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Siesta Key is an American reality television series that aired for five seasons on MTV from July 31, 2017 to January 19, 2023. The show is inspired by the mid-2000s reality television series Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County. The fifth season, subtitled Miami Moves, premiered on October 27, 2022.
Production
On October 2, 2017, MTV ordered eight additional episodes, bringing the first season to a total of 18 episodes. The episodes premiered on January 15, 2018. On December 17, 2018, it was announced that the show would be returning for a second season, which premiered with two episodes on January 22, 2019. On May 13, 2019, MTV announced that the show had been renewed for a third season, which premiered on January 7, 2020. On November 18, 2020, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on May 12, 2021.
The first four seasons were filmed in Sarasota, Florida. The fifth season, filmed in Miami and subtitled Miami Moves, premiered on MTV on October 27, 2022.
Cast
Main
Alex Kompothecras (seasons 1–3)
Juliette Porter
Brandon Gomes
Madisson Hausburg
Garrett Miller (seasons 1–4)
Kelsey Owens (seasons 1–4; recurring season 5)
Chloe Trautman-Long
Amanda Miller (seasons 4–5; recurring seasons 1–3)
Sam Logan (seasons 4–5; recurring season 3)
Cara Geswelli (season 5; recurring seasons 2–4)
Jordana Barnes (season 5; recurring season 4)
Recurring
Lexie Salameh
Paul Apostolides (seasons 1–3)
Ben Riney (seasons 1–3)
Carson Wall (seasons 1–3)
Hannah Starr (seasons 1, 3–4)
Paige Hausburg (seasons 1, 3)
Canvas Brummel (seasons 1–2)
Tarik Jenkins (season 1)
Camilla Cattaneo (seasons 2–4)
Jared Kelderman (seasons 2–3)
Tawni Nix (season 2)
Alana Sherman (season 2)
Ish Soto (seasons 3–5)
Mike Vazquez (seasons 3–5)
Joe Jenkins (seasons 3–4)
Tate Sweatt (seasons 3–4)
Alyssa Salerno (season 3)
Robby Hayes (season 3)
JJ Mizell (season 3)
Jake Peterson (season 3)
Meghan Bischoff (seasons 4–5)
Chris Long (seasons 4–5)
Clark Drum (seasons 4–5)
Michael Wheary (seasons 4–5)
Max Strong (season 4)
Will Gray (season 4)
Kenna Quesenberry (season 4)
Serena Kerrigan (season 4)
Teenear Renee (season 5)
Christine Pierre (season 5)
Episodes
Series overview
Season 1 (2017–18)
Season 2 (2019)
Season 3 (2020)
Season 4 (2021–22)
Season 5: Miami Moves (2022–23)
Special
Controversy and criticism
The series was controversial prior to airing, due to star Alex Kompothecras being a friend of four Florida men who engaged in a viral act of animal cruelty by dragging a live shark behind a boat. Kompothecras was caught on camera shooting a shark, and also had uploaded racist posts to Instagram. The premiere party was cancelled after death threats were made against the cast.
On June 16, 2020, MTV announced that they parted ways with Alex Kompothecras and that the second half of season 3 would be re-edited to reflect that.
References
External links
2010s American reality television series
2017 American television series debuts
2020s American reality television series
English-language television shows
MTV original programming
Television shows set in Florida | wiki |
Kimberly Jeanine Goosen, souvent appelée Kim Goosen, Kim Morton après son mariage, est une athlète américaine née en . Spécialiste de l'ultra-trail, elle a notamment remporté la Massanutten Mountain Trails 100 Mile Run, l'Old Dominion 100 Mile Endurance Run et la Vermont 100 Mile Endurance Run en 1995.
Résultats
Liens externes
Coureuse d'ultra-trail américaine
Naissance en août 1972 | wiki |
Nothing to Prove – album dei Jeffries Fan Club del 1998
Nothing to Prove – album dei Teen Idols del 2003
Nothing to Prove – album degli H2O del 2008 | wiki |
UPAEP may refer to:
Postal Union of the Americas, Spain and Portugal
Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla | wiki |
Elfin steht für
Elfin Sports Cars, australischer Sportwagenhersteller
Elfin (König), von Alt Clut († ca. 693)
Elfin Cove
Elfin-Thymian | wiki |
P. pratensis may refer to:
Poa pratensis, a perennial grass species
Pratylenchus pratensis, a plant pathogenic nematode species
Pulsatilla pratensis, a herbaceous perennial plant species
Pupilla pratensis, a land snail species | wiki |
Unboxed – album dei Free Kitten del 1994
Unboxed – album di Sammy Hagar del 1994 | wiki |
T. vulgaris may refer to:
Tylenchorhynchus vulgaris, a plant pathogenic nematode species
Typhlodromus vulgaris, a predatory mite species
See also
Vulgaris (disambiguation) | wiki |
Bizarre World is the follow-up to the successful Bizarre Foods. The show encompasses not only the classic bizarre foods of the world but also the unique cultures of the world. The new show appears to have been dropped in favor of new episodes of Bizarre Foods, which began in April 2010. The official website link redirects to the Bizarre Foods page on the Travel Channel website.
References
External links
Andrew Zimmern's webpage
Bizarre World at the Travel Channel
Interview With Andrew Zimmern: Travels in a ‘Bizarre World’
2009 American television series debuts
English-language television shows
Food travelogue television series
Travel Channel original programming | wiki |
In game theory, Silverman's game is a two-person zero-sum game played on the unit square. It is named for mathematician David Silverman.
It is played by two players on a given set of positive real numbers. Before play starts, a threshold and penalty are chosen with and . For example, consider to be the set of integers from to , and .
Each player chooses an element of , and . Suppose player A plays and player B plays . Without loss of generality, assume player A chooses the larger number, so . Then the payoff to A is 0 if , 1 if and if . Thus each player seeks to choose the larger number, but there is a penalty of for choosing too large a number.
A large number of variants have been studied, where the set may be finite, countable, or uncountable. Extensions allow the two players to choose from different sets, such as the odd and even integers.
References
Non-cooperative games | wiki |
The following is a list of the largest banks in North America by total assets as of Dec. 31, 2018. Information from 2019 S&P Global Market Intelligence, and all of the largest banks on the continent are based in two countries - the United States and Canada.
See also
List of largest banks
List of largest banks in the United States
List of largest banks in the Americas
List of largest banks in Latin America
List of largest banks in Southeast Asia
References
Banks of the Americas
North America-related lists | wiki |
John Baylor is the name of:
John R. Baylor (1822–1894), US Indian agent, publisher, editor, and Confederate politician and colonel during the American Civil War
John Baylor (American football) (born 1954), American retired National Football League player | wiki |
i-Zoom was the former name for the electronic toll collection system used on the Indiana Toll Road (ITR), which now uses the E-ZPass system. On June 27, 2007, the system was implemented from mile 1 to mile 23 of the road under the unique branding of "i-Zoom", which was fully compatible with E-ZPass and the Illinois State Toll Highway Authority's I-Pass system; the remaining toll plazas came online on April 1, 2008, with increased cash toll rates. i-Zoom transponders were then made available for purchase at service plazas and CVS/pharmacy locations in northern Indiana. As of September 2012, the i-Zoom branding was retired by the ITR for the universal E-ZPass branding used by most states in the E-ZPass system; outside of the implementation of a transponder with a smaller form factor and the removal of the i-Zoom logo from post-September 2012 transponder units, along with a website upgrade in 2014, no other changes to transponders or accounts are planned.
Compatibility with intrastate toll systems
The Indiana E-ZPass system is compatible with both the ISTHA's I-Pass and the E-ZPass systems used throughout the Eastern Seaboard states, and by the neighboring Ohio Turnpike, which opened their E-ZPass system at the beginning of September 2009. The Indiana Toll Road and the ISTHA entered into a reciprocal agreement whereby holders of either the i-Zoom or I-Pass receive a discount on tolls in either state, as well as E-ZPass users, and it is likewise the case between the ITR and Ohio Turnpike Commission. Toll discounts are currently not offered with electronic tolling on the Skyway. The discount to I-Pass users is subsidized by the State of Indiana rather than by the ITR's operator.
There are issues with the reciprocal use of I-PASS by Illinois motorists and E-ZPass Indiana motorists on the other state's toll road. Each state charges the other a transaction fee when the out-of-state transponder is used to pay a toll. About 70 percent of all electronic transactions on the ITR are done with I-PASS transponders, according to Illinois Tollway Authority figures. Until January 1, 2010, the fee was absorbed, with I-PASS users paying twice as many Indiana tolls as E-ZPass Indiana users paying Illinois tolls. To address this imbalance, the ITR began charging E-ZPass Indiana users a 3¢ surcharge on each of their Indiana Toll Road tolls, effective January 1, 2010. The ITR has signage which states the Illinois Tollway is charging the additional fee to I-PASS users, but this is incorrect since the Illinois Tollway is only able to charge tolls or fees on Illinois Tollways. The 3¢ surcharge, rather, was a business decision by ITR Concession Company, the private company that operates the Indiana Toll Road, to recoup money lost as a result of the Illinois Tollway billing the ITRCC for a variety of customer service costs and the uneven amount of electronic transactions in the two states.
Purchasing and care
, while the ITR encouraged users to either purchase an E-ZPass ITR transponder or to move their business from the I-Pass system, the cost of a transponder was $10, with that price (or $8 of it if bought via retail) immediately credited as a starting balance for the tag. Due to the low price and pre-paid deposit amount, Indiana's implementation is the lowest-priced transponder currently in the E-ZPass system. If users of both the I-Pass and Indiana's E-ZPass systems have both transponders, unshielded, in their vehicle, the system will charge a toll on both devices—double payment—at a toll plaza; the storage bag which comes in the device's welcome kit is metallic and acts as a Faraday cage if one of the transponders is kept in it, preventing it from incorrectly being detected by the toll plaza's system.
See also
References
External links
Electronic toll collection | wiki |
SolarAid is an international development charity which is working to create a sustainable market for solar lights in Africa. In line with the Sustainable Development Goal 7: "Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all", the organisation's aim is to reduce global poverty and climate change through providing access to solar lights for rural communities. SolarAid wholly owns the social enterprise, SunnyMoney, the largest seller of solar lights in Africa. SolarAid was founded by Solarcentury, a solar energy company based in the UK.
Aims and focus
SolarAid aims to light up every home, school and clinic in Africa by 2030, using safe, clean, solar power. The charity's social enterprise, SunnyMoney, operates in Zambia and Malawi. SolarAid also work through partners in Uganda and Senegal in West Africa.
Awards
SolarAid is the recipient of a 2013 Google Global Impact Award, a 2013 Guardian Sustainable Business Award. and the 2013 Ashden Gold Award.
See also
Renewable energy in developing countries
Solar lamp
UN-Energy
References
External links
SolarAid Official website
SunnyMoney Official website
Charities based in London
Development charities based in the United Kingdom
International development in Africa
International organisations based in London
International sustainable development
Renewable energy policy
Sustainability organizations | wiki |
ISO 31-10 is the part of international standard ISO 31 that defines names and symbols for quantities and units related to nuclear reactions and ionizing radiations. It gives names and symbols for 70 quantities and units. Where appropriate, conversion factors are also given.
Its definitions include:
00031-10 | wiki |
Pulp is a brand of nectar introduced to the Peruvian market by the Ajegroup in 2004. Pulp is sold in glass bottles of 300 ml and cartons of 150 ml and one litre in the flavors durazno (peach), mango, and piña (pineapple).
See also
Fruit juice
Juice vesicles
External links
Official website of the Ajegroup
References
Peruvian drinks
Ajegroup brands | wiki |
Casino Magic is a casino brand owned by Pinnacle Entertainment, from its acquisition of Casino Magic Corp. It may refer to:
Casino Magic Bay St. Louis (now Hollywood Casino Gulf Coast)
Casino Magic Biloxi (now Margaritaville Resort Biloxi)
Casino Magic Bossier City (now Boomtown Bossier City)
Casino Magic Junin de los Andes
Casino Magic Neuquén
Casino Magic San Martin de los Andes | wiki |
Undoing may refer to:
Undoing (psychology)
Undoing (film)
The Undoing, 2020 HBO miniseries
The Undoing (album), by Steffany Gretzinger | wiki |
ISO 31-13 gives name, symbol and definition for 62 quantities and units of solid state physics. Where appropriate, conversion factors are also given.
00031-13 | wiki |
The Passaic Bus Terminal, also referred to as Main Avenue Terminal, is a local and regional bus terminal operated by New Jersey Transit (NJT) located on Main Avenue in Passaic, New Jersey in the city's downtown area.
Facilities and service
Unlike its counterpart in Paterson, there are no actual terminal facilities at Passaic Bus Terminal. Instead, there is one turnoff lane on Main Avenue that must be used by all buses entering and departing from the station. In September 2016 it was announced that the antiquated facilities would be replaced with a new off street terminal, made possible in part with federal funding.
Not all bus routes that serve the terminal use it a termination/origination point. Community Coach, under contract with NJT, operates several routes in Passaic and adjacent Bergen County which run Monday through Saturday service. As of 2016 an average of 2,800 weekday NJT passengers on more than 400 weekday trips used the facility. It was estimated that there was an average of 1300 weekday passengers on approximately 550 weekday jitney trips.
Passaic bus routes
See also
List of New Jersey Transit bus routes (700–799)
New Jersey Transit Bus Operations
References
External links
Unofficial New Jersey bus map
NJ Transit route finder
NJT services near Passaic Bus Terminal
Transportation buildings and structures in Passaic County, New Jersey
Bus transportation in New Jersey
NJ Transit bus stations
Buildings and structures in Passaic, New Jersey
Transit hubs serving New Jersey | wiki |
Cross-laminates are products that feature layers of material that are laid down at right angles to each other, in order to provide greater strength across a uniform surface. Cross-laminated timber (similar to plywood) is one example. There are also synthetic, flexible films with enhanced properties via mechanical manipulation of the film.
References
Materials | wiki |
A researcher is a person engaged in conducting research.
It may also refer to:
Researcher (horse), a racehorse
NOAAS Researcher (R 103), an American oceanographic research vessel
See also
Research (disambiguation) | wiki |
Wiwi may refer to:
Places
Mount Wiwi, a mountain in West Papua, Indonesia
People
Given name or nickname
Awilda Carbia or "Wiwi" Carbia (1938–2009), Puerto Rican actress
Wiwi-Anne Johansson (born 1950), Swedish politician
Wiwi Nguyễn Lê Hương Quỳnh (born ), Vietnamese contestant on Supermodel Me (season 6)
"Wiwi" Arão Manuel Lologi, Angolan footballer on the 2020–2021 F.C. Bravos do Maquis lineup
Surname
Brant Wiwi, American competitor in the 2006 AMA Superbike Championship
Pertiwi Wiwi, Indonesian competitor in karate at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games
Other uses
Wīwī, several species of rushes and sedges found in New Zealand
WIWI-LP, a low-power FM radio station licensed to Milwaukee, Wisconsin
See also
WI (disambiguation) | wiki |
The lymphatic endothelium is a specialised form of epithelium, distinct from but similar to vascular endothelium. A lymph capillary endothelial cell is distinct from other endothelial cells in that collagen fibers are directly attached to its plasma membrane.
Although lymphatics were first described by Hippocrates in 400BC and rediscovered as "milky veins in the gut of a well fed dog" in the 17th century by Gasparo Aselli, they were ignored for centuries until in 1937 Howard Florey showed that lymphatics enlarge in inflammation. At this stage vascular and lymphatic endothelia were seen to be morphologically distinct and lymphatic vessels considered less important. Later it was discovered that VEGF-R3 and VEGF-C/VEGF-D were the key growth factors controlling lymphatic endothelial proliferation. Markers of lymphatic endolthelium were not discovered until relatively recently. These being LYVE-1 (Jackson et al., 1999) and podoplanin (Kerjaschki, 1999).
See also
Endothelium
References
Further reading
Lymphatic system
Lymphatic tissue | wiki |
Dumfries House (Scottish Gaelic: Taigh Dhùn Phris) is a Palladian country house located in the town of Cumnock in East Ayrshire, Scotland. It is within a large estate, around west of Cumnock. Noted for being one of the few such houses with much of its original 18th-century furniture still present, including specially commissioned Thomas Chippendale pieces, the house and estate is now owned by The Prince's Foundation, a charity which maintains it as a visitor attraction and hospitality and wedding venue. Both the house and the gardens are listed as significant aspects of Scottish heritage.
The estate and an earlier house were originally called Lefnoreis or Lochnorris, owned by a branch of the Craufurds of Loudoun. The present house was built in the 1750s for William Dalrymple, 5th Earl of Dumfries, by John Adam and Robert Adam. Having been inherited by the 2nd Marquess of Bute in 1814, it remained in his family until 2007 when the 7th Marquess sold it, after three years of uncertainty, due to the cost of upkeep.
Due to its significance and the risk of the furniture collection being distributed and auctioned in 2007 the estate and its entire contents was purchased for £45m for the country by a consortium headed by the Prince of Wales (later King Charles III) including a £20m loan from the Prince's charitable trust. The intention was to renovate the estate to become self-sufficient, both to preserve it and regenerate the local economy. As well as donors and sponsorship, funding was also intended to come from constructing the nearby housing development of Knockroon, a planned community along the lines of the Prince's similar venture, Poundbury in Dorset.
The house duly reopened in 2008, equipped for public tours. Since then various other parts of the estate have been reopened for various uses, to provide both education and employment, as well as funding the trust's running costs. The then Prince of Wales was in residence at the estate on 8 September 2022, when his mother, Queen Elizabeth II, became gravely ill; he was transported by helicopter to Balmoral Castle, where she died later the same day.
Designations
The house is a category A listed building, described by Historic Environment Scotland as "an exceptionally fine and unspoilt Adam mansion". The grounds of the house are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland, the national listing of significant gardens and parks.
History
Lochnorris estate
Originally the estate was known as Lefnoreis or Lochnorris, and belonged to a branch of Craufurds of Loudoun. The original castle stood on the elevated ground close to the coach house.
Earl of Dumfries
In 1635, the estate was purchased from the Craufords by William Crichton, 2nd Earl of Dumfries (1598–1691). The estate, and the title, passed via his daughter to his grandson William Dalrymple-Crichton, 5th Earl of Dumfries and 4th Earl of Stair (1699–1768). He commissioned the Adam brothers to design a new house for the estate.
Dumfries House was designed and built between 1754 and 1759, by Scottish architects John and Robert Adam, although the style of the house is more in keeping with John Adam's other work. Robert Adam oversaw construction until his departure on the "Grand Tour" of Europe. As such it represents an early independent work by the Adam Brothers, who had taken over the architecture business of their father William Adam on his death in 1748. The house is a Palladian design, with a three-storey central block connected to smaller pavilions by linking wings. A master mason who worked as a contractor at Dumfries House was James Armour, father-in-law of the poet Robert Burns.
Marquess of Bute
In 1814, Dumfries House was inherited, along with the earldom of Dumfries, by John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute, and the property remained in the Crichton-Stuart family until 2007. In 1885, the 3rd Marquess of Bute commissioned Robert Weir Schultz to design the pavilions. The Crichton-Stuart family retained their main residence at Mount Stuart House on the Isle of Bute. In the later 20th century, the house was lived in by the Dowager Marchioness of Bute, Lady Eileen, until her death in 1993. The 6th Marquess died a few months later, meaning the house passed to her grandson the 7th Marquess, the racing driver known as John Bute (and formerly as Johnny Dumfries).
Intended sale
With John Bute facing a bill from the death duties of both his father and grandmother, he considered selling the house. It was first offered to the National Trust for Scotland in 1994, but they declined. He instead retained the house, later replacing the roof.
In 2004, it was again offered to the National Trust, but by 2007 negotiations had fallen through. In April 2007, it was announced the house would be sold and the contents auctioned separately. The house was scheduled for sale through Savills and its contents for auction by Christie's. It was thought that some of the art and furniture might fetch nearly as much as the house itself; one Chippendale rosewood bookcase, for example, was valued at £2m-£4m.
With the announcement of the sale, preservationists lamented the imminent dispersal of an ensemble said to have remained virtually untouched since an 1803 inventory, and organised a campaign intending to buy the house and hold it in trust under the Save Britain's Heritage organisation. With the funding the campaign managed to raise still falling short, a sale via the auction route looked inevitable after Historic Scotland announced in May 2007 that they would not financially back the campaign.
Charity ownership
The estate was finally purchased as a whole after Charles, Prince of Wales (later Charles III) heard about the campaign from the writer and campaign member James Knox, who made "an impassioned impromptu speech" at one of the Prince's bi-annual conservation conferences at Holyrood House in Edinburgh. On 27 June 2007, it was announced that a consortium headed by the Prince, and including various heritage charities and the Scottish Government (who contributed £5m), had raised £45 million to purchase the house and contents (along with its roughly estate) and endow a trust for maintaining it.
The trust was set up with the name "The Great Steward of Scotland's Dumfries House Trust", a reference to the title Great Steward of Scotland then held by Charles in his role as Scottish heir apparent. A major element of the financial package was a £20m loan backed by The Prince's Charities Foundation. It was reported that the contents of the house had already been removed, and were being transported to London when the sale was agreed.
The trust's intended model is to have the estate become a self-sufficient enterprise, in the process revitalising the local economy. The project was to be achieved through donation and sponsorship of various renovation projects around the estate, as well as through revenues from the construction of an 'eco-village' in the grounds, a planned community called Knockroon.
In 2008, the advent of the global financial crisis had a major impact on the project, affecting the prospects for the Knockroon development and thus the recouping of the £20m loan. The Prince faced much media criticism for putting the Foundation's other projects at risk for what was seen as a vanity project, prompting a response in 2010 describing the risk as "manageable and fully covered." After switching to a model of private and corporate fund raising, the £20m loan was repaid by 2012, with a further £15m backing having been raised for the various renovation projects and ongoing maintenance bill for the estate.
Following restoration, Dumfries House itself opened to the public for guided tours on 6 June 2008. From mid-2009, supermarket chain Morrisons began funding the restoration of the meat and dairy farm attached to the estate, both to become a research and education tool into sustainable farming methods, but also with the intention of its becoming profitable by 2014, part of the chain's vertically integrated supply chain. Renovation of the former coach house and associated stable block began in winter 2010. It reopened in 2011 as a catering facility, as both a visitor cafe and bistro dining facility. The first phase of the Knockroon village opened in May 2011.
In October 2011, work was started on clearing the area that used to be the Walled Garden, which had fallen into disuse and become overgrown. In April 2012, the six-bedroomed guest house Dumfries House Lodge opened, to provide guest accommodation for wedding parties and other events. It was created by renovating a derelict farm building on the estate. The estate's former water-powered sawmill has been renovated to full working order, and with the addition of a larger workshop building, has re-opened as the Sawmill Building Skills Centre, a traditional skills education facility.
King Charles, while Prince of Wales and known in Scotland as the Duke of Rothesay, continued to support Dumfries House. In September 2012, with Camilla, then the Duchess of Rothesay and known as the Duchess of Cornwall, and Alex Salmond, then the First Minister of Scotland, Charles attended Ladies' Day at Ayr Racecourse in aid of the Trust.
In 2017, the Prince of Wales celebrated 10 years of Dumfries house; he was quoted in Dumfries House Magazine as saying, "We now have over 150 employees and thousands of individuals using the estate. My hope, therefore, is that this publication can help to involve a wider audience of supporters by providing an insight to all that happens on this estate and to its even more important outreach work."
In May 2018, "The Great Steward of Scotland's Dumfries House Trust" was renamed "The Prince's Foundation".
In 2019, the BBC reported that The Prince's Charities Foundation had accepted $202,000 in donations from Quantus Division Ltd, a company that was part of an offshore network managed by Ruben Vardanyan's Moscow investment bank Troika Dialog that moved billions out of Russia. Money from the network was used to help with restoring parts of Dumfries House. Vardanyan stated that any donations to the Prince's Charities Foundation were from his personal funds.
In October 2022, the King featured in a special edition of the BBC TV programme The Repair Shop filmed at Dumfries House, sharing objects from the collection in need of restoration. In January 2023, it was reported that Dumfries House would be open to the public as a part of an initiative by the Prince's Foundation to tackle loneliness and isolation in cold weather by providing warm spaces.
Gallery
Education
Dumfries House is home to several separate education centres where school pupils can visit to learn about topics ranging from science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) to farming and gardening. Education programs are linked into the Scottish Curriculum for Excellence and offer pupils from the surrounding Ayrshires, Dumfries and Galloway, Glasgow and Lanarkshire an opportunity to learn about future careers and learn new skills.
Centres are open year-round to primary schools and secondary schools.
See also
Terringzean Castle, a ruin within the Dumfries House estate
References
Sources and external links
Dumfries House Sunny Images and Interesting History
Houses completed in 1759
Listed houses in Scotland
Category A listed buildings in East Ayrshire
Charles III
Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes
Robert Adam buildings
H
Historic house museums in East Ayrshire
Country houses in East Ayrshire | wiki |
The Curly-coated Retriever (not always hyphenated, and often called the Curly for short) is a breed of dog originally bred in England for upland bird and waterfowl hunting. It is the tallest of the retrievers and is easily distinguishable by the mass of tight curls covering its body. Curly Coated and Wavy Coated (now known as the Flat-Coated Retriever) were the first two recognised retriever breeds, established as early as 1860.
Appearance
The Curly is an active, well-muscled dog bred for upland bird and waterfowl hunting. The Curly is somewhat different in structure than the more common retrievers. A Curly will appear slightly leggy but is actually slightly longer than tall. It is balanced and agile with a significant air of endurance, strength, and grace. Curlies are soft-mouthed and regularly handle game with care. Show standards call for dogs to be between at the withers, and for females to be between , however a wide range of sizes occurs, particularly in those dogs bred for the field, which generally run smaller. The country of origin calls for a taller dog and bitch, with only for males and for females listed. In the show ring, taller is preferable to shorter. Weight should be in proportion to the height of the dog.
The breed sports a coat of tight, crisp curls. The tight curled coat of the Curly repels water, burrs, and prevents damage that other sporting dogs with softer, thinner coats cannot escape. The only acceptable colours for the Curly-Coated Retriever are solid black and solid liver. Occasional white hairs are permissible, but large white patches are a serious fault. Eyes should be either black or brown in black dogs, and brown or amber in liver dogs. Yellow eyes are unusual. The nose should be fully pigmented, and the same colour as the coat as the dog.
Temperament
The Curly-Coated Retriever was originally developed as a gamekeepers gun dog and their temperament and conformation reflect this purpose. Curlies are still used in many countries as bird hunting companions, including in both upland and waterfowl hunting. Like most retrievers, they are valued as pets and are a lively and fun-loving breed. As long as the Curly has enough exercise, it can be calm and laid back in the home environment, which makes them both a great activity dog as well as a placid member of the family.
The Curly can be sometimes aloof with strangers but are usually very loyal and affectionate with their owners and family. Curlies are extremely intelligent in general, but training can sometimes be difficult as they can easily get bored with repetitive training.
Care and maintenance
Coat
Curlies are a single coated breed with no undercoat, and the small tight curls of a show-standard dog are very easy to maintain. A Curly kept as a companion and/or hunting animal need not be elaborately groomed but needs to be kept clean and free of mats for the health of the dog. All Curlies shed though not to the degree that dogs with undercoats do. The Females of this dog breed usually shed more heavily during their heat cycles (usually twice a year). Dogs and bitches may also shed more in the spring, especially those living in areas with extreme seasonal temperature changes. Bathing should be as needed using a dog shampoo.
Show ring exhibitors normally trim feathering from the tail, ears, belly, legs, and feet. Trimming is not required when exhibiting a Curly at a conformation dog show, but most judges may discount the dog if it is not trimmed. Shaving of the body coat is undesirable. Colors only come in solid liver & black.
Exercise
The Curly-Coated Retriever likes exercise; it was bred for athleticism and endurance in the field. A Curly is an intelligent dog and is happiest when it has adequate exercise, mental stimulation and play. Curlies are great dogs for active sports such as hunt tests, flyball and dog agility trials as they love the outdoors, working with people, and activities of any kind. While active and exuberant outside, at play, or in the field, the adult Curly is generally a calm house dog. According to the International Encyclopedia of Dogs (1984), "this dog's delight is swimming", which has made it a valuable retriever especially where streams and rivers have to be crossed.
Health
Life expectancy
Average life expectancy is 9–14 years, although there are instances of Curlies living to 15 to 17 years of age.
Known medical issues
Cancer
Cardiac problems
Epilepsy
Exercise-induced collapse
Eye problems such as cataracts, corneal dystrophy, distichiasis, entropion, ectropion, or retinal dysplasia
Gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat)
Glycogen storage disease (GSD)
Hip dysplasia
See also
Dogs portal
List of dog breeds
Chesapeake Bay Retriever
Labrador Retriever
References
Stanley Dangerfield and Elsworth Howell, The International Encyclopedia of Dogs (1984 edition) Mermaid Books.
External links
FCI breeds
Dog breeds originating in England
Vulnerable Native Breeds
Gundogs
Retrievers | wiki |
Cannabis in the United States Virgin Islands is legal for recreational use since January 18, 2023. Legislation to legalize was passed by the territorial legislature in 2022, and was signed into law on January 18. Medical use was legalized in 2019 through a bill that passed the Senate 9–4.
Decriminalization (2014)
In December 2014, USVI's unicameral Legislature voted 14–0 to override Governor John P. DeJongh's line-item veto of cannabis decriminalization from the territory's 2015 budget. Penalties for possession of of cannabis or less were reduced from a year in jail and $5,000 fine to a civil offense punishable by a fine of $100–$200. Governor DeJohng had vetoed the measure in October, saying the bill would complicate the government's ability to deal with cannabis regarding workplace safety rules and pre-trial release and bail.
Medical cannabis referendum (2014)
In 2014 a non-binding referendum was held in USVI, asking voters whether the Legislature should explore the issue of legalizing medical cannabis. In August the USVI Senate approved the addition of that referendum to the 2014 election, 12–2. In November, the results were announced as coming in favor of the consideration of medical cannabis, 56%–43% (10,503–8,074). It followed a 2012 referendum that approved the legalisation of industrial hemp.
Medical cannabis legalized (2019)
On January 19, 2019, Gov. Albert Bryan signed into law the Virgin Islands Medical Cannabis Patient Care Act. The act allows patients with a doctor's recommendation to use and possess up to of cannabis for treatment of certain qualifying medical conditions. A system for licensing of cultivators and dispensaries is also outlined, as well as a provision for patients to cultivate up to 12 plants. The act passed the Senate by a 9–4 vote.
Adult-use cannabis legislation (2019)
On December 3, 2019, Gov. Albert Bryan announced a recreational cannabis amendment to the Virgin Islands Medical Cannabis Patient Care Act. The amendment would allow anyone to obtain a license to purchase cannabis from a licensed dispensary. Expungement of non-violent marijuana convictions is included in the amendment.
Adult-use cannabis legislation (2022)
Senate Bill 34-0345 "to expand the legalization of Cannabis from medicinal use to include Adult Use Cannabis" was introduced by Senators Janelle K. Sarauw and Angel L. Bolques in November 2022. The bill was passed by a veto-proof Senate majority on December 30, 2022. The governor signed it into law on January 18.
Illicit economy
The July 2003 Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands Drug Threat Assessment by the National Drug Intelligence Center describes the illicit economy around cannabis in the USVI:
Most marijuana available in the USVI arrives from southern island locations such as St. Lucia and St. Vincent and the Grenadines; however, its origin is unknown. ... Cannabis produced locally in the USVI usually is cultivated outdoors; however, poor terrain and arid climate across the USVI produce a low-quality product. ... Marijuana primarily is transported to the USVI in small maritime vessels. ... In the USVI local criminal groups and independent dealers are the primary wholesale and retail distributors of marijuana. ... Treatment data for the USVI are unavailable; however, USVI law enforcement officials indicate that marijuana abuse is widespread.
...
Typically, the marijuana available in the USVI is transported from islands in the Caribbean; the source of the marijuana is not known.... The DEA Caribbean Division reported the following marijuana seizures in the USVI: 0.3 kilograms in FY2000; 28.6 kilograms in FY2001, and 465.5 kilograms in FY2002. ... In St. Thomas and St. John, marijuana sold for approximately $1,300 per kilogram, $600 per pound, $100 per ounce, and $10 per bag in the second quarter of FY2002.
....
The percentage of drug-related federal sentences that were marijuana-related in Puerto Rico and the USVI in FY2001 was significantly lower than the national percentage. According to USSC data, 3.0 percent of drug-related federal sentences in Puerto Rico and 6.7 percent of drug-related federal sentences in the USVI were marijuana-related compared with 32.8 percent nationally.
...
The level of violence directly attributed to marijuana distribution in Puerto Rico and the USVI is low. However, distributors who sell marijuana often distribute other drugs, including cocaine and heroin, and commit violent crimes to protect their territory.
...
Cannabis also is cultivated--primarily outdoors--in the USVI; however, poor terrain and arid climate across the USVI produce a low quality product. Nearly all the cannabis cultivated is intended for local distribution. Cultivation sites most commonly are located in rural areas across the islands and typically contain 100 to 200 cannabis plants. In August 2002 federal and local law enforcement authorities seized approximately 1,100 cannabis plants in a series of raids in St. Croix. Law enforcement officials located the plants using helicopters. The plants were scattered in plots throughout the western half of the island. No arrests were made.
...
Most of the marijuana available in the USVI is transported by small maritime vessels from southern island locations including St. Lucia or St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Neither the principal transporters nor the origin of marijuana arriving in the USVI from these locations is known.
...
In the USVI local criminal groups and independent dealers are the primary wholesale- and retail-level distributors of marijuana. ... In the USVI marijuana is sold via hand-to-hand transactions on city streets and in residences, bars, and clubs.
References
Virgin Islands
Politics of the United States Virgin Islands
Society of the United States Virgin Islands
United States Virgin Islands | wiki |
EOTA can refer to:
European Organisation for Technical Approvals
Ford Consul EOTA, a variant of the Ford Consul produced from 1951 to 1956
Ēota land, the Old English name for Jutland | wiki |
„Suddenly” – singel Arasha
„Suddenly” – singel Ashley Tisdale | wiki |
Driesh (Gaelic: Dris) is a mountain located in the Grampians of Scotland. Apart from Mount Keen (939 m/3,080 ft), it is the most easterly of the Munro peaks.
Located several miles north of the town of Kirriemuir in Angus, the closeness of Driesh to the city of Dundee makes it a popular Munro with locals; in many ways making it the Dundonian equivalent to Ben Lomond near Glasgow.
References
Munros
Mountains and hills of the Eastern Highlands
Mountains and hills of Angus, Scotland | wiki |
Last Call for Blackford Oakes is a 2005 Blackford Oakes novel by William F. Buckley, Jr.
It is the final of the 11 novels in the Blackford Oakes series.
Plot
CIA agent Blackford Oakes confronts Kim Philby, a British double agent who defected to the Soviet Union, in 1987.
References
2005 American novels
Blackford Oakes novels
Fiction set in 1987
Novels set in the 1980s
American spy novels
English-language novels | wiki |
Self-arrest is a technique employed in mountaineering in which a climber who has fallen and is sliding down a snow or ice-covered slope arrests the slide by themselves without recourse to a rope or other belay system. Self-arrest can be performed by using ice axe and a combination of a climber's boots, hands, feet, knees and elbows. Use of an ice axe greatly increases the probability of effectively stopping a fall down a snow field, ice field, or glacier.
Techniques
Widely used self-arrest techniques involve placing one's body weight on top of an ice axe to drive the head into the slope. Lack of an ice axe reduces the probability of successful self-arrest.
Effectiveness
The likelihood of being able to self-arrest depends on skills of the climber and three main factors:
Angle of the slope: The greater the angle of the slope, the harder it is to arrest a slide. On very steep slopes, the chance of effective self-arrest may approach zero.
Hardness of the slope: The harder the surface of the slope the harder it is to perform self-arrest. On icy slopes (e.g., on an icefall), the pick may fail to engage the surface, or it may bounce with great force on hitting a snag making it difficult to even maintain control of the axe. Negative or neutral angle picks are considered superior by some in this regard as they have a lower tendency to snag on the ice while others maintain that they will not penetrate ice as easily as positive angle picks.
Speed in performing the maneuver: The longer the delay before the climber starts to put weight on the axe's pick the longer they will freely accelerate down the slope. If the climber is slow to perform the maneuver, by the time they get into the self-arrest position their speed may be high enough to make arrest effectively impossible.
The tip of the pick of the ice axe forms a short blade. When there is positive clearance the downhill point of this blade will engage the ice first when the axe is in arrest position. With negative clearance the uphill point of the blade will engage first. On hard ice, a negative-clearance-axe will skate across the surface when attempting arrest, resulting in very little braking force. This can result in very serious injury and death. A positive-clearance point will dig in aggressively, requiring skill to avoid excessive braking force but giving the climber their best chance to survive.
See also
Index of climbing topics
References
Pit Schubert, Sicherheit und Risiko in Fels und Eis Band 1 (7th edition), Bergverlag Rother (2005),
External links
Nova self arrest
British Mountaineering Council Video
Mountaineering techniques | wiki |
A solar tube may refer to:
Evacuated tube collector – a type of high efficiency solar thermal collector
Light tube | wiki |
Cyclopentadienylchromium tricarbonyl dimer is the organochromium compound with the formula Cp2Cr2(CO)6, where Cp is C5H5. A dark green crystalline solid. It is the subject of research it exists in measureable equilibrium quantities with the monometallic radical CpCr(CO)3.
Structure and synthesis
The six CO ligands are terminal, and the Cr-Cr bond distance is 3.281 Å, 0.06 Å longer than the related dimolybdenum compound. The compound is prepared by treatment of chromium hexacarbonyl with sodium cyclopentadienide followed by oxidation of the resulting NaCr(CO)3(C5H5).
Related compounds
Cyclopentadienylmolybdenum tricarbonyl dimer
Cyclopentadienyltungsten tricarbonyl dimer
References
Organochromium compounds
Carbonyl complexes
Dimers (chemistry)
Half sandwich compounds
Cyclopentadienyl complexes
Chemical compounds containing metal–metal bonds | wiki |
Ott, OTT or O.T.T. may refer to:
Entertainment
OTT (group), a pop band from the late 1990s
Ott (record producer), British record producer and musician
"O.T.T" (song), a song by Fugative
O.T.T. (TV series), a UK TV programme from the early 1980s presented by Chris Tarrant
O.T.T., name of the re-release of Exciter's 1988 self-titled album
Other uses
Ongi kuden (就註法華経口伝) or "The Record of the Orally Transmitted Teachings", a text in Nichiren Buddhism
Ott (name), a surname and given name, including a list of notable people with the name
OTT Airlines, a Chinese airline based in Shanghai
An abbreviation for Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Ottawa Senators, a National Hockey League team
Over-the-top media service, a delivery method for video and audio over the Internet, abbreviated OTT or OtT
Over the Top Wrestling, an Irish Wrestling promotion
See also
Otte
OT (disambiguation) | wiki |
Atlas may refer to a number of sailing ships;
, a 435-ton merchant ship built in South Shields in 1801, that transported convicts to Port Jackson in 1802 and 1819. She was wrecked outside Pulicat, India on 9 May 1820.
, a 547-ton merchant ship built in Quebec in 1801, that transported convicts to Port Jackson in 1802.
, a 501-ton merchant ship built in Whitby in 1811, that transported convicts to Port Jackson in 1816 and disappeared in 1817.
, was launched at Kingston upon Hull as an East Indiaman. She made nine voyages to India or China for the British East India Company (EIC) before she was sold in 1831 for breaking up.
See also
Ship names | wiki |
Canada may refer to a number of ships
Sailing ships:
, a ship launched as Adriatic in 1782, renamed in 1786 to Canada, that served as a whaling and seal hunting ship until she was wrecked in 1800
, a 393-ton merchant and convict transport built in 1800 at Shields and last listed in 1832
was launched at Montreal in 1811 and that same year was re-registered at Glasgow. She made one voyage carrying settlers to South Africa in 1819, but spent most of her career sailing across the Atlantic between England and North America. She underwent a major mishap in 1836, but was salvaged. She was last listed in 1838.
Canada (1819), a 216-ton ship built in 1819 at Sunderland
Canada (1823), a 528-ton ship built in 1823 at New York
Canada (1831), a 330-ton ship built in 1831 at Greenock
Canada (1838), a 532-ton barque built in 1838 at Maryport
Canada (1839), a 282-ton snow built in 1839 at Sunderland
, a 2,301-ton ship built in 1891 at Kingsport, Nova Scotia, Canada's largest sailing ship at her launch.
Other:
, ship of the Royal Canadian Navy
, several ships of the Royal Navy
SS Canada (1896), the first twin-screw steamship operated between Liverpool and Montreal
, an
Ship names | wiki |
Krugman is an Americanized form of the German surname Krugmann, an occupational surname based on occupation of a jug/mug seller/manufacturer or of an innkeeper. Notable people with the surname Krugman or Krugmann include:
Irene Krugman Rudnick (1929–2019), American politician
Martin Krugman (1919–1979), associate of the Lucchese crime family
Morris Krugman (1899–1993), American psychologist
Paul Krugman (born 1953), economist, New York Times columnist, and winner of the 2008 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
Robin Wells Krugman (born 1959), American economist
Roswitha Krugmann, marriage name of Roswitha Eberl (born 1958), East German sprint canoer
Saul Krugman (1911–1995), inventor of the Hepatitis B vaccine.
See also
References | wiki |
Lesotho, a country in Southern Africa, is home to several languages, including Phuthi, Sesotho, Xhosa, Zulu and English, — all, except for English, belong to the Niger–Congo language family.
National and official languages
Sesotho (or Southern Sesotho), a Southern Bantu language, is the national language of Lesotho, and is spoken by most Basotho. It was recognized as the national language by the National and Official Languages Bill, ratified by the National Assembly of Lesotho on 12 September 1966, which also established Sesotho and English as the country's two official languages. The country's language policy promotes bilingualism, and Chapter 1 of the Constitution of Lesotho states:
Sesotho is the first language of more than 90 percent of the population and is "used widely as a medium of communication" in day-to-day speech. English is reserved for official interactions, such as "government and administration", although the use of Sesotho in politics, religion, and the mass media is growing.
Primary education of children takes place in Sesotho for the first four years, but English becomes the medium of instruction in the fifth year of primary school. Competence in English is "particularly important ... for educational, political, social and economic transactions in the subcontinent" and facilitates obtaining employment within Lesotho and abroad. Although "efforts are made to ensure that Basotho children" learn to read, speak and write English, many Basotho complete only "basic primary education [and] remain monolingual in Sesotho".
Minority and immigrant languages
A minority of Basotho, estimated to number 248,000 , speak Zulu, one of the eleven official languages of South Africa. Phuthi, a Nguni language closely related to Swazi, an official language of South Africa and Eswatini, is spoken by 43,000 Basotho (). Xhosa, another Nguni language and official language of South Africa, is spoken by 18,000 people in Lesotho. Speakers of these minority languages typically also speak Sesotho.
Afrikaans, spoken mainly in South Africa and Namibia, is an immigrant language.
See also
Languages of South Africa
Languages of Eswatini
Notes
Footnotes
Citations
References | wiki |
«Entre fantasmas» puede referirse a:
Entretenimiento
Entre fantasmas (1993), novela de Fernando Vallejo.
Entre fantasmas (Ghost Whisperer) (2005-2010), serie de televisión estadounidense. | wiki |
Schitt's Creek is a Canadian television sitcom that premiered on CBC Television on January 13, 2015. The series was created by Eugene Levy and Dan Levy and produced by Not a Real Company Productions. On January 12, 2015, CBC renewed the show for a second season, which premiered January 12, 2016, and consisted of 13 episodes. On February 17, 2016, the CBC announced that they renewed the show for a third season, and began broadcasting the third season on January 10, 2017. The fourth season began on January 9, 2018, in Canada and January 24 on Pop TV in the United States.
The series stars Eugene Levy and Catherine O'Hara as Johnny and Moira Rose, a wealthy couple who are forced, after losing all their money, to rebuild their lives in their only remaining asset: the small town of Schitt's Creek, which they once purchased as a joke, where they are living with their two adult children in two adjacent rooms of a rundown motel. The cast also includes Dan Levy, Annie Murphy, Chris Elliott, Jennifer Robertson and Emily Hampshire.
Over the course of the series, 80 episodes of Schitt's Creek aired in Canada and the United States. The final episode, airing April 7, 2020, received the highest ratings in the history of the program with 1.3 million viewers.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2015)
Season 2 (2016)
Season 3 (2017)
Season 4 (2018)
Season 5 (2019)
Season 6 (2020)
References
External links
Schitt's Creek
Lists of Canadian sitcom episodes | wiki |
Graduate House can refer to:
University of Toronto Graduate House
Graduate House (University of Melbourne)
Graduate House (Australian National University) | wiki |
Tensta steht für:
Tensta (Stockholm), ein Stadtteil von Stockholm
Tensta (Stockholms tunnelbana), eine Station der Stockholmer U-Bahn
Spånga-Tensta, ein Stockholmer Stadtbezirk
Tensta ist der Künstlername von:
Adam Tensta (eigentlich Adam Momodou Eriksson Taal; * 1983), schwedischer Rapper | wiki |
Thunder (Andy Taylor-album)
Thunder (East 17-dal)
Thunder (Imagine Dragons-dal)
Thunder (Prince-dal)
Thunder (képregény)
Thunder (énekes) | wiki |
A tension meter is a device used to measure tension in wires, cables, textiles, Mechanical belts and more. Meters commonly use a 3 roller system where the material travels through the rollers causing deflection in the center roller that is connected to an analog indicator or load cell on digital models. Single roll tension sensors and sonic tension meters are other types of tension meters. Tension may also be inferred from the frequency of vibration of the material under stress by solving the "Vibrating String Equation". Tension meters are available as handheld devices or as equipment for fixed installations. These are basically necessary to build up a tension-controlled closed loop.
Dimensional instruments | wiki |
Bob Welch: His Fleetwood Mac Years & Beyond Vol. 2 was an album of re-recordings of songs by former Fleetwood Mac guitarist turned solo artist Bob Welch, released in 2006 as a follow-up to the 2003 album His Fleetwood Mac Years & Beyond. This album contained six brand new songs in addition to re-recordings of two of Welch's earlier solo tracks, three Fleetwood Mac tracks from before and after Welch's tenure in the group. There were also re-recordings of three songs Welch had recorded while in the group albeit two of them only appeared on the digital edition.
Track listing
Credits
Bob Welch : All vocals and instruments
Production
Produced by Bob Welch
References
2006 albums
Bob Welch (musician) albums | wiki |
This is a list of all tornadoes that were confirmed by local offices of the National Weather Service in the United States from January to March 2014.
United States yearly total
January
January 11 event
February
February 20 event
February 21 event
February 28 event
March
March 1 event
March 6 event
March 25 event
March 26 event
March 27 event
March 28 event
March 29 event
March 31 event
See also
Tornadoes of 2014
Notes
References
Tornadoes of 2014
2014, 01
January 2014 events in the United States
February 2014 events in the United States
March 2014 events in the United States | wiki |
This is the filmography of Hong Kong singer and actor Aaron Kwok.
Film
Television series
References
Kwok, Aaron | wiki |
This glossary of chess explains commonly used terms in chess, in alphabetical order. Some of these terms have their own pages, like fork and pin. For a list of unorthodox chess pieces, see Fairy chess piece; for a list of terms specific to chess problems, see Glossary of chess problems; for a list of named opening lines, see List of chess openings; for a list of chess-related games, see List of chess variants; for a list of terms general to board games, see Glossary of board games.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Z
See also
Chess equipment
Notes
References
(1989 reprint by Chartwell Books, )
Chess
Wikipedia glossaries using description lists | wiki |
Laplace's law or The law of Laplace may refer to several concepts,
Biot–Savart law, in electromagnetics, it describes the magnetic field set up by a steady current density.
Young–Laplace equation, describing pressure difference over an interface in fluid mechanics.
Rule of succession, a smoothing technique accounting for unseen data. | wiki |
Lapping film, in the telecommunications market, is a precision coated abrasive consumable mainly used for processing and polishing optical fiber connectors. A lapping film is typically a polyester base sheet, coated with precisely graded minerals such as diamond, aluminium oxide, silicon carbide, silicon oxide or cerium oxide. A lapping film is designed to provide a uniform, consistent finish of optical fiber connector end tips to ensure efficient light/signal transmission. They are available in 0.01-45 μm grades, with or without pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) backing.
Advantages
Lapping film is a kind of ultra fine coated abrasive which is quite different from regular abrasives.
The size of material coated on the lapping film ranges from 0.01-45 μm.
The base film is polyethylene terephthalate (PET), not paper or fabric.
Applications
Lapping and polishing fiber optic connections.
Types of lapping film
Types of lapping film include: diamond, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide.
Main manufacturers
There are many global manufacturers of lapping film.
References
Abrasives | wiki |
Additive genetic effects occur when two or more genes source a single contribution to the final phenotype, or when alleles of a single gene (in heterozygotes) combine so that their combined effects equal the sum of their individual effects. Non-additive genetic effects involve dominance (of alleles at a single locus) or epistasis (of alleles at different loci).
See also
Quantitative genetics
References
Genetics | wiki |
Washington Hall may refer to:
Washington Hall, a museum in Colorado
Washington Hall (hotel), an antebellum hotel in Atlanta, Georgia
Washington Hall (University of Notre Dame), Indiana
Washington Hall (University of Massachusetts, Amherst), a dormitory
Washingtonian Hall, Endwell, New York
Washington Hall (New York City), former hotel that served as Federalist Party meeting spot and banquet hall from 1812-1844. Current site of 280 Broadway.
Washington Hall (Nashville, Tennessee), former residence of American politician Luke Lea
Washington Hall (Seattle), a historic performance hall and former fraternal hall in Washington
See also
Washington House (disambiguation)
Washington Hotel (disambiguation)
Washington New Hall, in Tyne and Wear, a house built by Sir Lowthian Bell, 1st Baronet
Washington Old Hall, in Tyne and Wear
Architectural disambiguation pages | wiki |
The Cincinnati Flower Show is a horticultural exhibition held in Cincinnati, Ohio. It is organized by the Cincinnati Horticultural Society. The show was not held from 2011 through 2014, but returned in 2015. It was not held after 2016.
External links
Official website
Flower shows
Festivals in Cincinnati | wiki |
Mount Kilimanjaro (/ˌkɪlɪmənˈdʒɑːroʊ/) is a dormant volcano (5,895 metres (19,341 ft) above sea level) in the United Republic of Tanzania.
There are several routes by which to reach Kibo, or Uhuru Peak, the highest summit of Mount Kilimanjaro, namely: Marangu, Rongai, Lemosho, Shira, Umbwe and Machame.
Being one of the most popular mountains in the world, roughly 50,000 trekkers every year try to reach the summit of Mt Kilimanjaro. According to research published by the Climb Kilimanjaro Guide, the average summit success rate across all climbers and routes is 65%. However, summit success rate heavily depends upon what route is climbed as routes vary considerably in terms of acclimatization profile and duration of the climb.
Climbing description
The trek to Uhuru Peak is considered to be a relatively straightforward endeavour; however, ample time must still be provided for proper acclimatization to prevent altitude sickness. The three shortest routes, Marangu, Rongai, and Machame, are less challenging and are often trekked by individuals with limited mountaineering experience. Some trekkers employ altitude-sickness medication, including acetazolamide, but taking at least seven days at high altitude is the best way to avoid altitude sickness, as the body needs proper time to adapt and acclimatize to high altitude.
Route travel times range from five to nine days to summit and return to the base of the mountain. Huts with cooking facilities, bathrooms, and electricity are available on the Marangu route, and camps with fewer facilities are available on many other routes. All huts and many camps have rangers stationed at them with rescue facilities (modified wheelbarrows to transport trekkers stricken with altitude sickness to lower altitudes).
Trekkers on Mount Kilimanjaro typically have a support crew of guides and porters who are integral in helping climbers reach the summit. The size of the support crew depends on the number of trekkers in a group and is regulated by the Kilimanjaro National Park (KINAPA). Tour operators are expected to comply with KINAPA guide and porter regulations. A typical climbing group of 2 trekkers will have one guide, one assistant guide, 6 porters (3 for each climber) and one cook. Porters are responsible for carrying a trekkers gear as well as key items like tents, water and cooking supplies. It is customary to tip guides and porters at the last meal on the mountain or at the end of the trip. The tipping value varies depending on the number of days spent on the mountain and the number of climbers in a group.
Summit attempts are generally begun at midnight so that trekkers can reach the rim of the crater to view the sunrise. Walking overnight also means the ground (loose gravel) is frozen, making the going significantly easier.
Trekkers on the Marangu route first encounter Gilman's Point on the rim of the crater, which is roughly a 1.5 hour hike from Uhuru Peak. Trekkers who follow the Southern Circuit will reach the summit via Stella Point which is about an hour from the summit. Both these compare with the Rongai route where the trip to the summit can be over two hours making for a very long summit day.
Another route is the Western Breach, which includes short sections of scrambling (where hands are required for balance and support). The rock on Kilimanjaro though is highly fragmented and deaths from rockfall from above have happened.
On all the southern routes and on the Western Breach climb it is possible to sleep overnight in the crater. This has three major advantages. First, it is possible to reach the summit during the day, avoiding the midnight rush. Second, there is time to visit the crater and explore the glaciers. Finally, it is possible to get back to the rim very early the next day to see the sunrise. The Furtwängler Glacier on Kilimanjaro is a remnant of the ice cap that once covered the mountain. This has retreated dramatically over the last century with over 80% glacial retreat. The glacier is named after Walter Furtwängler, who along with Ziegfried Koenig, were the fourth to ascend to the summit of Kilimanjaro in 1912.
At the summit, there is a sign posted by the Tanzanian government. The sign (printed in English only) reads "Congratulations! You are now at Uhuru Peak, Tanzania, 5,895 m. AMSL. Africa's Highest Point. World's Highest Free-Standing Mountain." It formerly had a fourth part of the sign, which read, "One of World's Largest Volcanos. Welcome." The sign is covered in travel stickers from past trekkers who have left their mark on the top of the peak. Near this sign is a box containing a log that many trekkers have signed.
Climbing routes
Machame
Nicknamed the "Whiskey" route because the route is popularized as somewhat difficult and more expensive than the Marangu route. On an overall comparison of the routes to scale Kilimanjaro, this is one of the best routes to take, both in terms of acclimatization and cost. In certain sections this route is steeper than the Marangu and Rongai routes and physically more demanding but is easier overall.
Great for acclimatization with many walk high, sleep low opportunities
Challenging trek with scenery through five diverse climatic zones
Good opportunity to split pre-summit day climb to leave climbers rested before summiting
A popular trail
Fully catered camping only
Requires 6–7 days for climbing.
Marangu
Nicknamed the "Coca-Cola" route because the route is popularized as easy and cheap. This, however, is a misconception as the route is more difficult due to the 'not as good acclimatization profile' as Machame/Rongai/Lemosho routes.
Often selected by unprepared, inexperienced climbers because of its reputation for being the "easiest" route, attributing to the lower success rate
The shortest and cheapest route, but less time to acclimatize, therefore lower success rate
Dormitory style accommodation in huts
Less scenic due to ascent and descent on same route
Shira / Lemosho
High summit success rate. Good for acclimatization, especially on the longer itineraries
Remote and spectacular, dramatic gorges and views of west Kilimanjaro
Converges with Machame on day 4 at Baranco
Shira offers higher start point compared to Lemosho and poorer acclimatisation
Fully catered camping only
The Lemosho route approaches Kilimanjaro from the west. Rather than simply intersecting Shira Plateau (like Machame), Lemosho crosses it from Shira Ridge to Shira 2 Camp, in a pleasant hike. Climbers encounter low traffic until the route joins the Machame route. Afterwards, Lemosho follows the same route through Lava Tower, Barranco and Barafu, known as the southern circuit. There are several options to complete the trek over 6, 7, or 8 days based on experience.
Rongai
Only northern approach to Kilimanjaro
Offers a true wilderness experience on the early stages of the climb
Very tough final summit night from the north
Fewer acclimatisation opportunities
Less scenic and flat than other routes
Also known as the Nalemuru route. Although the scenery is not as varied as the western routes, Rongai makes up for this by passing through true wilderness areas for days before joining the Marangu route at Kibo camp. Rongai is a moderately difficult route, and is highly recommended, especially for those with less backpacking experience. There are different options to complete the climb in 5, 6, or 7 days.
Umbwe
Steep, short route with lower success rate
Poor acclimatization because of rapid ascent
Very remote and quiet
Fully catered camping only
Of all the routes, Umbwe is by far the most scenic albeit steeper route up the mountain. The Rongai is the easiest camping route and the Marangu is also easy, but accommodation is in huts. As a result, this route tends to be very busy and ascent and descent routes are the same. Although the Rongai route is a flatter walk, it offers less opportunities for acclimatisation. The Machame and Lemosho routes both allow better opportunities to "walk high and sleep low", which is critical to avoiding altitude sickness.
Northern Circuit
Longest route up Kilimanjaro - good for acclimatization
Only route to traverse all of the Northern Slopes on a circumnavigation of the mountain
Fully catered camping only
The Northern Circuit is the newest route up Kilimanjaro and also the longest. It takes a minimum of 8 days to complete but most operators offer the 9 day option. Because of its length, the Northern Circuit has the highest summit success rate. The route follows the same as the Lemosho Route for the first two days and then veers off to circle around the quieter northern slopes to the east side of the mountain. There a number of route variations, but generally the Northern Circuit approaches the summit via Gilman's Point before descending on the same route as the Machame and Lemosho.
Trekking routes
Kilimanjaro has a number of official climbing routes. These are:
Northern Circuit,
Machame,
Marangu,
Rongai,
Londorossi Lemosho,
Umbwe,
Shira, and
Mweka (descent only).
Summary of routes
Northern Circuit
The Northern Circuit is the newest route on Kilimanjaro and takes 8–9 days. It begins from the north, then traverses nearly the entire mountain clockwise before approaching the summit from the east. This route offers diverse views, making a particularly scenic route. Being a lengthy, wilderness route, and the only route to cross the northern face, there is very little traffic on this route. Its length means that it provides more acclimatisation time than other routes.
Registration for the route is at Londorossi Gate, with the trek itself beginning at the road head at Lemosho Glades and following a little used track called Chamber's Route. The route then follows around the northern face of the mountain, crossing the high desert plateau of Shira Caldera and passing Shira Cathedral to reach Moir Valley and then Buffalo Ridge. From here, the route climbs onto The Saddle, a lunar landscape which stretches between Kibo and Mawenzi Peaks. The overnight ascent to the summit is made from School Hut campsite to the crater rim at Gilman's Point, from where a trail leads on to the summit of Kilimanjaro at Uruhu Peak. Descent from the summit is made via Stella Point, Barafu Camp, and Millennium Camp, leaving the park at Mweka Gate.
Lemosho route
This is an unspoilt, remote and less-used way up to the Shira Plateau. Trekkers sometimes use it to ascend the Western Breach route or follow it with the Kibo South Circuit to ascend by the easier Barafu Route. The first day of the route hardly ever has any game animals, and armed rangers never accompany a group.
The standard route takes 8 days on the mountain, and is sometimes extended to 9 days with a stay at Karanga Valley.
Route Outline
Drive from Moshi or Arusha to Londorossi Park Gate (). From here a forest track requiring a four-wheel drive vehicle leads to Lemosho Glades (, ) and a possible campsite (park fees are not paid to camp here). Walk along forest trails to Mti Mkubwa (big tree) campsite, ().
The trail gradually steepens and enters the giant heather moorland zone. Several streams are crossed then it gains the Shira Ridge at about ( and drops gently down to Shira 1 camp located by a stream on the Shira Plateau ((). This campsite could be omitted.
A gentle walk across the plateau leads to Shira 2 camp on moorland meadows by a stream ((). A variety of walks are available on the plateau making this an excellent acclimatization day.
Continue east towards Kibo passing the junction, then east towards the Lava Tower. Shortly after this, descend to Barranco hut (().
A short scramble to the top of the Great Barranco and then a traverse over scree and ridges to the Karanga Valley ((), beneath the icefalls of the Heim, Kersten, and Decken Glaciers. After climbing out of the Karanga Valley, the trail ascends a ridge to the Barafu Hut, a bleak location with little vegetation at (.
An early start for the ascent to the rim of the Kibo Crater between the Rebmann and Ratzel Glaciers. The last section before the rim can sometimes be snow-covered and an ice-axe or ski stick is useful for balance. At the rim, Stella point is reached (18,652 feet (5,685 m)). From here, a further hour leads to Uhuru Peak, from where there are often fine views of Meru to the west and the jagged peak of Mawenzi to the east. Descend to the Barafu Hut for a rest and lunch before continuing on past Millenium camp down to camp at Mweka Hut in the giant heather zone on the forest edge. Those with energy on the summit may wish to descend to the Reutsh Crater and visit the ice pinnacles of the Eastern Icefields.
A 3-4 hour descent through forest brings climbers to the park gate.
The Lemosho route approaches from the Western side of the mountain and is less frequented than other popular Kilimanjaro routes. It is effectively a variant of the Machame route with only the first 2 days of the trek differing. The acclimatisation profile of the Lemosho route is great, with repeated climb high sleep low opportunities throughout leading to high success rates. Most people complete the Lemosho route in 7 days, but it can be extended by one day to give climbers a little longer to acclimatise if needed. Camping is the only available option for the Lemosho route.
Machame route
The Machame route as of 2006 is described here. The route is typically done on a six- or seven-day hike.
The campsites and gates (with corresponding elevations) are as follows:
Machame Gate (start of trek)
Machame
Shira
Barranco
Karanga (optional camp, used by 7-day climbers)
Barafu (high camp before summit)
Mweka (descent)
Mweka Gate (end of trek)
One benefit of the Machame route is its quick rise to relatively high elevations (~), and a short ascent to the Lava Tower site (~) before descending back to Barranco Camp (~) on the same day. This follows the climber's adage "climb high, sleep low", and helps altitude acclimation. The initial steep ascent also helps trekkers acclimatise better.
The Machame route starts from Machame Gate and travels upwards through the montane rainforest, characterized by dense vegetation, a muddy trail, and short sections of steep climbs. The first campsite, Machame Camp, is right after the dense tree cover in an area with lower but still thick bushlands.
The second day continues through increasingly sparse trees and bushes into moorlands. The day finishes with Shira Camp, which is on a small plateau in the high moorlands, and features views of Kibo in the northeast and Mount Meru towards the west. White necked ravens can be seen throughout the day. There is also a set of small caves a short walk from the campsite known as the Shira Caves.
The third day starts in the moorlands and moves into alpine desert, with fewer trees and more rocks. The highest point is the base of the Lava Tower, after which the trail descends into the Barranco Valley. More vegetation is present in this zone, especially the area just before the campsite. This area is called the "Garden of the Senecios", which features many of the huge senecio plants. Shorter lobelia plants are also present.
The fourth day starts with the ascent of the Barranco Wall, which is considered a scramble in climbing terms. The trail continues with many up and down sections across small streams and rivulets and finally crosses the Karanga River to the Karanga campsite.
The fifth day follows the path up and across a rocky zone, finishing at the high camp Barafu. Very little vegetation can be found on the inhospitable terrain. A field of sedimentary rocks litters the ground. (Note - the six-day trek omits the Karanga campsite, and trekkers continue directly to Barafu on the same day.)
The summit is usually attempted on the very early morning of the sixth day (around midnight). Barafu is also used as a summit campsite for the Umbwe route. Trekkers typically take somewhere between five and seven hours to ascend, using headlamps and cold weather gear. Making the ascent on a full moon or shortly thereafter can make the headtorch unnecessary. The first milestone, generally reached shortly after dawn, is Stella Point (), which is on the crater rim. Following Stella Point, the trail continues for another 60 minutes to Uhuru Peak, the summit.
The descent back to Barafu takes roughly four hours. Some trekkers scree slide down the slope, which entails skidding/running down the loose gravel at medium speed. From Barafu, trekkers typically take a short break, and continue downwards through the alpine desert and ensuing moorlands to Mweka Camp.
The seventh and final day has trekkers continue through the montane forest to Mweka Gate. Troops of black-and-white colobus monkeys can often be seen in the dense growth.
Detailed description:
Marangu Route
The Marangu Route (also known as the "Coca-Cola" route) is the easiest ascent of Kilimanjaro, although any ascent can be challenging. Climbs can be done over 6 days. It crosses The Saddle, a wide, high-altitude, semi-desert that separates craggy Mawenzi from the main summit Kibo. From the summit, glaciers, screes, cliffs, afro-alpine moorland, and forests lead down to the cultivated foothills.
The Marangu route is a favourite of local tour operators as it's the shortest route and requires no camping gear to be carried. For this reason it is often the cheapest option. Because of its short profile, the Marangu route actually has the lowest summit success rate out of any route.
Trekkers sometimes spend an extra day to acclimate to the altitude at Horombo Hut. Also, trekkers often start the final ascent to Uhuru Peak early from Kibo Hut, because the scree is easier to climb when frozen, and dawn views from the crater rim are often spectacular.
Route Outline
Drive to Marangu Gate. Walk through the rain forest to Mandara hut ().
Leave the forest and cross open moor land to Horombo hut ().
Rest and acclimatisation day at Horombo Hut. Day walk to Zebra Rocks or to Mawenzi Hut. This day can be omitted.
Walk through moorland then alpine desert to "The Saddle" between the peaks of Mawenzi and Kibo. From here it takes about an hour to reach Kibo hut ().
Very early start for the summit on steep scree up to Gillman's Point (), which is on the crater rim. Continue around the rim (which will take about two hours for fit climbers) to Uhuru Peak () the highest point in Africa. Descend to Kibo Hut and then down to the thicker air and relative warmth of Horombo hut.
Descend to Marangu gate.
Rongai Route
Route Outline
The route described below includes the 'Mawenzi Tarn Hut variation' which is recommended for acclimatization. However, some tours skip this and proceed directly from Simba camp to a 'Third Camp' at around 3700m to Kibo Hut, resulting in a (more difficult because of shorter length) 5-day total trip.
Drive 2 hours from the Marangu gate to the Rongai Gate. Walk to Simba Camp at . The walk is initially through plantations then rain forest and finally bush country.
Walk to second Cave at . A gentle day through bush then heathers.
Gentle rising traverse through moorland over several ridges to Kikelea Caves, .
Moorland then screes to Mawenzi Tarn Hut, .
Easy angled screes slopes lead across the Saddle to Kibo Hut, .
Very early start for the summit on steep scree up to Gillman's Point (), which is on the crater rim. Continue around the rim (which will take about two hours for fit climbers) to Uhuru Peak (), the highest point in Africa. Descend to Kibo Hut and then down to the thicker air and relative warmth of Horombo hut.
Descend to Marangu gate.
Climbers often omit the second cave during ascent, although the climb is more difficult.
Umbwe Route
The Umbwe route is often considered the hardest but most spectacular and direct way to reach Uhuru Peak.
Route Outline
Drive to the Umbwe Roadhead at . The route initially follows a forestry track winding up through the natural rain forest. It then narrows and steepens to climb the ridge between the Lonzo and Umbwe rivers. The first campsite is in the forest by some rock overhangs at .
Shortly after leaving the camp, the forest ends and the path continues along a narrow spectacular ridge. Above, the sheer of the Breach Wall appears and disappears as the afternoon mists roll up the Great Barranco. From the Umbwe ridge the route descends slightly to the Barranco Hut and the camp in the valley floor at .
From here the route parts. The traditional route continues north to climb the Western Breach from the Arrow Glacier Camp. However, because of the high risk from falling rock, it is suggested to follow the route below.
A short scramble to the top of the Great Barranco and then a traverse over scree and ridges to the Karanga Valley (), beneath the icefalls of the Heim, Kersten, and Decken Glaciers.
After climbing out of the Karanga Valley, the trail ascends a ridge to the Barafu Hut, a bleak location with little vegetation at .
An early start for the ascent to the rim of the Kibo Crater between the Rebmann and Ratzel Glaciers. The last section before the rim can sometimes be snow-covered and an ice-axe or ski stick is useful for balance. From here, a further hour leads to Uhuru Peak, from where there are often fine views of Meru to the west and the jagged peak of Mawenzi to the east. After a short time on the summit, descend to the Barafu Hut before continuing on down to camp at Mweka Hut in the giant heather zone on the Mweka route.
A 3-4 hour descent through forest brings climbers to the park gate.
Acclimatization on Kilimanjaro
7,8 and 9-day climbing programs are recommended because of the altitude adaptation zone concept.
The concept of acclimatization zone refers to a certain altitude span, where a climber does not feel the symptoms of altitude mountain sickness.
To illustrate, for many people the first acclimatization zone is 3000 m/9842 f - 3800 m/ 12467 f. That means that having reached the lower point, and spending some time there, a person will be comfortable staying within this range. In order to ascend higher, however, this person needs to spend a night at 3700 m/12139 f in order to widen this span.
Broadening the one's acclimatization zone involves some discomfort, which fades away over the time. For example, feeling small headache and nausea upon arrival to Mti Mkubwa Camp (3095 m/ 10155 f) is common. Spending a night there will most likely reduce or neutralize them altogether, meaning that the body got accustomed to this zone.
The longer program taken – the more time the body has for broadening the borders of this zone, and the less discomfort will be experienced in the course of the acclimatization process. Making small altitude increases every day will be much less stressful than if making 'elevation jumps'. Thus, it is very recommended to make altitude acclimatization times as long as possible.
It is most effective to spend an additional night at an intermediate altitude (3400m-4700m). This is high enough to stimulate the necessary physiological changes of acclimatization for Kilimanjaro, without overstressing the body. Light walks and drinking plenty during acclimatization day is recommended.
Climbing routes – costs
It is necessary to trek with a licensed guide. There is no option to climb solo. Taking into consideration permit fees, park fees, camping and food logistics, the only realistic way to climb the mountain is with a tour operator.
In 2016, the Ministry of Tourism in Tanzania made all tourist related business VAT-able. As a result, costs have gone up 18% across the board. Many price indications online are thus outdated.
A decent ethical climb by an authorized local no-frills operator on a short 6-day route may start from around US$1,500 when climbing with a group. However, the 5 or 6 day routes also have the lowest summit success rates and are thus not recommended. For a responsible 7-day climb, a reasonable budget is at least US$1,800 to $2,000.
Several factors determine the prices directly. First is the quality of the tour operator which in a way also determines the safety levels on the climb. There are many companies that may not be on popular travel websites and yet provide great service with quality equipment and high safety standards for relatively cheaper rates.
Second is how the crew is treated and paid by the operator. Exploitation of porters is a big problem on the mountain. Tourism being the main source of jobs in Kilimanjaro region has resulted in high competition for porter jobs. Mostly it is the local operators operating at cut-throat or loss-making prices that pay their porters below minimum wage and make them to carry gear that is too heavy. The good operators are cognizant about this problem and provide the minimum stipulated salaries and operate according to Kilimanjaro National Park regulations which uphold ethical and fair treatment of the crew.
Since even the minimum stipulated wages are not enough, a tipping culture has been established on Kilimanjaro treks. While poor quality operators may recommend tips of only around $150–200 per climber, this is most likely not sufficient to ensure a fair compensation for porters. Depending on the length or the climb, group size, climbing package and base salaries paid by the tour operator, it is best to budget at least $250 to $500 for tipping. The irony is that ethical operators recommend higher tipping amounts and are thus perceived as more expensive, while the recommended tipping should actually be a lot higher by operators who do not pay fair wages in order to ensure a fair total compensation. Be aware of that when comparing prices.
Rock climbing routes
The rock on Kilimanjaro is generally unsuitable for rock climbing; however, there are several good snow and ice routes that are rapidly vanishing due to glacial recession. Mawenzi's peaks provide a few rock routes on loose rock.
Until recently, glacial recession has made it harder to ascend the Umbwe Route followed by the Heim Glacier. Just left of the glacier, the Breach Wall was considered the hardest route on Kilimanjaro (featuring a 100 m high vertical icicle). Further left again, the Western Breach (Arrow Glacier) Route provides an easy scrambling route to the crater.
Park authorities and outfitters require special arrangements and often disclaimers to climb these routes. Although it is only a scramble, the Western Breach route falls into this category on account of rock fall danger.
Selected rock climbing routes
Heim Glacier: A Nelson, H J Cooke, D N Goodall, 1957. Grade III+, 12 hours.
Western Breach: Grade I, 6 hours. The easiest rock-climbing way on the south-west side of the mountain.
Mawenzi aka South Peak: First climbed in 1924 by George Londt from South Africa.
References
Kilimanjaro
Climbing Routes | wiki |
Hyalophysa is a genus of apostome ciliates of the family Foettingeriidae.
References
Oligohymenophorea
Ciliate genera | wiki |
A list of notable electroacoustic music, experimental electronic, electronic noise music, electronic sound art, and acousmatic composers:
A-C
D-I
J-O
P-T
U-Z
Acousmatic | wiki |
Solid acids are acids that are insoluble in the reaction medium. They are often used as heterogeneous catalysts.
Examples
Most solid state acids are organic acids such as oxalic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, maleic acid, etc. Examples of inorganic solid acids include silico-aluminates (zeolites, alumina, silico-aluminophosphate), and sulfated zirconia. Many transition metal oxides are acidic, including titania, zirconia, and niobia. Such acids are used in cracking. Many solid Brønsted acids are also employed industrially, including polystyrene sulfonate, solid phosphoric acid, niobic acid, and heteropolyoxometallates.
Applications
Solid acids are used in catalysis in many industrial chemical processes, from large-scale catalytic cracking in petroleum refining to the synthesis of various fine chemicals.
One large scale application is alkylation, e.g., the combination of benzene and ethylene to give ethylbenzene. Another application is the rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime to caprolactam. Many alkylamines are prepared by amination of alcohols, catalyzed by solid acids.
Solid acids can be used as electrolytes in fuel cells.
References
Acids
Acid–base chemistry
Acid catalysts | wiki |
Homie may refer to:
Homie (band), a project of Rivers Cuomo
Homies (musical group), South Korean hip hop group
Homies (toy), a series of small toy figurines
"Homies" (song), 2002 song by Insane Clown Posse
HOMIE (rapper), Belarusian singer, songwriter, rap and hip-hop artist
See also
Homeboy (disambiguation)
Homey (disambiguation)
"Homegirl", a song by King Princess from the album Cheap Queen
Homer Simpson, a character in The Simpsons | wiki |
Stop the Clock may refer to:
Television
"Stop the Clock!", a 1987 episode of The Raccoons
Songs
"Stop the Clock", a song by James Blunt from the 2019 album Once Upon a Mind
"Stop the Clock", a song by Lisa Lougheed from the 1987 album Evergreen Nights | wiki |
California Northstate University College of Medicine (CNUCOM) is a private for-profit medical school located in Elk Grove, California, and is one of the four colleges of California Northstate University, granting the degree of Doctor of Medicine (MD). Although the proposed California Northstate University hospital will operate on a not-for-profit basis, CNUCOM will remain a for-profit educational institution. The college of medicine was approved by the WASC in August 2013 and gained preliminary accreditation in June 2015 and provisional accreditation in June 2019 by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME). In January 2022, the LCME denied CNUCOM full accreditation status; the school will remain provisionally accredited until further evaluation. California Northstate currently lacks authorization through the Higher Education Act title IV, Student Assistance section or Title 38 of the Veterans Benefit Program. This impacts access to Federal Student Loans, any Federal Student Funding, access to refinancing, and limits to currently 3 lenders.
Dr. Joseph Silva, MD, currently serves as the Dean of Medicine. CNUCOM enrolled its first class of 60 students in August 2015, which subsequently graduated in May 2019.
History
California Northstate University (CNU) COM is a new institution established following the College of Pharmacy in 2008. CNUCOM enrolled its first class of 60 students in August 2015, and its second class of 90 students in August 2016. CNUCOM is dedicated to educating, developing, and training physicians to help with the primary care physician shortage in Northern California. CNU has a College of Health Sciences for undergraduates with a combined BS/MD program as well as a pre-med post-Baccalaureate program.
Hospitals
California Northstate University College of Medicine is affiliated with Kaiser Permanente of Northern California and Sutter Health Hospitals. Clinical clerkships are located at multiple sites in Northern California, including but not limited to Kaiser Permanente, Dignity Health, and Sutter Health hospitals. In addition, some students are required to do rotations in Bakersfield and Los Angeles at Good Samaritan Hospital and AHMC, respectively.
On Dec 20, 2018, the California Northstate University Medical Center was announced. It was expected to open in 2022, in Elk Grove, with 250 beds and a level 2 trauma center in the ER. This $750 million project is expected to generate 24,000 jobs and $4.04 billion over the next 10 years. The plan was rejected by the Elk Grove Planning Commission in early 2021 and alternate sites were proposed. In mid-June 2021, the school announced its medical center would be built on property near Interstate 5 formerly known as the Sleep Train Arena in Sacramento, California. http://www.egcitizen.com/news/cnu-hospital-once-slated-for-elk-grove-to-be-built-in-sacramento/article_d0ff5386-d5dd-11eb-90ac-47aeda1e1240.html
Probation
on March 1, 2022, The Liaison Committee on Medical Education, a national accrediting body, placed California Northstate University College of Medicine on probation for a lack of diversity. The university's student body is largely of Asian descent, with an Asian student population at 60%-67%. Although, the Statewide Population is closer to 13.9% according to a March 3 report by The Sacramento Bee Becker's Hospital Review and The Elk Grove Citizen
Provisional Accreditation
In 2019 the university received provisional accreditation — a step down from full accreditation. About a year prior, three students filed a class action lawsuit, accusing the school of fraud when it promised medical school admission to students who had enrolled in an undergraduate program, then denied their admission. In 2019, the State Of California ordered the university to stop offering two programs designed to "fast-track" students into medical careers reported by Becker's Hospital Review. The university received additional citations for its reporting on job placement rates for its graduates and lack of availability of records when BPPE staff inspected California Northstate in April 2018. Fines for the alleged violations total $6,501.
See also
List of medical schools in the United States
References
https://www.bizjournals.com/sacramento/news/2018/12/20/new-hospital-to-be-built-in-elk-grove.html
Private universities and colleges in California
Educational institutions established in 2013
2013 establishments in California
Elk Grove, California
Education in Sacramento County, California | wiki |
The field of music education contains a number of learning theories that specify how students learn music based on behavioral and cognitive psychology.
Classical learning theory
While formal music education has roots going at least as far back as the Hebrews in Egypt or the ancient Greeks, challenges arose as music became more specialized and technically complex after the 5th century BCE in Ancient Greece and as the development of notation shifted music education from training in singing to training in music reading. Educators and theorists such as Odo of Cluny and Guido d'Arezzo in the 10th and 11th centuries explored methods to teach these new developing notational practices. Academic interest in music education lessened by the Renaissance as universities abandoned music as a part of their curriculum in the mid 16th century, while the Protestant Reformation later brought some changes to music education, Martin Luther among other individuals suggesting that music, poetry, and history be added to standard education curriculum. In the 17th century, John Amos Comenius recommended music education for religious purposes and designed a methodology to do so, as Richard Mulcaster encouraged universal education including singing and playing as standard curriculum. By the 19th century the conservatory model became more common outside of Italy alongside a number of choir schools which provided education as well as practical music experience.
20th century
Mainstream pedagogy and examination of how students learn theory rose to prominence in the 20th century by theorists and educators beginning with Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, Zoltán Kodály, and Carl Orff, and followed by Shinichi Suzuki, Edwin Gordon, and Valeri Brainin among others. Later research into educational learning theories in the 1960s places emphasis on behavioral, cognitive, and constructivist thinking. The Tanglewood Symposium of 1967 and the Music Educators National Conference Goals and Objective Project in 1969 were other early examples of the growing movement of applying modern developments in sequencing curriculum.
Behavioral learning theories and music education
Behaviorism examines relationships between the environment and the individual with roots in early 20th century work in the German experimental school. Theories by researchers such as Ivan Pavlov (who introduced classical conditioning), and B.F. Skinner (operant conditioning) looked at how environmental stimulation could impact learning, theorists building on these concepts to make applications to music learning. The research of Clifford Madsen, Robert Duke, Harry Price, and Cornelia Yarbrough build on the operant conditioning model focusing on guiding "good" or "successful" teaching by analyzing the role of appropriate reinforcement such as praise and feedback on musical discrimination, attitude, and performance. Later studies also examined music itself as a mechanism of reinforcement, such as research by Greer (1981) and Madsen (1981).
Cognitive learning theories and music education
Cognitive theories of learning, often viewed as the antithesis of behavioral theories, attempt to map how individual learning processes relate to already-familiar knowledge. Gestalt psychology serves as the foundation for many applications to music learning theory.
Fred Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff (1983) theorized on musical grammar based on Chomsky's linguistic theories, arguing that "acoustic information triggers mental operations that impose order onto input. If there is sufficient exposure to music, musical understanding will occur through enculturation rather than formal training."
Other cognitive learning theories are also based on research in early childhood education, motor learning, hemispheric dominance, and information theory.
Constructivist learning theories and music education
Constructivist theories of learning, largely developed by Jean Piaget, accept the relation between the individual and the environment as crucial for understanding the process of learning in a more holistic perspective than cognitive and behavioral models. Kurt Lewin, also considered the 'father' of social psychology, used Gestalt theory to develop his field theory
of learning, a model that emphasizes "context familiarity as an important descriptor of how individuals learn and process information."
Modern constructivist applications to music education include research by Roger A. Rideout, Stephen P. Paul, Geraint Wiggins and others.
Sound before sight
Contemporary music pedagogies emphasize sound before sight, or the idea that in order to develop an understanding of music and music notation, individuals must first become comfortable with listening to, singing, and performing tonal and rhythm patterns before reading and writing music. Modern studies by Luce (1965), McPherson (1993, 1995, 2005), and Bernhard (2004) all suggest a significant positive correlation with playing by ear and the ability to sight read, and experimental research by Haston (2004) and Musco (2006) also suggest that spending classroom time playing by ear does not negatively impact students' abilities to develop music reading skills.
References
Music theory | wiki |
Non-road engines are engines that are used for other purposes than a motor vehicle that is used on a public roadway. The term is commonly used by regulators to classify the engines in order to control their emissions.
Non-road engines are used in a wide range of applications which may include machinery and non-road vehicles. In many jurisdictions, the term non-road engine is assumed to refer to the engines that have mobility or portability, which is separated from the term stationary engine. The definition of non-road engine may explicitly exclude certain non-road vehicles such as aircraft, locomotives, and ocean-going marine vessels.
Classifications
There are many classifications of the non-road engines based on the jurisdictions. The following are common classifications:
lawn mowers and garden equipment
snowmobiles, dirt bikes, and all-terrain vehicles
cold chain transport vehicles
forklifts, generators, and compressors using gasoline or propane
recreational boats and personal watercraft
non-road diesel engines (machinery) in construction and agricultural equipment such as backhoes and tractors. Other equipment are included such as ground support equipment, and heavy forklifts, generators and pumps that use diesel engines.
marine diesel engine
locomotive
aircraft engine.
In certain jurisdictions, stationary engines that are diesel powered may be classified as non-road engines.
United States and Europe
The rationale for establishing emission standards for non-road engines is that they are a significant source of pollution. The engines of on-road vehicles have advanced emission controls which are not found on those non-road engines. The non-road engines also emit air pollution particles at much higher rates.
The emission standards are based on the engine classifications and vary in various jurisdictions. The main model regulations that are used by many countries are the United States Environmental Protection Agency through the section 213 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7547) and the directive of the European Commission (the "mother" Directive 97/68/EC, the amendments Directive 2002/88/EC, Directive 2004/26/EC, Directive 2006/105/EC, Directive 2011/88/EU and the last amendment Directive 2012/46/EU). The directives cover diesel engines, spark-ignition engines, constant-speed engines, railcars, locomotives and inland waterway vessels.
In Europe, the term "non-road mobile machinery" (NRMM) is used to clarify that the definition refers to non-road engines that are capable of self-propulsion.
Other countries
The standards for non-road diesel engines are more harmonized. Many countries adopt the emission standards derived from either the US or the European models.
Canada adopted the US standards in 1999. Korea modeled its Tier 2 standards from the US Tier 2. Russia adopted the European Stage I standards. Turkey adopted the European standards but with different implementation dates. China adopted the European Stage I/II standards in 2007.
India introduced its own standards in 2006 called Bharat (CEV) Stage II (based in part on European Stage I) and Bharat (CEV) Stage III (based on US Tier 2/3). Japan introduced its own standards that are similar but not harmonized to the US Tier 3 and Europe Stage III A. Brazil adopted the resolution in 2011 to set emission standards that are equivalent to US Tier 3 and European Stage III A.
In Australia, the definition includes some stationary engines such as electric generators and pumps.
See also
Small engine
References
External links
Article on Small SI Engines.
Article on Compact Diesel Engines.
Internal combustion engine
Emission standards | wiki |
Agrotis ipsilon, the dark sword-grass, black cutworm, greasy cutworm, floodplain cutworm or ipsilon dart, is a small noctuid moth found worldwide. The moth gets its scientific name from black markings on its forewings shaped like the letter "Y" or the Greek letter upsilon. The larvae are known as "cutworms" because they cut plants and other crops. The larvae are serious agricultural pests and feed on nearly all varieties of vegetables and many important grains.
This species is a seasonal migrant that travels north in the spring and south in the fall to escape extreme temperatures in the summer and winter. The migration patterns reflect how reproduction occurs in the spring and ceases in the fall.
Females release sex pheromones to attract males for mating. Pheromone production and release in females and pheromone responsiveness in males is dependent on the juvenile hormone (JH) and pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (BPAN). In the span of 2 months, the moth progresses through the life cycle stages egg, larvae, pupa, and adult. Throughout this time period, this moth faces the risk of predation and parasitism, such as by Hexamermis arvalis or by the parasite Archytas cirphis.
Description
38–48 mm. Antennae in male bipectinated. Forewings brown, reddish-tinged, mixed with pale greyish-ochreous, costa and sometimes median area suffused with dark fuscous ; first and second lines edged with dark fuscous; spots outlined with black, reniform followed by a short black dash ; subterminal line obscure, usually preceded in middle by two fine black marks. Hindwings whitish-grey or whitish, terminally suffused with fuscous. Larva ochreous brownish or bronzy-grey, sides sometimes greenish ; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines faintly darker or lighter, usually darker-edged ; head sufFusedly brown-marked.
Geographic range
Populations of this species have been found in southern Canada, 48 of the United States (and additionally Hawaii), Mexico, Central and South America, Australia, New Zealand, the Pacific Rim, North Africa, Europe, and Asia. However, they are absent from some tropical regions and colder areas and are more widespread in the Northern than Southern Hemisphere.
This species is also known to migrate north in the spring and migrate south in the fall.
Food resources
Caterpillars
Larvae feed on weeds such as bluegrass, curled dock, lambsquarters, yellow rocket, and redroot pigweed. They will often eat all the weeds available before moving to attacking crops. Favored crops include most vegetable plants, alfalfa, clover, cotton, rice, sorghum, strawberry, sugarbeet, tobacco, and occasionally grains and grasses.
Adults
Adults feed on flower nectar. They are also attracted to deciduous trees and shrubs such as linden, wild plum, crabapple, and lilac. They are a pollinator of fetterbush lyonia.
Parental care
Oviposition
Based on the types of debris on the ground, the black cutworm prefers to oviposit in areas with fencerow (pasture) debris rather than corn field debris, woodland floor debris, and bare soil. Fencerow debris includes dry grass debris, and this may be attractive for females to oviposit early in the spring before rapid vegetation growth occurs.
After this growth, though, the moths are drawn more to low, dense plants such as the curled dock and yellow rocket. These plants have multiple stems and many low-lying basal leaves. On most plant species, the cutworm prefers to oviposit on the leaves rather than the stem.
Life history
Life cycle
In a given year, the number of generations differs based on location and weather conditions. In Canada, there are 1 or 2 generations, while in the United States, there are 2 to 4 per year. This species is abundant in warmer temperatures (such as Arkansas, US) during the late spring in May–June and early fall in September and October, while they are more abundant in cooler temperature (such as New York, US) during the summer in June and July. One life cycle lasts between 35–60 days.
Egg
The egg stage lasts 3 to 6 days. Females oviposit eggs in clusters on low-lying leaves. If such host plants are not available, the females will oviposit on dead plant material. However, they will not lay eggs on bare soil. Females can deposit eggs singly, or in groups of up to 1200 to 1900 eggs.
The nearly spherical eggs are initially white but turn brown with age. The surface of the egg possesses 35–40 ribs that radiate from one apex.
Caterpillar
The larval stage lasts 20–40 days. Over the span of 5 to 9 instars, the caterpillar body grows from 3.5 mm to a maximum of 55 mm. Larval development is optimized at a temperature of 27 degrees Celsius, and instars 1–5 are most successful at higher humidities. By the 4th instar, the larva becomes light sensitive and spends most of the daylight underground. The larvae are considered pests because they damage the plant tissue under the soil. The larvae are cannibalistic. The larva can range in color from light gray or gray brown to black. The ventral side is usually lighter, and this species does not have a dorsal band. The entire body is covered with granules and the head possesses many dark spots.
Pupa
The pupal stage lasts 12–20 days. This species pupates under the soil approximately 3–12 mm below the surface.
The pupae appear to be dark brown and are 17–12 mm long and 5–6 mm wide.
Adult
One complete generation from egg to adult lasts 35–60 days. The female preoviposition period lasts 7–10 days.
Adults have a wingspan of 40–55 mm. The forewings are dark brown, and the distal area has a light irregular band a black dash mark. The hindwings are whitish to gray and have darker colored veins.
Nature Of Damage
Gram cutworms are active in the Rabi season and damage the crop.
In India, winter is generally the lean season for insects and pests. But cutworms belong to that small insect group. Those who damage the Rabi crop by their destructive activity.
cutworms cut the plant down into the ground or twist the whole plant like a gram, hence it is known as a cutworm.
cutworm is also known as a surface caterpillar because it is a sai surface and performs its activities a few centimetres.
The larva of Gram cutworm causes great damage to the crop. Its larva disappears during the day and comes out in the evening to damage the crop.
First of all, they feed on the epidermis of the fallen leaves or green leaves touching the ground letter caterpillar cut the leaf, shoot the plant just above the ground level, and buried in the soil.
cutworm damages many plants causing serious damage. It attacks the gram field between November and February.
Migration
A. ipsilon are seasonal migratory insects that travel south in the fall to escape harsh cold temperatures and travel north in the spring to escape extremely warm weather. Therefore, changes in thermoperiod as well as photoperiod may influence the onset of migration patterns in this species. Before migration southward in the fall, the reproductive system in both females and males shuts down to prevent copulation before winter. In the spring and early summer, though, before migration north, females release sex pheromones soon after eclosion. In one study, female moths collected from late April to early May were 100% mated.
Enemies
Predators
Several species of wasps prey on the black cutworm. Larvae parasitized by Meteorus leviventris, a type of parasitoid, eat 24% less vegetation and cut 36% fewer seedlings. Other parasitoids include several fly species such as Archytas cirphis, Bonnetia comta, Eucelatoria armigera and Sisyropa eudryae. Ground beetles also eat black cutworm larvae. Ants, specifically Lasius neoniger also prey on this species and feed on A. ipsilon eggs.
Parasites
An entomopathogenic nematode called Hexamermis arvalis is known to infect 60% of larvae in the central United States. This parasite ultimately kills the insect. The parasite thrives in moist soil conditions.
Mating
Female calling behavior
Calling behavior is the act of females releasing sex pheromones in preparation for mating. Calling behavior increases within the first three days after eclosion but decreases as the females grow older. As well, as the females grow older, they onset time of calling behavior occurs earlier. Calling earlier allows older females to have increased mating success as they normally produce less sex pheromone and need to appear more attractive than younger females. The amount of sex pheromone in the body and calling behavior are coordinated on a time scale.
Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide
Females produce a sex pheromone in the pheromone gland on their abdominal tips that attracts males for mating. Biosynthesis of the sex pheromone is controlled by a neurohormone called pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN). This 33-amino-acid-long peptide is present in both sexes in the brain-suboesophageal ganglions (Br-SOG) during both scotophase and photophase. It has been shown that the juvenile hormone is involved in the release of PBAN in both males and females. PBAN aids in pheromone production in females and pheromone responsiveness in males. In another species, PBAN release has been shown to be stimulated by external factors including photoperiod, temperature and odorants from host plants
Juvenile hormone
The juvenile hormone (JH), released by the corpora allata (CA), is necessary for the production and release of the sex pheromone. The CA releases JH which acts on the production/release of the PBAN-like factor. So, PBAN is what connects the network in the CA to the central nervous system's production of sex pheromone. When the CA was removed, calling behavior and sex pheromone production stopped. As well, ovaries remained underdeveloped when the CA was absent. However, when decapitated females (meaning complete absence of the CA) were injected with a synthetic form of JH, ovaries were able to develop. This indicates that JH acts on the ovaries and production of sex pheromone in two independent neuroendocrine systems.
In males, JH is necessary for pheromone responsiveness. When the CA was removed, males did not respond to female sex pheromones with sexual behavior. However, when the CA was implanted back, responsiveness and sexual behavior returned.
Physiology
Olfaction
A. ipsilon has a sensitive olfactory system with many proteins that are expressed in the antennae. Such proteins include odorant binding proteins (OBPs), chemosensory proteins (CSPs), odorant receptors (ORs), ionotropic receptors (IRs) and sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs). These proteins are responsible for recognizing sex pheromone and general odorants, such as those released by host plants.
Interactions with humans
Pest of crop plants
Each larva can consume over 400 square centimetres of foliage during its development. They feed above ground until about the fourth instar. After that they do considerable damage to crops by severing young plants at ground level. In the midwestern US, the black cutworm is considered to be a serious pest of corn. Corn is very susceptible at the one-leaf stage, but by the four- or five-leaf stage, it is relatively unaffected. Damage to the underground parts of plants can also be harmful. Other crops where serious damage occurs include cotton, maize, tobacco, sunflower, tomatoes, sugar beet and potato.
Management
There are three options to manage cutworm population and the incurred damages. Soil insecticides can be applied as a pre-plant treatment, although this may be limited by the unpredictability of cutworm population density distribution. These insecticides can also be applied as a planting-time treatment, although the same limitations still hold. The third option would be a rescue treatment that is applied after the infestations have occurred; this is also called the wait-and-see system. This may also be preferable due to a recently lower occurrence of outbreaks.
See also
Army cutworm (Euxoa auxiliaris)
Variegated cutworm (Peridroma saucia)
Brown cutworm (Agrotis munda)
References
External links
Kimber, Ian "73.327 BF2091 Dark Sword-grass Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel, 1766)". UKMoths. Retrieved 28 June 2019
Taxonomy
Lepiforum e.V.
Agrotis
Moths described in 1766
Agricultural pest insects
Owlet moths of Africa
Cosmopolitan moths
Taxa named by Johann Siegfried Hufnagel
Insect pests of millets | wiki |
Pre-medical (often referred to as pre-med) is an educational track that undergraduate students in the United States pursue prior to becoming medical students. It involves activities that prepare a student for medical school, such as pre-med coursework, volunteer activities, clinical experience, research, and the application process. Some pre-med programs providing broad preparation are referred to as “pre-professional” and may simultaneously prepare students for entry into a variety of first professional degree or graduate school programs that require similar prerequisites (such as medical, veterinary, or pharmacy schools).
Major
At most colleges and universities, students do not have the option of pre-medical academic major or minor. A student on a pre-med track may choose any undergraduate major in any field, so long as certain required courses are completed. Such courses are generally focused in the scientific fields of biology, chemistry, organic chemistry, neuroscience, behavioral sciences and physics, which are necessary to prepare for the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) and satisfy most medical school prerequisites. It is for this reason students on a pre-med track generally undertake a major associated with one of those fields; however, an increasing number of students with a background in humanities have been applying in recent years, a situation applauded by medical schools. For example, Mount Sinai School of Medicine has created a program specifically for non-science majors. The Humanities and Medicine (HuMed) program admits undergraduates majoring in the humanities or social sciences without requiring the MCAT, or science coursework.
Pre-med timeline
Typical pre-med students will structure their coursework in their first year in university to accommodate the required courses. After a semester, many pursue extracurricular activities that demonstrate a commitment to medicine. Once junior year arrives, students register for and take the MCAT, the required standardized exam that medical schools use to identify qualified candidates. Once the test is taken, students apply to various schools using the automated American Medical College Application Service (AMCAS) system, American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine Application Service (AACOMAS) system, or in some cases, the school's own application system. AMCAS primary applications are verified by AMCAS staff, a process that often takes four to six weeks. The application process consists of a review of academic records, MCAT scores, activities, work experience, and a personal statement. Applicants can expect to hear from schools within a few months, at which point they may receive "secondary applications".
Different schools have different policies on sending secondary applications to students; many send secondary applications to all students, others screen applications prior to inviting an applicant to submit a secondary application. These applications are generated by each individual school. They generally contain essay questions that the applicant must answer to demonstrate that the applicant possesses qualities that the schools deem necessary to be a good medical student and physician. Qualified applicants can next expect to receive invitations to interview at schools. Upon completion of an interview and receipt of any additional application materials, the application is considered to be complete, and the student then waits for the school's decision to either accept or reject the student.
Some applicants receive admittance to medical school through a "post-baccalaureate" pre-medical program. These programs may be formal, such as the programs offered through Columbia, Johns Hopkins, George Washington, Mayo Clinic with Barrett, The Honors College, Bryn Mawr, Goucher and Scripps, or semi-formal, such as the program offered at Harvard, but often consist of a student informally enrolling in a college to complete science coursework required for admission to medical school prior to sitting for the MCAT. The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) maintains a list of all formal and semi-formal post-baccalaureate pre-medical programs in the United States.
Coursework
The AAMC has created a list of required courses that every pre-med student must take. Each school is allowed to place its own further requirements.
The pre-medical coursework is offered at many American colleges and universities; however, it is considered to be a "track" that follows a certain curriculum. Most pre-medical students major in the natural and applied sciences, such as agricultural science, biology, chemistry, or physics, though this is not a requirement. Some pre-professional degree programs in agriculture prepare students for direct entry into the workforce in fields in high demand, while also meeting requirements for medical or veterinary schools. The latter curriculum model is meant to enhance employability of graduates awaiting admission or choosing not to attend professional or graduate school.
The courses that must be taken to meet the pre-medical requirements from the AAMC are three years, with one being in chemistry, one year of biology, and one year of physics. These course requirements are expected to change since the MR5 Committee, charged with revising the MCAT has created a new set of core competencies for success in medical education and practice. Those core competencies will include a greater emphasis on molecular genetics within the biology curriculum and will include biochemistry. In addition, the 2015 MCAT will test in areas related to multicultural sensitivity and in critical analysis of ethics and philosophy.
Many colleges of medicine and undergraduate pre-medical advising offices have yet to formalize pre-medical curricular recommendations. Though it did not address changes in the mathematics, physics, psychosocial or humanities portion of pre-medical education, the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB) developed a set of pre-medical curricular recommendations. ASBMB advocated that the year of biology includes genetics; that general and organic chemistry be taught with an orientation toward the chemistry of molecules encountered in living things; that one semester of biochemistry be required and two semesters of biochemistry be recommended; and that the laboratory course requirement can be taught in biology, chemistry or biochemistry, so long as research methods and data analysis are emphasized.
Pre-medical students may be advised or required to take upper level biology and chemistry electives, such as cellular biology, physical chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology and genetics. Specific requirements for these courses vary by institution. Schools may also have requirements for non-science classes. Some require a certain number of general humanities credits, while others have specific requirements for courses in English, psychology, or other disciplines.
Volunteering and clinical experiences
Many pre-medical students volunteer in a health care setting to explore the option of a career in medicine. Past volunteer experience can increase an applicant's chances of acceptance to a medical school. Often volunteer experiences are topics of discussion during medical school interviews. Some students "shadow" a physician, where the student follows a physician, directly observing the doctor as they care for patients.
Other countries
In Australia and the United Kingdom, a number of universities offer a three- or four-year Bachelor of Medical Science, Bachelor of Health Sciences or Biomedical Science degree, which is similar in content and aim to pre-med courses in the US.
See also
Pre-health sciences
Flexner Report
References
Medical education in the United States
Undergraduate education | wiki |
Emotional approach coping is a psychological construct that involves the use of emotional processing and emotional expression in response to a stressful situation. As opposed to emotional avoidance, in which emotions are experienced as a negative, undesired reaction to a stressful situation, emotional approach coping involves the conscious use of emotional expression and processing to better deal with a stressful situation. The construct was developed to explain an inconsistency in the stress and coping literature: emotion-focused coping was associated with largely maladaptive outcomes while emotional processing and expression was demonstrated to be beneficial.
History of the construct
Coping is a conscious attempt to address and alleviate demands perceived as stressful. Research examining coping has suggested two broad categories of coping: emotion-focused and problem-focused coping. Emotion-focused coping involves attempts to regulate the negative emotional response to stress. Whereas problem-focused coping involves attempts to directly modify the stressor. Coping processes have also been defined instead on whether they involve approaching the stressful situation or avoiding it.
The experience of powerful emotions has been characterized by researchers as disruptive and dysfunctional, particularly for cognitive processes. Moreover, research also suggests links between emotion-focused coping and poor psychological outcomes. A review of over 100 studies found associations between emotion-focused coping and negative outcomes such as poor life satisfaction, greater depressive and anxious symptoms and neuroticism.
However, there is some evidence in the empirical literature that emotional expression can be functional and adaptive. Experimental research on expressive writing, involving emotional disclosure, has been shown to have benefits for performance on cognitive tasks and for psychological outcomes, such as depressive symptoms. Emotion regulation has also illustrated the importance of emotional processing and expression for well-being. Therapeutic approaches have also demonstrated the important role of emotions in coping with difficult situations. Emotion-focused therapy is a clinical psychology approach that emphasizes the importance of acknowledging and tolerating negative emotions and enjoying positive emotions for healthy psychological adjustment.
Researchers have attempted to disentangle the maladaptive and functional aspects of emotion-focused coping by examining the measurements of emotion-focused coping. Several studies have found that emotion-focused measurements of coping often aggregate approach and avoidance strategies. A second reason emotion-focused coping has been construed as maladaptive is that measures of emotion-focused coping are confounded with measures of distress. In an attempt to rectify these difficulties with the operationalization of emotion-focused coping, a new scale for assessing emotional approach coping was proposed.
In the context of natural disaster and crisis, mental health and supporting emotional coping styles has been found to be often be neglected by first responders. Research suggests that those experiencing crisis and trauma do better when they are able to engage with their emotional experiences by reflecting on them in order to make meaning of them. This process leads to an increase in tolerance of emotion, resilience, psychological flexibility, and community engagement. Furthermore, this process leads to greater growth when a collective approach to emotional processing is taken.
Assessment of coping through emotional approach
Emotional approach coping can be assessed using the emotional approach coping scales developed by Stanton, Kirk, Cameron, and Danoff-Burg in 2000. The scales involve two distinct subscales of items: emotional processing and emotional expression. Emotional processing and emotional expression scales are positively correlated but distinct. The emotional processing items reflect an attempt to understand, consider and examine emotions in response to a stressful event. For example, “I acknowledge my feelings” and “I take time to figure out what I’m really feeling.” Emotional expression items assess attempts to verbally and non-verbally communicate and share emotions. Sample items include: “I allow myself to express my feelings” and “I feel free to express my emotions.” The emotional approach coping scales have been tested and validated using situational (i.e., what do you do in response to a specific stressor) and dispositional (i.e., what do you do in general) instruction sets. The scales are uncorrelated with social desirability. In addition to English, the emotional approach coping scale has also been validated in Norwegian and Turkish.
Empirical support
Longitudinal research
Infertility
Among heterosexual couples coping with infertility, emotional approach coping predicted decreased depressive symptoms for both members of the couple after an unsuccessful insemination attempt. Emotional approach coping may also confer benefits for partners. Having a male partner high in emotional approach coping was protective against depressive symptoms for female partners low in emotional approach coping.
Sexual assault
Emotional approach coping may confer some benefits to victims of sexual assault. Among sexual assault survivors, increases in emotional expression were associated with greater perceived control over the recovery process and feelings of control were associated with decreased distress after the assault.
Breast cancer
There is mixed evidence for the utility of emotional approach coping in samples of women with breast cancer. In a longitudinal study of women with breast cancer, for women who perceived their social environments to be receptive, emotional expression predicted improved quality of life. Coping through emotional expression among women with breast cancer has also been found to predict an increase in post-traumatic growth. However, other studies have not found the same link between emotional expression and post-traumatic growth.
Cross-sectional research
Student and community samples
Cross-sectional studies illustrate the link between emotional approach coping and positive psychological adjustment, under certain conditions in student and community samples. In a cross-sectional study of undergraduate women, women who scored more highly on emotional approach coping reported more positive and less negative valenced repetitive thoughts. In a community sample of African-American adults, emotional approach coping has also been found to be negatively associated with anger, trait anxiety and depressive symptoms. In addition, women who reported higher dispositional emotional processing also reported fewer depressive and anxious symptoms and greater life satisfaction; while for men, higher dispositional emotional expression was linked to greater life satisfaction.
Clinical samples
There is some evidence to suggest associations between emotional approach coping and psychological well-being. In a study of individuals who met DSM-IV criteria for anxiety disorder and healthy controls, levels of emotional approach coping were lower in those individuals who met the criteria than in controls. Another study examined veterans and found that higher levels emotional expression (but not emotional processing) were associated with lower depressive symptoms and decreased post-traumatic stress disorder, even when statistically controlling for age, gender, and race.
Cancer samples
Cross-sectional research of cancer samples reveals some positive, negative and mixed links with emotional approach coping. Higher emotional processing and emotional expression in female cancer survivors was associated with higher positive emotions and lower negative emotions. In male cancer survivors, higher emotional processing has been linked to higher positive emotions and higher emotional expression has been linked with lower negative emotions and fewer intrusive thoughts. However, the links between emotional approach coping and psychological adjustment are not all positive some are negative or mixed. In one study of women who had received an abnormal result on an ovarian cancer screen, higher emotional processing was associated with higher intrusive thoughts and neither emotional processing nor emotional expression were associated with cancer-related post-traumatic growth.
Diabetes samples
There is from cross-sectional research that suggests the benefits of emotional processing for patients with diabetes. Among patients with type 2 diabetes, higher emotional processing was associated with greater diabetes-related knowledge, medication adherence and relevant self-care behaviors such as diet, physical activity and blood glucose monitoring. Similarly, in adolescent patients with Type 1 diabetes, emotional processing was revealed to be associated with better metabolic control.
Factors that determine effectiveness
Stressor-coping strategy fit
The stressor and the individual's appraisal of the stressor may determine the effectiveness of emotional approach coping as a mechanism for managing stress. An appraisal of a stressful situation as uncontrollable may make emotional approach coping an advantageous coping mechanism. In fact, one study of undergraduates shows that when faced with a stressor individuals appraise as more uncontrollable, they are more likely to endorse using emotional approach coping to manage it.
Gender
There is some evidence to suggest that the utility of emotional approach coping varies by gender. In a longitudinal study, emotional approach coping was found to predict increased life satisfaction and decreased depressive symptoms over time in women; however, in men, emotional approach coping predicted poorer adjustment over time. Some samples have also found that women report using emotional processing and expression more than men. However, research of infertile couples found no differences in the utility of emotional approach coping for men and women.
Individual differences
Individual differences, such as skill at engaging active coping techniques and comfort with expressing emotions, may modify the tendency to successfully employ emotional approach coping. Individuals high in perceived emotional intelligence may also be more likely to use emotional approach coping skillfully. Holding unrealistic perceptions of control may make the use of coping through emotional approach less likely because expressing and processing emotions could lead to evaluations that result in acknowledgement of illusions of control. Personality attributes, such as hope, can also moderate the effectiveness of emotional approach coping. Women with breast cancer who were high in hope and reported coping with emotional expression, had fewer medical appointments for cancer-related complaints, enhanced physical health and decreased distress compared to women who did not cope using emotional expression.
Mechanisms
Goal identification and pursuit
The effects of emotional approach coping could be the result of identifying goals, understanding barriers to achieving those goals, and finding new pathways to achieve them. Emotional expression and processing could help individuals direct attention to identify the most important goals in their lives.
Habituation to the stressor and cognitive appraisal
The effects of emotional approach coping could also be due to exposure to stressful stimuli when actively processing and expressing emotions. The repeated exposure to the stressor could result in physiological habituation. Repeated exposure to a stressor through emotional expression and processing could also lead to cognitive reappraisal of the stressor and related self-affirmations.
Affect labeling
The process of labeling the emotions (i.e., putting them into words) may lessen the intensity of the emotional experience. Studies have shown the process of affective labeling leads to decreases in brain regions such as the amygdala and increases in activation of the prefrontal cortex, possibly indicating beneficial emotion regulation.
Regulation of social environment
The use of emotional approach coping may signal to the social environment that an individual is in need of support. The responsiveness of the social environment will determine the adaptiveness of emotional approach coping. Emotional expression that is met with empathetic concern may lead to better adjustment than emotional expression met by rejection. Some evidence from the research suggests this could be a potential mechanism. For women with breast cancer who perceive their social environment to be highly receptive, coping through emotional expression predicts improved quality of life.
References
Psychological methodology
Emotion | wiki |
Odd Thomas may refer to:
Odd Thomas (character), featured in several novels by Dean Koontz
Odd Thomas (novel), the first of such novels
Odd Thomas (film), a 2013 film based on the Dean Koontz novel of the same name. | wiki |
Electoral reform in Washington may refer to:
Electoral reform in Washington (state)
Electoral reform in Washington, D.C. | wiki |
Paul Lefebvre may refer to:
Paul Lefebvre (Canadian politician), Canadian member of parliament
Paul E. Lefebvre, United States Marine Corps general
Paul Lefebvre (Vermont politician), member of the Vermont House of Representatives
Paul Lefebvre, a character in The Bureau | wiki |
Lights may refer to
People
Lights (musician) (born 1987), Canadian singer songwriter
Zion Lights (born 1984), English Green activist
Music
Lights (BTS song)
Lights (Ellie Goulding song)
Lights (Brigade album), album by the group Brigade
Lights (Archive album), album by the group Archive
Lights (EP), extended play record by the musician Lights
See also
Light (surname)
Light (disambiguation) | wiki |
A washboard moraine, also known as minor or corrugated moraine, is a geomorphic feature caused by glaciers. The name "washboard moraine" refers to the fact that, from the air, it resembles a washboard.
Formation
The exact washboard formation mechanism is not known. One theory proposes that as the glacier melts it leaves behind an accumulation of rock debris in the form of annual recessional moraines. These annual glacial advances and recessions cause parallel ridges to form a few metres apart. Because the accumulation of debris is annual, the moraines do not get very large and stand only a few metres high.
An alternative theory is that basal till, weakened by high pore water pressure, deformed upwards into parallel basal crevasses a short distance in from the glacial margin. Crevasse fields of similar geometry to fields of washboard moraines have been observed on ice shelves of Antarctica experiencing large amounts of longitudinal extension, similar to the stresses that would have been experienced by the glaciers that formed these moraines.
Examples
Washboard moraines can be seen in many places such as South Dakota, Iowa, Maine, and Iceland.
References
Moraines
Glaciology
Sediments | wiki |
Confederate memorial may refer to
The former Confederate Memorial Home, renamed Confederate Memorial Hall, in Washington, D.C.
The Confederate Memorial Hall Museum, in New Orleans, Louisiana
The former Confederate Memorial Hall, now Memorial Hall, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
Any of the thousands of Confederate monuments which exist in the United States (see List of Confederate monuments and memorials)
Any of a growing list of removed Confederate monuments (see Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials) | wiki |
The Hitchcock House is a house at 5704 W. Ohio Street in the Austin neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, United States. The house was built in for Charles Hitchcock. It was designated a Chicago Landmark on July 7, 1992.
References
Houses completed in 1871
Houses in Chicago
Chicago Landmarks | wiki |
Caramel shortbread, also known as caramel squares, caramel slice, millionaire's shortbread, millionaire's slice, chocolate caramel shortbread, and Wellington squares is a biscuit confectionery item composed of a rectangular, triangular or circular shortbread biscuit base topped with caramel and milk chocolate. Multiple variations exist which substitute or add ingredients to cater to different tastes, dietary requirements or ingredient availability.
History
Caramel shortbread is an adapted form of the original Scottish shortbread. Scottish shortbread originated around the 12th century, but its modern refined form is attributed to the efforts of Mary, Queen of Scots in the 16th century.
The practice of adding additional topping or ingredients to shortbread to create unique variations dates back to at least the 19th century when candied orange peel and almonds were added. Where and when the combination of caramel and shortbread first appeared or was popularised is not known. Combinations of shortbread with caramel topping dates to at least the early 1950s.
See also
Twix
Shortbread
List of shortbread biscuits and cookies
References
Biscuits
Shortbread
Scottish cuisine
Australian cuisine
New Zealand cuisine
Australian desserts
Scottish desserts
New Zealand desserts | wiki |
Kūčios () or Kūtės (Samogitian Dialect) is the traditional Christmas Eve dinner in Lithuania, held on December 24. The meal is a family occasion which includes many traditions of both pagan and Christian origin. Some traditions are no longer widespread and usually Lithuanians just enjoy dinner with relatives and friends while the main events and festivities are left for Christmas Day.
Importance
Everyone in a family makes a special effort to come home for the Christmas Eve supper, even from great distances. They make the journey not so much for the meal as for the sacred ritual of Kūčios. Kūčios draws the family members closer, bringing everyone together and strengthening the family ties. In this spirit, if a family member has died that year or cannot attend the meal (only for very serious reasons) an empty place is left at the table. A plate is still placed on the table and a chair is drawn up, but no spoons, knives or forks are set. A small candle is placed on the plate and lit during the meal. It is believed that the spirit of the deceased family member participates in the Kūčios along with everyone.
Preparation
Preparing for Kūčios is an all day event, though the preparations can begin up to a week in advance in some communities. On Christmas Eve, the entire house must be thoroughly cleaned and all of the bed linens must be changed. Everyone attending Kūčios must bathe and dress in clean clothes before the evening meal. Before gathering at the ritual table, everybody makes up with their neighbors and forgives their enemies. The twelve dishes for the evening meal are prepared as is the meal for the first day of Christmas during the day.
Traditionally, people fast and abstain from meat for the entire day. While the Catholic Church has decreed that food may be eaten as often as desired on Christmas Eve, most Lithuanians still adhere to the original custom of abstinence. Before they changed their stance, Catholics could only eat a handful of boiled peas and water on Christmas Eve with exceptions allowing small children, the sick or very old persons to eat a bit more. This tradition is still followed by many Lithuanians. Although official fasting no longer exists, most Lithuanians refrain from eating meat on Christmas Eve so as to preserve tradition. Regardless of what is consumed during the day, it is vitally important that the Christmas Eve dinner include no meat dishes because it would then no longer be called Kūčios but an ordinary meal prepared for any other evening.
For the Christmas Eve dinner, the table is prepared in a special way. A handful of fine hay is spread evenly on the table which is a reminder that Jesus was born in a stable and laid in a manger on hay. The table is then covered with a pure white tablecloth, set with plates and decorated with symbols of the life force, which sustains the human world according to pagan beliefs. These include fir boughs, candles, and a bundle of unthreshed rye, which pagan families would traditionally bind around their apple trees the next day. Live flowers are not appropriate for the table, in particular the red or white poinsettias that are so common in other countries during the Christmas season.
Dinner
Traditionally, dinner starts when the first star appears in the sky, though this is no longer common practice. Waiting for the star to appear in the sky symbolizes the Star of Bethlehem leading the shepherds to Bethlehem. Instead of a town, the star leads the members of the family to the table for dinner. If it is a cloudy night, the evening meal begins when the head of the house announces it is time to eat. Either way it is determined, the meal usually begins between six and seven o’clock.
Apples
In certain Lithuanian regions apples were placed on the table because December 24 is the feast day of Adam and Eve. The apples recalled our first parents through whose sin mankind fell and that the world was saved through the submissiveness of the New Eve— Mary, the Mother of God—to God's will.
If apples are placed on the table, the mother takes an apple, cuts it into as many pieces as there are diners and gives the father the first piece. This symbolizes the fall of the first parents when Eve gave Adam the apple which he took and ate. Then the remaining apple pieces are distributed to those at the table.
Number of dishes
The reason for there being twelve separate dishes varies between pagan and Christian beliefs. The pagans practiced Kūčios traditionally with nine different foods, because there were nine months in the year according to the ancient calendar. According to the alternative tradition, the thirteen different dishes represented the thirteen lunar months of the year. However, under the influence of the solar calendar, the number changed to twelve. Christians have different beliefs but it is not hard to see how the pagan beliefs could have been adapted by missionaries or monks. For Christians, the twelve different dishes served on the table represent Jesus’ twelve apostles.
Food
The evening meal consists of very specific dishes. There can be no meat, dairy, or hot food. Typical dishes include fish, vegetables, and bread. Silkė is a name for herring, a type of fish, dish which is served with different sauces. The sauces can be tomato, mushroom, or onion based. Ungurys, or smoked European eel, is also a common dish. Other common dishes include boiled or baked potatoes, spanguolių kisielius (cranberry kissel), cooked sauerkraut (prepared without meat), mushrooms, kūčiukai or šližikai (bite-sized hard biscuits) with agounų pienas or aguonpienis (a poppy seed “milk”), cranberry pudding, and multigrain breads with honey and margarine because butter is not allowed being a dairy product.
According to ethnologists, Kūčiukai is the archaic form of ritual bread, that is meant for the souls. They are so tiny because souls have no material bodies; the plentifulness of them is due to the fact that there exists a great number of souls.
Everything served at the meal should be made from ingredients available in Lithuania during the winter. This is because the people whose lifestyle produced the Kūčios traditions made do with food prepared in the summer and fall: dried, pickled and otherwise preserved for the winter. The meal is traditionally served with water, homemade cider, or fruit juice.
Rituals
In the past rituals used to be widespread and now are not as common, the rituals used to predict the future and welfare of family members such as these:
A stem of hay is pulled from under the tablecloth. It cannot be picked; the first one the fingers encounter must be drawn. The person with the longest of the drawn straws will live the longest life, while the person with the fattest straw will have the most fulfilling life. A bent straw indicates the holder will have a turn in their life, while a straw with fork in it indicates many decisions to come in the following year. If a long, slender stalk is withdrawn, the girl can expect a tall slender husband, while a short, fat, bent stalk means a short, fat crooked husband. If this happens to a man, his future wife will be slender and tall or fat and short like the straw drawn. Married persons can also guess next year's happiness from the kind of stalk pulled. A thin stem indicates a flat, empty wallet, while a fat one means a prosperous year, a full wallet. If a married woman pulls a straw thicker in the middle, she will have a baby that year.
While seated at the table, look at the walls where the candlelight casts the shadows of those dining. If your shadow is large, wide and of the whole person, the year will be good, there will be no illness, everything will go well. If the shadow lacks a head a terrible calamity will occur; if it is skinny, unclear and wavering, the year will be difficult.
Afterwards
After the meal, everyone leaves the table to go to sleep or the midnight mass, known as the Shepherds' Mass. The food is left to stand overnight. It is believed that the spirits of deceased relatives or loved ones will visit the home during the night and the table set with food would make them feel welcome. It was believed that the baby Jesus allows the souls of all the departed to return to earth to visit their families.
Traditions
The evening of Kūčios is filled with many traditions for either predicting the future or assuring success in the year to come. These traditions predate the Christians coming to Lithuania and, as such, are all pagan beliefs.
Weddings
On Kūčios, as during many other Lithuanian feasts, much attention is paid to wedding themes. Many of these rituals involve the maidens in the house. There are several rare marriage charms:
The windows are covered after the meal is completed, a rooster and hen are pulled out from under the stove, and their tails are tied together. If the rooster pulls the hen to the door, there will be a wedding and if he pulls the hen back under the stove, there will be no wedding.
Three items are placed on the doorsill: a ring, a piece of chalk and a piece of bread. A hen is brought out. If the hen picks up the ring, the girl will marry. If the hen picks up the piece of chalk, the girl will die. The girl will live poorly if the hen picks up the bread.
A pot of water is brought to a boil and then two pieces of coal are dropped into the water. If the coals come together, there will be a wedding.
Every girl in the room lights a candle. All the candles are placed on the table's edge and blown out by the master of the house. The girl whose candle is not blown out will remain unmarried.
A ring is dropped into a half filled glass of water by a maiden. The number of ripples shows the number of years before her wedding.
At midnight, girls place two sacred candles and between them a glass filled with water, birch ashes and drop a wedding band inside. Looking through the glass, they will either see their chosen male or a coffin.
Three whole herring, without breading should be eaten by a maiden before going to bed. A towel should be placed on two wooden rods, set over a bowl filled with water by their bed. They will dream of their future male while sleeping.
Quietly tie up even knots, putting into each one money, a piece of coal, a lump of earth, a piece of clay from the stove, grain or seeds, and a small rag. All these knotted pieces are placed in a tub, next to the girl's bed, so that they can be touched without leaving the bed. The meanings of the different knots are: the ring represents a wedding, money represents riches, coal represents fire, earth represents death, rag represents children, seeds or grains represent a good harvest.
That night, two needles are dropped into a plate filled with water. If the needles come together, there will be a wedding.
Animals
On Christmas Eve a greater attention was given to animals. This was to assure their health, fertility and breeding success:
Hay from the supper table was later fed to the animals.
If one sewed on Christmas Eve, sheep will bear motley lambs.
To assure that animals do not scatter in the summer, the entire family must eat the Kūčios supper together.
To keep the animal herds together in summer, tie up the cutlery after supper with the whip, broom and shepherd.
No need to lock barn doors on this night, place a cross or another sign on the doors so that harmful spirits are ineffective.
Those who sprinkle a mixture of wheat and peas in the barn, will have good animals the following year.
After supper the mistress of the house should take all milk pots outside and place all around the farmstead so that next year the cows will give much milk.
After supper the mistress of the house takes the butter churn and walks around the fields churning it, so that there will be an abundance of butter.
No spinning should be done on this day because it will cause calf abortions and animals to slobber.
After milking the cow, milk should be poured three times over the cow so that the witches do not drain the cow on the feast day of Saint John.
On this day stroke the cows, so that they will be fat and have no pustules.
Several Christmas wafers are saved and fed to cows, to keep the milk from spoiling.
To make your horses look good, steal manure from your neighbor and feed it to your horses.
So that no one can bewitch the horses, the master of the house feeds them ears of rye.
Sheep should be sheared on this day so that new born lambs have curly fleece.
To keep wolves from carrying away animals, mention wolves while eating.
Carry a sieve, a strainer for separating lumps from powdered material, around the fields to prevent the killing of colts by wolves.
Wash windows, door handles, and all the corners of the house. Give the wash water to the animals to drink; it will keep evil eyes away from the animals.
See also
List of dining events
References
Bibliography
Arūnas Vaicekauskas, Ancient Lithuanian calendar festivals, 2014, Vytautas Magnus University, Versus Aureus. ,
Christmas meals and feasts
Lithuanian traditions
Lithuanian cuisine | wiki |
A michigan hot dog, michigan red hot, or simply "michigan", is a steamed all-beef hot dog on a steamed bun topped with a meaty sauce, generally referred to as "michigan sauce", and is a specialty in and around Plattsburgh, New York.
Origin
There is no consensus on the origin of the michigan, which according to some sources is not capitalized. Eula and Garth Otis, who opened the first michigan stand in Plattsburgh, New York, in 1927, were originally from Michigan.
According to Press-Republican columnist Gordie Little, a newspaper advertisement for the Otis's michigans appeared in 1927. Little calls the michigan "a cultural institution."
According to Serious Eats, the sauce recipe may have originated in Michigan, but "bears little resemblance to Detroit Coney sauce, with no offal and barely any Greek flavor, although the texture is similar to Flint sauce."
Ingredients
The sauces are varied; some can be tomato-based and may contain vinegar, brown sugar, and a blend of spices. Others contain no tomato and are solely seasoning-based. It uses hamburger and contains no large chunks of meat. In addition to the sauce, the hot dog may be topped with onions and yellow mustard. Unlike Cincinnati-style coneys, no cheese is used as a hot dog topping. In many instances, customers can order their dogs with onions under the meat; the term for this is ordering the dog "buried".
See also
List of hot dogs
List of regional dishes of the United States
List of sausage dishes
Coney Island hot dog
References
Fast food
Hot dogs
Cuisine of New York (state)
Sausage dishes | wiki |
The Women's 10 metre air rifle standing SH1 event at the 2008 Summer Paralympics took place on September 7 at the Beijing Shooting Range Hall. It was the first medal awarded at the 2008 Paralympics Games.
Qualification round
Q Qualified for final
Final
Shooting at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Para | wiki |
Alberto Mestre may refer to:
Alberto Mestre (swimmer, born 1964)
Alberto Mestre (swimmer, born 1999) | wiki |
Salame Felino is a variety of Italian salame historically produced in the municipality of Felino (hence the name) and in some neighboring municipalities, such as Sala Baganza and Langhirano, all in the province of Parma. Having obtained the European certification of "Protected Geographical Indication", this salami is protected from counterfeiting.
Preparation
Salame Felino is traditionally produced with pure pork meat. The mixture is made up of pork called "bench mince" (shoulder of the animal), roughly made up of 70% lean and 30% selected fat parts. The grinding takes place with medium dies, obtaining a medium-coarse-grained mixture that is added with salt, whole-grain pepper. Small amounts of potassium nitrate are usually added and sometimes ascorbates (antioxidants and acidity regulators) and sugars as well. After grinding, crushed garlic and pepper are also added and dissolved in dry white wine, then the mixture is stuffed into natural pork casing of Danish origin. Traditionally, for the packaging of Felino salami, the so-called gentle intestine is used, that is the intestinal part of the pig that corresponds to the rectum: it is a smooth-looking and thick gut, which allows to keep the dough soft which it also contains after long curing. The ideal seasoning for Felino salami is at least 60 days, favored by the particular microclimate of the Parma area. Today, the majority of Salame Felino producers use special rooms at a controlled temperature for the seasoning of the product.
Organoleptic characteristics
It comes with a slice of intense red color, with the white of the ground fat. The compactness of the meat is closely linked to the seasoning and quality of the meat used to produce the salami. The scent is intense, very characteristic, while the flavor is delicate.
Use
It is one of the most typical appetizers of the Parma area, especially when paired with Parma ham, which is produced in the same area. Usually, it goes well with a Lambrusco wine. Traditionally it is cut diagonally, thus creating oval slices, approximately double the length of the diameter of the salami. To taste it at its best, thickness is very important: traditionally the slices must be as thick as a peppercorn.
References
Italian products with protected designation of origin
Italian sausages
Cuisine of Emilia-Romagna | wiki |
The Roloson Houses, also known as the Robert W. Roloson Houses, are a group of four adjacent row houses in the Douglas community area of Chicago, Illinois, United States. The houses were designed in 1894 by architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) for client Robert W. Roloson (1848-1925). Construction was begun in 1894 and completed in early 1895.
They were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. They were designated a Chicago Landmark on December 27, 1979.
References
Storrer, William Allin. The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. University Of Chicago Press, 2006, (S.026)
Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
Houses completed in 1894
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Chicago
Chicago Landmarks
1894 establishments in Illinois | wiki |
Panel edge staining is a naturally occurring problem that occurs to anodized aluminium and stainless steel panelling and façades. It is semi-permanent staining that dulls the panel or façade's surface (in particular the edges of the panelling), reducing the natural lustre and shine produced by the anodizing processes used on the aluminium. Panel edge staining may also appear on powder coated aluminium, painted aluminium, stainless steel and titanium surfaces.
Causes
Panel edge staining is the by-product of the build-up of dirt and pollution. It is especially more noticeable on buildings using metallic façades in Asia, and regions close to the equator (such as Florida or South East Asia), as higher rates of air pollution, high levels of humidity and consistent rainfall encourage panel edge staining to develop.
The unique top-to-bottom stain pattern of panel edge staining is caused when the build-up of dirt and pollution is washed from the higher panels to the lower panels of a surface by natural precipitation.
Notes
References
Staining of facades By Michael Y. L. Chew, Tan Phay Ping
Maintenance and Restoration of Architectural Aluminum By Service One, Inc. Technical Paper
Aluminium
Corrosion
Stainless steel | wiki |
A Licensed Engineering Technologist (LET) is a class of licensee within Professional Engineers Ontario.
LET is a class of limited license authorized under the Professional Engineers Act of Ontario, which allows a holder to practice, and take responsible for the practice of engineering within a limited scope of work. A limited license may be provided in the case that a person has—through at least 13 years of specialised experience—become competent at a certain area of professional engineering. They may only practice within the scope of their license.
See also
Engineering technologist
References
Professional certification in engineering | wiki |
Chill factor may refer to:
Wind chill factor, a meteorological measurement
Film
Chill Factor (1988 film), 1988 New Zealand action film
Chill Factor (film), 1999 American action film starring Cuba Gooding Jr. and Skeet Ulrich
A Cold Night's Death, a 1973 American made-for-TV film, also called The Chill Factor
Other uses
Chill Factor (novel), a 1992 science fiction novel by Laurence James (James Axler)
Chill Factore (styled Chill Factore), an indoor ski slope in Manchester, England
Chill Factor (album), a 1987 album by American country music artist Merle Haggard
"Chill Factor" (song), a 1988 song from the LP | wiki |
Hellawes is a female name that may refer to:
Hellawes (sorceress), a character in Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur
Hellawes, pseudonym of singer Natalia O'Shea (born 1976) | wiki |
Certified Technician is a Canadian professional title awarded on the basis of academic qualification and work experience. Abbreviated as C.Tech., most Canadian provincial engineering and applied science technology associations offer this certification. They are closely related to a Certified Engineering Technologist and share the same professional association.
Professional titles and certifications
Professional certification in engineering | wiki |
This is a list of Xbox Live enabled games on Windows 10 currently planned or released on Windows 10 operating systems through the Windows Store application. The first wave of Windows 10 Xbox Live games were announced on Xbox Wire in March 2015. All Xbox Live enabled games on Windows 10 are made available on the Windows Store. In order to be released on Windows 10 as an Xbox Live enabled game, the developer needs to be a member of ID@Xbox.
Xbox Live enabled titles will be identifiable in the marketplace by a green banner running across the top of the game page icon that reads "Xbox Live". Games with Cross-buy Column checked yes are part of Xbox Play Anywhere program which allows gamers to play a title on both Xbox One and Windows 10 PCs with a single digital purchase of a supported game.
Xbox Live Games on Windows 10
Playable = 147 available to purchase
Total =
List
Free-to-play
See also
List of Games for Windows – Live titles
List of Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One
List of Xbox Live games on Windows 8.x
List of Xbox One applications
List of Xbox One games
List of Xbox Play Anywhere games
References
Xbox network
Windows 10
Xbox Live | wiki |
The Academy Award for Best Writing is divided into two subcategories:
Academy Award for Best Writing (Adapted Screenplay)
Academy Award for Best Writing (Original Screenplay) | wiki |
Intellect is the ability of the human mind to reach correct conclusions about what is true and what is false in reality, and how to solve problems.
Intellect may also refer to:
Intellect (trade association), now TechUK
Intellect Games, a 1970s board game manufacturing company
"Intellect", a song by Killing Joke, 1998
See also
Active intellect, in medieval philosophy
General intellect, in Marxist theory
Passive intellect, in philosophy
Intellectual, a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and reflection about the reality of society
Intelligence, the ability to perceive or infer information, and to retain it as knowledge
Nous, a concept from classical philosophy | wiki |
Fruit salad is a food serving made of fruit.
Fruit Salad may also refer to:
Fruit Salad (confectionery), a raspberry & pineapple flavoured chew
"Fruit Salad" (song), a 1998 song by the Wiggles
"Fruit Salad", a song by Tierra Whack from her 2018 album Whack World
"Fruit Salad", a 2021 song by Tom Cardy
Other uses
Medal ribbon, a decoration worn on military uniforms referred to colloquially as "fruit salad" | wiki |
The Bhutanese Citizenship Act may refer to:
The Bhutanese Citizenship Act 1958
The Bhutanese Citizenship Act 1985 | wiki |
Traffic pattern can refer to
Information traffic patterns
Airfield traffic patterns
See also
Traffic analysis | wiki |
QIT may refer to:
QIT-Fer et Titane, a Canadian mining company
Quadrupole ion trap
Quantum information theory
Queensland University of Technology
Q = It, the formula describing charge in terms of current and time | wiki |
Nops or NOPS may refer to:
Nops (spider), a genus of spider of the family Caponiidae
Gymnallabes nops, a species of catfish
Jerry Nops (1875—1937), American baseball player
Middlesbrough Ironopolis F.C.
New Orleans Public Schools
Nokian Palloseura
See also
NOP (disambiguation) | wiki |
Borough of Ealing steht für:
London Borough of Ealing, Stadtteil von London
Municipal Borough of Ealing, Bezirk in der Grafschaft Middlesex | wiki |
Church on the Hill may refer to:
Church on the Hill (Cluj-Napoca)
Church on the Hill (Lenox, Massachusetts)
Church on the Hill (Sighișoara) | wiki |
The last clear chance doctrine of tort law, is applicable to negligence cases in jurisdictions that apply rules of contributory negligence in lieu of comparative negligence. Under this doctrine, a negligent plaintiff can nonetheless recover if he is able to show that the defendant had the last opportunity to avoid the accident. Though the stated rationale has differed depending on the jurisdiction adopting the doctrine, the underlying idea is to mitigate the harshness of the contributory negligence rule. Conversely, a defendant can also use this doctrine as a defense. If the plaintiff has the last clear chance to avoid the accident, the defendant will not be liable.
Statement
The Restatement (Second) of Torts explains the doctrine in detail as follows:
See also
Avoidable consequences rule
Personal injury
References
Tort law
Law of negligence
Legal doctrines and principles | wiki |
Cinderella and the Secret Prince, also known as Cinderella 3D, is a 2018 American 3D computer-animated fantasy adventure film directed by Lynne Southerland from a screenplay by Francis Glebas, Alice Blehart, Stephanie Bursill and Russell Fung, based on the Brothers Grimm version of the fairytale "Cinderella". Internationally, it grossed $12,143,896 against a budget of $20,000,000.
Premise
During the Royal Ball, Cinderella meets the prince in hopes of marrying him. However, he turns out to be incredibly rude and mean-spirited. She and her three mice friends then discover that the real prince has in fact been turned into a mouse by an evil witch and replaced by a fraud; now she and her mice have to rescue him and turn him back into a human before it's too late.
Sequel
The Sequel to Little Sorcerer (2021)
See also
List of American theatrical animated feature films (2000-2019)
References
External links
2018 animated films
2018 films
2018 3D films
American animated films
American children's fantasy films
American children's adventure films
American children's animated fantasy films
American romantic fantasy films
American animated feature films
Animated films about mice
Animated romance films
Films about princesses
Films about royalty
Films about weddings
Films set in palaces
2010s English-language films
2010s American films | wiki |
You Don't Have to Die is a 1988 American short documentary film about a young boy (Jason Gaes) and his successful battle against cancer, directed by Malcolm Clarke and Bill Guttentag.
Production
Some scenes were animated by John Canemaker.
Accolades
In 1989, it won an Oscar for Documentary Short Subject at the 61st Academy Awards.
Cast
Jason Gaes as himself
Adam Gaes as himself
Craig Gaes as himself
Geralyn Gaes as herself
Melissa Gaes as herself
Tim Gaes as himself
References
External links
, posted by John Canemaker
1988 films
1988 short films
1988 documentary films
1988 independent films
1980s short documentary films
American short documentary films
Best Documentary Short Subject Academy Award winners
American independent films
Films directed by Bill Guttentag
Documentary films about cancer
Documentary films about children
1980s English-language films
1980s American films | wiki |
The Johnstown Flood was a disaster that occurred in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, United States on May 31, 1889.
Johnstown Flood may also refer to:
Johnstown flood of 1936, a disaster that occurred in Johnstown in 1936
Johnstown flood of 1977, a disaster that occurred in Johnstown in 1977
2021 Johnstown flooding caused by Hurricane Ida
Johnstown Flood Museum, a history museum in Johnstown, Pennsylvania
Johnstown Flood National Memorial, a memorial near South Fork, Pennsylvania that commemorates the 1889 flood
The Johnstown Flood (1926 film), a silent drama film
The Johnstown Flood (1989 film), a short documentary film
The Johnstown Flood (book), a 1968 book by David McCullough about the 1889 flood | wiki |
is a Japanese manga series by Mayu Sakai, that was serialized in Shueisha's shōjo manga magazine Ribon from September 2011 to August 2015. It has been collected in ten tankōbon volumes. An anime adaptation aired from January 14 to January 28, 2014, as a segment on TV Tokyo's children's television series Oha Star.
Characters
Media
Manga
References
External links
Anime series based on manga
Romantic comedy anime and manga
Shōjo manga
Shueisha franchises
Shueisha manga
TV Tokyo original programming | wiki |
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