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Menu pricing may refer to:
the pricing of menus
product versioning, a form of price differentiation | wiki |
A Formal Public Identifier (FPI) is a short piece of specially formatted text that may be used to uniquely identify a product, specification or document. One of their most common uses is as part of document type definitions, but they are also used in the vCard and iCalendar formats to identify the software product that has generated data.
More recently, Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) and universally unique identifiers (UUIDs) are usually used to uniquely identify objects. FPIs have become a legacy system.
Syntax
An example identifier "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" can be broken down into two parts: the owner identifier which indicates the issuer of the FPI, and the text identifier which indicates the particular document or object the FPI identifies. In the example, the owner identifier is "-//W3C" and the text identifier is "DTD HTML 4.01//EN". The two parts are separated by a double slash.
Owner identifiers that are prefixed with "-//" indicate unregistered owners. (The W3C is notable for not having registered its FPI name.) Registered identifiers are prefixed with "+//" and a small number of identifiers assigned by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) do not require a prefix at all.
Registered domain names may be used as owner identifiers. For example, the owner of example.net could issue FPIs using the owner identifier "+//IDN example.net".
Text identifiers can be broken down into the class, description and language. In this case the class is "DTD", indicating that the FPI represents a document type definition; the description is "HTML 4.01"; and the language is "EN" which suggests that the document type definition is written in English (though documents conforming to the DTD do not need to be in English). The class is separated from the description using a space character; the description is separated from the language using a double slash. The text identifier may optionally contain a version indicator after the language, also separated by a double slash.
Use in XML and SGML
The FPI is undoubtedly the least well-understood part of the document type declaration, an integral component of valid HTML, XML and Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) documents. The Formal Public Identifier's effect upon its host document is unusual in that it can depend not only upon its own syntactical correctness and the behaviour of the program parsing it, but also upon the ISO-registration status of the organisation responsible for schema referenced by the FPI.
Example
A document type declaration (for HTML 4.01 strict) containing an FPI:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
The FPI in the document type declaration above reads -//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN
Relationship to URIs
Increasingly, specifications use URIs rather than FPIs to handle the task of unique identification. For example, XML namespace names are URIs.
A Uniform Resource Name (URN) namespace has been defined to allow any FPI to be rewritten as a URI, replacing double slashes with colons. The earlier example may be written as the following URI:
urn:publicid:-:W3C:DTD+HTML+4.01:EN
References
Identifiers | wiki |
Corydoras bilineatus is a tropical freshwater fish belonging to the Corydoradinae sub-family of the family Callichthyidae. It originates in inland waters in South America. Corydoras bilineatus is found in the Madeira River basin in Bolivia.
References
Reis, R.E., 2003. Callichthyidae (Armored catfishes). p. 291-309. In R.E. Reis, S.O. Kullander and C.J. Ferraris, Jr. (eds.) Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, Brasil.
Corydoras
Catfish of South America
Fish of Bolivia
Taxa named by Joachim Knaack
Fish described in 2002 | wiki |
Eine Übersicht von Wiki-Software.
Eine Übersicht von Features
Weblinks
„Die Wahl der richtigen Wiki-Software“
Studie „Die Qual der Wiki-Wahl: Wikis für Wissensmanagement in Organisationen“
WikiMatrix: Vergleich von Wiki-Software (englisch)
Liste von Wiki-Software (englisch)
Einzelnachweise
!
WikiSoftware | wiki |
The 1988 President's Cup International Football Tournament () was the 17th competition of Korea Cup. This edition was held from 16 to 28 June 1988 to prepare the 1988 Summer Olympics, which was hosted in their country, and was the largest scale among all-time Korea Cups. Czechoslovakia XI won the tournament after defeating Soviet Union XI in the final.
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Knockout stage
Bracket
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Third place play-off
Final
Goalscorers
See also
Korea Cup
South Korea national football team results
References
External links
President's Cup 1988 (South Korea) at RSSSF
1988
1988 in South Korean sport | wiki |
A plane crash is a type of aviation accident or incident. It can also refer to:
A song by the British progressive rock band Inspiral Carpets, written in 1986 and recorded in 1989 as a B-side for their single Find Out Why
The EP of the same name, released in 1988 (doesn't include the song)
Plane Crash / The Plane Crash, 2012 television episode of Curiosity and 2012 programme for Channel 4, respectively | wiki |
White Crane Kung-Fu may refer to:
Fujian White Crane, a southern Chinese martial art
Tibetan White Crane, a western/southern Chinese martial art
Crane kick | wiki |
Corydoras cruziensis is a tropical freshwater fish belonging to the Corydoradinae sub-family of the family Callichthyidae. It originates in inland waters in South America. Corydoras cruziensis is found in the Madeira River basin in Bolivia.
References
Reis, R.E., 2003. Callichthyidae (Armored catfishes). p. 291-309. In R.E. Reis, S.O. Kullander and C.J. Ferraris, Jr. (eds.) Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, Brasil.
Corydoras
Catfish of South America
Fish of Bolivia
Taxa named by Joachim Knaack
Fish described in 2002 | wiki |
Daylight harvesting systems use daylight to offset the amount of electric lighting needed to properly light a space, in order to reduce energy consumption. This is accomplished using lighting control systems that are able to dim or switch electric lighting in response to changing daylight availability. The term Daylight Harvesting has become the standard in the fields of lighting, sustainable architecture, and active daylighting industries.
System design and components
Daylight harvesting systems are typically designed to maintain a minimum recommended light level. This light level will vary according to the needs and use of the space; for example, the commonly recommended light level for offices is 500 Lux (or around 50 foot-candles) on the desktop.
Photosensors
All daylight harvesting systems use a light level sensor, a photosensor, to detect the prevailing light level, luminance or brightness, in open-loop or closed-loop systems. Photosensors are used to adjust electric lighting based on the available daylight in the space. In an open-loop system, the photosensor detects the amount of available daylight only, and can be positioned on the building's exterior wall or roof, or inside the building facing the window or skylight. In a closed-loop system, the photosensor detects the total photometric amount of light, from both daylight and electric sources in the space. For example, in an office a closed-loop photosensor can be positioned on the ceiling facing the desktops in order to detect the amount of light on the work surface, as placing the sensor on the desktop itself would be impractical. When sensors were placed on desktops in an office building, an penalty of 24% on energy saving occurred. In both the open- and closed-loop configurations, the signal from the photosensor must be carefully calibrated to accurately indicate the effect of exterior daylight variations on the light level on 'important function' areas in the space.
Control modules and dimming
The signal from the photosensor is interpreted by a lighting control system module, an automated light switching device, in the electric lighting system which can reduce the electric lighting, by shutting off or dimming fixtures as appropriate. If the electric lighting is dimmable, then the artificial lighting may be continuously adjusted in proportion to the amount of daylight available. If the electric lighting is on-off only, then an electric lighting fixture or lamp must remain on at full output until daylight can meet the entire recommended light level for the space. Non-dimming variants include having multiple non-adjacent light fixtures such as alternate units in the ceiling 'grid layout,' or daylight source adjacent fixtures near windows or skylights, linked for module on-off switching. Another variant of on-off switching is step switching (sometimes referred to as "bi-level switching"), in which multiple lamps in a single light fixture can be switched on and off independent of each other. This allows for typically one or two steps between full output and zero.
Dimming systems are generally more expensive than on-off systems. They have the potential to save more energy, because they can reduce electric light output when daylight can only partially meet the needs of the space. However, dimming systems may also require a little more energy for their basic operation. If a dimming system is well-calibrated, the occupants of the space will not notice changes in electric lighting due to daylight harvesting, whereas they are very likely to notice the changes due to on-off or step switching.
Energy savings
Several studies have recorded the energy savings due to daylight harvesting. Energy savings for electric lighting in the range of 20-60% are common.
Savings are very dependent on the type of space the light harvesting control system is deployed in, and its usage. Clearly, savings can only accrue in spaces with substantial daylight where electric lighting would have been otherwise used. Therefore, daylight harvesting works best in spaces with access to conventional or clerestory windows, skylights, light tube groups, glass block walls, and other passive daylighting sources from sunlight; and where electric lighting would otherwise be left on for long periods. Such spaces have included offices, atria, interior public multistory plazas and shopping mall courts, and schools.
It is too simplistic to try to increase energy savings by increasing the size of windows. Daylight over-illumination may cause glare for occupants, causing them to deploy blinds or other window shading devices, and compromising the daylight harvesting system. Even partially deployed venetian blinds can cut energy savings in half.
Impressive energy savings estimates may not be realized in practice due to poor system design, calibration, or commissioning. Systems that dim or switch electric lighting in a distracting manner, or that produce overall light levels that are perceived as too low, can be sabotaged by occupants.
(For example, simply taping over a sensor will create constant electric lighting at maximum output.)
The adoption of daylight harvesting technologies has been hampered by high costs and imperfect performance of the technologies. However, studies have shown that by using daylight harvesting technologies, owners can see an average annual energy savings of 24%.
One method of predicting energy savings is to use commercially available software programs, such as TRACE 700 or (freeware) DOE-2, which considers thermal loads.
Payback, and drivers for adoption
There is an incremental cost to daylight harvesting systems. Dividing this cost by the annual energy savings provides a "simple payback", the number of years for the system to pay for itself. The shorter the calculated payback period, the more likely it is that a building owner will invest in the system. Costs vary for a whole host of local factors, but generally if energy costs rise, or the cost of the control hardware and installation falls, the payback period will be reduced.
Sustainability
The green building-sustainable building movement encourages sustainable architecture design and building practices. Various green building ecolabel certification marks exist around the world, such as LEED, BOMA Best, BREEAM, HKBeam, and Green Star. All of these programs offer points for various building design features that promote sustainability, and certification at various levels is awarded for reaching a given number of points. One of the principal ways to gain points is through energy saving measures.
Therefore, daylight harvesting is a common feature of green buildings.
Thus green building practices are increasing the production of daylight harvesting components, leading to lower prices.
Many electric utilities provide financial incentives for their customers to save energy. One such incentive is rebates on daylight harvesting systems
, which also reduces payback periods.
In addition, energy codes and standards are beginning to address daylight harvesting. For example, the California Energy Code Title 24-2008 recognizes primary and secondary daylight zones. At least 50% of the general lighting in primary zones must be controlled separately from other lighting, with automatic control required for larger zones. The code encourages automatic daylight harvesting in secondary zones by awarding power adjustment factor credits that can be applied to the lighting design. The 2009 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) recognizes daylight zones around vertical fenestration and skylights, and requires that the lighting in these zones be controlled separately from the general lighting in the space. The 2010 ASHRAE 90.1 energy standard, expected to be published in the fall 2010, is also expected to address daylight harvesting. Meanwhile, ASHRAE 189.1, the first of a generation of sustainable construction codes, defines daylight zones and requires daylight harvesting control.
See also
Daylighting
Passive daylighting
Active daylighting
Illuminance
Brightness
Sustainability
Sustainable architecture
Sustainable design
References
External links
Cost Effective Simplified Controls for Daylight Harvesting California Lighting Technology Center, University of California, Davis
Daylight Harvesting Made Simple California Energy Commission
Daylighting Whole Building Design Guide
Daylight Harvesting Implementation by Rainbow Grocery Co-op
National Research Council Institute for Research in Construction (NRC-IRC) Lighting Research
Harvest Daylight and Reap Rewards by Daintree Networks
Dayswitch technology
Daylight Dividends, a research organization
Welch Allyn Headquarters Renovations a renovation project utilizing daylight harvesting technology
Lighting
Architectural lighting design
Energy-saving lighting
Building engineering
Sustainable building
Solar-powered devices | wiki |
La microcénose (ou microbiocénose) est un regroupement de toutes les formes microbiotiques présentes dans la biocénose.
Notes et références
Écologie des écosystèmes | wiki |
X-way crossing may refer to:
Pedestrian scramble
A predecessor to the Pelican crossing | wiki |
Five Seasons of Angel is a 2004 academic publication relating to the fictional Buffyverse established by TV series, Buffy and Angel.
Book description
Characters and themes in Angel are examined in a collection of essays by a variety of writers, including a horror author, a sex expert, a television critic, a science fiction novelist, and Buffy writer Nancy Holder.
Contents
External links
Phil-books.com - Review of this book
Darkworlds.com - Review of this book
Books about the Buffyverse
2004 non-fiction books
BenBella Books books | wiki |
Reading Angel: The TV Spin-off With a Soul is a 2005 academic publication relating to the fictional Buffyverse established by TV series, Buffy and Angel.
Book description and contents
The collection covers many topics including Angel's setting, the cinematic aesthetics of Angel, its music, shifting portrayals of masculinity, the noir Los Angeles setting, the superhero, the evolution of the show's characters and the series' premature end.
External links
Phil-books.com - Review of this book
slayageonline.com - Chapter from this book
Books about the Buffyverse
2005 non-fiction books | wiki |
Seven Seasons of Buffy is a 2003 academic publication relating to the fictional Buffyverse established by the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel.
Book description and contents
A batch of essays from science-fiction and fantasy writers that examine the show's scope, the growth of its characters, and the effect it had on its fans.
External links
Phil-books.com - review of this book
Nika-summers.com - review of "Seven Seasons of Buffy"
Ink 19.com - review of this book
Books about the Buffyverse
2003 non-fiction books
BenBella Books books | wiki |
Methoxyestradiol may refer to:
2-Methoxyestradiol
4-Methoxyestradiol
11β-Methoxyestradiol | wiki |
Sulfonamide or sulphonamide may refer to:
Sulfonamide (chemistry) – the sulfonamide functional group in organic chemistry
Sulfonamide (medicine) – the group of sulfonamide antibacterial drugs. | wiki |
Televised Morality: The Case of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" is a 2004 academic publication relating to the fictional Buffyverse established by TV series, Buffy and Angel.
Book description
The increasing frequency of moralist critiques of television shows is an acknowledgment of television's growing role in the shaping of a culture's moral values. Yet many moralist critiques misconstrue the full moral message of a show due to a restrictive focus on sex, violence, and profanity. Televised Morality explores the nature of moral discourse on television by using Buffy the Vampire Slayer as a case study.
Contents
External links
whedonstudies.tv - Chapter from this book
Books about the Buffyverse
2004 non-fiction books | wiki |
Why Buffy Matters: The Art of Buffy the Vampire Slayer is a 2005 academic publication relating to the fictional Buffyverse established by TV series, Buffy and Angel.
Book description
Rhonda Wilcox, (an editor of Slayage: the online journal) presents an argument for Buffy as an art form as worthy of respect and acknowledgment as film or literature. She highlights depth of characters and symbolism in the show.
The start of the book deals with everything from the significance of the characters' names in relation to their identities to parallels between Buffy and the Harry Potter saga, while the last half of the book offers analyses of seven of Buffy's episodes. ("Surprise", "Innocence", "The Zeppo", "Hush", "Restless", "The Body", and "Once More, with Feeling".)
Contents
Books about the Buffyverse
2005 non-fiction books
I.B. Tauris books | wiki |
A forced abortion may occur when the perpetrator causes abortion by force, threat or coercion, or by taking advantage of a situation where a pregnant individual is unable to give consent, or when valid consent is in question due to duress. This may also include the instances when the conduct was neither justified by medical or hospital treatment. Like forced sterilization, forced abortion may include a physical invasion of female reproductive organs.
Nazi Germany
During World War II, abortion policy in Nazi Germany varied depending on the people group and territory the policy was directed at. The commonality between policies was its purpose in promoting the birth rate and population of the putative "Aryan race" and minimizing the population of others (such as Slavs), and those deemed a burden on German society such as the children of disabled and mentally ill persons. It has been categorized as a part of Nazi Germany's "systematic program of genocide, aimed at the destruction of foreign nations and ethnic groups".
People's Republic of China
Forced abortions associated with administration of the one-child policy have occurred in the People's Republic of China; they are a violation of Chinese law and are not official policy. They result from government pressure on local officials who, in turn, employ strong-arm tactics on pregnant mothers. On September 29, 1997, a bill was introduced in the United States Congress titled Forced Abortion Condemnation Act, that sought to "condemn those officials of the Chinese Communist Party, the government of the People's Republic of China and other persons who are involved in the enforcement of forced abortions by preventing such persons from entering or remaining in the United States". In June 2012 Feng Jianmei was forcibly made to abort her 7 month old fetus after not paying a fine for breaking the one-child policy. Her case was widely discussed on the internet in China to general revulsion after photos of the stillborn baby were posted online. A fortnight after the forced abortion she continued to be harassed by local authorities in Shanxi Province. On July 5, the European Parliament passed a resolution saying it "strongly condemns" both Feng's case specifically and forced abortions in general "especially in the context of the one-child policy."
Part of the work of the activist "barefoot lawyer" Chen Guangcheng also concerned excesses of this nature. By 2012, disagreement with forced abortion was being expressed by the public in China, thought to be fuelling pressure to repeal the one-child policy. After the shift to a two-child policy in January 2016, the practice was reported in 2020 to still occur through intimidation of the Uyghur minority in Xinjiang leading to the US government imposing sanctions on officials in response.
North Korean refugees repatriated from China
Forced abortions and infanticide are used as a form of punishment in prison camps. The North Korean regime banned pregnancy in its camps in the 1980s. China returns all illegal immigrants from North Korea which usually imprisons them in a short-term facility. Many North Korean defectors assert that forced abortions and infanticide are common in these prisons. The majority of the prisoners held in the Chinese detention centers are women. Repatriated North Koreans are subject to forced abortions regardless of perceived crimes. North Korean police's efforts are to prevent North Korean women from having ethnically mixed children with Han Chinese men. Medical care was not provided to North Korean women who underwent forced abortions.
United Kingdom
On June 21, 2019, the UK Court of Protection ordered a disabled woman to have an abortion against her will. The woman had a moderate mood disorder and learning disability and under the care of an NHS trust, which argued that she was mentally incompetent and that having a child would worsen her mental health. Justice Nathalie Lieven subsequently approved the forced abortion under the Mental Capacity Act 2005 despite the wishes of herself and her mother. The decision was criticized by the Catholic Church, the Disability Rights Commission, and numerous anti-abortion activist groups such as Life and the Society for the Protection of Unborn Children. The case was subsequently overturned by the Court of Appeal.
United States
Laws surrounding forced abortions
In 2016, Governor Rick Snyder enacted two bills with the intent to end forced abortions in Michigan. The first bill banned coercing a woman to have an abortion, and the second bill bans coerced abortions. Eighteen states, including the fourteen that have criminalized coerced abortion, have mandated that abortion clinics and providers offer written and verbal notification advising women against receiving an abortion under coercion.
Forced abortion in sex trafficking
In a series of focus groups conducted around the United States by anti-trafficking activist Laura Lederer in 2014, over 25% of survivors of domestic sex trafficking who responded to the question reported that they had been forced to have an abortion.
India
Laws surrounding forced abortions
Section 314 in The Indian Penal Code deals with forced abortion, it reads as- 'Whoever, with intent to cause the miscarriage of a woman with child, does any act which causes the death of such woman, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine; If act done without woman’s consent.'
Laws surrounding abortion
The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act (MTP) was passed in 1971 in response to the rising incidence of abortions performed without proper medical supervision, which was leading to an alarmingly high number of maternal deaths. Abortion was made legal in India as a result of the MTP statute. Before this legislation, having an abortion was considered a crime, which led to a significant number of women having them despite the risks involved. This legislation establishes norms and restrictions for the termination of pregnancy, which may only be performed by registered medical practitioners (a medical practitioner who has a recognised medical qualification, as defined in section 2 (h) of the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956).The most recent update to this statute was made in 2021, the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act of 2021 modifies the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1971 to increase the maximum limit for abortion from 20 to 24 weeks for certain women. The Amendment increases the upper gestational limit from 20 to 24 weeks for certain categories of women, which would be specified in the MTPA 2021 and would include rape survivors, incest victims, and other vulnerable women (such as women with disabilities or minors).
Sex selective abortion
Researchers anticipate that there would be 6.8 million fewer female births in India by 2030 due to the continued practise of selective abortions. The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act of 1994 makes it unlawful to divulge the sex of an unborn child save for medical grounds in India. The sex ratio at birth worsened in several states due to inconsistent legal enforcement. Indian authorities often arrest groups who do for pregnancy tests. India's gender ratio—900-930 females for 1,000 males—reflects its attitude towards girls. Males are breadwinners and girls burdens in all socioeconomic classes. Males get healthier diet and medical treatment than girls.
See also
Feticide
Sex-selective abortion
Childless Hundred Days
Baby hatch
References
Violence against women | wiki |
Long life may refer to:
Longevity, life expectancy, or referring to long-lived members of a population
Long Life, a 1978 reggae album by Prince Far I
Longlife, a transnational project in the Baltic Region
Product life/Durable goods
See also
Lifelong learning
Ultra-high-temperature processing | wiki |
A meerkat is a small mammal.
Meerkat may also refer to:
Meerkat (app), a live-streaming mobile application
Meerkat (vehicle), a mine-detection vehicle
MeerKAT, a radio telescope in South Africa
See also
Compare the Meerkat, a UK advertising campaign
Maverick Meerkat, an Ubuntu release
Meerkat Manor, a British television programme
Mercat cross, the Scots name for a market cross
Mercat Cross, Edinburgh | wiki |
Back It Up may refer to:
Albums
Back It Up!!, by Nils Lofgren, 1975
Back It Up (Robin Trower album), 1983
Songs
"Back It Up" (Caro Emerald song), 2009
"Back It Up" (Prince Royce song), 2015
"Back It Up", by Colette Carr from Skitszo, 2013
"Back It Up", by Jewelry, 2011
"Back It Up", by Seventeen from An Ode, 2019
"Back It Up", by Swami, 2013
See also
Backing up or reversing, a vehicle maneuver
Backup, in information technology | wiki |
Blood Relations: Chosen Families in Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel is a 2005 academic publication relating to the fictional Buffyverse established by TV series, Buffy and Angel.
Book description
This book looks at the conceptions of family explored in Buffy and Angel. Jes Battis asserts that the series explored nontraditional families that were not necessarily related by blood.
How does "family" relate to concepts of gender, sexuality, power and the supernatural? This book considers such questions. It also examines the "chosen family" as used successfully by programs such as Friends and Sex and the City.
Contents
External links
Phil-books.com - Review of this book
Slayage.tv - Chapter from this book
Books about the Buffyverse
2005 non-fiction books | wiki |
Eadred Ætheling (Old English Eadred Æþeling) (died c. 1012) was the fourth of the six sons of King Æthelred the Unready by his first wife Ælfgifu. He witnessed charters between 993 and 1012 or 1013, but died before his father was forced to flee to Normandy in late 1013.
See also
House of Wessex family tree
References
External links
; also
10th-century births
1010s deaths
Year of birth unknown
Year of death uncertain
Anglo-Saxon royalty
10th-century English people
11th-century English people
House of Wessex
Sons of kings | wiki |
Charley Koontz (born August 10, 1987) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his recurring role as the student nicknamed 'Fat' Neil on Community.
Early life, family and education
Koontz was raised in the San Francisco Bay Area. He graduated from De La Salle High School in Concord, California, where he appeared in school plays.
He attended Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles and earned a bachelor's degree in Theater Arts.
Career
Koontz appeared as FBI Agent Daniel Krumitz in CSI: Cyber. The show premiered on CBS on March 4, 2015.
Filmography
References
External links
1987 births
American male film actors
American male television actors
Male actors from the San Francisco Bay Area
Living people
Loyola Marymount University alumni
De La Salle High School (Concord, California) alumni | wiki |
Rough fescue is a common name for several plant and may refer to:
Festuca altaica, perennial bunchgrass native to Asia and North America
Festuca campestris, grass native to western North America | wiki |
William Busby may refer to:
William Busby (priest)
William Busby (politician)
William S. Busby, United States Air Force general | wiki |
William Burley may refer to:
William Burley (politician)
William Burley (priest)
William Burley (footballer)
W. J. Burley (William John Burley), British crime writer | wiki |
Dill Scallion is a 1999 feature film mockumentary that follows the rise and fall of a country-western singer, Dill Scallion.
Description
It was written and directed by Jordan Brady. It is best known for its eclectic cast including Lauren Graham, Kathy Griffin, David Koechner, Henry Winkler, Dave "Gruber" Allen, Wayne Federman, Jason Priestley, Robert Wagner, Dana Gould, Peter Berg, Michael Rodgers, Rachel Grate, and Spencer Garrett, as well as cameos from country western singers LeAnn Rimes, Travis Tritt, and Willie Nelson. Michael Rodgers and Sheryl Crow wrote most of the music for the film.
The film was released in 1999 only on VHS and a collectors edition was released on DVD in 2000.
Cast
External links
Austin Chronicle
Box Office Magazine
Film Threat
Access Atlanta
1999 films
American mockumentary films
Films shot in Minnesota
Films shot in Texas
1999 comedy films
1990s English-language films
Films directed by Jordan Brady
1990s American films | wiki |
Pockmark may refer to:
Acne scarring—resulting from acne or infections such as chicken pox
The scarring of smallpox
Pockmark (geology)—a geological formation
See also
Pimple
pt:Pockmark | wiki |
This is a non-exhaustive list of Albania women's international footballers – association football players who have appeared at least once for the senior Albania women's national football team.
Players
See also
Albania women's national football team
References
Notes
Citations
Lists of Albania international footballers
Albania
Association football player non-biographical articles | wiki |
In the oil and gas industry, depth in a well is the measurement, for any point in that well, of the distance between a reference point or elevation, and that point. It is the most common method of reference for locations in the well, and therefore, in oil industry speech, "depth" also refers to the location itself.
By extension, depth can refer to locations below, or distances from, a reference point or elevation, even when there is no well. In that sense, depth is a concept related to elevation, albeit in the opposite direction. Depth in a well is not necessarily measured vertically or along a straight line.
Because wells are not always drilled vertically, there may be two "depths" for every given point in a wellbore: the measured depth (MD) measured along the path of the borehole, and the true vertical depth (TVD), the absolute vertical distance between the datum and the point in the wellbore. In perfectly vertical wells, the TVD equals the MD; otherwise, the TVD is less than the MD measured from the same datum. Common datums used are ground level (GL), drilling rig floor (DF), Rotary table (RT), kelly bushing (KB or RKB) and mean sea level (MSL).
The specification of depth
Although it is an intuitive concept, depth in a well is the source of much confusion because it is frequently not specified correctly. Absolute depth should always be specified with three components:
a unit (e.g. m for metre),
a path (e.g. MD for measured depth)
and the reference or datum they refer to (e.g. RT for rotary table),
and none of these three components should ever be left implicit.
Example: the top of a reservoir may be found at 1,500 mMDRT in a particular well (1,500 m measured depth below the rotary table), which may be equal to 1,492 mTVDMSL (1,492 m true-vertical-depth below mean sea level) after correction for deviations from vertical.
Depth in a well as used in the oil and gas industry
Well depth values taken during the drilling operation are referred to as "driller's depth". The "total depth" for the well, core depths and all analysis of core / mud and other materials from the drilling hole are measured in "drillers depth".
Well depth values from the wireline loggers operation are referred to as "logger's depth". The loggers depth are typically considered more reliable than the drillers depth.
The differences between loggers and drillers depths are due to different stretch in the drilling string when drilling, and the wire line entered into the bore hole during wireline logging operations. This difference is estimated and referred to as "core shift". A core from a certain drillers depth is lined up with a wireline log (loggers depth) and structures in the core are compared with the log and matched.
Sign Convention - Depth increases positive in the downward direction. This may seem intuitive but confusion can arise when using certain references while integrating data from different sources. Workers mapping surfaces typically use elevation which, by convention, increases positive in the upward direction. Be mindful when integrating depth and elevation. For example, shallow wells drilled onshore often encounter reservoir at negative depths when referenced to sea level, mappers would define these same reservoirs at positive elevations when referenced to sea level.
Depth increases in the "down" direction, so an elevation is a negative depth. There is no need to specify above or below the depth reference.
Example: RT = -10 mMDLAT
The term "subsea" (SS) by itself should not be used, as it is ambiguous. It could mean: below sea floor or bottom, below mean sea level (MSL), below lowest astronomical tide (LAT), etc.
The acronym TVDSS is commonly used in the oil industry to represent TVD minus the elevation above mean sea level of the depth reference point of the well. The depth reference point is the kelly bushing in the United States and a few other nations, but is the drill floor in most places.
Differential (or relative) depths or thicknesses should generally be specified with at least two components: a unit and a path, plus any eventual specifiers to remove any possible ambiguity. No specifier should ever be left "implicit" or "understood". There are cases where a path is not needed and in fact should not be specified, because it is defined by the specifier, e.g. isochore (true stratigraphic thickness, independent of well path or inclination).
It is important to remember that depths, whether "absolute", "relative", "true", etc., have an intrinsic uncertainty and are never really true.
The distinction between "loggers' depth" and "drillers' depth" is becoming blurred due to the increasing use of logs acquired while drilling (LWD). At the time of writing, the common practice remains that the petrophysicists or geologists define the "official depths" in a well, and these depths are frequently different from the "drillers' depth", after various corrections, tie-ins, etc., have been applied.
Petrophysicists and drilling operations tend to express depths with reference to the rotary table or the original drill floor; geologists tend to use a common datum such as the mean sea level; geophysicists use the mean sea level. This can introduce much confusion when a unit is not specified with all 3 components: unit, path, and reference.
Special consideration must be given to depth measurement in toe-up laterals (J-profile). In these cases the measured depth will continue to increase while true vertical depth will decrease toward the toe of the wellbore.
Depth in practice
Unit: the usual unit of depth is the metre (m).
Path: common expressions of path are measured depth (MD) – elsewhere often known as along hole depth (AHD) – and true vertical depth (TVD). Note that using TV for true vertical depth is not consistent with the use of MD for measured depth, hence the recommended TVD.
Reference:
the legal datum offshore Australia is Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) – (Ref. 1 & 2). Note that this requirement in itself can cause difficulties as it is difficult to measure offshore and can vary greatly between locations and even with time. There is, however, an advantage to this convention: tidal corrections should always be of the same sign (negative depth), i.e. the sea level is always higher than or equal to LAT.
A commonly used alternative is Mean Sea Level (MSL).
A datum used in the past was Mean Indian Spring Low Water (MISLW). It is comparable to, but not exactly the same as, LAT.
Common references used in operations include: Rotary Table (RT), Drill Floor (DF), Kelly Bushing (KB), Sea Bottom (SB), Ground Level (GL), Casing Bowl Flange (CBF).
Any combination of unit, path, and reference can be used, as long as they result in fully specified, unambiguous depths. A well may reach to many kilometers.
Figures
Specification of an absolute depth: in Figure 1 above, point P1 might be at 3207 mMDRT and 2370 mTVDMSL, while point P2 might be at 2530 mMDRT and 2502 mTVDLAT.
Specification of a differential depth or a thickness: in Figure 2 above, the thickness of the reservoir penetrated by the well might be 57 mMD or 42 mTVD, even though the reservoir true stratigraphic thickness in that area (or isopach) might be only 10 m, and its true vertical thickness (isochore), 14 m.
See also
Measured depth
True vertical depth
References
External links
Determining Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT)
Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973 (Australia)
Log Data Acquisition and Quality Control, Ph. Theys, 1991, Editions Technip
Earth sciences
Energy development
Petroleum production | wiki |
Peter Julian Basil Biggs is a Falkland Island politician who has served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly for the Stanley constituency since the 2021 general election.
References
Living people
Falkland Islands MLAs 2021–2025
Year of birth missing (living people) | wiki |
Red Pecorino is a red Sicilian cheese which was originally developed in Sicily, Italy. In Italian, it is referred to as "Picurinu Rusu". Red Pecorino is made from sheep's milk and Sicilian filate pastes in a technique known as pasta filata which is used in the manufacture of a family of Italian cheeses also known as stretched-curd, pulled-curd, and plastic-curd.
The production of Red Pecorino is officially recognized and included in the list of food products of traditional Italian cuisine (A.P.T), the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry. In Italian regions such as Tuscany and Sardinia, other cheeses are called by their original name. The red Sicilian Pecorino however, is referred to as seasoning. Red Pecorino is made from tomato sauce and plain sheep's milk. Saffron or chili pepper are added during production.
Features
Red Pecorino takes its name from its unique method of preparation. After being rubbed with seasoning and olive oil, the cheese is stained with tomato sauce, providing its signature red color. The cheese itself is processed manually, starting with the formation process, which occurs when the cheese is about two months old and still tender and fresh. The olive oil and tomato sauce are mixed together and applied as a protective layer over the cheese. It is in this state that the cheese matures.
References
External links
About cheese pecorino on website Pasto.ru
Italian cheeses
Sheep's-milk cheeses | wiki |
Opostomias is a genus of barbeled dragonfish.
Species
There are currently two recognized species in this genus:
Opostomias micripnus (Günther, 1878) (Obese dragonfish)
Opostomias mitsuii S. Imai, 1941 (Pitgum lanternfish)
References
Stomiidae
Marine fish genera
Taxa named by Albert Günther
Ray-finned fish genera | wiki |
Memorias de un visitador médico () is a 1980 film directed by Luis María Delgado. It stars Andrés García and Amparo Muñoz. The screenplay is based on a 1969 book by José de Lugo.
Cast
Andrés García as José de Lugo
Amparo Muñoz as Magdalena
Anaís de Melo as patient
Helga Liné as Elvira Coro
External links
References
1980 films
1980s Spanish-language films
Mexican sex comedy films
Films directed by Luis María Delgado
1980s Mexican films | wiki |
The Potomac River National Wildlife Refuge Complex is a complex of three National Wildlife Refuges in Virginia, located along the Potomac River.
The three refuges are:
Elizabeth Hartwell Mason Neck National Wildlife Refuge
Featherstone National Wildlife Refuge
Occoquan Bay National Wildlife Refuge
The first two are administered jointly for planning, while the third is currently treated separately.
References
Complex homepage
National Wildlife Refuges in Virginia | wiki |
Samsung Kies is a freeware software application used to communicate between Windows or Macintosh operating systems, and recently manufactured Samsung mobile phone and tablet computer devices, usually using a USB connection (though wireless LAN Kies connectivity is now possible using some devices). Samsung has released new software to replace Kies, named Samsung Smart Switch, which is mainly directed at migrating customers onto new Samsung devices. The name K.I.E.S. originated as an acronym for "Key Intuitive Easy System". After version 2.0, the name was shortened to "Kies".
Versions
Kies is available in several versions and editions, depending on the specific Samsung device and the OS it is running. Kies (currently in version 2.6.4.20043_5) supports devices with Android 2.1 through 4.2. Kies3 (version 3.x) supports devices with Android Jelly Bean (4.3 and up). Trying to use Kies with newer devices, or Kies3 with older devices results in an error message.
There is also a Kies Mini version, which is available only for specific devices such as Samsung Captivate, Infuse, or Vibrant. It is used to update these devices' operating systems (OS versions). Though there are both Windows and Macintosh versions of the full Kies product, there is only a Windows version of Kies Mini for most Samsung devices; however, non-Windows users may overcome this limitation by using a Windows virtual machine, installing Kies Mini within it and connecting a Samsung device via USB cable to accomplish the OS update. On Windows devices, the file transfer happens via a plug-and-play mode.
Since 2012, Intel processors mounted the Cache Acceleration Software, which was tuned by system administrators when connected with SSD cards.
Although Kies connectivity has traditionally been via mini or micro-USB cable (needing some software, and not plug and play), wireless LAN connectivity between a Samsung device on which the Kies Wireless Android app is running, and any Windows or Macintosh computer running the Kies full version, is now also possible. The Kies Wireless app also supports wireless connectivity with other devices via the other devices' web browsers. All such connectivity, though, must be via a local Wi-Fi connection (and not via cellular 2G, 3G, or 4G data networks) wherein all involved devices are on the same Wi-Fi LAN.
The full version of Kies may be downloaded from the Samsung Global Download Center or from the download part of an individual mobile device's technical support web page on the Samsung website. With few exceptions, it is only the Kies Mini version, and not the full version, that is downloadable from a given Samsung device.
Smart Switch is part of a technical and commercial strategy finalized to connect all electronics in a unique semi-automation system, which is managed via a smartphone central app of Samsung.
Alternative software
Since 2012, most of the Intel product line mounted the Cache Acceleration Software, both as an accelerator and a temporary database in connection with the parallel subsystem named Intel Management Engine (with ring-3 privilege inside the device).
Although lockstep, simple and oldest Trivial File Transfer Protocol was optimized for a client-server network, far different from a one-to-one and peer-to-peer connection.
Android File Transfer for Linux is a FOSS app, stable since version 2.2., though FOSS has somewhere (e.g. on GitHub) protected under the copyright law, and subject to file robots.txt mirroring exclusions.
System requirements
References
External links
Mobile device management software
Kies
Samsung software | wiki |
Duwee Falls is a steep tiered waterfall on Munson Creek, a tributary of the Klamath River, that plunges into a gaping canyon within the Crater Lake National Park in the U.S. state of Oregon. The waterfall is notable for its main drop of which makes it the highest plunge waterfall in Crater Lake Park.
References
Waterfalls of Klamath County, Oregon
Crater Lake National Park
Plunge waterfalls | wiki |
Sophie Daull (born 1965) is a French actress and writer. She was born in Belfort and trained at the National Conservatory in Strasbourg. She published her first book Camille, mon Evolée in 2015. This won the best first novel prize from Lire magazine. Her third novel Au Grand Lavoir (2018) won the EU Literature Prize in 2019.
References
21st-century French women writers
21st-century French novelists
French women novelists
Writers from Belfort
Living people
1965 births | wiki |
涼粉 may refer to:
Grass jelly, a jelly-like dessert eaten in East Asia
Liangfen, a Chinese dish that consists of starch jelly
Platostoma palustre, a plant species used in making grass jelly | wiki |
Sub silentio is a legal Latin term meaning "under silence" or "in silence". It is often used as a reference to something that is implied but not expressly stated. Commonly, the term is used when a court overrules the holding of a case without specifically stating that it is doing so.
References
Latin legal terminology | wiki |
Urethroscopy is examination of the interior of the urethra, and sometimes also the bladder, using a urethroscope, which is a very small camera on the end of a rigid or flexible probe.
It is used to look for abnormal conditions.
It is performed by a urethroscopist.
External links
Google search for images of urethroscopes
Endoscopy | wiki |
Coelogyne cumingii is a species of orchid. It is named after Hugh Cuming, the 19th century collector.
cumingii
Plants described in 1821 | wiki |
URR or Urr may refer to:
Urea reduction ratio, used to quantify dialysis treatment adequacy
Urr Water, a river in Scotland
Haugh of Urr, a village by the Urr Water, in the Urr parish
Motte of Urr, a "motte-and-bailey" castle near the Haugh of Urr, beside the Urr Water
Union Railroad is a name, or part of a name, that has been used by many companies, mainly in the US
Union Railroad (Pennsylvania) is possibly the only current user of that name
Underground Railroad, an informal escape network used by 19th-century black slaves in the US
Ultima Ratio Regum, a historical roguelike game | wiki |
Beavercreek – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Oregon, w hrabstwie Clackamas.
CDP w stanie Oregon | wiki |
H. melanoleuca may refer to:
Heterophasia melanoleuca, a bird species
Hypercompe melanoleuca, a moth species
See also
Melanoleuca (disambiguation) | wiki |
Ormond; Or, The Secret Witness is a 1799 political and social novel by American writer Charles Brockden Brown. The novel thematically focuses on the ways in which individuals change in reaction to their social environments. The novel follows a female protagonist Constantia and her relationship with the mysterious Ormond, who is also the title character. The novel thoroughly explores the republicanism and republican values common to the early American nation. The novel was originally published in three volumes.
References
Further reading
External links
Project Gutenberg
1799 novels
American gothic novels
18th-century American novels
Novels by Charles Brockden Brown | wiki |
A beaker is a beverage container, typically of non-disposable plastic, or a ceramic cup or mug without a handle, much like a laboratory beaker.
The term beaker is used in parts of the United Kingdom, and particularly commonly to refer to a lidded cup designed for toddlers or small children, with a no-spill mouthpiece incorporated into the lid. In North American English, the term is used almost exclusively in the laboratory context, whereas the drinking vessels are referred to as tumblers.
See also
Beaker (archaeology)
Beaker (disambiguation)
Häufebecher
Drinkware
br:Gob | wiki |
Clasp, clasper or CLASP may refer to:
Wrist clasp, a dressing accessory
Folding clasp, a device used to close a watch strap
Medal bar, an element in military decoration
Fastener, a hardware device that mechanically joins objects together
CLASP (British Rail), a prefabricated building system
"Clasp", a song by Jethro Tull from The Broadsword and the Beast
Clasp, a Common Lisp implementation
Clasper, an anatomical structure in male cartilaginous fish
Clasper (mathematics), a surface (with extra structure) in a 3-manifold on which surgery can be performed
Grasp, holding or seizing firmly with (or as if with) the hand
Acronyms and initialisms
Center for Law and Social Policy, an American organization, based Washington, D.C., that advocates for policies aimed at improving the lives of low-income people
CLASP1 and CLASP2, cytoplasmic linker associated proteins
Classic ASP, a nostalgic term for Active Server Pages in computing
Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standards Program (CLASP), an international nonprofit organization
Consortium of Local Authorities Special Programme, an association in England for the development of prefabricated school buildings | wiki |
Ringed dove may refer to:
Columba palumbus, the common wood pigeon
Streptopelia decaocto, the Eurasian collared dove
See also
Barbary dove
Ring-necked dove
genus Streptopelia
Animal common name disambiguation pages | wiki |
Virgin mary är en alkoholfri drink baserad på bloody mary. Drinken består av kryddad tomatjuice populärt med salt, peppar, tabasco, worcestershiresås och pressad citron.
Drinkar
en:Virgin Mary (cocktail)
fi:Virgin Mary (cocktail) | wiki |
Repellent can refer to:
Insect repellent
Animal repellent
Water repellent | wiki |
Bunker Hill – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Oregon, w hrabstwie Coos.
CDP w stanie Oregon | wiki |
In mathematics, an Arf ring was defined by to be a 1-dimensional commutative semi-local Macaulay ring satisfying some extra conditions studied by .
References
Commutative algebra | wiki |
A pine is any coniferous tree of the genus Pinus.
Pine may also refer to:
Vegetation
Species in the genus Araucaria including:
Araucaria angustifolia, Brazilian pine
Araucaria araucana, Chilean pine
Araucaria bidwillii, Bunya pine
Araucaria heterophylla, Norfolk Island pine
Species in the genus Athrotaxis including:
Athrotaxis cupressoides, pencil pine
Athrotaxis selaginoides, King Billy pine
Lagarostrobos franklinii, Huon pine or Macquarie pine
Nauclea orientalis, Leichhardt pine, in family Rubiaceae
Neolamarckia cadamba, Leichhardt pine, in family Rubiaceae
Screw pine, various species of plants in the genus Pandanus
Wollemi pine, Wollemia nobilis, a coniferous tree
Ground pine or running pine, certain species of clubmoss in the genus Diphasiastrum
Pine, a generic term for any needled coniferous tree
Places
United States
Pine, Arizona
Loomis, California, formerly known as Pine
Pine, Colorado
Pine, Louisiana
Pine, Missouri
Pine, Oregon
Pine County, Minnesota
Pine Creek (disambiguation)
Pine Island (Lee County, Florida)
Pine Township (disambiguation)
People
Albert M. Pine, the real name of the fictional character Alpine from the G.I. Joe franchise
Chris Pine (born 1980), an American actor
Courtney Pine (born 1964), a British jazz musician
David Pine (diplomat), New Zealand ambassador
David Andrew Pine (1891–1970), a United States district court judge
Emilie Pine (born 1978), Irish novelist
Nathan Pine, American Director of Athletics at the College of the Holy Cross.
Kim "Pine" Do-hyeon, professional Overwatch player
Other uses
Pine Tree Flag, one of the flags used during the American Revolution
Pine (email client), email software developed by the University of Washington
Pine (video game), released in 2019
"Pine", a song by Basement from their 2012 album Colourmeinkindness
Pine, an alternative name of the Bine language of Papua New Guinea
See also
Ground pine (disambiguation)
Pines (disambiguation)
Pinetree (disambiguation)
Piney Winston, a fictional character on Sons of Anarchy | wiki |
Lash or Lashing may refer to:
Eyelash
Whiplash (disambiguation)
Lashing (ropework), a form of connecting solid objects tightly using rope or cord
Flagellation, a form of torture or punishment involving a whip
Backlash (engineering), clearance between mating components
Films
The Lash (1916 film), a 1916 American silent film directed by James Young
The Lash (1930 film), an American western film
The Lash (1934 film), a British drama film
People
Lash (surname)
Lash LaRue (1917–1996), American actor
Places
Lash, Ontario, Canada
Lash, Gilan, Iran
Lash, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Iran
Lash, Mazandaran, Iran
Other uses
Lash (album), 1993 EP by The Jesus Lizard
Lash (band), an all-female alternative/punk rock band from Perth, Australia
Lash (comics), a fictional character in Marvel Comics and Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
Lash (Sky High), a character in the 2005 American comedy film
Lashing (ropework), a means of attaching two or more objects with rope
Lighter aboard ship, a system of water transport
Littoral Airborne Sensor/Hyperspectral, an imaging system developed by the United States Navy
A lashing point such as a D-ring
See also
Lash Out (disambiguation)
The Lash (disambiguation)
Lashes (disambiguation) | wiki |
Lagging may refer to:
Thermal insulation
Lagging (epidemiology)
Lagging indicator (economics)
See also
Lag (disambiguation) | wiki |
Deschutes River Woods – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Oregon, w hrabstwie Deschutes.
CDP w stanie Oregon | wiki |
Beefy meaty peptide, also known as delicious peptide and abbreviated as BMP, is an 8-amino acid long peptide that has been identified as giving a beefy flavour to foods in which it is present. It was isolated from beef soup by Yamasaki and Maekawa in 1978. Ongoing research since its discovery by Yamasaki and Maekawa has provided general support for the presence of its flavor-imparting properties. However, due to its high production cost, the peptide's potential for widespread application in the food industry has yet to be realized, prompting current research efforts to focus on finding a method of mass-production for the peptide.
Identification
Sequence
Lys-Gly-Asp-Glu-Glu-Ser-Leu-Ala
The primary structure was first determined by Yamasaki and Maekawa, who carried out the experiment using the Edman degradation method for N-terminus sequencing and carboxypeptidase A (Cpase A) and triazination methods for C-terminus sequencing. At the time of the experiment (1978), both methods were used in order to determine the amino acid composition and order of the sequence, including the discovery of a Glu-Glu linkage and the detection of alanine at the C-terminus. However, nowadays, either technique is sufficient to sequence the entire peptide.
Production of umami taste
On a molecular level, the umami taste is registered when molecules such as glutamate and aspartate bind to the ligand-binding domains of specialized taste receptors. Once activated, these receptors send electrical pulses that travel to the brain via sensory neurons. In 1989, Tamura et al. found that, by themselves, basic residues such as Lys-Gly and Lys-Lys produced sour and salty tastes in their dihydrochloride forms while acidic residues such as Asp-Glu-Glu and Lys-Gly produced sour and sweet tastes. However, the umami taste is produced by combinations of acidic and basic amino acid residues, such as Lys-Gly-Asp. More specifically, the umami taste found in BMP is generated by the combination of lysine at the N-terminus and the acidic amino acids (Asp-Glu-Glu) in the midsection of the peptide, which suggests that cations and anions play a role in the stimulation of taste receptors to produce the umami taste.
However, other factors beyond the presence of certain amino acids can affect the taste response of the peptide. The intensity of the umami taste increases when the acidic peptide interacts with cations to form a salt. At a threshold value of 1.25 millimolar (mM), the Asp-Glu dipeptide generates the strongest umami taste when exposed to NaOH and subjected to a pH increase. Position of the amino acids also play a role in taste intensity, as a Glu-Asp dipeptide registers at a threshold value of 3.14 mM, meaning it would need a higher amount of the compound in order for a person to register the umami taste. Additionally, while a Lys-Gly-HCl analog would register a salty, umami taste at 1.22mM, a Gly-Lys-HCl analog registers a sour and sweet taste at 5.48mM. Thus, the research findings indicated that flavor can be modified in taste and strength through modification of acidic residues in peptides, opening up possibilities for the production of BMP-like peptides with greater taste intensity. Although its taste intensity does not change according to pH, BMP has been described to produce different tastes according to pH changes. Notably, it is reported to be sour at a pH of 3.5, umami at a pH of 6.5, and sweet, sour, and umami at a pH of 9.5.
Viability for real-world application
BMP has been shown to remain stable, without breaking down, in high-heat pasteurization and sterilization conditions, making it possible for potential use for culinary purposes. Those advocating for the presence of BMP's flavor-enhancing umami taste report that its taste is similar to that of monosodium glutamate. Consequently, BMP possesses potential for large-scale commercialization in the food industry. However, the primary obstacle is the cost of mass production associated with the peptide. Currently, the main modes of production for specific flavor peptides such as BMP are chemical and enzymatic synthesis, both of which involve high production costs.
References
Peptides
Flavors | wiki |
Eagle Crest – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Oregon, w hrabstwie Deschutes.
CDP w stanie Oregon | wiki |
The 2004 Hajj stampede resulted in the deaths of at least 251 pilgrims on 1 February 2004 during the Hajj in Mecca. The incident took place during the ritual stoning of three pillars in the Mina valley, close to Mecca, on the final day of Hajj ceremonies. More than 200 people were injured, and the incident became the worst tragedy during the Hajj since 1990.
See also
Incidents during the Hajj
References
2004 disasters in Saudi Arabia
2004 in Saudi Arabia
20th century in Mecca
Disasters in religious buildings and structures
Incidents during the Hajj
Human stampedes in 2004
Human stampedes in Saudi Arabia | wiki |
ViroCap is a test announced in 2015 by researchers at Washington University in St. Louis which can detect most of the infectious viruses which affect both humans and animals. It was demonstrated to be as sensitive as the various Polymerase chain reaction assays for the viruses. It will not be available for clinical use until validation studies are done, which may take years. The test examines two million sequences of genetic data from viruses. The research was published in September 2015 in the online journal Genome Research.
References
External links
GenomeWeb, "WUSTL Team Develops Virome Capture Technique"
Molecular biology
Laboratory techniques
Biotechnology
Molecular biology techniques
American inventions
2015 introductions | wiki |
Lookingglass – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Oregon, w hrabstwie Douglas.
CDP w stanie Oregon | wiki |
The Major League Baseball (MLB) season schedule generally consists of 162 games for each of the 30 teams in the American League (AL) and National League (NL), played over approximately six months – a total of 2,430 games, plus the postseason. The regular season runs from late March/early April to late September/early October, followed by the postseason which can run to early November. The season begins with the official Opening Day, and, as of 2018, runs 26½ weeks through the last Sunday of September or first Sunday of October. One or more International Opener games may be scheduled outside the United States or Canada before the official Opening Day. It is possible for a given team to play a maximum of 22 games in the postseason in a given year, provided the team is a wild card and advances to each of the Division Series, Championship Series, and World Series with each series going the distance (3 games in the Wild Card series, 5 games in the Division Series, 7 games each in the League Championship Series/World Series).
The regular season is constructed from series. Due to travel concerns and the sheer number of games, pairs of teams are never scheduled to play single games against each other (except in the instance of making up a postponed game, or more rarely, a one-game playoff to determine a postseason berth); instead they play games on several consecutive days in the same ballpark. Teams play one mid-week series and one weekend series per week. Depending on the length of the series, mid-week series games are usually scheduled between Monday and Thursday, while weekend games are scheduled between Thursday and Monday. Beginning in 2023, teams play a balanced schedule as follows: they play their 14 games against their four divisional opponents (56 games), six games against the other ten teams in their own league (60 games), four games against one "geographic rival" from the other league and three games against the other 14 teams from the other league for 46 total interleague games. Under this schedule, divisional games consist of two four-game and two three-game series (one each home and away), intraleague games consist of two three-game series, and the interleague games consist of two two-game series against the geographic rival, and a single three-game series against the other interleague opponents (home team alternates every year).
Note that rainouts and other cancellations are often rescheduled ad hoc during the season, sometimes as doubleheaders. However, if two teams are scheduled to meet for the final time in the last two weeks of the season, and the game is cancelled, it may not be rescheduled if there is no impact on the divisional or wild card races. For example, in 2016, the September 29 game between the Cleveland Indians and Detroit Tigers was originally cancelled due to rain. Because the teams were unable to reschedule a make-up date before the end of the season on October 2, and it did not affect the divisional race, the game was not rescheduled. In contrast, a 2008 AL Central division game between Detroit and the Chicago White Sox needed to be made up following the last day of the regular season because it played a part in the division race involving the White Sox and the Minnesota Twins.
19th century
This account gives the length of the major league "championship season" schedule by league and year. During this era, there were a number of different leagues that would be deemed Major League.
Prior to the first league schedule in 1877, member clubs scheduled their own matches by mutual arrangement, including championship games necessarily with member clubs, other games with members, and games with non-member clubs. Some may have practically dictated their arrangements with some others, but there was no central control or coordination.
The listed years are those in which the league revised its schedule. For example, the National League (NL) scheduled 84 games during 1879, 1880, 1881, and 1882 – that is, four seasons from 1879, ending before 1883, the next listing. 1876 is listed here for convenience although the NL did not schedule games (see 1871 to 1876, below).
National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (1871–1875)
The National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (1871–1875) did not schedule games, nor did it control the number of teams, a major reason for its demise after the 1875 season. Clubs paid a $10 entry fee, later $20, to enter the Association for one season, and thereby declare for that year's national championship. Without continuing membership or heavy investment, there was little to deter a team from breaking a commitment, and though it happened, it was mainly due to clubs going out of business.
This listing gives the greatest number of games played by any club for each season. Naturally, the leader by games played was always a strong club fielding one of the better gate attractions.
1871: 33 games (Mutual, New York)
1872: 58 games (Lord Baltimore)
1873: 60 games (Boston)
1874: 71 games (Boston)
1875: 86 games (Hartford)
The leading numbers of games played to a decision were 33, 54, 59, 71, and 70 decisions; by the listed teams except the Mutuals in 1872.
National League (first 25 years of 1876-present)
The National League organized for 1876 on a different basis than the NAPBBP, granting exclusive memberships to eight clubs that would continue from year to year – it was generally expected, if only because membership would be profitable. But in its first season in 1876, the new league followed its predecessor in merely agreeing that each club would play a certain number of matches to a decision (excluding ties) by a certain date. Boston played 70 games with its quota of ten decisions against every rival. The others achieved 56 to 68 decisions with 64 to 66 for the four western teams as the teams from New York and Philadelphia (eastern) abandoned their schedule-concluding road trips.
American Association (1882–1891)
1882: 80 games = 5 opponents @ 16 games each
1883: 98 games = 7 opponents @ 16 games each
1884-1885: 112 games = 7 opponents @ 16 games each
1886-1891: 140 games = 7 opponents @ 20 games each
The AA expanded its schedule to 140 games two years before the National League did so. After 1891 this incarnation of the AA dissolved with four teams bought out and four others joining the NL, nominally creating one big league, the "National League and American Association" of 12 clubs.
Union Association (1884)
1884: 112 games – 7 opponents @ 16 games each for 7 opponents
Players' League (1890)
1890: 140 games = 20 games each for 7 opponents
20th century
This account gives the originally announce length of the major league "championship season" schedule by league and year.
This does not include later announced curtailments of play by war (1918) or by strikes and lockouts (1972, 1981, 1994). The schedules for 1995 were revised and shortened from 162 to 144 games, after late resolution of the strike that had begun in 1994 required a delay in the season to accommodate limited spring training.
National League
American League
Recent season schedules
1998 to 2012
Since 1998, there have been 30 major league teams with a single advance schedule for every season that comprises 2430 games. Each team plays 162 games, 81 as the "home" team, 81 as the "visitor". (This is true even on the rare occasion when a game is played at a ballpark not home to either team.) Occasionally, the advance schedule is subsequently altered due to a game postponement or a one-game tie-breaker to determine which team will play in the postseason.
Before 2013, the schedule included 252 "interleague games" that matched one team from the American League and one from the National League; the other 2178 games matched a pair from within one league. About half of the latter matched teams from within one division and about half matched teams from different divisions in one league. In the Central Division of the National League, which alone had six teams, every pair of division rivals played 15 or 16 games. Within the other, smaller divisions every pair of teams played 18 or 19 games. These interleague games were played from mid-to-late May to late June or early July.
Division games (1091). There are 61 pairs of teams from within one division.
25 pairings will play 19 games each (475 games)
21 pairings will play 18 games each (378 games)
13 pairings will play 16 games each (208 games) – most NL Central pairings
2 pairings will play 15 games each (30 games) – two NL Central pairings
Total: 1091 games.
Other intraleague games (1087). There are 150 pairs of teams from two different divisions within one league.
23 pairings will play 10 games each (230 games)
15 pairings will play 9 games each (135 games)
8 pairings will play 8 games each (64 games)
34 pairings will play 7 games each (238 games)
70 pairings will play 6 games each (420 games)
Total: 1087 games.
Interleague play
The schedule for interleague play comprised 84 three-game series in each season from 1998 to 2012, divided as six series (18 games) for each of fourteen AL teams and as many as six for each of sixteen NL teams.
Among the 224 interleague pairs of teams, 11 played six games every year, which were scheduled in two three-game series "home and home", or one at each home ballpark. Five of these 11 special arrangements matched two teams in the same city or in neighboring cities, where they wholly or partly share territorial rights. Six were regional matches at greater distance, four of which were in the same state.
Baltimore vs. Washington
Chicago Cubs (North Side) vs. Chicago White Sox (South Side)
Cincinnati vs. Cleveland
Miami vs. Tampa Bay (Tampa/St. Petersburg)
Houston vs. Texas (Dallas/Fort Worth/Arlington)
Kansas City vs. St. Louis
Los Angeles Angels vs. Los Angeles Dodgers
Milwaukee vs. Minnesota (Minneapolis/St. Paul)
New York Mets (Queens) vs. New York Yankees (Bronx)
Oakland vs. San Francisco
San Diego vs. Seattle
These special local and regional series accounted for 66 interleague games annually from 1998 to 2012, and the other 186 games were determined by rotation.
9/11 rescheduling
The 2001 season was suspended for one week due to the September 11 terrorist attacks and resulting disruptions in travel, resulting in games scheduled for September 11–16 being rescheduled to the first week of October and the playoffs and World Series being rescheduled one week later than their originally planned dates. This resulted in the World Series continuing into early November for the first time.
2013–2017
Schedule changes for 2013, precipitated by realignment that created two equal-sized leagues of 15 teams each, gave every team 20 interleague games. Sixteen of which were determined by a match of divisions, one from each league; all teams in a given division play all teams in a given division from the other league. (Each plays a three-game series against four teams from the designated division and two two-game series against the remaining team.) With this change, interleague games were now scattered throughout the season.
The matched divisions rotate annually:
AL East vs. NL West (2013), vs. NL Central (2014)
AL Central vs. NL East (2013), vs. NL West (2014)
AL West vs. NL Central (2013), vs. NL East (2014)
Each team played its four other interleague games against a designated "natural rival", with two games in each club's city. Thus all 30 teams, rather than 22 of 30 as previously, were deemed to have a natural rival in the other league. In 2013 the natural rivalry games were all scheduled for May 27 to May 30 (Memorial Day weekend) but in 2014 their scheduled dates range from May to August.
Ten of the natural rivalries from 2012 and earlier continued, while the Houston–Texas "Lone Star" rivalry had been transformed into an intra-division one with 19 games played. Five of the special arrangements were new in 2013 , including one each for Houston and Texas.
Baltimore vs. Washington
Boston vs. Philadelphia
New York Mets (Queens) vs. New York Yankees (Bronx)
Miami vs. Tampa Bay (Tampa/St. Petersburg)
Toronto vs. Atlanta
Chicago Cubs (North Side) vs. Chicago White Sox (South Side)
Cincinnati vs. Cleveland
Detroit vs. Pittsburgh
Kansas City vs. St. Louis
Milwaukee vs. Minnesota (Minneapolis/St. Paul)
Houston vs. Colorado
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim vs. Los Angeles Dodgers
Oakland vs. San Francisco
San Diego vs. Seattle
Texas vs. Arizona
For 2014, four of the five new rivalries have been revised (‡), all except Detroit and Pittsburgh.
Baltimore and Washington
Boston vs. Atlanta (until 1952, both teams were based in Fenway–Kenmore)
New York Mets (Queens) vs. New York Yankees (Bronx)
Miami vs. Tampa Bay (Tampa/St. Petersburg)
Toronto vs. Philadelphia
Chicago Cubs (North Side) vs. Chicago White Sox (South Side)
Cincinnati vs. Cleveland
Detroit vs. Pittsburgh
Kansas City vs. St. Louis
Milwaukee vs. Minnesota (Minneapolis/St. Paul)
Houston vs. Arizona
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim vs. Los Angeles Dodgers
Oakland vs. San Francisco
San Diego vs. Seattle
Texas vs. Colorado
Every team now plays 19 games against each of 4 opponents within its division (76 games), as well as 6 games each against 4 opponents and 7 games against each of the other 6 opponents from other divisions within its own league (66 games).
When corresponding divisions (i.e. NL East vs. AL East) play each other, a slight adjustment was made to the interleague games. Teams now play 6 games against their rival and 4 games (home and home) against two opponents plus one home and one away 3-game series (20 total) against the other two teams in the opposing division. This was done in 2015, 2018, and 2021.
2018–2019
Under the collective bargaining agreement reached in December 2016, several changes were made to the scheduling pattern for the 2018 season. The overall length of the season was extended to 187 days with the addition of four off-days for all teams. All teams were scheduled to play on Opening Day, which for 2018 was March 29. Sunday Night Baseball will no longer be played on the final Sunday before the All-Star Game, in order to ease travel time for those who are participating in the Home Run Derby. A single, nationally televised night game will be played the following Thursday, with all other teams returning to play on Friday.
2020
Due to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic the start of the season was delayed until July 23. Each team would only play 60 games this season and every game will be against the teams in their division and teams in the corresponding division of the other league.
2023
Under the collective bargaining agreement reached in March 2022, every team will play every other team regardless of league under a new balanced schedule. Teams will play 13 games against each of 4 opponents within its division (52 games), as well as 6 games each against 6 of the other 10 opponents within its own league and 7 games each against 4 of the other 10 opponents within its own league (64 games). Interleague play will consist of a four-game home and home series against the geographic rival and a single three-game series against the other 14 interleague opponents (46 games), with location to rotate every other year.
Time of first pitch
Start of Major League Baseball games depends on days of the week, game number in series, holidays, and other factors. As of 2021, most games start at 6:30 pm, 7 pm or 7:30 pm in the local time zone, so there are more night games than day games even though baseball is traditionally played during the day. The reason why there are more night baseball games is to attract more fans to ballparks as well as viewers from home because most fans would be at work or school during the day. On Mondays (excluding Opening Day and holidays), Tuesdays, and Fridays, games are almost exclusively played at night except for Cubs home games. Getaway days, days on which teams play their last game of the series before departing for another series in another city the next day, are often day games, mainly Sundays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays. On Sundays, usually all but one are day games, with the final game reserved for ESPN's Sunday Night Baseball. As of 2022, most Sunday afternoon games start at 1 pm or 1:30 pm in the local time zone.
About half of Saturday games are day games (1, 2 or 4 pm ET). In some markets, Saturday night games start an hour earlier than usual night start times, but other cities start Saturday night games at the same time as weeknight games. In conclusion, weekday games are only played at night except for getaway days while many weekend games are played during the day.
First pitch typically occurs between 5 and 10 minutes past the hour, in order to allow time for pre-game ceremonies.
Washington Nationals home games played on the Fourth of July and Boston Red Sox home games played on the local Patriots' Day holiday start at 11:00 am in order to coincide with the events of the two cities that are scheduled to take place on the two respective days. These games are usually the only games to start before noon local time during the season.
References
Further reading
The Sporting News Baseball Guide
The MacMillan Baseball Encyclopedia
Retrosheet. "The Directory of Major League Years". Retrieved 2006-09-05.
S | wiki |
BabyFirst est une chaîne de télévision espagnole appartentant au groupe Prisa TV.
Identité visuelle
Logos
Voir aussi
Liens externes
Site officiel
Chaîne de télévision en Espagne
Chaîne de télévision destinée à la jeunesse
Chaîne ou station de télévision fondée en 2003 | wiki |
Lobophytum rotundum is a species of the genus Lobophytum.
References
Alcyoniidae
Animals described in 1957 | wiki |
Crane – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Oregon, w hrabstwie Harney.
CDP w stanie Oregon | wiki |
Odell – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Oregon, w hrabstwie Hood River.
CDP w stanie Oregon | wiki |
Husum is an unincorporated community in the White Salmon River Valley in the state of Washington.
Under the bridge in Husum, Washington, just miles from Hood River, Oregon and the scenic Columbia Gorge, Husum Falls is a vertical Class V waterfall.
References
Unincorporated communities in Klickitat County, Washington
Unincorporated communities in Washington (state) | wiki |
Party Never Ends is the third studio album recorded by Romanian singer Inna in 2013.
Party Never Ends may also refer to:
"The Party Never Ends", a song by Kasabian from their 2017 album For Crying Out Loud
See also
The Party Never Stops: Diary of a Binge Drinker, a 2007 television film | wiki |
Hairy mistletoe is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
Erianthemum dregei, native to Africa
Phoradendron capitellatum, native to Arizona, New Mexico, Chihuahua and Sonora
Phoradendron leucarpum, native to much of North America
Phoradendron tomentosum, native to Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana and Mississippi | wiki |
War Wound is an isometric action game by British developer Apothecary Studios where the player takes control of a special forces unit during a war in the near future. The game features real-time game play where each mission sees the player take command of a four-man squad who must battle through a series of terrains using various skills.
Gameplay
The players controls a four-man squad in a similar way to classic games like Syndicate and Cannon Fodder or more modern games like Commandos 3. Specifically the player moves his squad around the world by clicking on where they should go and they will walk to the point in the level the player clicked on. Pressing the other mouse button will make the current squad shoot from where they are standing in the direction of the mouse pointer.
Squads can be broken up at any time to allow the player to use fewer squad members when walking about. This may give the player an advantage, for instance one man is harder to hit than four men standing closer together or it may be to keep a certain squad member safe because they possess and ability that is crucial to finished that particular mission and cannot be risked.
Each squad member commands the same abilities as any of the others such as the ability to walk, swim, pilot vehicles and fire multiple weapons but the primary squad member is the only squaddie that can also climb certain surfaces. This ability makes him crucial to success on certain missions.
External links
Official game website
2007 video games
Computer wargames
Real-time strategy video games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games with isometric graphics | wiki |
An ink trap is a feature of certain typefaces designed for printing in small sizes. At an ink trap, the corners or details are removed from the letterforms. When the type is printed, ink naturally spreads into the removed area. Without ink traps, the excess ink would soak outwards and ruin the crisp edge.
Ink traps are only needed for small point sizes and are usually only found on typefaces designed for printing on newsprint. Fonts of this kind are applicable for classifieds or telephone books. Typefaces with ink traps may be offered in versions without them for display on screen or at larger sizes.
Typefaces featuring ink traps include Retina, Bell Centennial, and Tang.
References
Typography | wiki |
A basketball uniform is a type of uniform worn by basketball players. Basketball uniforms consist of a jersey that features the number and last name of the player on the back, as well as shorts and athletic shoes. Within teams, players wear uniforms representing the team colors; the home team typically wears a lighter-colored uniform, while the visiting team wears a darker-colored uniform.
Different basketball leagues have different specifications for the type of uniform that is allowed on the court. Early in the history of the sport, basketball was played in any type of athletic attire, but by the 1900s, special uniforms were developed and marketed to basketball players. The style, cut, and fit of basketball uniforms evolved throughout subsequent decades, often modeled after the general fashion trends of the day.
History
Jerseys and shorts
Originally, basketball was played in any type of athletic attire, ranging from track suits to football uniforms. The first official basketball uniforms, as displayed in the Spalding catalog of 1901, featured three types of pants: knee-length padded pants, similar to those worn for playing football, as well as shorter pants and knee-length tights. There were two types of suggested jersey, a quarter-length sleeve and a sleeveless version.
The long pants later evolved into medium-length shorts in the 1920s, and by the 1930s, the material used for jerseys changed from heavy wool to the lighter polyester and nylon. In the 1970s and 80s, uniforms became tighter-fitting and shorts were shorter, consistent with the overall fashion trends of these two decades. At this time, women's basketball uniforms transitioned from longer-sleeved uniforms to tank-top style jerseys similar to men's basketball uniforms, which more explicitly showed off players' muscle tone.
In 1984, Michael Jordan asked for longer shorts and helped popularize the move away from tight, short shorts toward the longer, baggier shorts worn by basketball players today. Throughout the 1990s, basketball uniforms fell under the influence of hip hop culture, with shorts becoming longer and looser-fitting, team colors brighter, and designs more flashy and suggestive of rappers' bling. At the turn of the 21st century, basketball uniforms became even more oversized and loose-fitting; the arm holes in women's basketball jerseys remained smaller than men's, but were wide enough to reveal the players' sports bras.
Sleeved jersey
For the Christmas Day games of 2013, the NBA and its apparel partner Adidas introduced a newly designed sleeved jersey with large team and NBA logos on the front. Marketers for the new uniforms realized that fans were unwilling to wear sleeveless jerseys in their day-to-day life and hoped the new sleeved jerseys would be more popular for everyday wear. However, it was also a "not-so-well-kept secret that the NBA wanted to implement jersey ads in the years following the introduction of sleeved jerseys" as the "sleeves allow more space for potential partners to add their corporate logos to jerseys" like association football (soccer). After the league deal with Adidas expired and Nike signed on as the new apparel partner, the sleeved jersey did not continue.
The sleeved jersey was controversial among players. LeBron James famously ripped the sleeves off during a prime time game against the New York Knicks in 2015, but in the 2016 NBA Finals James convinced his teammates to wear the sleeved jerseys in Game 5 and again in the title-clinching Game 7.
Shoes
In 1903, a special basketball shoe with suction cups to prevent slippage was added to the official basketball uniform demonstrated in the Spalding catalog.
Over the decades, different shoe brands and styles were popular as basketball shoes: Chuck Taylor All-Stars and Keds in the 1960s and 1970s; Adidas and Nike leather high-tops in the late 1970s and 1980s; and Air Jordans in the 1990s.
Accessories
In the 1970s, Slick Watts and Bill Walton began to wear headbands, which soon became popular with other players. Rick Barry popularized wrist-bands, and other players soon created variations, such as bands that covered their forearms or biceps. These were used to wipe off sweat, or simply worn as fashion statements.
Modern day
United States basketball
Rules and regulations
In professional basketball leagues today, teams playing at home typically wear lighter-colored uniforms than the visiting team. As of the , the NBA has eliminated the distinction between designated "home" and "away" uniforms. The home team is now allowed to wear any uniform color it chooses, while its opponent may wear any color that sufficiently contrasts with the home team's choice.
In the NBA, basketball shorts must fall at least 1 inch above the knee, and T-shirts cannot be worn under the jersey – however, they are permitted in American college basketball. Some NBA and WNBA teams have allowed sponsors' logos to appear on their uniforms.
Material
Uniforms are made of wicking material designed to absorb sweat and ensure that it evaporates faster. They are the product of a four-year study researching professional basketball players, who identified the need for fewer seams, lighter weight, and faster drying and cooling in their jerseys.
International basketball leagues
The main difference between U.S. basketball uniforms and those of other countries is the appearance of sponsorship iconography; European basketball uniforms are often covered in the logos of their sponsors (similar to association football), while the U.S. uniforms (like other major U.S. pro sports) feature the team wordmark/logo front and center.
For the 2017–18 season, some U.S. teams have started putting sponsorship logos on their jerseys on the upper left of the jersey which is a maximum of 2.5 inches by 2.5 inches.
See also
Sportswear (activewear)
References
External links
Basketball uniforms
Uni
History of basketball | wiki |
Anglia
Stanford, település Bedfordshire megyében
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Stanford, település Kalifornia államban
Stanford, település Kentucky államban
Stanford, település Montana államban
Stanford, település New York államban | wiki |
Ventricular flutter is an arrhythmia, more specifically a tachycardia affecting the ventricles with a rate over 250-350 beats/min, and one of the most indiscernible. It is characterized on the ECG by a sinusoidal waveform without clear definition of the QRS and T waves. It has been considered as a possible transition stage between ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation, and is a critically unstable arrhythmia that can result in sudden cardiac death.
It can occur in infancy, youth, or as an adult.
It can be induced by programmed electrical stimulation.
References
External links
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/409172_3
Cardiac arrhythmia | wiki |
Liberation cutting has similar goals to cleaning, namely the allocation of resources to the most promising trees available on a site. What separates liberation cutting from cleaning is that the overtopping competitors are of a distinctly older age class. Need for liberation cutting often occurs when seedlings of a desired species have been regenerated by a logging operation, but that operation has left older, poor quality or undesired trees that are shading the regeneration and limiting its growth.
Liberation cutting may be superficially similar to an overstory removal cutting. The major difference between these is that in the overstory removal, regeneration was deliberate and the best trees were saved for the final harvest. In the liberation cutting, the worst trees remain and regeneration was likely an afterthought to a logging operation.
Harvesting the undesired trees is not a requirement in liberation operations; the poor quality trees may be killed in place and left as snags, or felled and left to contribute coarse woody debris.
See also
Silviculture
References
Forest management | wiki |
This is a list of sculptures by Tony Smith, most of which are installed outdoors. While Smith made many artworks in a variety of media and his work as an architectural designer, he is widely known for his sculptures, which range from the small to monumental scale. No complete inventory has been published that identifies the current location of all of these works, but in the 1990s Save Outdoor Sculpture! (SOS!) participants completed an inventory and assessment of 83 of these sculptures.
References
Lists of sculptures | wiki |
Soul Talk may refer to:
Soul Talk (Johnny "Hammond" Smith album), 1969
Soul Talk (Leo Wright album), recorded in 1963 and released in 1970 | wiki |
Arresting Behavior is an American sitcom that aired on ABC from August 18 to September 2, 1992.
Synopsis
The series centered on partners Bill Ruskin and Donny Walsh who were followed by hand-held cameras as they worked in Vista Valley, California. It parodied the then-new genre of police reality shows such as Cops.
Cast
Leo Burmester as Officer Bill Ruskin
Chris Mulkey as Officer Pete Walsh
Ron Eldard as Officer Donny Walsh
Joey Simmrin as Seth Ruskin
Amy Hathaway as Rhonda Ruskin
Lee Garlington as Connie Ruskin
Eric Balfour as Bill Ruskin Jr.
Episodes
References
External links
1990s American sitcoms
1990s American police comedy television series
1992 American television series debuts
1992 American television series endings
American Broadcasting Company original programming
Television shows set in California
English-language television shows
Television series by HBO Independent Productions | wiki |
Acute radiation syndrome (ARS), also known as radiation sickness or radiation poisoning, is a collection of health effects that are caused by being exposed to high amounts of ionizing radiation in a short period of time. Symptoms can start within an hour of exposure, and can last for several months. Early symptoms are usually nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite. In the following hours or weeks, initial symptoms may appear to improve, before the development of additional symptoms, after which either recovery or death follow.
ARS involves a total dose of greater than 0.7 Gy (70 rad), that generally occurs from a source outside the body, delivered within a few minutes. Sources of such radiation can occur accidentally or intentionally. They may involve nuclear reactors, cyclotrons, certain devices used in cancer therapy, nuclear weapons, or radiological weapons. It is generally divided into three types: bone marrow, gastrointestinal, and neurovascular syndrome, with bone marrow syndrome occurring at 0.7 to 10 Gy, and neurovascular syndrome occurring at doses that exceed 50 Gy. The cells that are most affected are generally those that are rapidly dividing. At high doses, this causes DNA damage that may be irreparable. Diagnosis is based on a history of exposure and symptoms. Repeated complete blood counts (CBCs) can indicate the severity of exposure.
Treatment of ARS is generally supportive care. This may include blood transfusions, antibiotics, colony-stimulating factors, or stem cell transplant. Radioactive material remaining on the skin or in the stomach should be removed. If radioiodine was inhaled or ingested, potassium iodide is recommended. Complications like leukemia and other cancers among those who survive are managed as usual. Short term outcomes depend on the dose exposure.
ARS is generally rare. A single event can affect a large number of people, as happened in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster. ARS differs from chronic radiation syndrome, which occurs following prolonged exposures to relatively low doses of radiation.
Signs and symptoms
Classically, ARS is divided into three main presentations: hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and neuro vascular. These syndromes may be preceded by a prodrome. The speed of symptom onset is related to radiation exposure, with greater doses resulting in a shorter delay in symptom onset. These presentations presume whole-body exposure, and many of them are markers that are invalid if the entire body has not been exposed. Each syndrome requires that the tissue showing the syndrome itself be exposed (e.g., gastrointestinal syndrome is not seen if the stomach and intestines are not exposed to radiation). Some areas affected are:
Hematopoietic. This syndrome is marked by a drop in the number of blood cells, called aplastic anemia. This may result in infections, due to a low number of white blood cells, bleeding, due to a lack of platelets, and anemia, due to too few red blood cells in circulation. These changes can be detected by blood tests after receiving a whole-body acute dose as low as , though they might never be felt by the patient if the dose is below . Conventional trauma and burns resulting from a bomb blast are complicated by the poor wound healing caused by hematopoietic syndrome, increasing mortality.
Gastrointestinal. This syndrome often follows absorbed doses of . The signs and symptoms of this form of radiation injury include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and abdominal pain. Vomiting in this time-frame is a marker for whole body exposures that are in the fatal range above . Without exotic treatment such as bone marrow transplant, death with this dose is common, due generally more to infection than gastrointestinal dysfunction.
Neurovascular. This syndrome typically occurs at absorbed doses greater than , though it may occur at doses as low as . It presents with neurological symptoms like dizziness, headache, or decreased level of consciousness, occurring within minutes to a few hours, with an absence of vomiting, and is almost always fatal, even with aggressive intensive care.
Early symptoms of ARS typically include nausea, vomiting, headaches, fatigue, fever, and a short period of skin reddening. These symptoms may occur at radiation doses as low as . These symptoms are common to many illnesses, and may not, by themselves, indicate acute radiation sickness.
Dose effects
A similar table and description of symptoms (given in rems, where 100 rem = 1 Sv), derived from data from the effects on humans subjected to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the indigenous peoples of the Marshall Islands subjected to the Castle Bravo thermonuclear bomb, animal studies and lab experiment accidents, have been compiled by the U.S. Department of Defense.
A person who was less than from the atomic bomb Little Boy hypocenter at Hiroshima, Japan, was found to absorb about 9.46 grays (Gy) of ionizing radiation.
The doses at the hypocenters of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings were 240 and 290 Gy, respectively.
Skin changes
Cutaneous radiation syndrome (CRS) refers to the skin symptoms of radiation exposure. Within a few hours after irradiation, a transient and inconsistent redness (associated with itching) can occur. Then, a latent phase may occur and last from a few days up to several weeks, when intense reddening, blistering, and ulceration of the irradiated site is visible. In most cases, healing occurs by regenerative means; however, very large skin doses can cause permanent hair loss, damaged sebaceous and sweat glands, atrophy, fibrosis (mostly keloids), decreased or increased skin pigmentation, and ulceration or necrosis of the exposed tissue. As seen at Chernobyl, when skin is irradiated with high energy beta particles, moist desquamation (peeling of skin) and similar early effects can heal, only to be followed by the collapse of the dermal vascular system after two months, resulting in the loss of the full thickness of the exposed skin. Another example of skin loss caused by high-level exposure of radiation is during the 1999 Tokaimura nuclear accident, where technician Hisashi Ouchi had lost a majority of his skin due to the high amounts of radiation he absorbed during the irradiation. This effect had been demonstrated previously with pig skin using high energy beta sources at the Churchill Hospital Research Institute, in Oxford.
Cause
ARS is caused by exposure to a large dose of ionizing radiation (> ~0.1 Gy) over a short period of time (> ~0.1 Gy/h). Alpha and beta radiation have low penetrating power and are unlikely to affect vital internal organs from outside the body. Any type of ionizing radiation can cause burns, but alpha and beta radiation can only do so if radioactive contamination or nuclear fallout is deposited on the individual's skin or clothing. Gamma and neutron radiation can travel much greater distances and penetrate the body easily, so whole-body irradiation generally causes ARS before skin effects are evident. Local gamma irradiation can cause skin effects without any sickness. In the early twentieth century, radiographers would commonly calibrate their machines by irradiating their own hands and measuring the time to onset of erythema.
Accidental
Accidental exposure may be the result of a criticality or radiotherapy accident. There have been numerous criticality accidents dating back to atomic testing during World War II, while computer-controlled radiation therapy machines such as Therac-25 played a major part in radiotherapy accidents. The latter of the two is caused by the failure of equipment software used to monitor the radiational dose given. Human error has played a large part in accidental exposure incidents, including some of the criticality accidents, and larger scale events such as the Chernobyl disaster. Other events have to do with orphan sources, in which radioactive material is unknowingly kept, sold, or stolen. The Goiânia accident is an example, where a forgotten radioactive source was taken from a hospital, resulting in the deaths of 4 people from ARS. Theft and attempted theft of radioactive material by clueless thieves has also led to lethal exposure in at least one incident.
Exposure may also come from routine spaceflight and solar flares that result in radiation effects on earth in the form of solar storms. During spaceflight, astronauts are exposed to both galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) and solar particle event (SPE) radiation. The exposure particularly occurs during flights beyond low Earth orbit (LEO). Evidence indicates past SPE radiation levels that would have been lethal for unprotected astronauts. GCR levels that might lead to acute radiation poisoning are less well understood. The latter cause is rarer, with an event possibly occurring during the solar storm of 1859.
Intentional
Intentional exposure is controversial as it involves the use of nuclear weapons, human experiments, or is given to a victim in an act of murder. The intentional atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki resulted in tens of thousands of casualties; the survivors of these bombings are known today as Hibakusha. Nuclear weapons emit large amounts of thermal radiation as visible, infrared, and ultraviolet light, to which the atmosphere is largely transparent. This event is also known as "Flash", where radiant heat and light are bombarded into any given victim's exposed skin, causing radiation burns. Death is highly likely, and radiation poisoning is almost certain if one is caught in the open with no terrain or building masking-effects within a radius of 0–3 km from a 1 megaton airburst. The 50% chance of death from the blast extends out to ~8 km from a 1 megaton atmospheric explosion.
Scientific testing on humans done without consent has been prohibited since 1997 in the United States. There is now a requirement for patients to give informed consent, and to be notified if experiments were classified. Across the world, the Soviet nuclear program involved human experiments on a large scale, which is still kept secret by the Russian government and the Rosatom agency. The human experiments that fall under intentional ARS exclude those that involved long term exposure. Criminal activity has involved murder and attempted murder carried out through abrupt victim contact with a radioactive substance such as polonium or plutonium.
Pathophysiology
The most commonly used predictor of ARS is the whole-body absorbed dose. Several related quantities, such as the equivalent dose, effective dose, and committed dose, are used to gauge long-term stochastic biological effects such as cancer incidence, but they are not designed to evaluate ARS. To help avoid confusion between these quantities, absorbed dose is measured in units of grays (in SI, unit symbol Gy) or rads (in CGS), while the others are measured in sieverts (in SI, unit symbol Sv) or rems (in CGS). 1 rad = 0.01 Gy and 1 rem = 0.01 Sv.
In most of the acute exposure scenarios that lead to radiation sickness, the bulk of the radiation is external whole-body gamma, in which case the absorbed, equivalent, and effective doses are all equal. There are exceptions, such as the Therac-25 accidents and the 1958 Cecil Kelley criticality accident, where the absorbed doses in Gy or rad are the only useful quantities, because of the targeted nature of the exposure to the body.
Radiotherapy treatments are typically prescribed in terms of the local absorbed dose, which might be 60 Gy or higher. The dose is fractionated to about 2 Gy per day for "curative" treatment, which allows normal tissues to undergo repair, allowing them to tolerate a higher dose than would otherwise be expected. The dose to the targeted tissue mass must be averaged over the entire body mass, most of which receives negligible radiation, to arrive at a whole-body absorbed dose that can be compared to the table above.
DNA damage
Exposure to high doses of radiation cause DNA damage, later creating serious and even lethal chromosomal aberrations if left unrepaired. Ionizing radiation can produce reactive oxygen species, and does directly damage cells by causing localized ionization events. The former is very damaging to DNA, while the latter events create clusters of DNA damage. This damage includes loss of nucleobases and breakage of the sugar-phosphate backbone that binds to the nucleobases. The DNA organization at the level of histones, nucleosomes, and chromatin also affects its susceptibility to radiation damage. Clustered damage, defined as at least two lesions within a helical turn, is especially harmful. While DNA damage happens frequently and naturally in the cell from endogenous sources, clustered damage is a unique effect of radiation exposure. Clustered damage takes longer to repair than isolated breakages, and is less likely to be repaired at all. Larger radiation doses are more prone to cause tighter clustering of damage, and closely localized damage is increasingly less likely to be repaired.
Somatic mutations cannot be passed down from parent to offspring, but these mutations can propagate in cell lines within an organism. Radiation damage can also cause chromosome and chromatid aberrations, and their effects depend on in which stage of the mitotic cycle the cell is when the irradiation occurs. If the cell is in interphase, while it is still a single strand of chromatin, the damage will be replicated during the S1 phase of cell cycle, and there will be a break on both chromosome arms; the damage then will be apparent in both daughter cells. If the irradiation occurs after replication, only one arm will bear the damage; this damage will be apparent in only one daughter cell. A damaged chromosome may cyclize, binding to another chromosome, or to itself.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is typically made based on a history of significant radiation exposure and suitable clinical findings. An absolute lymphocyte count can give a rough estimate of radiation exposure. Time from exposure to vomiting can also give estimates of exposure levels if they are less than 10 Gray (1000 rad).
Prevention
A guiding principle of radiation safety is as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). This means try to avoid exposure as much as possible and includes the three components of time, distance, and shielding.
Time
The longer that humans are subjected to radiation the larger the dose will be. The advice in the nuclear war manual entitled Nuclear War Survival Skills published by Cresson Kearny in the U.S. was that if one needed to leave the shelter then this should be done as rapidly as possible to minimize exposure.
In chapter 12, he states that "[q]uickly putting or dumping wastes outside is not hazardous once fallout is no longer being deposited. For example, assume the shelter is in an area of heavy fallout and the dose rate outside is 400 roentgen (R) per hour, enough to give a potentially fatal dose in about an hour to a person exposed in the open. If a person needs to be exposed for only 10 seconds to dump a bucket, in this 1/360 of an hour he will receive a dose of only about 1 R. Under war conditions, an additional 1-R dose is of little concern." In peacetime, radiation workers are taught to work as quickly as possible when performing a task that exposes them to radiation. For instance, the recovery of a radioactive source should be done as quickly as possible.
Shielding
Matter attenuates radiation in most cases, so placing any mass (e.g., lead, dirt, sandbags, vehicles, water, even air) between humans and the source will reduce the radiation dose. This is not always the case, however; care should be taken when constructing shielding for a specific purpose. For example, although high atomic number materials are very effective in shielding photons, using them to shield beta particles may cause higher radiation exposure due to the production of bremsstrahlung x-rays, and hence low atomic number materials are recommended. Also, using material with a high neutron activation cross section to shield neutrons will result in the shielding material itself becoming radioactive and hence more dangerous than if it were not present.
There are many types of shielding strategies that can be used to reduce the effects of radiation exposure. Internal contamination protective equipment such as respirators are used to prevent internal deposition as a result of inhalation and ingestion of radioactive material. Dermal protective equipment, which protects against external contamination, provides shielding to prevent radioactive material from being deposited on external structures. While these protective measures do provide a barrier from radioactive material deposition, they do not shield from externally penetrating gamma radiation. This leaves anyone exposed to penetrating gamma rays at high risk of ARS.
Naturally, shielding the entire body from high energy gamma radiation is optimal, but the required mass to provide adequate attenuation makes functional movement nearly impossible. In the event of a radiation catastrophe, medical and security personnel need mobile protection equipment in order to safely assist in containment, evacuation, and many other necessary public safety objectives.
Research has been done exploring the feasibility of partial body shielding, a radiation protection strategy that provides adequate attenuation to only the most radio-sensitive organs and tissues inside the body. Irreversible stem cell damage in the bone marrow is the first life-threatening effect of intense radiation exposure and therefore one of the most important bodily elements to protect. Due to the regenerative property of hematopoietic stem cells, it is only necessary to protect enough bone marrow to repopulate the exposed areas of the body with the shielded supply. This concept allows for the development of lightweight mobile radiation protection equipment, which provides adequate protection, deferring the onset of ARS to much higher exposure doses. One example of such equipment is the 360 gamma, a radiation protection belt that applies selective shielding to protect the bone marrow stored in the pelvic area as well as other radio sensitive organs in the abdominal region without hindering functional mobility.
More information on bone marrow shielding can be found in the article , or in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA)'s 2015 report:
Reduction of incorporation
Where radioactive contamination is present, an elastomeric respirator, dust mask, or good hygiene practices may offer protection, depending on the nature of the contaminant. Potassium iodide (KI) tablets can reduce the risk of cancer in some situations due to slower uptake of ambient radioiodine. Although this does not protect any organ other than the thyroid gland, their effectiveness is still highly dependent on the time of ingestion, which would protect the gland for the duration of a twenty-four-hour period. They do not prevent ARS as they provide no shielding from other environmental radionuclides.
Fractionation of dose
If an intentional dose is broken up into a number of smaller doses, with time allowed for recovery between irradiations, the same total dose causes less cell death. Even without interruptions, a reduction in dose rate below 0.1 Gy/h also tends to reduce cell death. This technique is routinely used in radiotherapy.
The human body contains many types of cells and a human can be killed by the loss of a single type of cells in a vital organ. For many short term radiation deaths (3–30 days), the loss of two important types of cells that are constantly being regenerated causes death. The loss of cells forming blood cells (bone marrow) and the cells in the digestive system (microvilli, which form part of the wall of the intestines) is fatal.
Management
Treatment usually involves supportive care with possible symptomatic measures employed. The former involves the possible use of antibiotics, blood products, colony stimulating factors, and stem cell transplant.
Antimicrobials
There is a direct relationship between the degree of the neutropenia that emerges after exposure to radiation and the increased risk of developing infection. Since there are no controlled studies of therapeutic intervention in humans, most of the current recommendations are based on animal research.
The treatment of established or suspected infection following exposure to radiation (characterized by neutropenia and fever) is similar to the one used for other febrile neutropenic patients. However, important differences between the two conditions exist. Individuals that develop neutropenia after exposure to radiation are also susceptible to irradiation damage in other tissues, such as the gastrointestinal tract, lungs and central nervous system. These patients may require therapeutic interventions not needed in other types of neutropenic patients. The response of irradiated animals to antimicrobial therapy can be unpredictable, as was evident in experimental studies where metronidazole and pefloxacin therapies were detrimental.
Antimicrobials that reduce the number of the strict anaerobic component of the gut flora (i.e., metronidazole) generally should not be given because they may enhance systemic infection by aerobic or facultative bacteria, thus facilitating mortality after irradiation.
An empirical regimen of antimicrobials should be chosen based on the pattern of bacterial susceptibility and nosocomial infections in the affected area and medical center and the degree of neutropenia. Broad-spectrum empirical therapy (see below for choices) with high doses of one or more antibiotics should be initiated at the onset of fever. These antimicrobials should be directed at the eradication of Gram-negative aerobic bacilli (i.e., Enterobacteriace, Pseudomonas) that account for more than three quarters of the isolates causing sepsis. Because aerobic and facultative Gram-positive bacteria (mostly alpha-hemolytic streptococci) cause sepsis in about a quarter of the victims, coverage for these organisms may also be needed.
A standardized management plan for people with neutropenia and fever should be devised. Empirical regimens contain antibiotics broadly active against Gram-negative aerobic bacteria (quinolones: i.e., ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, a third- or fourth-generation cephalosporin with pseudomonal coverage: e.g., cefepime, ceftazidime, or an aminoglycoside: i.e. gentamicin, amikacin).
Prognosis
The prognosis for ARS is dependent on the exposure dose, with anything above 8 Gy being almost always lethal, even with medical care. Radiation burns from lower-level exposures usually manifest after 2 months, while reactions from the burns occur months to years after radiation treatment. Complications from ARS include an increased risk of developing radiation-induced cancer later in life. According to the controversial but commonly applied linear no-threshold model, any exposure to ionizing radiation, even at doses too low to produce any symptoms of radiation sickness, can induce cancer due to cellular and genetic damage. The probability of developing cancer is a linear function with respect to the effective radiation dose. Radiation cancer may occur after ionizing radiation exposure following a latent period averaging 20 to 40 years.
History
Acute effects of ionizing radiation were first observed when Wilhelm Röntgen intentionally subjected his fingers to X-rays in 1895. He published his observations concerning the burns that developed that eventually healed, and misattributed them to ozone. Röntgen believed the free radical produced in air by X-rays from the ozone was the cause, but other free radicals produced within the body are now understood to be more important. David Walsh first established the symptoms of radiation sickness in 1897.
Ingestion of radioactive materials caused many radiation-induced cancers in the 1930s, but no one was exposed to high enough doses at high enough rates to bring on ARS.
The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki resulted in high acute doses of radiation to a large number of Japanese people, allowing for greater insight into its symptoms and dangers. Red Cross Hospital Surgeon Terufumi Sasaki led intensive research into the syndrome in the weeks and months following the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings. Dr Sasaki and his team were able to monitor the effects of radiation in patients of varying proximities to the blast itself, leading to the establishment of three recorded stages of the syndrome. Within 25–30 days of the explosion, Sasaki noticed a sharp drop in white blood cell count and established this drop, along with symptoms of fever, as prognostic standards for ARS. Actress Midori Naka, who was present during the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, was the first incident of radiation poisoning to be extensively studied. Her death on 24 August 1945 was the first death ever to be officially certified as a result of ARS (or "Atomic bomb disease").
There are two major databases that track radiation accidents: The American ORISE REAC/TS and the European IRSN ACCIRAD. REAC/TS shows 417 accidents occurring between 1944 and 2000, causing about 3000 cases of ARS, of which 127 were fatal. ACCIRAD lists 580 accidents with 180 ARS fatalities for an almost identical period. The two deliberate bombings are not included in either database, nor are any possible radiation-induced cancers from low doses. The detailed accounting is difficult because of confounding factors. ARS may be accompanied by conventional injuries such as steam burns, or may occur in someone with a pre-existing condition undergoing radiotherapy. There may be multiple causes for death, and the contribution from radiation may be unclear. Some documents may incorrectly refer to radiation-induced cancers as radiation poisoning, or may count all overexposed individuals as survivors without mentioning if they had any symptoms of ARS.
Notable cases
The following table includes only those known for their attempted survival with ARS. These cases exclude chronic radiation syndrome such as Albert Stevens, in which radiation is exposed to a given subject over a long duration. The "result" column represents the time of exposure to the time of death attributed to the short and long term effects attributed to initial exposure. As ARS is measured by a whole-body absorbed dose, the "exposure" column only includes units of Gray (Gy).
Other animals
Thousands of scientific experiments have been performed to study ARS in animals. There is a simple guide for predicting survival and death in mammals, including humans, following the acute effects of inhaling radioactive particles.
See also
5-Androstenediol
Biological effects of ionizing radiation
Biological effects of radiation on the epigenome
CBLB502
Ex-Rad
List of civilian nuclear accidents
List of military nuclear accidents
Nuclear terrorism
Orders of magnitude (radiation)
Prehydrated electrons
Rongelap Atoll
References
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the U.S. Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
External links
– A well documented account of the biological effects of a criticality accident.
Radioactive contamination
Radiology
Radiobiology
Radiation health effects
Medical emergencies
Causes of death
Effects of external causes
Syndromes
Occupational safety and health
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate | wiki |
Bernard Posey (1 de julio de 1990) es un deportista estadounidense que compitió en taekwondo. Ganó una medalla de bronce en el Campeonato Panamericano de Taekwondo de 2008 en la categoría de –62 kg.
Palmarés internacional
Referencias
Practicantes de taekwondo de Estados Unidos | wiki |
The Battle of Cape St Mary may refer to:
Battle of Cape St Mary (1781) between the British and Dutch
Battle of Cape St Mary (1804) between the British and Spanish | wiki |
Michael Dale Beebe, mais conhecido como Mike Beebe (Amagon, Arkansas, 28 de dezembro de 1946), é um político norte-americano, pertencente ao Partido Democrata. Foi governador do estado norte-americano do Arkansas entre 2007 e 2015.
Governadores do Arkansas
Democratas do Arkansas | wiki |
A leadership election for Oath was held on 26 June 2021. Robert Šlachta became first leader of the party.
Background
Oath was founded by Robert Šlachta in early 2021. Constituent meeting along with leadership election was set for 26 June 2021 but was reportedly delayed due to 2021 South Moravia tornado. The election was still held but without ideological discussion. Šlachta was the only candidate.
Voting
120 delegates voted. 110 delegates cast votes to Šlachta who was thus elected.
References
Přísaha leadership elections
Oath leadership election
Single-candidate elections
Indirect elections
Oath leadership election
Oath leadership election | wiki |
Each "article" in this category is in fact a collection of entries about several stamp issuers, presented in alphabetical order. The entries themselves are formulated on the micro model and so provide summary information about all known issuers.
See the :Category:Compendium of postage stamp issuers page for details of the project.
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (A – Al)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Al – Aq)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Ar – Az)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Ba – Be)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Be – Br)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Br – Bz)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Brit – British)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Ca – Ce)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Ce – Ch)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Ci – Co)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Co – Cz)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Da – Dz)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Ea – Ez)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Fa – Fz)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Ga – Ge)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Gh – Gz)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Ha – Hz)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Ia – In)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Io – Iz)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Ja – Jz)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Ka – Kh)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Ki – Kz)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (La – Lz)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Ma – Md)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Me – Mz)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Na – Ni)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Ni – Nz)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Oa – Oz)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Pa – Pl)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Po – Pz)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Qa – Qz)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Ra – Rz)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Sa – Sb)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Sc – Sl)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Sm – So)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Sp – Sz)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Ta – To)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (To – Tz)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Ua – Uz)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Va – Vz)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Wa – Wz)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Xa – Yz)
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Za – Zz) | wiki |
The Interpretation of Knowledge is the first tractate from Codex XI of the Nag Hammadi Library. The author emphasizes the importance of unity among members of the Gnostic community. Metaphorically, each part of the body has a specific role, and no one should be jealous or resentful of the role assigned to them. Instead, they should be grateful to belong to the body (of Christ) and have the same head. The author also emphasizes the distinction between the physical body and the spirit, stating that men of God live by the spirit and cannot be found by those who persecute them. The author further states that members of the Gnostic community, as adepts at the Word, are held to a higher standard and will be judged more harshly if they sin against it. However, if they overcome sin, they will receive a crown of victory.
Summary
The text discusses the belief in the Christ and the importance of faith. The world is seen as a place of unfaith and death, and it is through faith that one can see the likeness of the Christ. The author believes that faith is a holy thing and that those with faith will be granted things to support them. The likeness of the Christ is apprehended by means of his trace, and God apprehends through his members. The Savior is seen as an emanation of the trace and is loved by the Virgin. The Virgin is seen as the Womb and is fixed to the cross, and it is her water that is the water of immortality. The author mentions that some fell in the path, others in rocks, others in thorns, and others in the shadow. The author describes the eternal reality as the one before the souls come forth from those who are being killed.
Jesus was crucified by the Church, but his death was not deserved as he did not commit any sins. The Church imprisoned him in a fabricated body and compelled him to serve their energies. Jesus taught the Church to remove themselves from the surfeits of the world and to follow his teachings. He made himself the teacher of immortality and encouraged the Church to not call to any earthly father but to the one true Father in heaven. Jesus' teachings emphasize the importance of the soul over worldly gains and the dangers of ignorance and sin.
The text describes the faith laid down by the master who rescued the reader from ignorance and darkness. The master taught the reader about the good things of the Father and race and advised not to esteem the worldly form as advantageous. The master himself became small through humility so that he could elevate the reader to the great height. The reader is encouraged to believe in the master and enter through the rib from which they came to escape the beasts. The world is said to be from beasts and is a punishment, and the lost are counted with the beasts. The man who was reproached changed his name and appeared as flesh, but he has his own glory with the name, which is the Son. Through him, the reader can receive the forgiveness of sins and grace.
Continuing, the text describes the role of the emanation of the name in redeeming the one who was reproached. It explains that the flesh is an Aeon that Wisdom has emitted and that the Aeon entered the one who was reproached so that they might escape the disgrace of the flesh. The text also mentions the way in which the cross became the head and how the decree will be fulfilled, giving birth to an offspring that will receive a perfect body and become complete through the presence of the Son of God. The great Son, sent by the Father, proclaimed the edict of the Father, forgiving sins and redeeming those who had been enslaved in Adam. The Christ removed himself from all these and loves his members with all his heart.
The writing stresses the importance of love and gratitude towards one's fellow brothers and sisters in the faith. It encourages the sharing of gifts and talents without jealousy and to recognize the grace that dwells within each person. The author states that the Word is rich and generous, giving gifts to everyone without jealousy. The members of the faith should work together, and if one suffers, they should all suffer together, and if one is saved, they are all saved together. The author cautions against ignorance and jealousy towards one's brothers and sisters and encourages love and reconciliation with the grace of the Head.
The work concludes with discussion of the reconciliation and unity of members within the Body of Christ. Each member has a unique role, and they should not be jealous or despise each other. The text emphasizes that everyone has the potential to sin, but if they overcome their sin and purify themselves, they will receive a crown of victory, just as Christ was glorified by the Father. The text also criticizes those who persecute members of the Church, as they are senselessly mad and cannot find true spiritual fulfillment. The text emphasizes that members of the Church should strive to live by the Spirit and avoid sin, as they will be held to a higher standard than those outside the Church.
References
Gnostic apocrypha
3rd-century works
Nag Hammadi library
Valentinian texts | wiki |
Nightrunner or variant may refer to:
The Nightrunner series, a multi-part fantasy series written by Lynn Flewelling
Nightrunner (character), a fictional character created for publisher DC Comics
The Night Runner, a 1957 film directed by Abner Biberman
Nightrunners of Bengal, a novel by John Masters
Night Runner, a type of Skaven unit in Warhammer
See also
"Runner in the Night", a song performed by the sextet Ryder at the 1986 Eurovision Song Contest | wiki |
VMware ThinApp (formerly Thinstall) is an application virtualization and portable application creator suite by VMware that can package conventional Windows applications so that they become portable applications by running on another operating system. According to VMware, the product has a success rate of about 90–95% in packaging applications.
History
ThinApp (previously known as Thinstall) was originally developed by Jitit Inc. and was acquired by VMware on January 15, 2008. VMware later used the code name VMware Project North Star while the product was in beta. On June 10, 2008, VMware announced that the final name for the product was going to be VMware ThinApp. The trial version of Thinstall was initially available only to corporations, then VMware offered a public trial version.
Technology
VMware ThinApp provides application virtualization. ThinApp is able to execute applications without them being installed in the traditional sense by virtualizing resources such as environment variables, files and Windows Registry keys. The virtual environment presented to the client is a merged view of the underlying physical and virtual resources, thereby allowing the virtualization layer to fool the application into thinking that it is running as if it were fully installed. ThinApp does not have any pre-installed components and does not require the installation of device drivers allowing applications to run from USB flash drives or network shares without ever requiring Administrator rights. ThinApp converts standard application installers such as .msi files into self-contained EXE files which includes everything required to run. Also it is able to scan a system before and after an application's installation and create a portable executable based upon changes made to the systems files and registry. Unlike self-extracting ZIP files, ThinApp does not extract files to disk or require system registry changes in order to run applications. ThinApp versions released after 5.2.3 drop support Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 and later.
Editions
The most "basic" version of ThinApp is "VMware ThinApp Starter Edition", offered for free with any purchase of VMware Workstation, while the most "advanced" version is "VMware ThinApp Enterprise Edition", which adds support for AppSync updating, Active Directory integration and allows usage by multiple users (both for the ThinApp Packager and ThinApp Client).
See also
Microsoft App-V
Turbo (software)
Software appliance
Windows To Go
Sandboxie
Portable application creators
References
External links
ThinApp
Virtualization software
Utilities for Windows | wiki |
A vehicle snorkel is the land-based equivalent of the submarine snorkel which allows submarines to use diesel engines while submerged. Snorkels, when used by vehicles with air-breathing internal combustion engines, sometimes allow limited deep wading capability for river crossing or amphibious landing operations, particularly in the case of tanks and other armored vehicles. In such cases, the snorkel supplies air for both the engine and the sealed crew compartment, allowing total submersion. Often, the snorkel pipe is of large diameter and fits over the crew hatch, to provide an escape route for the crew in case the vehicle becomes stuck or disabled while underwater.
Military wheeled vehicles, such as a HEMTT transport or a Unimog are often capable of mounting snorkels for the engine air intake only, to allow them to wade through relatively deep water, limited by the height of snorkel intake and the driver's head (usually slightly less than the height of the roof). Generally, the crew compartment is not watertight, and the crew will be immersed, unlike in tracked vehicles, which are generally totally sealed. The maximum depth is dictated by the height of the snorkel; if the water level should reach the snorkel intake, it will be drawn into the engine, immediately killing it. In the case of a World War II-era amphibious Jeep, all of the engine openings and electrical wiring are sealed, and the driver must first operate a damper that prevents water from entering the intake manifold. After fording, all vehicles wheel bearings must be repacked with new lubricants due to water contamination. Modern military vehicles typically come from the factory with waterproofed wiring systems.
For off-road driving enthusiasts (or those who merely enjoy the aesthetic benefits), similar snorkel equipment is available as an aftermarket accessory for many civilian four-wheel drive vehicles, or available as a "universal" kit, and making a home-built snorkel system is not difficult for most vehicles. The snorkel is typically routed out through one of the front fenders or directly through the hood, and up beside the "A" pillar to the level of the roofline where it is terminated with either a mushroom intake or a forward-facing intake, although a simple aftermarket cone filter on the end of a flexible length of plastic tubing works just as well (it is also possible to simply run the tubing directly to the factory air-filter box). As long as all air intake parts inside the engine bay are sealed, it will work successfully. Although most external system wiring on modern vehicles is quite well sealed, it is usually wise to use additional sealing on computers, fuse boxes, etc., and interior electronics such as radios and entertainment systems (not to mention digital dashboards) are generally not waterproofed and will be ruined by water entering the vehicle. It is also important to install extended ventilation lines to the axles and transfer case; these typically are no more than a foot or so long, and will allow water to contaminate the lubricants. Even with extended vent lines, water can frequently leak past the oil seals; thus it is generally wise to check the axle and transfer case lubricants and change if necessary after deep water crossings.
References
External links
Amphibious vehicles | wiki |
In optics, a conjugate plane or conjugate focal plane of a given plane P, is the plane P′ such that points on P are imaged on P′. If an object is moved to the point occupied by its image, then the moved object's new image will appear at the point where the object originated. In other words, the object and its image are interchangeable. This comes from the principle of reversibility which states light rays will travel along the originating path if the light's direction is reversed. The points that span conjugate planes are called conjugate points.
It comes from the mirror formula 1/v+1/u=1/f where if u and v are interchanged then the equation remains same.
In a telescope, the subject focal plane is at infinity and the conjugate image plane, at which the image sensor is placed, is said to be an infinite conjugate. In microscopy and macro photography, the subject is close to the lens, so the plane at which the image sensor is placed is said to be a finite conjugate. Within a system with relay lenses or eyepieces, there may be planes that are conjugate to the aperture.
References
Geometrical optics | wiki |
Ladies' Turn is a 2012 documentary film directed by Hélène Harder.
Synopsis
Featuring members of the Ladies' Turn association as well as local female football (soccer) players, the film chronicles a battle led by Senegalese girls to break taboos around girls playing football.
Awards and accolades
Best Feature Film, 2012 London Feminist Film Festival
Feminist Favourite audience award, 2012 London Feminist Film Festival
External links
References
2012 films
Russian documentary films | wiki |
Bogie is the surname of:
Cam Bogie (1915-2006), Australian rules footballer
David Bogie (born 1987), British rally driver
Ian Bogie (born 1967), British former football player and manager
Les Bogie (1911–1983), Australian rules footballer
Malcolm Bogie (born 1939), Scottish former footballer
Stuart Bogie, American musician
See also
Robert Bogey (born 1935), French long-distance runner | wiki |
Siguazodan is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
References
Cyanamides
Guanidines
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors | wiki |
No reflow phenomenon is the failure of blood to reperfuse an ischemic area after the physical obstruction has been removed or bypassed. The underlying mechanism is related to arterial microvasculature damage. It is primarily seen during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the setting of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but has also been observed in other organs, including the brain and kidneys. Coronary no-reflow phenomenon is specifically related to reduced antegrade coronary blood flow despite proximal coronary artery patency. It is an independent predictor of worse clinical outcomes including heart failure, fatal arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and increased mortality rates.
Pathophysiology
The underlying mechanism of no reflow phenomenon is centered around the damage caused by microvascular obstruction (MVO). There have been two proposed underlying causes of no reflow phenomenon:
Structural no reflow phenomenon is present in the microvasculature of regions of necrotic myocardium. Prolonged ischemia impairs perfusion to the endothelial cells that line the walls of the microvasculature. Impaired perfusion leads to decreased ATP production within the endothelial cells, which ultimately leads to cellular swelling and irreversible damage of the endothelial cells. This cell damage contributes to the formation of fibrin thrombi within the microvasculature, occluding the vasculature lumen, and resulting in MVO. Additionally, swelling within necrotic tissue surrounding the microvasculature can further compress the vessel lumen, resulting in loss of capillary integrity, and further contributing to MVO. Structural no reflow is largely irreversible. An example would be seen in an area of myocardium post-myocardial infarction that was not reperfused quickly enough.
Functional no reflow phenomenon occurs when the microvasculature is anatomically intact, but has been temporarily compromised due to spasm, microembolization, or reperfusion injury, ultimately leading to MVO. Functional no reflow phenomenon is largely reversible due to the fact that the microvasculature is still intact.
Micromembolization can occur during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) to revascularize an occluded epicardial vessel due to disruption of thromboembolic material, such as plaques within the coronary arteries.
Reperfusion following ischemia causes acute inflammation within the microvasculature, leading to neutrophilic proliferation. Neutrophils further contribute to endothelial cell damage by releasing free radicals via oxygen-dependent mechanisms, as well as pro-inflammatory mediators. Pro-inflammatory mediators contribute to MVO by causing extravasation of red blood cells, platelets, and leukocytes, into the vessel lumen.
Neutrophils and platelets within the microvasculature cause alpha-adrenergic activation of the neurohumoral system. This leads to prolonged vasospasm of the microvasculature, further contributing to MVO.
In both types of no reflow phenomenon, the extent of damage to the microvasculature is directly proportional to the length of time the tissue is ischemic, with longer periods of ischemia related to greater damage to the arterial microvasculature.
See also
Venous ulcer
References
External links
Blood disorders | wiki |
Forbearance, in the context of a mortgage process, is a special agreement between the lender and the borrower to delay a foreclosure. The literal meaning of forbearance is "holding back". This is also referred to as mortgage moratorium.
Application and use
When mortgage borrowers are unable to meet their repayment terms, lenders may opt to foreclose. To avoid foreclosure, the lender and the borrower can make an agreement called "forbearance." According to this agreement, the lender delays its right to exercise foreclosure if the borrower can catch up to its payment schedule by a certain time. This period and the payment plan depend on the details of the agreement that is accepted by both parties.
COVID-19 pandemic
Historically, forbearance has been granted for customers in temporary or short-term financial difficulty. If the borrower has more serious problems, e. g. the return to full mortgage payments in the long term does not appear sustainable, then forbearance is usually not a solution. Each lender is likely to have its own suite of forbearance products. In response to COVID-19 government sponsored mortgage loans in the United States qualify for forbearance plans in compliance with the CARES Act. These plans are for borrowers impacted by COVID-19. Some common questions that arise include what are the consumers options at the end of the forbearance period and how will a forbearance agreement impact my credit. At the end of the forbearance period the consumer will be required to participate in a work out plan and the options include bringing the mortgage payments current, paying the loan in full, a mortgage modification plan, deferral of payments until the end of the loan or increased monthly payments to cure the arrearage. While it is difficult to predict one's personal financial situation after the immediate crisis, it is important to note that a forbearance is not forgiveness and interest continues to accrue and if a final work out arrangement is not adopted foreclosure later down the line can be pursued by the lender. In addition it is important to note that these agreements do not block credit bureau reporting and the Government Sponsored Agencies ("GSE's) have provide guidance that the lender must report the mortgage status which will reflect the delinquency and past due payments.
Types of forbearance in US
Examples of the types of forbearance which lenders may potentially consider include:
A full moratorium on payments
Reduced payments:
Above Interest-Only (termed Positive-Amortising)
Below Interest-Only (Negative-Amortising)
Interest Only
Reduced interest rate
Split Mortgage
It needs to be understood that the type of forbearance being granted is being provided based on the customer's individual circumstances. For example, borrowers in short-term financial difficulty would be more likely to be approved of either a (short term) full moratorium or negative-amortising deal than customers in long-term financial difficulty, where the lender would at all times seek to ensure that the capital balance continues to be reduced (via an amortising forbearance arrangement). Negative-amortising forbearance arrangements are only suitable as short-term deals since failure to pay interest timely and/or on the whole loan balance is effectively is additional borrowing. It is important to note that depending on the parameters of the agreement consumers can be held fully responsible for paying the entire amount due after the duration of the forbearance.
A lender who grants a forbearance is refraining from enforcing its right to realize interest on securities under their agreement or contract with the borrower. This is done to assist the borrower in returning to a performing financial position as well as better position the lender to realize its security should the borrower fail to perform. The borrower does not escape their debt obligations by accepting the agreed forbearance amount and/or terms. On expiry of the agreed forbearance period the loan account reverts to its original form. In many instances, upon expiration of the forbearance period, the difference between the level of forbearance granted and the full repayment (which was missed) is recalculated over the remaining term and the customer's new repayment is based on the current loan balance, rate and term.
Some exceptions to this is where a reduced rate was given (where the possible intention here to reduce the capital balance as quickly as possible, thereby reducing the loan to value) or where the type of forbearance is for the lifetime of the loan, i.e. a split loan where 1 part of the loan is parked until the expiry date, with the intention that at that time a suitable repayment vehicle (say, sale of asset) is in place for the repayment of the loan in full.
The GSE's released payment policies in April 2020 that clarified the terms of the COVID-19 forbearance plans. The announcement clarified that while full payment of arrears was an option to reinstate consumers are never required to choose a lump sum option. It reiterated the four options of full repayment, a repayment plan over time, a deferral to move the payments to the end of the loan, or a modification of the loan for more permanent hardships. The guidance specified owners facing hardships would start with shorter duration plans but those could be extended up to 12 months if necessary after reassessing the consumers financial hardship. The GSE's are also waiving late fees and suspending foreclosure sales and evictions until May 17, 2020.
The COVID -19 policy requires the lenders to make contact with the consumer to obtain specifics of the scenario and to perform an assessment of the hardship and ability to repay. During these conversations. Verbal conversations should be validated and documented through email correspondence and written agreements as applicable.
In other countries
The term 'forbearance' is addressed by different names in different countries. The norms of a foreclosure agreement also vary. For example, in Australia, banks offer 'hardship variation' to borrowers struggling financially. Borrowers can ask their lenders to make changes to the terms of their loans.
Borrowers can either opt for a short-term relief by having their mortgage payment suspended for a short period of time (known as forbearance in the U.S.), or they can apply for reduced payments over the life of the loan's term (known as loan modification in the U.S.). Lenders are required to give a particular reason as to why an application for hardship variation was being turned down by them. Borrowers are encouraged to talk to their internal complaints section of their respective bank or file a dispute.
In many nations, banks typically allow temporary interest-only payments rather than suspending the full amount of the installment. The Bank of Spain (Banco de España) – the country's de facto bank – discourages banks from keeping mortgages in arrears. For that reason, banks are not required to offer any relief to borrowers. Banks can repossess properties without agreeing to changes in terms of the loan that might help a customer.
References
Mortgage | wiki |
Irsogladine is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
References
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Triazines
Chloroarenes | wiki |
Carriera
È stato selezionato dai Chicago Bulls al primo giro del Draft NBA 1979 (2ª scelta assoluta).
Palmarès
2 volte NCAA AP All-America First Team (1978, 1979)
Detroit Pistons: 1990
NBA All-Rookie First Team (1980)
Collegamenti esterni
Scheda su thedraftreview.com | wiki |
Auto-defrost, automatic defrost or self-defrosting is a technique which regularly defrosts the evaporator in a refrigerator or freezer. Appliances using this technique are often called frost free, frostless, or no-frost.
Mechanism
The defrost mechanism in a refrigerator heats the cooling element (evaporator coil) for a short period of time and melts the frost that has formed on it. The resulting water drains through a duct at the back of the unit. Defrosting is controlled by an electric or electronic timer: For every 6, 8, 10, 12 or 24 hours of compressor operation it turns on a defrost heater for 15 minutes to half an hour.
The defrost heater, having a typical power rating of 350 W to 600 W, is mounted just below the evaporator in top- and bottom-freezer models and below and sometimes also in the middle of the evaporator in side-by-side models. It may be protected from short circuits by means of fusible links. In older refrigerators the timer ran continuously. In newer designs the timer only runs while the compressor runs, so the more the refrigerator door is closed, the less the heater will be on and the more energy will be saved.
A defrost thermostat opens the heater circuit when the evaporator temperature rises above a preset temperature, 40°F (5°C) or more, thereby preventing excessive heating of the freezer compartment. The defrost timer is such that either the compressor or the defrost heater is on, but not both at the same time.
Inside the freezer, air is circulated by means of one or more fans. In a typical design cold air from the freezer compartment is ducted to the fresh food compartment and circulated back into the freezer compartment. Air circulation helps sublimate any ice or frost that may form on frozen items in the freezer compartment. While defrosting, this fan is stopped to prevent heated-up air from reaching the food compartment.
Instead of the traditional cooling elements being embedded in the freezer liner, auto-defrost elements are behind or beneath the liner. This allows them to be heated for short periods of time to dispose of frost, without heating the contents of the freezer.
Alternatively, some systems use the hot gas in the condenser to defrost the evaporator. This is done by means of a circuit that is cross-linked by a three-way valve. The hot gas quickly heats up the evaporator and defrosts it.
This system is primarily used in commercial applications such as ice-cream displays.
Application
While this technique was originally applied to the refrigerator compartment, it was later used for freezer compartment as well.
A combined refrigerator/freezer which applies self-defrosting to the refrigerator compartment only is usually called "partial frost free" or semi-automatic defrost (some brands call these "Auto Defrost" while Frigidaire referred to their semi-automatic models as "Cycla-Matic," Kelvinator often named these models as "Cyclic Defrost" ). These refrigerators usually have a pan underneath where water from the melted frost in the refrigerator section evaporates.
Freezers with automatic defrosting and combined refrigerator/freezer units which also apply self defrosting to their freezer compartment are called "frost free". The latter usually feature an air connection between the two compartments with the air passage to the refrigerator compartment regulated by a damper. By this means, a controlled portion of the air coming from the freezer reaches the refrigerator. Some older models have no air circulation between their freezer and refrigerator sections. Instead, they use an independent cooling system (for example: an evaporator coil with a defrost heater and a circulating fan in the freezer and a cold-plate or open-coil evaporator in the refrigerator.
"Frost-Free" refrigerator/freezer units usually use a heating element to defrost their evaporators, a pan to collect and evaporate water from the frost that melts from the cold plate and/or evaporator coil, a timer which turns off the compressor and turns on the defrost element usually from once to 4 times a day for periods usually ranging from 15 to 30 minutes, a defrost limiter thermostat that turns off the heating element before the temperature rises too much while the timer is still in its defrost phase. Some models also feature a drain heater to prevent ice from blocking the drain.
Other early types of refrigerators also use hot gas defrost instead of electric heaters. These reverse the evaporator and condenser sides for the defrost cycle.
Some newer refrigerator/freezer models have a computer that monitors how many times each door is opened and uses this data to control defrost scheduling thereby reducing power use.
Advantages
No need to manually defrost the frost buildup, therefore power consumption will not increase with time.
Food packaging is easier to see.
Most frozen food will not stick together.
Smells are limited, especially in total frost-free appliances because the air always circulates.
Better temperature management.
Disadvantages
The system can be more expensive to run when usage is high and if the fan continues or starts to run when the door is opened.
A thermal cutout safety device is required to prevent overheating of the heating element.
Increased electrical and mechanical complexity compared to a basic upright freezer or chest freezer, making it more prone to component failure.
The temperature of the freezer contents rises during the defrosting cycles, especially if there is a light load in the freezer. This can cause "freezer burn" on articles placed in the freezer, from partially defrosting, then re-freezing
On hot, humid days condensation will sometimes form around the refrigerator doors.
Defrosting may not be completed by the time the defrost timer cycles back to normal operation (especially in hot, humid conditions with frequent door openings), leaving ice/frost on the evaporator coils. This condition can lead to "icing" which will interfere with the operation of the refrigerator.
In laboratories, self-defrosting freezers must not be used to store certain delicate reagents such as enzymes, because the temperature cycling can degrade them. In addition, water can evaporate out of containers that do not have a very tight seal, altering the concentration of the reagents. Self-defrosting freezers should never be used to store flammable chemicals.
References
External links
Original 1927 Patent
Frost-free page on howstuffworks
Automation
Cooling technology | wiki |
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