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Michael Fisher – giocatore di baseball statunitense
Michael Fisher – percussionista
Michael Fisher – sceneggiatore statunitense
Michael E. Fisher – fisico britannico | wiki |
AvoDerm is a line of natural dog and cat food manufactured by Breeder's Choice Inc., of Irwindale, California. The company was founded by Harold Taylor in 1947.
The AvoDerm line was launched in 1982 as a specialty food for the alleviation of skin and coat problems in dogs. Eight of the brand's formulas include avocado meal to capitalize off its high levels of vitamins A, E, and C, as well as folate, potassium, niacin, and fatty acids. The food is also free of artificial preservatives. There is a vegetarian option.
It is recommended by Cheapism and Dog Food Advisor. It was recalled in 2012 for possible salmonella contamination.
References
External links
Cat food brands
Dog food brands
Companies based in Los Angeles County, California
Irwindale, California | wiki |
This is a list of aircraft registration prefixes used by civil aircraft:
Current (post-1928) allocations
The 1928 markings have been amended and added to over the years, with the current markings being:
Post-1928 table notes
Pre-1928 allocations
Note: in the suffix pattern, n represents a number, x represents a letter
Pre-1928 table notes
References
External links
Robertson 1967, pp. 21–115
Aircraft markings
Aviation licenses and certifications
Aviation-related lists
Lists of country codes | wiki |
A muggle is a person without magical abilities in the Harry Potter series.
Otherwise, it has been used in a number of groups and fields to refer to an outsider, non-initiate, or one lacking basic knowledge of the field.
Muggle may also refer to:
"Muggles", a 1928 tune recorded by Louis Armstrong and His Orchestra (the word originating from a slang term for cannabis)
Muggles, a character in the children's book The Gammage Cup
Muggles, a race in the book The Legend of Rah and the Muggles
A slang term for cannabis (users are "muggle-heads")
A person who is not privy to the game of Geocaching
See also
Muggletonianism
Muggle-Wump
de:Begriffe der Harry-Potter-Romane#Muggel
it:Glossario di Harry Potter#B | wiki |
The Young Ones, Cliff Richard és a The Shadows hatodik nagylemeze
The Young Ones (dal)
The Young Ones (film)
The Young Ones (televíziós sorozat) | wiki |
Gummosis is the formation of patches of a gummy substance on the surface of certain plants, particularly fruit trees. This occurs when sap oozes from wounds or cankers as a reaction to outside stimuli such as adverse weather conditions, infections, insect problems, or mechanical damage. It is understood as a plant physiological disease.
References
External links
Video and commentary on gummosis on a cherry tree.
Physiological plant disorders | wiki |
Double hour may refer to:
Double hour (unit), a traditional Chinese unit of time also known as a Watch
The Double Hour, a 2009 Italian film | wiki |
Tai Chi :
Taijitu, un symbole chinois associé au taoïsme et au néo-confucianisme
Abréviation commune de Tai-chi-chuan, un art martial interne chinois. | wiki |
Digital compass may refer to:
Digital magnetic compass, solid-state microelectromechanical system compasses
Fibre optic gyrocompass, as in a ship's navigation system
Magnetometer, such as a MEMS magnetometer in hand-held devices | wiki |
Parallel processing may refer to:
Parallel computing
Parallel processing (DSP implementation) – Parallel processing in digital signal processing
Parallel processing (psychology)
Parallel process – client/supervisor | wiki |
During most of the Late Cretaceous (100.5 to 66 million years ago) the eastern half of North America formed Appalachia (named for the Appalachian Mountains), an island land mass separated from Laramidia to the west by the Western Interior Seaway. This seaway had split North America into two massive landmasses due to a multitude of factors such as tectonism and sea-level fluctuations for nearly 40 million years. The seaway eventually expanded, divided across the Dakotas, and by the end of the Cretaceous, it retreated towards the Gulf of Mexico and the Hudson Bay. This left the island masses joined in the continent of North America as the Rocky Mountains rose. From the Cenomanian to the end of the Campanian ages of the Late Cretaceous, Appalachia was separated from the rest of North America. As the Western Interior Seaway retreated in the Maastrichtian, Laramidia and Appalachia eventually connected. Because of this, its fauna was isolated, and developed very differently from the tyrannosaur, ceratopsian, hadrosaurid, pachycephalosaur and ankylosaurid dominated fauna of the western part of North America, known as "Laramidia".
Due to high sea levels, subsequent erosion, and the lack of orogenic input of sediment into the Western Interior Seaway unlike the east coast of Laramidia, no terrestrially formed deposits have survived, with most dinosaur remains originating from seaborne carcasses that were transported into marine environments. This same lack of terrestrial sediments is also present on the western coast of Laramidia. Some sediments in the northern part of the range have been removed by glacial erosion of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during Quaternary glaciations, but it is difficult to ascertain how much sediment has been removed, or whether these sediments would have been any more productive than those that remain. Thus relatively little is known about Appalachia in comparison to Laramidia, with the exception of plant life, marine life and the insects trapped in amber from New Jersey. In addition, due to a lack of interest in Appalachia, many fossils that have been found in Appalachia lie unstudied and remain in the inaccurate genera to which they were assigned in the days of E. D. Cope and O. C. Marsh. Only a few fossils of the terrestrial creatures that were found in this region have given us a brief glimpse into what life was like here during the Cretaceous period. However, the area has seen a bit of a resurgence of interest due to several discoveries made in the past few years. As mentioned earlier, not much is known about Appalachia, but some fossil sites, such as the Woodbine Formation, Navesink Formation, Ellisdale Fossil Site, Mooreville Chalk Formation, Demopolis Chalk Formation, Black Creek Group and the Niobrara Formation, together with ongoing research in the area, have given us a better look into this forgotten world of paleontology.
Geography
Appalachia stretched from Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador all the way down to the Eastern United States and west to the Midwestern United States. Fossils found in these regions indicate that the area was covered in coastal plains and coastal lowlands during the Cretaceous period. Some scientists have proposed the idea that an archipelago of islands had formed during the time that the Western Interior Seaway had divided Laramidia and Appalachia apart until the near end of the Cretaceous. This would allow dinosaurs to migrate into the Gulf Coast and why it would possibly explain why there are some noticeable distinctions with the fauna in the two assemblages of Appalachia. For instance, the southeastern assemblage (which consists of the Carolinas and the Gulf Coast sites) has some tyrannosauroids such as Appalachiosaurus, some hadrosauroids such as Eotrachodon and Lophorhothon, nodosaurs, dromaeosaurs, and new leptoceratopsian while the northern assemblage (which consists of New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland) has some tyrannosauroids such as Dryptosaurus, hadrosauroids such as Hadrosaurus, smaller theropods, and a possible lambeosaur in the area.
Range
Vertebrate fossils have been found along the Atlantic Seaboard as well as other states like Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Mississippi, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, and Minnesota. Parts of Canada that were a part of Appalachia during the Cretaceous include, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nunavut, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Nova Scotia.
Fauna
Dinosaurs
From the Cenomanian to the Maastrichtian, Appalachia was inhabited by various groups of dinosaurs including, hadrosauroids, hadrosaurs, nodosaurs, leptoceratopsians, indeterminate ornithopods, tyrannosauroids, dromaeosaurs, ornithomimids, and indeterminate maniraptors lived in the area. There is also fossil evidence of possible chasmosaurs, lambeosaurs, sauropods, carcharodontosaurs, caenagnathids, troodontids, and coelurosaurs that might have inhabited the area. In 2022, fossils unearthed from the Woodbine Formation in Texas confirmed that carcharodontosaurs, troodontids, and coelurosaurs did indeed inhabit Appalachia.
Tyrannosaurs
In Late Cretaceous North America, the dominant predators were the Tyrannosauroidea, huge predatory theropods built for ripping flesh from their prey. In Appalachia, dryptosaurs were the top predators in this clade. Rather than developing the huge heads and massive bodies of their western relatives such as Gorgosaurus, Albertosaurus and Lythronax, dryptosaurs had more in common with the basal tyrannosaurs like Dilong and Eotyrannus. Dryptosaurs were characterized by long arms with three fingers; while they were not as large as the largest tyrannosaurids, fossils from the Potomac Formation in New Jersey show that some of them did evolve some of the large-bodied features that can be found on other tyrannosaurs. Three genera of valid Appalachian tyrannosaurs are known, Dryptosaurus, Appalachiosaurus, and the recently discovered Teihivenator while other indeterminate fossils lie scattered throughout most of the southern United States like Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Fossil foot bones from Appalachian deposits indicate another, unnamed tyrannosauroid measuring , indicating that diversity in these basal tyrannosauroids remained high during the Late Cretaceous. These fossilized teeth possibly belong to a species of Appalachiosaurus or an undescribed species of a new tyrannosaur. There is also the possibility of a fourth tyrannosaur known from Applachia known as Diplotomodon, but the genus is considered dubious. Fossils from New Jersey and Delaware, most notably in the Mt. Laurel Formation and Merchantville Formations, have revealed that the primitive tyrannosauroids were much more diverse than expected, and some of them grew to lengths of 8 to 9 meters long, making them around the same size as some of the more advanced tyrannosaurs found in Laramidia. Fossils in Cenomanian deposits further indicate tyrannosauroids had been a constant presence in Appalachia since the Middle Cretaceous.
Dromaeosaurs
The dryptosaurs weren't the only predatory dinosaurs in Appalachia. Indeterminate dromaeosaur fossils, possibly belonging to Velociraptorinae and Saurornitholestinae, and teeth, most closely matching those of Saurornitholestes, have also been unearthed in Appalachia as well; mostly in the southern states like Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi and Georgia. Finds from the Campanian Tar Heel Formation in North Carolina indicate that there may have been dromaeosaurids of considerable size; intermediate between genera such as Saurornitholestes and Dakotaraptor. Though known only from teeth, the discovery indicates large dromaeosaurids were part of Appalachia's fauna. Along with the dromaeosauridae remains, tyrannosauroidea and possible ornithomimid remains have been unearthed in Missouri as well. It should also be noted that dromaeosaur remains are more commonly found in the southern region of Appalachia when compared to the northern region, with their sizes ranging from smaller forms to gigantic forms. Recent fossils unearthed in New Jersey show that maniraptors were present in Appalachia as well.
Ornithomimids
Various ornithomimid bones, such as Coelosaurus, have also been reported from Appalachia from Missouri, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and as far north in states like Maryland, New Jersey, and Delaware, but it is now believed that some of these are the bones of juvenile dryptosaurs while others belong to various undescribed species of ornithomimids. As of 2019, no distinct species of ornithomimosaurs have been identified yet, mostly due to the fact that no complete skeleton has been unearthed yet. However, it can be assumed that most of them were around the same size of their Laramidian relatives, though there is one specimen that could have reached a large size similar to Gallimimus or Beishanlong. In 2022, fossils from the Eutaw Formation from Mississippi revealed that large ornithomimids did indeed roam Appalachia.
Other Theropods
Fossils from the Woodbine Formation in Texas, one of the few fossil sites which is one of Appalachia's more well preserved fossils, reveal that other theropods might have roamed Appalachia around the time when the Western Interior Seaway first formed, they include possible specimens of allosauroids, troodontids, caenagnathids, dromaeosaurs, and tyrannosaurs.
Hadrosaurs
Another common group, arguably the most widespread species in the area, of Appalachian dinosaurs were the hadrosaurs which were represented by three groups including Hadrosauromorpha, Hadrosauroidea, and the Hadrosauridae which is now considered to be their "ancestral homeland"; eventually making their way to Laramidia, Asia, Europe, South America and Antarctica where they diversified into the lambeosaurine and saurolophine dinosaurs, though some of the primitive hadrosaurs were still present until the end of the Mesozoic. While the fossil record shows a staggering variety of hadrosaur forms in Laramidia, hadrosaur remains for Appalachia show less diversity due to the relative uncommon number of fossil beds. However, a decent number of hadrosaurs are known from Appalachia with Protohadros, Claosaurus, and Lophorhothon representing Hadrosauromorpha, Hypsibema crassicauda and Hypsibema missouriensis representing Hadrosauroidea, and Hadrosaurus and Eotrachodon representing Hadrosauridae. These hadrosaurs from Appalachia seem to be closely related to the crestless hadrosaurs of Laramidia like Gryposaurus and Edmontosaurus, despite the fact that they are not considered to be saurolophines. Claosaurus is known from a specimen which floated into the Interior Seaway and was found in Kansas, might also be from Appalachia, since it was found closer to the Appalachia side of the seaway and is unknown from Western North America. Hadrosaur remains have even been found in Iowa, though in fragmentary remains, Tennessee, most notably from the Coon Creek Formation. Hypsibema crassicauda, over fifty feet long, was one of the largest eastern hadrosaurs, outgrowing some of more derived western hadrosaurs like Lambeosaurus and Saurolophus. The genus likely took the environmental niche occupied by large sauropods in other areas, possibly grown to colossal sizes to that of Magnapaulia and Shantungosaurus. Hypsibema missouriensis, was another large species of hadrosaur, but it grew up to 45 to 49 feet, which wasn't as large as Hypsibema crassicauda. When it was first discovered in 1945, it was mistaken for a species of sauropod. Hypsibema missouriensis, possibly even all of the other hadrosaurs living on Appalachia, had serrated teeth for chewing the vegetation in the area. Hadrosaur fossils from the Kanguk Formation in Axel Heiberg Island in Nunavut, Canada show that hadrosaurs were rather widespread throughout Appalachia. The fossils found in the Kanguk Formation also revealed the dietary preferences of hadrosaurs, which revealed that they had a diet of conifers, stems, twigs, and various deciduous plants. In 2020, the remains of one small-bodied hadrosaur and two small-bodied hadrosauromorphs were unearthed in the New Egypt Formation in New Jersey. The fossils were dated to the Maastrichtian, which was the last stage of the Cretaceous period that ended with the extinction the dinosaurs. This information would imply that Appalachia probably had a rich diversity of life, but research will be need in order to get a better picture of this lost world. In 2021, new remains of Hypsibema missouriensis, also known as Parrosaurus missouriensis, were unearthed in Missouri.
Lambeosaurs
Indeterminate lambeosaurinae remains, mostly similar to Corythosaurus, have been reported from New Jersey's Navesink Formation, Bylot Island and Nova Scotia, Canada. It cannot yet be explained how lambeosaurines might have reached Appalachia though some have theorized that a land bridge must have formed sometime during the Campanian. In 2020, a forelimb belonging to a lambeosaur was unearthed in the New Egypt Formation from New Jersey with evidence of sharks scavenging on its remains.
Nodosaurs
The nodosaurids, a group of large, herbivorous armored dinosaurs resembling armadillos, are another testament to Appalachia's difference from Laramidia. During the early Cretaceous, the nodosaurids prospered and were one of the most widespread dinosaurs throughout North America. However, by the latest Cretaceous, nodosaurids were scarce in western North America, limited to forms like Edmontonia, Denversaurus and Panoplosaurus; perhaps due to competition from the ankylosauridae; though they did thrive in isolation, most notably in Appalachia, as mentioned earlier and in the case of Struthiosaurus, Europe as well. Nodosaurid scutes have been commonly found in eastern North America, while fossil specimens are very rare. Often the findings are not diagnostic enough to identify the species, but the remains attest to a greater number of these armored dinosaurs in Appalachia. Multiple specimens have been unearthed in Kansas in the Niobrara Formation, Alabama in Ripley Formation, Mississippi, Delaware, Maryland and New Jersey, possibly belonging to a multitude of different species. Five possible and best-known examples of Appalachian nodosaurids, from both the early and late Cretaceous period, include Priconodon, Propanoplosaurus, Niobrarasaurus, Silvisaurus and possibly Hierosaurus, though its validity is disputed. Just like the Claosaurus specimen, it is possible that the specimens of Niobrarasaurus, Silvisaurus and Hierosaurus floated into the Interior Seaway from the east, since these two species of nodosaurids were discovered in the famous chalk formations of Kansas and are not known from any location from Western North America. Kansas was also a part of Appalachia when the other parts were covered by oceans, which were a part of the Western Interior Seaway.
Leptoceratopsians
While remains of the advanced ceratopsians, most notably the centrosaurines and chasmosaurines which were very common in Laramidia during this time period, were not found in Appalachia, the leptoceratopsids somehow managed to inhabit that location. A Campanian-era leptoceratopsid ceratopsian has been found in the Tar Heel Formation, marking the first discovery of a ceratopsian dinosaur in the Appalachian zone. This specimen bears a uniquely long, slender and downcurved upper jaw, suggesting that it was an animal with a specialized feeding strategy, yet another example of speciation on an island environment. Recently, a ceratopsian tooth was unearthed in Mississippi's Owl Creek Formation, which has been dated to be 67 million years old. The owner of this one particular tooth was probably a chasmosaurine since by the end of the Cretaceous, the centrosaurines had completely vanished from North America, though they were thriving in Asia as in the case of Sinoceratops. While leptoceratopsid remains, the few that have been discovered in recent years, have been unearthed in the southern part of Appalachia, they appear to be completely absent from the northern part of Appalachia, states like New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland. Suggesting the idea, proposed by paleontologist David R. Schwimmer, that there was a possible providence during the Late Cretaceous. It is not completely understood how the leptoceratopsians were able to reach Appalachia, however, the most commonly accepted theory was that they island hopped during the time that the Western Interior Seaway split the North American continent into two different land masses in a way that some species of leptoceratopsids, most notably Ajkaceratops, were able to reach Europe. It should also be noted that there is a distinct difference with how the leptoceratopsians evolved in Appalachia and Laramida. The Appalachian leptoceratopsian that was unearthed in the Tar Heel Formation, which grew to the size of a large dog, had a more slender jaw that teeth that curved downward and outward in its beak. This would imply a specialized feeding strategy for feeding on the foliage that was native to Appalachia during the Campanian.
Birds
Several bird remains are known from Appalachian sites, most of them sea birds like Hesperornithes like Hesperornis, Canadaga, Baptornis, Fumicollis, Parahesperornis, and Ichthyornis, Enantiornithes like Halimornis and Ornithuraes like Apatornis and Iaceornis, possibly indicating that Appalachia might have had a diverse variety of birds that were endemic to the region. Of particular interest are possible lithornithid remains in New Jersey, arguably one of the best records for Cretaceous birds as some specimens were preserved in the greensands in the area, which would represent a clear example of palaeognath Neornithes in the Late Cretaceous. However, this issue is still under debate. Examples of birds that were endemic to Appalachia include a few groups such as the Charadriiformes, which consisted of Graculavus and Telmatornis, Anseriformes as represented by Anatalavis, Procellariiformes, with Tytthostonyx being one such example, and Palaeotringa and Laornis belonging to a currently unknown group of birds. Hesperornithid fossils have also been unearthed in Arkansas. Some birds found in Canada such as Tingmiatornis and Canadaga were found in areas that were a part of Appalachia. Enantiornithine birds are also known from Appalachia, as is the case of Flexomornis from the Woodbine Formation from Texas.
Non-dinosaur herpetofauna
Amphibians
Through the Ellisdale Fossil Site, a good picture of Appalachia's non-dinosaurian fauna is present. Amidst lissamphibians, there is evidence for sirenids (including the large Habrosaurus), the batrachosauroidid salamander Parrisia, hylids, possible representatives of Eopelobates and Discoglossus, showing close similarities to European faunas, but aside from Habrosaurus (which is also found on Laramidia) there is a high degree of endemism, suggesting no interchanges with other landmasses throughout the Late Cretaceous.
Lizards
There is also a high degree of endemism in regards to its reptilian fauna: among squamates, the teiid Prototeius is exclusive to the landmass, and native representatives of Iguanidae, Helodermatidae, and Necrosauridae.
No fossilized remains of snakes have been discovered in Appalachia during the Cretaceous period, only being found in Laramidia.
Turtles
Amidst turtles, which are rather common finds in Appalachia, Adocus, Apalone, and Bothremys are well represented, the latter in particular more common in Appalachian sites than Laramidian ones. Pleurochayah, a bothremyid, is known from Texas. In Santonian Alabama occurred the giant endemic Appalachemys.
Crocodiles
Crocodiles were rather abundant in Appalachia with nine local crocodilian genera belonging to several confirmed families, with the possibility of much more undiscovered crocodiles waiting to be unearthed. Goniopholididae is represented by Dakotasuchus and Woodbinesuchus, Alligatoridae is represented by Bottosaurus, Neosuchia is represented by Scolomastax and Deltasuchus, Alligatoroidea are presented Deinosuchus and Leidyosuchus, Gavialoidea are represented by Thoracosaurus, Eothoracosaurus, and Crocodilia is presented by Borealosuchus, are well established in Laramidia as well, probably indicative of their ocean crossing capacities. Deinosuchus, being one of the largest crocodilians of the fossil record, was an apex predator that did prey on the dinosaurs in the area, the same case applies for Laramidia as well, despite the fact that the majority of its diet consisted of turtles and sea turtles. However, crocodiles still preyed on the endemic dinosaurs whenever they got the chance to do so; there is evidence of crocodile bite marks on the femur of large ornithomimosaur that indicates the predatory behavior of native crocodiles. Fossils unearthed in South Carolina and New Jersey shows that some of the crocodilians endemic to Appalachia survived the extinction of the dinosaurs and even persisted into the Cenozoic.
Dyrosauridae
Dyrosauridae, most notably Dyrosaurus and Hyposaurus fossils, are also known form Appalachia, particularly in New Jersey, Alabama, and South Carolina.
Pholidosauridae
Only one species of Pholidosauridae is known to have lived in Appalachia; Terminonaris whose remains have been unearthed in Texas and Kansas.
Pterosaurs
Pterosaur fossils, mostly similar to Pteranodon and Nyctosaurus, have been unearthed in Georgia, Alabama and Delaware. On a similar note, azhdrachid remains, which belong to Arambourgiania, have been unearthed in Tennessee. There have been a number of specimens of pterosaurs unearthed in areas that were a part of Appalachia during the time that the Western Interior Seaway had divided North America into two landmasses. Fossils of Appalachian pterosaurs have also been unearthed in Kansas and Texas. Pteranodontidae seem the most common groups of pterosaurs in Appalachia and represented by five species: Pteranodon, Nyctosaurus, Geosternbergia, Dawndraco, and Alamodactylus. Members of the Ornithocheiridae and Anhangueridae are represented by Aetodactylus and Cimoliopterus respectively.
Choristodera
The remains of indetermine choristoderans have turned up in the Navesink Formation; the only known genus of choristodere during the Late Cretaceous was Champsosaurus. As a whole Appalachian choristodere fossils are very rare, speculated to the result of the lack of a suitable cold freshwater environment as seen in Laramidia at similar latitudes; the animals are speculated to have been more common at higher latitudes and altitudes.
Mammals
Several types of mammals are also present in Ellisdale and in both of the Carolinas. The most common are ptilodontoidean multituberculates, such as Mesodma, Cimolodon and a massively-sized species. The sheer diversity of species on the landmass, as well as the earlier appearance compared to other Late Cretaceous locales, suggests that ptilodontoideans evolved in Appalachia. Metatherians are also known, including an alphadontid, a stagodontid, and a herpetotheriid. Unlike ptilodontoideans, metatherians show a lesser degree of endemism, implying a degree of interchange with Laramidia and Europe. Research in this area has revealed that theTaeniolabidoidea mammals can trace their origins here and that there were several species of multituberculates endemic to Appalachia. Eutheria fossils, most notably molars, have also been unearthed in Mississippi. It is possible that they belong to a creature rather reminiscent to Protungulatum. The genus Alphadon as well as other members of the Allotheria family have had their remains unearthed in New Jersey.
Marine life
While not much was known about Appalachia's land-based fauna until recently, the marine life that in the area, as well as the life that lived in the nearby Western Interior Seaway, has been well studied by paleontologists for years. Such examples of fossil sites that have preserved the remains of marine life from that period include the Niobrara Formation, the Demopolis Chalk Formation, and the Mooreville Chalk Formation are just a few examples of the fossil sites that have successfully preserved the skeletal remains of various marine creatures from the Cretaceous. Examples of the marine fauna that lived near Appalachia include Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Chelonioidea, Plesiosaurs, and Mosasaurs, which were the apex predators of their environment at the time.
Mosasaur remains have even been unearthed in Missouri.
Plesiosaur fossils, belonging to the genus Cimoliasaurus, have been unearthed in New Jersey.
Fish fossils are rather common throughout Appalachia, especially in locations abundant in marl, shale, and limestone. Fish fossils, as well as a lot of Cretaceous era marine fauna, are rather abundant in regions like the Niobrara Formation in Kansas, which is made up of shale, sandstone and limestone, as well as the Woodbury Formation in New Jersey.
Arthropods
Many species of arthropods are known from the Turonian aged New Jersey amber, situated on the Atlantic coast of Appalachia. Arthropods are also known from the Cenomanian aged Redmond Formation of Labrador, Canada.
Flora
While the fossil sites from the southern part in Appalachia, places like Alabama and the Carolinas, have a very scant amount of Cretaceous plant fossils with the exception of Georgia, the northern parts of Appalachia, such as New Jersey, Maryland, and Delaware have a much better record in terms of plant species being unearthed there, especially with fossils sites like the Ellisdale Fossil Site, and have given us a better glimpse into a forgotten world. In the Ellisdae Fossil Site, excavations have revealed that plants like Picea, Metasequoia, Liriodendron, and possibly Rhizophora inhabited the region during the late Cretaceous period, implying that the environment during that time period was a coastal forest with a few types of marine environments as well including estuarine, lagoonal, marine, and terrestrial. Plant fossils found in neighboring states such as Delaware and Maryland have revealed that ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms did indeed inhabit the area. Angiosperm fossils were unearthed in the Dakota Formation in Nebraska. As mentioned earlier, Georgia has a rich fossil record of plant life dating back to the Cretaceous. Some of the examples of flora that was present in that area include Salicaceae, Lauraceae, Sequoioideae, Moraceae, Pinophyta, Malpighiales, Monocotyledon, Ericaceae, Cinnamomum, Ranunculales, Salicaceae, Torreya, Cupressaceae, Magnoliaceae and Rhamnaceae. Plant fossils of Minnesota have revealed that cycads, evergreens, Equisetum, laurels, ferns, willows, redwoods, poplars, tulip trees, and pomegranates were present in the area during the Cretaceous. There is also a huge concentration of Normapolles unearthed in the southeastern United States, suggesting that there was a distinct phytogeography through the area during the Cretaceous.
Fossils unearthed near from the Redmond Formation in Labrador have revealed that many of the modern-day angiosperms first appeared in Appalachia. Plant fossils found in Crawford County, Georgia show a wide variety of plant diversity such as sporophytes, gametophytes, Detrusandra, Hamamelidaceae, Actinidiaceae, and a multitude of 63 species of plants have been unearthed in this region. Angiosperm plants have been found in the Woodbine Formation. Pinaceae and Lauraceae fossils have been unearthed in Mississippi and North Carolina respectively.
Plant fossils found in Massachusetts and Rhode Island indicate that the climate here was sub-humid and paratropical too, indicating that some of Appalachia's habitats largely consisted of coastal plains and deciduous forests. Plants of Pinaceae, Taxodioideae, Araucariaceae, Taxaceae, Cycas and Thallophyte have been found in Georgia and South Carolina.
See also
References
Historical continents
Geology of North America
Regional geology of the United States
Eastern United States | wiki |
Sha cha beef (; also called sa cha beef, cha beef, or cha beefsteak) is the name of a Chinese dish featuring shacha sauce and tenderized beef strips. The Americanized dish is usually served over a bed of white rice with fresh scallions and cilantro (coriander). This dish is native to the Gansu province of China.
Sha cha beef is a traditional dish dating back thousands of years. This dish is unusual in that it is one of the few Chinese-American dishes to maintain the principle of fan-ts'ai or the division between fan, grains and other starch foods, and ts'ai, vegetable and meat dishes. To prepare a balanced meal, it must have an appropriate amount of both fan and ts'ai, and ingredients are readied along both tracks.
See also
List of steak dishes
References
External links
Recipe for Sha Cha Beef
American Chinese cuisine
Beef dishes | wiki |
A sink is a bowl-shaped plumbing fixture for washing hands, dishwashing, and other purposes. Sinks have a tap (faucet) that supply hot and cold water and may include a spray feature to be used for faster rinsing. They also include a drain to remove used water; this drain may itself include a strainer and/or shut-off device and an overflow-prevention device. Sinks may also have an integrated soap dispenser. Many sinks, especially in kitchens, are installed adjacent to or inside a counter.
When a sink becomes clogged, a person will often resort to using a chemical drain cleaner or a plunger, though most professional plumbers will remove the clog with a drain auger (often called a "plumber's snake").
History
United States
The washstand was a bathroom sink made in the United States in the late 18th century. The washstands were small tables on which were placed a pitcher and a deep bowl, following the English tradition. Sometimes the table had a hole where the large bowl rested, which led to the making of dry sinks. From about 1820 to 1900, the dry sink evolved by the addition of a wooden cabinet with a trough built on the top, lined with zinc or lead. This is where the bowls or buckets for water were kept. Splashboards were sometimes added to the back wall, as well as shelves and drawers, the more elaborate designs usually placed in the kitchen.
Materials
Sinks are made of many different materials. These include:
Ceramic
Concrete
Copper
Enamel over steel or cast iron
Glass
Granite
Marble
Nickel
Plastic
Polyester
Porcelain
Soapstone
Stainless steel
Stone
Terrazzo
Wood
Stainless steel is most commonly used in kitchens and commercial applications because it represents a good trade-off between cost, usability, durability, and ease of cleaning. Most stainless steel sinks are made by drawing a sheet of stainless steel over a die. Some very deep sinks are fabricated by welding. Stainless steel sinks will not be damaged by hot or cold objects and resist damage from impacts. One disadvantage of stainless steel is that, being made of thin metal, they tend to be noisier than most other sink materials, although better sinks apply a heavy coating of vibration-damping material to the underside of the sink.
Enamel over cast iron is a popular material for kitchen and bathroom sinks. Heavy and durable, these sinks can also be manufactured in a very wide range of shapes and colors. Like stainless steel, they are very resistant to hot or cold objects, but they can be damaged by sharp impacts and once the glass surface is breached, the underlying cast iron will often corrode, spalling off more of the glass. Aggressive cleaning will dull the surface, leading to more dirt accumulation. Enamel over steel is a similar-appearing but far less rugged and less cost-effective alternative.
Solid ceramic sinks have many of the same characteristics as enamel over cast iron, but without the risk of surface damage leading to corrosion.
Plastic sinks come in several basic forms:
Inexpensive sinks are simply made using injection-molded thermoplastics. These are often deep, free-standing sinks used in laundry rooms. Subject to damage by hot or sharp objects, the principal virtue of these sinks is their low cost.
High-end acrylic drop-in (lowered into the countertop) and undermount (attached from the bottom) sinks are becoming more popular, although they tend to be easily damaged by hard objects – like scouring a cast iron frying pan in the sink.
Plastic sinks may also be made from the same materials used to form "solid surface" countertops. These sinks are durable, attractive, and can often be molded with an integrated countertop or joined to a separate countertop in a seamless fashion, leading to no sink-to-countertop joint or a very smooth sink-to-countertop joint that can not trap dirt or germs. These sinks are subject to damage by hot objects but damaged areas can sometimes be sanded down to expose undamaged material.
Soapstone sinks were once common, but today tend to be used only in very-high-end applications or applications that must resist caustic chemicals that would damage more-conventional sinks.
Wood sinks are from the early days of sinks, and baths were made from natural teak with no additional finishing. Teak is chosen because of its natural waterproofing properties – it has been used for hundreds of years in the marine industry for this reason. Teak also has natural antiseptic properties, which is a bonus for its use in baths and sinks.
Glass sinks: A current trend in bathroom design is the handmade glass sink (often referred to as a vessel sink), which has become fashionable for wealthy homeowners.
Stone sinks have been used for ages. Some of the more popular stones used are: marble, travertine, onyx, granite, and soap stone on high end sinks.
Glass, concrete, and terrazzo sinks are usually designed for their aesthetic appeal and can be obtained in a wide variety of unusual shapes and colors such as floral shapes. Concrete and terrazzo are occasionally also used in very-heavy-duty applications such as janitorial sinks.
Styles
Top-mount sinks
Self-rimming (top-mount) sinks sit in appropriately shaped holes roughly cut in the countertop (or substrate material) using a jigsaw or other cutter appropriate to the material at hand. They are suspended by their rim which forms a fairly close seal with the top surface of the worktop. If necessary, this seal can be enhanced by clamping the sink from below the worktop.
Bottom-mount sinks
Bottom-mount or under-mount sinks are installed below the countertop surface. The edge of the countertop material is exposed at the hole created for the sink (and so must be a carefully finished edge rather than a rough cut). The sink is then clamped to the bottom of the material from below. Especially for bottom-mount sinks, silicone-based sealants are usually used to assure a waterproof joint between the sink and the countertop material. Advantages of an undermount sink include superior ergonomics and a contemporary look; disadvantages include extra cost in both the sink and the counter top. Also, no matter how carefully the cut out is made, the result is either a small ledge or overhang at the interface with the sink. This can create an environment for catching dirt and allowing germs to grow.
Solid-surface plastic materials allow sinks to be made of the same plastic material as the countertop. These sinks can then easily be glued to the underside of the countertop material and the joint sanded flat, creating the usual invisible joint and completely eliminating any dirt-catching seam between the sink and the countertop. In a similar fashion, for stainless steel, a sink may be welded into the countertop; the joint is then ground to create a finished, concealed appearance.
Butler's sink
A butler's sink is a rectangular ceramic sink with a rounded rim which is set into a work surface. There are generally two kinds of butler's sinks: the London sink and the Belfast sink. In 2006, both types of sinks usually were across and front-to-back, with a depth of . London sinks were originally shallower than Belfast sinks. (One plumbing guide in 1921 suggested that the Belfast sink was deep.) Some believe this was because London had less access to fresh water (and thus a greater need to conserve water), but this theory is now contested. It is more likely the two sinks had different roles within the household. But that difference usually does not exist in the modern era, and both sinks are now shallow. The primary difference both in the past and today between a Belfast and London sink is that the Belfast sink is fitted with an overflow weir which prevented water from spilling over the sink's edge by draining it away and down into the wastewater plumbing.
Farmer's sink
A farmer's sink is a deep sink that has a finished front. Set onto a countertop, the finished front of the sink remains exposed. This style of sink requires very little "reach-over" to access the sink.
Vessel sink
A vessel sink is a free-standing sink, generally finished and decorated on all sides, that sits directly on the surface of the furniture on which it is mounted. These sinks have become increasingly popular with bathroom designers because of the large range of materials, styles, and finishes that can be shown to good advantage.
Food catering sinks
Catering sinks are often made in sizes compatible with standard size Gastronorm containers, a European standard for food containers.
Ceramic basin construction
Pottery is made by a blend of clays, fillers and fluxes being fused together during the firing process. There are high fire clays and glazes which are heated to over 1200 °C (2200 °F) and are extremely resistant to fading, staining, burning, scratching and acid attack. Low fire clays, fired below 1200 °C, most often used by large commercial manufacturers and third world producers, while durable, are susceptible to scratching and wear over time. The clay body is first bisqued to about 1000 °C (1900 °F). In the second firing a white or coloured glaze is applied and is melted by heat which chemically and physically fuses the glass (glaze) to the clay body during the same firing process. Due to the firing process and natural clays used, it is normal for the product to vary in size and shape, and +/− 5 mm is normal.
Accessories
Some public restrooms feature automatic faucets, which use a motion-sensing valve to detect the user's hands moving beneath the tap and turn the water on. Some kitchen sinks also come equipped with a sink sprayer.
Sinks, especially those made of stainless steel, can be fitted with an integrated drainboard, allowing for the draining of washed dishes.
Gallery
There are many different shapes and sizes of sinks.
See also
Dipper well
Domestic water system
Floor plan
Garbage disposal
Lavabo
Proverbial kitchen sink
Trap (plumbing)
References
Bibliography
Fletcher, Banister Flight, Sir. Architectural Hygiene. London: Sir I. Pitman & Sons, 1921.
External links
Plumbing
Kitchen
Bathrooms | wiki |
Wall spider is the common name for members of the genus Oecobius. The members of these several species are all very small spiders that make small flat webs over crevices in walls and in similar spaces. They possess an organ called a cribellum, which is a kind of comb-like device used to separate fibers of silk drawn from its spinnerets into many extremely fine fibers. Those fibers are so small in diameter that prey insects easily become entangled in them. The spiders then bite them before they can get away.
One cosmopolitan species is O. navus (sometimes also called O. annulipes).
One species of interest is Oecobius civitas. When a spider enters the home of another spider, rather than defend itself, the resident leaves to find another one.
Species
Oecobius achimota Shear & Benoit, 1974 (Ghana)
Oecobius aculeatus Wunderlich, 1987 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius affinis O. P.-Cambridge, 1872 (Syria, Jordan)
Oecobius agaetensis Wunderlich, 1992 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius albipunctatus O. P.-Cambridge, 1872 (Syria)
Oecobius alhoutyae Wunderlich, 1995 (Kuwait)
Oecobius amboseli Shear & Benoit, 1974 (Egypt, Kenya, Uganda)
Oecobius annulipes Lucas, 1846 (Algeria)
Oecobius ashmolei Wunderlich, 1992 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius beatus Gertsch & Davis, 1937 (Mexico)
Oecobius bracae Shear, 1970 (Mexico)
Oecobius caesaris Wunderlich, 1987 (Canary Is., Azores)
Oecobius cambridgei Wunderlich, 1995 (Lebanon)
Oecobius camposi Wunderlich, 1992 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius cellariorum (Dugès, 1836) (Cosmopolitan)
Oecobius chiasma Barman, 1978 (India)
Oecobius civitas Shear, 1970 (Mexico)
Oecobius concinnus Simon, 1893 (USA to Brazil, Galapagos Is. (elsewhere, introduced))
Oecobius culiacanensis Shear, 1970 (Mexico)
Oecobius cumbrecita Wunderlich, 1987 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius depressus Wunderlich, 1987 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius dolosus Wunderlich, 1987 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius doryphorus Schmidt, 1977 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius erjosensis Wunderlich, 1992 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius formosensis (Kishida, 1943) (Taiwan)
Oecobius fortaleza Wunderlich, 1992 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius fuerterotensis Wunderlich, 1992 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius furcula Wunderlich, 1992 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius gomerensis Wunderlich, 1979 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius hayensis Wunderlich, 1992 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius hidalgoensis Wunderlich, 1992 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius hierroensis Wunderlich, 1987 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius hoffmannae Jiménez & Llinas, 2005 (Mexico)
Oecobius idolator Shear & Benoit, 1974 (Burkina Faso)
Oecobius iguestensis Wunderlich, 1992 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius incertus Wunderlich, 1995 (North Africa)
Oecobius infierno Wunderlich, 1987 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius interpellator Shear, 1970 (USA)
Oecobius isolatoides Shear, 1970 (USA, Mexico)
Oecobius isolatus Chamberlin, 1924 (USA, Mexico)
Oecobius juangarcia Shear, 1970 (Mexico)
Oecobius lampeli Wunderlich, 1987 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius latiscapus Wunderlich, 1992 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius linguiformis Wunderlich, 1995 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius longiscapus Wunderlich, 1992 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius machadoi Wunderlich, 1995 (Portugal, Spain)
Oecobius maculatus Simon, 1870 (Mediterranean to Azerbaijan)
Oecobius marathaus Tikader, 1962 (Pantropical)
Oecobius marcosensis Wunderlich, 1992 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius maritimus Wunderlich, 1987 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius minor Kulczyn'ski, 1909 (Azores, Madeira)
Oecobius nadiae (Spassky, 1936) (Central Asia, China)
Oecobius navus Blackwall, 1859 (Cosmopolitan)
Oecobius navus hachijoensis Uyemura, 1965 (Japan)
Oecobius palmensis Wunderlich, 1987 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius paolomaculatus Wunderlich, 1995 (Algeria)
Oecobius pasteuri Berland & Millot, 1940 (West Africa)
Oecobius persimilis Wunderlich, 1987 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius petronius Simon, 1890 (Yemen)
Oecobius piaxtla Shear, 1970 (Mexico)
Oecobius pinoensis Wunderlich, 1992 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius przewalskyi Hu & Li, 1987 (Tibet)
Oecobius pseudodepressus Wunderlich, 1992 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius putus O. P.-Cambridge, 1876 (Egypt, Sudan to Azerbaijan (USA, introduced))
Oecobius rhodiensis Kritscher, 1966 (Greece)
Oecobius rioensis Wunderlich, 1992 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius rivula Shear, 1970 (Mexico)
Oecobius rugosus Wunderlich, 1987 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius sapporensis Saito, 1934 (Japan)
Oecobius selvagensis Wunderlich, 1995 (Salvages)
Oecobius sheari Benoit, 1975 (Chad)
Oecobius similis Kulczyn'ski, 1909 (Madeira, Canary Is., Azores, St. Helena)
Oecobius sombrero Wunderlich, 1987 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius tadzhikus Andreeva & Tyschchenko, 1969 (Central Asia)
Oecobius tasarticoensis Wunderlich, 1992 (Canary Is.)
Oecobius teliger O. P.-Cambridge, 1872 (Lebanon)
Oecobius templi O. P.-Cambridge, 1876 (Egypt, Sudan)
Oecobius tibesti Shear & Benoit, 1974 (Chad)
Oecobius trimaculatus O. P.-Cambridge, 1872 (Jordan)
Oecobius unicoloripes Wunderlich, 1992 (Canary Is.)
References
Further reading
Santos, A.J. & Gonzaga, M.O. (2003). On the spider genus Oecobius Lucas, 1846 in South America (Araneae, Oecobiidae). Journal of Natural History 37(2):239-252. Abstract
Oecobiidae
Cosmopolitan spiders | wiki |
Brittany Nickolyn (26 de agosto de 1988) es una deportista estadounidense que compitió en taekwondo. Ganó una medalla de oro en el Campeonato Panamericano de Taekwondo de 2004 en la categoría de –67 kg.
Palmarés internacional
Referencias
Practicantes de taekwondo de Estados Unidos | wiki |
Clicker may refer to:
Devices
Clicker, a device that makes a clicking sound
Clicker (classroom), a device for collecting feedback from an audience
A slide projector
Another name for a remote control
Other
Boot and shoe clicker, a person who cuts the leather for making shoes and other footwear
Shorthand for clicker game
Clicker.com, a website
A zombie-like enemy in The Last of Us video game | wiki |
Sold! is an American reality television series on History that premiered on April 11, 2012. The series chronicles the activities of Rick Bryant, owner of Bryant Auction, and his team located in Missouri. Each episode details the process of auctioning, showing the appraisal, acquisition and eventual auctioning of the items.
Episodes
References
2010s American reality television series
2012 American television series debuts
2012 American television series endings
English-language television shows
History (American TV channel) original programming | wiki |
Assistant divisional officer (ADO) was formerly a rank used by fire brigades in the United Kingdom. The rank was replaced in most fire and rescue services with the role of station manager or station commander, depending on the service.
Fire and rescue service organisation in the United Kingdom | wiki |
File transfer protocols used by multiple programs
The name of the protocol may also be the name of the primary or original application software that uses it.
File transfer protocols used by only one application
Chat protocols used by multiple programs
Bitcoin
See also
Comparison of file-sharing applications
References
Network protocols | wiki |
Bethany Lewis est une athlète américaine née en 1978. Spécialiste de l'ultra-trail, elle a notamment remporté la Speedgoat 50K en 2011, la Bear 100 Mile Endurance Run en 2013 et la Wasatch Front 100 Mile Endurance Run en 2014.
Résultats
Références
Liens externes
Coureuse d'ultra-trail américaine
Naissance en 1978 | wiki |
Sega Mega Play, a JAMMA-compatible arcade game system based on Mega Drive/Genesis technology
Mega Play (Mega magazine), a section in British video game magazine Mega | wiki |
In a brass instrument, a leadpipe or mouthpipe is the pipe or tube into which the mouthpiece is placed.
For example, on the illustration of a trombone, the leadpipe would be between #3 and #4, the mouthpiece and the slide lock ring. In the illustration of a French horn, the leadpipe is #2.
Detachable leadpipes
Most leadpipes are permanently fixed in the instrument, though aftermarket changes, usually carried out by a repairer, are quite common. Some instruments have a detachable leadpipe to allow changing key; to permit the player to easily select different playing and tonal characteristics; or simply to act as the instrument's main tuning slide where the shape, or other design issues, make this the best place for it. The use of the leadpipe as the main tuning slide is particularly common in flugelhorns and piccolo trumpets though not unknown in other instruments. For example, in the Selmer piccolo trumpet in the photograph, the leadpipes are used for all three functions: the aftermarket Blackburn pipes shown have different playing characteristics from those of the stock Selmer pipe; the choice of leadpipe determines whether the instrument is in A or B; it is also the main tuning slide.
See also
Bocal
Venturi effect
References
Brass instrument parts and accessories | wiki |
Le Corrupteur peut désigner :
Le Corrupteur (), film britannique de Michael Winner sorti en 1971 ;
Le Corrupteur (), film américain de James Foley sorti en 1999. | wiki |
Wilco is a farmer-owned farm supply cooperative that began as the Santiam Farmers Co-op in the 1930s based in the Willamette Valley of the U.S. state of Oregon. In 1967, the Santiam Farmers Co-op merged with 4 other co-ops, the Mt. Angel Farmers Union Warehouse, the Donald Farmers Co-op, the Valley Farmers Co-op in Silverton, and the Canby Cooperative to form "Wilco Farmers Coop". The name "Wilco" comes from a shortening of "Willamette Consolidated".
The cooperative has four divisions — Hazelnut Growers of Oregon, an ag business division that provides customers with crop protection products and fertilizers (Valley Agronomics), a fuels division for commercial petroleum, lubricants, and residential propane delivery and the farm store division.
Today, the farmer-owned cooperative operates 24 retail farm stores throughout Oregon, Washington and California. The retailer carries a wide range of hardware supplies alongside land, lawn, garden, livestock, and pet-related products and services.
The farmer-owned cooperative's headquarters are in Mt. Angel. Hazelnut Growers of Oregon processing plant and headquarters are based in Donald.
In 2011, Wilco launched a program to support local FFA, called FFA Forever, collecting donations from vendors, employees, and customers. As of 2019, the program had collected more than 1 million dollars to benefit the Oregon and Washington FFA Associations.
References
External links
Wilco Coop - Official site
Wilco Farm Store - Official site
Hazelnut Growers of Oregon - Official site
Valley Agronomics - Official site
Agricultural supply cooperatives
Companies based in Marion County, Oregon
Agriculture in Oregon
Mt. Angel, Oregon
American companies established in 1967
Retail companies established in 1967
1967 establishments in Oregon
Agriculture companies of the United States | wiki |
The Poetry Forum, Inc.,
began in 1973 to arrange poetry workshops in the Deerfield, Illinois, area. In 1976, Suzanne Brabant and others founded the journal, RHINO Poetry, as an outlet for its workshop members' poems. The Poetry Forum moved to the Evanston, Illinois area around 1999, where The Poetry Forum's workshops are still held monthly. The Forum extended its workshops to central Illinois from 2002-2007. The Illinois Arts Council awarded The Poetry Forum grants for operating costs in 2007, 2008, and 2009. The Poetry Forum was founded by Suzanne Brabant, Lowell B. Komie, and Elizabeth Peterson. In 2005, Helen Degen Cohen (Halina Degenfisz), took over the Forum's mission of creating monthly workshops and readings for Evanston's poets.
References
External links
RHINO Poetry
ChicagoPoetry.com
Poetry organizations
Illinois culture
Arts organizations established in 1973
Organizations based in Illinois
American writers' organizations | wiki |
Maildrop est un agent de distribution du courriel (MDA) utilisé par le serveur de courriel Courier. Maildrop inclut également des fonctions de filtrage. Maildrop reçoit les courriels via stdin et les délivre aux formats Maildir et mbox.
Maildrop est suggéré comme alternative au MDA procmail.
Références
Mail Delivery Agent | wiki |
Seka may refer to:
Monique Séka, Ivorian singer.
Seka (actress), an American pornographic actress.
Seka Aleksić, a Bosnian and Serbian singer.
Şekä, a dwarf in Tatar mythology
mythology.
SEKA (oil company), a petroleum bunkering company.
Seka District, a district (amphoe) in Bueng Kan Province, Thailand.
Seka, Thailand, subdistrict in Seka District.
Seka, Ethiopia.
Seka or Hsekiu, Predynastic ancient Egyptian king. | wiki |
This is a listing of lists of country codes:
List of ISO country codes (ISO 3166)
ITU country code (International Telecommunication Union)
List of country calling codes E.164
Mobile country code E.212
Maritime identification digits
List of ITU letter codes (radiocommunication division)
UIC country code (International Union of Railways)
List of GS1 country codes
List of NATO country codes
List of IOC country codes (International Olympic Committee)
List of FIFA country codes (International Federation of Association Football)
List of FIPS country codes
List of vehicle registration codes
Lists of country codes by country
A –
B –
C –
D–E –
F –
G –
H–I –
J–K –
L –
M –
N –
O–Q –
R –
S –
T –
U–Z
Lists by country | wiki |
Asmus v. Pacific Bell, 23 Cal.4th 1 (2000) is a US labor law case, concerning the scope of federal preemption against state law for labor rights.
Facts
In 1986, Pacific Bell's "Management Employment Security Policy" stated it would ensure its staff has a right to be reassigned to different jobs and retrained if their existing jobs were eliminated. But in 1990 it withdrew this right. Sixty management employees claimed this withdrawal was unlawful.
Judgment
The California Supreme Court (Chin J giving judgment, Baxter J, Brown J and Haller J concurring) held an employment policy promising long term job security to a firm's managers can be modified if (1) the policy is one of 'indefinite duration' (2) the policy is in effect for a 'reasonable time' (3) 'reasonable notice' was given for a change, and (4) no 'vested benefits' are affected by the change.
George CJ dissented. Mosk J and Kennard J concurred in the dissent.
See also
United States labor law
Notes
References
United States labor case law | wiki |
William Wildman may refer to:
William Wildman (footballer), English footballer
William Beauchamp Wildman, teacher and historian
See also | wiki |
The GLO-1 (Globacom-1) submarine communications cable is a cable system along the west coast of Africa between Nigeria and the UK, owned by Nigerian telecoms operator Globacom.
The submarine cable system is 9,800 km long, and became operational in 2011 with a minimum capacity of 640 Gbit/s.
A project of Globacom, Nigeria's 2nd largest telecoms provider, total capacity of the system is now advertised as 2.5 Tbit/s. The cable's link To Ghana was turned up in April, 2011.
Landing points
The main cable landing points are:
Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria.
Accra, Ghana
Dakar, Senegal
Nouakchott, Mauritania
Casablanca, Morocco
Sesimbra, Portugal
Vigo, Spain
Bude, UK
Security breach
In February 2018, The Sunday Times reported that the infrastructure for the UK landing site of the Apollo, GLO-1 and Europe India Gateway cables had been found almost entirely unprotected. Their reporter was able to reach the premises without being challenged, and found the door to the generator room unlocked and left ajar. Vodafone, who manage the facility, said that he had not reached critical equipment and "would not have been able to interrupt the operation of the facility."
See also
List of international submarine communications cables
Individual cable systems off the west coast of Africa include:
ACE
Atlantis-2
Main One
SAT-2 (cable system)
SAT-3/WASC
WACS
References
Submarine communications cables in the North Atlantic Ocean
Submarine communications cables in the South Atlantic Ocean
Telecommunications infrastructure
Infrastructure in Africa
Infrastructure in Europe
Infrastructure in the United Kingdom
2011 establishments in Africa
2011 establishments in Europe | wiki |
Assault on Dome 4 is a 1996 American science-fiction film directed by Gilbert Po and starring Joseph Culp, Bruce Campbell, Jocelyn Seagrave, and Brion James. The film was written by Hesh Rephun.
Premise
Intergalactic extremist Alex Windham (Bruce Campbell) has seized control of Dome 4, a scientific outpost on another planet, after escaping from a penal colony on Mars. Windham is forcing the staff of Dome 4 to construct new weapons that he can use to destroy his enemies, but he doesn't know that one of his captives is the wife of interstellar lawman Chase Moran (Joseph Culp) — and Moran will allow no harm to come to his wife.
Cast
Joseph Culp as Chase Moran (Peace Keeper)
Bruce Campbell as Alex Windham
Jocelyn Seagrave as Lily Moran (Chase's Wife)
Brion James as Chairman
Ray Baker as Dan Block, Chief of Staff
Jack Nance as Mellow (Dome 4 Oldtimer)
Mark Bringleson as Sigmund (Windham Henchman)
James Lew as Quaid (Windham Henchman)
Jay Arlen Jones as Goon #1
Rudolf Weber as Goon #2
Matthew Chontos as Goon #3 / Peace Keeper #3
Shawn Hoffman as Peace Keeper #1
Brandon Scott Peterson as Peace Keeper #2
Michael Auteri as Bob Bowen (Dome 4 Administrator)
B.J. Barie as JD
External links
Assault on Dome 4 Film Review
1996 films
1990s science fiction action films
1996 independent films
Films about terrorism in the United States
American independent films
Films about hostage takings
1990s English-language films
Films set in Los Angeles
American science fiction action films
1990s American films | wiki |
Third row seating refers to seating in a vehicle such as a station wagon, SUV, MPV, or minivan to expand seating beyond the front and back seat found in most automobiles. Such vehicles commonly seat between 6 and up to 9 persons.
In the 1960s and 1970s, station wagons based on automobiles often had rear-facing folding seats which were entered by a 2 or 3-way tailgate. Ford used dual-side facing seats which faced each other. Some such as the Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser had a forward-facing third row, an arrangement also common in SUVs such as the Chevrolet Suburban. Most minivans have 3 rows of seating.
Third row seats may be fixed, removable, or designed to fold into the floor, or against the walls. Some are power operated with a switch.
See also
Station wagon
Minivan
References
Auto parts
Seating | wiki |
A demerit is a point given to a student as a penalty for bad behavior. Under this once common practice, a student is given a number of merits during the beginning of the school term and a certain number of merits are deducted for every infraction committed.
Schools use the demerit record within a point-based system to punish misbehavior. After a certain number of demerits are accumulated, the student is given detention, loss of privileges (e.g., being denied field trips and participation in school events), or some other punishment based on the seriousness and frequency of the infraction. Some schools allow demerits to be offset with merits for good behavior.
One criticism of demerit systems is that they create bookkeeping problems and can result in students receiving severe punishments for minor infractions. Another criticism is that older adolescents learn how to manipulate a demerit system. There are also critics who cite that demerits wear parents down with constant parental meetings and leave students behind due to missed instructional time as a consequence of punishments such as detention and suspension.
References
School punishments | wiki |
William Whitman may refer to:
William Francis Whitman Jr., horticulturist
William Merrill Whitman, lawyer for the Panama Canal Zone | wiki |
Mandaphon is an extinct genus of procolophonid from the Middle Triassic Manda Formation of Tanzania. It contains a single species, Mandaphon nadra.
References
Procolophonids
Prehistoric reptile genera | wiki |
Broadway Extension can refer to one of the following:
A planned extension of the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway in England
Millennium Line Broadway extension, a planned extension of the Millennium Line in Vancouver, Canada
A section of U.S. Route 77 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States | wiki |
A Lachsack (German, literally "laugh bag") is a novelty toy consisting of a small cloth bag containing a plastic box with a push button that, when pressed, plays recorded laughter.
The Lachsack was invented in 1968 by German inventor Walter Thiele. It was the most successful of about 1,600 items he invented. The device originated from a talking parrot soft toy that he produced for the Wienerwald restaurant chain. When the company rejected the parrot, Thiele placed its miniature battery-driven record player into a sock, replacing the disk recording with one of laughter and named it the Lachsock (laugh sock).
The Lachsock was successful. Thiele developed the concept by staging a laughing contest and using a recording of the winner's laughter in the redesigned Lachsack in which the sock was replaced by a small sack. The winner, a tax inspector from Nuremberg, was offered a prize of either 1,000 Marks or a 10 Pfennig royalty per Lachsack sold. He played safe and chose the lump sum. An estimated 120 million had been sold by 2007 and the Lachsack is still in production.
The original Lachsack was a brown bag made of jute. Today's versions usually are smaller, available in different colours and use digital audio technology. The toy is sold under several different names such as Laugh Bag, Laughing Bag, Bag of Laughs and Bag of Joys.
Sources
External links
Picture of an old and a new Lachsack
ja:笑い袋
Novelty items
1970s toys | wiki |
Khaleeji (), may refer to:
People of the Arabian Peninsula, especially those associated with the Gulf Cooperation Council states
Culture of Eastern Arabia, associated with Arab states of the Persian Gulf
Gulf Arabic, a dialect of the Arabic language spoken in Eastern Arabia's coast of the Persian Gulf
Khaliji (music), a type of music from Eastern Arabia (Arab states of the Persian Gulf)
Khaleeji (currency), an idea for a common currency for the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states
Kaligi people, an ethnic group in South Sudan
Kaligi language
Khaliji, Iran, a village in Kerman Province, Iran
Language and nationality disambiguation pages | wiki |
The 2006 Columbus Destroyers season was the 8th season for the franchise, and its 3rd in Columbus, Ohio. They finished the season with an 8–8 record.
Schedule
Coaching
Doug Kay started his first season as head coach of the Destroyers.
Columbus Destroyers
Columbus Destroyers seasons
2006 in sports in Ohio | wiki |
Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) is the practice of measuring the distance between the surfaces of the Earth and the Moon using laser ranging. The distance can be calculated from the round-trip time of laser light pulses travelling at the speed of light, which are reflected back to Earth by the Moon's surface or by one of five retroreflectors installed on the Moon during the Apollo program (11, 14, and 15) and Lunokhod 1 and 2 missions.
Although it is possible to reflect light or radio waves directly from the Moon's surface (a process known as EME), a much more precise range measurement can be made using retroreflectors, since because of their small size, the temporal spread in the reflected signal is much smaller.
A review of Lunar Laser Ranging is available.
Laser ranging measurements can also be made with retroreflectors installed on Moon-orbiting satellites such as the LRO.
History
The first successful lunar ranging tests were carried out in 1962 when Louis Smullin and Giorgio Fiocco from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology succeeded in observing laser pulses reflected from the Moon's surface using a laser with a 50J 0.5 millisecond pulse length. Similar measurements were obtained later the same year by a Soviet team at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory using a Q-switched ruby laser.
Shortly thereafter, Princeton University graduate student James Faller proposed placing optical reflectors on the Moon to improve the accuracy of the measurements. This was achieved following the installation of a retroreflector array on July 21, 1969 by the crew of Apollo 11. Two more retroreflector arrays were left by the Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 missions. Successful lunar laser range measurements to the retroreflectors were first reported on Aug. 1, 1969 by the 3.1 m telescope at Lick Observatory. Observations from Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories Lunar Ranging Observatory in Arizona, the Pic du Midi Observatory in France, the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory, and McDonald Observatory in Texas soon followed.
The uncrewed Soviet Lunokhod 1 and Lunokhod 2 rovers carried smaller arrays. Reflected signals were initially received from Lunokhod 1 by the Soviet Union up to 1974, but not by western observatories that did not have precise information about location. In 2010 NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter located the Lunokhod 1 rover on images and in April 2010 a team from University of California ranged the array. Lunokhod 2 array continues to return signals to Earth. The Lunokhod arrays suffer from decreased performance in direct sunlight—a factor considered in reflector placement during the Apollo missions.
The Apollo 15 array is three times the size of the arrays left by the two earlier Apollo missions. Its size made it the target of three-quarters of the sample measurements taken in the first 25 years of the experiment. Improvements in technology since then have resulted in greater use of the smaller arrays, by sites such as the Côte d'Azur Observatory in Nice, France; and the Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-ranging Operation (APOLLO) at the Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico.
In the 2010s several new retroreflectors were planned. The MoonLIGHT reflector, which was to be placed by the private MX-1E lander, was designed to increase measurement accuracy up to 100 times over existing systems. MX-1E was set to launch in July 2020, however, as of February 2020, the launch of the MX-1E has been canceled.
Principle
The distance to the Moon is calculated using the equation:
. Since the speed of light is a defined constant, conversion between distance and time of flight can be made without ambiguity.
To compute the lunar distance precisely, many factors must be considered in addition to the round-trip time of about 2.5 seconds. These factors include the location of the Moon in the sky, the relative motion of Earth and the Moon, Earth's rotation, lunar libration, polar motion, weather, speed of light in various parts of air, propagation delay through Earth's atmosphere, the location of the observing station and its motion due to crustal motion and tides, and relativistic effects. The distance continually changes for a number of reasons, but averages between the center of the Earth and the center of the Moon. The orbits of the Moon and planets are integrated numerically along with the orientation of the Moon called physical Libration.
At the Moon's surface, the beam is about wide and scientists liken the task of aiming the beam to using a rifle to hit a moving dime away. The reflected light is too weak to see with the human eye. Out of photons aimed at the reflector, only one is received back on Earth, even under good conditions. They can be identified as originating from the laser because the laser is highly monochromatic.
As of 2009, the distance to the Moon can be measured with millimeter precision. In a relative sense, this is one of the most precise distance measurements ever made, and is equivalent in accuracy to determining the distance between Los Angeles and New York to within the width of a human hair.
List of retroreflectors
List of observatories
The table below presents a list of active and inactive Lunar Laser Ranging stations on Earth.
Data analysis
The Lunar Laser Ranging data is collected in order to extract numerical values for a number of parameters. Analyzing the range data involves dynamics, terrestrial geophysics, and lunar geophysics. The modeling problem involves two aspects: an accurate computation of the lunar orbit and lunar orientation, and an accurate model for the time of flight from an observing station to a retroreflector and back to the station. Modern Lunar Laser Ranging data can be fit with a 1 cm weighted rms residual.
The center of Earth to center of Moon distance is computed by a program that numerically integrates the lunar and planetary orbits accounting for the gravitational attraction of the Sun, planets, and a selection of asteroids.
The same program integrates the 3-axis orientation of the Moon called physical Libration.
The range model includes
The position of the ranging station accounting for motion due to plate tectonics, Earth rotation, precession, nutation, and polar motion.
Tides in the solid Earth and seasonal motion of the solid Earth with respect to its center of mass.
Relativistic transformation of time and space coordinates from a frame moving with the station to a frame fixed with respect to the solar system center of mass. Lorentz contraction of the Earth is part of this transformation.
Delay in the Earth’s atmosphere.
Relativistic delay due to the gravity fields of the Sun, Earth, and Moon.
The position of the retroreflector accounting for orientation of the Moon and solid-body tides.
Lorentz contraction of the Moon.
Thermal expansion and contraction of the retroreflector mounts.
For the terrestrial model, the IERS Conventions (2010) is a source of detailed information.
Results
Lunar laser ranging measurement data is available from the Paris Observatory Lunar Analysis Center, the International Laser Ranging Service archives, and the active stations. Some of the findings of this long-term experiment are:
Properties of the Moon
The distance to the Moon can be measured with millimeter precision.
The Moon is spiraling away from Earth at a rate of . This rate has been described as anomalously high.
The fluid core of the Moon was detected from the effects of core/mantle boundary dissipation.
The Moon has free physical librations that require one or more stimulating mechanisms.
Tidal dissipation in the Moon depends on tidal frequency.
The Moon probably has a liquid core of about 20% of the Moon's radius. The radius of the lunar core-mantle boundary is determined as .
The polar flattening of the lunar core-mantle boundary is determined as .
The free core nutation of the Moon is determined as .
Accurate locations for retroreflectors serve as reference points visible to orbiting spacecraft.
Gravitational physics
Einstein's theory of gravity (the general theory of relativity) predicts the Moon's orbit to within the accuracy of the laser ranging measurements.
Gauge freedom plays a major role in a correct physical interpretation of the relativistic effects in the Earth-Moon system observed with LLR technique.
The likelihood of any Nordtvedt effect (a hypothetical differential acceleration of the Moon and Earth towards the Sun caused by their different degrees of compactness) has been ruled out to high precision, strongly supporting the strong equivalence principle.
The universal force of gravity is very stable. The experiments have constrained the change in Newton's gravitational constant G to a factor of per year.
Gallery
See also
Carroll Alley (first principal investigator of the Apollo Lunar Laser Ranging team)
Lidar
Lunar distance (astronomy)
Satellite laser ranging
Space geodesy
Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings
List of artificial objects on the Moon
References
External links
"Theory and Model for the New Generation of the Lunar Laser Ranging Data" by Sergei Kopeikin
Apollo 15 Experiments - Laser Ranging Retroreflector by the Lunar and Planetary Institute
"History of Laser Ranging and MLRS" by the University of Texas at Austin, Center for Space Research
"Lunar Retroreflectors" by Tom Murphy
Station de Télémétrie Laser-Lune in Grasse, France
Lunar Laser Ranging from International Laser Ranging Service
"UW researcher plans project to pin down moon's distance from Earth" by Vince Stricherz, UW Today, 14 January 2002
"What Neil & Buzz Left on the Moon" by Science@NASA, 20 July 2004
"Apollo 11 Experiment Still Returning Results" by Robin Lloyd, CNN, 21 July 1999
"Shooting Lasers at the Moon: Hal Walker and the Lunar Retroreflector" by Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, YouTube, 20 Aug 2019
Lunar science
Apollo program hardware
Tests of general relativity | wiki |
Liberty or Death ("libertà o morte" in lingua inglese) può riferirsi a:
Liberty of Death – videogioco del 1993
Liberty or Death – album dei Grave Digger del 2007 | wiki |
Mulgrew Miller was an American jazz pianist. His appearances on record date from at least 1980 to 2012, the year before his death. They include more than 15 albums under his own name.
Discography
These lists exclude compilations.
As leader/co-leader
Main sources:
As sideman
An asterisk (*) indicates that it is year of release, not recording.
Main sources:
References
Jazz discographies
Discographies of American artists | wiki |
Victor Turner was the seventh head football coach at Tuskegee University in Tuskegee, Alabama and he held that position for the 1922 season. His coaching record at Tuskegee was 1–5–1.
References
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Tuskegee Golden Tigers football coaches | wiki |
The Olympic BMX Centre is a cycling venue, constructed for the BMX racing events at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
The surface was supplied by GreenSet.
Footnotes
References
rio2016.com Rio de Janeiro Olympic venues map
Venues of the 2016 Summer Olympics
BMX tracks
Sports venues in Rio de Janeiro (city)
Olympic cycling venues
Deodoro Olympic Park | wiki |
Leroy Smith may refer to:
LeRoy Smith, football coach
Leroy Smith (American football), All-American football player for the University of Iowa in 1991
Leroy Smith (basketball), basketball player
Hezekiah Leroy Gordon Smith, aka Stuff Smith (1909–1967), American jazz violinist
Leroy Smith, member of British soul band Sweet Sensation
Leroy Smith, a fictional character from the Tekken series video game | wiki |
Life imprisonment is any sentence of imprisonment for a crime under which convicted people are to remain in prison for the rest of their natural lives or indefinitely until pardoned, paroled, or otherwise commuted to a fixed term. Some countries have life imprisonment sentences as 25 years, such as the United States. Crimes for which, in some countries, a person could receive this sentence include murder, torture, terrorism, child abuse resulting in death, rape, espionage, treason, drug trafficking, drug possession, human trafficking, severe fraud and financial crimes, aggravated criminal damage, arson, kidnapping, burglary, and robbery, piracy, aircraft hijacking, and genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, severe cases of child pornography, or any three felonies in case of three-strikes law. Life imprisonment (as a maximum term) can also be imposed, in certain countries, for traffic offences causing death. Life imprisonment is not used in all countries; Portugal was the first country to abolish life imprisonment, in 1884.
Where life imprisonment is a possible sentence, there may also exist formal mechanisms for requesting parole after a certain period of prison time. This means that a convict could be entitled to spend the rest of the sentence (until that individual dies) outside prison. Early release is usually conditional on past and future conduct, possibly with certain restrictions or obligations. In contrast, when a fixed term of imprisonment has ended, the convict is free. The length of time served and the conditions surrounding parole vary. Being eligible for parole does not necessarily ensure that parole will be granted. In some countries, including Sweden, parole does not exist but a life sentence may – after a successful application – be commuted to a fixed-term sentence, after which the offender is released as if the sentence served was that originally imposed.
In many countries around the world, particularly in the Commonwealth, courts have the authority to pass prison terms that may amount to de facto life imprisonment. For example, courts in South Africa have handed out at least two sentences that have exceeded a century, while in Tasmania, Australia, Martin Bryant, the perpetrator of the Port Arthur massacre in 1996, received 35 life sentences plus 1,035 years without parole. In the United States, James Holmes, perpetrator of the 2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting, received 12 consecutive life sentences plus 3,318 years without the possibility of parole. In the case of mass murder at the US, Parkland mass murderer Nikolas Cruz was sentenced to 34 consecutive terms of life imprisonment (without parole) for murdering 17 people and injuring another 17 at a school. Any sentence without parole effectively means a sentence cannot be suspended; the prisoner may, however, effectively be released following a pardon, either on appeal, retrial or humanitarian grounds, such as imminent death. In several countries where "de facto" life terms are used, this is commonplace, such as in the case of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi.
A few countries allow for a minor to be given a lifetime sentence with no provision for eventual release; these include but are not limited to: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina (only over the age of 16), Australia, Belize, Brunei, Cuba, Dominica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, and the United States. According to a University of San Francisco School of Law study, only the U.S. had minors serving such sentences in 2008. In 2009, Human Rights Watch estimated that there were 2,589 youth offenders serving life sentences without the possibility for parole in the U.S. Since the start of 2020, that number has fallen to 1,465. The United States leads in life sentences (both adults and minors), at a rate of 50 people per 100,000 (1 out of 2,000) residents imprisoned for life.
World view
By country
In a number of countries, life imprisonment has been effectively abolished. Many of the countries whose governments have abolished both life imprisonment and indefinite imprisonment have been culturally influenced or colonized by Spain or Portugal and have written such prohibitions into their current constitutional laws (including Portugal itself but not Spain).
Europe
A number of European countries have abolished all forms of indefinite imprisonment, including Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, which sets the maximum sentence at 45 years, and Portugal, which abolished all forms of life imprisonment with the prison reforms of Sampaio e Melo in 1884 and sets the maximum sentence at 25 years.
Life imprisonment in Spain was abolished in 1928, but reinstated in 2015 and upheld by the Constitutional Court in 2021.
In Europe, there are many jurisdictions where the law expressly provides for life sentences without the possibility of parole. These are England and Wales (within the United Kingdom; see Life imprisonment in England and Wales), the Netherlands, Moldova, Bulgaria, Italy, Hungary, Malta, Cyprus, Albania, Ukraine, Serbia and the Republic of Ireland.
In Sweden, although the law does not expressly provide for life without the possibility of release, some convicted persons may never be released, on the grounds that they are too dangerous. In Italy, persons that refuse to cooperate with authorities and are sentenced for mafia activities or terrorism are ineligible for parole and thus will spend the rest of their lives in prison. In Austria, life imprisonment will mean imprisonment for the remainder of the offender's life unless clemency is granted by the President of Austria or it can be assumed that the convicted person will not commit any further crimes; the probationary period is ten years. In Malta, there is never any possibility of parole for any person sentenced to life imprisonment, and any form of release from a life sentence is only possible by clemency granted by the President of Malta. In France, while the law does not expressly provide for life imprisonment without any possibility of parole, a court can rule in exceptionally serious circumstances that convicts are ineligible for parole if convicted of child murder involving rape or torture, premeditated murder of a state official or terrorism resulting in death. In Moldova, there is never a possibility of parole for anyone sentenced to life imprisonment, as life imprisonment is defined as "deprivation of liberty of the convict for the entire rest of his/her life". Where mercy is granted in relation to a person serving life imprisonment, imprisonment thereof must not be less than 30 years. In Ukraine, life imprisonment means for the rest of one's life with the only possibilities for release being a terminal illness or a Presidential pardon. In Albania, no person sentenced to life imprisonment is eligible for parole; this effectively means imprisonment for the natural life of the convicted person, unless the prisoner is found not likely to re-offend and has displayed good behavior, and the convicted person has served at least 25 years.
Before 2016 in the Netherlands, there is never a possibility of parole for any person sentenced to life imprisonment, and any form of release for life convicted in the country was only possible when granted royal decree by the King of the Netherlands, with the last granting of a pardon taking place in 1986 when a terminally ill convict was released. As of 1970, the Dutch monarch has pardoned a total of three convicts. Although there is no possibility of parole eligibility, since 2016 prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment in the Netherlands are eligible to have their cases reviewed after serving at least 25 years. This change in law was because the European Court of Human Rights stated in 2013 that a life long imprisonment without the chance of being released is inhuman, three years after that the Netherlands changed their laws on life imprisonment.
Even in other European countries that do provide for life without parole, courts continue to retain judicial discretion to decide whether a sentence of life should include parole or not. In Albania, the decision of whether or not a life convicted person is eligible for parole is up to the prison complex after 25 years has been served, and release eligibility depends on the prospect of rehabilitation and how likely he or she is to re-offend. In Europe, only the Netherlands, Ukraine, Moldova and Malta explicitly preclude parole or any form of release for life sentences in all cases.
South America
In South and Central America, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, Uruguay, Bolivia, Ecuador, and the Dominican Republic have all abolished life imprisonment. The maximum sentence is 75 years in El Salvador, 60 years in Colombia, 50 years in Costa Rica and Panama, 40 years in Honduras, 30 years in Nicaragua, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Venezuela, and 25 years in Paraguay and Ecuador. Brazil has a maximum sentence of 40 years under the Penal Code, but life imprisonment and capital punishment are provided by law for military crimes committed during wartime (such as treason, desertion, and mutiny) in the Constitution.
Canada
United States
In 2011, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that sentencing minors to life without parole, automatically (as the result of a statute) or as the result of a judicial decision, for crimes other than intentional homicide, violated the Eighth Amendment's ban on "cruel and unusual punishments", in the case of Graham v. Florida.
Graham v. Florida was a significant case in juvenile justice. In Jacksonville, Florida, Terrence J. Graham tried to rob a restaurant along with three adolescent accomplices. During the robbery, one of Graham's accomplices had a metal bar that he used to hit the restaurant manager twice in the head. Once arrested, Graham was charged with attempted armed robbery and armed burglary with assault/battery. The maximum sentence he faced from these charges was life without the possibility of parole, and the prosecutor wanted to charge him as an adult. During the trial, Graham pleaded guilty to the charges, resulting in three years of probation, one year of which had to be served in jail. Since he had been awaiting trial in jail, he already served six months and therefore was released after six additional months.
Within six months of his release, Graham was involved in another robbery. Since he violated the conditions of his probation, his probation officer reported to the trial court about his probation violations a few weeks before Graham turned 18 years old. It was a different judge presiding over his trial for the probation violations a year later. While Graham denied any involvement of the robbery, he did admit to fleeing from the police. The trial court found that Graham violated his probation by "committing a home invasion robbery, possessing a firearm, and associating with persons engaged in criminal activity", and sentenced him to 15 years for the attempted armed robbery plus life imprisonment for the armed burglary. The life sentence Graham received meant he had a life sentence without the possibility of parole, "because Florida abolished their parole system in 2003".
Graham's case was presented to the United States Supreme Court, with the question of whether juveniles should receive life without the possibility of parole in non-homicide cases. The Justices eventually ruled that such a sentence violated the juvenile's 8th Amendment rights, protecting them from punishments that are disproportionate to the crime committed, resulting in the abolition of life sentences without the possibility of parole in non-homicide cases for juveniles.
In 2012 the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Miller v. Alabama in a 5–4 decision and with the majority opinion written by Associate Justice Elena Kagan that mandatory sentences of life in prison without parole for juvenile offenders are unconstitutional. The majority opinion stated that barring a judge from considering mitigating factors and other information, such as age, maturity, and family and home environment violated the Eighth Amendment ban on cruel and unusual punishment. Sentences of life in prison without parole can still be given to juveniles for aggravated first-degree murder, as long as the judge considers the circumstances of the case.
In 2016 the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Montgomery v. Louisiana that the rulings imposed by Miller v. Alabama were to apply retroactively. In 2022, the Supreme Court ruled in Jones v. Mississippi that judges do not need to find a minor to be "permanently incorrigible" prior to handing them a sentence of life sentence without parole.
Vatican City
Pope Francis called for the abolition of both capital punishment and life imprisonment in a meeting with representatives of the International Association of Penal Law. He also stated that life imprisonment, removed from the Vatican City penal code in 2013, is just a variation of the death penalty.
Singapore
In Singapore, before 20 August 1997, the law decreed that life imprisonment is a fixed sentence of 20 years with the possibility of one-third reduction of the sentence (13 years and 4 months) for good behaviour. It was an appeal by Abdul Nasir bin Amer Hamsah on 20 August 1997 that led to the law in Singapore to change the definition of life imprisonment into a sentence that lasts the remainder of the prisoner's natural life, with the possibility of parole after at least 20 years. Abdul Nasir was a convicted robber and kidnapper who was, in two separate High Court trials, sentenced to 18 years' imprisonment and 18 strokes of the cane for robbery with hurt resulting in a female Japanese tourist's death at Oriental Hotel in 1994 and a consecutive sentence of life imprisonment with 12 strokes of the cane for kidnapping two police officers for ransom in 1996, which totalled up to 38 years' imprisonment and 30 strokes of the cane. His appeal for the two sentences to run concurrently led to the Court of Appeal of Singapore, which dismissed Abdul Nasir's appeal, to decide that it would be wrong to consider life imprisonment as a fixed jail term of 20 years and thus changed it to a jail term to be served for the rest of the prisoner's remaining lifespan. The amended definition is applied to future crimes committed after 20 August 1997. Since Abdul Nasir committed the crime of kidnapping and was sentenced before 20 August 1997, his life sentence remained as a prison term of 20 years and thus he still had to serve 38 years behind bars. The appeal of Abdul Nasir, titled "Abdul Nasir bin Amer Hamsah v Public Prosecutor [1997] SGCA 38", was since regarded as a landmark in Singapore's legal history as it changed the definition of life imprisonment from "life" to "natural life" under the law.
Overview by jurisdiction
See also
10-20-Life
Incapacitation (penology)
Indefinite imprisonment
List of prison deaths
Use of capital punishment by country
Notes
External links
International perspectives on life imprisonment
Sentencing (law)
Penology
Crime-related lists | wiki |
These are the results of the men's foil team competition in fencing at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. A total of 30 men from eight nations competed in this event. Competition took place in the Fencing Hall at the Helliniko Olympic Complex on August 21.
Tournament results
The team competition was a single-elimination tournament among the eight teams. Quarterfinal losers continued to play classification matches to determine final placement from first to eighth. Each team match consisted of a set of nine individual matches, comprising a full round-robin schedule among the three fencers on each team.
Brackets
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Classification matches
Seventh place match
Fifth place match
Bronze medal match
Gold medal match
References
Yahoo! Sports Athens 2004 Summer Olympics Fencing Results
Men's foil team
Men's events at the 2004 Summer Olympics | wiki |
Conor Kenny may refer to:
Conor Kenny (hurler)
Conor Kenny (rugby union) | wiki |
Guy Torry is an American actor and comedian. He is the brother of actor and comedian Joe Torry. Torry created and hosted a weekly comedy show called Phat Tuesdays,
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
Living people
American male film actors
African-American male comedians
American male comedians
African-American film producers
American male screenwriters
American stand-up comedians
African-American male actors
American male television actors
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American screenwriters
21st-century American male writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century African-American writers
20th-century African-American people
African-American male writers | wiki |
The following is a list of awards and nominations received by American actor and filmmaker Ron Howard. Over his decades-spanning career as an actor, director and producer, Howard has won two Academy Awards, four Emmys, a Grammy, two Golden Globes, and has been nominated for 7 BAFTA Awards. He additionally received the National Medal of Arts in 2003 as well as two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to television and motion pictures in 1981 and 2015, respectively.
Organizations
Academy Awards
BAFTA Awards
Emmy Awards
Golden Globe Awards
Grammy Awards
Satellite Awards
Saturn Awards
Guild awards
Directors Guild of America Awards
Producers Guild of America Awards
Screen Actors Guild of America Awards
Critics associations
Film festivals
Other awards
References
External links
Lists of awards received by American actor
Lists of awards received by film director | wiki |
The Cheshire Cat ( or ) is a fictional cat popularised by Lewis Carroll in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and known for its distinctive mischievous grin. While now most often used in Alice-related contexts, the association of a "Cheshire cat" with grinning predates the 1865 book. It has transcended the context of literature and become enmeshed in popular culture, appearing in various forms of media, from political cartoons to television, as well as in cross-disciplinary studies, from business to science. One distinguishing feature of the Alice-style Cheshire Cat involves a periodic gradual disappearance of its body, leaving only one last visible trace: its iconic grin. He belongs to the Duchess.
Origins
The first known appearance of the expression in literature is in the 18th century, in Francis Grose's A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, Second, Corrected and Enlarged Edition (1788), which contains the following entry:
The phrase appears again in print in John Wolcot's pseudonymous Peter Pindar's Pair of Lyric Epistles (1792):
The phrase also appears in print in William Makepeace Thackeray's novel The Newcomes (1855):
There are numerous theories about the origin of the phrase "grinning like a Cheshire Cat" in English history. A possible origin of the phrase is one favoured by the people of Cheshire, a county in England which boasts numerous dairy farms; hence the cats grin because of the abundance of milk and cream.
In 1853, Samuel Maunder offered this explanation:
According to Brewer's Dictionary (1870), "The phrase has never been satisfactorily accounted for, but it has been said that cheese was formerly sold in Cheshire moulded like a cat that looked as though it was grinning". The cheese was cut from the tail end, so that the last part eaten was the head of the smiling cat. A later edition of Brewer's adds another interesting explanation. It was that a painter in Cheshire once used to paint grinning lions on inns. The connection between cats and lions is obvious and the dictionary does not go on to explain this.
A survey published in 2015 showed how highly fanciful were many purported explanations seen on the internet.
Lewis Carroll's character
The Cheshire Cat is now largely identified with the character of the same name in Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Alice first encounters the Cheshire Cat at the Duchess's house in her kitchen, and later on the branches of a tree, where it appears and disappears at will, and engages Alice in amusing but sometimes perplexing conversation. The cat sometimes raises philosophical points that annoy or baffle Alice; but appears to cheer her when it appears suddenly at the Queen of Hearts' croquet field; and when sentenced to death, baffles everyone by having made its head appear without its body, sparking a debate between the executioner and the King and Queen of Hearts about whether a disembodied head can indeed be beheaded. At one point, the cat disappears gradually until nothing is left but its grin, prompting Alice to remark that "she has often seen a cat without a grin but never a grin without a cat".
Oxford professor E.B. Pusey
The scholar David Day has proposed Lewis Carroll's cat was Edward Bouverie Pusey, Oxford professor of Hebrew and Carroll's mentor.
The name Pusey was suggested by Alice's deferential address of the cat as "Cheshire Puss". Pusey was an authority on the fathers of the Christian Church, and in Carroll's time Pusey was known as the Patristic Catenary (or chain), after the chain of authority of Church patriarchs.
As a mathematician, Carroll would have been well familiar with the other meaning of catenary: the curve of a horizontally-suspended chain, which suggests the shape of the cat's grin.
Source of imagery
There is a suggestion that Carroll found inspiration for the name and expression of the Cheshire Cat in the 16th century sandstone carving of a grinning cat, on the west face of St Wilfrid's Church tower in Grappenhall, a village from his birthplace in Daresbury, Cheshire.
Carroll wrote in his memoirs that he "saw a Cheshire cat with a gigantic smile at Brimstage carved into the wall". This refers to a roughly-cut corbel in Brimstage Hall, Wirral (previously in Cheshire) which resembles a smiling cat. This is another possible inspiration for the character.
Lewis Carroll's father, Reverend Charles Dodgson, was Rector of Croft and Archdeacon of Richmond in North Yorkshire, England, from 1843 to 1868; Carroll lived here from 1843 to 1850. Some historians believe Lewis Carroll's Cheshire Cat in Alice in Wonderland was inspired by a carving in Croft church.
Another possible inspiration was the British Shorthair: Carroll saw a representative British Shorthair illustrated on a label of Cheshire cheese. The Cat Fanciers' Association profile reads: “When gracelessness is observed, the British Shorthair is duly embarrassed, quickly recovering with a 'Cheshire cat smile'”.
In 1992, members of the Lewis Carroll Society attributed it to a gargoyle found on a pillar in St Nicolas's Church, Cranleigh, where Carroll used to travel frequently when he lived in Guildford (though this is doubtful, as he moved to Guildford some three years after Alice's Adventures in Wonderland had been published) and a carving in a church in the village of Croft-on-Tees, in the north east of England, where his father had been rector.
Carroll is believed to have visited St Christopher's church in Pott Shrigley, Cheshire, which has a stone sculpture resembling the pictorial cat in the book.
Adaptations
The Cheshire Cat character has been re-depicted by other creators and used as the inspiration for new characters, primarily in screen media (film, television, video games) and print media (literature, comics, art). Other non-media contexts that embrace the Cheshire Cat include music, business, and science.
Prior to 1951 when Walt Disney released an animated adaptation of the story (see below), there were few post-Alice allusions to the character. Martin Gardner, author of The Annotated Alice, wondered if T. S. Eliot had the Cheshire Cat in mind when writing Morning at the Window, but notes no other significant allusions in the pre-war period.
Images of and references to the Cheshire Cat cropped up with increasing frequency in the 1960s and 1970s, along with more frequent references to Carroll's works in general. (See generally the lyrics to White Rabbit by the rock group Jefferson Airplane). The Cheshire Cat appeared on LSD blotters, as well as in song lyrics and popular fiction.
In Disney's 1951 animated film, Alice in Wonderland, the Cheshire Cat is depicted as an intelligent and mischievous character that sometimes helps Alice and sometimes gets her into trouble. He frequently sings the first verse of the Jabberwocky poem. The animated character was voiced by Sterling Holloway (Alice in Wonderland) and Jim Cummings (2004–present).
In the 1985 television adaptation of Carroll's books, the Cheshire Cat is portrayed by Telly Savalas. He sings a morose song called "There's No Way Home", which simply drives Alice to try and find a way home even more.
In the 1999 television adaptation of Carroll's books, the Cheshire Cat is portrayed by Whoopi Goldberg. She acts as an ally and friend to Alice.
The Cheshire Cat appears in Walt Disney's 2010 Alice in Wonderland, directed by Tim Burton. British actor Stephen Fry voices the character. In the film, Cheshire (as he is often called; or sometimes "Ches") binds the wound Alice suffered earlier by the Bandersnatch and guides her to Tarrant Hightopp, the Mad Hatter and Thackery Earwicket, the March Hare. He is blamed by the Hatter for desertion when the White Queen is deposed by the Red; but later impersonates the Hatter when the latter is sentenced to decapitation. Throughout his appearances, "Ches" is able to make himself intangible or weightless, as well as invisible (and thus to survive decapitation), and is usually depicted in mid-air, at shoulder-height to human-sized characters. In the video game adaptation of the movie, "Ches" is a playable character who can not only turn himself invisible, but other objects around him as well.
In October 2019, it was reported that an undetermined Cheshire Cat project is being developed by Disney for its streaming service, Disney+.
In Alice's Wonderland Bakery, a series set several generations after the Disney film, the Cheshire Cat, voiced by Max Mittelman, is depicted as an immortal, being the only character besides the Doorknob not to be represented through a descendant.
Cross-screen comparison
Each major film adaptation of Lewis Carroll's tale represents the Cheshire Cat character and his traits uniquely.
In addition to the Cheshire Cat's appearances in films central to its Lewis Carroll origins, the Cheshire Cat has been featured in other cinematic works. The late filmmaker Chris Marker gave his monumental documentary on the New Left movement of 1967–1977, Le fond de l'air est rouge (1977), the English title Grin without a Cat. Like the original, it signifies that revolution was in the air, but failed to take root. In the film, it is also stated: a spearhead without a spear, a grin without a cat. A later Marker film, Chats perchés (2004) (The Case of the Grinning Cat in English), examined the context of M. Chat street art in France.
The Cheshire Cat has been seen by television audiences in a broadcast spin-off. The Cheshire Cat appears in Once Upon a Time in Wonderland (a spin-off of Once Upon a Time) voiced by Keith David. While looking for the Mad Hatter's house from the trees, Alice encounters the Cheshire Cat in giant form where the Red Queen had promised him that Alice would be good food for him. They end up engaging each other in combat until the Knave of Hearts arrives and throws a piece of one mushroom side into his mouth, which shrinks the Cat back to normal size, and he leaves.
Video games
The Cheshire Cat appears as an avatar character in the video games American McGee's Alice (2000); and the sequel Alice: Madness Returns (2011), the Cheshire Cat is portrayed as an enigmatic and snarky, yet wise guide for Alice in the corrupted Wonderland. In keeping with the twisted tone of the game, the Cheshire Cat is mangy and emaciated in appearance. His voice was provided by Roger L. Jackson, who also voiced the Mad Hatter and The Jabberwock in the game.
The Cheshire Cat appears in Sunsoft's 2006 mobile game , serving as the guide to Ariko (the "Alice" of the game) and helps her chase after The White Rabbit. In the game, Cheshire Cat is portrayed with a humanoid body and wears a long gray cloak with a red-string bell around his neck, leaving only his nose, razor-sharp teeth, and wide grin visible. In Wonderland, Cheshire Cat is the "Guide", an important role that makes him feared by the other residents, and is compelled by Ariko's inner will to help her unlock her suppressed, traumatic memories and overcome her suicidal depression. Later in the game, Cheshire Cat gets beheaded by the Queen Of Hearts, but is still alive and his body is able to move on its own. Due to the White Rabbit's deranged state, Cheshire Cat fulfills his role of absorbing Ariko's negative emotions, though the task puts a large strain on him.
The Cheshire Cat appears in Heart no Kuni no Alice, a dating sim game and its related media, as a young man named "Boris Airay", with cat-like attributes such as a tail and cat ears, and is one of the many love interests for Alice in Wonderland.
Other media
In the third volume of Shazam!, the Cheshire Cat is shown to live in the Magiclands location called the Wozenderlands. When the Scarecrow and the Munchkins were taking Billy Batson, Mary Bromfield, and C.C. Batson to Dorothy Gale, the Cheshire Cat appeared near the Blue Brick Road. He went on the attack only to be fought off by Shazam and Lady Shazam.
In science
Cheshire Cat is used as a metaphor to describe several scientific phenomena:
The Cheshire Cat effect, as described by Sally Duensing and Bob Miller, is a binocular rivalry which causes stationary objects seen in one eye to disappear from view when an object in motion crosses in front of the other eye.
In another scientific context, catalytic RNAs have been deemed Cheshire cats. This metaphor is used to describe the fading of the ribonucleotide construct, which leaves behind a smile of only the mineral components of the RNA catalyst.
Similarly, the Cheshire Cat has been used out of its traditional context to help define another scientific phenomenon, the "Cheshire Cat" escape strategy. When Coccolithophore – a species of successful ocean algae – is able to resist the haploid phase of its life cycle it escapes meiosis and its dominant diploid genes are passed on in a virus-free environment, freeing the host from the danger of infection during reproduction. The algae escape death (beheading) by means of disappearance (vanishing his head):
Other gestures to the Cheshire Cat's tropes of disappearance and mystique have been seen in scientific literature coming from the field of Physics. "The Cheshire Cat" is a phenomenon in quantum mechanics in which a particle and its property behave as if they are separated, or when a particle separates from one of its physical properties. To test this idea, researchers used an interferometer where neutron beams passed through silicon crystal. The crystal physically separated the neutrons and allowed them to go to two paths. Researchers reported "the system behaves as if the neutrons go through one beam path, while their magnetic moment travels along the other."
The Cheshire cat's grin has inspired scientists in their naming of visual phenomena. A merger of galaxy groups in the constellation Ursa Major is nicknamed "Cheshire Cat galaxy group" by Astronomers due to its suggestive appearance.
In linguistics, cheshirization, when a sound disappears but leaves a trace, just like the cat disappears but leaves his grin.
In Conway's Game of Life, the Cheshire Cat is a cat-like pattern which transforms into a grin in the second to last generation and a block (pawprint) in the last generation.
Footnotes
References
Other sources
External links
Lewis Carroll characters
Anthropomorphic cats
Fictional characters who can turn invisible
Fictional tricksters
Cheshire
Fictional characters who can teleport
Literary characters introduced in 1865
Male characters in film
Male characters in literature
Fantasy creatures
Cats in literature | wiki |
General Colton may refer to:
General Joseph Colton, the original "G.I. Joe"
Roger B. Colton (1887–1978), US Army officer active during World War II
See also
Colton Greene (1833–1900), a Confederate general during the American Civil War | wiki |
UUE may refer to:
Uuencode
Ununennium, symbol Uue for '119', a theoretical chemical element | wiki |
The following is a list of environmental podcasts that focus on environmentalism, sustainability, climate change, and pollution.
List
See also
Popular science
Environmental journalism
References
environmental
Climate change
Environmentalism
Sustainability
Pollution
Green politics
Environment-related lists | wiki |
Gasoline, or petrol, is a transparent, petroleum-derived liquid that is used primarily as a fuel.
Gasoline may also refer to:
Gasoline (film), a 2001 Italian crime film
Gasoline, Texas, a ghost town in the United States
Music
Gasoline (magazine), a Canadian quarterly rock music magazine
Gasoline (band), a southern rock band
Gasoline (Theory of a Deadman album), 2005
Gasoline (The Hard Lessons album), 2005
Gasoline (Key album), 2022
"Gasoline" (1913 song)
"Gasoline" (Seether song), 2003
"Gasoline" (Halsey song), 2015
"Gasoline" (Haim song), 2021
"Gasoline" (The Weeknd song), 2022
"Gasoline" (Key song), 2022
"Gasoline", a song by Karate from the 1995 album Karate
"Gasoline", a song by Moist from the 1996 album Creature
"Gasoline", a song by Catherine Wheel from the 2000 album Wishville
"Gasoline", a song by Audioslave from the 2002 album Audioslave
"Gasoline", a song by Enter the Haggis from the 2005 album Casualties of Retail
"Gasoline", a song by Dieter Bohlen from the 2006 soundtrack album for Dieter: Der Film
"Gasoline", a song by The Airborne Toxic Event from the 2008 album The Airborne Toxic Event
"Gasoline", a song by Brand New from the 2009 album Daisy
"Gasoline", a song by Britney Spears from the 2011 album Femme Fatale
See also
Gasolin' (disambiguation)
Gasolina (disambiguation)
Petrol (disambiguation) | wiki |
Drakaneinae is an orchid subtribe in the tribe Diurideae.
References
External links
Orchid subtribes | wiki |
Les plaques slovènes sont composées des trois lettres SLO (Slovenia) suivies de deux lettres et des armoiries, puis de deux lettres et de trois chiffres (en règle générale sur les plaques les plus récentes) pouvant être au nombre de 9. Elles sont écrites en noir sur fond blanc.
Les plaques d'immatriculation de Ljubljana, Maribor et Celje, ont souvent une numérotation différente des autres localités.
Liens externes
Olav's plates - Slovenia
Slovénie
Transport en Slovénie | wiki |
Duchy of Saint Sava () was a late medieval polity in southeastern Europe, that existed from 1448 up to 1482, when it was absorbed by the Ottoman Empire. It was ruled by the Kosača noble family, who held the title "Duke of Saint Sava" (). Their domains included southern parts of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, extending to southern parts of modern-day coastal Croatia, northwestern Montenegro and southwestern Serbia. Its founder, Stjepan Vukčić Kosača (duke since 1448), titled himself Herceg of Saint Sava, a title which would later give rise to the new name to the region: Herzegovina, and will be also used by the Ottomans as Hersek Sancağı (Sanjak of the Herzeg), designating the Sanjak of Herzegovina.
In various sources, and historiographical traditions, the name of the duchy is recorded or used in several forms, varying mostly in the way the name of Saint Sava is spelled in different languages: , , . In English historiography, forms such as the "Duchy of Saint Sava" or "Duchy of St. Sava" were used since the 19th century.
History
Until the 14th century, most regions of the later Duchy of Saint Sava were part of medieval Serbia, and then part of the medieval Bosnia, that reached its high under Stephen Tvrtko I (d. 1391), king of Serbs, Bosnia and Maritime. At its greatest extent, under Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, and later his son Vladislav, the Kosača noble family ruled the territories that included significant part of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, and extended to parts of modern-day coastal Croatia, northwestern Montenegro and southeastern part of modern Serbia. Stjepan titled himself "Herceg of Saint Sava", after the first Serbian Archbishop, Saint Sava. The title is of German origin, Herzog ("Duke"), and it was used as an equivalent to the South Slavic title Vojvoda. Stjepan's title of Duke (Herceg) would later give the name to the present-day region of Herzegovina, as the Ottomans used the term "Hersek Sancağı" (Sanjak of the Herzeg) for the newly formed Sanjak of Herzegovina.
On 15 February 1444, Stephen signed a treaty with Alfonso V, King of Aragon and Naples, becoming his vassal in exchange for the king's help against Stjepan's enemies, namely King Stephen Thomas of Bosnia, Duke Ivaniš Pavlović and the Republic of Venice. In the same treaty Stjepan promised to pay regular tribute to Alfonso instead of his tribute to the Ottoman sultan, which he had done up until then. In a document sent to Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III on 20 January 1448, Stephen Vukčić Kosača styled himself "Vojvoda (duke, herzog) of Saint Sava", "Lord of Hum and the Coast", and "Grand Duke", and forced the Bosnian king to recognize him as such. The title "Duke of Saint Sava" had considerable public relations value, because Sava's relics, which were located in Mileševa, were considered miracle-working by people of all Christian faiths in the region. This significantly improved relations between Stjepan and the Serbian Despot Đurađ Branković, as they formed an alliance the same year and conquered Višegrad and Srebrnica from the Bosnian crown.
In 1451, Stjepan attacked Dubrovnik, and laid siege to the city. He had earlier been made a Ragusan nobleman and, consequently, the Ragusan government now proclaimed him a traitor. A reward of 15,000 ducats, a palace in Dubrovnik worth 2,000 ducats, and an annual income of 300 ducats was offered to anyone who would kill him, along with the promise of hereditary Ragusan nobility which also helped hold this promise to whoever did the deed. Stjepan was so scared by the threat that he finally raised the siege.
Stjepan Vukčić died in 1466, and was succeeded by his eldest son Vladislav Hercegović. In 1482 he was overpowered by Ottoman forces led by Stjepan Vukčić's youngest son, Hersekli Ahmed Pasha, who converted to Islam prior to that. In the Ottoman Empire, Herzegovina was organized as a part (sanjak) within the province (pashaluk) of Bosnia. Stjepan founded the Serbian Orthodox Zagrađe Monastery near his realm's seat in Soko, modern-day northwestern Montenegro, and the Savina Monastery, near Herceg Novi in the Bay of Kotor. Their successors kept the title "Duke of Saint Sava" and used it until the extinction of Kosača family.
Rulers
Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, 1435–1466
Vladislav Hercegović and Vlatko Hercegović, 1466–1482
Balša Hercegović (in title)
See also
Zachlumia
Old Herzegovina
Ottoman conquest of Bosnia
References
Sources
External links
Historical counties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kingdom of Bosnia
Medieval Herzegovina
Ottoman period in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina
15th century in the Ottoman Empire
1448 establishments in Europe
1482 disestablishments in Europe
States and territories disestablished in the 1440s
States and territories disestablished in the 1480s | wiki |
Applesauce cake is a dessert cake prepared using apple sauce, flour and sugar as primary ingredients. Various spices are typically used, and it tends to be a moist cake. Several additional ingredients may also be used in its preparation, and it is sometimes prepared and served as a coffee cake. The cake dates back to early colonial times in the United States. National Applesauce Cake Day occurs annually on June 6 in the U.S.
History
The preparation of applesauce cake dates back to early colonial times in the New England Colonies of the northeastern United States. From 1900 to the 1950s, recipes for applesauce cake frequently appeared in American cookbooks. In the United States, National Applesauce Cake Day occurs annually on June 6.
Ingredients and preparation
Applesauce cake is a dessert cake prepared using apple sauce, flour and sugar as main ingredients. Store-bought or homemade applesauce may be used in its preparation. Additional ingredients include eggs, butter, margarine or oil, raisins, dates, chopped apple, chopped nuts (such as walnuts and pecans), cocoa powder, and spices such as cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg and allspice. Some versions include dried or fresh, finely grated ginger. After baking, applesauce cake is sometimes topped with an icing, frosting or glaze, such as a caramel glaze. It also may be served topped with a dusting of confectioner's sugar or whipped cream. Gluten-free applesauce cake can be prepared using rice flour.
Applesauce cake tends to be moist due to the liquid content present in the apple sauce. However, using a chunky-style apple sauce can result in a cake with less moisture than from using standard apple-sauce. Letting it sit for one or two days before serving can increase its flavor, as this allows time for the ingredients to intermingle within the cake.
It can be prepared using various types of cake pans, such as a ring-shaped bundt cake using a bundt pan, in loaf form using a loaf pan, or as a sheet cake with a sheet cake pan. Applesauce cake is sometimes prepared in the form of cupcakes.
Variations
Applesauce cake may be prepared and served as a type of coffee cake, which may include a sweet crumb topping. Simple versions may be prepared using prepared coffee cake mix, apple sauce, and other various ingredients. Fruits such as blueberries, cranberries and raisins may also be used in applesauce coffee cake.
See also
Apple cake
Apple pie
List of apple dishes
List of cakes
List of desserts
Notes
References
Further reading
Cakes
Apple dishes | wiki |
Colt Lightning may refer to:
Colt Lightning Carbine
Colt Lightning Revolver | wiki |
Metropolitan Area Express (usually abbreviated MAX) may refer to:
MAX Light Rail, a light rail system in Portland, Oregon
Metropolitan Area Express (Las Vegas), a bus rapid transit line in Las Vegas, Nevada
Metro Area Express, a bus rapid transit line in Kansas City, Missouri
Metro Area Express (Perth), a cancelled light rail system in Perth, Western Australia | wiki |
Leaving Las Vegas is a semi-autobiographical 1990 novel by John O'Brien. The novel was adapted into a 1995 film of the same name, starring Nicolas Cage and Elisabeth Shue. The film was nominated for four Academy Awards, winning one.
O'Brien died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound within weeks of signing away the film rights to the novel.
References
1990 American novels
American novels adapted into films
Novels about alcoholism
Novels about American prostitution | wiki |
Brownstown is the name of more than one place in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania:
Brownstown, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania
Brownstown, Cambria County, Pennsylvania
Brownstown, Fayette County, Pennsylvania
Brownstown, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania | wiki |
Mortimer Elkind ( – ) foi um oncologista estadunidense.
Recebeu o Prêmio Enrico Fermi de 1996, juntamente com Hubert Rodney Withers.
Prêmio Enrico Fermi | wiki |
Hong dou tang or Hong dou sha () is a popular Chinese dish served in Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and places with Chinese diaspora. It is categorized as a tang shui 糖水 (pinyin: táng shuǐ) (literally translated as sugar water) or sweet soup. It is often served cold during the summer, and hot in the winter. Leftover red bean soup can also be frozen to make ice pops and is a popular dessert.
In Cantonese cuisine, a red bean soup made from rock sugar, sun-dried tangerine peels, and lotus seeds is commonly served as a dessert at the end of a restaurant or banquet meal. Common variations include the addition of ingredients such as sago (西米, pinyin: xī mi), tapioca, coconut milk, ice cream, glutinous rice balls, or purple rice. The two types of sugar used interchangeably are rock sugar and sliced sugar ().
Similar dishes
Unsweetened red bean porridge made with red beans and rice is eaten across China and East Asia. Japan has a similar variant called Shiruko. It is called hóngdòuzhōu () in Chinese, patjuk () in Korean, and azukigayu () in Japanese.
Vietnamese cuisine also has a similar dish, called chè đỗ đen. It contains added coconut milk and sugar. It is served cold.
See also
Red bean ice
Red bean paste
Red bean shaved ice
List of bean soups
List of Chinese soups
List of legume dishes
List of soups
References
Bean soups
Cantonese cuisine
Chinese desserts
Chinese soups
Cold soups
Legume dishes
Taiwanese soups | wiki |
The third season of American Dad! aired from September 10, 2006, to May 20, 2007.
The season consisted of nineteen episodes. The first half of the season is included in the Volume 2 DVD box set, which was released on May 15, 2007; and the second half is included in the Volume 3 DVD box set, which was released on April 15, 2008.
Episode list
Reception
"Lincoln Lover" was nominated for Outstanding Individual Episode by the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation at the 18th GLAAD Media Awards. The award is meant to recognize and honor various branches of the media for their outstanding representations of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community and issues.
"The American Dad After School Special" was nominated for the 2007 Annie Award for Best Writing in an Animated Television Production.
The season received generally positive reviews from critics.
References
General
Specific
External links
2006 American television seasons
2007 American television seasons
ru:The American Dad After School Special | wiki |
A corf is an underwater container used to hold live fish or crustaceans.
Corf may also refer to:
Corf (mining), a basket or small wagon used for carrying coal
Alternate (archaic) spelling of River Corve in Shropshire, England
CORF may refer to
Commission for Organising the Fortified Regions (La Commission d'organisation des régions fortifiées), a French military organisation
Combination of receptive fields, a computational model of a simple cell in the visual system
Cutting off reflected failure CORF and CORFing, the opposite of basking in reflected glory | wiki |
The American Bobtail is an uncommon breed of domestic cat which was developed in the late 1960s. It is most notable for its stubby "bobbed" tail about one-third to one-half the length of a normal cat's tail. This is the result of a cat body type genetic mutation affecting the tail development, similar to that of a Manx cat. The breed is not related to the Japanese Bobtail despite the similar name and physical type—the breeding programs are entirely unrelated, and the genetic mutation causing the bobbed tail are known to be different because the mutation causing the American Bobtail's tail is dominant, whereas the Japanese Bobtail tail mutation is recessive.
American Bobtails are a very sturdy breed, with both short- and long-haired coats. Their coat is shaggy rather than dense or fluffy. They can have any color of eyes and coat, with a strong emphasis on the "wild" tabby appearance in show animals.
History
Urban legend says that Bobtails are the result of a cross breeding between a domestic tabby cat and a wild bobcat. The unusual tail is actually the result of a random spontaneous genetic mutation within the domestic cat population, and may be related to the Manx gene, which is also dominant. Yodie, a short-tailed brown tabby male, was mated with a seal-point Siamese female to create the American Bobtail's original bloodline. Most of the early bloodlines have died out.
This cat's original appearance genetics were modified in the breed to form a new and improved strain which comes in essentially all colors and coat types. The breed was first recognized by The International Cat Association (TICA, US-based), in 1989. The breed has been accepted for championship competition by TICA, the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA, also US-based) and the American Cat Fanciers Association (ACFA). The breed is technically also sanctioned in the Cat Aficionado Association (CAA) of China, by virtue of the CAA having adopted all of ACFA's breed standards; it is unknown if any specimens are actually in China. The breed is "recognized" (as existing), as both American Bobtail Longhair and American Bobtail Shorthair, in the Germany-based World Cat Federation (WCF), but is not "accepted" for competition and has no WCF breed standard.
Appearance
American Bobtails require two to three years to develop, slower than many domestic cat breeds.
The American Bobtail is hearty, short-tailed cat. Its body is moderately long, with substantial boning, and stocky. The stance is noticeably rectangular. The torso is full and broad. The hips are substantial, almost as wide as chest, and hind legs longer than fore legs with large round feet which may have toe tufts. The head is a broad wedge without flat planes, size proportionate to body. There is a concave curve from nose to brow, or rise to prominent brow, a broad unpinched muzzle, prominent whisker pads, a gently sloped wide nose and full, strong jaws. The ears are medium-sized, wide-based, and equally mounted on top and the side of head with rounded tips. The eyes are almost almond shape, with size proportionate to head. The aperture is angled to base of ear, and with medium wide spacing and deep sockets. Eye color varies with coat color. The end of the tail is visible above the back, but not beyond the hock while the animal is in repose. The tail is straight or curved, slightly knotted or may have bumps.
Behavior
American Bobtails are playful, social and moderately energetic. They reportedly have enough clever ingenuity to escape from rooms with closed doors and from secured cages. Being social with their owners and caretakers, they will ask for the attention they want by meowing or just by hopping into laps. American Bobtails are moderately energetic and love travelling. Thanks to their highly adaptable nature, they easily adapt to new environments and thus are very good companions for travelers.
References
External links
American Bobtail Cat Breed full Profile
American Bobtail Cat Videos
American Bobtail Guide
Cat breeds
Cat breeds originating in the United States
Cat breeds and types with suppressed tails | wiki |
The fourth season of American Dad! was originally shown in the United States from September 30, 2007, to May 18, 2008.
The season consisted of sixteen episodes. The first half of the season is included within the Volume Three DVD box set, which was released on April 15, 2008, and the second half is included within the Volume Four DVD box set, which was released on April 28, 2009. The fourth season consisted of one 2AJNxx holdover episode while the remaining episodes of the season were from 3AJNxx production line.
This is the final season that composer Ron Jones worked for the score before leaving the show to work on the music for Family Guy until season 12. He was later replaced by Joel McNeely, who frequently collaborated with MacFarlane and worked on the series' musical score, along with Walter Murphy, ever since.
Because of the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, there was a shortage of episodes this season. Much like season 6 of Family Guy, the episodes that were shown during the WGA strike were done so without permission from Seth MacFarlane, since MacFarlane showed support for the writers by not finishing any planned episodes until the strike ended.
Episode list
Reception
The season was nominated for a Teen Choice Award.
Reviews were mostly positive.
References
General
Specific
2007 American television seasons
2008 American television seasons | wiki |
Ryan Hampton may refer to:
Ryan Hampton (racing driver)
Ryan Hampton (writer) | wiki |
Ryan Walters may refer to:
Ryan Walters (ice hockey)
Ryan Walters (American football)
Ryan Walters (politician)
See also
Ryan Walter, Canadian ice hockey centre | wiki |
Discrimination against LGBT people includes:
Discrimination against lesbians
Discrimination against gay men
Discrimination against bisexuals
Discrimination against asexuals
Discrimination against transgender men
Discrimination against transgender women
Discrimination against non-binary people
Discrimination against intersex people | wiki |
Teatro
La regina di Saba (La reine de Saba) – grand opéra di Charles Gounod del 1862.
La regina di Saba (Die Königin von Saba) – opera di Karl Goldmark del 1875.
Cinema
La regina di Saba (The Queen of Sheba) – film diretto da J. Gordon Edwards nel 1921.
La regina di Saba – film diretto da Pietro Francisci nel 1952. | wiki |
A backless dress is a style of women’s clothing designed to expose the wearer's back. The back may be either partially exposed with a low cut or fully exposed with the use of strings. A backless dress is most commonly worn on formal occasions or as evening wear or as wedding dresses and can be of any length, from a miniskirt-length to floor-length. Other backless styles include backless swimsuits and tops, such as a haltertop.
Evolution
Backless dresses first appeared in the 1920s. In the 1930s, the style became associated with the sun tanning fashions of the time, and the backless dress was a way of showing off a tan, usually without tan lines. The wearer usually had to be slim to be able to pull off the effect. In December 1937, the actress Micheline Patton was controversially filmed from behind while wearing a backless dress in the final episode of the early BBC fashion documentary Clothes-Line. The illusion of nudity led to outraged viewers writing in to complain, and Pearl Binder, who co-presented the show, quipped, "Grandmamma looks back but Micheline has no back to be seen."
Styles
A backless dress can be held up in a number of ways. The most common is by a single piece of cloth or strap which passes behind the wearer's neck, halterneck-style. The neck strap can itself be covered by the wearer's hair, leaving the impression from behind that nothing is holding the dress up. Alternatively, the dress may be held up by short sleeves or by a single or two spaghetti straps, which hold the dress up at the shoulders. A stick-on dress is another way that a dress can be held up.
Choli
The backless style is also found in the choli, the blouse worn by Indian women along with saris and ghagras.
The back is either "partially exposed" with a low cut or "fully exposed" by use of strings. The backless styles were created mainly due to the influence of Western fashion. It was made popular by Madhuri Dixit when she wore it and appeared in the Dhak Dhak song. "The drape and the blouse make the saree a sexy ensemble, and my blouses are always low back because I love the peep of the skin against so much fabric", as stated by Indian actress Vidya Balan.
Breast support
Breast support may be an issue for many women when wearing a backless dress, but nevertheless most women choosing this style of top prefer to go braless. Bra designs are available that offer breast support with backless dresses. Some bra designs use convertible styles, adhesive bras, underwire and strapless bras.
See also
Halterneck
References
20th-century fashion
21st-century fashion
Dresses
Human back | wiki |
The Japanese Bobtail is a breed of domestic cat with an unusual bobtail more closely resembling the tail of a rabbit than that of other cats. The variety is native to Japan, though it is now found throughout the world. The breed has been known in Japan for centuries, and it frequently appears in traditional folklore and art.
As in most other breeds, Japanese Bobtails may have almost any color (or colors, arranged in any number of patterns). Predominantly-white are especially favored by the Japanese and by cat fanciers, and strongly represented in folklore, though other colorations are also accepted by breed standards.
History
One theory of short-tailed cats in Japan indicates that they arrived from the Asian continent at least 1,000 years ago. In 1602, Japanese authorities decreed that all cats should be set free to help deal with rodents threatening the nation's silkworm population and associated industry. At that time, buying or selling cats was illegal, and from then on, bobtailed cats lived on farms and in the streets. Japanese Bobtails thus became the "street/farm cats" of Japan.
Around 1701, in Kaempfer's Japan, the first book written by a Westerner about the flora, fauna, and landscape of Japan, German doctor Engelbert Kaempfer wrote, "there is only one breed of cat that is kept. It has large patches of yellow, black and white fur; its short tail looks like it has been bent and broken. It has no mind to hunt for rats and mice but just wants to be carried and stroked by women."
In 1968, Elizabeth Freret is the first known person to have imported the Japanese Bobtail to the Western Hemisphere from Japan. The short hair Japanese Bobtail was accepted for Championship status in the Cat Fanciers' Association in 1976. Recognition for the long hair variety followed in 1993. As of 2013, there are a number of Japanese Bobtail breeders, most of which are based in North America with a few in Europe and at least one in Japan; yet the breed remains rare.
The Bobtail cats are considered to be a lucky breed and to own one promises prosperity and happiness. The tricoloured, Mi-Ke (pronounced 'mee keh') is known as the luckiest colour for this breed. There is a Japanese statue of a cat with its paw in the air called Maneki Neko (translates to 'beckoning cat') and is an artist interpretation of the bobtail. These statues are common in many Japanese shops as they are thought to attract good people.
Breed standard
The Japanese Bobtail is a recognised breed by all major registering bodies, with the exception of the Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF), the domestic registry of the United Kingdom.
Head: The head should form an equilateral triangle. (Not including ears)
Ears: Large, upright, set wide apart but at right angles to the head and looking as if alert.
Muzzle: Fairly broad and round neither pointed nor blunt.
Eyes: Large, oval rather than round. They should not bulge out beyond the cheekbone or the forehead.
Body: Medium in size (usually 2.7 - 4kg, or 6 - 9lbs). males larger than females. Long torso, lean and elegant, showing well developed muscular strength. Balance is also very important.
Neck: Not too long and not too short, in proportion to the length of the body.
Legs: Long, slender, and high. The hind legs longer than the forelegs.
Paws: Oval.
Toes: five in front and four behind.
Coat (Shorthair): Medium length, soft and silky.
Coat (Longhair): Length medium-long to long, texture soft and silky gradually lengthening toward the rump.
Tail: The tail must be clearly visible and is made up of one or more curved articulations.
While harlequin and van patterns (color on the crown of the head and the tail only) and solid white, are favored by many, any coat color or pattern of colors is permissible.
Breed characteristics
Personality
This breed is good for families. Due to their affectionate nature, they are well suited pets for children and communicate with people using soft chirpy noises. This breed is highly attracted to water, very smart, and known for playful behavior, always full of energy and mischief. A very loyal breed, Bobtails make great companions.
Grooming
This breed has a minimal to medium amount of shedding, due to its short fur. Its coat is easy to groom.
Health
Just like any animal, there can be a number of different health problems that could be related to the genetics. This being said, the Japanese Bobtails are generally healthy cats. The recessive gene paired with the shortened tails is not associated with any spinal or bone abnormalities.
The average lifespan for this breed is 9–15 years.
Care
They enjoy climbing and can be prone to obesity.
Breeding and genetics
Mutation
The short tail is a cat body-type mutation caused by the expression of a dominant gene. The tail is both shortened and kinked in Japanese Bobtails. The gene is fixed/always homozygous in the breed, so generally all kittens born to even one Japanese Bobtail parent will have bobtails as well. A bobtailed cat that is heterozygous for the gene may have kittens with or without the trait. Unlike the dominant Manx gene, the Bobtail gene is not associated with skeletal disorders. The Bobtail gene causes a reduced number of tail vertebrae, as well as some fusion of tail vertebrae. This type of tail is not only unique to the breed but also to each individual cat, no two are exactly alike. For it to be considered a true bob tail cat the tail must not exceed three inches from the point of extension to the tailbone.
See also Cat body-type mutation: Tail types
Health
Recent scientific studies on cat genetics led by researchers has indicated that the Japanese Bobtail breed is one of the most genetically diverse of pedigree breeds. Compared with other breeds, Japanese Bobtails tend to have smaller litters with the kittens being proportionally larger at birth and developing at a faster rate. Kitten mortality rates are reported to be comparatively low.
Odd-eyed specimens
Rarely, a Japanese Bobtail, especially a predominantly white specimen, may have heterochromia, or eyes of different colors. Regardless of breed, cats with this trait are known as odd-eyed cats. In this breed, one iris is blue ("silver" in Japanese breeding terms) while the other is yellow ("gold"). This trait is more common in this breed than in most others, with the notable exception of the Turkish Van.
Behavior
Generally speaking, members of the breed are active, intelligent cats, with a strongly human-oriented nature, are easier to train to perform tricks than most breeds, and are more likely to enjoy learning human-mediated activities like walking on a harness and leash, and playing fetch. They are very attentive, alert felines that notice a lot. Considered an unusually "talkative" breed, they often interact vocally with people. Their soft voices are capable of nearly a whole scale of tones, leading to a folk belief that they can sing.
Folklore and legend
Cats are featured prominently in Japanese folklore. As in many other traditions around the world, cats are frequently objects of fear and mistrust, with various supernatural abilities ascribed to them. But in some Japanese stories, the length of their tails is an important plot point, with the Japanese Bobtail seen as auspicious, while long-tailed cats may be suspected of being , a type of evil spirit.
The ('beckoning cat' or 'inviting cat'), an image of a Japanese Bobtail seated with one paw raised, is considered a good-luck charm among the Japanese around the world, who often keep a statue of this figure in the front of stores or homes (most often a stylized calico, though gold and black variants are also common). This stems from a legend that tells how a man (usually either a priest or member of the royal family) who owned one of these cats looked up one day to see his cat beckoning to him. Thinking the cat might have a message from the gods, he arose and went to it; no sooner had he done so than a branch large enough to kill a man fell where he had been sitting just moments before. Japanese Bobtails also feature prominently in traditional Japanese painting.
One legend of the origin of the breed's short tail, tells of a sleeping cat whose long tail caught fire; it then ran through town, spreading flames everywhere. With the capital in ashes, the Emperor decreed that all cats should have their tails cut short as a preventative measure.
While legends and superstitions may have favored the short-tailed breed, it seems likely that the Bobtail simply has a longer history in Japan than other recognizable breeds. It is also likely to have carried much prestige, having originated on the continent and arrived via Korea in the Asuka period (6th century CE), along with other prized articles of Chinese culture.
In popular culture
The manga character Hello Kitty resembles a Japanese Bobtail, and is an example of contemporary ('cute') pop culture. The character Muta from The Cat Returns was based on a stray Japanese Bobtail that would often visit Studio Ghibli. They also tend to appear in other anime produced in Japan.
In W Is for Wasted, by Sue Grafton (part of her alphabet mystery series), private investigator Kinsey Millhone and her landlord Henry Pitts acquire a Japanese bobtail and name him Ed. During a fight with a deranged murder suspect, Ed scratches the killer, thereby saving Kinsey from death by scalpel.
Mochi, Hiro Hamada's cat in the Disney film Big Hero 6, is also a Japanese Bobtail.
In illustrator Jenny Parks's 2017 book Star Trek Cats, Hikaru Sulu is depicted as a Japanese Bobtail.
See also
Kurilian Bobtail
Sphynx
References
External links
Cat breeds
Cat breeds originating in Japan
Cat breeds and types with suppressed tails
Natural cat breeds | wiki |
A ceramic metal-halide lamp (CMH), also generically known as a ceramic discharge metal-halide (CDM) lamp, is a type of metal-halide lamp that is 10–20% more efficient than the traditional quartz metal halide and produces a superior color rendition (80-96 CRI).
Applications for these lamps include shop lighting, street lighting, architectural lighting and agricultural lighting including grow lights. A CMH light was first exhibited by the Thorn Lighting Group in 1981 at the Hannover World Light Fair, and the first commercial ceramic metal halide lamps were distributed by Philips in 1994.
The term "Light Emitting Ceramic" (LEC) is sometimes generically used to describe ceramic metal-halide lamps in grow lights in general, though that term is actually the registered trademark of a specific brand of ceramic metal halide light.
Operation
The ceramic metal halide is a variation of the metal-halide lamp which is itself a variation of the old (high-pressure) mercury-vapor lamp. A CMH uses a ceramic arc tube instead of the fused quartz arc tube of a traditional metal halide lamp. Ceramic arc tubes allow higher arc tube temperatures, which some manufacturers claim results in better efficacy, color rendering, and color stability.
The discharge is contained in a ceramic tube, usually made of sintered alumina, similar to that used in the high pressure sodium lamp. During operation, the temperature of this ceramic tube can exceed 1200 kelvins. The ceramic tube is filled with mercury, argon and metal-halide salts (for example, sodium iodide). Because of the high wall temperature, the metal halide salts are partly vaporized. Inside the hot plasma, these salts are dissociated into metallic atoms and iodine.
The metallic atoms are the main source of light in these lamps, creating a white light with a CRI (color rendering index) of up to 96. The exact correlated color temperature and CRI depend on the specific mixture of metal halide salts. There are also warm-white ceramic metal halide lamps, with somewhat lower CRI (78-82) which still give a more clear and natural-looking light than the old mercury-vapour and sodium-vapour lamps when used as street lights, besides being more economical to use.
The ceramic tube is an advantage in comparison to earlier fused quartz. During operation, at high temperature and radiant flux, metal ions tend to penetrate the silica, depleting the inside of the tube. Alumina is not prone to this effect.
CMH lights have a long life of up to 24,000 hours.
Efficacy
Ceramic metal halide lamps use one fifth of the power of comparable tungsten incandescent light bulbs for the same light output (80–117 lm/W) and retain color stability better than most other gas discharge lamps. Like other high-intensity discharge lamps, they require a correctly rated electrical ballast in order to operate.
See also
List of light sources
References
External links
Ceramic Metal Halide Lamps
Gas discharge lamps | wiki |
Dynamic painting may refer to:
Action painting
Generative art which updates in real time | wiki |
You May Be Right is an Australian television game show, jointly produced by and the Seven Network, and hosted by Dancing with the Stars judge Todd McKenney. The show was aired on Sunday nights at 7:30pm and premiered on 13 August 2006. The format pitted two teams of Australian celebrities against each other, testing their knowledge on movies, music and television. Among the games involved are: Check It Out, Crate Expectations, Face Race, Looney Tunes, Slay That Song and What Happened Next. The show's in-house band was the Scared Weird Little Guys. The original working title for the pilot was Famous, but was later changed to its current title. The show was based on the Swedish concept Doobidoo.
Criticism
The show was heavily criticised for its obvious similarities to the ABC's Spicks and Specks:
On one of the first episodes of Spicks and Specks taped after You May Be Rights cancellation, host Adam Hills introduced the show by saying "Welcome to Spicks and Specks, the music quiz show that may be right."
Production problems
Seven bosses ordered a major overhaul, including new sets and lighting, after the first show was plagued by embarrassing production problems. It took over four hours to tape the first one-hour show, due to various technical problems, faulty buzzers, over-running segments, and host Todd McKenney's repeated flubbing of his teleprompted lines. Ten episodes were originally planned, but after declining ratings the show was cancelled within a month of being on air.
See also
Big Questions
References
External links
You May Be Right – Yahoo!7 Official Site
Official Seven Corporate press release
Production company site – dSPBeyond
Sydney Confidential article: Show May Not Be Right – 22 August 2006
2000s Australian game shows
Seven Network original programming
2006 Australian television series debuts
2006 Australian television series endings | wiki |
Uirō (Japanese: , , ), also known as , is a traditional Japanese steamed cake made of glutinous rice flour and sugar. It is chewy, similar to mochi, and subtly sweet. Flavors include azuki bean paste, green tea (matcha), yuzu, strawberry and chestnut. Nagoya is particularly famous for its uirō, and there are other regional versions, notably in Yamaguchi and Odawara, although Odawara's uirō is better known as a medicine. It can be purchased in traditional Japanese confectionery shops throughout Japan.
Uirō was originally the name of a medicine in the Muromachi period (1336–1573). References to uirō as a confection first appear in the Wa-Kan Sansai Zue, Ryōan Terajima's massive Edo-period dictionary published in 1712.
See also
Japanese cuisine
List of steamed foods
Wagashi
Uirō (Japanese medicine)
Put chai ko (缽仔糕 Uirō with red beans)
References
External links
Wagashi
Culture in Nagoya
Steamed foods | wiki |
The Hoyvík Agreement is a free trade agreement between the Faroe Islands and Iceland.
History
The agreement was signed 31 August 2005 in the town of Hoyvík in the Faroe Islands. The Faroese Løgting ratified the agreement on 2 May 2006 and the Icelandic Alþingi did the same on 3 June.
On 21 August 2006, a statement was made by the annual general meeting of the West Nordic Council that the possibility of extending the agreement to include Greenland (thus creating a West Nordic free trade zone) should be seriously studied. It was noted at Løgting that the agreement could be extended to Norway and Canada in the future.
Content
It is the most extensive free trade agreement that either nation has entered into. It guarantees almost complete freedom of goods, services, persons and capital. It also deals with competition and government subsidies and prohibits any kind of discrimination based on nationality except when it is specially provided for by the agreement. The agreement is unique for Iceland as it the first such agreement establishing free trade in agricultural products, a sector that usually sees a lot of protection from the Icelandic authorities.
A notable exception to the free trade agreement is the special status of the fisheries industry. Pre-existing restrictions on foreign investment in the industry present in both countries will not be abolished.
In addition to free trade, the agreement also provides a framework for increased cooperation between the nations regarding all the common interests of the nations. Especially mentioned fields of cooperation include: culture, education, sports, health care, transportation, communications, tourism, environmental issues, energy and resource management.
See also
Foreign relations of Iceland
Representation of the Faroes, Reykjavík
West Nordic Council
References
External links
The draft legislation for ratifying the agreement, includes the full text of the agreement in Icelandic
A press release from the Faroese government about the signing of the agreement (in Faroese)
A West Nordic free trade area possible (Icelandic)
Free trade agreements
Economy of Iceland
Economy of the Faroe Islands
Hoyvík
Denmark–Iceland relations
Treaties of Iceland
Treaties of the Faroe Islands
Treaties concluded in 2005
Treaties entered into force in 2006
2005 in the Faroe Islands | wiki |
Love Alone may refer to:
"Love Alone", single by Trisha Yearwood (Dan Colehour, David Grissom) from Love Songs 2008
"Love Alone", song by Utopia from Adventures in Utopia 1979
"Love Alone", song by Charlotte Church from Four 2014
"Love Alone", song by Caedmon's Call from Long Line of Leavers 2000
"Love Alone", song by Sam Mangubat
"Love Alone", song by Chinese group Miss A from A Class
"Love Alone", song by Korean group Melody Day
"Love Alone", song by Korean singer UI from Palette | wiki |
The 1840 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.
New Hampshire voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Van Buren won New Hampshire by a margin of 10.78%.
Results
See also
United States presidential elections in New Hampshire
References
New Hampshire
1840
1840 New Hampshire elections | wiki |
Ryan Price may refer to:
Ryan Price (trainer), British horse trainer
Ryan Price (English footballer)
Ryan Price (American soccer) | wiki |
myMail is a mobile app for managing multiple email accounts created by My.com, a subsidiary of Mail.Ru Group. Using POP/IMAP, SMTP and Microsoft Exchange ActiveSync protocols, myMail provides real-time, customizable notifications, data compression for sending/receiving email traffic and search functionality.
myMail was released in the U.S. for Android and iOS (iPhone and iPad) mobile platforms in November 2013. It is now available worldwide through the iOS App Store and Google Play.
Primary functionality
Managing multiple email accounts from one mobile app
Customizable push notifications: Turn off/on by time of day, by email account, by folder or by sender. Hide sender name or subject
Avatars and icons: Avatars and icons make email a personal experience by visually indicating the sender of email
Swipe gestures: touch screen gestures for moving between email accounts and for managing individual or multiple emails. Gestures reveal icons for marking as read/unread, delete, move to folder or marking as spam
Support for major email account services such as Gmail, Yahoo!, Outlook, AOL and most POP3 or IMAP email services
Data compression which speeds up email delivery decreasing data usage
Ability to preview/forward multiple attachments without downloading to the device
Ability to attach multiple images to an email in one step
Smart search function searches through all email accounts and suggests word phrases based on previous email content
Address book integration
Supported email services
myMail automatically defines the settings for most email providers (Google Gmail, Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com (including Hotmail and Office 365), AOL Email, Xfinity.com, QQ.COM Mail, 163.COM Mail, Mail.Ru – Mail, Yandex Mail, 126.COM, Orange Mail, WP.PL – Poczta, Web.de Freemail and many other POP3/IMAP service). Additionally, oAuth is supported for those email services who use the standard to verify third-party credentials.
Problems
myMail transfers your username and password of your mail account to the server of the service provider. This server logs into your mail account and downloads your mail. The mobile device gets its push notifications from this Russian server. This may pose an unacceptable security risk to individuals or organizations.
Local mailserver, which are not reachable from the internet, can't be used by the app even if the mobile device is in the same LAN as the mailserver
References
External links
Official My.com Website
IOS software
Email clients | wiki |
The Academic Competitiveness Grant, more commonly known by its acronym ACG, was a federal assistance grant reserved for college students with the greatest need for financial aid to attend school. To be eligible for this grant, students must have met all of the following criteria:
They must be a United States citizen or eligible non-citizen;
They must be Federal Pell Grant eligible;
They must be enrolled at least half-time in a degree program;
They must be in their first or second year of study at a two-year or four-year degree-granting institution;
First-year students must not have been previously enrolled in an undergraduate program;
Second-year students must have at least a cumulative 3.0 GPA on a 4.0 scale for their first year.
The ACG provided up to $750 for the first year and $1300 for the second year of study.
The ACG is no longer available as of the 2011-2012 financial aid award year due to government cuts.
External links
Department of Education article on the ACG Grant.
Academic Competitiveness Grant
IMPORTANT NOTE: This program ended June 30, 2011
References
Student financial aid in the United States
United States Department of Education
Former United States Federal assistance programs
Grants (money) | wiki |
Persea caerulea is an evergreen tree in the laurel family (Lauraceae). It is native to North and South America.
References
caerulea
Trees of Peru
Trees of Colombia
Trees of Ecuador
Trees of Costa Rica
Trees of Panama
Trees of Bolivia
Trees of Venezuela
Trees of Nicaragua
Trees of Honduras | wiki |
Saint Luke's Northland Hospital can refer to several hospitals including:
Saint Luke's North Hospital–Barry Road
Saint Luke's North Hospital–Smithville | wiki |
What Is Love? is a 2021 picture book written by Mac Barnett and illustrated by Carson Ellis. It tells the story of a boy who wants to know the meaning of love, and so is advised by his grandmother to ask to people around him.
Reception
The Horn Book Magazine praised the illustrations by Carson Ellis, mentioning the "subtle details" and her "distinctive hand-lettering." They called Mac Barnett's writing "moving, but never cloying," and concluded the review by calling the book "[w]holly lovable." Reviewing for The Booklist, Lucinda Whitehurst called the prose in What is Love? "lovely and lyrical," and noted how the words and pictures "work together to create layers of thought and understanding."
A review for the School Library Journal comment on the wide appeal of the book, saying "short, repetitive phrases help young children connect to the text, while the depth of the subject matter resonates with older readers." Kirkus Reviews said the watercolor illustrations gave "the impression of a collection of still lives rather than an immersive journey." They concluded by calling it a nice book, but not ground--breaking. Publishers Weekly review praised Ellis' illustrations, but also noted they didn't always match with the humor of some parts of the book.
References
2021 children's books
American picture books
Chronicle Books books | wiki |
VH1 peut désigner :
VH1, une chaîne de télévision musicale américaine appartenant à Viacom Media Networks ;
VH1, une chaîne de télévision musicale danoise appartenant à Viacom Media Networks ;
VH1, une chaîne de télévision musicale britannique appartenant à Viacom Media Networks ;
VH1, une chaîne de télévision musicale européenne appartenant à Viacom Media Networks ;
VH1, une chaîne de télévision musicale polonaise appartenant à Viacom Media Networks ;
VH1, une chaîne de télévision musicale italienne appartenant à Viacom Media Networks ;
VH1, une chaîne de télévision musicale allemande appartenant à Viacom Media Networks. | wiki |
"Can I Get Open" is a song by American hip hop group Original Flavor. It was released in 1993 as the first single from their second album Beyond Flavor. The song features a then unknown Jay-Z and was produced by Ski.
References
1993 songs
American hip hop songs
Jay-Z songs | wiki |
Retarder may refer to:
Retarder (album), an album by The Unband
Retarder (chemistry), a chemical agent that slows down a chemical reaction
Retarder (mechanical engineering), a device for slowing down large trucks, lorries, buses, coaches and other vehicles
Retarder (railroad), a device to slow railroad freight cars as they are sorted into trains
Acrylic retarder, a chemical agent added to fine art acrylic paint to slow its short drying time
Dough retarder, a refrigerator used to slow down proofing of yeast when making dough
Retardation plate, an optical device that alters the polarization state of a light wave traveling through it
See also
Retardation (disambiguation) | wiki |
American language(s) may refer to:
Indigenous languages of the Americas, languages spoken by indigenous peoples from North America and South America
Languages of North America, indigenous, (former) colonial, and immigrant languages spoken in North America
Languages of the United States, numerous languages spoken in the US
Languages of South America, indigenous, (former) colonial, and immigrant languages spoken in South America
The American Language, a 1919 book
See also
American Sign Language, the sign language of deaf communities in the US and English-speaking parts of Canada
American English | wiki |
Calvin Watson (nascido em 6 de janeiro de 1993, em Melbourne) é um ciclista profissional australiano, que atualmente compete para a equipe Trek Factory Racing.
Ciclistas da Austrália
Naturais de Melbourne | wiki |
These are the results of the men's sabre team competition in fencing at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. A total of 31 men from nine nations competed in this event. Competition took place in the Fencing Hall at the Helliniko Olympic Complex on August 19.
For the first time since 1988, a non-Russian team won gold in the event.
Tournament results
The team competition was a single-elimination tournament among eight teams. Quarterfinal losers continued to play classification matches to determine final placement from first to eighth. Each team match consisted of a set of nine individual matches, comprising a full round-robin schedule among the three fencers on each team.
Brackets
Preliminary match
As there were nine teams in the competition, one preliminary match was held to reduce the field to eight teams. The losing team, Algeria, therefore had a final classification of ninth place in the tournament.
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Classification matches
Seventh place match
Fifth place match
Bronze medal match
Gold medal match
References
Yahoo! Sports Athens 2004 Summer Olympics Fencing Results
Men's sabre team
Men's events at the 2004 Summer Olympics | wiki |
Just a Gigolo is a 1993 British sitcom made by Central for ITV starring Tony Slattery as Nick Brim, a teacher who must become a gigolo to pay for his house.
Other characters include his younger brother Simon (played by Paul Bigley) and Natalie, Nick's love interest, played by Rowena King.
Cast
Tony Slattery as Nick Brim
Paul Bigley as Simon Brim
Rowena King as Natalie
Susan Denaker as Naomi
Wanda Ventham as Marge Payne
External links
1993 British television series debuts
1993 British television series endings
1990s British sitcoms
ITV sitcoms
Male prostitution in the arts
Television series by ITV Studios
English-language television shows
Television shows produced by Central Independent Television
Prostitution in British television | wiki |
Endoparasites
Protozoan organisms
Helminths (worms)
Helminth organisms (also called helminths or intestinal worms) include:
Tapeworms
Flukes
Roundworms
Other organisms
Ectoparasites
References
Parasites | wiki |
Carriera
Venne selezionato dai Phoenix Suns al primo giro del Draft NBA 1982 (15ª scelta assoluta).
Palmarès
Squadra
Campione NIT (1982)
Boston Celtics: 1986
Hapoel Tel Aviv: 1992-93
Individuale
Ligat ha'Al MVP: 1
Hapoel Tel Aviv: 1992-93
Collegamenti esterni
Scheda su thedraftreview.com | wiki |
The L game is a simple abstract strategy board game invented by Edward de Bono. It was introduced in his book The Five-Day Course in Thinking (1967).
Description
The L game is a two-player game played on a board of 4×4 squares. Each player has a 3×2 L-shaped tetromino, and there are two 1×1 neutral pieces.
Rules
On each turn, a player must first move their L piece, and then may optionally move either one of the neutral pieces. The game is won by leaving the opponent unable to move their L piece to a new position.
Pieces may not overlap or cover other pieces. On moving the L piece, it is picked up and then placed in empty squares anywhere on the board. It may be rotated or even flipped over in doing so; the only rule is that it must end in a different position from the position it started—thus covering at least one square it did not previously cover. To move a neutral piece, a player simply picks it up then places it in an empty square anywhere on the board.
Strategy
One basic strategy is to use a neutral piece and one's own piece to block a 3×3 square in one corner, and use a neutral piece to prevent the opponent's L piece from swapping to a mirror-image position. Another basic strategy is to move an L piece to block a half of the board, and use the neutral pieces to prevent the opponent's possible alternate positions.
These positions can often be achieved once a neutral piece is left in one of the eight killer spaces on the perimeter of the board. The killer spaces are the spaces on the perimeter, but not in a corner. On the next move, one either makes the previously placed killer a part of one's square, or uses it to block a perimeter position, and makes a square or half-board block with one's own L and a moved neutral piece.
Analysis
In a game with two perfect players, neither will ever win or lose. The L game is small enough to be completely solvable. There are 2296 different possible valid ways the pieces can be arranged, not counting a rotation or mirror of an arrangement as a new arrangement, and considering the two neutral pieces to be identical. Any arrangement can be reached during the game, with it being any player's turn. Each player has lost in 15 of these arrangements, if it is that player's turn. The losing arrangements involve the losing player's L piece touching a corner. Each player will also soon lose to a perfect player in an additional 14 arrangements. A player will be able to at least force a draw (by playing forever without losing) from the remaining 2267 positions.
Even if neither player plays perfectly, defensive play can continue indefinitely if the players are too cautious to move a neutral piece to the killer positions. If both players are at this level, a sudden-death variant of the rules permits one to move both neutral pieces after moving. A player who can look three moves ahead can defeat defensive play using the standard rules.
See also
Tetromino
Reviews
Games & Puzzles #30
References
Other sources
External links
L game on Edward de Bono's official site (archived)
Interactive web-based L game written in JavaScript
Board games introduced in 1968
Abstract strategy games
Mathematical games
Solved games | wiki |
A Man Called Horse by Dorothy M. Johnson was originally published as a short story in Collier's magazine, January 7, 1950, and was reprinted in 1953 as a short story in her book Indian Country. It was later made into a Wagon Train episode in 1958 and into a film in 1970 with Richard Harris in the lead role as John Morgan and Manu Tupou as Yellow Hand.
Plot summary
The protagonist is a Boston aristocrat who is captured by a Native American tribe. Initially enslaved, he later comes to respect his captors' culture and gains their respect. He joins the tribe by showing his bravery and, later, gets back his dignity by marrying his owner's daughter, killing rival Indians and taking their horses. Taking the native name "Horse" (he was treated as a horse), he becomes a respected member of the tribe.
References
1950 short stories
Short stories adapted into films
Works originally published in Collier's
American captivity narratives | wiki |
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