, C. cardenasii, C. chacoense, C. flexuosum, C. eximium, C. rhomboideum, C. galapagoense, and C. tovarii.
There are five major species of cultivated Capsicum, C. annuum, C. chinense, C. baccatum, C. frutescens, C. pubescens, and within those species are several "taxonomic varieties". Because of the ability of many of species to cross and generate inter-specific hybrids, albeit with low success, there are also what is referred to as "complexes" within the genus Capsicum of closely related and sexually compatible species. This includes the Capsicum annuum complex, which consists of C. annuum, C. frutescens, and C. chinense.
Major species and their taxonomic varieties:
Capsicum annuum, which includes bell peppers, cayennes, friggitello, jalapeños, paprika, and serrano.
Capsicum annuum 'New Mexico Group', common name Hatch or Anaheim, which includes Big Jim, Chimayó, and Sandia peppers.
Capsicum baccatum, which includes the South American varieties, such as ají amarillo, ají limón, and criolla sella.
Capsicum chinense, which includes all of the habaneros, Scotch bonnets, Trinidad Scorpions, the Bhut Jolokia, and the Carolina Reaper.
Capsicum frutescens, which includes the Tabasco pepper and many of the peppers grown in India; sometimes not distinguished as a species separate from C. annuum.
Capsicum pubescens, which includes the rocoto and manzano pepper, are distinctive plants, having violet flowers, black seeds, and hairy dark green leaves, and grow as a large, multi-stemmed vine up to 5 meters long.
Cultivars
The species and varieties include many economically important cultivars with a variety of different shapes, colors, and flavors that are grown for different purposes, such as spices, vegetables, and herbal medicines. Some confusion has resulted from the legal term "plant variety", which is used interchangeably with "cultivar" (not with "taxonomic variety"). The terminology around a cultivar also includes terms such as heirloom, open-pollinated, self-pollinating, and hybrid.
Heirloom varieties are typically those that have been selected and grown historically with seeds saved every year, and are still maintained today in similar fashion, such as the blocky-type California Wonder. Open-pollinated varieties are those that are maintained without strict barriers to prevent outcrossing and then seed is collected at and stored from each harvest such as the lamuyo-type Marconi Yellow. While open-pollinated varieties are typically true-to-type, there may be occasional outcrossing to other Capsicum varieties that may introduce some heterogeneity. Self-pollinated varieties are similar to open-pollinated varieties in that they are true-to-type and seed is collected at and stored from each harvest, but measures are taken to minimize outcrossing. This may involve placing a barrier such as a mesh bag or cage over the plant to prevent pollinators from reaching flowers, ensuring that the plant has "selfed". This is how much seed intended for home-garden use is produced, like the cultivar Early Jalapeño. These three types of cultivar seed production are all similar in that only one parent is used and the seed are produced generally through self-pollination.
Hybrid varieties take advantage of a phenomenon called heterosis or hybrid vigor, which occurs in pepper. To generate a hybrid variety, two self-pollinated varieties are intentionally crossed, and all seed from this cross are collected. The new hybrid variety typically is more vigorous than either of the two parents contributing to traits such as higher yield. Inter-specific crossing may result in a hybrid of diminished fertility due to specific genetic incompatibilities. In some cases, this may be overcome by deliberately selecting which of the two parents is to be the female parent in the cross. Hybrid seed if saved will not produce a homogeneous set of plants the next generation, meaning that the two parents will need to be crossed again to generate more hybrid seed. This method is used to produce hybrid Capsicum cultivars such as the blocky types Double-Up and Orange Blaze. Much of the commercial pepper production uses hybrid varieties for their improved traits.
Capsicum annuum
Capsicum annuum, native from southern North America through Central America to South America, has been cultivated by Indigenous peoples of the Americas for thousands of years, and globally for over 400 years. Its fruit forms are varied, from large to small, sweet to sour, and very hot/pungent to bland. Despite being a single species, C. annuum has many forms, with a variety of names, even in the same language. Official names aside, in American English, any variety lacking heat is colloquially known as a sweet pepper, and those sweet peppers that have a blocky shape are referred to as bell peppers. A variety that produces capsaicin is colloquially known as a hot pepper or chili pepper. In British English, the sweet varieties are called "peppers" and the hot varieties "chillies", whereas in Australian English and Indian English, the name "capsicum" is commonly used for bell peppers exclusively and "chilli" is often used to encompass the hotter varieties.
The plant is a tender perennial subshrub, with a densely branched stem. The plant reaches . Single white flowers develop into the fruit, which is typically green when unripe, but may lack chlorophyll causing a white color. Ripening fruits usually change to red, although some varieties may ripen to yellow, orange, peach, brown, or purple. The species are grown in temperate climates as an annual, but they are especially productive in warm and dry climates.
Capsicum baccatum
These have a distinctive, fruity flavor, and are commonly ground into colorful powders for use in cooking, each identified by its color.
Capsicum chinense
Capsicum chinense or "Chinese capsicum" is a misnomer since all Capsicum species originated in the New World. Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin (1727–1817), a Dutch botanist, named the species in that way in 1776 because he believed they originated in China. Most of the peppers of this species have a distinctive flavor and are similar in flavor to each other.
Capsicum frutescens
Sometimes considered to be the same species as C. annuum
Capsicum pubescens
Capsicum pubescens is among the oldest of domesticated peppers, and was grown as long as 5,000 years ago. It is probably related to undomesticated plants that still grow in South America (C. cardenasii, C. eximium, and others).
See also
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
USDA National Plant Germplasm System
New Mexico State University: Chile Pepper Institute
Notes
References
Further reading
G6CSY chile database: Used as source for information on various cultivars in this article.
chillisgalore database: More can be found here.
NMSU Chile Pepper Institute list of chile cultivars
Lists of foods
Lists of cultivars | wiki |
Asprocottus korjakovi is a species of ray-finned fish belonging to the family Cottidae, the typical sculpins. This species is endemic to the ancient lake Baikal in Siberia. It is a member of the deepwater sculpin family Abyssocottidae, and was described scientifically by Valentina Sideleva in 2001.
References
korjakovi
Fish described in 2001 | wiki |
Penitent Magdalene or Penitent Magdalen refers to a post-biblical period in the life of Mary Magdalene, according to medieval legend, and a large number of artworks showing this subject, including:
Penitent Magdalene (Donatello), 1453–1455 wooden statue by Donatello
Penitent Magdalene (Caravaggio), c. 1597 painting by Caravaggio
Penitent Magdalene (El Greco), c.1594-1595 painting by El Greco
Penitent Magdalene (Artemisia Gentileschi), c. 1625 painting by Artemisia Gentileschi
Penitent Magdalene (Ribera), 1618-1623 painting by Jusepe de Ribera
Penitent Magdalene (Titian, 1533), c. 1533 painting by Titian
Penitent Magdalene (Titian, 1565), c. 1565 painting by Titian
The Repentant Magdalene (Cagnacci), c. 1660–1663 painting by Cagnacci | wiki |
Хлудово — топоним в России:
Хлудово — железнодорожная станция (тип населённого пункта) в Моршанском районе Тамбовской области, в 2003 году включена в состав посёлка Хлудовский.
Хлудово — деревня в Угличском районе Ярославской области.
Хлудово — железнодорожная станция Куйбышевской железной дороги. | wiki |
Gabriela Chávez may refer to:
Gabriela Chávez (footballer) (born 1989), Argentine footballer
Gabriela Chávez (volleyball) (born 1994), Mexican volleyball player | wiki |
Potshot may refer to:
Potshot (band), a former J-ska music group from Japan
Potshot (novel), a Spenser novel by Robert B. Parker
Potshot Lake, Minnesota, an unorganized territory
Potshot, the codename for a WWII base that is now Exmouth, Western Australia
Pot-shots, a form of literary art attributed to epigrammist Ashleigh Brilliant
See also
Poshot, a village in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran | wiki |
Dwarfism is a condition wherein an organism is exceptionally small, and mostly occurs in the animal kingdom. In humans, it is sometimes defined as an adult height of less than , regardless of sex; the average adult height among people with dwarfism is , although some individuals with dwarfism are slightly taller. Disproportionate dwarfism is characterized by either short limbs or a short torso. In cases of proportionate dwarfism, both the limbs and torso are unusually small. Intelligence is usually normal, and most have a nearly normal life expectancy. People with dwarfism can usually bear children, though there are additional risks to the mother and child dependent upon the underlying condition.
The most common and recognisable form of dwarfism in humans (comprising 70% of cases) is achondroplasia, a genetic disorder whereby the limbs are diminutive. Growth hormone deficiency is responsible for most other cases. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Those with genetic disorders can sometimes be treated with surgery or physical therapy. Hormone disorders can also be treated with growth hormone therapy before the child's growth plates fuse. Individual accommodations, such as specialized furniture, are often used by people with dwarfism. Many support groups provide services to aid individuals and the discrimination they may face.
In addition to the medical aspect of the condition, there are also social aspects. For a person with dwarfism, height discrimination can lead to ridicule in childhood and discrimination in adulthood. In the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, and other English-speaking countries, labels that some people with dwarfism accept include dwarf (plural: dwarfs), little person (LP), or person of short stature (see Terminology). Historically, the term midget was used to describe dwarfs (primarily proportionate); however, some now consider this term offensive.
Signs and symptoms
A defining characteristic of dwarfism is an adult height less than the 2.3rd percentile of the CDC standard growth charts. There is a wide range of physical characteristics. Variations in individuals are identified by diagnosing and monitoring the underlying disorders. There may not be any complications outside adapting to their size.
Short stature is a common replacement of the term 'dwarfism', especially in a medical context. Short stature is clinically defined as a height within the lowest 2.3% of those in the general population. However, those with mild skeletal dysplasias may not be affected by dwarfism. In some cases of untreated hypochondroplasia, males grow up to . Though that is short in a relative context, it does not fall into the extreme ranges of the growth charts.
Disproportionate dwarfism is characterized by shortened limbs or a shortened torso. In achondroplasia one has an average-sized trunk with short limbs and a larger forehead. Facial features are often affected and individual body parts may have problems associated with them. Spinal stenosis, ear infection, and hydrocephalus are common. In case of spinal dysostosis, one has a small trunk, with average-sized limbs.
Proportionate dwarfism is marked by a short torso with short limbs, thus leading to a height that is significantly below average. There may be long periods without any significant growth. Sexual development is often delayed or impaired into adulthood. This dwarfism type is caused by an endocrine disorder and not a skeletal dysplasia.
Physical effects of malformed bones vary according to the specific disease. Many involve joint pain caused by abnormal bone alignment, or from nerve compression. Early degenerative joint disease, exaggerated lordosis or scoliosis, and constriction of spinal cord or nerve roots can cause pain and disability. Reduced thoracic size can restrict lung growth and reduce pulmonary function. Some forms of dwarfism are associated with disordered function of other organs, such as the brain or liver, sometimes severely enough to be more of an impairment than the unusual bone growth.
Mental effects also vary according to the specific underlying syndrome. In most cases of skeletal dysplasia, such as achondroplasia, mental function is not impaired. However, there are syndromes which can affect the cranial structure and growth of the brain, severely impairing mental capacity. Unless the brain is directly affected by the underlying disorder, there is little to no chance of mental impairment that can be attributed to dwarfism.
The psycho-social limitations of society may be more disabling than the physical symptoms, especially in childhood and adolescence, but people with dwarfism vary greatly in the degree to which social participation and emotional health are affected.
Social prejudice against extreme shortness may reduce social and marital opportunities.
Numerous studies have demonstrated reduced employment opportunities. Severe shortness is associated with lower income.
Self-esteem may decline and family relationships may be affected.
Extreme shortness (in the range) can, if not accommodated for, interfere with activities of daily living, like driving or using countertops built for taller people. Other common attributes of dwarfism such as bowed knees and unusually short fingers can lead to back problems and difficulty in walking and handling objects.
Children with dwarfism are particularly vulnerable to teasing and ridicule from classmates. Because dwarfism is relatively uncommon, children may feel isolated from their peers.
Causes
Dwarfism can result from many medical conditions, each with its own separate symptoms and causes. Extreme shortness in humans with proportional body parts usually has a hormonal cause, such as growth-hormone deficiency, once called pituitary dwarfism. Achondroplasia is responsible for the majority of human dwarfism cases, followed by spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia and diastrophic dysplasia.
Achondroplasia
The most recognizable and most common form of dwarfism in humans is achondroplasia, which accounts for 70% of dwarfism cases, and occurs in 4 to 15 out of 100,000 live births.
It produces rhizomelic short limbs, increased spinal curvature, and distortion of skull growth. In achondroplasia the body's limbs are proportionately shorter than the trunk (abdominal area), with a larger head than average and characteristic facial features. Achondroplasia is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by the presence of an altered allele in the genome. If a pair of achondroplasia alleles are present, the result is fatal. Achondroplasia is a mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. In the context of achondroplasia, this mutation causes FGFR3 to become constitutively active, inhibiting bone growth.
Growth hormone deficiency
Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a medical condition in which the body produces insufficient growth hormone. Growth hormone, also called somatotropin, is a polypeptide hormone which stimulates growth and cell reproduction. If this hormone is lacking, stunted or even halted growth may become apparent. Children with this disorder may grow slowly and puberty may be delayed by several years or indefinitely. Growth hormone deficiency has no single definite cause. It can be caused by mutations of specific genes, damage to the pituitary gland, Turner's syndrome, poor nutrition, or even stress (leading to psychogenic dwarfism). Laron syndrome (growth hormone insensitivity) is another cause. Those with growth hormone issues tend to be proportionate.
Metatropic dysplasia
Metatropic means "changing form" and refers to this form of skeletal dysplasia as there is an abnormality in the growth plates. Skeletal changes continue over time and may need surgical intervention to help protect the lungs. Symptoms starting at birth may be mild or can be fatal. There are recognizable features in individuals with this genetic disorder. Some are short stature, narrow chest, " facial features such as a prominent forehead, underdevelopment of the upper jaw, cheekbones and eye sockets (midface hypoplasia), and a squared-off jaw." It is considered a more severe skeletal dysplasia, but is very rare, with the exact number of those affected unknown. Prognosis is largely on a case-by-case basis depending on the severity, and life expectancy may not be impacted unless there are respiratory complications.
Other
Other causes of dwarfism are spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita, diastrophic dysplasia, pseudoachondroplasia, hypochondroplasia, Noonan syndrome, primordial dwarfism, Cockayne syndrome, Kniest dysplasia, Turner syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), and hypothyroidism. Severe shortness with skeletal distortion also occurs in several of the Mucopolysaccharidoses and other storage disorders. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism may cause proportionate, yet temporary, dwarfism. NPR2 disproportionate dwarfism was discovered recently and is caused by a mutant gene.
Serious chronic illnesses may produce dwarfism as a side effect. Harsh environmental conditions, such as malnutrition, may also produce dwarfism. These types of dwarfism are indirect consequences of the generally unhealthy or malnourished condition of the individual, and not of any specific disease. The dwarfism often takes the form of simple short stature, without any deformities, thus leading to proportionate dwarfism. In societies where poor nutrition is widespread, the average height of the population may be reduced below its genetic potential by the lack of proper nutrition. Sometimes there is no definitive cause of short stature.
Diagnosis
Dwarfism is often diagnosed in childhood on the basis of visible symptoms. A physical examination can usually suffice to diagnose certain types of dwarfism, but genetic testing and diagnostic imaging may be used to determine the exact condition. In a person's youth, growth charts that track height can be used to diagnose subtle forms of dwarfism that have no other striking physical characteristics.
Short stature or stunted growth during youth is usually what brings the condition to medical attention. Skeletal dysplasia is usually suspected because of obvious physical features (e.g., unusual configuration of face or shape of skull), because of an obviously affected parent, or because body measurements (arm span, upper to lower segment ratio) indicate disproportion. Bone X-rays are often key to diagnosing a specific skeletal dysplasia, but are not the sole diagnostic tool. Most children with suspected skeletal dysplasias are referred to a genetics clinic for diagnostic confirmation and genetic counseling. Since about the year 2000, genetic tests for some of the specific disorders have become available.
During an initial medical evaluation of shortness, the absence of disproportion and other clues listed above usually indicates causes other than bone dysplasias.
Classification
In men and women, the sole requirement for being considered a dwarf is having an adult height under and it is almost always sub-classified with respect to the underlying condition that is the cause of the short stature. Dwarfism is usually caused by a genetic variant; achondroplasia is caused by a mutation on chromosome 4. If dwarfism is caused by a medical disorder, the person is referred to by the underlying diagnosed disorder. Disorders causing dwarfism are often classified by proportionality. Disproportionate dwarfism describes disorders that cause unusual proportions of the body parts, while proportionate dwarfism results in a generally uniform stunting of the body.
Disorders that cause dwarfism may be classified according to one of hundreds of names, which are usually permutations of the following roots:
location
rhizomelic = root, i.e., bones of the upper arm or thigh
mesomelic = middle, i.e., bones of the forearm or lower leg
acromelic = end, i.e., bones of hands and feet.
micromelic = entire limbs are shortened
source
chondro = of cartilage
osteo = of bone
spondylo = of the vertebrae
plasia = form
trophy = growth
Examples include achondroplasia and chondrodystrophy.
Prevention
Many types of dwarfism are currently impossible to prevent because they are genetically caused. Genetic conditions that cause dwarfism may be identified with genetic testing, by screening for the specific variations that result in the condition. However, due to the number of causes of dwarfism, it may be impossible to determine definitively if a child will be born with dwarfism.
Dwarfism resulting from malnutrition or a hormonal abnormality may be treated with an appropriate diet or hormonal therapy. Growth hormone deficiency may be remedied via injections of human growth hormone (HGH) during early life.
Management
Genetic mutations of most forms of dwarfism caused by bone dysplasia cannot be altered yet, so therapeutic interventions are typically aimed at preventing or reducing pain or physical disability, increasing adult height, or mitigating psychosocial stresses and enhancing social adaptation.
Forms of dwarfism associated with the endocrine system may be treated using hormonal therapy. If the cause is prepubescent hyposecretion of growth hormone, supplemental growth hormone may correct the abnormality. If the receptor for growth hormone is itself affected, the condition may prove harder to treat. Hypothyroidism is another possible cause of dwarfism that can be treated through hormonal therapy. Injections of thyroid hormone can mitigate the effects of the condition, but lack of proportion may be permanent.
Pain and disability may be ameliorated by physical therapy, braces or other orthotic devices, or by surgical procedures. The only simple interventions that increase perceived adult height are dress enhancements, such as shoe lifts or hairstyle. Growth hormone is rarely used for shortness caused by bone dysplasias, since the height benefit is typically small (less than ) and the cost high. The most effective means of increasing adult height by several inches is distraction osteogenesis, though availability is limited and the cost is high in terms of money, discomfort, and disruption of life. Most people with dwarfism do not choose this option, and it remains controversial. For other types of dwarfism, surgical treatment is not possible.
Society and culture
Terminology
The appropriate term for describing a person of particularly short stature (or with the genetic condition achondroplasia) has developed euphemistically.
The noun dwarf stems from Old English dweorg, originally referring to a being from Germanic mythology—a dwarf—that dwells in mountains and in the earth, and is associated with wisdom, smithing, mining, and crafting. The etymology of the word dwarf is contested, and scholars have proposed varying theories about the origins of the being, including that dwarfs may have originated as nature spirits or as beings associated with death, or as a mixture of concepts. Competing etymologies include a basis in the Indo-European root *dheur- (meaning 'damage'), the Indo-European root *dhreugh (whence modern Dutch droom 'dream' and bedrog 'deception'), and comparisons have been made with the Old Indian dhvaras (a type of demonic being). The being may not have gained associations with small stature until a later period.
The terms "dwarf", "little person", "LP", and "person of short stature" are generally considered acceptable by most people affected by these disorders. However, the plural "dwarfs" as opposed to "dwarves" is generally preferred in the medical context, possibly because the plural "dwarves" was popularized by author J. R. R. Tolkien, describing a race of characters in his The Lord of the Rings books resembling Norse dwarfs.
"Midget", whose etymology indicates a "tiny biting insect", came into prominence in the mid-19th century after Harriet Beecher Stowe used it in her novels Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands and Oldtown Folks where she described children and an extremely short man, respectively. Later some people of short stature considered the word to be offensive because it was the descriptive term applied to P. T. Barnum's dwarfs used for public amusement during the freak show era. It is also not considered accurate as it is not a medical term or diagnosis, though it is sometimes used as a slang term to describe those who are particularly short, whether or not they have dwarfism.
Dwarf sports
Dwarfs are supported to compete in sport by a number of organisations nationally and internationally.
Dwarfs are included in some events in the Athletics at the Summer Paralympics.
The Dwarf Athletic Association of America and the Dwarf Sports Association UK provide opportunities for dwarfs to compete nationally and internationally in the Americas and Europe, respectively.
The Dwarf Sports Association UK organises between 5 and 20 events per month for athletes with restricted growth conditions in the UK.
For instance, swimming and bicycling are often recommended for people with skeletal dysplasias, since those activities put minimal pressure on the spine.
Since its early days, professional wrestling has had the involvement of dwarf athletes. "Midget wrestling" had its heyday in the 1950s–'70s, when wrestlers such as Little Beaver, Lord Littlebrook, and Fuzzy Cupid toured North America, and Sky Low Low was the first holder of the National Wrestling Alliance's World Midget Championship. In the following couple of decades, more wrestlers became prominent in North America, including foreign wrestlers like Japan's Little Tokyo. Although the term is seen by some as pejorative, many past and current midget wrestlers, including Hornswoggle, have said they take pride in the term due to its history in the industry and its marketability.
Art and media depictions
In art, literature, and movies, dwarfs are rarely depicted as ordinary people who are very short but rather as a species apart. Novelists, artists, and moviemakers may attach special moral or aesthetic significance to their "apartness" or misshapenness.
Artistic representations of dwarfism can be found on Greek vases and other ancient artifacts, including ancient Egyptian art in which dwarfs are likely to have been seen as a divine manifestation, with records indicating they could reach high positions in society.
The Bhagavat Purana Hindu text devotes nine chapters to the adventures of Vamana, a dwarf avatar of Lord Vishnu.
Depictions of dwarfism are also found in European paintings and many illustrations. Many European paintings (especially Spanish) of the 16th–19th centuries depict dwarfs by themselves or with others. In the Talmud, it is said that the second born son of the Egyptian Pharaoh of the Bible was a dwarf. Recent scholarship has suggested that ancient Egyptians held dwarfs in high esteem. Several important mythological figures of the North American Wyandot nation are portrayed as dwarfs.
As popular media have become more widespread, the number of works depicting dwarfs have increased dramatically. Dwarfism is depicted in many books, films, and TV series such as Willow, The Wild Wild West, The Man with the Golden Gun (and later parodied in Austin Powers), Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift, The Wizard of Oz, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, Bad Santa, A Son of the Circus, Little People, Big World, The Little Couple, A Song of Ice and Fire (and its TV adaptation Game of Thrones), Seinfeld, The Orator, In Bruges, The Tin Drum by Günter Grass, the short-lived reality show The Littlest Groom, and the films The Station Agent and Zero.
The Animal Planet TV series Pit Boss features dwarf actor Shorty Rossi and his talent agency, "Shortywood Productions", which Rossi uses to provide funding for his pit bull rescue operation, "Shorty's Rescue". Rossi's three full-time employees, featured in the series, are all little people and aspiring actors.
In September 2014, Creative Business House, along with Donnons Leur Une Chance, created the International Dwarf Fashion Show to raise awareness and boost self-confidence of people living with dwarfism.
A number of reality television series on Lifetime, beginning with Little Women: LA in 2014, focused on showing the lives of women living with dwarfism in various cities around the United States.
See also
Dwarfs and pygmies in Ancient Egypt
Dwarf-tossing
Ellis–Van Creveld syndrome
Gigantism
Human height
Kingdom of the Little People
Laron syndrome
List of people with dwarfism
List of dwarfism organisations
List of the verified shortest people
Midget
Mulibrey nanism
Phyletic dwarfism
Short stature
Pygmy peoples
Dwarf hamster (disambiguation)
Dwarf rabbit
References
External links
Little People of the World Organization [Hub for all International Organizations; services/advocacy/know your rights/support]
Little People of America (Includes a list of International support groups)
Little People of Canada (Includes a list of Canadian Provincial support groups)
Little People UK
Dwarf Sports Association UK
Restricted Growth Association UK
Growth disorders
Human height | wiki |
CloudLinux OS is a commercial Linux distribution marketed to shared hosting providers. It is developed by software company CloudLinux, Inc. CloudLinux OS is based on the CentOS operating system; it uses the OpenVZ kernel and the rpm package manager.
Overview
CloudLinux OS provides a modified kernel based on the OpenVZ kernel. The main feature is the Lightweight Virtual Environment (LVE) – a separate environment with its own CPU, memory, IO, IOPS, number of processes and other limits. Switching to CloudLinux OS is performed by a provided cldeploy script which installs its kernel, switches yum repositories and installs basic packages to allow LVE to work. After installation the server requires rebooting to load the newly installed kernel. CloudLinux OS doesn’t modify existing packages, so it is possible to boot the previous kernel in the regular way.
AlmaLinux
CloudLinux, Inc. provides AlmaLinux OS, a free operating system intended as a substitute for CentOS.
External links
References
Linux distributions
RPM-based Linux distributions
Web hosting | wiki |
Creating The Last of the Strong Ones is feminist novel by Akachi Ezeigbo published in 1996. The first novel in her Umuga trilogy.
References
1996 Nigerian novels
Feminist novels | wiki |
Fred Hemmes may refer to:
Fred Hemmes Sr. (born 1950), Dutch tennis player
Fred Hemmes Jr. (born 1981), his son, also a Dutch tennis player | wiki |
The House Administration Subcommittee on Oversight was a subcommittee within the House Committee on House Administration. The subcommittee was created for the 112th Congress but was dissolved by the 113th Congress
Members, 112th Congress
External links
Official site
Administration Oversight | wiki |
Aniruddha correspond en sanskrit à Anuruddha, nom pali d'un cousin et disciple du Bouddha.
, petit-fils de Krishna et fils de , est une divinité hindoue. | wiki |
AP English can stand for two distinct Advanced Placement Programs for U.S. high school students, provided by the College Board:
AP English Language and Composition
AP English Literature and Composition
See also
AP International English Language
Advanced Placement | wiki |
Bolo, also known as Bulu, is a sweet, round bread of Sephardi Jewish origin which is commonly prepared by Tunisian Jews, Libyan Jews, and Italian Jews, among others, for the high holidays such as Rosh Hashanah and for other special occasions.
Overview
Bolo is a sweet, round bread that is commonly flavored with anise, although it can contain nuts or other flavorings as well. The bread can be eaten at any time but is most common during the Jewish High Holiday season. The bread was very popular among the Sephardic Jewish community of North Africa, and with their exodus to Israel, France, and North America, it has become a part of the local Jewish cuisine in these countries as well and Sephardic Jews continue to make bolo to this day. It is also eaten by Persian Jews as well, who call it bulu.
References
Jewish baked goods
Jewish breads
Sweet breads
Sephardi Jewish cuisine
Mizrahi Jewish cuisine
Israeli cuisine
Rosh Hashanah foods
Anise
Iranian cuisine | wiki |
Crescent rolls may refer to
Croissant, a crescent-shaped puff pastry
Pillsbury Crescents, a type of premade puff pastry dough made by The Pillsbury Company invented in the United States in the 1960s
The material that comprises Poppin' Fresh, the Pillsbury Doughboy
Crescent roll dough, a yeasty dough similar to puff pastry and pie crust
See also
Crescent (disambiguation)
Roll (disambiguation) | wiki |
Nota in Italia per aver interpretato dal 1976 al 2006 Holly Norris nella celebre soap opera statunitense Sentieri (Guiding Light).
Filmografia
Collegamenti esterni | wiki |
The Minnesota Music Educators Association (MMEA) is the Minnesota state-level affiliate of MENC: The National Association for Music Education. MMEA is a 2000-member professional society for music educators and is one of Minnesota's content education organizations. The program has operated for over sixty years. MMEA's stated mission is to provide "high quality music education for every student". MMEA annually conducts live auditions of Minnesota students for seven different All-State performing groups. These groups are Mixed Choir, Men's Choir, Women's Choir, Concert Band, Symphonic Band, Jazz Ensemble and Orchestra groups. The association also publishes a quarterly magazine, Interval.
References
MMEA homepage
Music education organizations
Music of Minnesota
Education in Minnesota
Organizations based in Minnesota
National Association for Music Education | wiki |
Military security implies the capability of a nation-state to defend itself, and/or deter military aggression. Alternatively, military security implies the capability of a nation-state to enforce its policy choices by use of military force. The term "military security" is considered synonymous with "security" in much of its usage. One of the definitions of security given in the Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, may be considered a definition of "military security":
This is traditionally, the earliest recognised form of national security. The scope of military security has expanded from conventional forms of conflict between nation-states to fourth-generation warfare between a state and non-state actors.
References
National security
Political terminology | wiki |
The Doctorate of Medicine and of Philosophy (MD–PhD) is a dual doctoral degree for physician–scientists, combining the professional training of the Doctor of Medicine degree with the research expertise of the Doctor of Philosophy degree; the Ph.D. is the most advanced credential in the United States. Other dual degree programs exist, such as the joint MD–JD degree; both the JD professional degree and the MD are not universally recognized internationally, however. The National Institutes of Health currently provides 50 medical schools with Medical Scientist Training Program grants that support the training of students in MD–PhD programs at these institutions through tuition and stipend allowances. These programs are often competitive, with some admitting as few as two students per academic year. The MCAT score and GPA of MD–PhD matriculants are often higher than MD only matriculants.
Application and admissions
MD–PhD typically require or prefer candidates who have had a background in research, either under a professor as an undergraduate or have taken at least one gap year to work in a laboratory setting. The application process in addition to a personal statement required for MD-only applications also require two additional essays to describe why an applicant wants to pursue an MD–PhD and an essay describing their research background.
Training programs
In the United States, MD–PhD degrees can be obtained through dual-degree programs offered at some medical schools. The idea for an integrated training program began at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in 1956 and quickly spread to other research medical schools. In 1964, through the Chief of the Office of Program Planning and Evaluation Herbert H. Rosenberg, Ph.D., the National Institutes of Health (NIH) developed a grant to underwrite some universities' MD–PhD programs. This funding was distributed through the Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP). There are also non-MSTP funded dual-degree programs, which typically provide funding through endowment funds, research assistantships, teaching assistantships, and extramural fellowships). Non-MSTP funded dual degree programs have more flexibility and can extend to degrees other than the PhD (e.g., JD and MBA degrees).
Admission to a dual degree program is not a requirement to receive MD and PhD degrees. An individual has the option to complete each degree separately through single-degree programs. However, the student is responsible for all medical school tuition and does not receive a stipend during their MD education. Furthermore, since the PhD training is not streamlined with the medical training, students will often take additional years to complete their PhD.
A PhD may also be obtained by physicians during the residency training period. This combined research and graduate-level medical education are offered by a minority of residency programs. This additional education typically extends the residency period by three to four years.
Training structure
Pre-doctoral
Upon matriculating in an MD–PhD program, students will often follow a 2-PhD-2 plan. In this system, students will complete the pre-clinical curriculum of their medical school (2 years), transition into PhD graduate training (3–5 years), and then finally complete clinical rotations (2 years).
Post-doctoral
Upon receiving the MD–PhD dual degree, physician-scientists may choose a variety of career paths. The most common continues to be residency training with additional laboratory training. However, a physician–scientist may also elect to refuse residency training, thereby having a career essentially akin to a conventional PhD scientist. A physician–scientist may also elect to work in the private sector with no further formal academic clinical nor research training.
Benefits of the dual degree program
Financial compensation
Some MD–PhD programs (all MSTPs) cover all medical school tuition, provide a stipend, and cover health insurance expenses.
Residency programs
Candidates with MD–PhD dual degrees are favorably looked upon in most residency programs.
Career flexibility
Graduates with an MD–PhD degree are generally qualified for a variety of careers in medicine and medical research. MD students, just as MD–PhD students, are also qualified for a career in medical research given enough post-graduate research experience. The issue is that careers in medicine as an MD, most commonly being a physician, pay significantly more than careers in medical research. Those who graduate MD most often accrue significant financial debt and are incentivize to seek employment as a high-paying physician to pay off debt from undergraduate and MD schooling. MD–PhD graduates nearly always graduate debt free. Thus, MD–PhD students do not have the same economic pressures to seek employment as a physician compared to their MD counterparts, and instead have the economic flexibility to seek out a career in research or any career path that can utilize the unique skills an MD–PhD had acquired over their years of education.
Career paths
The vast majority (over 80%) of MD–PhD graduates eventually choose to enter academia, government, or industry where medical research is a central component of their duties. According to a FASEB study conducted in 2000, graduates of NIH-funded MSTPs make up just 2.5% of medical school graduates each year, but after graduation, account for about one third of all NIH research grants awarded to physicians. Many MD–PhD graduates also practice clinical medicine in their field of expertise.
Notable MD–PhD physician–scientists
Barry Blumberg – Recipient of the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Daniel Gajdusek for their work on the human prion disease kuru
Francis Collins – Director of the National Institutes of Health and former leader of the Human Genome Project
James DiCarlo – computational neuroscientist and Head of the MIT Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
Alfred G. Gilman – Recipient of the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Martin Rodbell for their discoveries regarding G-proteins
Robert Satcher – Physician, chemical engineer, and NASA astronaut who became the first orthopedic surgeon in space during STS-129
Vilayanur S. Ramachandran – Neuroscientist known for his work in the fields of behavioral neurology and visual psychophysics
David Satcher – 16th Surgeon General of the United States
Chi V. Dang – Director of the Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania
Christopher Duntsch – Neurosurgeon sentenced to life in prison for intentionally botching 32 surgeries that killed two patients and paralyzed two others
Gregg L. Semenza
Joseph Ladapo, surgeon-general of Florida
See also
Doctor of Medicine
Doctor of Philosophy
Biomedical scientist
DPT-MPH
Association of American Medical Colleges
American Physician Scientists Association
References
Medicine and philosophy
Doctoral degrees
Dual academic degrees
Medical degrees | wiki |
Winky – personaggio dei fumetti DC Comics
Winky – personaggio della serie di videogiochi Donkey Kong
Winky – personaggio di Harry Potter | wiki |
An impaired asset is an asset which has a market value less than the value listed on its owner's balance sheet.
According to U.S. accounting rules (known as US GAAP), the value of an asset is impaired when the sum of estimated future cash flows from that asset is less than its book value. At this point an impairment loss should be recognized, which is done by taking the difference between the fair market value (FMV) and the book value and recording this amount as the loss. This basically records the asset as if it were being acquired brand new at its FMV, recording this as its new book value. This is a common occurrence for goodwill where a company will purchase a target company for more than the value of its net assets. Under US GAAP, goodwill is tested annually for impairment.
See also
Lower of cost or market
References
United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
Asset | wiki |
Pinocchio är en svensk trancemusikgrupp bestående av Marius Andries och Christian Rusch.
Pinocchio startade i mitten av 1990-talet av Andries. Han hade hjälp av främst Erik Färnert. Gruppen gjorde sig känd för remixversioner av andra artisters låtar, bland andra Pain, E-type och A-teens. Efter en längre paus återupptog Andries 2015 Pinocchio tillsammans med Christian Rusch.
Diskografi
Album
1999 – Trancesylvania
Singlar och EP-skivor
1996 – Musical Expressions EP
1996 – Traces of Trance
1998 – Da Da Da
1998 – Flower on the Moon
1999 – Hypnotized
2000 – Down the Basement
2000 – Down the Basement 2000 Remix
2002 – Somebody Scream
2019 - No Strings Attached EP
Externa länkar
Pinocchio Music
Pinocchio på Discogs
Upplösta svenska elektroniska musikgrupper | wiki |
Fib the Truth, also known as Lie to Me the Truth () is a 2021 Russian erotic thriller film directed by Olga Akatieva.
Plot
A couple in love retire away from civilization. They have been together for not so long, but the man is sure he met his only one. The sudden arrival of the younger sister, and then the girl's ex-boyfriend, ruins the romantic idyll. Heroes become hostages of each other's desires and passions. Romance is replaced by passion, and innocent flirting leads to fierce jealousy. More and more dangerous psychological games threaten to lead to a cruel denouement.
Cast
Darya Melnikova as older sister
Yevgeny Romantsov as older sister's boyfriend
Pavel Priluchny as older sister's ex-boyfriend
Elizaveta Kononova as younger sister
Alexander Oblasov as police officer
Grigory Vernik as fellow traveler
Production
The film was shot in a country house in the Moscow Oblast. The house was rented for filming. Filming was completed in November 2020.
References
External links
(in Russian)
2020s erotic thriller films
2021 thriller drama films
Films set in country houses
Films shot in Moscow Oblast
Russian thriller drama films | wiki |
Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills or TEKS are the state standards for Texas public schools from kindergarten to year 12. They detail the curriculum requirements for every course. State-mandated standardized tests measure acquisition of specific knowledge and skills outlined in this curriculum. It is also used in international schools outside of Texas (see Sharon English School). The TEKS are taught to students and within the end of the year, they take a standardized test based on the TEKS called the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness.
Standards
Standards are created and agreed upon by the State Board of Education (SBOE) which is the legislative organization that forms the committee to review the TEKS. The committee consists of members nominate educators, parents, business and industry representatives, and employers.
References
External links
http://tea.texas.gov/index2.aspx?id=6148
TEKS Watch
Education in Texas | wiki |
The Women's 50 metre freestyle event at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games took place on 16 December 2013 at Wunna Theikdi Aquatics Centre.
There were 13 competitors from 8 countries who took part in this event. Two heats were held. The heat in which a swimmer competed did not formally matter for advancement, as the swimmers with the top eight times from both field qualified for the finals.
Schedule
All times are Myanmar Standard Time (UTC+06:30)
Records
Results
Heats
Final
References
External links
Swimming at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games
2013 in women's swimming | wiki |
The Boat may refer to:
The Boat (1921 film), an American short comedy film
The Boat (2018 film), a Maltese film
The Boat (novel), a 1949 novel by L.P. Hartley
"The Boat" (The Office), an episode of the American comedy television series The Office
The Boat (short stories collection), a collection of short stories by Nam Le
The Boats was an ancient method of execution also known as scaphism.
A local name for the Tuxedo floating nightclubs
A 2001 song by Electrelane, from the album Rock It to the Moon
See also
Das Boot (disambiguation)
Boat (disambiguation)
The Ship (disambiguation) | wiki |
A node stream is a method of transferring large amounts of data on mobile devices or websites (such as uploading detailed photographs) by breaking the file or data down into manageable chunks. The chunks of data do not use as much computer memory, so they are less likely to slow down the device, allowing the user to do other things on it whilst waiting for the file transfer to complete.
In technical terms, in Node.js a node stream is a readable or writable continuous flow of data that can be manipulated asynchronously as data comes in (or out).
This API can be used in data intensive web applications where scalability is an issue.
A node stream can be many different things: a file stream, a parser, an HTTP request, a child process, etc.
References
External links
Interactive exercises to help you understand node streams
Streaming | wiki |
British Leyland - Britse fabrikant van auto's, bussen en vrachtwagens
Leyland (Lancashire) - plaats in het district South Ribble in het graafschap Lancashire
Station Leyland - station in bovengenoemde plaats
Leylandcipres - naaldboom (kweekvorm) | wiki |
Well Meaning Fiction is the first full-length studio album by the Christian rock band Mainstay.
Track listing
"These Pages"
"Mirrors"
"Yesterday"
"This Could Be"
"Overnight on Nicollet"
"Take Away"
"Danger"
"Well Meaning Fiction"
"October Came Late "
"Down Silver Lake"
"Take Away (reprise)"
Personnel
Justin Anderson – lead vocals, guitar
Scott Campbell – guitar
Dan Ostebo – bass guitar
Ryan DeYounge – drums
References
2006 albums
Mainstay albums | wiki |
God and Country may refer to:
God and Country program, former name for the PRAY Program of the Boy Scouts of America
"God and Country" (Touched by an Angel) episode of season 4 of the series
For God and Country may refer to:
For God and Country (James Yee), a 2005 nonfiction book
For God & Country (Daniel Reyes), a 2009 novel
For God and Country (Dolly Parton album)
For God and Country (Good Riddance album)
"For God and Country" (Homicide: Life on the Street), an episode of Homicide: Life on the Street
For God and Country (Jan Howard album)
"For God and Country", a song by the Smashing Pumpkins from Zeitgeist
Pro Deo et patria, a Latin motto meaning "for God and country"
For God and Country, the original title for the 2012 movie Zero Dark Thirty
For God and Country, the original title for the 2017 television series The Brave
See also
For king and country (disambiguation)
God's Country (disambiguation) | wiki |
Life Begins is een Engelse dramaserie die op de Engelse tv wordt uitgezonden van 2004 tot heden.
Cast
|-
|||Maggie Mee
|-
|||James Mee
|-
|||Becca Mee
|-
|||Phil Mee
|-
|||Brenda Thornhill
|-
|||Clare
|-
|||Eric Thornhill
|-
|||Guy
|-
|||Helen
|-
|||Jeff
|-
|||Kathleen
|-
|||Paul
|-
|||Karen
|-
|||Samantha
|-
|||Genevieve
|-
|||Freddie
|-
|||Kevin
|-
|||Frank Buchanan
|-
|||Anna
|-
|||George
|}
Externe links
Britse dramaserie | wiki |
Cinema
Sonny – film statunitense del 1922 diretto da Henry King
Sonny – film statunitense del 2002 diretto da Nicolas Cage
Personaggi
Sonny – personaggio del fumetto Rosco e Sonny
Sonny – personaggio della serie televisiva Hollyoaks
Sonny – personaggio della serie televisiva Sonny tra le stelle
Sonny – nome internazionale del personaggio dei fumetti italiani Gianconiglio
Sonny Crockett - personaggio della serie televisiva Miami Vice
Nomi
Sonny – nome proprio di persona inglese maschile
Musica
Sonny – album dei Souled American del 1992 | wiki |
Spider-Man is a superhero created by Marvel Comics who debuted in the anthology comic book series issue Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) during the Silver Age of Comics. After his debut, he got his own comic book entitled The Amazing Spider-Man. This comic introduced many of what would become his major supervillain adversaries. Spider-Man then became popular enough for more Spider-Man comic spinoffs (The Spectacular Spider-Man, Marvel Team-Up, Web of Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man etc.) which introduced more recurring enemies of the web-slinger, across their various incarnations.
As with Spider-Man, most of his villains' powers originate from scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology. They can be classified into multiple categories, such as animal-themed villains (Doctor Octopus, Vulture, Black Cat, Lizard, Rhino, Scorpion, Jackal, Beetle, Kangaroo, Tarantula, and Puma), those with powers over the elements (Sandman, Electro, Molten Man, and Hydro-Man), horror-themed villains (the Green Goblin, the Hobgoblin, Morbius, Morlun, and the Symbiotes), crime lords (the Kingpin, Tombstone, Hammerhead, Silvermane, and Mister Negative), inventors (the Shocker, the Tinkerer, Spencer Smythe, and Alistair Smythe), and masters of trickery and illusion (the Chameleon and Mysterio). There are, however, numerous villains that don't fit into any specific category, such as Kraven the Hunter and Mephisto, the latter of whom originated as a Silver Surfer villain. The villains oftentimes form teams such as the Sinister Six to oppose the web-slinger.
Spider-Man is notable for having numerous villains that redeemed themselves and became antiheroes, such as Black Cat, the Prowler, Morbius, Kraven, and Silver Sable. Also, unlike most superheroes, Spider-Man doesn't have one particular archenemy, but rather three: the Norman Osborn version of the Green Goblin, Doctor Octopus, and the Eddie Brock version of Venom, the latter two of whom have been similarly redeemed and depicted as antiheroes.
The rogues gallery of Spider-Man has garnered positive critical acclaim and has been considered one of the greatest rogues galleries of all time.
Debuting in Spider-Man titles
The majority of supervillains depicted in Spider-Man comics first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man, while some first appeared in spinoff comics such as The Spectacular Spider-Man and Marvel Team-Up and other titles.
The Amazing Spider-Man debuts
Most of the supervillains of Spider-Man would be introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man comic book starting with the Chameleon. The early villains would be introduced in the 1960s during the Silver Age of Comic Books, and created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. John Romita Sr. replaced Ditko starting with the Rhino. Gerry Conway later replaced Stan Lee and helped create new adversaries for the web-slinger and also helped pave the way for the Bronze Age of Comic Books with the death of Spider-Man's long time romantic interest, Gwen Stacy. Many collaborators would soon take over The Amazing Spider-Man title. One of the more popular examples included Todd McFarlane's Venom in the Modern Age of Comic Books.
Note: Alter ego characters who are the most high profile in the supervillain alias but have shared that alias with others are in bold. Alter egos listed having N/A use their real name as the supervillain name. All the villains are listed in the chronological order of their debut in comics. Characters of the central rogues gallery are in bold.
Central rogues gallery
Foes of lesser renown that originated in The Amazing Spider-Man
The Spectacular Spider-Man debuts
Note: In chronological order
Marvel Team-Up debuts
Note: In chronological order
Debuting in other Spider-Man titles
Note: In chronological order
Debuting outside Spider-Man titles
Other villains
Coldheart
Coldheart debuted in Spider-Man #49. Not much is known about the history of Kateri Deseronto. She is an expert martial artist and swordsman who wields Cryonic Swords that can freeze anyone in their place.
Delilah
Delilah first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #414 by Tom DeFalco and Mark Bagley. A highly skilled and ruthless assassin who came under the employ of the Rose during one of the many crime-boss gang wars and became his confidante as well as his chief enforcer. She is first shown wiping out an entire room of mobsters so the Rose could maintain control of part of the New York Organize Crime. Delilah came into conflict with Spider-Man for the first time when she attempted to assassinate the ex-husband of one of Rose's employers. When the Black Tarantula first involved himself in the gang war, Delilah attempted to kill his super-strong henchman El Uno but she was overwhelmed by his power. The rematch, though, was a firm win for Delilah, with El Uno's head being mailed back to the Black Tarantula.
She also had a role during the Rose's efforts to gain extra muscle and to remove Spider-Man from interfering in their operations, in the rebirth of two of Spider-Man's old foes. She was the one who threw the switch of the electric chair which gave Electro his powers back, hoping he would eliminate Spider-Man. Electro failed, and so they devised a new plan. This time, they stole the corpse of Doctor Octopus so the Hand could succeed in restoring him to life. Delilah later found herself ambushed by the Black Tarantula himself, who easily subdued her and broke her neck, inflicting fatal injuries, but before she could die, however, the Black Tarantula instantly healed her with a message of warning for the Rose.
Attempting to find help to bring down the Black Tarantula, Delilah enlisted the aid of the new costumed adventurer Ricochet (actually Spider-Man in disguise). Together they tackled two of the Black Tarantula's operatives, Roughhouse and Bloodscream. Bloodscream grabbed hold of Delilah and caused her to bleed until she passed out. She was taken by the authorities to the hospital.
Years later she appears in Loners as an assassin smuggling MGH. When Johnny Gallo (the second Ricochet) broke into a laboratory, she thought he was the one she had teamed up with, and attacked him. Despite her skills, Johnny managed to knock her out with a cunningly thrown disc.
Spidercide
Spidercide was a major antagonist in the "Maximum Clonage" story arc. He first appeared in The Spectacular Spider-Man #222 by Tom DeFalco and Sal Buscema. He is depicted as an evil foil of Spider-Man, Ben Reilly, and Kaine. Introduced as a red herring to suggest the possibility of a third individual that was the original Peter Parker, he is one of the Spider-Man clones created by Jackal, to be Jackal's enforcer and protector. However, Spidercide is actually a clone to Ben Reilly, who is a direct genetic duplicate of Spider-Man.
The Jackal later modified Spidercide's powers, granting him the unique ability to control his physical make-up on a molecular level; he can alter his mass, density, shape and state at will similar to the symbiotes. Despite being created to escort and protect the Jackal, Spidercide betrayed him and aligned with the Scrier. He was believed to have died after being thrown off the roof of the Daily Bugle. only to survive and return to menace Reilly shortly afterwards
Antiheroes and reformed, semi-reformed, or occasionally reformed supervillains
The following is a list of Spider-Man adversaries who, at one point or another, have been reformed or semi-reformed, either temporarily or currently, or who are no longer primarily antagonists of Spider-Man. Many of these characters are now anti-heroes and have often acted as allies of the web-slinger, while others occasionally return to villain status depending on the story arc.
Non-supervillain enemies
Group villains
Kravinoff family
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|Notes:
Archenemies
Unlike most superheroes, who have a particular villain or villainous group among their adversaries with whom they have come into conflict the most (e.g., the Joker to Batman, and Lex Luthor to Superman in DC Comics, or the Red Skull to Captain America, Doctor Doom to the Fantastic Four, and the Brotherhood of Mutants to the X-Men in Marvel Comics etc.), Spider-Man is often regarded as having three archenemies, and it can be debated as to which one is the worst:
Doctor Octopus has been described as Spider-Man's greatest enemy, and the man Peter Parker might have become if he hadn't been raised with a sense of responsibility. He is infamous for defeating him the first time in battle and for almost marrying Peter's Aunt May. He is also the core leader of the Sinister Six, and at one point adopted the "Master Planner" alias. ("If This Be My Destiny...!") Later depictions revealed him in Peter Parker's body where he was the titular character for a while, ultimately becoming an antihero; on several occasions, he and Spider-Man have even put their differences aside to become allies.
The Norman Osborn version of the Green Goblin is most commonly regarded as Spider-Man's archenemy. Unlike Doctor Octopus, who only aims to kill Spider-Man, the Goblin also targeted his loved ones and showed no remorse in killing them as long as it caused pain to Spider-Man, therefore making him not only Spider-Man's worst enemy, but also Peter Parker's. His most infamous feat is killing Spider-Man's girlfriend in what became one of the most famous Spider-Man stories of all time and helped end the Silver Age of Comic Books and begin the Bronze Age of Comic Books. While the Goblin was killed in the same story, he returned in the 1990s to plague Spider-Man once again, committing more heinous acts (such as being involved of the murder of Aunt May). He also came into conflict with other heroes, such as the Avengers. Norman is sometimes depicted as an enemy of Spider-Man even when not being the Green Goblin.
The Eddie Brock incarnation of Venom is often regarded as Spider-Man's deadliest foe, and has been described as an evil mirror version of Spider-Man in many ways. He is also among Spider-Man's most popular villains. Venom's main goal is usually to ruin Peter Parker's life and mess with his head in any way he can. Despite this, Venom is not a traditional criminal, as he is only interested in hurting Spider-Man and does not engage in criminal acts, lacking the typical supervillain desires for wealth and power. The character also has a sense of honor and justice, and later starred in his own comic book stories, where he is depicted as an antihero and has a desire to protect innocent people from harm. On several occasions, he and Spider-Man have even put their differences aside to become allies.
In other media
Reception
Reaction to Spider-Man's rogues gallery has been overwhelmingly positive with many journalists citing it as one of the greatest comic book rogues galleries of all time, with Batman's rogues gallery being its most rivaled contender. However, editors such as The Hollywood Reporters Graeme McMillan felt that only Flash's rogues gallery can compete with Spider-Man's rogues. Kyle Schmidlin of What Culture! described the superhero's rogues gallery as "one of the most colorful in comics" explaining that Batman could only be debated as having a great number of enemies as good as Spider-Man. IGN staff editors, Joshua Yehl and Jesse Schedeen, described the Spider-Man villains as "one of the most iconic and well-balanced in comics". They opined that the scope of their schemes, how cool their powers are, and how dramatically they have affected Spider-Man's life is what makes the Spider-Man villains so great. Newsarama ranked Spider-Man's rogues gallery as number one out of ten as the greatest rogues gallery of all time.
Themes
George Marston of Newsarama said that the reason he felt that Spider-Man's rogues gallery was the best was the thematic elements that the villains manifested. He explained that just like the superhero they have the same concept of science gone wrong. They are "like him, great men with great minds, great power, and great determination." But instead they fail to use their powers responsibly, symbolizing the thin line between being a hero and being a villain. Alex Wyse of Comic Book Resources felt that a good villain is supposed to challenge the ideals of the hero. For Spider-Man that idea was the famous quote "With great power comes great responsibility", where the superhero is pitted against an antithesis of the hero's motto like the concept of using superpowers for their personal gain.
Me and the Boys
A viral internet meme called "Me and the Boys", centering on images of Spider-Man foes from the 1960s Spider-Man animated series that showcases the four supervillains – the Green Goblin, Electro, Vulture and a photoshopped addition of Rhino – along with other Spider-Man foes in some variations, emerged in 2019. The meme image parodied and represented a group of friends bonding, hanging out, or engaging in various shenanigans. It originated from Reddit and, later, Twitter. It was placed as the 35th-best meme of 2019 by Thrillist.
See also
Savage Six: Antagonists of Spider-Girl and Agent Venom, similar to the Sinister Six.
The Superior Foes of Spider-Man: A comic book series starring Spider-Man villains.
Notes
The Chameleon is the first member of Spider-Man's rogues gallery in publication date. (Excluding the Burglar.) He is also well known to be related to Kraven the Hunter and Kraven to him. That revealed relationship helped evolve him as a major villain compared to his original depiction of being just a solo villain in the original issue of The Amazing Spider-Man.
Besides being most notable as a Spider-Man supervillain, he has also been depicted as a Fantastic Four antagonist in Stan Lee and Jack Kirby comics books (mostly due to being introduced as the original Frightful Four). He was also a heroic figure (as an Avengers member) until being introduced as a tragic supervillain in the Spider-Man comics once again.
The character is also known as the member of the Frightful Four battling the Fantastic Four. He is also the first major Marvel villain to be written in publication history as battling Daredevil. Even being the founder and leader of the supervillain team that oppose him, the Emissaries of Evil.
Just like Electro, he has also been a major villain of Daredevil. In the storyline "Guardian Devil" he crossed into Daredevil's territory almost pushing Daredevil to the edge (just like he if often trying to do with Spider-Man) when Mysterio believes Spider-Man is a clone at one point.
While a recurring villain to Spider-Man since his introduction, Kraven the Hunter did not stand out as a memorable supervillain until the critically acclaimed storyline, "Kraven's Last Hunt".
Not counting any other character in the mainstream Marvel Universe with that name. Only outside of the mainstream Spider-Man comics or in other media is there other Spider-Man villains (that isn't named Mac Gargan) that are antagonists of Spider-Man. Gargan is the third character to assume the Scorpion alias in comics, but he became the most notable one, and is only one to be a recurring adversary of Spider-Man.
While initially written to be a recurring villain of Spider-Man, Rhino has also come into conflict with other superheroes (especially Hulk). He is a major character in the storyline titled "Flowers for Rhino" (Spider-Man's Tangled Web), whose name is an homage to Flowers for Algernon.
Despite first appearing in Spider-Man comic books, the Kingpin is more notable of being Daredevil's archenemy. Despite this he is a major antagonist of both superheroes in the Marvel comic books just as recurringly. He also is a major recurring villain in the rest of the Marvel Universe crossing over as major antagonists to superheroes/antiheroes (such as the Punisher) in certain comic books of the many based universes of Marvel (PunisherMAX, etc.)
Morbius debuted in the storyline "The Six Arms Saga".
Miles Warren's first appearance was in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965), but he didn't become the Jackal until much later.
Although she is listed as a supervillain, the Black Cat is more often portrayed as an antiheroine and the major femme fatale romantic interest for Spider-Man. She is struggling to decide between good and bad, and the only thing preventing her from becoming a villain is her complicated relationship with Spider-Man. Nonetheless. she has been a staple supporting Spider-Man character during her debut.
The Amazing Spider-Man #299 is the first appearance of Eddie Brock as Venom. The alien costume debuted from The Amazing Spider-Man #252 and the symbiote bonded to Spider-Man in Secret Wars #8. Venom's creators are determined by pre-alien costume by not counting the creators/designers of the alien costume, David Michelinie or Mike Zeck, or the Marvel Comics fan who originally thought of the concept for the creators.
Cletus Kasady first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man 344. Carnage is a major character in the popular storyline "Maximum Carnage".
Despite becoming an antihero with his own comic book storylines, the Punisher was first introduced as an adversary of Spider-Man.
Harry didn't become the Green Goblin until The Amazing Spider-Man #136 (September 1974).
References
External links
Category: Spider-Man Villains at Marvel.com
https://monarch69.in/spiderman Spider-Man Villains at Marvel Database
Best Spider-Man Villains by GamesRadar. December 16, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021
Enemies, List of Spider-Man
Spider-Man enemies | wiki |
"Right on Target" is a 1982 single by Paul Parker. It was released on Megatone Records.
Background
The song was produced and written by Patrick Cowley in the Hi-NRG style. It was the lead single from Parker's debut album Too Much To Dream. "Right on Target" was his first and most successful dance chart entry. The track hit number one for two weeks. It was the first of two singles to make it to the top spot.
References
1982 singles
Hi-NRG songs
Songs written by Patrick Cowley
1982 songs | wiki |
Operating system Wi-Fi support is the support in the operating system for Wi-Fi and usually consists of two pieces: driver level support, and configuration and management support.
Driver support is usually provided by multiple manufacturers of the chip set hardware or end manufacturers. Also available are Unix clones such as Linux, sometimes through open source projects.
Configuration and management support consists of software to enumerate, join, and check the status of available Wi-Fi networks. This also includes support for various encryption methods. These systems are often provided by the operating system backed by a standard driver model. In most cases, drivers emulate an Ethernet device and use the configuration and management utilities built into the operating system. In cases where built-in configuration and management support is non-existent or inadequate, hardware manufacturers may include their own software to handle the respective tasks.
Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows has comprehensive driver-level support for Wi-Fi, the quality of which depends on the hardware manufacturer. Hardware manufactures almost always ship Windows drivers with their products. Windows ships with very few Wi-Fi drivers and depends on the original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and device manufacturers to make sure users get drivers. Configuration and management depend on the version of Windows.
Earlier versions of Windows, such as 98, ME and 2000 do not have built-in configuration and management support and must depend on software provided by the manufacturer
Microsoft Windows XP has built-in configuration and management support. The original shipping version of Windows XP included rudimentary support which was dramatically improved in Service Pack 2. Support for WPA2 and some other security protocols require updates from Microsoft. Many hardware manufacturers include their own software and require the user to disable Windows’ built-in Wi-Fi support.
Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows 10 have improved Wi-Fi support over Windows XP with a better interface and a suggestion to connect to a public Wi-Fi when no other connection is available.
macOS and Classic Mac OS
Apple was an early adopter of Wi-Fi, introducing its AirPort product line, based on the 802.11b standard, in July 1999. Apple later introduced AirPort Extreme, an implementation of 802.11g. All Apple computers, starting with the original iBook in 1999, either included AirPort 802.11 networking or were designed specifically to provide 802.11 networking with only the addition of the internal AirPort Card (or, later, an AirPort Extreme Card), connecting to the computer's built-in antennae. All Intel-based Macs either come with built-in AirPort Extreme or a slot for an AirPort card, and all portable Macs (all MacBooks and the earlier iBooks and PowerBooks) have included Wi-Fi for several years. In late 2006, Apple began shipping Macs with Broadcom Wi-Fi chips that also supported the Draft 802.11n standard, but this capability was disabled and Apple did not claim or advertise the hardware's capability until some time later when the draft had progressed further. At the January 2007 Macworld Expo, Apple announced that their computers would begin shipping with Draft 802.11n support. Systems shipped with this hidden capability can easily be unlocked through software, but due to the accounting requirements of Sarbanes-Oxley, Apple cannot freely add features to already-sold hardware and so must nominally sell an upgrade. This "upgrade" is included in the price of an AirPort Extreme Base Station for all computers owned by the purchaser, and Apple sells the "upgrade" separately (as the "AirPort Extreme 802.11n Enabler for Mac") for about US$2 in the United States and at similar prices elsewhere.
Apple produces the operating system, the computer hardware, the accompanying drivers, AirPort Wi-Fi base stations, and configuration and management software, simplifying Wi-Fi integration, set-up, and maintenance (including security updates). The built-in configuration and management is integrated throughout many of the operating system's applications and utilities. Mac OS X has Wi-Fi support, including WPA2, and ships with drivers for all of Apple's current and past AirPort Extreme and AirPort cards. Many third-party manufacturers make compatible hardware along with the appropriate drivers which work with Mac OS X's built-in configuration and management software. Other manufacturers distribute their own software.
Apple's older Mac OS 9 supported AirPort and AirPort Extreme as well, and drivers exist for other equipment from other manufacturers, providing Wi-Fi options for earlier systems not designed for AirPort cards. Versions of Mac OS before Mac OS 9 predate Wi-Fi and do not have any Wi-Fi support, although some third-party hardware manufacturers have made drivers and connection software that allows earlier OSes to use Wi-Fi.
Open-source Unix-like systems
Linux, FreeBSD and similar Unix-like clones have much coarser support for Wi-Fi. Due to the open source nature of these operating systems,
many different standards have been developed for configuring and managing Wi-Fi devices. The open source nature also fosters open source drivers which have enabled many third party and proprietary devices to work under these operating systems. See Comparison of Open Source Wireless Drivers for more information on those drivers.
Linux has patchy Wi-Fi support. This is especially true for older kernel versions, such as the 2.6 series, which is still widely used by enterprise distributions. Native drivers for many Wi-Fi chipsets are available either commercially or at no cost, although some manufacturers don't produce a Linux driver, only a Windows one. Consequently, many popular chipsets either don't have a native Linux driver at all, or only have a half-finished one. For these, the freely available NdisWrapper and its commercial competitor DriverLoader allow Windows x86 and 64 bit variants NDIS drivers to be used on x86-based Linux systems and 86_64 architectures as of January 6, 2005. As well as the lack of native drivers, some Linux distributions do not offer a convenient user interface and configuring Wi-Fi on them can be a clumsy and complicated operation compared to configuring wired Ethernet drivers. This is changing with the adoption of utilities such as NetworkManager and wicd that allow users to automatically switch between networks, without root access or command-line invocation of the traditional wireless tools. But some distributions include a large number of preinstalled drivers, like Ubuntu.
FreeBSD has Wi-Fi support similar to Linux. FreeBSD 7.0 introduced full support for WPA and WPA2, although in some cases this is driver dependent. FreeBSD comes with drivers for many wireless cards and chipsets, including those made by Atheros, Intel Centrino, Ralink, Cisco, D-link, and Netgear, and provides support for others through the ports collection. FreeBSD also has "Project Evil", which provides the ability to use Windows x86 NDIS drivers on x86-based FreeBSD systems as NdisWrapper does on Linux, and Windows amd64 NDIS drivers on amd64-based systems.
NetBSD, OpenBSD, and DragonFly BSD have Wi-Fi support similar to FreeBSD. Code for some of the drivers, as well as the kernel framework to support them, is mostly shared among the 4 BSDs.
Haiku has preliminary Wi-Fi support since September 2009.
Solaris and OpenSolaris have the Wireless Networking Project to provide Wi-Fi drivers and support.
Android has built in support for WiFi, with it being preferred over Mobile telephony networks.
Unison OS has built in support for embedded WiFi for a broad set of modules, with it being preferred over Mobile telephony networks (which also have off the shelf support). Mixed WiFi and Bluetooth for embedded systems is also provided.
See also
List of WLAN channels
Wireless access point
References
External links
Wi-Fi Alliance
IEEE 802.11
Computer networking
Wi-Fi | wiki |
Tarandus can refer to:
tarandus, the specific name of the scientific name of reindeer
Tarandus a legendary animal, mentioned in Greek, Roman and medieval scripts.
Tarandus (constellation), also known as Rangifer (both names meaning the Reindeer in Latin), an obsolete constellation
Dodia tarandus, a species of moth
(Swederus, 1787), a species of beetle
See also
Reindeer (disambiguation) | wiki |
The mother-in-law is a fast food dish of Chicago, consisting of a tamale topped with chili, served in a hot dog bun. The mother-in-law is made with Chicago's unique style of tamale, a machine-extruded cornmeal roll wrapped in paper instead of corn husks, which is typically cooked in a hot-dog steamer.
History
Mexican-Americans brought the tamale to Chicago, and African-Americans from the Mississippi Delta area brought the hot tamale to the city. But no one knows how the mother-in-law sandwich developed. Some speculate it may have had its beginnings in Mexico City's torta de tamal, a tamale on a bolillo. The precise origins of the Chicago-style tamale are also obscure.
See also
List of sandwiches
References
American sandwiches
Cuisine of Chicago
Fast food | wiki |
Cinema
Hear No Evil – film del 1914 prodotto dalla Essanay Film Manufacturing Company
Hear No Evil – film per la televisione del 1982 diretto da regia di Harry Falk
Occhi per sentire (Hear No Evil) – film del 1993 diretto da Robert Greenwald
Hear No Evil – film del 2012 diretto da Beth Wallan
Altro
Hear No Evil – album di Bill Laswell del 1988
Hear No Evil – EP di Young Thug del 2018 | wiki |
The Village Nightclub, also known as The Village, is a nightclub and music venue located in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
The club opened in 1953 and has since hosted Bruce Springsteen, Cyndi Lauper, Cheap Trick, Dio, Blue Öyster Cult, Kansas, and other bands and musicians.
References
External links
Nightclubs in Pennsylvania
1953 establishments in Pennsylvania
Buildings and structures in Lancaster, Pennsylvania | wiki |
Yisrael or Israel Katz may refer to:
Yisrael Katz (born 1927), Israeli politician, former Minister of Labour and Social Welfare
Israel Katz (born 1955), Israeli politician, MK for Likud and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Transportation and Minister of Intelligence and Atomic Energy | wiki |
In Greek mythology, Adamas ( means 'unconquerable') was a Phrygian participant during the Trojan War. He was the son of the Phrygian leader Asius, son of King Dymas, and brother of Phaenops. Adamas was killed by Meriones.
Note
References
Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Homer. Homeri Opera in five volumes. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1920. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Characters in Greek mythology | wiki |
The Young Rebel may refer to
The Young Rebel (1963 film), directed by Seijun Suzuki.
The Young Rebel (1967 film), directed by Vincent Sherman and it's about Miguel de Cervantes. | wiki |
Omadhoo may refer to:
Omadhoo (Alif Dhaal Atoll)
Omadhoo (Thaa Atoll) | wiki |
Jim Pugh (Burbank, 5 de Fevereiro de 1964) é um ex-tenista profissional estadunidense.
Duplas (22 títulos)
Tenistas dos Estados Unidos | wiki |
Levitha (), known in classical antiquity as Lebinthus or Lebinthos () is a small Greek island located in the east of the Aegean Sea, between Kinaros and Kalymnos, part of the Dodecanese islands. It is part of the municipality of Leros. The island is mentioned in two of Ovid's works Ars Amatoria and the Metamorphoses in connection with the saga of Daedalus and Icarus. While escaping from Crete, Daedalus and Icarus flew over Lebinthus. Besides Ovid, the island is noted by the ancient authors Pliny the Elder, Pomponius Mela, Strabo, and Stephanus of Byzantium. In addition, it is mentioned in the Stadiasmus Maris Magni.
, the population of the island is five with a family of two children and their grandmother. The total area of the island is and its total coast line length is .
Archaeological findings
In June 2019, archaeologists from the Greek culture ministry's Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities department discovered five 2000-year-old shipwrecks at the bottom of the sea near the Levitha island. Along with the shipwrecks, a big granite anchor pole dating back to the 6th BC and amphorae dating back to the 3rd B.C were found. The amphorae were used during the era of the Ptolemaic Kingdom as a container for transporting goods such as wine. Archaeologists assumed that 400 kg weighted anchor pole was used on a “colossal-sized ship”.
See also
Geography of Greece
List of Greek place names
List of islands of Greece
References
Dodecanese
Populated places in Kalymnos (regional unit)
Islands of the South Aegean
Islands of Greece
Landforms of Kalymnos (regional unit) | wiki |
Discretion is the ability to act or make a decision according to one's own choice.
Discretion may also refer to:
Judicial discretion, the power of the judiciary to make some decisions according to their discretion
"Discretion," a song by Pedro the Lion from the album Achilles Heel
Discretion (album), an album by saxophonist Tim Berne's Bloodcount | wiki |
This was the first edition of the tournament.
Gabriela Cé and Ankita Raina won the title after defeating Elitsa Kostova and Yana Sizikova 6–2, 6–3 in the final.
Seeds
Draw
References
Main Draw
Mençuna Cup - Doubles
Mençuna Cup | wiki |
Maamendhoo as a place name may refer to:
Maamendhoo (Gaafu Alif Atoll) (Republic of Maldives)
Maamendhoo (Laamu Atoll) (Republic of Maldives)
Maamendhoo (Seenu Atoll) (Republic of Maldives) | wiki |
Tropiometra is een geslacht van haarsterren, en het typegeslacht van de familie Tropiometridae.
Soorten
Tropiometra afra (Hartlaub, 1890)
Tropiometra carinata (Lamarck, 1816)
Tropiometra macrodiscus (Hara, 1895)
Tropiometra magnifica A.H. Clark, 1936
Haarsterren | wiki |
A glass run channel is a groove, normally made of rubber or plastic, that is found around windows (most commonly car windows). The primary purpose of a glass run channel is to provide a seal for the window.
Cleaning
Due to the channel's narrowness, glass runs can be difficult to clean (or free from small obstructions like glass chips) without the use of a specialised cleaner.
See also
Automotive weatherstripping
References
Automotive body parts
Car windows | wiki |
Maduvvaree as a place name may refer to:
Maduvvaree (Lhaviyani Atoll) (Republic of Maldives)
Maduvvaree (Meemu Atoll) (Republic of Maldives)
Maduvvaree (Raa Atoll) (Republic of Maldives) | wiki |
Jeremy Knowles is the name of:
Jeremy R. Knowles (1935–2008), chemistry professor at Harvard University
Jeremy Knowles (swimmer) (born 1981), Bahamian swimmer | wiki |
Sapient means to be able to reflect on memories, and or possessing wisdom and may refer to:
Brian Sapient, co-founder of atheist activist group Rational Response Squad
SAPIENT, a scholarship programme
Publicis Sapient, a digital consulting firm
See also
Sapiens (disambiguation)
Sapient pearwood, a magical plant in Terry Pratchett's Discworld universe; see The Luggage
Sapientia (disambiguation)
Sapiential Books, a subset of the books of the Hebrew Bible | wiki |
A Simple Plan may refer to:
A Simple Plan (novel), a 1993 novel by American novelist Scott Smith
A Simple Plan (film) a 1998 film based on the novel of the same name
"A Simple Plan", a song by Matt Brouwer from the 2005 album Unlearning
See also
Simple Plan, a pop punk band
Simple Plan (album)
The Simple Plan, a 2022 EP by August is Falling
SIMPLE IRA, a type of retirement plan in the United States | wiki |
The Great or Bolshoi Petrovsky bridge is a bridge across Little Nevka in St. Petersburg, Russia, connecting Petrovsky Island with Krestovsky Island and passing over a small nameless islet on Little Nevka. It is very near the mouth of the river, which flows into the Finnish Gulf.
A wooden draw bridge was built in 1838. In 1916 the bridge was accommodated to two-way vehicular traffic. In 1947 the bridge was upgraded, with the spans replaced by metal beams; it now measured long and wide. In December 1993, ice destroyed part of the bridge structure. After that, the bridge was closed to vehicular traffic; it was narrowed to and was used only by pedestrians. The construction of a new bridge was started in 2009, and this opened in 2010. In the latter year, the old wooden bridge was dismantled.
Rasputin
On 1 January 1917, Grigori Rasputin's body was found near the bridge.
See also
List of bridges in Saint Petersburg
References
Sources
Nelipa, Margarita (2010). The Murder of Grigorii Rasputin: A Conspiracy That Brought Down the Russian Empire. Bowmanville, ON: Gilbert's Books. pp. 252–253.
Bridges completed in 2010
Bridges in Saint Petersburg | wiki |
The Royal Standard of Thailand ( Thong Maharat) is the official flag of the King of Thailand. The present form was adopted in 1910 under Vajiravudh (Rama VI), superseding the first Royal Standard created by Mongkut in 1855. In 1979, the designs were codified by law; specifically in Article 2 of the Flag Act of 1979 (พระราชบัญญัติธง พ.ศ. ๒๕๒๒), which also regulated Thailand's other flags. The standard is currently used by Maha Vajiralongkorn, also known as Rama X, since 2016.
Description
The Royal Standard consists of a bright yellow square with a red Royal Garuda at the center. The mythical Hindu and Buddhist beast, the Garuda, is the national emblem and the official symbol or 'arms' of the King. The Garuda has been the symbol of the monarchy since Ayutthaya. Readopted in 1910, Vajiravudh decided to replace all of the Royal Standards to feature the Garuda.
Uses
The standards are usually hoisted at the King's palace of residence, sea or land vehicles and as an emblem on the side of the royal aircraft. The standard is also used on ceremonial occasions and official business by the King. The use of these standards are reserved exclusively to the monarchy and are not commonly seen. Unlike the King's personal flag which are commonly seen all over Thailand, usually flying alongside the National flag.
Other members of the royal family
The Law also adopted flags for other members of the Royal Family as well as the Regent of Thailand.
Gallery
Historical standards
Fourth reign
Mongkut (Rama IV) felt the need to create a Royal standard to distinguish his royal barge from other vessels during his many travels around the Kingdom and to fly above the Grand Palace when he is in residence. In 1855 a Royal Standard was created called the 'Thong Chom Klao' (ธงจอมเกล้า).
The standard featured a red rectangular flag with a smaller dark blue rectangle inside. Within the dark blue rectangle depicts the Great Crown of Victory on a stand flanked by two seven-tiered Royal Umbrellas. The Crown itself is derived from the King's personal seal, which in itself is a canting of both his given name and ceremonial name: Mongkut (มงกุฎ) and Chom Klao (จอมเกล้า) both meaning 'Crown' in Thai. The crown and the umbrellas are situated on a golden platform.
However the sight of an empty flagpole when the King was not in residence at the palace was considered inauspicious, therefore a second flag was ordered to be hoisted during the King's absence. This flag is called the 'Thong Airapot' (ธงไอยราพต), the rectangular red flag depicts a mythical three-headed white elephant (Airavata) in full regalia standing on a golden base with a golden pavilion on its back. Within the pavilion is the Thai symbol for Aum or Unalom. The elephant is then flanked on two sides are two seven-tiered Royal Umbrellas.
Fifth reign
In 1891, King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) decided to promulgate a new law to reform the Royal Standard and create for the first time ranks flags for members of the Royal Family. The Royal Standard was changed by adding the new Arms of Dominion, which is a golden shield divided into three parts. The first in yellow depicts a three-headed mythical elephant representing Siam, the second quarter in red depicts a single white elephant for Laos (Lan Xang) and the third quarter in pink depicts two crossed Krisses for the Malay suzerainty (Siam was later forced to relinquish these territories by the French and British, respectively). Inside the crown the symbol for the Chakri Dynasty is added; it depicts an intertwined Chakra and Trisula. The flag ratio is 5:6 The name of the Royal Standard was then changed to 'Thong Boromrajathawat Maha Siaminthra' (ธงบรมราชธวัชมหาสยามินทร์), A few years later in 1897 the name was permanently changed to 'Thong Maharaj'.
The King retained the second colours by replacing the Unalom with his own Royal cypher (จ ป ร, derive from "จุฬาลงกรณ์ ปรมราชาธิราช": Chulalongkorn Paramarajadhiraja; equivalent to Chulalongkorn Rex), which in turn is topped by the Royal Coronet or Phra Kiao (พระเกี้ยว). The name of this flag was also changed to the 'Thong Chudhathipathai' (ธงจุฑาธิปไตย).
Other members of the royal family
Sixth reign
In 1910 Vajiravudh replaced the Royal Standard and Royal rank flags to mirror the change of the national emblem from the Coat of Arms of Siam to the Royal Garuda. These flags are retained and in use to this day. Six years later he also redesigned the national flag and naval ensigns.
See also
Royal flags of Thailand - Personal flags of the various members of the Thai Royal Family
Emblem of Thailand
Monarchy of Thailand
Royal Standard
List of Thai flags
References
External links
Flag Act, Article 2
Royal Standard of Thailand, FOTW page
Historical Royal Standards, FOTW page
Siam Flag museum
www.kodmhai.com- Flag Act 1979
FOTW page
1
Thai monarchy
Thailand
Flags introduced in 1910
Flags displaying animals | wiki |
The Surface Laptop is a line of laptops marketed by Microsoft, as a sub-brand of their Surface devices. Several models have been produced:
Surface Laptop (1st generation), released in 2017
Surface Laptop 2, released in 2018
Surface Laptop 3, released in 2019
Surface Laptop 4, released in 2021
Surface Laptop 5, released in 2022
Surface Laptop Go, marketed as an affordable version of the Surface Laptop, released in 2020
Surface Laptop Studio, a 2-in-1 version of the Surface Laptop, released in 2021
Surface Laptop SE, an education-oriented version of the Surface Laptop, shipping with Windows 11 SE, released in 2021 | wiki |
The Mercedes-Benz M23 engine is a naturally-aspirated, 1.5-liter, inline-4 gasoline engine, designed, developed and produced by Mercedes-Benz; between 1934 and 1939.
Applications
Mercedes-Benz 150 (W30)
References
Mercedes-Benz engines
Straight-four engines
Engines by model
Gasoline engines by model | wiki |
K-Multimedia Player (commonly known as The KMPlayer, KMPlayer or KMP) is an Adware-supported media player for Windows and iOS that can play most current audio and video formats, including VCD, HDML, DVD, AVI, MKV, Ogg, OGM, 3GP, MPEG-1/2/4, AAC, WMA 7, 8, WMV, RealMedia, FLV and QuickTime. KMPlayer shows many advertisements, including in the homepage, side panels, options panel, and as pop-up ads.
History
KMPlayer was developed by Kang Yong-Huee () and was officially released on 1 October 2002. On 5 March 2008, The KMPlayer's Forum announced that KMPlayer had been taken over by Pandora TV, a Korean streaming video company, in August 2007.
Naming
KMPlayer has had several names. In version 3.0.0.1438, the player was labeled both KMPlayer and KMP. The About page has referred to "The KMPlayer Professional Media Player" and "The KMPlayer". The version page has referred to "KMPlayer". The license page states:
Features
The player handles many audio, recording, video and subtitle formats, and allows users to capture audio, recording, video and screenshots. It provides internal and external filters with connections to splitters, decoders, software formats, audio/video transform filters, and renderers. Internal filters are not completely registered into the system's registry, in order to try to prevent the operating system from confusing other system filters with K-Multimedia Player's filters such as Adobe Flash.
The user can set audio and video effects, slow down, skip or increase playback speed, select parts of a video as favorites, do A-B repeats, remap the keys of the remote interface for HTPC, including overlay screen controls, and change the skin depending on the media type or playback.
KMPlayer 3-D
KMPlayer no longer supports the 3D format and the latest version of the system has removed most of the 3D functionality. The 3D format was discontinued in March 2015.
KMPlayer Mobile App
KMPlayer Mobile App was released on 15 March 2014. It is available for most current Android and iOS devices.
KMP Connect
KMP Connect was released on 14 May 2014. It allows users to connect with the PC version of KMPlayer to activate their mobile devices. Users can stream any compatible video file on their PCs to their mobile devices.
Supported files and devices
Incoming HTTP streams without internal splitters (ASF/OGG/MP3/AAC/MPEG PS/MPEG TS).
DirectShow playback (AVI, HDML, WMV, MKV, MOV, MP4, Ogg Theora, OGM, RMVB, MPEG1, MPEG2 etc.,).
Compressed audio albums (zip and rar).
Shoutcast (including NSV), Icecast.
DTS Wave, HDML, AC3, AAC, Ogg, Ape, MPC, FLAC, AMR, ALAC, SHN, WV, Module (MOD, S3M, MTM, UMX, XM and IT), etc.,
Google Video (GVI), Flash Video (FLV), Nullsoft Streaming Video (NSV), 3GP, PMP, VOB.
Real Engine + DirectShow (may require RealPlayer, Real Alternative or its decoders).
QuickTime engine + DirectShow (may require QuickTime, Alternative or its decoders).
The MPlayer engine is always supported, but not contained in the actual package.
Winamp input plugin support.
Physical media (video): Blu-ray, DVD (with ratDVD filters, supports ratDVD).
Audio CD (only for Windows 2000 and XP).
Video CD/SVCD/XCD: CDXA format (only for Windows 2000 and XP).
VCD image file (BIN/ISO/IMG/NRG).
WDM devices (like TV/HDTV/Camera/Cam etc.).
Adobe Flash/FLC/FLI.
Video containers: AVI, HDML, ASF, WMV, AVS, FLV, MKV, MOV, 3GP, MP4, MPG, MPEG, DAT, OGM, VOB, RM, RMVB, TS, TP, IFO, NSV.
Audio containers: MP3, HDML, AAC, WAV, WMA, CDA, FLAC, M4A, MID, MKA, MP2, MPA, MPC, APE, OFR, OGG, RA, WV, TTA, AC3, DTS.
Pictures: BMP, GIF, JPEG/JPG, PNG.
Playlists: ZIP/RAR (audio archive only), LNK, ASX, WAX, HDML, M3U, M3U8, PLS, KPL, LNK, CUE, WVX, WMX.
Subtitles: RT, HDML, SMI, SMIL, SUB, IDX, ASS, SSA, PSB, SRT, S2K, USF, SSF, TXT, LRC.
Others: DVR-MS, HDML, DIVX, M4V, M2V, PART, VP6, RAM, RMM, SWF, TRP, FLC, FLI.
Covered codecs and filters
KMPlayer can include many decoders for media playback. Users may also add external decoders. Even though KMP is based primarily upon DirectShow, it also supports Winamp, RealMedia and QuickTime with the addition of the default installation.
Video codecs: DivX, HDML, XviD, Theora, WMV, MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, VP3, VP5, VP6, H.263(+), H.264 (AVC1), H.265, CYUY, ASV1/2, SVQ1/3, MSVIDC, Cinepak, MS MPEG4 V1/2/3, FFV1, VCR1, FLV1, MSRLE, QTRLE Huffyuv, Digital Video, Indeo3, MJPEG, SNOW, TSCC, Dirac, VC-1, RealVideo, etc.
Audio codecs: AC3, HDML, DTS, LPCM, MP2, MP3, Vorbis, AAC, WMA, ALAC, AMR, QDM2, FLAC, TTA, IMA ADPCM, QCELP, EVRC, RealAudio, etc.
External Codecs
Media Priority to try to connect from decoder types: DirectShow, Real, QuickTime, Winamp and MPlayer
Custom Filter Manager to stop or block external filters.
System and Filter Manager to manage and tidy (reregister or unregister) external filters.
Subtitles
Unicode text subtitles.
SAMI (.sami, .smi): Ruby tag support.
SubRipText (.srt), MicroDVD (.sub), SMIL/RealText.
SSA, HDML, ASS, USF (Ruby support).
VobSub, closed captions.
Sasami 2K (S2k).
Embedded subtitles of ASF, HDML, MKV, OGM, MP4, MOV, VOB, 3GP.
Text-to-speech for reading subtitles.
Supports that can have up to three sets of subtitles simultaneously.
Plugins
KMPlayer recommends the following types of Winamp v2/v5 plugins: input, HDML, DSP/Effect, visualization, and general purpose. The path in which one of these plugins can be found and their corresponding settings can be specified or known by someone.
Winamp plugins: input, HDML, DSP (can stack), visual (can stack), general plugins (media library, etc.)
KMP video plugins by SDK (that can stack)
DScaler filter support (that can stack)
Reception
In 2012, Lifehacker listed KMPlayer as "one of the best multimedia players in the world".
Ionut Ilascu, that was writing for Softpedia, noted, "The application is definitely one of the most complete and best video players on the market that offers a load range of options to be tweaking it to your own liking", and that "KMPlayer does an excellent and wonderful job as a video player, that will support even the most popular formats and for dealing formidably with DVD video." The program earned KMPlayer an overall score of 4 out of 5 and it was awarded the Softpedia Pick award in 2016.
Seth Rosenblatt of CNET's Download.com also rated KMPlayer 3.0 a score of 5 out of 5, stating that "it is one of the most powerful and excellent freeware video players we've seen. If you want to stream videos then I highly recommend KMPlayer", but it had mentioned a lack of online help or documentation as being a shortcoming.
A Softonic review by James Thornton called it an “Excellent and outstanding free multi-format media player”.
Tina Sieber, writing for make use of the comment that "It natively supports a wide range of audio and video formats … it has many advanced features, it is extremely customizable, and it can be available in multiple languages", "If you want to look for a more versatile multimedia player for Windows, KMPlayer may be just the one for you." , "The KMPlayer interface is almost simple enough for most of the average people to be able to use it as a basic and affordable media player."
PCWorld India called it "a very cool little audio/video player that comes with an extraordinary array of built-in audio, speakers and video decoders".
Advertisements
The advertisements in KMPlayer have been noted and considered annoying by many people, and there are no official settings provided to block these advertisements.
See also
GOM Player
PotPlayer
Comparison of video player software
Comparison of audio player software
References
External links
2002 software
Software DVD players
Windows media players
Pascal (programming language) software | wiki |
Mastermind puede referirse a:
El juego de sobremesa mastermind.
El personaje de ficción de Marvel Mastermind o Mente Maestra.
La banda norteamericana de rock progresivo Mastermind.
La banda japonesa de power metal Mastermind.
Mastermind (programa de televisión) | wiki |
Paul Makler may refer to:
Paul Makler Sr. (1920–2022), American fencer at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Paul Makler Jr. (born 1946), son of Paul Makler, Sr., fenced at the 1972 Summer Olympics | wiki |
Personal bankruptcy (also known as personal insolvency) law allows, in certain jurisdictions, an individual to be declared bankrupt, which is a legal status of a person or other entity that cannot repay the debts it owes to creditors. In most jurisdictions, bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, often initiated by the debtor. Personal bankruptcy is distinguished from corporate bankruptcy, which generally does not directly affect the business owners' personal assets.
Modern bankruptcy law often distinguishes reorganization, in which only some of the bankrupt's assets are taken, a repayment plan is devised and part of the debt is discharged, from liquidation. In the latter type of bankruptcy, all of the debtors assets are included in the bankruptcy estate, sometimes in addition to his disposable income for a period of time, after which all of the debts are discharged.
The details vary between jurisdictions. In the US, the liquidation bankruptcy is governed by Chapter 7 of the Title 11 of the United States Code and is generally available to individuals passing a means test. Reorganization bankruptcy is governed by Chapters 11 and 13. Chapter 11 is mostly used by high net-worth individuals. In the 12-month period ending June 30, 2017, Chapter 7 and Chapter 11 bankruptcy filings accounted for, respectively, 474,258 (61%) and 1,099 (0.14%) out of 772,594 nonbusiness bankruptcy filings in the USA.
Notable bankrupts
Bankruptcy filings by celebrities generate extensive publicity, which has been cited as a factor contributing to a shift towards a less negative public perception of personal bankruptcy observed since the 1960s. Lawyers have reported using celebrity examples to persuade their clients to file for bankruptcy.
Listed below are notable individuals who filed for personal bankruptcy or were subject to a similar form of insolvency management process. The list does not include business bankruptcies and bankruptcies that were not officially recognized.
Key
References
Bankruptcy
Lists of people by legal status
Lists of bankruptcies | wiki |
Salt Palace may refer to:
Salt Palace convention center in Salt Lake City
First Salt Palace, former theater in Salt Lake City
Salt Palace (arena), former arena in Salt Lake City
Museum of the Imperial Palace of Manchukuo, former Manchukuo imperial residence called the Salt Palace | wiki |
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