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Maternity Allowance is a United Kingdom state benefit for women who are working but not entitled to Statutory Maternity Pay.
Main conditions
Women who are unable to get Statutory Maternity Pay may be instead entitled to Maternity Allowance. This money is paid by the government rather than an employer. A claimant has to have worked 26 weeks within the 66 weeks before their due date, and have earned at least £30 a week for 13 of those weeks to qualify. If the claimant has not paid enough Class 2 National Insurance Contributions in this period, they will instead be entitled to a lower amount.
Alternatively, Maternity Allowance can be paid if the claimant has assisted a partner in the running of their business. Entitlement starts at the 11th week before the baby is due.
Amount
Claimants will receive £156.66 a week or 90% of their average weekly earnings (whichever is less), or a reduced amount of £27 a week. It’s paid for up to 39 weeks and is not taxable or means-tested. Nothing is paid for any day worked during this period.
Effect on other benefits
You cannot get this together with any other Contributory Benefit or Jobseeker's Allowance. It counts in full as income for Income Support or Housing Benefit, but it is ignored for Tax Credits. If you cannot get Maternity Allowance you might get Employment and Support Allowance.
References
External links
Maternity Allowance
Social security in the United Kingdom
Maternity in the United Kingdom | wiki |
In insect anatomy, the juxta is an organ in the males of most Lepidoptera (i.e. moths and butterflies) that supports the aedeagus, the organ used for reproduction in insects. The juxta is located between the two valvae.
Juxta has also been used to refer to a similar structure in fleshflies.
The term comes from the Latin iuxta, meaning alongside. The biological use of the term should not be confused with the more general use of juxta- as a prefix.
References
Lepidopterology
Insect anatomy | wiki |
Amikeco (есперанто-клуб Тернополя)
Amikeco (есперанто-клуб Миколаївки) | wiki |
Paranoid refers to paranoia, a thought process that typically includes persecutory beliefs.
Paranoid may also refer to:
Music
Paranoid (band), a German EBM group
Paranoid (album) or the title song (see below), by Black Sabbath, 1970
Songs
"Paranoid" (Black Sabbath song), 1970
"Paranoid" (Jonas Brothers song), 2009
"Paranoid" (Kanye West song), 2009
"Paranoid" (Post Malone song), 2018
"Paranoid" (Ty Dolla Sign song), 2013
"Paranoid", by Dizzee Rascal from Maths + English
"Paranoid", by Grand Funk Railroad from Grand Funk
"Paranoid", by Spring King from A Better Life
Other uses
Paranoid (film), a 2000 thriller directed by John Duigan
Paranoid (TV series), a 2016 British crime drama
"Paranoid: A Chant", a 1985 poem by Stephen King
See also
Paranoia (disambiguation) | wiki |
A sovereign default is the failure or refusal of the government of a sovereign state to pay back its debt in full when due. Cessation of due payments (or receivables) may either be accompanied by that government's formal declaration that it will not pay (or only partially pay) its debts (repudiation), or it may be unannounced. A credit rating agency will take into account in its gradings capital, interest, extraneous and procedural defaults, and failures to abide by the terms of bonds or other debt instruments.
Countries have at times escaped some of the real burden of their debt through inflation. This is not "default" in the usual sense because the debt is honored, albeit with currency of lesser real value. Sometimes governments devalue their currency. This can be done by printing more money to apply toward their own debts, or by ending or altering the convertibility of their currencies into precious metals or foreign currency at fixed rates. Harder to quantify than an interest or capital default, this often is defined as an extraneous or procedural default (breach) of terms of the contracts or other instruments.
If potential lenders or bond purchasers begin to suspect that a government may fail to pay back its debt, they may demand a high interest rate in compensation for the risk of default. A dramatic rise in the interest rate faced by a government due to fear that it will fail to honor its debt is sometimes called a sovereign debt crisis. Governments may be especially vulnerable to a sovereign debt crisis when they rely on financing through short-term bonds, since this creates a maturity mismatch between their short-term bond financing and the long-term asset value of their tax base.
They may also be vulnerable to a sovereign debt crisis due to currency mismatch: if few bonds in their own currency are accepted abroad, and so the country issues mainly foreign currency-denominated bonds, a decrease in the value of their own currency can make it prohibitively expensive to pay back those bonds (see original sin).
Since a sovereign government, by definition, controls its own affairs, it cannot be obliged to pay back its debt. Nonetheless, governments may face severe pressure from lending countries. In a few extreme cases, a major creditor nation, before the establishment of the UN Charter Article 2 (4) prohibiting use of force by states, made threats of war or waged war against a debtor nation for failing to pay back debt to seize assets to enforce its creditor's rights. For example, in 1882, the United Kingdom invaded Egypt. Other examples are the United States' "gunboat diplomacy" in Venezuela in the mid-1890s and the United States occupation of Haiti beginning in 1915. Today, a government that defaults may be widely excluded from further credit; some of its overseas assets may be seized; and it may face political pressure from its own domestic bondholders to pay back its debt. Therefore, governments rarely default on the entire value of their debt. Instead, they often enter into negotiations with their bondholders to agree on a delay (debt restructuring) or partial reduction of their debt (a 'haircut or write-off'). Some economists have argued that, in the case of acute insolvency crises, it can be advisable for regulators and supranational lenders to preemptively engineer the orderly restructuring of a nation's public debt – also called "orderly default" or "controlled default". In the case of Greece, these economists generally believe that a delay in organising an orderly default would hurt the rest of Europe even more.
The International Monetary Fund often lends for sovereign debt restructuring. To ensure that funds will be available to pay the remaining part of the sovereign debt, it has made such loans conditional on action such as reducing corruption, imposing austerity measures such as reducing non-profitable public sector services, raising the tax take (revenue) or more rarely suggesting other forms of revenue raising such as nationalization of inept or corrupt but lucrative economic sectors. A recent example is the Greek bailout agreement of May 2010. After the 2008 financial crisis, in order to avoid a sovereign default, Spain and Portugal, among other countries, turned their trade and current account deficits into surpluses.
Causes
According to financial historian Edward Chancellor, past instances of sovereign default have tended to occur under some or all of the following circumstances:
A reversal of global capital flows
Unwise lending
Fraudulent lending
Excessive foreign debts
A poor credit history
Unproductive lending
Rollover risk
Weak revenues
Rising interest rates
Terminal debt
A significant factor in sovereign default is the presence of significant debts owed to foreign investors such as banks who are unable to obtain timely payment via political support from governments, supranational courts or negotiation; the enforcement of creditors' rights against sovereign states is frequently difficult. Such willful defaults (the equivalent of strategic bankruptcy by a company or strategic default by a mortgager, except without the possibility of the exercise of normal creditors' rights such as asset seizure and sale) can be considered a variety of sovereign theft; this is similar to expropriation (including inadequate repayment for the exercise of eminent domain). Some also believe that sovereign default is a dark side of globalization and capitalism.
Insolvency/over-indebtedness of the state
If a state, for economic reasons, defaults on its treasury obligations, or is no longer able or willing to handle its debt, liabilities, or to pay the interest on this debt, it faces sovereign default. To declare insolvency, it is sufficient if the state is only able (or willing) to pay part of its due interest or to clear off only part of the debt.
Reasons for this include:
massive increases in public debt
declines in employment and therefore tax revenue
government regulation or perceived threats of regulation of financial markets
popular unrest at austerity measures to repay debt fully
Sovereign default caused by insolvency historically has always appeared at the end of long years or decades of budget emergency (overspending), in which the state has spent more money than it received. This budget balance/margin was covered through new indebtedness with national and foreign citizens, banks and states.
Illiquidity
The literature proposes an important distinction between illiquidity and insolvency. If a country is temporarily unable to meet pending interest or principle payments because it can not liquify sufficient assets, it is "in default because of illiquidity". In this concept the default can be solved as soon as the assets that are "only temporarily illiquid" become liquid (again), which makes illiquidity a temporary state – in contrast to insolvency. The weakness of this concept is that is practically impossible to prove that an asset is only temporarily illiquid.
Change of government
While normally the change of government does not change the responsibility of the state to handle treasury obligations created by earlier governments, nevertheless it can be observed that in revolutionary situations and after a regime change the new government may question the legitimacy of the earlier one, and thus default on those treasury obligations considered odious debt.
Important examples are:
default of debts of the House of Bourbon after the French Revolution.
default of bonds through Denmark in 1850, which were issued by the government of Holstein instated by the German Confederation.
default of debts of the Russian Empire after the Soviet government came to power in 1917.
repudiation of debts of the Confederate States of America by the United States after the Civil War through the ratification of Section 4 of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Demise of the state
With the demise of a state, its obligations are turned over to one or several successor states. For example, when the Soviet Union dissolved, successor states such as Estonia, Russia, Georgia, Ukraine, etc. came into being. The Soviet state ceased to exist, but its debt could be inherited by successor states.
Lost wars significantly accelerate sovereign default. Nevertheless, especially after World War II the government debt has increased significantly in many countries even during long lasting times of peace. While in the beginning debt was quite small, due to compound interest and continued overspending it has increased substantially.
Approaches to debt repayment
There are two different theories as to why sovereign countries repay their debt.
Reputation approach
The reputation approach stipulates that countries value the access to international capital markets because it allows them to smooth consumption in the face of volatile output and/or fluctuating investment opportunities. This approach assumes no outside factors such as legal or military action because the debtor is a sovereign country. Debtor countries with poor reputations will lack access to these capital markets.
Punishment approach
The punishment approach stipulates that the debtor will be punished in some form, whether it be by legal action and/or military force. The creditor will use legal and/or military threats to see their investment returned. The punishment may prevent debtors from being able to borrow in their own currency.
Consequences
Creditors of the state as well the economy and the citizens of the state are affected by the sovereign default.
Consequences for creditors
The immediate cost to creditors is the loss of principal and interest owed on their loans to the defaulting country.
In this case very often there are international negotiations that end in a partial debt cancellation (London Agreement on German External Debts 1953) or debt restructuring (e.g. Brady Bonds in the 1980s). This kind of agreement assures the partial repayment when a renunciation / surrender of a big part of the debt is accepted by the creditor. In the case of the Argentine economic crisis (1999–2002) some creditors elected to accept the renunciation (loss, or "haircut") of up to 75% of the outstanding debts, while others ( "holdouts") elected instead to await a change of government (2015) for offers of better compensation.
For the purpose of debts regulation debts can be distinguished by nationality of creditor (national or international), or by the currency of the debts (own currency or foreign currency) as well as whether the foreign creditors are private or state owned. States are frequently more willing to cancel debts owed to foreign private creditors, unless those creditors have means of retaliation against the state.
Consequences for the state
When a state defaults on a debt, the state disposes of (or ignores, depending on the viewpoint) its financial obligations/debts towards certain creditors. The immediate effect for the state is a reduction in its total debt and a reduction in payments on the interest of that debt. On the other hand, a default can damage the reputation of the state among creditors, which can restrict the ability of the state to obtain credit from the capital market. In some cases foreign lenders may attempt to undermine the monetary sovereignty of the debtor state or even declare war (see above).
Consequences for the citizens
If the individual citizen or corporate citizen is a creditor of the state (e.g. government bonds), then a default by the state can mean a devaluation of their monetary wealth.
In addition, the following scenarios can occur in a debtor state from a sovereign default:
a banking crisis, as banks have to make write downs on credits given to the state.
an economic crisis, as the interior demand will fall and investors withdraw their money
a currency crisis as foreign investors avoid this national economy
Citizens of a debtor state might feel the impact indirectly through high unemployment and the decrease of state services and benefits. However, a monetarily sovereign state can take steps to minimize negative consequences, rebalance the economy and foster social/economic progress, for example Brazil's Plano Real.
Examples of sovereign default
A failure of a nation to meet bond repayments has been seen on many occasions. Medieval England lived through multiple defaults on debt, Philip II of Spain defaulted on debt four times – in 1557, 1560, 1575 and 1596. This sovereign default threw the German banking houses into chaos and ended the reign of the Fuggers as Spanish financiers. Genoese bankers provided the unwieldy Habsburg system with fluid credit and a dependably regular income. In return the less dependable shipments of American silver were rapidly transferred from Seville to Genoa, to provide capital for further military ventures.
In the 1820s, several Latin American countries that had recently entered the bond market in London defaulted. These same countries frequently defaulted during the nineteenth century, but the situation was typically rapidly resolved with a renegotiation of loans, including the writing off of some debts.
A failure to meet payments became common again in the late 1920s and 1930s. As protectionism by wealthy nations rose and international trade fell, especially after the banking crisis of 1929, countries possessing debts denominated in other currencies found it increasingly difficult to meet terms agreed under more favourable economic conditions. For example, in 1932, Chile's scheduled repayments exceeded the nation's total exports; or, at least, its exports under then-current pricing. Whether reductions in prices – forced sales – would have enabled fulfilling creditors' rights is unknown.
A number of states in the U.S. defaulted in the mid-19th century. The most recent U.S. state to default was Arkansas, which defaulted in 1933.
More recently Greece became the first developed country to default to the International Monetary Fund. In June 2015 Greece defaulted on a $1.7 billion payment to the IMF.
See also
Asset–liability mismatch
Balance of payments
Debt crisis
External debt
Financial crisis
Sovereign bond
Vulture fund
References
D. Andrew Austin (2016), Has the U.S. Government Ever “Defaulted”?
Guillermo Calvo (2005), Emerging Capital Markets in Turmoil: Bad Luck or Bad Policy?
Barry Eichengreen (2002), Financial Crises: And What to Do about Them.
Barry Eichengreen and Ricardo Hausmann, eds., (2005), Other People's Money: Debt Denomination and Financial Instability in Emerging Market Economies.
Barry Eichengreen and Peter Lindert, eds., (1992), The International Debt Crisis in Historical Perspective.
M. Nicolas J. Firzli (2010), Greece and the Roots the EU Debt Crisis.
Charles Calomiris (1998), 'Blueprints for a new global financial architecture'.
Jean Tirole (2002), Financial Crises, Liquidity, and the International Monetary System.
Citations | wiki |
Platform-based design is defined in Taxonomies for the Development and Verification of Digital Systems as "an integration oriented design approach emphasizing systematic reuse, for developing complex products based upon platforms and compatible hardware and software virtual component, intended to reduce development risks, costs and time to market".
See also
Electronic design automation
Electronic system-level design and verification
References
Electronic design automation | wiki |
In railroading, slack action is the amount of free movement of one car before it transmits its motion to an adjoining coupled car. This free movement results from the fact that in railroad practice cars are loosely coupled, and the coupling is often combined with a shock-absorbing device, a "draft gear", which, under stress, substantially increases the free movement as the train is started or stopped. Loose coupling is necessary to enable the train to bend around curves and is an aid in starting heavy trains, since the application of the locomotive power to the train operates on each car in the train successively, and the power is thus utilized to start only one car at a time.
United Kingdom
The UK formerly used three-link couplings, which allowed a large amount of slack; these were soon replaced on passenger stock by buffers and chain couplers where the couplings are held tight by buffers and shortened by a turnbuckle while in most other parts of the world automatic couplings, such as the Janney coupler and the Scharfenberg coupler, were adopted from the late Nineteenth Century on. Three-link couplings are a rarity in modern use.
Gallery
See also
Draft gear
References
Rail technologies | wiki |
A scam or confidence trick is an attempt to defraud a person or group by gaining their confidence.
Scam or Scams may also refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Films
Scam (film), a 1993 American TV movie
The Scam (film), a 2009 South Korean film
The Scam Artist, a 2004 American film
Music
Scam (album), a 2000 album by the Screaming Jets
"Scam" (song), a 1994 song by Jamiroquai
Television
"The Scam", a 1986 episode of the TV sitcom Gimme a Break!
"Scam 1992", a 2020 Indian series
Scams (TV series), a 2019 Japanese series
Science and technology
SCAM – Parallel SCSI Configured Automatically
Superconducting camera
Scientific Certainty Argumentation Method
Other uses
SCAM Spa, an Italian truck manufacturer
Soluble cell adhesion molecules (sCAM)
SCAM (zine), a punk rock culture publication
See also
Fraud
Hoax
Skam (disambiguation) | wiki |
Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogencarbonate), commonly known as baking soda or bicarbonate of soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. It is a salt composed of a sodium cation (Na+) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO3−). Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline, but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda (sodium carbonate). The natural mineral form is nahcolite. It is a component of the mineral natron and is found dissolved in many mineral springs.
Nomenclature
Because it has long been known and widely used, the salt has many different names such as baking soda, bread soda, cooking soda, and bicarbonate of soda and can often be found near baking powder in stores. The term baking soda is more common in the United States, while bicarbonate of soda is more common in Australia, United Kingdom and Ireland. Abbreviated colloquial forms such as sodium bicarb, bicarb soda, bicarbonate, and bicarb are common.
The word saleratus, from Latin sal æratus (meaning "aerated salt"), was widely used in the 19th century for both sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate.
Its E number food additive code is E500.
The prefix bi in bicarbonate comes from an outdated naming system predating molecular knowledge in reference to the two molar equivalents of carbon dioxide (known as carbonic acid in the ancient chemistry language) that potassium hydrocarbonate/bicarbonate releases upon decomposition to (di)potassium carbonate and to potassium oxide (potash). The modern chemical formulas of these compounds now express their precise chemical compositions which were unknown when the name bi-carbonate of potash was coined (see also: bicarbonate).
Uses
Cooking
Leavening
In cooking, baking soda is primarily used in baking as a leavening agent. When it reacts with acid, carbon dioxide is released, which causes expansion of the batter and forms the characteristic texture and grain in cakes, quick breads, soda bread, and other baked and fried foods. The acid–base reaction can be generically represented as follows:
NaHCO3 + H+ → Na+ + CO2 + H2O
Acidic materials that induce this reaction include hydrogen phosphates, cream of tartar, lemon juice, yogurt, buttermilk, cocoa, and vinegar. Baking soda may be used together with sourdough, which is acidic, making a lighter product with a less acidic taste.
Heat can also by itself cause sodium bicarbonate to act as a raising agent in baking because of thermal decomposition, releasing carbon dioxide at temperatures above , as follows:
2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
When used this way on its own, without the presence of an acidic component (whether in the batter or by the use of a baking powder containing acid), only half the available CO2 is released (one CO2 molecule is formed for every two equivalents of NaHCO3). Additionally, in the absence of acid, thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate also produces sodium carbonate, which is strongly alkaline and gives the baked product a bitter, "soapy" taste and a yellow color. Since the reaction occurs slowly at room temperature, mixtures (cake batter, etc.) can be allowed to stand without rising until they are heated in the oven.
Baking powder
Baking powder, also sold for cooking, contains around 30% of bicarbonate, and various acidic ingredients which are activated by the addition of water, without the need for additional acids in the cooking medium. Many forms of baking powder contain sodium bicarbonate combined with calcium acid phosphate, sodium aluminium phosphate, or cream of tartar. Baking soda is alkaline; the acid used in baking powder avoids a metallic taste when the chemical change during baking creates sodium carbonate.
Pyrotechnics
Sodium bicarbonate is one of the main components of the common "black snake" firework. The effect is caused by the thermal decomposition, which produces carbon dioxide gas to produce a long snake-like ash as a combustion product of the other main component, sucrose. Sodium bicarbonate is also used to delay combustion reactions by releasing CO2 and H2O when heated, both of which are flame retardants.
Mild disinfectant
It has weak disinfectant properties, and it may be an effective fungicide against some organisms. Because baking soda will absorb musty smells, it has become a reliable method for used book sellers when making books less malodorous.
Fire extinguisher
Sodium bicarbonate can be used to extinguish small grease or electrical fires by being thrown over the fire, as heating of sodium bicarbonate releases carbon dioxide. However, it should not be applied to fires in deep fryers; the sudden release of gas may cause the grease to splatter. Sodium bicarbonate is used in BC dry chemical fire extinguishers as an alternative to the more corrosive monoammonium phosphate in ABC extinguishers. The alkaline nature of sodium bicarbonate makes it the only dry chemical agent, besides Purple-K, that was used in large-scale fire suppression systems installed in commercial kitchens. Because it can act as an alkali, the agent has a mild saponification effect on hot grease, which forms a smothering, soapy foam.
Neutralization of acids
Sodium bicarbonate reacts spontaneously with acids, releasing CO2 gas as a reaction product. It is commonly used to neutralize unwanted acid solutions or acid spills in chemical laboratories. It is not appropriate to use sodium bicarbonate to neutralize base even though it is amphoteric, reacting with both acids and bases.
Agriculture
Sodium bicarbonate when applied on leaves, can prevent the growth of fungi; however, it does not kill the fungus. Excessive amount of sodium bicarbonate can cause discolouration of fruits (two percent solution) and chlorosis (one percent solution).
Medical uses and health
Sodium bicarbonate mixed with water can be used as an antacid to treat acid indigestion and heartburn. Its reaction with stomach acid produces salt, water, and carbon dioxide:
NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2(g)
A mixture of sodium bicarbonate and polyethylene glycol such as PegLyte, dissolved in water and taken orally, is an effective gastrointestinal lavage preparation and laxative prior to gastrointestinal surgery, gastroscopy, etc.
Intravenous sodium bicarbonate in an aqueous solution is sometimes used for cases of acidosis, or when insufficient sodium or bicarbonate ions are in the blood. In cases of respiratory acidosis, the infused bicarbonate ion drives the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer of plasma to the left, and thus raises the pH. For this reason, sodium bicarbonate is used in medically supervised cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Infusion of bicarbonate is indicated only when the blood pH is markedly low (< 7.1–7.0).
HCO3− is used for treatment of hyperkalemia, as it will drive K+ back into cells during periods of acidosis. Since sodium bicarbonate can cause alkalosis, it is sometimes used to treat aspirin overdoses. Aspirin requires an acidic environment for proper absorption, and a basic environment will diminish aspirin absorption in cases of overdose. Sodium bicarbonate has also been used in the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant overdose. It can also be applied topically as a paste, with three parts baking soda to one part water, to relieve some kinds of insect bites and stings (as well as accompanying swelling).
Some alternative practitioners, such as Tullio Simoncini, have promoted baking soda as a cancer cure, which the American Cancer Society has warned against due to both its unproven effectiveness and potential danger in use. Edzard Ernst has called the promotion of sodium bicarbonate as a cancer cure "one of the more sickening alternative cancer scams I have seen for a long time".
Sodium bicarbonate can be added to local anesthetics, to speed up the onset of their effects and make their injection less painful. It is also a component of Moffett's solution, used in nasal surgery.
It has been proposed that acidic diets weaken bones. One systematic meta-analysis of the research shows no such effect. Another also finds that there is no evidence that alkaline diets improve bone health, but suggests that there "may be some value" to alkaline diets for other reasons.
Antacid (such as baking soda) solutions have been prepared and used by protesters to alleviate the effects of exposure to tear gas during protests.
Similarly to its use in baking, sodium bicarbonate is used together with a mild acid such as tartaric acid as the excipient in effervescent tablets: when such a tablet is dropped in a glass of water, the carbonate leaves the reaction medium as carbon dioxide gas (HCO3− + H+ → H2O + CO2↑ or, more precisely, HCO3− + H3O+ → 2 H2O + CO2↑). This makes the tablet disintegrate, leaving the medication suspended and/or dissolved in the water together with the resulting salt (in this example, sodium tartrate).
Personal hygiene
Sodium bicarbonate is also used as an ingredient in some mouthwashes. It has anticaries and abrasive properties. It works as a mechanical cleanser on the teeth and gums, neutralizes the production of acid in the mouth, and also acts as an antiseptic to help prevent infections. Sodium bicarbonate in combination with other ingredients can be used to make a dry or wet deodorant. Sodium bicarbonate may be used as a buffering agent, combined with table salt, when creating a solution for nasal irrigation.
It is used in eye hygiene to treat blepharitis. This is done by addition of a teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate to cool water that was recently boiled, followed by gentle scrubbing of the eyelash base with a cotton swab dipped in the solution.
Veterinary uses
Sodium bicarbonate is used as a cattle feed supplement, in particular as a buffering agent for the rumen.
Cleaning agent
Sodium bicarbonate is used in a process for removing paint and corrosion called sodablasting. As a blasting medium, sodium bicarbonate is used to remove surface contamination from softer and less resilient substrates such as aluminium, copper or timber which could be damaged by silica sand abrasive media.
A manufacturer recommends a paste made from baking soda with minimal water as a gentle scouring powder, and is useful in removing surface rust, as the rust forms a water-soluble compound when in a concentrated alkaline solution; cold water should be used, as hot-water solutions can corrode steel. Sodium bicarbonate attacks the thin protective oxide layer that forms on aluminium, making it unsuitable for cleaning this metal. A solution in warm water will remove the tarnish from silver when the silver is in contact with a piece of aluminium foil. Baking soda is commonly added to washing machines as a replacement for water softener and to remove odors from clothes. It is also almost as effective in removing heavy tea and coffee stains from cups as sodium hydroxide, when diluted with warm water.
During the Manhattan Project to develop the nuclear bomb in the early 1940s, the chemical toxicity of uranium was an issue. Uranium oxides were found to stick very well to cotton cloth, and did not wash out with soap or laundry detergent. However, the uranium would wash out with a 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate. Clothing can become contaminated with toxic dust of depleted uranium (DU), which is very dense, hence used for counterweights in a civilian context, and in armour-piercing projectiles. DU is not removed by normal laundering; washing with about 6 ounces (170 g) of baking soda in 2 gallons (7.5 L) of water will help to wash it out.
Odor control
It is often claimed that baking soda is an effective odor remover, and it is often recommended that an open box be kept in the refrigerator to absorb odor. This idea was promoted by the leading U.S. brand of baking soda, Arm & Hammer, in an advertising campaign starting in 1972. Though this campaign is considered a classic of marketing, leading within a year to more than half of American refrigerators containing a box of baking soda, there is little evidence that it is in fact effective in this application.
Hydrogen gas production
Sodium bicarbonate can be used as a catalyst in gas production. Its performance for this application is "good", however not usually used. Hydrogen gas is produced via electrolysis of water, process in which electric current is applied through a volume of water, which causes the hydrogen atoms to separate from the oxygen atoms. This demonstration is usually done in high school chemistry classes to show electrolysis.
Chemistry
Sodium bicarbonate is an amphoteric compound. Aqueous solutions are mildly alkaline due to the formation of carbonic acid and hydroxide ion:
HCO + H2O → + OH−
Sodium bicarbonate can often be used as a safer alternative to sodium hydroxide, and as such can be used as a wash to remove any acidic impurities from a "crude" liquid, producing a purer sample. Reaction of sodium bicarbonate and an acid produces a salt and carbonic acid, which readily decomposes to carbon dioxide and water:
NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O+CO2
H2CO3 → H2O + CO2(g)
Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acetic acid (found in vinegar), producing sodium acetate, water, and carbon dioxide:
NaHCO3 + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O + CO2(g)
Sodium bicarbonate reacts with bases such as sodium hydroxide to form carbonates:
NaHCO3 + NaOH → Na2CO3 + H2O
Thermal decomposition
At temperatures from 80–100 °C (176–212 °F), sodium bicarbonate gradually decomposes into sodium carbonate, water, and carbon dioxide. The conversion is faster at :
2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
Most bicarbonates undergo this dehydration reaction. Further heating converts the carbonate into the oxide (above ):
Na2CO3 → Na2O + CO2
These conversions are relevant to the use of NaHCO3 as a fire-suppression agent ("BC powder") in some dry-powder fire extinguishers.
Stability and shelf life
If kept cool (room temperature) and dry (an airtight container is recommended to keep out moist air), sodium bicarbonate can be kept without a significant amount of decomposition for at least two or three years.
History
The word natron has been in use in many languages throughout modern times (in the forms of anatron, natrum and natron) and originated (like Spanish, French and English natron as well as 'sodium') via Arabic naṭrūn (or anatrūn; cf. the Lower Egyptian “Natrontal” Wadi El Natrun, where a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate for the dehydration of mummies was used ) from Greek nítron (νίτρον) (Herodotus; Attic lítron (λίτρον)), which can be traced back to ancient Egyptian ntr. The Greek nítron (soda, saltpeter) was also used in Latin (sal) nitrum and in German Salniter (the source of Nitrogen, Nitrat etc.).
In 1791, French chemist Nicolas Leblanc produced sodium carbonate, also known as soda ash. The pharmacist Valentin Rose the Younger is credited with the discovery of sodium bicarbonate in 1801 in Berlin. In 1846, two American bakers, John Dwight and Austin Church, established the first factory in the United States to produce baking soda from sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide.
Saleratus, potassium or sodium bicarbonate, is mentioned in the novel Captains Courageous by Rudyard Kipling as being used extensively in the 1800s in commercial fishing to prevent freshly caught fish from spoiling.
In 1919, US Senator Lee Overman declared that bicarbonate of soda could cure the Spanish flu. In the midst of the debate on 26 January 1919, he interrupted the discussion to announce the discovery of a cure. "I want to say, for the benefit of those who are making this investigation," he reported, "that I was told by a judge of a superior court in the mountain country of North Carolina they have discovered a remedy for this disease." The purported cure implied a critique of modern science and an appreciation for the simple wisdom of simple people. "They say that common baking soda will cure the disease," he continued, "that they have cured it with it, that they have no deaths up there at all; they use common baking soda, which cures the disease."
Production
Sodium bicarbonate is produced industrially from sodium carbonate:
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O → 2 NaHCO3
It is produced on the scale of about 100,000 tonnes/year (as of 2001) with a worldwide production capacity of 2.4 million tonnes per year (as of 2002). Commercial quantities of baking soda are also produced by a similar method: soda ash, mined in the form of the ore trona, is dissolved in water and treated with carbon dioxide. Sodium bicarbonate precipitates as a solid from this solution.
Regarding the Solvay process, sodium bicarbonate is an intermediate in the reaction of sodium chloride, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. The product however shows low purity (75pc).
NaCl + CO2 + NH3 + H2O → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
Although of no practical value, NaHCO3 may be obtained by the reaction of carbon dioxide with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide:
CO2 + NaOH → NaHCO3
Mining
Naturally occurring deposits of nahcolite (NaHCO3) are found in the Eocene-age (55.8–33.9 Mya) Green River Formation, Piceance Basin in Colorado. Nahcolite was deposited as beds during periods of high evaporation in the basin. It is commercially mined using common underground mining techniques such as bore, drum, and longwall mining in a fashion very similar to coal mining.
It is also produced by solution mining, pumping heated water through nahcolite beds and crystalizing the dissolved nahcolite through a cooling crystallization process.
In popular culture
Sodium bicarbonate, as "bicarbonate of soda", was a frequent source of punch lines for Groucho Marx in Marx Brothers movies. In Duck Soup, Marx plays the leader of a nation at war. In one scene, he receives a message from the battlefield that his general is reporting a gas attack, and Groucho tells his aide: "Tell him to take a teaspoonful of bicarbonate of soda and a half a glass of water." In A Night at the Opera, Groucho's character addresses the opening night crowd at an opera by saying of the lead tenor: "Signor Lassparri comes from a very famous family. His mother was a well-known bass singer. His father was the first man to stuff spaghetti with bicarbonate of soda, thus causing and curing indigestion at the same time."
In the Joseph L. Mankewicz classic All About Eve, the Max Fabian character (Gregory Ratoff) has an extended scene with Margo Channing (Bette Davis) in which, suffering from heartburn, he requests and then drinks bicarbonate of soda, eliciting a prominent burp. Channing promises to always keep a box of bicarb with Max's name on it.
See also
Carbonic acid
List of ineffective cancer treatments
List of minerals
Natron
Natrona (disambiguation)
Trona
References
Bibliography
External links
International Chemical Safety Card 1044
Acid salts
Antacids
Bases (chemistry)
Bicarbonates
Chemical substances for emergency medicine
Fire suppression agents
Household chemicals
Leavening agents
Sodium compounds
E-number additives
Powders
Food powders | wiki |
Classmates is an American reality TV show that was aired on Fox in 2003. It was produced by Classmates Online, Inc, Fox Lab, and 20th Television. This show features classmates reunited.
2000s American reality television series
2003 American television series debuts
2003 American television series endings
Class reunions in popular culture
Television series by 20th Century Fox Television | wiki |
Super 3 may refer to:
Super3, the Catalan language television channel
Super3 Series, an Australian motor racing series
The Super 3, an American hip hop duo | wiki |
The following is a list of state forests in Indiana by area. The first three tie as number one, so they are listed in alphabetical order.
See also
Indiana Department of Natural Resources
List of Indiana state parks
List of Indiana state lakes
List of U.S. National Forests
Indiana
State forests | wiki |
Dear Father may refer to:
Dear Father (1979 film), a 1979 Italian film
Dear Father (2022 film), a 2022 Gujarati Film
Dear Father (book), a children's novel by Bhabendra Nath Saikia
"Dear Father" (song), a single by Defeater
"Dear Father", a song by Yes from Time and a Word
"Dear Father", a song by Sum 41 from Underclass Hero
"Dear Father", a song by Black Sabbath from 13 | wiki |
Travel is the movement of people between distant geographical locations. Travel can be done by foot, bicycle, automobile, train, boat, bus, airplane, ship or other means, with or without luggage, and can be one way or round trip. Travel can also include relatively short stays between successive movements, as in the case of tourism.
Etymology
The origin of the word "travel" is most likely lost to history. The term "travel" may originate from the Old French word travail, which means 'work'. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the first known use of the word travel was in the 14th century. It also states that the word comes from Middle English , (which means to torment, labor, strive, journey) and earlier from Old French (which means to work strenuously, toil).
In English, people still occasionally use the words , which means struggle. According to Simon Winchester in his book The Best Travelers' Tales (2004), the words travel and travail both share an even more ancient root: a Roman instrument of torture called the (in Latin it means "three stakes", as in to impale). This link may reflect the extreme difficulty of travel in ancient times. Travel in modern times may or may not be much easier, depending upon the destination. Travel to Mount Everest, the Amazon rainforest, extreme tourism, and adventure travel are more difficult forms of travel. Travel can also be more difficult depending on the method of travel, such as by bus, cruise ship, or even by bullock cart.
Purpose and motivation
Reasons for traveling include recreation, holidays, rejuvenation, tourism or vacationing, research travel, the gathering of information, visiting people, volunteer travel for charity, migration to begin life somewhere else, religious pilgrimages and mission trips, business travel, trade, commuting, obtaining health care, waging or fleeing war, for the enjoyment of traveling, or other reasons. Travelers may use human-powered transport such as walking or bicycling; or vehicles, such as public transport, automobiles, trains, ferries, boats, cruise ships and airplanes.
Motives for travel include:
Pleasure
Relaxation
Discovery and exploration
Adventure
Intercultural communications
Taking personal time for building interpersonal relationships.
Avoiding stress
Forming memories
History
Travel dates back to antiquity where wealthy Greeks and Romans would travel for leisure to their summer homes and villas in cities such as Pompeii and Baiae. While early travel tended to be slower, more dangerous, and more dominated by trade and migration, cultural and technological advances over many years have tended to mean that travel has become easier and more accessible. Humankind has come a long way in transportation since Christopher Columbus sailed to the New World from Spain in 1492, an expedition which took over 10 weeks to arrive at the final destination; to the 21st century when aircraft allows travel from Spain to the United States overnight.
Travel in the Middle Ages offered hardships and challenges, though it was important to the economy and to society. The wholesale sector depended (for example) on merchants dealing with/through caravans or sea-voyagers, end-user retailing often demanded the services of many itinerant peddlers wandering from village to hamlet, gyrovagues (wandering monks) and wandering friars brought theology and pastoral support to neglected areas, traveling minstrels toured, and armies ranged far and wide in various crusades and in sundry other wars. Pilgrimages were common in both the European and Islamic world and involved streams of travelers both locally and internationally.
In the late 16th century, it became fashionable for young European aristocrats and wealthy upper-class men to travel to significant European cities as part of their education in the arts and literature. This was known as the Grand Tour, and included cities such as London, Paris, Venice, Florence, and Rome. However, the French Revolution brought with it the end of the Grand Tour.
Travel by water often provided more comfort and speed than land-travel, at least until the advent of a network of railways in the 19th century. Travel for the purpose of tourism is reported to have started around this time when people began to travel for fun as travel was no longer a hard and challenging task. This was capitalized on by people like Thomas Cook selling tourism packages where trains and hotels were booked together. Airships and airplanes took over much of the role of long-distance surface travel in the 20th century, notably after the Second World War where there was a surplus of both aircraft and pilots. Air travel has become so ubiquitous in the 21st century that one woman, Alexis Alford, visited all 196 countries before the age of 21.
Geographic types
Travel may be local, regional, national (domestic) or international. In some countries, non-local internal travel may require an internal passport, while international travel typically requires a passport and visa. Tours are a common type of travel. Examples of travel tours are expedition cruises, small group tours, and river cruises.
Safety
Authorities emphasize the importance of taking precautions to ensure travel safety. When traveling abroad, the odds favor a safe and incident-free trip, however, travelers can be subject to difficulties, crime and violence. Some safety considerations include being aware of one's surroundings, avoiding being the target of a crime, leaving copies of one's passport and itinerary information with trusted people, obtaining medical insurance valid in the country being visited and registering with one's national embassy when arriving in a foreign country. Many countries do not recognize drivers' licenses from other countries; however most countries accept international driving permits. Automobile insurance policies issued in one's own country are often invalid in foreign countries, and it is often a requirement to obtain temporary auto insurance valid in the country being visited. It is also advisable to become oriented with the driving rules and regulations of destination countries. Wearing a seat belt is highly advisable for safety reasons; many countries have penalties for violating seatbelt laws.
There are three main statistics which may be used to compare the safety of various forms of travel (based on a Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions survey in October 2000):
See also
Environmental impact of aviation
Layover
List of travelers
Mode of transport
Recreational travel
Science tourism
The Negro Motorist Green Book
Transport
Tourism
References
External links
Tourism
Tourist activities
Transport culture | wiki |
Litter is trash in small portions thrown inappropriately in a public place.
Litter may refer to:
Places
Litter, Pulwama, a tehsil in Jammu and Kashmir, India
Litter, a civil parish in the barony of Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
Animals
Litter (zoology), a group of mammals born of the same pregnancy
Bedding (animals), or litter, material strewn in an animal's enclosure for it to sleep on and to absorb feces and urine
Cat litter, or "kitty litter", loose, absorbent material as part of the indoor feces and urine disposal system for pets
Other uses
Litter (rescue basket), a basket-like stretcher device used to ferry injured people
Litter (vehicle), a piece of furniture mounted on a platform and carried by (usually human) muscle power
Plant litter, dead plant material that has fallen to the ground
The Litter, a 1960s psychedelic rock band
See also
Letter (disambiguation)
Liter
Lotter
Lutter (disambiguation) | wiki |
Doctor of Biblical Studies (abbreviated DBS or DB) or Doctor of Sacred Scripture (abbreviated SSD, from Latin Sacrae Scripturae Doctor) is a doctoral-level advanced professional degree in applied theology for practitioners seeking to increase knowledge and understanding of biblical and theological principles for their professional ministry. Academic as well as ecclesiastical doctoral programs exist that lead the students to the degree of Doctor of Biblical Studies.
Ecclesiastical studies
The doctoral degree is offered by various of the Pontifical universities. Also churches offer doctoral study programs which focus is, mainly, the preparation of biblical scholars and teachers for their service to their individual church, may it be as teachers in seminaries and divinity schools as well as in colleges, or as pastors of local congregations. These study program are more practically oriented and controlled by faith congregations.
References
Biblical Studies
Religious degrees | wiki |
Equivocal is the grammatical quality of ambiguity due to a term's having multiple meanings. It is the latin translation of the greek adjective "homonymous".
Equivocation, in logic, a fallacy from using a phrase in multiple senses
Equivocal generation, in biology, the disproven theory of spontaneous generation from a host organism
See also
Equivocation (disambiguation) | wiki |
Ahva (, lit. Brotherhood) or AHVA may refer to:
Ahva (political party), a small political party established in 1980
Ahva, Israel, a village in southern Israel
Ahva Academic College, a college located near the aforementioned village
IPS panel#Advanced Hyper-Viewing Angle (AHVA), an LCD display technology
See also
Ahava (disambiguation) | wiki |
Heartleaf or heart leaf is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
Hexastylis, a genus native to North America
Macaranga tanarius, a species native to southeast Asia and Australia | wiki |
Discografia
Album in studio
2011 - Best Intentions
2014 - Weird Kids
EP
2010 - Guaranteed to Disagree | wiki |
List of awards and nominations received by Michelle Williams may refer to:
List of awards and nominations received by Michelle Williams (actress)
List of awards and nominations received by Michelle Williams (singer) | wiki |
A bond index or bond market index is a method of measuring the investment performance and characteristics of the bond market. There are numerous indices of differing construction that are designed to measure the aggregate bond market and its various sectors (government, municipal, corporate, etc.) A bond index is computed from the change in market prices and, in the case of a total return index, the interest payments, associated with selected bonds over a specified period of time. Bond indices are used by investors and portfolio managers as a benchmark against which to measure the performance of actively managed bond portfolios, which attempt to outperform the index, and passively managed bond portfolios, that are designed to match the performance of the index. Bond indices are also used in determining the compensation of those who manage bond portfolios on a performance-fee basis.
An index is a mathematical construct, so it may not be invested in directly. But many mutual funds and exchange-traded funds attempt to "track" an index (see index fund), and those funds that do not may be judged against those that do.
History
Total return bond indices were first developed in the 1970s, at which point they measured only U.S. investment grade bonds. Indices for high-yield (below investment grade) U.S. bonds and non-U.S. government bonds were developed in the mid-1980s. During this period it became increasingly apparent that most portfolio managers were unable to outperform the bond market. This resulted in the development of passively managed bond index funds, and the proliferation of indices themselves.
Characteristics
Characteristics that are relevant in judging bond indices include:
The sample of securities: the number of securities in the index, and the criteria used to determine the specific bonds included in the index.
Market sector measured: indices can be composed of government bonds, municipal bonds, investment grade corporate bonds, below-investment-grade (high-yield bonds), mortgage-backed securities, syndicated or leveraged loans. Indices may also consist of bonds within a certain range of maturities, e.g. long term, intermediate term, etc.
Weighting of returns: the impact of each individual issue's return on the overall index may be weighted by market capitalization (the market value of the security), or equal-weighted for each security. Most bond indices are weighted by market capitalization. This results in the "bums" problem, in which less creditworthy issuers with a lot of outstanding debt constitute a larger part of the index than more creditworthy ones with less debt.
Quality of price data: the market price used for each bond in the index may be based on actual transactions, a brokerage firm's estimate or a computer model.
Reinvestment assumptions: what does the rate of return calculation assume regarding reinvestment of periodic interest payments from the bonds in the index?
There are certain challenges inherent in constructing and maintaining a bond market index:
The bond market contains more individual securities than the stock market. A corporation which qualifies for inclusion in a particular bond index may have multiple bonds outstanding.
Most bonds are traded in a fragmented over-the-counter market that has no consolidated price quotation system. Therefore, unlike the stock market, there is no single source to consult to determine the definitive closing price of each bond in the index on any given day.
An individual bond's duration changes with the passage of time remaining until maturity. This changes the index's price sensitivity to a given change in yield, even if the bonds comprising the index remain constant. A bond's convexity and the value of any embedded options (e.g. call provisions) also change over time.
Indices and passive investment management
Investment companies develop and market passively managed fixed income mutual funds which are designed to match the performance of a particular bond index. In selecting such a fund, risk tolerance is a key consideration. Funds which match indices that include corporate bonds will expose the investor to credit risk, particularly if below-investment-grade corporate bonds are involved. If that risk is unacceptable, the investor should avoid a fund that includes these sectors.
Usually, passive portfolio managers purchase a subset of the issues included in their benchmark index. But their portfolio's performance is measured against the entire index. Since bond indices typically contain more securities than stock indices, passive bond fund managers face a more difficult task than their stock index fund counterparts with respect matching the performance of their benchmark. Often the average duration of the market may not be the most appropriate duration for a given portfolio. Replication of an index's characteristics can be achieved by using bond futures to match the duration of the bond index.
Broker/dealer firms have created their own proprietary bond market indices. These indices can create new sources of revenue for the firm. The creator of the index will charge a fee for providing the index information needed to set up and rebalance a portfolio tied to its proprietary index, but also expect their clients to use their trading desk to execute the bulk of the transactions.
Investment managers sometimes create customized indices designed to meet a client's requirements and long-term investment goals. For example, in 1986 Salomon Brothers introduced a bond index designed specifically for large pension funds "seeking to establish core portfolios that more closely match the longer durations of their nominal dollar liabilities."
See also
Bond fund
List of bond market indices
Stock market index
Index (economics)
Index fund
Index investing
iBoxx (bond indices)
Passive management
References | wiki |
A bottom bitch is a prostitute who is at the top of her pimp's hierarchy.
Bottom Bitch may refer to:
"Bottom Bitch", a 2019 song by Doja Cat
"Bottom Bitch", a 2021 song by Tink
"Bottom Bitch", an episode of American crime drama The Shield | wiki |
Overprotection may refer to:
Overprotection, a strategy in chess
Helicopter parent
See also
"Overprotected", a song by Britney Spears | wiki |
From 1974–75 to 1995–96, the President's Trophy was awarded to the Canucks' most valuable player. It was originally presented by CP Air and later Canadian Airlines and the player won a pair of airline tickets with the trophy. However, many of the names matched the Cyclone Taylor Trophy (also awarded to the MVP as selected by the fans). After the '96 season the President's Trophy was discontinued and the Cyclone Taylor Trophy became the sole Canucks MVP Award.
Award winners
1 - Shortened season due to the 1994–95 NHL lockout.
External links
http://www.dmarchak.com/canaward.htm
President's Trophy (Canucks MVP) | wiki |
An Instagram husband is an unacknowledged photographer who composes social media posts for someone else, usually a romantic partner. On Instagram, a photo-sharing social networking service known for carefully curated posts and elaborately staged amateur photo shoots, an Instagram husband is the individual who operates the camera at the direction of the photo's subject. With the rise of social media influencer culture, the quotidian task of taking photos for a partner or friend, for some, escalates into an obligation similar to a job. The term "husband" is used without regard to gender or sexual orientation.
The concept was introduced by a 2015 viral video that joked at the misery of men reluctantly assisting their partners in unending, impromptu photo shoots to share on social media. Since then, some of those types of social media creators have professionalized as "influencers", earning an income by influencing their social media followings. Accordingly, some professionalized Instagram husbands have adopted the moniker while joining in their partner's business.
See also
Invisible labor
References
Further reading
Celebrities in popular culture
Social media influencers
Instagram
Labor
Intimate relationships | wiki |
hawk-i is a medical insurance program run by the U.S. state of Iowa. It provides health care coverage for low-income children of citizens and qualified aliens. It is designed to supplement Medicaid by covering children whose family's income is above the Medicaid limit but below the hawk-i limit.
External links
Official website
Maximus (3rd party administrative contractor) page
Medicare and Medicaid (United States) | wiki |
Standings and results for Group 4 of the UEFA Euro 1980 qualifying tournament.
Group 4 consisted of Netherlands, Poland, East Germany, Switzerland, and Iceland. Group winners were Netherlands, who outran Poland by a single point.
Final table
Results
Goalscorers
References
Group 4
1978–79 in East German football
1979–80 in East German football
1978–79 in Polish football
1979–80 in Polish football
1978–79 in Dutch football
Qual
1978–79 in Swiss football
1979–80 in Swiss football
1978 in Icelandic football
1979 in Icelandic football | wiki |
Magic Engine är en PC Engine-emulator för DOS, Windows och Mac OS Classic.
Magic Engine är en kommersiell emulator för spel till NECs spelkonsol PC-Engine.
Externa länkar
Hemsida för Magic Engine
Emulatorer | wiki |
Laverda SFC may refer to:
Laverda 500SFC, 500cc twin motorcycle
Laverda 750SFC, 750cc twin motorcycle
Laverda 1000SFC, 1000cc 3 cylinder motorcycle | wiki |
A foreign national is any person (including an organization) who is not a national of a specific country. For example, in the United States and in its territories, a foreign national is something or someone who is neither a citizen nor a national of the United States. The same applies in Canada.
The law of Canada divides people into three major groups: citizens, permanent residents, and foreign nationals. Under Section 2 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection of Canada (IRPA), "foreign national means a person who is not a Canadian citizen or a permanent resident, and includes a stateless person."
The term "foreign national" is not defined in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), which instead uses the term alien to cover many classes of people who do not qualify as nationals of the United States (Americans).
The term "foreign national" is used in US election laws to describe a person who is prohibited from contributing to federal campaigns. For that purpose, "the term 'foreign national' means... an individual who is not a citizen of the United States or a national of the United States (as defined in section 1101(a)(22) of title 8) and who is not lawfully admitted for permanent residence, as defined by section 1101(a)(20) of title 8."
See also
Alien (law)
Nationality
Immigration
Naturalization
Statelessness
Third country national
Notes and references
This article in most part is based on the law of Canada and the United States.
Human migration
Nationality | wiki |
Alogonia may refer to:
Alogonia (moth), a moth
Alogonia (town), an ancient town of Messenia
Alogonia (ship), a British steamship | wiki |
Nephropexy is the surgical fixation of a floating or mobile kidney (nephroptosis).
It was first performed by Eugen Hahn on 10 April 1881.
References
Urologic surgery | wiki |
Electoral ink, indelible ink, electoral stain or phosphoric ink is a semi-permanent ink or dye that is applied to the forefinger (usually) of voters during elections in order to prevent electoral fraud such as double voting. It is an effective method for countries where identification documents for citizens are not always standardised or institutionalised. One of the more common election ink compositions is based on silver nitrate, which can produce a stain lasting several weeks. It was first used during the 1962 Indian general election, in Mysore State, now the modern-day state of Karnataka.
Application
Electoral stain is used as an effective security feature to prevent double voting in elections. Ink is normally applied to the left hand index finger, especially to the cuticle where it is almost impossible to remove quickly. Ink may be applied in a variety of ways, depending on circumstance and preference. The most common methods are via dipping bottles with sponge inserts, bottles with brush applicators, spray bottles, and marker pens.
Composition
Electoral stain typically contains a pigment for instant recognition, a silver nitrate which stains the skin on exposure to ultraviolet light, leaving a mark that is impossible to wash off and is only removed as external skin cells are replaced. Industry standard electoral inks contain 10%, 14% or 18% silver nitrate solution, depending on the length of time the mark is required to be visible. Although normally water-based, electoral stains occasionally contain a solvent such as alcohol to allow for faster drying, especially when used with dipping bottles, which may also contain a biocide to ensure bacteria are not transferred from voter to voter. Silver chloride can be easily removed by hydroxides, hence other photosensitive pigmentation needs to be added. Silver nitrate can cause a condition called argyria, although this requires frequent or extreme exposure.
Longevity
Election stain typically stays on skin for 72–96 hours, lasting 2 to 4 weeks on the fingernail and cuticle area. The election ink used puts a permanent mark on the cuticle area which only disappears with the growth of new nail. It can take up to 4 months for the stain to be replaced completely by new nail growth. Stain with concentrations of silver nitrate higher than 18% have been found to have no added effect on stain longevity, as silver nitrate does not have a photosensitive reaction with live skin cells. This means that the stain will fade as new skin grows. Silver nitrate is an irritant and is used as a cauterizing agent at concentrations of 25% or higher.
Colour
Electoral stain is traditionally violet in colour, before the photosensitive element takes effect to leave a black or brown mark. However, for the 2005 Surinamese legislative election, orange replaced violet as the colour for marking the voters' fingers as it was found to last just as long and be more appealing to voters, as it resembled the national colours.
Efficiency
Marker pens are the most efficient use of ink, with one 5 ml pen able to mark 600 people, although dipping bottles are often preferred, despite a 100 ml bottle only marking 1000. Dipping bottles can leave a more comprehensive stain with slightly greater longevity (depending on silver nitrate content) than markers can. However marker pens are much cheaper and easier to transport, reducing costs to the election organisers considerably, and the advised option when stains are only needed to be guaranteed for 3 to 5 days. Marker pens also leave a much smaller mark when properly applied, which is more agreeable to many voters.
Controversies
The armed guerrilla Shining Path of Peru has repeatedly threatened to kill those found with indelible ink stains to dissuade from participation in elections.
In the 2004 Afghan presidential election, allegations of electoral fraud arose around the use of indelible ink stains, which many claimed were easily washed off. Election officials had chosen to use the more efficient marker pen option; however, regular marker pens were also sent out to polling stations, which led to confusion and some people being marked with less permanent ink.
In the 2008 Malaysian general election, the election authorities canceled the use of electoral stain a week before voters went to the polls, saying it would be unconstitutional to prevent people from voting even if they had already had their fingers stained. Additionally they cited reports of ink being smuggled in from neighboring Thailand in order to mark peoples' fingers before they had a chance to vote, thus denying them their rights.
During the 2008 Zimbabwean presidential election, reports surfaced that those who had chosen not to vote were attacked and beaten by government sponsored mobs. The mobs attacked those without ink on their finger.
During the 2010 Afghan parliamentary election, the Taliban delivered night letters threatening to cut off anybody's finger who was marked with indelible ink.
During the 2013 Malaysian general election, in light of the first ever implementation of electoral stain, voters reported that the ink could be easily washed off with running water, despite assurances by the Election Commission of Malaysia on the contrary.
International use
Some of the countries that have used election ink at some point include:
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
The Bahamas
Dominica
Egypt
Guatemala
Honduras
India
Indonesia
Iraq
Kenya
Lebanon
Libya
Malaysia
Maldives
Mexico
Myanmar
Nepal
Nicaragua
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Solomon Islands
South Africa
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Syria
Tunisia
Turkey (until 2009)
Venezuela (until 2017)
References
External links
IFES Buyers Guide
Inks
Electoral fraud | wiki |
Beer in Japan mostly comes from the country's four major breweries, Asahi, Kirin, Sapporo and Suntory, which mainly produce pale lagers around 5% ABV. Beer is immensely popular, far ahead of sake consumption.
As well as Pilsner style lagers, the most commonly produced beer style in Japan, beer-like beverages made with lower levels of malt, called happoshu (literally, "bubbly alcohol") or non-malt , have captured a large part of the market, as tax is substantially lower on these products.
Microbreweries have also become increasing popular since deregulation in 1994, supplying distinct tasting beers in a variety of styles that seek to match the emphasis on craftsmanship, quality, and ingredient provenance often associated with Japanese food.
Craft beer bars and pubs are also popular in Japan's major cities, with Tokyo and Osaka having vibrant craft beer scenes, generally with a focus on locally produced and imported beers from the US and Europe. In 2014, Kirin entered the craft beer market with the launch of a wholly owned subsidiary, Spring Valley Brewing, and two brewpubs in Daikanyama, Tokyo, and Namamugi, Yokohama, which opened in 2015. Industrial brewery Sapporo also released a craft line in 2015.
History
Although the tradition of sake brewing long pre-dates European contact, beer is thought to have been first introduced to Japan in the 17th century during the Edo period by Dutch traders. However, beer was not widely available until the end of the 19th century, with the signing of the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854 opening Japan to foreign trade.
As Japan reopened to foreign trade during the Meiji period, imported beers such as Bass Pale Ale and Bass Stout were available in limited quantities in the foreign settlements, but trained brewers from Europe and elsewhere also arrived to contribute to the growth of the local industry.
The brewery that would become Kirin Brewery Company began in Yokohama in late 1869 as the Spring Valley Brewery, a private business established by Norwegian-American, William Copeland. The Sapporo Brewery was founded in 1876 as a part of a government-directed development plan for Hokkaido. Asahi Breweries traces its founding heritage to the start of the Osaka Beer Brewing Company in 1889, and the launch of the Asahi Beer brand in 1892.
Market size
Beer (and beer-like happoshu) are the most popular alcoholic drink in Japan, accounting for nearly two thirds of the 9 billion liters of alcohol consumed in 2006.
Japan's domestic consumption of the total 187.37 million kiloliter global beer market in 2012 was about 5.55 million kiloliters or about 3.0%. This statistic for total beer consumption in Japan also includes the beer-like happoshu.
In terms of national per capita beer consumption Japan ranked 51st in 2014, equivalent to 42.6 liters per person, reflecting the diversified alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverage market enjoyed by Japanese consumers. Demographic factors are expected to continue to push down sales of mass-market beer products in Japan for the foreseeable future as younger consumers are drinking less beer than previous generations. For the calendar year 2013, overall shipments for Japan's five largest brewers were 433.57 million cases, (a case is equivalent to 12.66 liters of beer or 27 US pints) more than 20% off the market peak achieved in 1992.
However, for locally produced craft beers accounting for less than 1% of domestic beer consumption and selected premium imported beers, market opportunities continue to expand. According to local market data, in the first eight months of 2012, shipments of domestic craft beer rose 7.7 percent while sales by Japan's largest brewers continued a year on year decline.
As of January 2014, Asahi, with a 38% market share, was the largest of the four major beer producers in Japan followed by Kirin with 35% and Suntory with 15%.
Beer vs. happoshu
Brewed alcoholic beverages in Japan are labelled and taxed according to their malt content (i.e., amount of alcohol derived from malted grains): legally, must have at least 50% malt, while beverages with less malt are collectively called .
Happoshu (also translated as "low-malt beer") is taxed less than beer, and thus has appeal to the consumer. Beverages with less than 25% malt or no malt at all are often called , or , in reference to their even lower tax, despite not being labelled beer as such. To replace the highly taxed malt, brewers have developed innovative sources of starch and sugar to be fermented into alcohol not commonly used as brewing adjuncts elsewhere, including soy peptides and pea protein.
A tax law revision that went into effect in 2018 lowered the malt requirement for the beer category, allowed more ingredients in beer, and introduced a plan to have beer and happoshu taxed at the same rates in 2026. This erosion of happoshu favorable tax rate "may in the long run favor traditional beer". Before 2018, the beer requirement was 67% malt.
Major beer producers
Asahi Breweries
Kirin Company
Sapporo Brewery
Suntory
Orion Breweries
Dry Wars
The Dry Senso or ドライ戦争 (どらいせんそう, dorai sensō) meaning Dry Wars, was a period of intense competition between Japanese brewery companies over dry beer. It began in 1987 with the launch of Asahi Super Dry by Asahi Breweries which led to the introduction of dry beer by other breweries.
The Kirin Brewery Company, which held 50% share of the Japanese domestic beer market, launched Kirin Dry in February 1988 in an advertising campaign featuring actor Gene Hackman, and in April of the same year launched the all-malt Kirin Malt Dry. However, they were unable to stop Asahi's momentum. In 1990 Kirin launched Ichiban Shibori in direct competition with Asahi Super Dry, but ended up cannibalising profits on their own Kirin Lager Beer brand. Kirin never ended up regaining its 50% market share.
Sapporo Breweries launched the doomed Sapporo Dry in February 1988, and in May 1989 rebranded their flagship product Sapporo Black Label as Sapporo Draft to an unfavourable reception. Production of Sapporo Dry and Sapporo Draft was halted less than two years after their respective launches, and Sapporo Draft later returned to being Black Label.
Suntory launched their Malts brand in February 1988 in an "I don't do dry" campaign, while at the same time launching Suntory Dry, later rebranded Suntory Dry 5.5 in an advertising campaign featuring boxer Mike Tyson after increasing the alcohol content from 5% to 5.5%. This achieved reasonable results, although not enough to slow down demand of Asahi Super Dry.
The Dry Wars were criticised in an episode of the manga Oishinbo (the Gourmet), published at around the same time.
Seasonal beers
Many breweries in Japan offer seasonal beers. In autumn, for instance, "autumn beers" are brewed with a higher alcohol content, typically 6% as opposed to the common 5% of Asahi Super Dry. For example, Kirin's Akiaji beer. The beer cans are typically decorated with pictures of autumn leaves, and the beers are advertised as being suitable for drinking with nabemono (one-pot cooking). Similarly, in winter, beers such as 冬物語 or Fuyu Monogatari (ふゆものがたり, translated as "The Winter's Tale" on the can) appear.
Microbreweries
In 1994, Japan's strict tax laws were relaxed allowing smaller breweries producing 60,000 litres (15,850 gal) per year for a beer license or 6000 litres per year for a happoshu license. Before this change, breweries could not get a license without producing at least 2 million litres (528,000 gal) per year. As a result, a number of smaller breweries have been established throughout Japan.
After of relaxation of tax laws in the early 1990s, the commonly used term for microbrew in Japan was , or "local beer", although Japanese microbrew industry professionals are increasingly using the name in their labels and marketing literature.
There are currently over 200 microbreweries in Japan, although many in this number are financially tied to larger sake producers, restaurant chains, resort hotels or similar. Microbreweries in Japan produce various styles of beer including ales, IPAs, stout, pilsner, weissbier, kölsch, fruit beers and others. After the relaxation of the Liquor Tax Law in 1994, there was an initial boom in microbrewing, but the quality of regional microbrews were often mixed and initial consumer enthusiasm leveled off. The popularity of low-cost happoshu (low-malt beer), compared to the high cost microbrews, forced a number of early microbreweries out of business. The dominance of the major industrial brewers and the relative high cost and low volume involved in producing micros led to their only being known to a small number of beer enthusiasts.
In the 2000s however, thanks to factors such as licensed production for some bar and restaurant chains, cooperation between micro breweries, and a more educated consumer base, craft beer has seen a more sustained rise in domestic demand. Improved product quality, word of mouth marketing facilitated by social media websites, the attention given to the rise of US-based craft brewing industry and the growth of independent craft beer retail outlets in major cities, have all contributed to the recent success enjoyed by Japanese craft brewers.
Today there are a growing number of regional microbrew festivals held throughout Japan, including the Great Japan Beer Festival series held annually in Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya and Yokohama. Every year, the Japan Craft Beer Association holds the Japan Beer Cup, while a competing organization, Japan Craft Beer Support, has launched the annual Nippon Craft Beer Festival.
Notable microbreweries
Kiuchi Brewery
Yo-Ho Brewing
Methods of distribution
Other than in serviced restaurants and bars, in Japan beer can be purchased at a wide variety of outlets, including supermarkets, convenience stores, and kiosks at train stations. Beer can also be sold in vending machines although, as of 2012, this has become much less common in major cities. Some vending machines have motion activated advertising that displays on small TV screens embedded into them. They play beer commercials and jingles that are seen on TV and heard on the radio. These vending machines began to be phased out in June 2000, mainly over concerns of underage drinking.
Drinking culture
The legal drinking age in Japan is 20 years old. In terms of drinking culture, beer drinking and opening formal toasts with beer, as a part of a group, sports team or after-work corporate social bonding activity, is widespread.
Beer can legally be consumed almost anywhere in public, with notable exceptions for organized events, summer festivals and spring cherry blossom parties. Social convention means that open consumption of alcohol on the street or ordinary commuter trains is rare. Japan has very strict laws against operating a motor vehicle or riding a bicycle during or after the consumption of alcohol. Fines, prison time and other penalties can also apply to individuals deemed responsible for supplying alcohol to an intoxicated driver and those traveling in the same vehicle.
Japanese beers available outside Japan
Japanese-style commercial brewing and beer products have been successfully exported worldwide or are produced locally under license and are distributed in a number of overseas markets.
In the US, three of the four major Japanese brands are available. These include Sapporo Draft, Kirin Ichiban (Number One, as opposed to the normal Lager which is not available), and Asahi Super Dry. Asahi is produced by Molson in Canada, Kirin is produced at Anheuser-Busch facilities in Williamsburg, Virginia and Los Angeles, and Sapporo is produced at a Sapporo-owned brewery in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Suntory beer is not available. Orion Beer is also available, imported from Okinawa Prefecture. Availability of brands depends on an individual state's liquor laws, resulting in some beers being available in some places and others not. For example, in Oklahoma, Asahi Super Dry, Sapporo, and Orion are available, whereas in Texas, Kirin Ichiban is prevalent.
Kiuchi brewery was the first Japanese microbrewery to export beer from Japan. Many other Japanese microbreweries now export to North America, Europe, Australia, Singapore, and Hong Kong.
Homebrewing
Although it is technically illegal in Japan to produce beverages containing more than 1% alcohol without a license, the law is rarely adhered to for homebrewers, and homebrewing supplies are available from high street stores and websites.
See also
Beer and breweries by region
Happoshu
References
External links
Directory of Japanese Brewers (RateBeer.com) | wiki |
Dead of Winter may refer to:
Dead of Winter (film), a 1987 thriller film
"Dead of Winter" (short story), a 2006 horror story
The Dead of Winter, a 2006 novel by Rennie Airth
Dead of Winter (Cole novel), a 2015 young adult fantasy novel written by Kresley Cole
Dead of Winter (Goss novel), a 2011 Doctor Who novel by James Goss
"The Dead of Winter", an episode of the TV series Lewis (TV series)
Dead of Winter: A Cross Roads Game, a board game by Plaid Hat Games set in a zombie apocalypse
The Dead of Winter, 1975 novel by Dominic Cooper
See also
Winter solstice
Midwinter (disambiguation) | wiki |
Ventriculography may refer to:
Cerebral ventriculography
Cardiac ventriculography | wiki |
Glissade may mean:
glissade (climbing), a way to descend a snow-covered slope
glissade (dance move), a move in some dances such as the galop
glissade (ballet), a ballet dance move
See also
Glissando | wiki |
Lumen can refer to:
Lumen (unit), the SI unit of luminous flux
Lumen (anatomy), the cavity or channel within a tubular structure
Lumen (band), a Russian rock band
Lumen (branding agency), a design and branding company headquartered in Milan, Italy
The Lumen (Cleveland), a skyscraper in downtown Cleveland
Lumen (novel), an 1887 book by Camille Flammarion
Lumen (website), a database of Digital Millennium Copyright Act takedown requests
141 Lumen, an asteroid
Lumen Martin Winter (1908–1982), American artist
Lumen Pierce, a fictional character in the television series Dexter
Lumen Technologies, telecommunications company formerly known as CenturyLink
Stellar Lumens, a cryptocurrency and payment network
USS Lumen (AKA-30), a US Navy ship
Lumen, a dating app owned by MagicLab
See also
Luminal (disambiguation) | wiki |
A pudding cloth is a culinary utensil similar to a cheesecloth or muslin. It is a reusable alternative to cooking in skins made of animal intestines and became popular in England in the seventeenth century for boiling a wide range of puddings.
Typical uses
Sweet
Prior to the 19th century, the English Christmas pudding was boiled in a pudding cloth. Clootie pudding, a traditional Scottish dessert, is boiled in a pudding cloth. The traditional way to cook jam roly poly is using a pudding cloth.
Savoury
Pease pudding was first made possible at the beginning of the 17th century with the advent of the pudding cloth.
References
External links
The ORIGINAL Christmas Dessert, includes an explanation and example usage of pudding cloth
Kitchenware
Food preparation utensils | wiki |
Dawn chorus may refer to:
Dawn chorus (birds), when songbirds sing at the start of a new day
Dawn chorus (electromagnetic), an electromagnetic wave phenomenon
Music
Dawn Chorus (Jacques Greene album), 2019
Dawn Chorus (LKFFCT album), 2017
"Dawn Chorus", a song by Boards of Canada from their album, Geogaddi
"Dawn Chorus", a song by Modern English from their album After the Snow
"Dawn Chorus", a song by Thom Yorke from his album Anima
Dawn Chorus (Canon of the Three Stars), 1984 album by Isao Tomita
Dawn Chorus, a 2017 album by Hidden Orchestra
Dawn Chorus and the Blue Tits, a band featuring Liz Kershaw and (briefly) Carol Vorderman | wiki |
Ekweeconfractus ("broken fox") is a genus of teratodontine hyaenodont known from deposits at the Moruorot site in Kenya.
The genus contains only a single known species, Ekweeconfractus amorui. The full scientific name of type species translates as "broken fox of stone". Known from a single skull with an intact cranium, it is estimated to have weighed around , similar in size to a large fox. The researchers who described and named the fossil were able to conduct a CT scan of the cranial cavity, revealing that the animal had a comparatively large neocortex for the overall size of its brain, and an estimated encephalisation quotient of 0.54, similar to that of other contemporary African hyaenodonts, but lower than that of Hyaenodon.
Phylogeny
The phylogenetic relationships of genus Ekweeconfractus are shown in the following cladogram:
See also
Mammal classification
Teratodontidae
References
Hyaenodonts
Cenozoic mammals of Africa | wiki |
Suburban Airport was a public-use airport located in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States, two miles (3 km) southeast of the central business district of Laurel. This airport was privately owned by Suburban Air Park LLC. The airport was closed in 2017.
Facilities and aircraft
Suburban Airport covers an area of which contains one paved runway (3/21) measuring .
A combination of grass, paved-pad, ramp, owner-maintained fabric hangars, and steel hangars were available for aircraft to base from. The airport hosted homebuilt experimental aircraft, and had been the primary construction site of several aircraft.
History
Suburban airport was on ground once owned by the Snowden Family. The family manor "Birmingham" was built in 1690, and sat adjacent to the runway on what is now the northbound lanes of the Baltimore–Washington Parkway. The Snowden family cemetery sits just to the east of the runway. This historic location was the home of the first Iron production in Maryland, Patuxent Iron Works. Just to the west of the airport is a later Snowden family manor, Montpelier.
Suburban Airport opened in March 1960 as a family-run airport and fixed-base operation. The first manager was Morgan Stern. The first aircraft flown into the field was an Erco Ercoupe. By 1963, the operations building and maintenance hangar were complete and there were 33 aircraft based on the field.
The airport hosted meetings of the Experimental Aircraft Association and aviation-oriented youth education programs such as Young Eagles flights.
The airport had been a Piper Aircraft dealer.
In 2001, Suburban Airport was closed for operations by the September 11 attacks. Aircraft had limited access to leave, then eventually arrivals and departures were granted under the flight rules of the Washington Air Defense Identification Zone.
Suburban airport was most recently owned by W18 LLC, an entity co-located with Bay Area Land Development and Polm Housing. The airport property is in a region affected by Base Realignment and Closure and gambling legislation at the nearby Laurel Park Racecourse. In 2004, Polm attempted to increase the zoning of the airport property from 21 allowable housing units to 641 units for a Workforce housing development called Riverwood. Polm publicly announced plans prior to the hearing to expand Suburban airport to support 300 aircraft, 100 hangars, helicopter charters, and operate a flight school if the increased zoning failed. 250 people attended the zoning hearing where the Riverwood zoning attempt did not pass. The same hearing passed zoning changes for Polm's Fieldstone development on the same road. In 2009, Polm offered to build a 715-seat privately run school if Riverwood zoning was approved.
In 2010, the Maryland Aviation Administration changed the criteria for minimum approach angles and marked the airport with new displaced thresholds. The thresholds shortened 1/3 of the runway for landing operations both ways on the 2,300-foot runway. Organizations that provided aircraft for Young Eagles flights had to relocate because the available runway was reduced beyond safe operating limits of their aircraft.
By late 2012, the airport owner had yet to expand hangars and operations as announced in 2004, efforts to bring gambling to nearby Laurel Park had failed, BRAC-related inflow ceased in 2011, declining home prices and interest rates from the recession greatly reduced the need for workforce housing developments, and the county's school and water demands were beyond capacity from overdevelopment. Suburban Airport's owner submitted plans to build the for-profit Monarch Global Village Academy Public Contract School for troubled children, managed by the Children's Guild, temporarily on the airport property in exchange for approval to build the Riverwood housing development. Anne Arundel County required the school to offset the impact of the proposed Riverwood development and overcrowding from other recently approved developments. After the county announced that it would seek school construction sites elsewhere in 2012, the project was started on a neighboring parcel once occupied by the Laurel Moose lodge and sold to the Children's Guild.
References
External links
Defunct airports in Maryland
Airports in Maryland
Transportation buildings and structures in Anne Arundel County, Maryland | wiki |
Sheldon Lake State Park and Environmental Learning Center is a 2,800-acre outdoor education and recreation facility in northeast Harris County managed by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. The site is located along Sheldon Lake reservoir. The federal government constructed the reservoir on Carpenter's Bayou in 1942 in order to support growing war-related industries along the Houston Ship Channel. The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department acquired the reservoir in 1952, opening it in 1955 as the Sheldon Wildlife Management Area. The site was designated a state park in 1984.
Features
The park features recreational opportunities including group camping, picnic areas, hiking trails, wildlife viewing, fishing, and an environmental learning center. Alternative energy technologies and green building techniques were used during construction of many of the parks structures, including the Pond Center, an open-entry pavilion the formerly housed the site's office, lab, and garage.
The John Jacob Observation Tower is an 82-foot wheelchair-accessible structure, allowing park visitors opportunities to view the surrounding wetlands and prairie, as well as the skyline of downtown Houston.
See also
List of Texas state parks
Sheldon Lake
References
External links
Sheldon Lake State Park and Environmental Learning Center
U.S. Geological Survey Map at the U.S. Geological Survey Map Website. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
State parks of Texas
Protected areas of Harris County, Texas
1955 establishments in Texas
Protected areas established in 1955 | wiki |
The Roughneck (1915), een film van William S. Hart en Clifford Smith
The Roughneck (1924), een film van Jack Conway | wiki |
Dr. Feelgood: The Videos es un video álbum de la banda estadounidense de hard rock Mötley Crüe, lanzado como VHS en 1991. Este VHS incluía los 5 videos lanzados como sencillo del álbum ''Dr. Feelgood: «Dr. Feelgood», «Kickstart My Heart», «Without You», «Don't Go Away Mad (Just Go Away)» y «Same Ol' Situation (S.O.S.)».
Lista de videos
Dr. Feelgood
Kickstart My Heart
Without You
Don't Go Away Mad (Just Go Away)
Same Ol' Situation (S.O.S.)
Referencias
Mötley Crüe
Álbumes de Mötley Crüe
Álbumes de heavy metal
Álbumes en inglés | wiki |
The Settlers of Zarahemla is a licensed adaptation of the German board game The Settlers of Catan by Klaus Teuber, based on the Book of Mormon. Gameplay in Zarahemla is nearly identical to the original, with several major differences - most notably, the game has been modified to suit two-player play as part of its official rules.
Equipment
Like Catan, Zarahemla uses a somewhat modular board structure, but instead of individual hexes (as is the case of Catan), Zarahemla uses five strips of hexes - one five-hex strip, two four-hex strips, and three-hex strips, which could be oriented and rearranged as in the standard game. Unlike Catan, however, Zarahemla's hexes are placed on a fixed board, which itself contains the game's harbors, or trading posts. The board also contains a scoring track, which aids in keeping scores for the players.
The game is no longer in production.
Gameplay
As Zarahemla's gameplay is nearly identical to that of Catan, the rules of Catan should also be consulted for gameplay information.
Preparation in Zarahemla is identical to that of Catan, except that, for the two-player game, three settlements and roads are placed instead of two.
As in the later expansions of Catan, players are permitted to trade and build in any order. Like The Settlers of Canaan, another licensed adaptation of Catan, and the Cheops expansion to Catan, players may also contribute a stone to the Temple of Zarahemla for the price of one brick and one stone. The player with the greatest contribution (of at least three stones) to the Temple receives two victory points, which are given out akin to the Largest Army or the Longest Trade Route in Catan. Each player begins the game with ten Temple Stones.
There are two additional types of Development Cards used in Zarahemla - Temple Building allows two temple stones to be placed for free, while Liahona acts in a manner similar to the Alchemist Progress Card from Cities and Knights of Catan.
Zarahemla is played to twelve Victory Points, unlike ten in Catan.
Zarahemla
Works based on the Book of Mormon
Board games introduced in 2003 | wiki |
Ultimate Fixer was part of a spyware program that impersonated Windows Security Center.
Ultimate Fixer, along with Ultimate Cleaner and Ultimate Defender, were fake security programs for Windows.
Scareware | wiki |
Onorificenze
Note | wiki |
Trichilemmal carcinoma is a cutaneous condition reported to arise on sun-exposed areas, most commonly the face and ears.
See also
Trichilemmoma
Skin lesion
A similar tumor, although in the nail bed, is called onycholemmal.
References
External links
Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts | wiki |
A pay scale (also known as a salary structure) is a system that determines how much an employee is to be paid as a wage or salary, based on one or more factors such as the employee's level, rank or status within the employer's organization, the length of time that the employee has been employed, and the difficulty of the specific work performed. Examples of pay scales include U.S. uniformed services pay grades, the salary grades by which United States military personnel are paid, and the General Schedule, the salary grades by which United States white-collar civil service personnel are paid. Private employers use salary structures with grades (including minimums, midpoints and maximums) to define the ranges of pay available to employees in each grade/range.
Basic Pay Scale (BPS)
The term Basic Pay Scale (BPS) is used in Pakistan's government departments and public sector organizations to refer to the pay scale or grade of an official or incumbent.
See also
Open compensation plan, having pay scale openly shared
References
Wages and salaries | wiki |
Dirty Work is a comedy series which debuted in 2012 and stars Jamie Clayton, Hank Harris and Mary Lynn Rajskub. The series is produced by Fourth Wall Studios for their proprietary RIDES.TV platform.
Plot
The comedic adventures of three Los Angelenos working in the crime scene clean up business.
Cast
Jamie Clayton as Michelle
Mary Lynn Rajskub as Roxy
Matt Jones as Hummy
Hank Harris as Pete
Moira Quirk as Dikran
Matt Jones as Hummy
References
External links
Emmy Award-winning programs
American comedy web series
Transgender-related television shows | wiki |
Kinegram may refer to:
A type of diffractive optically variable image device used to prevent counterfeiting
A type of barrier-grid animation | wiki |
In the Telugu language, a chatuva is an occasional poem prompted by a specific event, person, or object. Spontaneity is the defining characteristic of the genre.
References
Indian literature
Occasional poetry | wiki |
Rosketti or rosketi are traditional Chamorro cornstarch cookies.
Ingredients
The primary ingredient for rosketti is typically corn starch. Other ingredients include flour, sugar, butter or shortening, milk or cream, eggs, baking powder, and vanilla. Some rosketti recipes result in a very thick, hard-to-swallow cookie, while others yield a crumbly, melt-in-your-mouth cookie. The taste and texture of a rosketti recipe, however, produces a very distinct end result, due primarily to the use of cornstarch.
Making
Rosketti dough is historically rolled into a log the size and length of a pencil. The dough is either formed into a coil, or into a pretzel. Some shape the dough into a ball then flatten the dough with the tines of a fork. The cookies are baked on a greased cookie sheet till moderately or lightly browned.
Sources
(Guam cookbook)
(Guam cookbook)
Chamorro cuisine
Guamanian desserts
Cookies | wiki |
In military terminology, a rocket is a self-propelled, generally unguided, weapon-system powered by a rocket engine. Though used primarily as medium- and long-range artillery systems, historically rockets have also seen considerable use as air-to-surface weapons, some use as air-to-air weapons, and even (in a few cases) as surface-to-air devices. Examples of modern surface-to-surface rocket systems include the Soviet BM-27 Uragan and the American M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System.
In military parlance, a rocket differs from a missile primarily by lacking an active guidance system; early missiles became known as "guided rockets" or "guided missiles". Some rockets were developed as unguided systems and later upgraded to guided versions, like the GMLRS, and these generally retain the term "rocket" instead of becoming "missiles".
Rockets or missiles that travel underwater, like the VA-111 Shkval, are known as "torpedoes", whatever their propulsion system.
Early development
The use of rockets as some form of artillery dates back to medieval China where devices such as fire arrows were used (albeit mostly as a psychological weapon), and gradually spread to Europe and the Middle East. Rockets became a significant weapon during the 20th century, when precise manufacturing processes made relatively accurate rockets possible.
Basic roles
Artillery
Rockets have been used as an artillery weapon for centuries, and continue to be used in the modern age after being extensively modernized in World War II. Rockets in the artillery role complement traditional field guns, being superior in some ways and inferior in others. Rocket artillery tends to be simpler, lighter and more mobile than guns or howitzers, most of which must be emplaced. Guns tend to have better accuracy, consistency, and range, while rocket artillery is light enough to be employed closer to the front lines and excels at saturation fire, expending its entire ammunition load in a single barrage on a target. The saturation fire produced by rocket artillery is only somewhat approximated in effectiveness with gun artillery via the time on target barrage method.
Time-sensitive soft target interdiction (such as personnel or unarmored vehicles moving in large groups) is where rocket artillery is particularly useful. This allows for the shoot-and-scoot method, avoiding the enemy counter-battery fire that is the greatest risk to emplaced artillery pieces, while maximizing damage to the target before it can find better cover. (see Rocket artillery vs gun artillery)
Portable anti-tank
With the invention of the tank, the infantry required a weapon to counter the threat. Tank armour soon developed beyond the point at which an anti-tank rifle could practically be carried by an infantryman, and by the Second World War rocket weapons such as the US bazooka and German Panzerschreck were in service. Development continued after the war, with weapons such as the RPG-7, although a need to increase range led to the development of guided weapons to fulfill the anti-tank role. Most modern armies now use guided missiles for long-range engagements and rockets for close-range or emergency use; disposable weapons such as the RPG-26 are popular for this.
The use of anti-tank weapons to attack buildings and other targets has led to the development of weapons and ammunition designed specifically to attack non-tank targets, such as the one-shot LASM and the larger SMAW.
Air-launched
Unguided rockets are a widely used weapon system and have been launched from aircraft since the early 20th century, to attack land, sea and air targets. Even after the development of guided missiles, rockets remain useful for short-range attacks – typically for close air support missions.
The standard NATO calibre is 70mm and is considered as the international calibre. The rockets can be fired from a variety of rotary and fixed-wing platforms and combat aircraft of many nations worldwide by means of a rocket launcher. The 70mm rocket system offers several warhead configurations that fulfill a wide range of special mission requirements to defeat soft to lightly armored targets.
See also
Hydra 70
CRV-7
Yarmuk
S-5 rocket
S-8 rocket
S-13 rocket
Ugroza
Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System (APKWS)
References
Missile types | wiki |
Antibiosis is a biological interaction between two or more organisms that is detrimental to at least one of them; it can also be an antagonistic association between an organism and the metabolic substances produced by another. Examples of antibiosis include the relationship between antibiotics and bacteria or animals and disease-causing pathogens. The study of antibiosis and its role in antibiotics has led to the expansion of knowledge in the field of microbiology. Molecular processes such cell wall synthesis and recycling, for example, have become better understood through the study of how antibiotics affect beta-lactam development through the antibiosis relationship and interaction of the particular drugs with the bacteria subjected to the compound.
Antibiosis is typically studied in host plant populations and extends to the insects which feed upon them.
"Antibiosis resistance affects the biology of the insect so pest abundance and subsequent damage is reduced compared to that which would have occurred if the insect was on a susceptible crop variety. Antibiosis resistance often results in increased mortality or reduced longevity and reproduction of the insect."
During a study of antibiosis, it was determine that the means to achieving effective antibiosis is remaining still. "When you give antibiotic-producing bacteria a structured medium, they affix to substrate, grow clonally, and produce a “no mans land,” absent competitors, where the antibiotics diffuse outward." Antibiosis is most effective when resources are neither plentiful nor sparse. Antibiosis should be considered as the median on the scale of resource, due to its ideal performance.
See also
Antibiotic
Biological pest control
Biotechnology
Symbiosis
References
Further reading
External links
Biological interactions
Antibiotics
pt:Relação ecológica#Amensalismo ou antibiose | wiki |
Henry de La Vaulx (1870–1930), was a balloonist, author, and cofounder of major French and international aeronautical associations.
Biography
He was born in Bierville, France on April 2, 1870.
From March 1896 to May 1897 he stayed with native tribes in Patagonia, and later wrote a book about this experience.
In 1898, he co-founded the Aero Club of France with Ernest Archdeacon, Léon Serpollet, Henri de la Valette, Jules Verne, Honorine de Viane Morel Verne, André Michelin, Albert de Dion, Alberto Santos-Dumont, and Henry Deutsch de la Meurthe.
On Oct 9, 1900 he and a companion set a distance record in a balloon traveling 1200 miles from Vincennes to Korostyshiv near Kiev (Now Ukraine, then in Russia) in 35.75 hours. Also in 1900 he received the Grand Medal of the Aero Club of France for exceptional contributions to the progress of aviation.
In 1905 he cofounded and became a director of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). The FAI now awards the De la Vaulx Medal, named for him.
He visited the United States several times for ballooning ventures and the New York Times described him as one of the "most successful and daring balloonists in the world."
He developed airships for the Zodiac company.
He published a dozen books, mostly on aviation.
He lived in the castle Rozoy-Bellevalle.
He died when a scheduled flight between Montreal, Canada and Newark, NJ that he was on collided with power lines on approach to Newark on April 18, 1930, and was buried in the Rozoy-Bellevalle cemetery.
Published works
Voyage en Patagonie ; ouvrage contenant quarante illustrations d’après les photographies de l’auteur, et une carte hors texte, Préf. José-Maria de Heredia, Paris, Hachette, 1901
Les Anciens Habitants des rives du Colhué Huapi (Patagonie), Paris, Leroux, 1902
La Montagne d'amour : tableau de la vie Araucane, [S.l.s.n.], 1902
L’Emploi des ballons à ballonnet d’après la théorie du général Meusnier, Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1903
L’Aérostation, Paris, Larousse, 1906
Le Tour du monde de deux gosses ; le chemin des nuages, Paris, Tallandier, 1908
Le Triomphe de la navigation aérienne, Paris, Tallandier, 1911
Les Vainqueurs de l’air ; histoire de l’aéronautique: ses débuts sportifs, son application militaire, sa réalisation commerciale, Paris, Hachette, 1921
L’Aéronautique des origines à 1922, Paris, Floury, 1922
Cent Mille Lieues dans les airs, Paris, Arthéme Fayard, 1925
Joseph et Étienne de Montgolfier, Paris, Annonay, 1926
Un Tour du monde en aéroplane, Paris, Albin Michel, 1930
Bibliothèque de feu M. le comte Henry de La Vaulx, Paris, Bosse, 1930
Legacy
His name was given to a Latécoère 28 famously flown across the South Atlantic by Jean Mermoz.
Naming and lexicography
He was often referred to as "comte de La Vaulx." Comte is a French title analogous to the British title "Count."
His first name is sometimes written as Henri, the usual French spelling, but on the book cover at left, he used the spelling "Henry."
His name is usually alphabetized as La Vaulx, Henry de.
References
External links
1870 births
1930 deaths
Aviation pioneers
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
Balloon flight record holders
French aviation record holders
French balloonists
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1930 | wiki |
A cocktail onion is usually a pearl onion pickled in a brine with small amounts of turmeric and paprika. Pearl onions are naturally sweet, which makes them an excellent pairing with many cocktails. Other sweet onions such as the crystal wax, also known as the white Bermuda, are also sometimes used. In many cases, white varieties of these sweet onions are used, since many consumers expect cocktail onions to be white. However, yellow or red sweet onions may be used as well. In northern California cuisine some haute bars may use sliced red onion pickled in vinegar. Some recipes also call for the onions to be packed in white vermouth as well as vinegar.
Generally, the onion retains a slightly crunchy texture through the brining process, which can add a different mouthfeel to the drinking experience. Since the cocktail onion is made from a sweet onion, it is unlikely to upset the digestion with a sulfurous or eye-watering taste, although some cultures use more pungent onions as cocktail garnishes.
Use as a garnish
While not as widely used as more common garnishes such as olives or lemon twists, the cocktail onion is the signature garnish of the Gibson, which consists of a standard Martini garnished with a cocktail onion instead of the standard olive.
See also
List of onion dishes
Onion-based foods
Cocktail garnishes | wiki |
Elizabeth Brice may refer to:
Elizabeth Brice, later Elizabeth Amadas (died 1532), lady at the royal court of King Henry VIII of England
Elizabeth Brice (1957–2011), cannabis activist who wrote as Clare Hodges
Elizabeth Brice (performer) (c. 1885–1965), American musical-comedy singer and dancer
Liz May Brice (born 1975), English actress | wiki |
Trigen can refer to:
Trigeneration, a variant of cogeneration where the same fuel is used for power generation, heating and cooling
Trigen Energy Corp., a U.S. district energy and CHP company operating as Veolia Energy North America since February 2011
Trigens, creatures in the video game Far Cry | wiki |
Exhumed may refer to:
Exhumation, the digging up of a body post burial
Exhumed (video game), a first-person shooter
Exhumed (band), a death metal band
Exhumed Films, a Philadelphia-based "organization
Exhumed river channel, a ridge of sandstone
Exhumed (film), a 2003 Canadian horror anthology film | wiki |
An express trust is a trust created "in express terms, and usually in writing, as distinguished from one inferred by the law from the conduct or dealings of the parties." Property is transferred by a person (called a trustor, settlor, or grantor) to a transferee (called the trustee), who holds the property for the benefit of one or more persons, called beneficiaries. The trustee may distribute the property, or the income from that property, to the beneficiaries. Express trusts are frequently used in common law jurisdictions as methods of wealth preservation or enhancement.
Terms
Law generally requires only a simple formality to create an express trust. In certain jurisdictions, an express trust may even be established orally. Typically, a settlor would record the disposition, where real property is to be held in trust or the value of property in trust is large. Where legal title to property is being passed to a trustee, a "deed of settlement" or "Trust Instrument" (for jurisdictions that do not recognise Deeds) may be used. Where property is to continue to be held by the person making the trust, a "declaration of trust" will be appropriate.
Often, a trust corporation or more than one trustee is appointed to allow for uninterrupted administration of the trust in the event of a trustee's resignation, death, bankruptcy or incapacity. Additionally a Protector may be appointed who, for example, is authorized to appoint new trustees and to review the trustees' annual accounts.
To be valid at common law, a trust instrument must ascertain its beneficiaries, as well as the res (a Latin term meaning "thing") or subject matter of the trust, unless it is a charitable trust which does not provide specific beneficiaries.
To be valid in equity, a trust must satisfy the following elements:
1. Property or rights of a kind which can be the subject of a trust
2. A declaration of trust or disposition on trust by a person legally competent to create a trust
3. Certainty of property and objects (trust must be administratively workable
4. Compliance with requirements regarding evidence
5. Compliance with rule against remoteness of vesting (rule against perpetuities and rule against inalienability of income for longer than the perpetuity period)
Common forms of express trust
Bare trust property transferred to another to hold e.g. for a third person absolutely. May be of use where property is to be held and invested on behalf of a minor child or mentally incapacitated person.
Life Interest trust the income from property transferred is paid to one person, "the life tenant" (e.g. a widow/er), during their lifetime and thereafter is transferred to another person (who may take absolutely or a second life interest according to the terms of the trust, in the second case a third beneficiary would come into play). The trustees may have power to pay capital as well as income to the life tenant. Alternatively, they may have rights to transfer ("appoint") property to other beneficiaries ahead of their entitlement.
Discretionary trust the trustees may pay out income to whichever of the beneficiaries they, in the reasonable exercise of their discretion, think fit. They will normally also have a power to pay out capital. They may have extensive powers, even to add new beneficiaries, but such powers may normally only be exercised bona fide in the interests of the beneficiaries as a whole. Discretionary trusts must not be indefinite and are subject to 'the rule against perpetuities'. In New South Wales, the time prescribed is a statutory period of 80 years from the date the disposition takes effect.
Charitable trusts this is also a form of discretionary trust; trusts for a purpose (as opposed to for individuals) are generally invalid at common law however charities are an exception. Persons wishing to pass money to causes not recognised as charitable may instead make gifts to established companies or associations or may establish trusts or trust-like structures in jurisdictions which do not restrict non-charitable purpose trusts (e.g. Jersey trusts, Danish and US foundations and Liechtenstein Anstallts).
Protective trusts and Spendthrift trusts can be established to provide an income for persons who cannot be trusted with it.
Three Certainties of Express Trust
Certainty of intention: Must be real intention by the settlor to dispose of property and create trust, not just make a gift – a trust also can't be created contrary to the intention of the settlor alleged to have created it: Commissioner of Stamp Duties (Qld) v Jolliffe.
Certainty of subject:The property the subject of the trusts must be sufficiently ascertainable at the time the trust was created: Herdegen v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1988)
Certainty of object:Beneficiaries must be ascertainable –
Fixed trust – ‘List certainty rule’ (Test) see e.g. West v Weston (1998)
Discretionary trust -'criterion certainty test’ is whether it can be said that a given individual is or is not a member of the range of objects (class): Re Baden’s Deed Trusts; McPhail v Doulton
Variation of Trusts in English Law
The Variation of Trusts Act 1958 gave the courts the power to vary trusts in the following circumstances
s1(1)(a) Any person having, directly or indirectly, an interest, whether vested or contingent, under the trusts who by reason of infancy or other incapacity is incapable of assenting; or
s1(1)(b) Any person (whether ascertained or not) who may become entitled, directly or indirectly, to an interest under the trusts as being at a future date or on the happening of a future event a person of any specified description or a member of any specified class of persons, so however that this paragraph shall not include any person who would be of that description, or a member of that class, as the case may be, if the said date had fallen or the said event had happened at the date of the application to the court; or
s1(1)(c) Any person unborn; or
s1(1)(d) Any person in respect of any discretionary interest of his under protective trusts where the interest of the principal beneficiary has not failed or determined.
The court does not have the power to consent to the variation of a trust on behalf of an ascertained individual who is sui juris.(Someone above the age of consent and of sound mind)
Forms of trust used by UK taxpayers
Accumulation and Maintenance trust A variation on the discretionary trust, the A&M does not carry the Inheritance tax disadvantages of a discretionary settlement but can only be established for persons under 25 who must be entitled to income at that age. Allows the accumulation of income within the trust until 25.
Disabled Trust Similar to an A&M trust but established for a disabled person.
Reverter to Settlor trust A trust where, on the death of the life tenant, the property reverts to the person making the gift.
Nil Rate Band Discretionary trust UK inheritance tax is payable at 40% on estates worth over £325,000 for the 2009-2010 tax year. If assets up to that value are placed in a discretionary trust during a person's lifetime, the trust will not be taken into account for inheritance tax if the person survives for a further 7 years. Likewise in a will, many persons leave a legacy on discretionary trusts so as to take full advantage of their nil rate band (gifts to spouses and registered civil partners being wholly exempt).
Forms of trust used by US persons
Certain US jurisdictions and other jurisdictions have developed a radically different interpretation of the trust. Valid trusts can be established by persons who then continue to deal with property as if it were their own during their lifetime, the trust crystallising on death. Trust funds can be taxed as legal entities by election ("checking the box").
References
Wills and trusts | wiki |
Population du Nouveau-Brunswick depuis 1851
Notes et références | wiki |
The Specialist in Psychology (PsyS or Psy.S.) is a post-masters specialist degree in psychology, and is usually specialized in school psychology. The degree is a four-year program, the first two years earning an MS (usually in general psychology, developmental psychology, or school psychology) and the last two earning the specialist degree. As a whole, the degree includes three years of course work (including practice) and a one-year internship.
This degree is primarily designed for practicing in the school setting, although after three years of post-grad field work one can operate in private practice. This degree is not designed for those who would like to attain a PhD, however, it is possible to switch over some credits in search of an EdD after the PsyS is completed.
This degree entails two years of course work including a clinical practicum and is often the first part of a four-year PsyD degree. The PsyD is a degree specializing in clinical psychology training, in lieu of the more research based PhD.
This degree should not be confused with the Specialist Psychologist degree conferred in Denmark, which corresponds to a full PsyD or DClinPsy degree in the U.S./UK.
Also, this degree should not be confused with the Specialist Degree in the Commonwealth of Independent States. The Diploma of Specialist ( • ) is a five-year higher-education diploma that was the only first higher-education diploma in the former Soviet Union (the Candidate of Sciences was the first academic level degree while the Doctor of Sciences was the highest academic credential) and continues to be offered throughout the USSR successor states in parallel with the new bachelor's degree. In terms of the number of instructional hours it is typically, 35 to 42 classroom hours per week, 34 weeks of instruction plus 6 weeks of exams per academic year. Commonly referred to simply as "Diploma" ( • ), the Soviet/Russian-style Diploma of Specialist is believed to have originated in the engineering education in the Russian Empire. According to the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, the specialist degree called qualification (degree) of "specialist" ( • ).
See also
Psychologist
References
External links
National Association of School Psychologists
Florida Association of School Psychologists
Center for Psychological Studies
Fischler School of Education and Human Services
Academic degrees of the United States | wiki |
The following is a list of all team-to-team transactions that have occurred in the National Hockey League during the 2009–10 NHL season. It lists what team each player has been traded to, signed by, or claimed by, and for which player(s) or draft pick(s), if applicable.
Retirement
Free agency
Note: This does not include players who have re-signed with their previous team as an Unrestricted Free Agent or as a Restricted Free Agent.
Trades between teams
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
May
June
See also
2009–10 NHL season
2009 NHL Entry Draft
2010 NHL Entry Draft
2009 in sports
2010 in sports
2008–09 NHL transactions
2010–11 NHL transactions
References
TSN transactions
TSN 2009 Free Agent Tracker
The Hockey News Forecaster
nhl.com Free Agent signings
Transactions
National Hockey League transactions | wiki |
Bad or BAD may refer to:
Common meanings
Evil, the opposite of moral good
Erroneous, inaccurate or incorrect
Unhealthy, or counter to well-being
Antagonist, the threat or obstacle of moral good
Acronyms
BAD-2, a Soviet armored trolley car
Bank account debits tax, an Australian tax
Bcl-2-associated death promoter, a pro-apoptotic protein
Team B.A.D., a professional wrestling tag team
Films
Andy Warhol's Bad, a 1977 film
Bad, an unfinished film by Theo van Gogh
Music
Performers
B. A. D., the Taiwanese boy band, who formed in 1998
Big Audio Dynamite, Mick Jones' post-Clash band, from London
Royce da 5'9", the American rapper known as Bad, in the group Bad Meets Evil
Albums
Bad (album), a 1987 album by Michael Jackson
BAD, or Bigger and Deffer, the second album by LL Cool J, 1987
Songs
"Bad" (U2 song), 1984
"Bad" (Michael Jackson song), 1987
"Bad", from the 2011 album Symphony Soldier by The Cab
"Bad" (Wale song), 2013
"Bad" (David Guetta and Showtek song), 2014
"Bad!" (XXXTentacion song), 2018
"Bad" (James Bay song), 2019
"Bad", by Don Diablo, featuring Zak Abel, 2020
Other music
Bad (tour), a Michael Jackson world tour
Places
"Bad" is the German word for "bath/spa" and so is found in many placenames in German-speaking Europe, e.g. Bad Kissingen
Bad, Azerbaijan, a village in the Quba District
Bad, a village in the Agra district of India
Bad, Uttar Pradesh, a census town in India
Bād, alternate name for Badrud, a city in Iran
Bad River (disambiguation), various rivers
Other uses
Bad (economics), the opposite of a good
Bad (cuneiform), a cuneiform sign
Little Miss Bad, a character in the Little Miss series of books by Roger Hargreaves
Banda languages, spoken in Central Africa (ISO 639-2 and -5 codes "bad")
Barksdale Air Force Base, Bossier City, Louisiana, US (IATA airport code BAD)
See also
BADD (disambiguation)
List of people known as the Bad
Bad 25, 2012 special 25th anniversary edition of the Michael Jackson album Bad
Bad 25 (film), a 2012 documentary film about the Michael Jackson album | wiki |
Proliferating epidermoid cysts are a cutaneous condition characterized by tumors that have deep invasion, and are associated with anaplasia and a high mitotic rate.
See also
List of cutaneous conditions
References
Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts | wiki |
Self-learning can refer to:
Autodidacticism
Learning theory (education)
Night self-learning
Unsupervised learning, a kind of machine learning | wiki |
Boom may refer to:
Objects
Boom (containment), a temporary floating barrier used to contain an oil spill
Boom (navigational barrier), an obstacle used to control or block marine navigation
Boom (sailing), a sailboat part
Boom (windsurfing), a piece of windsurfing equipment
Boom (ship), a type of Arab sailing vessel
Log boom, a barrier placed in a river
Boom, the lifting part of a crane
Boom microphone
Boom, the rear fuselage of an aircraft, as in twin boom
Boom, short for boomerang
Boom barrier, used to block vehicular or pedestrian access
Arts and entertainment
Music
Performers
Boom! (band), a pop band founded by Hear'Say member Johnny Shentall
The Boom, a Japanese rock band
Boom Gaspar (born 1953), piano/keyboard/organ player for the band Pearl Jam
Boom, a member of the animated girl group VBirds
Albums
Boom (The Sonics album), 1966
Boom (Mario Pavone album), 2004
Boom (Garmonbozia album)
Boom, a 2006 album by The Fuzztones
Songs
"Boom" (Anastacia song), the official song for the 2002 FIFA World Cup
"Boom" (Mario song), a 2005 R&B single featuring Juvenile
"Boom" (P.O.D. song), 2002
"Boom" (Royce da 5'9" song)
"Boom" (Snoop Dogg song), 2011
"Boom" (T-Pain song), 2008, with Filip Filippi, better known as Sin Sizzerb
"Boom" (X Ambassadors song), 2019
"Boom", a song by Anjulie, 2008
"Boom", a song by the Bloodhound Gang from One Fierce Beer Coaster (1996)
"Boom", a song by Flight of the Conchords from the 2007 episode "Bret Gives Up the Dream"
"Boom!", a song by Lil Yachty featuring Ugly God from the 2018 album Lil Boat 2
"Boom", a 2008 song by gospel R&B duo Mary Mary from the album The Sound
"Boom", a song by Soulfly on the album Primitive
"Boom!", a song by System of a Down from their 2002 album Steal This Album!
"Boom!", a song by Simple Plan from their 2016 album Taking One for the Team
"Boom", a song by YoungBoy Never Broke Again from his 2020 album Top
Festivals
Boom Festival, an electronic music festival in Portugal
BOOM Festival, a former Yugoslav music festival
Films
Boom! (film), a 1968 British drama starring Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton and Noël Coward
Boom (film), a 2003 Bollywood comedy
Il Boom, a 1963 film by Italian director Vittorio de Sica
Television
Boom! (TV series), a 2005 American reality series
Boom! (game show), an American game show with a time bomb theme
Boom, the original title of the U.S. TV series Blood & Oil
"Boom" (CSI), an episode of the TV series C.S.I.: Crime Scene Investigation
"Boom!" (Castle), a television episode
"BOOM" (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.), a television episode
Boom (Power Rangers), a character from the American TV series Power Rangers: S.P.D.
Other
Boom! Studios, an American comics publisher
Boom! (novel), a 2009 children's science fiction novel by Mark Haddon
Boom (play), by Peter Sinn Nachtreib
Boom (source port), a source port of the computer game Doom
Places
Boom, Belgium, a municipality
Boom Mountain, on the border between Alberta and British Columbia, Canada
Boom Lake, near the mountain
Boom Gorge, on the Chu River in Kyrgyzstan
Boom, Tennessee, a community in the United States
Boom, Texas, former name of Summerfield, Texas
Media
BOOMTV, a proposed Canadian premium TV service
Boom TV (Romania), a satellite TV company
Boom TV (Macedonia), a digital TV provider
Boom! Studios, an American comic book and graphic novel publisher
Boom FM, a classic hits radio station brand in Canada
Boom Radio, a UK radio station
KROI, a radio station serving the Greater Houston area, branded as "Boom 92"
XERP-AM, a Mexican radio station serving the Tampico, Tamaulipas area, branded as "boom 104.7"
WPHI-FM, a radio station serving the Philadelphia area, branded as "Boom 107.9"
People
Boom (surname)
Boom (nickname)
Boom (entertainer) (born 1982), South Korean rapper, singer and actor
Other uses
Sonic boom, the sound created by an object traveling through the air faster than the speed of sound
Economic boom, a time of rapid growth in wealth, as in a boom town
Baby boom, a period marked by a greatly increased birth rate
Organizations
Boom Technology, a startup aircraft company
See also
Latin American Boom, a 1960s literary movement
Bang (disambiguation)
Boom Boom (disambiguation)
Boomer (disambiguation)
Boum (disambiguation) | wiki |
Self-management may refer to:
Self-care, when one's health is under individual control, deliberate, and self-initiated
Self-medication, which includes both normal use of over-the-counter drugs and also some types of drug abuse
Self-managed economy, based on autonomous self-regulating economic units and a decentralised mechanism of resource allocation and decision-making
Self-management (computer science), process by which computer systems shall manage their own operation without human intervention
Organizational self-management, a form of organizational management based on self-directed work processes
Socialist self-management, a social and economic model formulated by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia | wiki |
Heliograph is a word derived from helios (Greek Ἥλιος / ἥλιος "sun") and graphein (γραφειν "to write"). It has several uses:
the heliograph, a device used for optical signalling
a type of sunshine recorder
a solar telescope, a telescope especially adapted for viewing the surface of the sun
heliography, the photographic process used to make the earliest known permanent photograph from nature | wiki |
A waiter is a server of food and beverage.
Waiter or The Waiter may also refer to:
Film
Waiter!, 1983 French film
Waiter (film), 2006 Dutch film
The Waiter (film), 2018 Greek film
Music
The Waiter Chapters 1 - 7, 2008 album by The Black Heart Procession
"The Waiter," a song by The Black Heart Procession from the 1998 album 1
"The Waiter #2" and "The Waiter #3", Black Heart Procession songs from 1999 album 2
"The Waiter #4" Black Heart Procession song from 2002 album Amore del Tropico
"The Waiter #5," Black Heart Procession song from 2006 album The Spell
Other uses
Waiter (customs), British and English border enforcement and customs officers
Waiter.com, an online restaurant delivery service
See also
Waiters (disambiguation)
Waiter Rant, a weblog written by ex-waiter Steve Dublanica | wiki |
An unlisted public company is a public company that is not listed on any stock exchange. Though the criteria vary somewhat between jurisdictions, a public company is a company that is registered as such and generally has a minimum share capital and a minimum number of shareholders. Each stock exchange has its own listing requirements which a company (or other entity) wishing to be listed must meet. Besides not qualifying to be listed, a public company may choose not to be listed on a stock exchange for a number of reasons, including because it is too small to qualify for a stock exchange listing, does not seek public investors, or there are too few shareholders for a listing. There is a cost to the listed entities, in the listing process and ongoing costs as well as in compliance costs such as the maintenance of a company register.
In Australia, a public company, whether listed or not, is required to prepare an annual report that includes a directors' report, financial report, and an auditor's report. The report is to be distributed to shareholders 21 days before an annual general meeting or four months after the end of the financial year. These rules are in place because members of the public who have invested in such companies are not always in a position to get information about the companies' performance, and so would not be able to monitor their investment and determine the return on their investment.
References
Other sources
Risks of investing in an unlisted company, Financial Express, 6 Nov 2005, access date 6 October 2010.
Types of business entity
Stock market | wiki |
The Global Location Number (GLN) is part of the GS1 systems of standards. It is a simple tool used to identify a location and can identify locations uniquely where required. This identifier is compliant with norm ISO/IEC 6523.
The GS1 Identification Key is used to identify physical locations or legal entities. The key comprises a GS1 Company Prefix, Location Reference, and Check Digit.
Location identified with GLN could be a physical location such as a warehouse or a legal entity such as a company or customer or a function that takes place within a legal entity. It can also be used to identify something as specific as a particular shelf in a store. Being able to identify locations with a unique number is a key to many business processes. The GLN is used in electronic messaging between customers and suppliers, where location advice is important. GLN is also used within companies to identify specific locations both electronically in a database and physically where the GLN can be produced in a bar code or GS1 EPC tag.
GLN structure
GLN is a 13-digit number structured as follows:
EAN (GLN, GTIN, EAN numbers administered by GS1)
EAN (European Article Number) check digits (administered by GS1) are calculated by summing the even position numbers and multiplying by 3 and then by adding the sum of the odd position numbers. To calculate the check digit, subtract the sum from the equal or nearest higher multiple of ten.
A GS1 check digit calculator and detailed documentation is online at GS1's website.
Another official calculator page shows that the mechanism for GTIN-13 is the same for Global Location Number/GLN.
See also
Global Trade Item Number
References
External links
Global Location Number at GS1 website
GS1 official site
GLN (Global Location Number)
Check Digit Calculator, and documentation, at GS1 official site
Check Digit Calculator, and documentation in pdf format, at GS1 US official site (states the same mechanism for GLN and GTIN-13)
Barcodes
Identifiers
Unique identifiers
GS1 standards | wiki |
Valuas can refer to
Valuas (folklore) - Folklore figures from Venlo
Valuas (restaurant) - Michelin starred restaurant in Venlo | wiki |
Riff Raff, Riffraff, or Riff-Raff, a term for the common people but with negative connotations, may refer to:
In music
Riff Raff (rapper), from Texas
Riff Raff (band), a UK progressive rock band
Riff Raff, a band formed by Billy Bragg
Riff Raff (British magazine), a London-based monthly rock magazine
Riff Raff (album), by Dave Edmunds
"Riff Raff", an organ piece by Giles Swayne
"Riff Raff", a song by the band AC/DC, from their album, Powerage
Films
Riffraff (1936 film), an American drama starring Jean Harlow and Spencer Tracy
Riff-Raff (1947 film), a black-and-white film noir featuring Pat O'Brien
Riff-Raff (1991 film), a British film
Riff Raff, a Laurence Fishburne play from which the 2000 film Once in the Life was adapted
Fictional characters
Riff Raff (cat), an alley cat in the animated series The Catillac Cats
Riff Raff (hunchback), in the musical play The Rocky Horror Show and film The Rocky Horror Picture Show
Riff Raff (Underdog), on the television series Underdog
See also
Riff (disambiguation) | wiki |
Ana Valle (born ) is a Mexican female volleyball player. She is a member of the Mexico women's national volleyball team and played for Distrito Federal in 2014.
She was part of the Mexico national team at the 2014 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship in Italy.
Clubs
Distrito Federal (2014)
References
1996 births
Living people
Mexican women's volleyball players
Place of birth missing (living people) | wiki |
A four-minute mile is the completion of a mile run (1.6 km) in four minutes or less.
Four Minute Mile may also refer to:
4 Minute Mile, a 2014 American drama film
Four Minute Mile, a 1997 album by American rock band The Get Up Kids
The Four Minute Mile, a 1988 Australian miniseries | wiki |
Stravaganza – serie di libri per ragazzi scritti da Mary Hoffman
Stravaganza – spettacolo teatrale di Dacia Maraini
La stravaganza – concerti di Antonio Vivaldi | wiki |
Verrucous cysts are a cutaneous condition that resemble epidermoid cysts except that the lining demonstrates papillomatosis.
See also
Milia
Skin lesion
References
Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts | wiki |
Bishop Joseph may refer to:
John Joseph (bishop) (1932–1998), Roman Catholic Bishop of Faisalabad
Rayappu Joseph (born 1940), former Roman Catholic Bishop of Mannar
See also
Joseph Bishop (born 1932), academic administrator and author | wiki |
Pseudocyst of the auricle is a cutaneous condition characterized by a fluctuant, tense, noninflammatory swelling on the upper half of the ear.
See also
Verrucous cyst
Cutaneous columnar cyst
List of cutaneous conditions
References
Further reading
Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts | wiki |
Cutaneous columnar cysts are a cutaneous condition, a group of different cysts lined by columnar epithelium. Types of cysts included in this group are:
Bronchogenic cyst
Branchial cyst
Thyroglossal duct cyst
Cutaneous ciliated cyst
Median raphe cyst
See also
Pseudocyst of the auricle
List of cutaneous conditions
References
Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts | wiki |
ISO 3166-2:NL is een ISO-standaard met betrekking tot de zogenaamde geocodes. Het is een subset van de ISO 3166-2 tabel, die specifiek betrekking heeft op het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden.
De gegevens werden tot 13 december 2011 geüpdatet op het ISO Online Browsing Platform (OBP). Hier worden 12 provincies - province (en) / province (fr) / provincie (nl) – , 3 landen - pais (pap) / country (en) / land (nl) – en 3 bijzondere gemeenten - municipio spesial (pap) / special municipality (en) / bijzondere gemeente (nl) - gedefinieerd.
Volgens de eerste verzameling, ISO 3166-1, staat NL voor Nederland; het tweede gedeelte is een tweeletterige code (provincies of landen) of twee letters en een cijfer (bijzondere gemeenten).
Codes
Zie ook
Provincies van Nederland
.nl
2:NL
Bestuurlijke indeling van Nederland | wiki |
My Suicide Story is an American documentary series created and directed by Joe Massa. The series features survivors of attempted suicide who share their stories of survival and triumph over their suicide attempts. It premiered on July 22, 2018, on YouTube.
References
External links
English-language television shows
American non-fiction web series
2018 American television series debuts | wiki |
Alone — альбом Modern Talking
Alone — альбом The Pretenders
«Alone» — сингл Jasper Forks
«Alone» — сингл Marshmello
«Alone» — сингл Алана Уокера | wiki |
Screen media may refer to:
Digital signage
Screen Media Films, a film distributor
Screen Media (advertising company) | wiki |
Cutaneous ciliated cysts are a cutaneous condition characterized by solitary cysts located on the legs of females.
See also
Cutaneous columnar cyst
Skin lesion
References
Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts | wiki |
Median raphe cysts are a cutaneous condition of the penis due to developmental defects near the glans.
See also
Cutaneous columnar cyst
List of cutaneous conditions
References
Cutaneous congenital anomalies | wiki |
Xetutul is a theme park in Guatemala. It is located in the Retalhuleu Department in the southwest of the country. Opening in 2002, Xetutul is the third largest amusement park in Latin America, after Beto Carrero World in Penha, Santa Catarina, Brazil and Six Flags México near Mexico City, Mexico. Xetutul is associated with the nearby Xocomil waterpark, which opened in 1997, and together the two parks receive over one million visitors every year, making the parks the most popular tourist attraction in the country.
Xetulul and Xocomil are operated by the Institute for the Recreation of Guatemalan Private Industry Workers (IRTRA)—a private company that operates several other parks in Guatemala, as well as nearby hotels and restaurants.
Rides
Xetutul features three roller coasters; Avalancha, a steel roller coaster with 8 inversions (as of September 2018, one of fifteen roller coasters in the world with 8 or more inversions and Central America's largest roller coaster when it opened); Choconoy, a smaller family roller coaster; and Ratón Feliz, a junior roller coaster built in 2014. Xetutul also features the only double-decker carousel in Central America. Also within the park is the narrow gauge Transcostero train ride built by Severn Lamb.
Architecture and history
In addition to its amusement rides, Xetulul is also known for its architecture. The park features architectural reproductions of many landmarks from across the world, including the Trevi Fountain, Moulin Rouge, and the Tikal Temple of the Great Jaguar. The park is divided into seven total plazas, which feature architecture from a total of six countries, including France, Germany, Guatemala, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland. Each national architecture style is featured in its own unique plaza.
The name "Xetulul" originates from the Kʼicheʼ language, and means "under the sapotes". There are currently plans to expand Xetulul with the addition of a golf course and a convention center.
References
External links
Official site
Amusement parks in Guatemala
2002 establishments in Guatemala
Retalhuleu Department
Amusement parks opened in 2002 | wiki |
Perifollicular fibroma is a cutaneous condition, a benign tumor usually skin colored, most often affecting the face and upper trunk.
See also
Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome
List of skin conditions
References
Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts | wiki |
The Finder is the default file manager and graphical user interface shell used on all Macintosh operating systems. Described in its "About" window as "The Macintosh Desktop Experience", it is responsible for the launching of other applications, and for the overall user management of files, disks, and network volumes. It was introduced with the first Macintosh computer, and also exists as part of GS/OS on the Apple IIGS. It was rewritten completely with the release of Mac OS X in 2001.
In a tradition dating back to the Classic Mac OS of the 1980s and 1990s, the Finder icon is the smiling screen of a computer, known as the Happy Mac logo.
Features
The Finder uses a view of the file system that is rendered using a desktop metaphor; that is, the files and folders are represented as appropriate icons. It uses a similar interface to Apple's Safari browser, where the user can click on a folder to move to it and move between locations using "back" and "forward" arrow buttons. Like Safari, the Finder uses tabs to allow the user to view multiple folders; these tabs can be pulled off the window to make them separate windows. There is a "favorites" sidebar of commonly used and important folders on the left of the Finder window.
The classic Mac OS Finder uses a spatial metaphor quite different from the more browser-like approach of the modern macOS Finder. In the classic Finder, opening a new folder opens the location in a new window: Finder windows are 'locked' so that they would only ever display the contents of one folder. It also allows extensive customization, with the user being able to give folders custom icons matching their content. This approach emphasizes the different locations of files within the operating system, but navigating to a folder nested inside multiple other folders fills the desktop with a large number of windows that the user may not wish to have open. These must then be closed individually. Holding down the option key when opening a folder would also close its parent, but this trick was not discoverable and remained under the purview of power users.
The modern Finder uses macOS graphics APIs to display previews of a range of files, such as images, applications and PDF files. The Quick Look feature allows users to quickly examine documents and images in more detail from the finder by pressing the space bar without opening them in a separate application. The user can choose how to view files, with options such as large icons showing previews of files, a list with details such as date of last creation or modification, a Gallery View (replacing the previous Cover flow in macOS Mojave), and a "column view" influenced by macOS's direct ancestor NeXTSTEP.
The modern Finder displays some aspects of the file system outside its windows. Mounted external volumes and disk image files can be displayed on the desktop. There is a trash can on the Dock in macOS, to which files can be dragged to mark them for deletion, and to which drives can be dragged for ejection. When a volume icon is being dragged, the Trash icon in the Dock changes to an eject icon in order to indicate this functionality. Finder can record files to optical media on the sidebar.
From Yosemite onwards, the Finder is updated to include a refreshed user interface with updated typography and translucency, along with a new icon. Functionally, it also contains official support for extensions, allowing synchronization and cloud storage applications such as Dropbox to display sync status labels inside the Finder display.
macOS Big Sur introduces a complete graphical redesign of the Finder, along with the rest of the user interface, sporting the removal of the brushed metal interface elements, a full height sidebar and all new iconography. Big Sur also slightly modifies the Finder icon with rounded corners.
Reception
Stewart Alsop II in 1988 said "It is testimony to either the luck or vision of the original designers" of Finder that "the interface has been able to survive tremendous evolution without much essential damage" from 1984. He praised its spatial file manager as "probably a more complete definition of a PC-based universe than any" competitor, with users able to seamlessly use floppies, local and remote hard disks, and large and small file servers. Alsop said that even if Apple had stolen Xerox's technology for Finder, it was now very different. While criticizing the lack of a right mouse button and MultiFinder's clumsiness, he concluded that "Apple remains the king of user interfaces. Finder is the only interface with 1.5 million people sitting in front of it daily. Apple is spending tremendous amounts of money on both development and basic research to remain the leader".
Introducing Mac OS X in 2000, Steve Jobs criticized the original Finder, saying that it "generates a ton of windows, and you get to be the janitor."
Ars Technica columnist John Siracusa has been a long-standing defender of the spatial interface of the classic Mac OS Finder and a critic of the new design. Daring Fireball blog author John Gruber has voiced similar criticisms. In a 2005 interview he said that the Finder in version 10.3 of Mac OS X had become "worse than in 10.0" and that "the fundamental problem with the OS X Finder is that it's trying to support two opposing paradigms at once – the browser metaphor ... and the spatial metaphor from the original Mac Finder ... and it ends up doing neither one very well." Reviewing the same version of Mac OS X, Siracusa comments that the Finder "provides exactly the same self-destructive combination of spatial and browser-style features as all of its Mac OS X predecessors".
Finder replacements
Third-party macOS software developers offer Finder replacements that run as stand-alone applications, such as ForkLift, Path Finder, Xfile, and XtraFinder. These replacements are shareware or freeware and aim to include and supersede the functionality of the Finder. After Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger the UNIX command line file management tools understand resource forks and can be used for management of Mac files.
Timeline
There are minor differences between Finder versions and Classic OS to System 7. From System 6 onward, the version numbers are unified.
Since the introduction of Mac OS X, the largest rewrite of the Finder was with the 2009 release of Mac OS X 10.6, into the Cocoa API, though little change was visible to the user.
See also
Spatial file manager
Miller columns
List of file managers
Comparison of file managers
File Explorer
References
External links
Apple Macintosh before System 7
Ars Technica: About the Finder...
Ars Technica: Review of OS X 10.3 – discussing the lack of fundamental changes to the Finder
1984 software
File managers
Macintosh operating systems
Macintosh operating systems user interface | wiki |
Aikim Andrews (born 20 June 1996) is a Trinidadian professional footballer.
Career
Professional
Andrews started his career with W Connection F.C. in the TT Pro League. He made 6 appearances with W Connection in the 2015-2016 CONCACAF Champions League.
On April 3, 2017 Andrews signed a professional contract with Toronto FC II of USL.
References
External links
1996 births
Living people
Association football midfielders
Trinidad and Tobago footballers
Trinidad and Tobago international footballers
W Connection F.C. players
Toronto FC II players
TT Pro League players
2015 CONCACAF U-20 Championship players
USL Championship players
Trinidad and Tobago under-20 international footballers
Footballers at the 2015 Pan American Games | wiki |
The Special Court of Eritrea is a parallel court to the traditional judicial hierarchy. The Special Court may retry a case that has been resolved through the traditional legal system. The judges of the Special Court serve as the prosecutors of case while defense counsel is not allowed the defendant is allowed to present their case.
Special Court issues directives to other courts regarding administrative matters, although their domain was supposed to be restricted to criminal cases involving capital offenses, theft, embezzlement, and corruption. The Office of the Attorney General decides which cases are to be tried by a special court.
References
Judiciary of Eritrea | wiki |
A mass (air) flow sensor (MAF) is a sensor used to determine the mass flow rate of air entering a fuel-injected internal combustion engine.
The air mass information is necessary for the engine control unit (ECU) to balance and deliver the correct fuel mass to the engine. Air changes its density with temperature and pressure. In automotive applications, air density varies with the ambient temperature, altitude and the use of forced induction, which means that mass flow sensors are more appropriate than volumetric flow sensors for determining the quantity of intake air in each cylinder.
There are two common types of mass airflow sensors in use on automotive engines. These are the vane meter and the hot wire. Neither design employs technology that measures air mass directly. However, with additional sensors and inputs, an engine's ECU can determine the mass flow rate of intake air.
Both approaches are used almost exclusively on electronic fuel injection (EFI) engines. Both sensor designs output a 0.0–5.0 volt or a pulse-width modulation (PWM) signal that is proportional to the air mass flow rate, and both sensors have an intake air temperature (IAT) sensor incorporated into their housings for most post on-board diagnostics (OBDII) vehicles. Vehicles prior to 1996 could have MAF without an IAT. An example is 1994 Infiniti Q45.
When a MAF sensor is used in conjunction with an oxygen sensor, the engine's air/fuel ratio can be controlled very accurately. The MAF sensor provides the open-loop controller predicted air flow information (the measured air flow) to the ECU, and the oxygen sensor provides closed-loop feedback in order to make minor corrections to the predicted air mass. Also see manifold absolute pressure sensor (MAP sensor). Since around 2012, some MAF sensors include a humidity sensor.
Moving vane meter
The VAF (volume air flow) sensor measures the air flow into the engine with a spring-loaded air vane (flap/door) attached to a variable resistor (potentiometer). The vane moves in proportion to the airflow. A voltage is applied to the potentiometer and a voltage appears on the output terminal of the potentiometer proportional to the angle the vane rotates, or the movement of the vane may directly regulate the amount of fuel injected, as in the K-Jetronic system.
Many VAF sensors have an air-fuel adjustment screw, which opens or closes a small air passage on the side of the VAF sensor. This screw controls the air-fuel mixture by letting a metered amount of air flow past the air flap, thereby leaning or richening the mixture. By turning the screw clockwise the mixture is enriched and counterclockwise the mixture is leaned.
The vane moves because of the drag force of the air flow against it; it does not measure volume or mass directly. The drag force depends on air density (air density in turn depends on air temperature), air velocity and the shape of the vane, see drag equation. Some VAF sensors include an additional intake air temperature sensor (IAT sensor) to allow the engines ECU to calculate the density of the air, and the fuel delivery accordingly.
The vane meter approach has some drawbacks:
it restricts airflow which limits engine output
its moving electrical or mechanical contacts can wear
finding a suitable mounting location within a confined engine compartment is problematic
the vane has to be oriented with respect to gravity.
in some manufacturers fuel pump control was also part on the VAF internal wiring.
Hot wire sensor (MAF)
A hot wire mass airflow sensor determines the mass of air flowing into the engine’s air intake system. The theory of operation of the hot wire mass airflow sensor is similar to that of the hot wire anemometer (which determines air velocity). This is achieved by heating a wire suspended in the engine’s air stream, like a toaster wire, by applying a constant voltage over the wire. The wire's electrical resistance increases as the wire’s temperature increases, which varies the electrical current flowing through the circuit, according to Ohm's law. When air flows past the wire, the wire cools, decreasing its resistance, which in turn allows more current to flow through the circuit, since the supply voltage is a constant. As more current flows, the wire’s temperature increases until the resistance reaches equilibrium again. The current increase or decrease is proportional to the mass of air flowing past the wire. The integrated electronic circuit converts the proportional measurement into a proportional voltage which is sent to the ECU.
If air density increases due to pressure increase or temperature drop, but the air volume remains constant, the denser air will remove more heat from the wire indicating a higher mass airflow. Unlike the vane meter's paddle sensing element, the hot wire responds directly to air density. This sensor's capabilities are well suited to support the gasoline combustion process which fundamentally responds to air mass, not air volume. (See stoichiometry.)
This sensor sometimes employs a mixture screw, but this screw is fully electronic and uses a variable resistor (potentiometer) instead of an air bypass screw. The screw needs more turns to achieve the desired results. A hot wire burn-off cleaning circuit is employed on some of these sensors. A burn-off relay applies a high current through the platinum hot wire after the vehicle is turned off for a second or so, thereby burning or vaporizing any contaminants that have stuck to the platinum hot wire element.
The hot film MAF sensor works somewhat similar to the hot wire MAF sensor, but instead it usually outputs a frequency signal. This sensor uses a hot film-grid instead of a hot wire. It is commonly found in late 1980s and early 1990s fuel-injected vehicles. The output frequency is directly proportional to the air mass entering the engine. So as mass flow increases so does frequency. These sensors tend to cause intermittent problems due to internal electrical failures. The use of an oscilloscope is strongly recommended to check the output frequency of these sensors. Frequency distortion is also common when the sensor starts to fail. Many technicians in the field use a tap test with very conclusive results. Not all HFM systems output a frequency. In some cases, this sensor works by outputting a regular varying voltage signal.
A micro-bridge uses the same principles but arranged on a silicon chip.
Coldwire sensor
The GM LS engine series (as well as others) use a coldwire MAF system (produced by AC Delco) that works similarly to the hot-wire MAF system; however, it uses an additional "cold" resistor to measure the ambient air and provide a reference for the "hot" resistor element used to measure the air flow.
The mesh on the MAF is used to smooth out airflow to ensure the sensors have the best chance of a steady reading. It is not used for measuring the air flow per se. In situations where owners use oiled-gauze air filters, it is possible for excess oil to coat the MAF sensor and skew its readings. Indeed, General Motors has issued a Technical Service Bulletin, indicating problems from rough idle all the way to possible transmission damage resulting from the contaminated sensors. To clean the delicate MAF sensor components, a specific MAF sensor cleaner or electronics cleaner should be used, not carburetor or brake cleaners, which can be too aggressive chemically. Instead, the liquid phase of MAF sensor cleaners and electronics cleaners is typically based on hexanes or heptanes with little to no alcohol content and use either carbon dioxide or HFC-152a as aerosol propellants. The sensors should be gently sprayed from a careful distance to avoid physically damaging them and then allowed to thoroughly dry before reinstalling. Manufacturers claim that a simple but extremely reliable test to ensure correct functionality is to tap the unit with the back of a screwdriver while the car is running, and if this causes any changes in the output frequency then the unit should be discarded and an OEM replacement installed.
Kármán vortex sensor
A Kármán vortex sensor works by disrupting the air stream with a perpendicular bow. Providing that the incoming flow is laminar, the wake consists of an oscillatory pattern of Kármán vortices. The frequency of the resulting pattern is proportional to the air velocity.
These vortices can either be read directly as a pressure pulse against a sensor, or they can be made to collide with a mirror which will then interrupt or transmit a reflected light beam to generate the pulses in response to the vortices. The first type can only be used in pull-thru air (prior to a turbo- or supercharger), while the second type could theoretically be used push- or pull-thru air (before or after a forced induction application like the previously mentioned super- or turbocharger). Instead of outputting a constant voltage modified by a resistance factor, this type of MAF outputs a frequency which must then be interpreted by the ECU. This type of MAF can be found on all DSMs (Mitsubishi Eclipse, Eagle Talon, Plymouth Laser), many Mitsubishis, some Toyotas and Lexus, and some BMWs, among others.
Membrane sensor
An emerging technology utilizes a very thin electronic membrane placed in the air stream. The membrane has a thin film temperature sensor printed on the upstream side, and one on the downstream side. A heater is integrated in the center of the membrane which maintains a constant temperature similar to the hot-wire approach. Without any airflow, the temperature profile across the membrane is uniform. When air flows across the membrane, the upstream side cools differently from the downstream side. The difference between the upstream and downstream temperature indicates the mass airflow. The thermal membrane sensor is also capable of measuring flow in both directions, which sometimes occur in pulsating situations. Technological progress allows this kind of sensor to be manufactured on the microscopic scale as microsensors using microelectromechanical systems technology. Such a microsensor reaches a significantly higher speed and sensitivity compared with macroscopic approaches. See also MEMS sensor generations.
Laminar flow elements
Laminar flow elements measure the volumetric flow of gases directly. They operate on the principle that, given laminar flow, the pressure difference across a pipe is linearly proportional to the flow rate. Laminar flow conditions are present in a gas when the Reynolds number of the gas is below the critical figure. The viscosity of the fluid must be compensated for in the result. Laminar flow elements are usually constructed from a large number of parallel pipes to achieve the required flow rating.
See also
List of sensors
Manifold absolute pressure (MAP)
References
Engine sensors
Flow meters
Gas technologies
Mass | wiki |
Le carburazépam est une benzodiazépine. Elle a des propriétés anxiolytiques, hypnotiques, myorelaxantes, anticonvulsivantes et amnésiantes.
Références
Benzodiazépine
Chlorobenzène
Carbamide | wiki |
Fight Night may refer to:
Film and television
Fight Night (film), a.k.a. Rigged, a 2008 film
"Fight Night" (CSI), an episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Fight Night (TV programme), a British boxing programme
"Fight Night" and "Fight Night II", episodes of Big Brother (UK) series 5 and series 9, respectively
Video games
Fight Night (1985 video game), a boxing computer game published by Accolade and U.S. Gold
Fight Night (video game series), a series of video games produced by EA Sports, unrelated to the Accolade game
Fight Night 2004, the first game in the series
Fight Night Round 2, the first sequel to Fight Night 2004
Fight Night Round 3, the second sequel
Fight Night Round 4, the third sequel
Fight Night Champion, the fourth sequel
Sports
UFC Ultimate Fight Night, a series of Ultimate Fighting Championship events
Fight Night, a boxing program on NBCSN
Other
"Fight Night" (song), a 2014 song by Migos
Fight Night (novel), a 2021 novel by Miriam Toews
See also
"Fight Knight", an episode of the 2008 TV series Knight Rider'' | wiki |
Museum of Art and History may refer to:
Musée d'Art et d'Histoire, Saint-Denis, France
Musée d'art et d'Histoire (Fribourg), Switzerland
Musée d'Art et d'Histoire (Geneva), Switzerland
Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme, Paris, France
Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte, Dortmund, Germany
Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels, Belgium
Art & History Museum, Brussels, Belgium
Santa Cruz Museum of Art and History, California, United States
Westphalian State Museum of Art and Cultural History, Münster, Germany | wiki |
Plasma electrochemistry is a new field of research where the interaction of plasma with an electrolyte solution is studied. It uses plasma to drive chemical reactions in liquid.
References
Electrochemistry
Plasma physics | wiki |
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