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Governor Crawford may refer to:
Coe I. Crawford (1858–1944), 6th Governor of South Dakota
Frederick Crawford (colonial administrator) (1906–1978), Governor of Uganda from 1957 to 1961 and Governor of the Seychelles from 1951 to 1953
George W. Crawford (1798–1872), 38th Governor of Georgia
Samuel J. Crawford (1835–1913), 3rd Governor of Kansas | wiki |
Бишимбаев:
Бишимбаев, Куандык Валиханович
Бишимбаев, Валихан Козыкеевич | wiki |
Maengsan County is a kun (county) in South P'yŏngan, North Korea.
Administrative districts
The district is split into one ŭp (town) and 24 ri (villages):
References
External links
Map of Pyongan provinces
Detailed map
Counties of South Pyongan | wiki |
Fist of Fury (förenklad kinesiska: 精武门, traditionell kinesiska: 精武門; pinyin: Jīng wǔ mén) är en kinesisk film från 1972 inspelad i Hongkong.
Roller (i urval)
Bruce Lee
Nora Miao
Maria Yi
Lam Ching Ying
Externa länkar
Referenser
Filmer 1972
1909 på film
Kung fu-filmer
Hongkongska filmer
Shanghai på film
WP:Projekt Kina | wiki |
A guayo is a Cuban percussion instrument. It may also refer to:
A grater, in the Caribbean
Guayo Cedeño (born 1974), Honduran musician
Places
Guayo River, Puerto Rico
Guayo, Adjuntas, Puerto Rico, a barrio in Adjuntas, Puerto Rico
Guayos, town in Cuba | wiki |
Nela puede referirse a:
Nela, localidad de la provincia de Burgos en el municipio de Merindad de Sotoscueva.
Nela, río español afluente del Ebro.
Nela, nombre femenino y masculino.
Nela, apellido. | wiki |
Equal rights may refer to:
Philosophy and law
Equality before the law, when all people have the same rights
Equal Justice Under Law (civil rights organization)
Human rights, when such rights are held in common by all people
Civil rights, when such rights are held in common by all citizens of a nation
Rights guaranteed under gender equality, proposed variously:
by the women's rights movement growing out of women's suffrage
by the men's rights movement growing out of the men's movement
Equal Rights Amendment, a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that intended to advance such a condition for women's rights
Law of equal liberty, a moral principle described by Herbert Spencer
Other uses
Equal Rights (album), a 1977 reggae release by Peter Tosh
Equal Rights (journal), a 1920s feminist journal; see Mildred Seydell
Equal Rights Beyond Borders, a charitable organisation which assists towards the legal rights of refugees
Equal Rights (motto), the motto of the state of Wyoming, USA
See also
Equal Rights Party (disambiguation)
Equality (disambiguation)
Social equality
Equal Rites, a novel by Terry Pratchett | wiki |
Isy or ISY may refer to:
International Space Year, 1992, a designation to promote space exploration
International School Yangon, Myanmar
ISY994i, a home automation controller supporting several protocols
See also
Izzy, a nickname | wiki |
Governor Fletcher may refer to:
Allen M. Fletcher (1853–1922), 54th Governor of Vermont
Benjamin Fletcher (1640–1703), Colonial Governor of New York from 1692 to 1697
Ernie Fletcher (born 1952), 60th Governor of Kentucky
Murchison Fletcher (1878–1954), Acting Governor of British Ceylon from 1927 to 1928, Governor of Fiji from 1929 to 1936, and Governor of Trinidad and Tobago from 1936 to 1938
Reginald Fletcher, 1st Baron Winster (1885–1961), Governor of Cyprus from 1946 to 1949
Ryland Fletcher (1799–1885), 24th Governor of Vermont
Thomas Fletcher (Arkansas politician) (1817–1880), Acting Governor of Arkansas in 1862
Thomas Clement Fletcher (1827–1899), 18th Governor of Missouri | wiki |
While You Were Gone may refer to:
While You Were Gone, album by Maria D'Luz
"While You Were Gone", song by Kelly Price from Blue Streak (soundtrack)
"While You Were Gone", song by Paul van Dyk from From Then On
"While You Were Gone", song by Jay-Z from Girl's Best Friend
"While You Were Gone", song by Jennifer Paige Flowers and Positively Somewhere
"While You Were Gone", song by English heavy metal band Blaze Bayley, The Man Who Would Not Die (album) 2008 | wiki |
Stradale (Italian for "road-going") may refer to:
Alfa Romeo 33 Stradale, street-legal derivative of a racecar
Dallara Stradale, first streetcar from racecar maker Dallara
Ferrari SF90 Stradale
Maserati GranTurismo MC Stradale
Lancia 037 Stradale
See also | wiki |
There are several non-governmental organizations that operate in Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia.
References
Ratanakiri province
Foreign charities operating in Cambodia | wiki |
Governor Ford may refer to:
David Ford (civil servant) (1935–2017), Acting Governor of Hong Kong in 1992
Sam C. Ford (1882–1961), 12th Governor of Montana
Seabury Ford (1801–1855), 20th Governor of Ohio
Thomas Ford (politician) (1800–1850), 8th Governor of Illinois
Wendell Ford (1924–2015), 53rd Governor of Kentucky | wiki |
Elizabeth Rogers – attrice statunitense
Elizabeth Barlow Rogers – designer e architetta statunitense | wiki |
John Wick, amerikai franchise
John Wick, a sorozat címszereplője
Filmek
John Wick (2014)
John Wick: 2. felvonás (2017)
John Wick: 3. felvonás – Parabellum (2019)
John Wick: 4. felvonás (2023)
Egyéb
John Wick, a 2014-es film zenei albuma
John Wick Hex, 2019-es videójáték | wiki |
Back belts, or lumbar support belts, are generally lightweight belts worn around the lower back to provide support to the lumbar. Industrial back belts tend to be similar to weight lifting belts or special belts used in medical rehabilitation therapy. Back belts are popular among workers across a number of industries—airline baggage handlers, warehouse workers, piano movers, grocery clerks, etc.—specifically to prevent lifting injuries.
The theory underlying the use of back belts is that the belts reduce forces on the spine, stiffen the spine, or increase intra-abdominal pressure. Research has yet to demonstrate the efficacy of back belts in preventing ergonomic injuries, although some research has suggested that back belts may have some effect in stabilizing the spine when lifting objects. In some cases, workers expose themselves to greater risk of injury, believing that the back belt is providing extra support and protection.
See also
Back brace
Passive exoskeleton
References
Ergonomics | wiki |
Chaibasa railway station is a main railway station in Chaibasa town, Jharkhand. Its code is CBSA. It serves Chaibasa town. The station consists of three platforms. All the platforms are now connected with a well organized railway footover bridge, renovated recently. The platform is not well sheltered. It lacks many facilities including water and sanitation. It is almost 12 km away from the Chaibasa Engineering College
The best connected place is Jamshedpur which is 60 km away from Chaibasa. The second best place is Chakradharpur, 25 km from Chaibasa on Howrah – Mumbai main line. Chaibasa is a station on the southbound line to Orissa from Rajkharsawn on the Tatanagar–Bilaspur section of Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line.
References
Railway stations in West Singhbhum district
Chakradharpur railway division | wiki |
Liberationist may refer to:
An advocate of liberation or a liberation movement, such as:
Abolition of serfdom and slavery
Men's liberation
Proletarian liberation
Racial liberation
Sexual liberation
Women's liberation
Animal liberation
Liberation psychology, an approach to psychology focusing on countering oppression
Liberation theology, an approach to theology focusing on countering oppression
In the 19th century, an advocate of Church of England disestablishment
See also
Liberation (disambiguation) | wiki |
An epigram is a short poem with a clever twist, or a concise and witty statement.
Epigram may also refer to:
Epigram (programming language), a functional programming language with dependent types
Epigram (newspaper), the independent student newspaper of the University of Bristol
Epigram (horse), Canadian racehorse
Epigrams (books), a collection of books by Martial in the 1st century
Epigram (inscription), an inscription in stone (obsolete)
Fraszki, a 1584 Polish-language poem collection, sometimes referred to in English as Epigrams | wiki |
In mathematics, the nimbers, also called Grundy numbers, are introduced in combinatorial game theory, where they are defined as the values of heaps in the game Nim. The nimbers are the ordinal numbers endowed with nimber addition and nimber multiplication, which are distinct from ordinal addition and ordinal multiplication.
Because of the Sprague–Grundy theorem which states that every impartial game is equivalent to a Nim heap of a certain size, nimbers arise in a much larger class of impartial games. They may also occur in partisan games like Domineering.
Nimbers have the characteristic that their Left and Right options are identical, following a certain schema, and that they are their own negatives, such that a positive ordinal may be added to another positive ordinal using nimber addition to find an ordinal of a lower value. The minimum excludant operation is applied to sets of nimbers.
Uses
Nim
Nim is a game in which two players take turns removing objects from distinct heaps. As moves depend only on the position and not on which of the two players is currently moving, and where the payoffs are symmetric, Nim is an impartial game. On each turn, a player must remove at least one object, and may remove any number of objects provided they all come from the same heap. The goal of the game is to be the player who removes the last object. The nimber of a heap is simply the number of objects in that heap. Using nim addition, one can calculate the nimber of the game as a whole. The winning strategy is to force the nimber of the game to 0 for the opponent's turn.
Cram
Cram is a game often played on a rectangular board in which players take turns placing dominoes either horizontally or vertically until no more dominoes can be placed. The first player that cannot make a move loses. As the possible moves for both players are the same, it is an impartial game and can have a nimber value. For example, any board that is an even size by an even size will have a nimber of 0. Any board that is even by odd will have a non-zero nimber. Any board will have a nimber of 0 for all even and a nimber of 1 for all odd .
Northcott's Game
A game where pegs for each player are placed along a column with a finite number of spaces. Each turn each player must move the piece up or down the column, but may not move past the other player's piece. Several columns are stacked together to add complexity. The player that can no longer make any moves loses. Unlike many other nimber related games, the number of spaces between the two tokens on each row are the sizes of the Nim heaps. If your opponent increases the number of spaces between two tokens, just decrease it on your next move. Else, play the game of Nim and make the Nim-sum of the number of spaces between the tokens on each row be 0.
Hackenbush
Hackenbush is a game invented by mathematician John Horton Conway. It may be played on any configuration of colored line segments connected to one another by their endpoints and to a "ground" line. Players take turns removing line segments. An impartial game version, thereby a game able to be analyzed using nimbers, can be found by removing distinction from the lines, allowing either player to cut any branch. Any segments reliant on the newly removed segment in order to connect to the ground line are removed as well. In this way, each connection to the ground can be considered a nim heap with a nimber value. Additionally, all the separate connections to the ground line can also be summed for a nimber of the game state.
Addition
Nimber addition (also known as nim-addition) can be used to calculate the size of a single nim heap equivalent to a collection of nim heaps. It is defined recursively by
{{math|1=α ⊕ β = mex({{mset|α′ ⊕ β : ''α < α}} ∪ )}},
where the minimum excludant of a set of ordinals is defined to be the smallest ordinal that is not an element of .
For finite ordinals, the nim-sum is easily evaluated on a computer by taking the bitwise exclusive or (XOR, denoted by ) of the corresponding numbers. For example, the nim-sum of 7 and 14 can be found by writing 7 as 111 and 14 as 1110; the ones place adds to 1; the twos place adds to 2, which we replace with 0; the fours place adds to 2, which we replace with 0; the eights place adds to 1. So the nim-sum is written in binary as 1001, or in decimal as 9.
This property of addition follows from the fact that both mex and XOR yield a winning strategy for Nim and there can be only one such strategy; or it can be shown directly by induction: Let and be two finite ordinals, and assume that the nim-sum of all pairs with one of them reduced is already defined. The only number whose XOR with is is , and vice versa; thus is excluded. On the other hand, for any ordinal , XORing with all of , and must lead to a reduction for one of them (since the leading 1 in must be present in at least one of the three); since , we must have or ; thus is included as or as , and hence is the minimum excluded ordinal.
Multiplication
Nimber multiplication (nim-multiplication''') is defined recursively by
.
Except for the fact that nimbers form a proper class and not a set, the class of nimbers determines an algebraically closed field of characteristic 2. The nimber additive identity is the ordinal 0, and the nimber multiplicative identity is the ordinal 1. In keeping with the characteristic being 2, the nimber additive inverse of the ordinal is itself. The nimber multiplicative inverse of the nonzero ordinal is given by , where is the smallest set of ordinals (nimbers) such that
0 is an element of ;
if and is an element of , then is also an element of .
For all natural numbers , the set of nimbers less than form the Galois field of order . Therefore, the set of finite nimbers is isomorphic to the direct limit as of the fields . This subfield is not algebraically closed, since no field with not a power of 2 is contained in any of those fields, and therefore not in their direct limit; for instance the polynomial , which has a root in , does not have a root in the set of finite nimbers.
Just as in the case of nimber addition, there is a means of computing the nimber product of finite ordinals. This is determined by the rules that
The nimber product of a Fermat 2-power (numbers of the form ) with a smaller number is equal to their ordinary product;
The nimber square of a Fermat 2-power is equal to as evaluated under the ordinary multiplication of natural numbers.
The smallest algebraically closed field of nimbers is the set of nimbers less than the ordinal , where is the smallest infinite ordinal. It follows that as a nimber, is transcendental over the field.
Addition and multiplication tables
The following tables exhibit addition and multiplication among the first 16 nimbers.
This subset is closed under both operations, since 16 is of the form .
(If you prefer simple text tables, they are .)
See also
Surreal number
Notes
References
which discusses games, surreal numbers, and nimbers.
Combinatorial game theory
Finite fields
Ordinal numbers | wiki |
California plantain is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
Plantago erecta, native to Baja California, California, and Oregon
Plantago hookeriana, native to Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi | wiki |
Le Mesnil, település Franciaországban, Manche megyében
Le Mesnil-Mauger, település Franciaországban, Calvados megyében
Le Mesnil-Eudes, település Franciaországban, Calvados megyében
Le Mesnil-en-Thelle, település Franciaországban, Oise megyében
Le Mesnil-Germain, település Franciaországban, Calvados megyében
Le Mesnil-Benoist, település Franciaországban, Calvados megyében
Le Mesnil-Robert, település Franciaországban, Calvados megyében
Le Mesnil-Auzouf, település Franciaországban, Calvados megyében.
Le Mesnil-Esnard, település Franciaországban, Seine-Maritime megyében
Le Mesnil-sous-Jumièges, település Franciaországban, Seine-Maritime megyében
Le Mesnil-Durdent, település Franciaországban, Seine-Maritime megyében | wiki |
Freecell bezeichnet:
eine Patience-Variante
ein Computer-Kartenspiel, siehe FreeCell (Windows) | wiki |
The BMW C600 Sport and C650GT are maxi-scooters produced by BMW Motorrad. They are the company's first scooter since the C1, which was manufactured by Bertone. The line was announced by BMW at EICMA in late 2010. Current members of the series are the C600 Sport and the C650 GT, both powered by 647 cc parallel twin gasoline engines.
Production began at BMW's Spandau plant in December 2011,
and they were expected to be available in Europe in Spring 2012,
and in the US in Fall 2012 for the 2013 model year. BMW has shown an electric motorcycle concept vehicle based on a similar size frame and similar styling.
The C-series engine is built by Kymco company in Taiwan.
The front wheel fender is directing the road dirt to radiator which generates clogging issue and engine overheating.
Reports have stated BMW expects three quarters of sales to be to buyers in southern Europe.
References
External links
C600 Sport at BMW Motorrad International
C650GT at BMW Motorrad International
Maxi scooters
C600
Motorcycles introduced in 2012
Motorcycles powered by straight-twin engines | wiki |
This is a list of Flash animated television series consists of preschool, children's, and adult animated TV series produced in Adobe Animate (formerly Adobe Flash Professional, Macromedia Flash, and FutureSplash Animator) and Toon Boom Harmony. It is organized by the year of release.
Pre-1990
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
Upcoming
Non-Flash shows that utilized Flash
See also
Flash animation
Adobe After Effects
Adobe Animate
Adobe Character Animator
Adobe Flash
List of Flash animated films
References
Flash animated | wiki |
Zygia steyermarkii é uma espécie vegetal da família Fabaceae.
Apenas pode ser encontrada no Equador.
Referências
Neill, D. & Pitman, N. 2004. Zygia steyermarkii. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Dados de 10 de Julho de 2007.
Zygia | wiki |
This article is about marriage between a Japanese and a non-Japanese in accordance with the formalities provided by the law of Japan or of a foreign land. Procedures and rules mentioned in this article are mainly those of Japan, but in some cases other requirements are imposed by the homeland of the non-Japanese spouse, or by the foreign land where the concerned couple marry.
In general
The legality of a marriage for each spouse is determined by the homeland law of the spouse.
History
Marriage between a Japanese national and a non-Japanese person was first officially permitted by act of law on March 14, 1873 (6th year of the Meiji Period). This day is informally known as International Marriage Day (国際結婚の日) and coincides with the modern White Day.
Entering law before the former Meiji Constitution (1889) and the former Nationality Law (1899), international marriage at the time required both a permit and surrender of recognised social standing (分限).
During 1986 to 1991, the period of Japanese bubble economy, labor shortages for "3D jobs" (dirty, dangerous, and demeaning) occurred in Japan. This situation created expand the migrant labor rates. However, the revised policy in 1990 prohibited unrestricted economic activities except for only four kinds of visa, which include the "Spouse or child of a Japanese national". This policy legalizes all kinds of economic activity for marriage migrations.
Homeland law
According to an Act of Japan on general rules,
The homeland law of a person is the law of the country of citizenship of the person.
If a person has more than one citizenship, and if one of the citizenships is Japan, the homeland law is the law of Japan;
If a person has more than one citizenship, and none of them is Japanese, the homeland law of the person is the law of the country where the person habitually lives.
as to a concerned person with nationality of a nation in which laws are different according to locality (like the US), the homeland law is the local law under rules of the nation or, if the nation doesn't have such rules, the homeland law is the law of the local area which is most closely related to the person.
Required translation
Each paper, document mentioned in this article as required by Japan, if not written in Japanese, needs to be accompanied with translation into Japanese; one of the concerned persons can themself be the translator; their name must accompany the translation.
Legal documents
When a Japanese and a non-Japanese are intending to marry
in accordance with Japanese rules, homeland certification is required regarding the concerned non-Japanese that they are permitted to marry (see the related section below);
in accordance with foreign law, certification by Japan may also be required.
Japanese regulations
Notification
If a couple including a Japanese citizen marry in Japan, the marriage is to be in accordance with Japanese law.
Thus Japan requires notification of the marriage.
Japan's diplomatic establishments abroad can not legally accept a notification of a marriage of this type.
Competence certification as to the concerned non-Japanese
Japan requires competence certification as to the concerned non-Japanese, as a paper in principle, to be submitted; if the homeland (state / nation) is one which doesn't issue this certification,
if he / she swears in the presence of the homeland's consul in Japan that he / she has legal competence under the homeland law to get married with a Japanese, the written oath signed by the consul might be the substitute for this certification paper;
if even the substitutes can not be submitted, a copy of the homeland law on marriage with its source clarified, and identity certification(s) issued by the homeland's official institution(s) such as a passport, are required instead.
Family register
The fact the Japanese got married with the non-Japanese is to be recorded in a family register with the concerned Japanese written at its head; if the Japanese is one not written at the head, a new family register for the concerned couple is to be created.
Family name
While a rule of Japan for the common surname (i.e. family name) is not applied to the couple, the concerned Japanese can change his or her surname to that of the concerned non-Japanese spouse by filing notification as such. This notification, if not within 6 months of the day the marriage became effective, needs permission in advance from a family court.
International marriages in accordance with foreign legislation
Competence certification as to the concerned Japanese
If competence certification as to the concerned Japanese is required, the Japanese can request this certification as a paper
issued in Japanese of a ;
issued in Japanese of ;
issued in a foreign language of ;
this certification paper is called in Japanese.
Certification as to the marriage
By a delivery of an authorized copy of certification as to the marriage issued by the foreign land (state / nation), the marriage is regarded under law of Japan as one in accordance with the formality of the foreign land. As the additional required documents, Japanese government requires foreigners(non-Japanese citizen) to provide a sworn Affidavit of Competency to Marry, which is issued by their original country's embassy.
Approve Marriage
All marriages must be registed at a Japanese municipal government office. One common mistake is that consular officers has no legal rights for marriage registration, neither does the religious or fraternal bodies in Japan.
Notification
Japan requires the authorized copy of certification as to the marriage
to be submitted to , or,
to be sent by post or submitted to ,
within 3 months of the day the marriage got effective; when the authorized copy of certification is legally accepted, the fact the Japanese got married with the non-Japanese is to be recorded in the family register of the concerned Japanese.'
National Identity
Korean-Japanese
After marriage, most of the Korean residents would still treat themselves as ethnically Korean, but no direct relation to North or South Korean anymore. Obtaining a pure Japanese nationality would not become a betrayal to Korean identity.
Filipino-Japanese
Filipino(language) consists most of the identity issue. Children inside Filipino-Japanese family are usually required to learn Filipino, Japanese and English, with purpose of communicating with Filipino relatives, daily communication(live in Japan) and exploring the international world. The identity of being "doubles"(both Japanese and Filipino) is expected on a child.
Marriage and Divorce Trends (new)
Marriage(2007-2013)
Since 2007, the intermarriage rate (including "one of couple is foreigner") has decreased, from 5.6% (2007) to 3.2% (2013). Specifically, the rate of "Japanese groom and foreign bride" decreased from 4.4% to 2.3%. The rate of "Japanese bride and foreign groom" decreased from 1.2% to 0.9%.
Divorce(2009-2013)
Since 2009, the divorce rate among international couples(including "one of couple is foreigner") has decreased from 7.6% (2009) to 6.5% (2013). In the sub-category of "Japanese husband and foreign wife", the divorce rate even lowered from 6.1% to 5.1%, while the rate among "Japanese wife and foreign husband" slightly decreased, from 1.5% to 1.4%.
See also
Family marriage law in Japan
International child abduction in Japan
Asian migrant brides in Japan, a social and local government-led initiative involving the importation of women from other Asian countries
References
External links
The Japan Children's Rights Network
Japanese family law
Marriage, unions and partnerships in Japan
International marriage
Foreign relations of Japan | wiki |
Governor Long may refer to:
Earl Long (1895–1960), 45th Governor of Louisiana, brother of Huey Long
Huey Long (1893–1935), 40th Governor of Louisiana
John Davis Long (1838–1915), 32nd Governor of Massachusetts
Oren E. Long (1889–1965), Territorial Governor of Hawaii, 1951 to 1953 | wiki |
In the study of heat transfer, radiative cooling is the process by which a body loses heat by thermal radiation. As Planck's law describes, every physical body spontaneously and continuously emits electromagnetic radiation.
Radiative cooling has been applied in various contexts throughout human history, including ice making in India and Iran, heat shields for spacecraft, and in architecture. In 2014, a scientific breakthrough in the use of photonic metamaterials made daytime radiative cooling possible. It has since been proposed as a strategy to mitigate local and global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions known as passive daytime radiative cooling.
Terrestrial radiative cooling
Mechanism
Infrared radiation can pass through dry, clear air in the wavelength range of 8–13 µm. Materials that can absorb energy and radiate it in those wavelengths exhibit a strong cooling effect. Materials that can also reflect 95% or more of sunlight in the 200 nanometres to 2.5 µm range can exhibit cooling even in direct sunlight.
Earth's energy budget
The Earth-atmosphere system uses radiative cooling to emit long-wave (infrared) radiation to balance the absorption of short-wave (visible light) energy from the sun.
Convective transport of heat, and evaporative transport of latent heat are both important in removing heat from the surface and distributing it in the atmosphere. Pure radiative transport is more important higher up in the atmosphere. Diurnal and geographical variation further complicate the picture.
The large-scale circulation of the Earth's atmosphere is driven by the difference in absorbed solar radiation per square meter, as the sun heats the Earth more in the Tropics, mostly because of geometrical factors. The atmospheric and oceanic circulation redistributes some of this energy as sensible heat and latent heat partly via the mean flow and partly via eddies, known as cyclones in the atmosphere. Thus the tropics radiate less to space than they would if there were no circulation, and the poles radiate more; however in absolute terms the tropics radiate more energy to space.
Nocturnal surface cooling
Radiative cooling is commonly experienced on cloudless nights, when heat is radiated into space from the surface of the Earth, or from the skin of a human observer. The effect is well-known among amateur astronomers. The effect can be experienced by comparing skin temperature from looking straight up into a cloudless night sky for several seconds, to that after placing a sheet of paper between the face and the sky. Since outer space radiates at about a temperature of 3 kelvins (−270 degrees Celsius or −450 degrees Fahrenheit), and the sheet of paper radiates at about 300 kelvins (room temperature), the sheet of paper radiates more heat to the face than does the darkened cosmos. The effect is blunted by Earth's surrounding atmosphere, and particularly the water vapor it contains, so the apparent temperature of the sky is far warmer than outer space. The sheet does not block the cold; instead, the sheet reflects heat to the face and radiates the heat of the face that it just absorbed.
The same radiative cooling mechanism can cause frost or black ice to form on surfaces exposed to the clear night sky, even when the ambient temperature does not fall below freezing.
Kelvin's estimate of the Earth's age
The term radiative cooling is generally used for local processes, though the same principles apply to cooling over geological time, which was first used by Kelvin to estimate the age of the Earth (although his estimate ignored the substantial heat released by radioisotope decay, not known at the time, and the effects of convection in the mantle).
Astronomy
Radiative cooling is one of the few ways an object in space can give off energy. In particular, white dwarf stars are no longer generating energy by fusion or gravitational contraction, and have no solar wind. So the only way their temperature changes is by radiative cooling. This makes their temperature as a function of age very predictable, so by observing the temperature, astronomers can deduce the age of the star.
Applications
Climate change
The widespread application of passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) technologies that use the infrared window (8–13 µm) to dissipate heat through longwave infrared (LWIR) thermal radiation heat transfer with outer space, has been proposed as a method of reducing temperature increases caused by climate change. The installation of passive radiative heat emission technologies has been proposed as necessary to lower the temperature of Earth at a fast enough rate for human survivability. Munday summarized the global implementation of such technologies:Currently the Earth is absorbing ∼1 W/m2 more than it is emitting, which leads to an overall warming of the climate. By covering the Earth with a small fraction of thermally emitting materials, the heat flow away from the Earth can be increased, and the net radiative flux can be reduced to zero (or even made negative), thus stabilizing (or cooling) the Earth (...) If only 1%–2% of the Earth’s surface were instead made to radiate at this rate rather than its current average value, the total heat fluxes into and away from the entire Earth would be balanced and warming would cease.PDRCs mimic the natural process of radiative cooling, in which the Earth cools itself by releasing heat to outer space (Earth's energy budget), although during the daytime, lowering ambient temperatures under direct solar intensity. On a clear day, solar irradiance can reach 1000 W/m2 with a diffuse component between 50-100 W/m2. The average PDRC has an estimated cooling power of ~100-150 W/m2. The cooling power of PDRCs is proportional to the exposed surface area of the installation.
Architecture
Cool roofs combine high solar reflectance with high infrared emittance, thereby simultaneously reducing heat gain from the sun and increasing heat removal through radiation. Radiative cooling thus offers potential for passive cooling for residential and commercial buildings. Traditional building surfaces, such as paint coatings, brick and concrete have high emittances of up to 0.96. They radiate heat into the sky to passively cool buildings at night. If made sufficiently reflective to sunlight, these materials can also achieve radiative cooling during the day.
The most common radiative coolers found on buildings are white cool-roof paint coatings, which have solar reflectances of up to 0.94, and thermal emittances of up to 0.96. The solar reflectance of the paints arises from optical scattering by the dielectric pigments embedded in the polymer paint resin, while the thermal emittance arises from the polymer resin. However, because typical white pigments like titanium dioxide and zinc oxide absorb ultraviolet radiation, the solar reflectances of paints based on such pigments do not exceed 0.95.
In 2014, researchers developed the first daytime radiative cooler using a multi-layer thermal photonic structure that selectively emits long wavelength infrared radiation into space, and can achieve 5 °C sub-ambient cooling under direct sunlight. Later researchers developed paintable porous polymer coatings, whose pores scatter sunlight to give solar reflectance of 0.96-0.99 and thermal emittance of 0.97. In experiments under direct sunlight, the coatings achieve 6 °C sub-ambient temperatures and cooling powers of 96 W/m2.
Other notable radiative cooling strategies include dielectric films on metal mirrors, and polymer or polymer composites on silver or aluminum films. Silvered polymer films with solar reflectances of 0.97 and thermal emittance of 0.96, which remain 11 °C cooler than commercial white paints under the mid-summer sun, were reported in 2015. Researchers explored designs with dielectric silicon dioxide or silicon carbide particles embedded in polymers that are translucent in the solar wavelengths and emissive in the infrared. In 2017, an example of this design with resonant polar silica microspheres randomly embedded in a polymeric matrix, was reported. The material is translucent to sunlight and has infrared emissivity of 0.93 in the infrared atmospheric transmission window. When backed with silver coating, the material achieved a midday radiative cooling power of 93 W/m2 under direct sunshine along with high-throughput, economical roll-to-roll manufacturing.
Heat shields
High emissivity coatings that facilitate radiative cooling may be used in reusable thermal protection systems (RTPS) in spacecraft and hypersonic aircraft. In such heat shields a high emissivity material, such as molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) is applied on a thermally insulating ceramic substrate. In such heat shields high levels of total emissivity, typically in the range 0.8 - 0.9, need to be maintained across a range of high temperatures. Planck's law dictates that at higher temperatures the radiative emission peak shifts to lower wavelengths (higher frequencies), influencing material selection as a function of operating temperature. In addition to effective radiative cooling, radiative thermal protection systems should provide damage tolerance and may incorporate self-healing functions through the formation of a viscous glass at high temperatures.
James Webb Space Telescope
The James Webb Space Telescope uses radiative cooling to reach its operation temperature of about 50 degrees K. To do this, its large reflective sunshield blocks radiation from the Sun, Earth, and Moon. The telescope structure, kept permanently in shadow by the sunshield, then cools by radiation.
Nocturnal ice making in early India and Iran
Before the invention of artificial refrigeration technology, ice making by nocturnal cooling was common in both India and Iran. Such apparatus consisted of a shallow ceramic tray with a thin layer of water, placed outdoors with a clear exposure to the night sky. The bottom and sides were insulated with a thick layer of hay. On a clear night the water would lose heat by radiation upwards. Provided the air was calm and not too far above freezing, heat gain from the surrounding air by convection was low enough to allow the water to freeze.
See also
Heat shield
Optical solar reflector, used for thermal control of spacecraft
Passive cooling
Radiative forcing
Stefan–Boltzmann law
Terrestrial albedo effect
Urban heat island
Urban thermal plume
References
Thermodynamics
Atmospheric radiation | wiki |
Post-Impressionism (also spelled Postimpressionism) was a predominantly French art movement that developed roughly between 1886 and 1905, from the last Impressionist exhibition to the birth of Fauvism. Post-Impressionism emerged as a reaction against Impressionists' concern for the naturalistic depiction of light and colour. Its broad emphasis on abstract qualities or symbolic content means Post-Impressionism encompasses Les Nabis, Neo-Impressionism, Symbolism, Cloisonnism, the Pont-Aven School, and Synthetism, along with some later Impressionists' work. The movement's principal artists were Paul Cézanne (known as the father of Post-Impressionism), Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh and Georges Seurat.
The term Post-Impressionism was first used by art critic Roger Fry in 1906. Critic Frank Rutter in a review of the Salon d'Automne published in Art News, 15 October 1910, described Othon Friesz as a "post-impressionist leader"; there was also an advert for the show The Post-Impressionists of France. Three weeks later, Roger Fry used the term again when he organised the 1910 exhibition Manet and the Post-Impressionists, defining it as the development of French art since Manet.
Post-Impressionists extended Impressionism while rejecting its limitations: they continued using vivid colours, sometimes using impasto (thick application of paint) and painting from life, but were more inclined to emphasize geometric forms, distort form for expressive effect, and use unnatural or modified colour.
Overview
The Post-Impressionists were dissatisfied with what they felt was the triviality of subject matter and the loss of structure in Impressionist paintings, though they did not agree on the way forward. Georges Seurat and his followers concerned themselves with pointillism, the systematic use of tiny dots of colour. Paul Cézanne set out to restore a sense of order and structure to painting, to "make of Impressionism something solid and durable, like the art of the museums". He achieved this by reducing objects to their basic shapes while retaining the saturated colours of Impressionism. The Impressionist Camille Pissarro experimented with Neo-Impressionist ideas between the mid-1880s and the early 1890s. Discontented with what he referred to as romantic Impressionism, he investigated pointillism, which he called scientific Impressionism, before returning to a purer Impressionism in the last decade of his life. Vincent van Gogh often used vibrant colour and conspicuous brushstrokes to convey his feelings and his state of mind.
Although they often exhibited together, Post-Impressionist artists were not in agreement concerning a cohesive movement. Yet, the abstract concerns of harmony and structural arrangement, in the work of all these artists, took precedence over naturalism. Artists such as Seurat adopted a meticulously scientific approach to colour and composition.
Defining Post-Impressionism
The term was used in 1906, and again in 1910 by Roger Fry in the title of an exhibition of modern French painters: Manet and the Post-Impressionists, organized by Fry for the Grafton Galleries in London. Three weeks before Fry's show, art critic Frank Rutter had put the term Post-Impressionist in print in Art News of 15 October 1910, during a review of the Salon d'Automne, where he described Othon Friesz as a "post-impressionist leader"; there was also an advert in the journal for the show The Post-Impressionists of France.
Most of the artists in Fry's exhibition were younger than the Impressionists. Fry later explained: "For purposes of convenience, it was necessary to give these artists a name, and I chose, as being the vaguest and most non-committal, the name of Post-Impressionism. This merely stated their position in time relatively to the Impressionist movement." John Rewald limited the scope to the years between 1886 and 1892 in his pioneering publication on Post-Impressionism: From Van Gogh to Gauguin (1956). Rewald considered this a continuation of his 1946 study, History of Impressionism, and pointed out that a "subsequent volume dedicated to the second half of the post-impressionist period": Post-Impressionism: From Gauguin to Matisse, was to follow. This volume would extend the period covered to other artistic movements derived from Impressionism, though confined to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Rewald focused on such outstanding early Post-Impressionists active in France as van Gogh, Gauguin, Seurat, and Redon. He explored their relationships as well as the artistic circles they frequented (or were in opposition to), including:
Neo-Impressionism: ridiculed by contemporary art critics as well as artists as Pointillism; Seurat and Signac would have preferred other terms: Divisionism for example
Cloisonnism: a short-lived term introduced in 1888 by the art critic Édouard Dujardin, was to promote the work of Louis Anquetin, and was later also applied to contemporary works of his friend Émile Bernard
Synthetism: another short-lived term coined in 1889 to distinguish recent works of Gauguin and Bernard from that of more traditional Impressionists exhibiting with them at the Café Volpini.
Pont-Aven School: implying little more than that the artists involved had been working for a while in Pont-Aven or elsewhere in Brittany.
Symbolism: a term highly welcomed by vanguard critics in 1891, when Gauguin dropped Synthetism as soon as he was acclaimed to be the leader of Symbolism in painting.
Furthermore, in his introduction to Post-Impressionism, Rewald opted for a second volume featuring Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri Rousseau "le Douanier", Les Nabis and Cézanne as well as the Fauves, the young Picasso and Gauguin's last trip to the South Seas; it was to expand the period covered at least into the first decade of the 20th century—yet this second volume remained unfinished.
Reviews and adjustments
Rewald wrote that "the term 'Post-Impressionism' is not a very precise one, though a very convenient one"; convenient, when the term is by definition limited to French visual arts derived from Impressionism since 1886. Rewald's approach to historical data was narrative rather than analytic, and beyond this point he believed it would be sufficient to "let the sources speak for themselves."
Rival terms like Modernism or Symbolism were never as easy to handle, for they covered literature, architecture and other arts as well, and they expanded to other countries.
Modernism, thus, is now considered to be the central movement within international western civilization with its original roots in France, going back beyond the French Revolution to the Age of Enlightenment.
Symbolism, however, is considered to be a concept which emerged a century later in France, and implied an individual approach. Local national traditions as well as individual settings therefore could stand side by side, and from the very beginning a broad variety of artists practicing some kind of symbolic imagery, ranged between extreme positions: The Nabis for example united to find synthesis of tradition and brand new form, while others kept to traditional, more or less academic forms, when they were looking for fresh contents: Symbolism is therefore often linked to fantastic, esoteric, erotic and other non-realist subject matter.
To meet the recent discussion, the connotations of the term 'Post-Impressionism' were challenged again: Alan Bowness and his collaborators expanded the period covered forward to 1914 and the beginning of World War I, but limited their approach widely on the 1890s to France. Other European countries are pushed back to standard connotations, and Eastern Europe is completely excluded.
So, while a split may be seen between classical 'Impressionism' and 'Post-Impressionism' in 1886, the end and the extent of 'Post-Impressionism' remains under discussion. For Bowness and his contributors as well as for Rewald, 'Cubism' was an absolutely fresh start, and so Cubism has been seen in France since the beginning, and later in England. Meanwhile, Eastern European artists, however, did not care so much for western traditions, and proceeded to manners of painting called abstract and suprematic—terms expanding far into the 20th century.
According to the present state of discussion, Post-Impressionism is a term best used within Rewald's definition in a strictly historical manner, concentrating on French art between 1886 and 1914, and re-considering the altered positions of impressionist painters like Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Auguste Renoir, and others—as well as all new schools and movements at the turn of the century: from Cloisonnism to Cubism. The declarations of war, in July/August 1914, indicate probably far more than the beginning of a World War—they signal a major break in European cultural history, too.
Along with general art history information given about "Post-Impressionism" works, there are many museums that offer additional history, information and gallery works, both online and in house, that can help viewers understand a deeper meaning of "Post-Impressionism" in terms of fine art and traditional art applications.
Post-Impression in specific countries
The Advent of Modernism: Post-impressionism and North American Art, 1900-1918 by Peter Morrin, Judith Zilczer, and William C. Agee, the catalogue for an exhibition at the High Museum of Art, Atlanta in 1986, gave a major overview of Post-Impressionism in North America.
Canada
Canadian Post-Impressionism is an offshoot of Post-Impressionism. In 1913, the Art Association of Montreal's Spring show included the work of Randolph Hewton, A. Y. Jackson and John Lyman: it was reviewed with sharp criticism by the Montreal Daily Witness and the Montreal Daily Star. Post-Impressionism was extended to include a painting by Lyman, who had studied with Matisse. Lyman wrote in defence of the term and defined it. He referred to the British show which he described as a great exhibition of modern art.
Canadian artists and exhibitions
A wide and diverse variety of artists are called by this name in Canada. Among them are James Wilson Morrice, John Lyman, David Milne, and Tom Thomson, members of the Group of Seven, and Emily Carr. In 2001, the Robert McLaughlin Gallery in Oshawa organized the travelling exhibition The Birth of the Modern: Post-Impressionism in Canada, 1900-1920.
Gallery of major Post-Impressionist artists
See also
Art periods
Cubism
Kapists
Neo-impressionism
Expressionism
History of Painting
Western Painting
References and sources
References
Sources
Bowness, Alan, et alt.: Post-Impressionism. Cross-Currents in European Painting, Royal Academy of Arts & Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1979
Further reading
Manet and the Post-Impressionists (exh. cat. by R. Fry and D. MacCarthy, London, Grafton Gals, 1910–11)
The Second Post-Impressionist Exhibition (exh. cat. by R. Fry, London, Grafton Gals, 1912)
J. Rewald. Post-Impressionism: From Van Gogh to Gauguin (New York, 1956, rev. 3/1978)
F. Elgar. The Post-Impressionists (Oxford, 1977)
Post-Impressionism: Cross-currents in European Painting (exh. cat., ed. J. House and M. A. Stevens; London, RA, 1979–80)
B. Thomson. The Post-Impressionists (Oxford and New York, 1983, rev. 2/1990)
J. Rewald. Studies in Post-Impressionism (London, 1986)
Beyond Impressionism, exhibit at Columbus Museum of Art, October 21, 2017 – January 21, 2018 Beyond Impressionism Exhibition at Columbus Museum of Art
External links
"Post-Impressionists", Walter Sickert's review in The Fortnightly Review of the "Manet and the Post-Impressionists" exhibition at the Grafton Galleries
"Post-Impressionism", Roger Fry's lecture on the closing of the "Manet and the Post-Impressionists" exhibition at the Grafton Galleries, as published in The Fortnightly Review
Georges Seurat, 1859–1891, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Toulouse-Lautrec in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art
"Roger Fry, Walter Sickert and Post-Impressionism at the Grafton Galleries", a reflection by Marnin Young on the 1910–1911 exhibition
Modernism
Art movements | wiki |
Geopotential height or geopotential altitude is a vertical coordinate referenced to Earth's mean sea level, an adjustment to geometric height (altitude above mean sea level) that accounts for the variation of gravity with latitude and altitude. Thus, it can be considered a "gravity-adjusted height". It is the altitude all aircraft's barometric altimeters are calibrated to.
Definition
At an elevation of , the geopotential is defined as:
where is the acceleration due to gravity, is latitude, and is the geometric elevation. Thus geopotential is the gravitational potential energy per unit mass at that elevation.
The geopotential height is:
which normalizes the geopotential to = 9.80665 m/s2, the standard gravity at mean sea level.
Usage
Geophysical sciences such as meteorology often prefer to express the horizontal pressure gradient force as the gradient of geopotential along a constant-pressure surface, because then it has the properties of a conservative force. For example, the primitive equations which weather forecast models solve use hydrostatic pressure as a vertical coordinate, and express the slopes of those pressure surfaces in terms of geopotential height.
A plot of geopotential height for a single pressure level in the atmosphere shows the troughs and ridges (highs and lows) which are typically seen on upper air charts. The geopotential thickness between pressure levels – difference of the 850 hPa and 1000 hPa geopotential heights for example – is proportional to mean virtual temperature in that layer. Geopotential height contours can be used to calculate the geostrophic wind, which is faster where the contours are more closely spaced and tangential to the geopotential height contours.
The National Weather Service defines geopotential height as:
See also
Atmospheric model
Above mean sea level
Dynamic height
References
Further reading
Hofmann-Wellenhof, B. and Moritz, H. "Physical Geodesy", 2005.
Eskinazi, S. "Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of our Environment", 1975.
External links
Atmospheric dynamics
Vertical position
fr:Hauteur du géopotentiel | wiki |
Governor Marmaduke may refer to:
John S. Marmaduke (1833–1887), 25th Governor of Missouri
Meredith Miles Marmaduke (1791–1864), 8th Governor of Missouri | wiki |
Button wood is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
Glochidion ferdinandi, native to eastern Australia
Platanus occidentalis, native to North America
Conocarpus erectus, native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world | wiki |
Master Man, in comics, may refer to:
Master Man (Fawcett Comics), Fawcett Comics superhero
Master Man (Marvel Comics), Marvel Comics villain
Master Man (Quality Comics), Kid Eternity villain who made several appearances
fr:Master Man | wiki |
Eleazar is a common Hebrew name. It may refer to:
People
Eleazar (name), list of people with this name
Eleazar, son of Aaron and second Kohen Gadol (High Priest) of Israel
Eleazar (son of Aminadab), who was entrusted as a keeper of the Ark of the Covenant
Eleazar (son of Dodo), one of King David's warriors
Eleazar (son of Pinhas), one of those in charge of the sacred vessels brought back to Jerusalem after the Babylonian Exile
Eleazar Avaran, the younger brother of Judas Maccabeus
Eleazar (2 Maccabees), a martyr described in 2 Maccabees 6
Eleazar, name chosen by Bodo (deacon) upon conversion to Judaism
Places
Elazar, Gush Etzion, a small Israeli settlement in the West Bank near the site of Eleazar Maccabeus' fatal battle
See also
Eliezer
Elessar
Lazar (disambiguation)
Lazarus (disambiguation) | wiki |
Mountain Cat (a.k.a. The Mountain Cat Murders) is a mystery novel by Rex Stout, first published in book form in 1939. The story first appeared in the June 1939 issue of The American Magazine, abridged and titled Dark Revenge.
Plot summary
Delia Brand, the protagonist, is a beautiful young woman living in tiny Cody, Wyoming. Delia is determined to avenge the tragic deaths of her parents; her prospector father's by shooting and her mother's suicide from grief. When she believes she knows the culprit, she buys some cartridges and announces her intention to shoot a man. After discussing her intentions with her uncle Quinby Pellet, the town taxidermist, Delia goes to visit her sister, Clara.
Clara Brand is secretary to Dan Jackson, who runs a grubstaking business for local prospectors, and has just lost her job. In the middle of Delia's argument with Dan, she hears noises outside the office and discovers that Quin has been knocked unconscious by someone whom he hasn't seen. After dealing with the doctor and the police, Delia returns to her car to find that her gun and cartridges have been stolen.
Dan Jackson's father-in-law Lem Sammis is Delia's godfather, Delia goes to see him and his brassy wife Evelina to get Clara's job back. Lem agrees and gives Delia a note to Dan to say so. When Delia returns to the office to confront Dan once again, she finds him dead and is arrested for his murder, due to her earlier incautious statements.
However, very few people know that, although the late Dan Jackson was no favorite of Delia's, her actual suspicions were of the Reverend Rufus Toale. Other characters of interest include Delia's lawyer and suitor, Tyler Dillon; millionaire playgirl Wynne Cowles, known to all as the "Mountain Cat," who has come to Cody for her second divorce in two years; and illiterate prospector Squint Hurley. Squint Hurley comes up with a document found near Delia's father's body that he's never been able to read, which leads Delia to the identity and motivation of the real murderer.
Literary significance and criticism
Jacques Barzun and Wendell Hertig Taylor, A Catalogue of Crime — A non-Nero Wolfe mystery which is also a Western. The "Mountain Cat" is a wealthy and glamorous woman — is she a villain or not? Other distinctive characters engage our interest, but the book as a whole affords little more than mild pleasure.
John McAleer, Rex Stout: A Biography — Nineteen thirty-nine was Rex's annus mirabilis as a novelist. From birthday to birthday, in 1938 and 1939, he published five novels — Mr. Cinderella (1 December 1938), Some Buried Caesar (2 February 1939), Mountain Cat (27 July 1939), Double for Death (3 October 1939), and Red Threads (1 December 1939) — in hardcover. Another, Over My Dead Body, the seventh Wolfe novel, appeared in The American Magazine.
Publication history
1939, The American Magazine, abridged as Dark Revenge, June 1939
1939, New York: Farrar & Rinehart, July 27, 1939, hardcover
1939, Toronto: Oxford University Press, hardcover
1940, London: Collins Crime Club, March 7, 1940, hardcover
1940, New York: Grosset & Dunlap, hardcover
1943, New York: Dell #28 (mapback by Gerald Gregg), paperback; new edition #D-252, December 1958; new edition #5849, September 1964
1971, New York: Pyramid #T2389, January 1971; second printing, #N3161, May 1974; fourth printing #V3161, February 1977 (as The Mountain Cat Murders)
2011, New York: Bantam Crimeline August 17, 2011, e-book
References
Novels by Rex Stout
1939 American novels
Farrar & Rinehart books
Novels set in Wyoming
Works originally published in The American Magazine | wiki |
Walking meditation, sometimes known as kinhin (Chinese: 經行; Pinyin: jīngxíng; Romaji: kinhin or kyōgyō; Korean: gyeonghyaeng; Vietnamese: kinh hành), is a practice within several forms of Buddhism that involve movement and periods of walking between long periods of sitting meditation. In different forms, the practice is common in various traditions of both Theravada and in Mahayana Buddhism.
Practice
Practitioners typically walk clockwise around a room while holding their hands in a gesture with one hand closed in a fist while the other hand grasps or covers the fist (; rōmaji: shashu). During walking meditation each step is taken after each full breath. The pace of walking meditation can be either slow (several steady steps per each breath) or brisk, almost to the point of jogging.
Etymology
The term kinhin consists of the Chinese words 經, meaning "to go through (like the thread in a loom)", with "sutra" as a secondary meaning, and 行, meaning "walk". Taken literally, the phrase means "to walk straight back and forth."
Health benefits
Studies on the elderly, type 2 diabetes patients, and nursing students all demonstrate wide health benefits. Although research is in some cases tentative, results suggest that there are numerous health benefits to walking meditation. One common connection is a reduction/regulation of cortisol in the blood, which is the body's primary stress indicating hormone. While the body and mind are working harder, stress regulating factors decrease. One study of elderly women practicing walking meditation suggests mindful walking is somehow linked to decreases in depression and stress, in addition to increases in bone development. Another study based on Tai chi meditation speculates a link between walking meditation and the production of catecholamines, which are linked to the brain's response to stress. Recent advances in medical science also suggest that promoting peace and mindfulness are linked to neuronal regeneration. The act of walking peacefully and with intention is curative to one who practices it.
Several studies have shown that anxiety can be reduced through physical activities and meditation. This is beneficial for young adults who have anxiety disorder. In 2017, university researchers conducted an experiment on these young adults. The purpose of this experiment is to find what would help young adults cope with anxiety. In this experiment, the young adults were split into 5 groups brisk walking, meditation, walking meditation, meditation then walking and sitting. The researchers discovered one common factor in reducing anxiety, which is meditation. Three out of five groups that did meditation had the same amount of reduction in anxiety. However, the two groups that did not make any changes were brisk walking and sitting. In conclusion, regular meditation, walking meditation, meditation plus walking all have the same effects on anxiety.
See also
Ānāpānasati
Anussati
Buddhist meditation
Circumambulation
Jarāmaraṇa
Samatha
Shikantaza
Vipassanā
References
Bibliography
doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(92)90072-A
Prakhinkit, Susaree "Effects of Buddhist Walking Meditation on glycemic control and vascular functions in patients with Type-2 Diabetes." Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2016.03.009
Prakhinkit, Susaree "Effects of Buddhism walking meditation on depression, functional fitness, and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in depressed elderly." Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, vol. 20, no. 5, 2014, doi.org/10.1089/acm.2013.0205
Chatutain, Apsornsawan “Walking Meditation Promotes Ankle Proprioception and Balance Performance among Elderly Women.” doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2018.09.152
Smith, Alison. “Walking Meditation: Being Present and Being Pilgrim on the Camino De Santiago.” Religions, vol. 9, no. 3, 2018, p. 82., doi:10.3390/rel9030082
Zen
Buddhist meditation
Walking
Zazen | wiki |
Avenida San Martín puede referirse a:
Arterias viales
Argentina
Avenida San Martín, en la ciudad de Buenos Aires.
Avenida San Martín, también llamada calle San Martín, en la ciudad de Rosario.
Avenida San Martín, en la ciudad de Mendoza.
Avenida San Martín, en la ciudad de Salta.
Avenida San Martín, en el partido de Florencio Varela.
Avenida San Martín, en el partido de Vicente López.
Chile
Avenida San Martín, en la ciudad de Viña del Mar.
Avenida San Martín, en la ciudad de Temuco.
Perú
Avenida San Martín, en la ciudad de Pucallpa.
Avenida San Martín, en la ciudad de Tacna.
Venezuela
Avenida San Martín, en la ciudad de Caracas. | wiki |
Ulli may refer to:
Pulkovo Airport (ICAO airport code ULLI)
Cyclone Ulli, an intense and deadly European windstorm, forming on December 31, 2011, off the coast of New Jersey and dissipating January 7, 2012
See also
Uli (disambiguation) | wiki |
Governor Morrison may refer to:
Cameron A. Morrison (1869–1953), 55th Governor of North Carolina
Frank B. Morrison (1905–2004), 31st Governor of Nebraska
John Morrison, 2nd Viscount Dunrossil (1926–2000), 127th Governor of Bermuda from 1983 to 1988
John T. Morrison (1860–1915), 6th Governor of Idaho | wiki |
Eleazar was son of Pinhas associated with the priests in taking charge of the sacred vessels brought back to Jerusalem after the Babylonian Exile (Ezra 8:33).
Hebrew Bible people | wiki |
The voiced retroflex click is a rare click consonant. There is no symbol for it in the International Phonetic Alphabet. The Beach convention is , and this symbol is used in practical orthography.
Features
Features of the voiced retroflex click:
Occurrence
The voiced retroflex click is only confirmed from a single language, Central !Kung.
Notes
Click consonants
Retroflex consonants
Central consonants
Voiced oral consonants | wiki |
Physical restraint refers to means of purposely limiting or obstructing the freedom of a person's bodily movement.
Basic methods
Usually, binding objects such as handcuffs, legcuffs, ropes, chains, straps or straitjackets are used for this purpose. Alternatively different kinds of arm locks deriving from unarmed combat methods or martial arts are frequently used to restrain a person, which are predominantly used by trained police or correctional officers. This less commonly also extends to joint locks and pinning techniques.
The freedom of movement in terms of locomotion is usually limited, by locking a person into an enclosed space, such as a prison cell and by chaining or binding someone to a heavy or immobile object. This effect can also be achieved by seizing and withholding specific items of clothing, that are normally used for protection against common adversities of the environment. Examples can be protective clothing against temperature, forcing the individual to remain in a sheltered spot. A practice employed in countries including Zimbabwe is to take away a prisoner's shoes, forcing them to remain barefoot. The freedom of movement is practically restricted in many everyday situations without the protection offered by conventional footwear. Controlling the free movement of detainees by keeping them barefoot is therefore common practice in many countries.
British police use
British Police officers are authorised to use leg and arm restraints, if they have been instructed in their use. Guidelines set out by the Association of Chief Police Officers dictate that restraints are only to be used on subjects who are violent while being transported, restraining the use of their arms and legs, minimising the risk of punching and kicking. Pouches carrying restraints are usually carried on the duty belt, and in some cases carried in police vans.
Purpose
Physical restraints are used:
primarily by police and prison authorities to obstruct delinquents and prisoners from escaping or resisting
to enforce corporal punishment (typically a form of flagellation) by impeding motions of the target (usually prisoner), as is still practiced in penal functions of several countries
by specially-trained teachers or teaching assistants to restrain children and teenagers with severe behavioral problems or disorders like autism or Tourette syndrome, to prevent hurting others or themselves
approximately 70% of teachers who work with students with behavioral disabilities use a type of physical restraint (Goldstein & Brooks, 2007)
often used in emergency situations or for de-escalation purposes (Ryan & Peterson, 2004)
many educators believe restraints are used to maintain the safety and order of the classroom and students, while those who oppose their use believe they are dangerous to the physical and mental health of children and may result in death (McAfee, Schwilk & Miltruski, 2006) and (Kutz, 2009).
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act has stated that "Restraints may not be used as an alternative to adequate staff" (McAfee, Schwilk & Miltruski, 2006, p. 713). Also, "restraint may be used only when aggressive behavior interferes with an individual's own ability to benefit from programming or poses physical threat to others" (McAfee, Schwilk & Miltruski, 2006, p. 713).
by escapologists, illusionists and stunt performers
to restrain people who are suffering from involuntary physical spasms, to prevent them from hurting themselves (see medical restraints)
controversially, in psychiatric hospitals
restraints were developed during the 1700s by Philippe Pinel and performed with his assistant, Jean-Baptiste Pussin in hospitals in France
by a kidnapper (stereotypically with rope or duct tape and a gag) or other material
for eroticism
Misuse and risks of physical restraints
Restraining someone against their will is generally a crime in most jurisdictions, unless it is explicitly sanctioned by law. (See false arrest, false imprisonment).
The misuse of physical restraint has resulted in many deaths.
Physical restraint can be dangerous, sometimes in unexpected ways. Examples include:
postural asphyxia
unintended strangulation
death due to choking or vomiting and being unable to clear the airway
death due to inability to escape in the event of fire or other disaster
death due to dehydration or starvation due to the inability to escape
cutting off of blood circulation by restraints
nerve damage by restraints
cutting of blood vessels by struggling against restraints, resulting in death by loss of blood
death by hypothermia or hyperthermia whilst unable to escape
death from deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism due to lack of movement
For these and many other reasons, extreme caution is needed in the use of physical restraint.
Gagging a restrained person is highly risky, as it involves a substantial risk of asphyxia, both from the gag itself, and also from choking or vomiting and being unable to clear the airway. In practice, simple gags do not restrict communication much; however, this means that gags that are effective enough to prevent communication are generally also potentially effective at restricting breathing. Gags that prevent communication may also prevent the communication of distress that might otherwise prevent injury.
Medical restraints
A survey in the US in 1998 reported an estimated 150 restraint related deaths in care environments (Weiss, 1998). Low frequency fatalities occur with some degree of regularity. An investigation of 45 restraint related deaths in US childcare settings showed 28 of these deaths were reported to have occurred in the prone position. In the UK restraint related deaths would appear to be reported less often. The evidence for effective staff training in the use of medical restraints is at best crude, with evaluation of training programmes being the exception rather than the rule. Vast numbers of care staff are trained in 'physical interventions' including physical restraint, although they rarely employ them in practice. It is accepted that staff training in physical interventions can increase carer confidence.
Japan
Japanese law states that psychiatric hospitals may use restraints on patients only if there is a danger that the patients will harm themselves. The law also states that a designated psychiatrist must approve the use of restraints and examine the patient at least every 12 hours to determine whether the situation has changed and the patient should be removed from restraints.
However, in practice, Japanese psychiatric hospitals use restraints fairly often and for long periods. Despite being required to certify every 12 hours whether a patient still needs restraints, Japanese psychiatric hospitals keep patients in restraints for a much longer time than hospitals in other countries. According to a survey conducted on 689 patients in 11 psychiatric hospitals in Japan, the average time spent in physical restraints is 96 days. Meanwhile, the average time in most other developed countries is at most several hours to tens of hours.
The number of people who are physically restrained in Japanese psychiatric hospitals continues to increase. In 2014 more than 10,000 people were restrained-the highest ever recorded, and more than double the number a decade earlier. It is thought that some of that increase includes older patients with dementia. As a result, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare has revised its guidelines for elderly people in nursing homes to have more restrictions against body restraints. The changes will take effect on 1 April 2018.
Deaths have been reported from their use.
United Kingdom
The Millfields Charter is an electronic charter which promotes an end to the teaching to frontline healthcare staff of all prone (face down) restraint holds. In June 2013 the UK government announced that it was considering a ban on the use of face-down restraint in English mental health hospitals.
Face down restraints are used more often on women and girls than on men. 51 out of 58 mental health trusts use restraints unnecessarily when other techniques would work. Organisations opposed to restraints include Mind and Rethink Mental Illness. YoungMinds and Agenda claim restraints are "frightening and humiliating" and "re-traumatises" patients especially women and girls who have previously been victims of physical and/or sexual abuse. The charities sent an open letter to health secretary, Jeremy Hunt showing evidence from 'Agenda, the alliance for women and girls at risk', revealing that patients are routinely restrained in some mental health units while others use non-physical ways to calm patients or stop self-harm. According to the letter over half of women with psychiatric problems have suffered abuse, restraint can cause physical harm, can frighten and humiliate the victim. Restraint, specially face down restraint can re-traumatise patients who previously suffered violence and abuse. "Mental health units are meant to be caring, therapeutic environments, for people feeling at their most vulnerable, not places where physical force is routine".
Government guidelines state that face down restraint should not be used at all and other types of physical restraint are only for last resort. Research by Agenda found one fifth of women and girl patients in mental health units had suffered physical restraint. Some trusts averaged over twelve face down restraints per female patient. Over 6% of women, close to 2,000 were restrained face-down in total more than 4,000 times. The figures vary widely between regions.
Some trusts hardly use restraints, others use them routinely. A woman patient was in several hospitals and units at times for a decade with mental health issues, she said in some units she suffered restraints two or three times daily. Katharine Sacks-Jones director of Agenda, maintains trusts use restraint when alternatives would work. Sacks-Jones maintains women her group speak to repeatedly describe face down restraint as a traumatic experience. On occasions male nurses have used it when a woman did not want her medication. "If you are a woman who has been sexually or physically abused, and mental health problems in women often have close links to violence and abuse, then a safer environment has to be just that: safe and not a re-traumatising experience. (...) Face-down restraint hurts, it is dangerous, and there are some big questions around why it is used more on women than men". The use of restraints in UK psychiatric facilities is increasing.
See also
Badge of shame
Barefoot
Corporal punishment
Detention
Flagellation
Handcuffs
Judicial corporal punishment
Legcuffs
Pain compliance
Pin-down scandal
Prison
Prison uniform
Prisoner
Prisoner abuse
Public humiliation
Restraint chair
Rope
Strap
Strapping (punishment)
References
Sources | wiki |
Vegas Revolution is a 2008 Travel Channel show that goes behind the scenes of Las Vegas attractions. The series includes Vegas Spectacles, Vegas Adrenaline, Vegas Cravings, Vegas Extravagance, and Vegas Retreats. It is produced by Prometheus Entertainment.
References
External links
Travel Channel original programming
Las Vegas Valley
2010s American television series
2008 American television series debuts | wiki |
Winter Break, also released as Snow Job, is a 2003 American comedy-drama film by Marni Banack featuring Milo Ventimiglia and Eddie Kaye Thomas. The film has been described as resembling American Pie, which also features Thomas in a leading role.
References
2003 films
2003 comedy films | wiki |
Eleazar, son of Abinadab or Aminadab, was an inhabitant of Kiriath-Jearim and was "consecrated" or "set apart" to guard the Ark of the Covenant, while it remained in the house of his father Abinadab after its return from Philistine captivity. The Ark remained in Abinadab's house for 20 years (1 Samuel 7:1-2
Books of Samuel people) | wiki |
Katchoo may refer to:
Katina "Katchoo" Choovanski, a character in the comic book Strangers in Paradise
"Katchoo", a 1969 episode of The Brady Bunch
See also
Katchou (1963–2009), Algerian singer | wiki |
The plane of the solar system may refer to:
the plane of the Ecliptic;
the Invariable plane. | wiki |
Saam kap dai (; IPA: ) is a writing style combining Classical Chinese, Cantonese and Standard Chinese. The articles and stories written in saam kap dai first appeared in several Guangzhou newspapers in the 1940s and 1950s, eventually being popularized by its widespread use in Hong Kong newspapers from the late 1940s to the 1960s.
Saam kap dai is notable in how it uses the different systems to help reflect different registers in writing. Sentences with more Classical Chinese vocabulary and grammar give off the impression of more formality and authority, while those in Standard Chinese have a far more neutral and straightforward feel to them, and written Cantonese being far more informal and colloquial, often incorporating a lot of slang.
References
Chinese characters
Cantonese language
Classical Chinese
Writing
Mixed languages | wiki |
Leave Myself Behind is the 2004 debut novel by American writer Bart Yates. The plot centers on a seventeen-year-old gay boy, Noah York, and the process through which he goes as he discovers his sexuality and grows without his father. Critics have compared Leave Myself Behind to J.D. Salinger's Catcher in the Rye. The book was given an Alex Award by the American Library Association.
References
External links
http://www.bartyates.com - The author's website
2004 American novels
Novels by Bart Yates
2004 debut novels | wiki |
Héctor Benítez (November 1, 1918 – June 17, 2011) was a Venezuelan professional baseball player. Listed at 5' 7" (1.73 m), 160 lb. (73 k), he batted and threw left handed.
Born in Caracas, Benítez spent 21 years in Venezuelan baseball, playing in three different leagues as well as for his national team in international tournaments. A solid line-drive hitter and an aggressive base runner, he excelled as a speedy center fielder with a strong arm who gained notoriety for his spectacular diving and shoestring catches.
A Most Valuable Player and Venezuelan Hall of Famer, he was the first ballplayer born in Venezuela to make a Caribbean Series All-Star Team and also became the first to ever hit three home runs in a single game in Venezuelan baseball history.
Redondo, as he was dubbed by teammates and fans alike, made his professional debut in the First Division of Baseball of Venezuela, playing for five teams in eight seasons spanning 1938–1945. He then moved to the Cervecería Caracas club in 1946, to become a founding member of the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League in its inaugural season.
Early career
The 18-year-old Benítez gained international exposure with the Venezuela national baseball team in the 1938 Central American and Caribbean Games held in Panama City, being used as a pitcher and cleanup hitter. But for much of the next decade, he was a valuable addition to the Venezuelan squad during the 1941 and 1945 Baseball World Cup tournaments, where he helped his team to win Gold medal at both championships, usually batting third in the order.
The 1941 BWC featured a nine-team tournament, which was held at the old Tropical Stadium in Havana, Cuba. The representing clubs of Cuba and Venezuela clubs finished tied with an identical record of 7–1, and were forced to play a tie breaking game to determine the championship.
In this one, Daniel Canónico won a pitching duel over Conrado Marrero in front of a crowd of more than 30,000 spectators, as the Venezuelan baseball team captured its first international title with a 3–1 victory over Cuba. A three-run rally in the first inning was enough of a cushion for Canónico, especially being backed by Benítez, who drew a significant walk to put two men on with one out and scored on a two-run RBI-double by Chucho Ramos. The third run came after an error on the outfield. Benítez also collected at least one hit in each of the nine games, scoring six runs with four runs batted in, while leading all hitters with three triples.
But Benítez was much better in the 1945 BWC, when he claimed the batting crown with a mark of .526 (20-for-38), leading also the tournament in hits, runs scored (16) and RBI (16), to earn Most Valuable Player honors. The host Venezuelan team finished undefeated with a perfect 10–0 record, winning its second consecutive gold medal and third overall, largely thanks to the batting of Benítez and the pitching of Luis Zuloaga, who went 4–0, also setting an all-time mark for most consecutive win decisions with his 7–0 undefeated streak at the event.
Venezuela league
In 1946, Benítez posted a .263 average and slugged .394 for the Cerveceria Caracas club of the newly formed Venezuelan League. He collected 26 hits in 99 at-bats, including 20 runs, seven doubles, four triples, four home runs and five stolen bases in 28 games, while ending fourth in RBI (13) behind teammates Chico Carrasquel (25), Dalmiro Finol (24) and Guillermo Vento (21).
He raised his average to .302 in the 1946–47 season, following with a .340 mark and a .509 slugging percentage in 1947–48. This time, Vidal López won the batting title with a .374 average, while Benítez finished sixth behind Luke Easter (.341) and above Roy Campanella (.336). In between, Benítez set a league record with five runs scored in a single game on November 30, 1947, a record which has been matched by only 11 players since then.
But he had to dealt with some injuries in 1948–49, batting .258 (16-for-62) while appearing in just 20 games. Benítez resurfaced in the 1949–50 season, when he hit a solid .316 average (49-for-155) and slugged .458 in 44 games for Cervecería, adding 10 doubles, four homers, 30 runs, and a career-high 25 RBI. Besides, his .316 average was the best of his team and seventh overall in the league.
During the offseason, he played summer baseball for the Lácteos de Pastora of the neighbor Zulian League. This led to one of the most memorable moments of his career, when he belted three home runs on June 20, 1950, to become the first player to hit three home runs in a single game played in Venezuela. That feat would be matched by Navegantes del Magallanes outfielder Bill Taylor, who hit three homers in a game against the Leones del Caracas during the 1953–54 Venezuelan Professional Baseball League season, which also set a record in the league. In addition, Benítez went 5-for-5 in his career game, including two doubles, and later won the regular-season batting title with an astronomical .430 average.
Back to the winter season, Benítez hit .286 and slugged .395 for Cervecería in 1950–51. He also reached 25 RBI for a second consecutive campaign, and set personal records with 41 runs, five home runs and 12 stolen bases, ending second in the league in steals and sixth in runs. At the end of the season he was transferred to the Patriotas de Venezuela.
Caribbean Series
Then, in 1951–52 Benítez led the Patriotas with a .327 average, which was the third highest in the league, being surpassed only by Wilmer Fields (.348) and Luis Camaleón García (.336). He later played as a reinforcement for his former Cervecería team, when it won the league title and advanced to the 1952 Caribbean Series. In Game 2 of the Series, Benítez hit an RBI single in the top of the 11th inning, to give his team a 2–1 victory over the Carta Vieja Yankees of Panama. During the tournament, he made several catches that probably should have gone for extra base hits, including one over the shoulder grab to rob Joe Tuminelli of a hit and keep it a one-run at aforementioned game. Overall, Benítez hit .286 (6-for-21) and posted a .375 on-base percentage in the Series. He then was named center fielder in the All-Star team, alongside teammate right fielder Wilmer Fields and Leones de la Habana left fielder Sandy Amorós.
Late career
After that, Benítez saw limited action because of nagging injuries. He hit .250 (17-for-68) in 22 games with the Patriotas in 1952–53. The next season, he was assigned to the Leones del Caracas and brought his average up to .362 (21-for-58) in 20 games, before joining the Navegantes del Magallanes during the midseason, hitting for them a paltry .208 (5-for-24) in just 24 games.
Late in his career he had to deal with old injuries, being limited to a pinch-hitting role, and eventually played decent defense in the outfield corners. During his second stint with the Patriotas in 1954–55, he collected 17 hits in 68 trips for a .243 average in only 24 games, but contributed successfully in clutch situations with one homer, a double and 12 RBI. He stayed with the franchise when it was renamed the Licoreros de Pampero in the next season. He appeared in 26 games, averaging .200 (9-for-45) with four doubles, one triple, four runs and five RBI.
In 1956–57, the 38-year-old veteran turned in a quality effort during his final season in the league, as he averaged .345 (30-for-87) and slugged .402 in 37 games for Pampero, including two doubles, four runs and 11 RBI, as well as his last home run and last stolen base.
After his playing days, he spent much of his time coaching and scouting for several teams.
Honors
Héctor Benítez, along with his former teammates of the 1941 Baseball World Champion team, received their long overdue recognition when the Venezuelan Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum enshrined the entire team in 2006. He was inducted individually as well in 2008, as part of the VBHFM sixth class.
Benítez died in Caracas in 2011 at the age of 92, after a long battle with cancer. At the time of his death, he was the fourth oldest survivor of the 1941 champion team.
Batting statistics
Some career statistics are incomplete because there are no records available at the time of the request.
Sources
External links
Cronología de las Series del Caribe (1952) (Spanish)
Pura Pelota Venezuelan Professional Baseball League statistics
Venezuelan Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
Falleció leyenda del béisbol Héctor Benítez 'Redondo' (Spanish)
1918 births
2011 deaths
Baseball outfielders
Cervecería Caracas players
Deaths from cancer in Venezuela
Lácteos de Pastora players
Leones del Caracas players
Licoreros de Pampero players
Navegantes del Magallanes players
Patriotas de Venezuela players
Minor league baseball players
Baseball players from Caracas
Venezuelan baseball players | wiki |
YA
YB
YC
YD
YE
YF
YG
YH
YI
YJ
YK
YL
YM
YN
YO
YP
YQ
YR
YS
YT
YU
YV
YW
YX
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Camping World Series can refer to the following NASCAR racing series:
Camping World Truck Series
K&N Pro Series East, formerly the Camping World Series East
K&N Pro Series West, formerly the Camping World Series West | wiki |
Animal control may refer to:
The work of an animal shelter or "pound", a facility that houses or disposes of stray, lost, abandoned or surrendered animals
The work of a US animal control service
Pest control, killing or otherwise controlling the population of species regarded as pests
Animal Control (TV series), a 2023 American TV sitcom on Fox | wiki |
thumb|A Belgian shop with 250 different kinds of beer.
Belgian beer culture includes traditions of craftsmanship for brewing beer and is part of the diet and social life of Belgians. Its cultural value was formally recognised in 2016 when it was added to UNESCO's "Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity" list.
Background
The range of traditional Belgian beer available is due to a variety of brewing processes, methods of fermentation, the use of yeasts and other ingredients, and traditional knowledge passed through families and breweries for centuries. This results in beers of different colours and textures. While Belgium beer production is less than one percent of world beer production, and there are fewer breweries in Belgium than in some states of the US, Belgium has more diversity in beer styles than any beer-producing region.
Many local Belgian beers are brewed in micro-breweries. These operations range from small-scale micro-breweries run by individuals or small amateur clubs that produce less than 10 hectolitres per year to larger commercial operations that produce thousands of hectolitres of beer annually. There are also beer firms that commercialise beer (sometimes with their own recipes) under their own brand, and local brewers who brew for them as Etiket or 'contractors'. There are some large breweries and two global players with Inbev (formerly Interbrew/Stella Artois) and Alken-Maes (Heineken Group). A large quantity of beer is produced in Belgium for export. In 2016, a total of 20,600,000 hL (2.06 million L) was produced which is higher than the 19,811,000 hL produced in 2015. In 2016, a total of 14,100,000 hL (1.41 million L) was exported globally, an increase from the 13,025,000 hL exported in 2015. In contrast to the growth of beer production and export, beer consumption in Belgium has declined. In 2016 beer consumption dropped 3.3% from 7,950,000 hL to 7,700,000 hL. Belgium ranks 15th in consumption of beer per capita in Europe.
Belgians consume a large quantity of beer in a wide variety of brands. There are over 800 varieties of beer brewed in Belgium, and all are in high demand. In 2016, a total of 7,689,148 hL (768.91 million L) of beer was consumed, which is 70-75L of beer per capita.
Beer consumption in Belgium is a social event, both in private and in public. People offer beer to guests in their homes or enjoy beer with friends at a pub or restaurant. Most everyday activities either start or end with a beer. Although the number of pubs in Belgium has been declining over the last few decades, every village has at least one local café. In the early 20th century, Belgium had over 3,000 breweries and more than 200,000 cafés—a café for every five houses. The number of cafés, bistros, taverns, and café-restaurants has since declined; at the end of 2005, Belgium (10 mi inhabitants, 30,000km2) counted 19,300 establishments that were listed as cafés (down from 25,500 in 1998). According to a 2016 sector survey, Belgium has 57,500 hotel, restaurant, and café enterprises, with over 80,000 outlets; about 37,500 of these are categorised as restaurants.
Belgian beer culture is most visible in the diversity of beer offered in every pub. A typical beer menu offers at least half a dozen draught beers and two dozen bottled beers of different types. Some degustation cafés will offer over 100 different beers and more than a dozen draught beers. Degustation cafés also offer tastings for parties of four or more. A party of four can order four beers and get 16 glasses to share, so each member can taste 1/4 of each beer. In addition, Belgium has specific beer supermarkets offering a wide variety of beer from multiple producers. Many restaurants offer beer on their menu cards or operate as cafe and restaurants.
The market share of specialty beers in the Belgian market rose in the period between 1990 and 2013 from 10% to 30%. The number of beer varieties has increased from 750 to over 1,600.
Intangible Cultural Heritage
Flemish Minister Joke Schauvliege added Belgian beer culture to the Flemish Heritage Inventory.
On 30 November 2016, it was announced that Belgian beer culture had been added to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.
Beer culture
Brewing and tradition
Beer is a part of everyday life in Belgium. Until the 1960s, children eating lunch at school could choose from tea, coffee, or beer (the so-called "table beer", blond or sour-brown, which is very low in alcohol). In the 1980s at university restaurants, drink choices were still water and table beer; soft drinks were introduced in the mid-1970s. Most weeks there is a beer festival somewhere in the country, attracting thousands of visitors. Some festivals have an international reputation, whereas others simply celebrate a local village beer.
Besides omnipresent beer, cafés, breweries, and brewing fanatics, there are also several beer museums to be found across the country. Each showcases a different aspect of Belgian beer culture, and each one takes its own unique approach. While some focus on hops and others on transport or history, all of the beer museums in Belgium share one thing in common—they are run by true beer-lovers committed to their passion for Belgian beer. Beer culture is a prominent part of Belgium's history and its folklore. Belgians' love for beer has left a mark in their history books and has created legends that live on today. One legend says that St. Gambrinus, the 'saint of beer', who is said to have introduced hops, is buried in Brussels only meters away from the Brewers House on the Grand Place.
St. Gambrinus or Arnold of Soissons
The legend of St. Gambrinus seems to go back to John I, Duke of Brabant (c. 1252–1294), John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy (1371–1419) and was written down from the oral tradition by Bavarian historiographer Johannes Aventinus. John I's dukedom, the Duchy of Brabant, was a wealthy beer-producing area. The brewers' guild in Brussels made the Duke an honorary member and hung his portrait in their meeting hall. In his 1874 monograph on Gambrinus, Victor Coremans reported that references to Brabant and Flanders in the Gambrinus legends seemed recent, but a similarity between the likeness of John I on his tomb and the faces in some illustrations was remarkable. Moreover, the Saint's name seems to have a hypothetical connection: John I was sometimes known as Jan Primus, and Gambrinus might be a corruption of the duke's name.
The real patron saint of hop-pickers and brewers is Arnold Bishop of Soisson (ca 1040–1087), the founder of the Abbey of St. Peter in Oudenburg. In Oudenburg, the friars brewed beer, a vital product in medieval life. Arnold allegedly encouraged the local peasants to drink beer, instead of water, due to its 'gift of health'. During one outbreak of illness, which caused many deaths among the population, Arnold advised the local people to avoid consuming water in favour of beer, which saved many lives.
History
These legends demonstrate that brewing in this part of the world goes back a very long time; traces have been found before the pre-Roman era in locations connected to the Celts. The history of beer in the nation of the Belgae is well documented from the Gallo-Roman era (3rd-4th century AD) when brewing was very much a women's craft. Traces of domestic brewing activity have been found in the remains of Roman villas in Ronchinne, Anthée, and Mette. In the Middle Ages, Gruut or Gruit was a fundamental part of the brewing process. This is reflected in family names like Gruuthuse, of the Gruuthusemuseum in Bruges.
In abbeys, the quality of beer was improved by adding hops. Hops were gradually used more often as brewers discovered they prevented the beer from souring. The German abbess Hildegard von Bingen provided a detailed description of the workings of hops in the 12th century. Others took different brewing paths. In the Pajottenland region, beers were brewed using wild yeasts and a spontaneous fermentation process, a process particular to the valley of the Zenne, which resulted in Lambic type beers.
As in the rest of Europe, beer was seen as a healthy alternative to water. It is estimated daily beer consumption in medieval Europe reached as much as 1.5L per capita.
During the reign of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor—and later under Napoleon—most abbeys and nunneries were abolished, and the brewing cauldrons disappeared. Now one can only find authentic brewing monks within the Trappist orders, of which six are found in Belgium. In contrast to abbey beers, Trappist beers are only brewed within the walls of the abbey.
See also
Beer in Belgium
List of Belgian beers
References
External links
Belgische-bieren.be
BelgischeBieren.eu
Bierkonvent.be
Website van Belgische familiale brouwerijen
Belgian culture
Beer in Belgium | wiki |
Oenothera perennis is a species of flowering plant in the family Onagraceae and is native to the eastern United States and Canada. Its common names include little evening primrose, small sundrops, and small evening primrose. Its native habitats include shaly slopes, moist or dry fields, pastures and roadsides. Oenothera perennis is a perennial herb. It has yellow flowers that open during the day and close at night. Each flower has four petals that are notched at the tip with veins radiating from the base.
References
perennis
Night-blooming plants
Flora of the United States
Flora of Canada
Plants described in 1759
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus | wiki |
Independent invention may refer to:
Independent inventor, a person who creates inventions independently, rather than for an employer
Multiple discovery, the hypothesis that most scientific discoveries and inventions are made independently and more or less simultaneously by multiple scientists and inventors | wiki |
Below is a list of talk show hosts, sorted alphabetically by their surnames.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z
See also
List of game show hosts
References
Talk show hosts | wiki |
Bowles v. Russell, 551 U.S. 205 (2007), is a Supreme Court of the United States case in which the Court determined that the federal courts of appeals lack jurisdiction to hear habeas appeals that are filed late, even if the district court said the petitioner had additional time to file.
Early history of the parties
In 1999, Keith Bowles was convicted in the murder of Ollie Gipson. Bowles requested to file an appeal under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(6), which allows a district court to grant a 14-day extension under certain conditions. The District Court granted Bowles' motion but inexplicably gave him 17 days to file his notice of appeal. He filed within the 17 days allowed by the District Court, but after the 14-day period allowed by Rule 4(a)(6) and §2107(c). In an opinion written by Chief Judge Danny Julian Boggs, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals held that the notice was untimely and that they therefore lacked jurisdiction to hear the case.
Supreme Court decision
In this case, a District Court purported to extend a party's time for filing an appeal beyond the period allowed by statute. We must decide whether the Court of Appeals had jurisdiction to entertain an appeal filed after the statutory period but within the period allowed by the District Court's order. We have long and repeatedly held that the time limits for filing a notice of appeal are jurisdictional in nature. Accordingly, we hold that petitioner's untimely notice—even though filed in reliance upon a District Court's order—deprived the Court of Appeals jurisdiction.
The dissenting opinion stated "It is intolerable for the judicial system to treat people this way, and there is not even a technical justification for condoning this bait and switch."
Impact of the case
The Court ruled that an appellate court may sua sponte (on its own motion) dismiss an appeal which has not been filed within the time limitations authorized by statute, even if the district court told the appellant that he had additional time and the appellant relied on the court's guidance. Rule 4(a)(6) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure was interpreted that time is of the essence. Additional time granted by the district court judge is not permitted if beyond the stated rules. The ruling may be seen as the Court's attempt to limit the powers of the judicial branch, especially in regard to appeals from criminal convictions.
See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 551
Caterpillar Inc. v. Lewis (1996)
List of United States Supreme Court cases
References
Further reading
External links
Full text of Sixth Circuit Opinion (PDF)
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Constitution Article Three case law
United States judiciary case law
2007 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court | wiki |
Symphyllia is the generic name of two groups of organisms. It can refer to:
Symphyllia, a synonym for a genus of corals, Lobophyllia
Symphyllia (plant), a genus of plants in the family Euphorbiaceae | wiki |
Sonic Visualiser is an application for viewing and analysing the contents of music audio files. It is free software distributed under the GPL-2.0-or-later that people use to visualise, analyse, and annotate sound files. The program is useful in musical as well as scientific work, and is notable for its ability to use highly specialised third-party plugins in the vamp plugin format. It was developed at the Queen Mary University of London's Centre for Digital Music and is compatible with Linux, OS X, and Windows operating systems.
See also
Comparison of free software for audio
List of information graphics software
Baudline
Praat
References
External links
Changelog / Release Notes
Community and Developer Resources
Documentation for version 3.1.1
Screenshots
Videos
Acoustics software
Audio software
Audio software for Linux
Linux media players
Numerical software
Science software for Linux
Science software for macOS
Science software for Windows
Time–frequency analysis
Unix software | wiki |
Governor Wood may refer to:
Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax (1881–1959), Governor-General of India from 1926 to 1931
George Tyler Wood (1795–1858), 2nd Governor of Texas
James Wood (governor) (1741–1813), 11th Governor of Virginia
John Wood (governor) (1798–1880), 12th Governor of Illinois
Leonard Wood (1860–1927), Governor-General of Cuba from 1899 to 1902 and Governor-General of the Philippines from 1921 to 1927
Reuben Wood (1793–1864), 21st Governor of Ohio
Roger Wood (governor) (died 1654), Governor of Bermuda from 1629 to 1637
See also
George Lemuel Woods (1832–1890), 3rd Governor of Oregon | wiki |
Valenzuela Medical Center, formerly known as the Valenzuela General Hospital, is a government healthcare centre and hospital in Karuhatan, Valenzuela, Metro Manila, Philippines. The hospital is administered by the National Government through the Department of Health.
References
External links
Official website of Valenzuela City
Hospitals in Metro Manila
Buildings and structures in Valenzuela, Metro Manila | wiki |
Text may refer to:
Written word
Text (literary theory), any object that can be read, including:
Religious text, a writing that a religious tradition considers to be sacred
Text, a verse or passage from scripture used in expository preaching
Textbook, a book of instruction in any branch of study
Computing and telecommunications
Plain text, unformatted text
Text file, a type of computer file opened by most text software
Text string, a sequence of characters manipulated by software
Text message, a short electronic message designed for communication between mobile phone users
Text (Chrome app), a text editor for the Google Chrome web browser
Arts and media
TEXT, a Swedish band
Text & Talk (formerly Text), an academic journal
"Text", a 2010 song produced by J.R. Rotem, featuring Mann and Jason Derulo
TxT (film), a 2006 Filipino horror film
Text (film), a 2019 Russian film
Text (2008 film) (film), a 2008 American horror film
See also | wiki |
Sisters Uncut is a British feminist direct action group that is opposed to cuts to UK government services for domestic violence victims. It was founded in November 2014, and came to international prominence in October 2015 for a protest on the red carpet at the London premiere of the film Suffragette. The group identify as revolutionary feminists and police and prison abolitionists, and is open to women (including trans and intersex women), nonbinary, agender and gender variant people. The group aims to organise non-hierarchically and uses consensus decision-making. Sisters Uncut originated in London but has regional groups throughout the UK including Manchester and Leeds.
Background and founding
Under the UK Coalition government of 2010-2015, funding for domestic violence services was cut dramatically, leading to concern from groups such as the Women's Aid Federation of England that the cuts could leave victims of abuse with no ability to escape their abusers. Sisters Uncut was founded in November 2014 in response to these concerns. The group was founded by women from the anti-austerity direct action group UK Uncut, and its name is a reference to that group.
Positions
Sisters Uncut is a feminist organisation, and it engages in direct action to attain its goals. They have been described as "an anti-abuse campaign group". The organisation opposes putting undercover police in bars and clubs.
Sisters Uncut takes the position that the criminalisation of prostitution puts sex workers in more danger. They also oppose the Nordic model in which only buyers of sex are prosecuted, believing that it reduces customers and income to sex workers.
Shon Faye describes Sisters Uncut as a "feminist organisation fighting for better provision for women in domestic violence".
Activism
The group has become known for high-profile direct action which highlights and challenges UK government policy that affects survivors of domestic and sexual violence. Protests by the group have included:
A demonstration at the London Councils building on 4 May 2015 which included occupying the roof of the building to highlight the role of local councils in making cuts to domestic violence services.
A protest outside the Daily Mail headquarters in Kensington in August 2015; the group burned copies of the newspaper in the street to protest what they described as"anti-migrant propaganda". The paper had called for British troops to be sent to Calais refugee camps to stop migrants reaching the UK.
Protests outside Yarl's Wood Immigration Removal Centre to demand an end to immigration detention and an end to abuse of migrant women that takes place inside of them.
A high-profile protest at the 7 October 2015 London premiere of the 2015 film Suffragette against cuts to domestic violence services. Their tagline was "Dead women can't vote". The film's star Helena Bonham-Carter described the protest as "perfect.. If you feel strongly enough about something and there's an injustice there you can speak out and try to get something changed". Carey Mulligan, another actress who performed in the film, said that the protest was "awesome" and that she was sad she had missed it.
Dying the fountains in Trafalgar Square red to symbolism the blood of women who are murdered at the hands of abusive partners, in an action timed to coincident with the 2015 Autumn Budget.
Protests against cuts to local domestic violence services, including a protest in a Portsmouth Council meeting where the group disrupted the meeting by releasing 4,745 pieces of confetti to symbolise the number of recorded instances of domestic violence in Portsmouth in 2014. This was to protest a planned £180,000 of cuts to domestic violence services by the council. This protest led to one arrest.
Taking over an empty council home in Hackney, East London from July - September 2016 to highlight the urgent need for safe and secure housing for victims of domestic violence.
Blocking bridges in Bristol, London, Glasgow and Liverpool to coincide with the 2016 Autumn Statement. The group argued that by cutting services, the government were "blocking bridges to safety" for domestic violence victims.
In May 2017, taking over a building on the former site of Holloway Prison, demanding that the land be used for a women's centre and social housing.
A protest on the red carpet at the British Academy Film and Television Arts Awards in February 2018 against the government's planned Domestic Violence and Abuse Bill, which they argued would actually harm victims by increasing criminal justice powers rather than funding support services.
The delivery of 30,000 pieces of paper which blocked the doors to the Crown Prosecution Service in Westminster, highlighting the CPS policy of frequently demanding that the police download the data from the mobile phones of sexual violence victims, a process which focuses on the investigation of victims instead of their abusers. The offices were subsequently evacuated. The action coincided with Max Hill QC's first day in post as the head of the CPS in November 2018.
Ad-Hacking London Tube posters replacing adverts with poems from women & non-binary people who have been silenced by the state. The poems share real stories of how government cuts and ‘hostile environment’ policies have left victims locked up in prison, locked out of refuges, and locked in violent relationships.
Following the death of Sarah Everard in March 2021, Sisters Uncut helped organise a number of vigils and protests, both to mourn the death and to protest against violence against women, specifically by the police force.
The group opposes the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Bill.
The group was central to the early organising within the Kill the Bill movement.
In the later months of 2021, Sisters Uncut announced the launch of the national CopWatch Network: an abolitionist network of police intervention groups.
In March 2022, to mark the one year anniversary of the Clapham Common Vigil, Sisters Uncut set off 1000 rape alarms outside Charing Cross police station in protest of police violence against women. They demanded the public withdraw consent from British policing.
See also
Anti-austerity protests
UK Uncut
References
External links
Sisters Uncut homepage
Sisters Uncut Facebook page
Internet-based activism
2015 protests
Nonviolent occupation
Nonviolent resistance movements
Protests in the United Kingdom
Child abuse-related organizations
Domestic violence-related organizations
Feminist organisations in England
Family and parenting issues groups in the United Kingdom
Political advocacy groups in the United Kingdom
Civil disobedience
Direct action
Working-class feminism
Sex workers' rights
Sex-positive feminism
Organizations established in 2014
2014 establishments in the United Kingdom | wiki |
Eastern Maine Community College (EMCC) is a public community college in Bangor, Maine. It offers over 30 one- and two-year degree programs. The college offers technical, liberal arts, and career programs at the undergraduate level.
History
Eastern Maine was established in 1966 by act of the Maine Legislature, as Eastern Maine Vocational Technical Institute (EMVTI). In 1989, the name was changed to Eastern Maine Technical College (EMTC), and changed again in 2003 from "Technical" to "Community". Located in the center of Bangor, Maine its72-acre campus is next to Interstate 95, a short distance from Eastern Maine Medical Center.
References
External links
Official website
Universities and colleges in Penobscot County, Maine
Education in Bangor, Maine
Community colleges in Maine
Educational institutions established in 1966
USCAA member institutions
1966 establishments in Maine | wiki |
I Mundialito de Seniors (also known as I Copa Pelé) was the first World Cup of Masters. This was an unsanctioned tournament, and players were not recognised with international caps. It was held in January 1987 in Brazil. There were five countries that originally entered – Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, West Germany and Italy.
The tournament pitted all teams against each other in a League, with the top two teams then playing each other in the final. Argentina won the event, beating Brazil 1-0 in the final in São Paulo. The final between Argentina and Brazil drew 50,000 fans reviving moments of glory for the bitter rivals.
Venues
Three cities hosted the tournament:
Squads
For the list of the squads, see 1987 Copa Pelé squads.
Results
Group table
Final
Match details
Goal scorers
2 goals
Rivelino
Oscar Más
Darío Felman
Champion
References
World Cup of Masters events
1987
1987 in Brazilian football
1987 in Uruguayan football
1986–87 in Argentine football
1986–87 in German football
1986–87 in Italian football | wiki |
The Thirst is a 2007 American horror film directed by Jeremy Kasten.
Plot
Recovering drug addicts Maxx (Matt Keeslar) and Lisa (Clare Kramer) are persuaded by vampire clan leader Darius (Jeremy Sisto) to give up their humanity and join him as vampires. They do so, but then give up the vampire's blood addiction – the Thirst. After enduring the withdrawal symptoms, the couple turns against the band of vampires who made them.
Cast
Matt Keeslar as Maxx
Clare Kramer as Lisa
Jeremy Sisto as Darius
Serena Scott Thomas as Mariel
Neil Jackson as Duke of Earl
Adam Baldwin as Lenny
Kylah Kim as Sister #1
Ave Rose Rodil as Sister #2
Alicia Morton as Sara
Charlotte Ayanna as Macey
Erik Palladino as Jason
Blythe Metz as Sasha
Michael Mantell as Doctor
Dawn Weld as Kiki
Ellie Cornell as Nurse Linda
Tom Lenk as Kronos
See also
Vampire film
External links
2006 horror films
American vampire films
2006 films
Films scored by Joe Kraemer
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Jeremy Kasten
2000s American films | wiki |
Cool Water may refer to:
Music
"Cool Water" (song), a song by Bob Nolan
Cool Water (album), an album by Caravan
"Cool Water", the album's title track
"Cool, Cool Water", a song by the Beach Boys
"Cool Water", a song by Talking Heads from the album Naked
Other
Cool Water (perfume), a perfume brand
See also
Carbonated water | wiki |
The Gang of Four was a political faction of four Chinese Communist Party officials, prominent during the Cultural Revolution 1966–1976.
Gang of Four may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Gang of Four (band), an English post-punk band
Gang of Four (board game), by Days of Wonder
Gang of Four, 2004 novel by Liz Byrski
Gang of Four (film), a 1989 French film
Political groups
Gang of Four (Afghanistan): Aslam Watanjar, Sayed Muhammad Gulabzoy, Sherjan Mazdoryar, Asadullah Sarwar
Gang of Four (Australian Labor Party): Kevin Rudd, Julia Gillard, Wayne Swan, Lindsay Tanner
Gang of Four (Australian Democrats): Lyn Allison, John Cherry, Andrew Murray, Aden Ridgeway
Gang of Four (Harlem), U.S.: David Dinkins, Basil Paterson, Charles Rangel, Percy Sutton
Gang of Four (Pakistan): two different uses to describe four generals
Gang of Four (Papua New Guinea): Mekere Morauta, Charles Lepani, Rabbie Namaliu and Anthony Siaguru
Gang of Four (pro-Contra) in the U.S.: Bernard W. Aronson, Bruce P. Cameron, Robert S. Leiken, Penn Kemble
Gang of Four (SDP), UK: four politicians who founded the Social Democratic Party
Gang of Four (Seattle), U.S.: Bernie Whitebear, Bob Santos, Roberto Maestas, Larry Gossett
Gang of Four in Colorado, U.S., or the Four Horsemen: Pat Stryker, Jared Polis, Tim Gill, Rutt Bridges
Other groups
Big Four tech companies, or Gang of Four: Alphabet, Amazon, Apple and Meta
Gang of Four (software), authors of computing book Design Patterns
Gang of Four (Cisco, DEC, StrataCom and Nortel) who set a standard for a Local Management Interface in networking
Gang of Four paper by Kreps, Milgrom, Roberts and Wilson, about game theory and reputation formation
See also
Big Four (disambiguation)
Four Asian Tigers: the economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan
Four group (disambiguation)
Gang of 14, a bipartisan group of U.S. Senators in the 109th Congress | wiki |
100, nombre entier.
Cent, unité de mesure des intervalles musicaux.
Cent, subdivision de plusieurs monnaies dont l'euro et le dollar.
Centime d'euro.
Cent, une pièce de monnaie canadienne.
Cents, quartier de Luxembourg-ville.
C est le nombre 100 dans la numération romaine. | wiki |
The is a Japanese international school located in Tehran, Iran, attached to the Japanese Embassy. It used to be located in another area of Tehran.
It serves primary school through junior high school.
It opened on June 8, 1968 (Shōwa 43).
References
Further reading
前田 雅彦 (前テヘラン日本人学校校長 愛知県北名古屋市立師勝東小学校 校長). "テヘラン日本人学校の学校運営" (Archive). - Tokyo Gakugei University
External links
Japanese School in Tehran
Japanese School in Tehran (Archive)
Japanese School in Tehran (Archive)
"Japanese School in Tehran awarded a "School Prize" in JICA Essay Contest." (Archive) Japan International Cooperation Agency. February 13, 2013.
International schools in Tehran
Iran–Japan relations
Tehran
1968 establishments in Iran
Educational institutions established in 1968 | wiki |
Syndyophyllum is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae, first described as a genus in 1900. It is native to Sumatra, Borneo, and New Guinea.
Species
Syndyophyllum excelsum K.Schum. & Lauterb. - New Guinea
Syndyophyllum occidentale (Airy Shaw) Welzen - Sumatra, Borneo
Formerly included
Syndyophyllum trinervium K.Schum. & Lauterb., synonym of Mallotus trinervius (K.Schum. & Lauterb.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
References
Euphorbiaceae genera
Acalyphoideae | wiki |
The Ramrods may refer to:
The Ramrods (instrumental group) from Connecticut in the late 1950s and 1960s who had a hit with "(Ghost) Riders in the Sky"
The Ramrods (punk band) from Detroit in the late 1970s | wiki |
Epilepsy is a disorder in which nerve cell activity in the brain is disturbed, causing seizures. During a seizure, a person experiences abnormal behavior, symptoms, and sensations, sometimes including loss of consciousness. There are few symptoms between seizures. A seizure is a single occurrence, whereas epilepsy is a neurological condition characterized by two or more unprovoked seizures (Johns Hopkins Medicine). Epilepsy is the most common childhood brain disorder in the United States. Nearly 3 million people have been diagnosed with this disease, while 450,000 of them are under the age of 17. Two thirds of the child population will overcome the side effects, including seizures, through treatment during adolescence. Some treatments include surgery, medication and therapy, surgery however is only done if the child has drug resistant epilepsy (Rekha Dwivedi, Ph.D. et al.).
A doctor will most often diagnose a child with epilepsy, also known as seizure disorder, if the child has one or more seizures, if the doctor thinks they could have another one, and if their seizures aren't caused by another medical condition.
Some forms of epilepsy end after childhood. There are four main types of epilepsy: focal, generalized, combination focal and generalized, and unknown. A doctor generally diagnoses someone with epilepsy if they have had two or more unprovoked seizures (Medical News Today). Approximately 70% of children who have epilepsy during their childhood outgrow it. There are also some seizures, such as febrile seizures, that are one-time occurrences during childhood, and do not result in permanent epilepsy.
Pediatric epilepsy may cause changes in the development of the brain. Even when seizures are well controlled, epilepsy may present a host of other issues that can impact a child's development and ability to function normally. Cognitive impairments that affect language, memory, attention, and other abilities critical to normal development are common among people with epilepsy (Mass General).
Presentation
Diagnosis
In 2014 the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Task Force proposed the operational (practical) clinical definition of epilepsy, intended as a disease of the brain defined by any of the following conditions:
At least two unprovoked (or reflex) seizures occurring >24 h apart.
One unprovoked (or reflex) seizure and a probability of further seizures similar to the general recurrence risk (at least 60%) after two unprovoked seizures, occurring over the next 10 years.
Diagnosis of an epilepsy syndrome.
It is important that as soon as someone is diagnosed with SE, they immediately get medical treatment which is primarily medication.The main test to diagnosis is an Electroencephalogram (EEG), this test is usually performed when the patient is sleep deprived. In this test, electrodes are attached to your scalp with a paste-like substance or cap. The electrodes record the electrical activity of your brain, the results are then read by a Doctor. Accurate diagnosis of your seizure type and where seizures begin is so important because it gives you the best chance for finding an effective treatment (Mayo clinic). diagnosis of Epilepsy and a Seizure disorder can eventually be considered resolved if the subject has not experienced a seizure in over 10 years and has also not been on anti-seizure medication for five years.
The most common causes of SE in children are fever and infections of the CNS, or Central Nervous System. Other causes can be genetic and metabolic disorders, abnormalities of the CNS, ingestion of toxic elements, and Hyponatremia.
Education
Epilepsy can affect the education of children, which can cause difficulty to learning resulting in lower grades. While many children are capable of functioning in a normal classroom environment, many end up in special education programs to ensure they are getting the educational support they need. Children with epilepsy may be absent from school due to their diagnosis.
There are two main types of seizures Tonic-clonic seizures and absence seizures.
Tonic-clonic seizures can have a serious impact on education due to the memory loss they cause, and the time needed to recover following the seizure-causing there to be missed time in school.
Absence seizures can have a high negative impact on a child's education. As they are less obvious than tonic-clonic seizures, they can occur many times within a single day, thereby resulting in the child's ability to learn being impaired, and leading to low grades. Often, these educational deficits lead to the investigation of neurological conditions and result in the diagnosis of this seizure subtype. Children may appear to be 'zoning out' or day-dreaming during classes when in actuality they are experiencing uncontrolled absent seizures. Once treatment begins, these children often exhibit improved attention and their grades improve (Johns Hopkins).
When seizures are controlled by medication, many anticonvulsants have side effects that include drowsiness, thereby also impacting a child's education (Johns Hopkins).
The high school graduation rate[where?] has been reported at 64%, compared with an overall national average of 82%.
Social
It is very difficult for a child to struggle through the constraints of epilepsy. They cannot live the same carefree life that they may watch their friends living, but that does not mean their quality of life is any less. The diagnosis of SE is not a fatal or life-ending one, especially for a child. A child with Epilepsy must be much more wary of their surroundings at all time as well as being in communication with their own physical well-being. The social stigma of epilepsy may stand in the way, as the child is more prone to bullying. But as the child learns to manage the diagnosis, it may become a more conventionally normal life for them.
Many children with epilepsy are overprotected by their parents, who put restrictions on them in the name of safety, requiring more adult supervision than other children, and not allowing them to participate in certain activities normal to the age group, such as sports. It is a subject of debate if a child with controlled seizures needs additional protection or restrictions, or if the benefits outweigh the losses a child would face.
Language
In cases of chronic pediatric epilepsy there is often an association with reduced language skills. The classically understood language areas of the brain are Broca's area and Wernicke's area. Realistically, language is significantly more complex and involves several cortical areas beyond these regions.
Language deficits may present with a wide variety of symptoms ranging from odd patterns of speech to complete aphasia of speech. Unfortunately there is not a significant amount of data that parses out how an epileptic firing patterns will cause a resulting language deficit. The correlation of epileptic activity and language deficit is undeniably present, but the mechanisms involved have yet to be unraveled.
In the developing brain, epilepsy may cause the language areas to be structurally altered leading to developmental difficulties. In turn, a child may have trouble acquiring communication skills at a normal rate. This delay may in some children be resolved by compensatory mechanisms or alleviated by medication and therapy, but in some children with persistent epilepsy, the delay may remain or worsen as they age.
In the case of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), studies have shown that there is structural compromise to the fiber tracts associated with memory and language, providing some explanation for the impairments in patients with epilepsy.
Language abilities in pediatric epilepsy cases are evaluated using electrical cortical stimulation (ECS) language mapping, electrocorticography (ECoG), fMRI, Wada testing, and magnetoencephalography (MEG).
fMRI has been shown to offer a promising strategy for defining language activation patterns as well as laterization patterns.
It is important to identify language regions involved in epilepsy, particularly temporal lobe epilepsy, before surgical resection in order to reduce the risk of postoperative language deficits. Currently, ECS mapping is the standard of care in localization of areas involved in focal seizure onset and pre surgical planning.
Many pediatric and adult epilepsy patients develop atypical language lateralization due to the reorganization of connections in the epileptic brain. There have been documented cases of interhemispheric and intrahemispheric reorganization of language areas. Several factors may be involved in the extent to which reorganization occurs.
"Table 1: Variables Associated With Interhemispheric and Intrahemispheric Reorganization Found in fMRI and ECS Studies."
The effects of epilepsy on language may be impacted by location of epileptiform activity, severity and duration of electrical discharges, age of onset, treatment method, and surgical resection areas.
In some cases, language impairment may be the first indicator of epileptiform activity in the brain of children. A study done at the University of Gothenburg showed that language impairments were more common in children with epileptic brain activity than children without.
They then investigated whether the epileptic activity was the cause of the language deficit or whether there were other factors involved. They found the greatest impairments in language in the children with misfiring on the left side of the brain, the side that controls linguistic abilities. This likely indicates that epileptic activity leads to language difficulties and suggests that in children with language impairments of unknown etiology, evaluations for epilepsy should be considered.
Causes and symptoms
The causes of epilepsy in childhood vary. In about of cases, it is unknown.
Unknown 67.6%
Congenital 20%
Trauma 4.7%
Infection 4%
Stroke 1.5%
Tumor 1.5%
Degenerative .7%
Some of the known causes include: an imbalance of nerve-signaling brain chemicals (neurotransmitters), brain tumors, stroke, brain damage from illness or injury. However, a seizure may be caused by a combination of these. In most cases, the cause of a seizure can not be found (Hopkins medicine).
There are many different symptoms to look for in epilepsy in children.
Your child's symptoms depend on the type of seizure. General symptoms or warning signs of a seizure can include:
Staring
Jerking movements of the arms and legs
Stiffening of the body
Loss of consciousness
Breathing problems or stopping breathing
Loss of bowel or bladder control
Falling suddenly for no apparent reason, especially when associated with loss of consciousness
Not responding to noise or words for brief periods
Appearing confused or in a haze
Nodding head rhythmically, when associated with loss of awareness or consciousness
Periods of rapid eye blinking and staring
During the seizure, your child's lips may become tinted blue and his or her breathing may not be normal. After the seizure, your child may be sleepy or confused. It is important to note if you child returns to baseline or not after the seizure occurs.
The symptoms of a seizure may be like those of other health conditions. Make sure your child sees his or her healthcare provider for a diagnosis(Hopkins Medicine).
The symptoms can also vary depending on the type of seizures that one has. Focal seizures, which are seizures that start on one side of the brain but can spread across the brain, and could potentially cause numbness, tingling, or a feeling that something is crawling on your skin. Generalized seizures are seizures that occur when the abnormal electrical activity causing a seizure begins in both halves of the brain at the same time, this could lead to loss of consciousness, shaking, stiffening, and spasms.
Treatment
Most children who develop epilepsy are treated conventionally with anticonvulsants. In about 70% of cases of childhood epilepsy, medication can completely control seizures. Unfortunately, medications come with an extensive list of side effects that range from mild discomfort to major cognitive impairment. Usually, the adverse cognitive effects are ablated following dose reduction or cessation of the drug.
Medicating a child is not always easy. Many pills are made only to be swallowed, which can be difficult for a child. For some medications, chewable versions do exist.
The goal of treatment is to control, stop, or reduce how often seizures occur. Treatment is most often done with medicine. Many types of medicines used to treat seizures and epilepsy. Your child's healthcare provider will need to identify the type of seizure your child is having. Medicines are selected based on the type of seizure, age of the child, side effects, cost, and ease of use. Medicines used at home are usually taken by mouth as capsules, tablets, sprinkles, or syrup. Some medicines can be given into the rectum or in the nose. If your child is in the hospital with seizures, medicine may be given by injection or intravenously by vein (IV) (Hopkins Medicine). Medications such as: stimulants, antidepressants, and antipsychotics have shown to lower seizure threshold and can increase neuro stability. Three-fourths of children that take medication see improvement and controlled seizures after 2-3 years of taking that medication.
It is important to give your child medicine on time and as prescribed. The dose may need to be adjusted for the best seizure control. All medicines can have side effects. Talk with your child's healthcare provider about possible side effects. If your child has side effects, talk to the healthcare provider. Do not stop giving medicine to your child. This can cause more or worse seizures (Hopkins Medicine).
Although there are many medications to help prevent seizures, there are still more than 30% of the 70 million people that have drug resistant seizures throughout their life. There are 20% of children that have shown to be pharmacoresistance to trials of multiple antiepileptic drugs. This could be caused by inadequate or incorrect doses of medicine
While your child is taking medicine, he or she may need tests to see how well the medicine is working. You may have:
Blood tests. Your child may need blood tests often to check the level of medicine in his or her body. Based on this level, the healthcare provider may change the dose of medicine. Your child may also have blood tests to check the effects of the medicine on his or her other organs.
Urine tests. Your child's urine may be tested to see how his or her body is reacting to the medicine.
Electroencephalogram (EEG). An EEG is a procedure that records the brain's electrical activity. This is done by attaching electrodes to the scalp. This test is done to see how medicine is helping the electrical problems in your child's brain.
Your child may not need medicine for life. Some children are taken off medicine if they have had no seizures for 1 to 2 years. This will be determined by your child's healthcare provider (Hopkins Medicine).
The ketogenic diet is used to treat children who have not responded successfully to other treatments. This diet is low in carbohydrates, adequate in protein and high in fat. It has proven successful in two thirds of epilepsy cases.
A ketogenic diet is a type of diet is very high in fat, and very low in carbohydrates. Enough protein is included to help promote growth. The diet causes the body to make ketones. These are chemicals made from the breakdown of body fat. The brain and heart work normally with ketones as an energy source. This special diet must be strictly followed. Too many carbohydrates can stop ketosis. Researchers aren't sure why the diet works. But some children become seizure-free when put on the diet. The diet doesn't work for every child (Hopkins Medicine).
Vagus Nerve stimulation (VNS)
This treatment sends small pulses of energy to the brain from one of the vagus nerves. This is a pair of large nerves in the neck. If your child is age 12 or older and has partial seizures that are not controlled well with medicine, VNS may be an option. VNS is done by surgically placing a small battery into the chest wall. Small wires are then attached to the battery and placed under the skin and around one of the vagus nerves. The battery is then programmed to send energy impulses every few minutes to the brain. When your child feels a seizure coming on, he or she may activate the impulses by holding a small magnet over the battery. In many cases, this will help to stop the seizure. VNS can have side effects such as hoarse voice, pain in the throat, or change in voice (Hopkins medicine).
In some cases, severe epilepsy is treated with the hemispherectomy, a drastic surgical procedure in which part or all of one of the hemispheres of the brain is removed.
See also
Neonatal seizure
References
Epilepsy
Neurological disorders in children | wiki |
The Buckhorn Trail is an eleven-mile loop in the North Unit of Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota. The trail begins and ends in a parking lot directly across from the North Unit Campground. Free permits are available for backcountry camping upon arrival.
External links
Hiking trails in North Dakota | wiki |
Enfield Bullet may refer to:
Royal Enfield Bullet motorcycle
Enfield rifle ammunition | wiki |
ALV or Alv may refer to:
Animal Liberation Victoria, the Australian animal rights organisation based in Melbourne
Alvechurch railway station, Worcestershire, United Kingdom (National Rail code)
The Finnish value added tax
Alv, a character in the 2002 TV show Kiddy Grade (see List of Kiddy Grade characters#Alv)
American Literary Version
Avian leukosis virus
Autoliv (ticker symbol) | wiki |
English independence is a political stance advocating secession of England from the United Kingdom. Support for secession of England (the UK's largest and most populated country) has been influenced by the increasing devolution of political powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, where independence from the United Kingdom (and in the case of Northern Ireland, reunification with the rest of Ireland) is a prominent subject of political debate.
English independence has been seen by its advocates as a way to resolve the West Lothian question in British politics: Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish MPs in the Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster being able to vote on matters affecting England, but English MPs not having the same power over equivalent issues in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, as these powers are devolved to the Scottish Parliament, the Northern Ireland Assembly or the Senedd (Welsh Parliament).
While some minor political parties have campaigned for English independence, all major UK-wide political parties adhere to the conventional view of British unionism, and oppose changing the constitutional status of England. Scottish demands for independence, rather than English demands, are seen as the most pressing threat to British unity; Scotland voted against independence at the referendum on 18 September 2014, but the topic is still being debated. The membership of Northern Ireland in the UK is an equally controversial topic, whilst Welsh independence has also grown in support in recent years.
Historical context
Kingdom of England
The English national identity developed over a long period of time. In the wake of the breakdown of Roman rule in Britain from the middle of the fourth century, present day England was progressively settled by Germanic groups. Collectively known as Anglo-Saxons, these were Angles and Saxons from what is now the Danish/German border area and Jutes from the Jutland peninsula. The Kingdom of England came into being in the 10th century: it spanned much of the southern two-thirds of Great Britain and a number of smaller outlying islands. The Norman conquest of Wales from 1067 to 1283 (formalised by the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284) placed Wales under English control, and Wales came under English law with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, which disestablished the Principality of Wales.
Formation of the UK
In 1603, the Union of the Crowns took place when the death of Elizabeth I resulted in James VI, King of Scots, acceding to the English throne, placing England and Scotland under personal union. In 1707, the Acts of Union were passed by both the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland, forming the Kingdom of Great Britain. The measure was deeply unpopular in both Scotland and England. The Scottish signatories to the Act were forced to sign the documents in secrecy because of mass rioting and unrest in the Scottish capital, Edinburgh. Scotland did however retain Scots law, a legal system distinct from that used in England and Wales.
In 1800, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland both passed new Acts of Union, creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, which came into being in 1801. In 1921, the Anglo-Irish Treaty was agreed, allowing Southern Ireland under the Irish Free State to become a Dominion, resulting in only Northern Ireland remaining within the UK, which in 1927 was formally renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
English independence movement
Parliament motion
In 2006 a motion was tabled in the UK parliament advocating for English independence, signed by four Members: Peter Atkinson of the Conservative Party, Angus MacNeil of the Scottish National Party and Bill Etherington and Elliot Morley of Labour. Mike Wood, then Labour MP for Batley and Spen, withdrew his support. The signatories cited an ICM poll showing a majority in England (as well as Scotland) for English independence.
English identity
The 2021 census found that only 15.3% of people living in England declared themselves as "English", a significant decrease from 60.4% in 2011. 56.8% declared themselves as "British" only in 2021. 14.3% declared themselves as "English and British", an increase from 9.1% in 2011.
English independence support
In 2015, following the Scottish independence referendum, journalist Leo McKinstry proposed a referendum on English independence, also stating that English patriotism is as valid as Scottish patriotism and that the people of England have as much a right as Scottish people to hold a referendum on English independence.
In 2017, over 4,000 people signed a petition supporting independence for England.
In 2020, a poll by Panelbase showed that 49% of English voters supported English independence, excluding "don't knows". 34% were in favour of English independence, 36% against and 30% didn't know.
In August 2022, the English Constitution Party announced an independence rally in York. "We advocate for the voiding, not repeal but the voiding, of the Act of Union," Moore told The National. "That means that Scotland has complete control over its own nation, and England, we advocate, has an English parliament."
Arguments for English independence
Economy
There are questions over the currency of an independent England and whether it would use the Pound sterling. Uncertainty could be brought in the immediate aftermath of independence and the unlikelihood of the Bank of England accepting a currency union with an independent England. Advocates of English sovereignty claim that a sovereign England would enjoy one of the world's strongest economies, with an estimated GDP of US$2.865 trillion as of 2015, making it the world's 5th, 6th, or 7th largest economy depending on measurement. It is also claimed that England would be the 15th wealthiest nation in the world, with a GDP per capita of US$33,999 in 2015. The equivalent figures are $30,783 for Scotland, $23,397 for Wales, and $24,154 for Northern Ireland, or $27,659 for the UK minus England.
Education
Along with London, one of the leading major world cities and the world's second largest most historically significant financial centres, as its capital, England would continue to possess an enviable education system that includes some of the world's most prestigious universities, with the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge and colleges of the University of London regularly featuring among the top 10 of the QS World University Rankings.
Supporters of English independence
Political parties
The Green Party of England and Wales supports Welsh independence, the Scottish Greens support Scottish independence and Green Party Northern Ireland support Irish re-unification if the majority of people in Northern Ireland do so.
English Democrats
Mebyon Kernow supports Cornish devolution
The Northern Independence Party supports Northern independence
Opinion polls
The English nationalist movement has its roots in a historical legacy which predates the United Kingdom. The rise in English identity in recent years, as evidenced by the increased display of the English flag (particularly during international sporting competitions and in relation to their football team), is sometimes attributed in the media to the increased devolution of political power to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
One possible incentive for the establishment of self-governing English political institutions is the West Lothian question: the constitutional inconsistency whereby MPs from all four nations of the UK can vote on matters that solely affect England, while those same matters are reserved to the devolved assemblies of the other nations. (For example, the Scottish MP for West Lothian has a say on policing in the West Midlands.)
Contemporary English nationalist movements differ significantly from mainstream Scottish, Welsh and Cornish nationalist movements (whilst similar to some strands of Irish nationalism) insofar as they are often associated with support for right-of-centre economic and social policies. Nationalists elsewhere in the British Isles tend towards a social democratic political stance. English nationalism is also often associated with Euroscepticism: one reason for opposition to the European Union (EU) was the view that England was being arbitrarily subdivided into regions at the behest of the EU with limited say from the British Government.
Polling data for English devolution and independence may be found in the table below.
Organisations
A political party campaigning for English Independence was formed in February 2008, the Free England Party, it achieving some minor electoral success before disbanding in December 2009.
An English Parliament within the UK was the (3.2.2) 2016 Manifesto pledge of the English Democrats.
An English Independence party was registered in 2016. Its leader, Neil Humphrey, appeared on ballot papers as "ANTI Corbyn" in the 2016 Batley and Spen by-election.
Opposition
Political parties
The Conservative Party, Labour Party and Liberal Democrats, oppose English independence. Other parties that oppose(d) English independence are/were the UK Independence Party (UKIP), the British National Party (BNP), Britain First, the Britannica Party, the Scottish Unionist Party (SUP), the Respect Party, Ulster Unionist party, Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) and Ulster Unionist Party (UUP).
Unionist political parties in England
Conservative Party
Labour Party
Liberal Democrats
UK Independence Party
Reform UK
See also
Devolved English parliament
English Democrats
Federalism in the United Kingdom
Republicanism in the United Kingdom
West Lothian question
Potential breakup of the United Kingdom
References
Separatism in the United Kingdom
Independence movements
Politics of England
Constitution of the United Kingdom
English nationalism | wiki |
Labor Law for the Rank and Filer: Building Solidarity While Staying Clear of the Law is a 1978 guidebook on labor organizing written by labor historian Staughton Lynd and organizer Daniel Gross.
Further reading
External links
2008 non-fiction books
Books about activism
American political books
Labor literature
PM Press books
English-language books | wiki |
Iron Man has a large range of villains. They each have specific abilities which they use against Tony Stark. While these enemies include major independent operators such as Mandarin and Doctor Doom, many of the more minor foes, especially those equipped with extremely advanced weaponry, are mercenaries of Justin Hammer. This is a list of them in alphabetical order:
A
Absynthe - In her digitalized form, Absynthe is a computer virus capable of infiltrating Tony's Stark armor.
Actor - A man who could impersonate anyone he saw.
Advanced Idea Mechanics (A.I.M.) - An organization of scientists dedicated to the acquisition of power and the overthrow of all governments through a technological revolution. The group is often led by the conniving man-mind MODOK.
Arsenal - A doomsday robot built by Iron Man's father, Howard Stark.
Arno Stark - Arno is the brother of Tony Stark and birth son of Howard and Maria Stark. He wore the Iron Man 2020 armor.
Artax - A man who worked for Stark Industries, but then was fired when he built an energy hand cannon which he used to try and defeat Iron Man.
Atom Smasher - Generated atomic radiation, which he could project as heat, concussive force, or hard radiation.
Aldrich Killian - A scientist who developed the Extremis virus along with Maya Hansen.
B
Beetle - A master mechanic who wears a beetle-themed armor. His real name is Abner Jenkins.
Blizzard - A costumed villain with a suit that enables him to produce ice and cold and a former Stark employee who was fired for robbery. Originally known as Jack Frost.
Black Knight - Wears black, medieval-looking armor.
Black Lama - An extra-dimensional mystic who tried to incite a war amongst the supervillains.
Blacklash - A costumed criminal who uses an energized whip. He was originally known as Whiplash (see below) and later re-assumed his original alias.
Blood Brothers - Each Blood Brother's tremendous strength and durability is dependent on his proximity to his twin. When standing together, the two have a high degree of superhuman strength, but if separated by a great distance, they weaken to below even normal human levels. The Brothers also drain the blood of other beings in the manner of a vampire, although it is unclear as to whether they totally rely on blood for sustenance. They have been previously controlled by Thanos and the Controller.
Boomerang - A costumed villain who uses a series of gimmicked boomerangs as his signature weapons.
Brothers Grimm - Possess the ability to conjure, with the appearance of sleight of hand, a variety of small novelty items from within their costumes.
C
Cassandra Gillespie - Cassandra Gillespie is an international arms dealer and was a childhood love interest of Tony Stark when he was studying at the University of Cambridge.
Cerebrus - Super-computer from the future which Stark allegedly created.
Cerberus - Three-headed watchdog of Pluto's underworld.
Chemistro - Able to transmute any substance into any other form of matter.
Chet - Chet (aka. Go-Killa) is a hyper-intelligent gorilla.
Circle - A brotherhood based on Arthurian ideals, led by Arthur.
Chessmen - Chess-themed henchmen of Obadiah Stane.
Coldblood - Lieutenant Colonel going by the real name of Eric Savin. Resurrected as a cyborg after having cyberbenetic surgery.
Controller - A domination-hungry scientist with the power to control minds.
Count Nefaria - Leader of the crime cartel the Maggia.
Crimson Cowl - The daughter of Justin Hammer, later used the identity to lead a version of the Masters of Evil and bedevil the Thunderbolts.
Crimson Dynamo - A Soviet super soldier clad in powered red armor.
Crusher I - A South American scientist who created the "Crusher 1" Formula, which granted him superhuman strength, dense skin, and a weight of .
D
Demolisher - A robot developed by Drexel Cord to defeat Iron Man.
Detroit Steel - Usually an adversary or rival to Iron Man. Principal characters in storylines that have worn the armor include Lt. Doug Johnson and Sasha Hammer. Individual soldiers wearing the Detroit Steel armor have been called Steelmechs or Hammermechs.
Diablo - A practitioner of alchemy, science based upon the transmutation of elements, and has attained mastery of the alchemical sciences with his genius-level intellect.
Doctor Demonicus - A genius with a Ph.D. in genetics, he has an advanced knowledge of genetics and of the advanced technology of the alien Myndai.
Doctor Doom - Has a similar relationship with/vendetta against Iron Man/Tony Stark as he does with Mister Fantastic/Reed Richards, who is one of Stark's best friends.
Doctor Spectrum - Ability to project and manipulate light energy in various colors, create light energy constructs of various shapes, sizes and colors.
Dreadknight - A disfigured scientist in knight armor with a vendetta against Iron Man and Doctor Doom.
Dreadnought - A non-sentient robotic combat instrument originally created by the subversive organization HYDRA for use in various commando operations.
E
Earth-Mover - A combination of Dr. Maximilian Stone and a magma entity.
Edwin Cord - CEO of Cordco. Responsible for the funding of the Raiders and the creation of Firepower.
Eli Warren - A mentor of Tony Stark. Leader of the Modernist Army. He was injected with the Extremis serum.
Endotherm - A Stark employee who becomes paranoid at the thought of losing his job.
Ezekiel Stane - A businessman, son of the Iron Monger, a.k.a. Obadiah Stane.
F
Feilong - A mutant hating, genius industrialist whose goal was to conquer Mars.
Fin Fang Foom - Alien dragon from the planet Maklu IV.
Firebrand - A fire-themed supervillain in a suit that not only has flamethrowers mounted on the wrist, it is also fire resistant.
Firepower - A suited villain worn by Jack Taggert who initially defeated Iron Man in the Armor Wars storyline.
Fixer - An intuitive genius at invention of weapons and other electrical and mechanical devices.
Flying Tiger - Wears body armor under a tiger costume and is capable of powered flight.
Force - Uses a powered battle-suit incorporating the force field projector.
Frankenstein's Monster - Built from human corpses by a scientist named Victor Frankenstein, in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, in the late 18th century.
Freak - Can absorb large doses of cobalt radiation without harming himself and also discharge cobalt blasts from his hands.
Freak Quincy - An apparent mutant who can broad on every wavelength of the EM spectrum which enabled him to shut down Iron Man's systems.
Frostbite - Dr. Sloan Alden ran a cryogenics institute, where the wealthy and dying would be frozen. As a result of the Zodiac draining all the energy out of New York, Alden’s own cryo-chamber drained power from the others, as well as a back-up generator, to keep him alive. The side-effect granted him the ability to generate and control ice, as well as creating things like ice walls and ice storms.
G
Gargantus - An outer space robot who appeared in the form of a giant Neanderthal man, as the aliens had last visited Earth 80,000 years ago. It hypnotized the people of Granville before being destroyed by Iron Man.
Ghost - A professional saboteur with equipment that allows him to become intangible who is determined to kill Tony Stark and destroy Stark Enterprises.
Gladiator - Costume designer that seeks to defeat costumed superheroes.
Godzilla - Initially, Iron Man, along with the other Avengers, encountered Godzilla when the giant monster rampaged through New York. Later, while under the mental control of Doctor Demonicus, a mutated, more amphibious Godzilla attacked Iron Man, only to be later freed from Demonicus' control by him.
Grey Gargoyle - A costumed villain who can turn anything he touches into stone.
Griffin - A New Orleans punk turned into a monster by the Secret Empire.
Growing Man - A form of android that absorbs any kinetic energy directed against it.
Guardsman - Wears powered armor designed by Tony Stark and Stark Industries.
H
Half-Face - Vietnamese scientist commissioned by his Communist rulers to develop a new explosive for use in the war.
Hypnomind - A villain with the ability of mind controlling and uses the controlled as his personal soldiers.
Hypnotia - A costumed villain with mind controlling abilities. First seen on the Iron Man TV series.
HYDRA - Despite the name's capitalization per Marvel's official spelling, the name is not an acronym but rather a reference to the mythical Lernaean Hydra.
I
Immortus - A master of time itself and future version of Kang the Conqueror, Immortus was responsible for manipulating Iron Man into various acts of villainy (including murder) against the Avengers during the controversial storyline "The Crossing".
Inferno - She possessed the ability to fly and generate intense heat and flames, generally focused into powerful bolts of energy, strong enough to vaporize steel.
Iron Man 2093 - A psychotic madman who utilizes his grandfather Arno Stark's armor.
Iron Monger - Obadiah Stane (father of Ezekiel Stane), the business executive who stole Stark Enterprises from Tony Stark. He also found the mask of the first suit that Tony created while being held hostage and perfected it to become the first Iron Monger.
J
Justin Hammer - Has access to various forms of advanced technology designed by his technicians.
K
Kala - The queen of the underground city known as the Netherworld. She tried to take over the surface world, but once she was taken there, she aged rapidly and called off her attack.
Kang the Conqueror - An extraordinary genius, an expert historical scholar, and a master physicist (specializing in time travel), engineer, and technician.
Kearson DeWitt - Controlled a massive suit of armor and was behind the attempt to seize control of Stark's body during "Armor Wars II."
Killer Shrike - A gravity-manipulating agent of Roxxon Oil.
Kraken - A master manipulator and a founding father of HYDRA. He specialized in helping people become who they were supposed to be.
Krang - Has all the powers inherent to members of the Atlantean race, including superhuman strength
Korvac- Michael Korvac was born originally half man, half sophisticated computer in the 31st century. Attaining godly power from the Worldship of Galactus, he then traveled back in time threatening the entire universe. He was reborn by the creation of the Enclave.
L
Living Laser - A laser expert who eventually evolved into a being made of pure light energy.
Lucifer - Has a gifted intellect, and extensive knowledge of advanced Quistalian science and technology, and talent as an inventor using this technology.
M
Mad Pharaoh - King Hatap, an Ancient Egyptian ruler whose knowledge of magic and dreadful acts earned him the nickname 'The Mad Pharaoh fought against Cleopatra, but after failing, went into suspended animation by drinking a potion which the Egyptians thought had killed him. After being reawakened in modern times, he travels to the past with Stark using his Chariot of Time, hoping his scientific technology might help him, planning to defeat Cleopatra, but after his army is defeated by Iron Man, he trips onto an upturned sword and is killed. Stark then uses the Chariot of Time to return to the 20th century, despite the beauty of Cleopatra.
Maggia - An international crime syndicate that is the world's most powerful organization dedicated to conventional crime.
Magma - Wears body armor and has a blast gun implanted in his right arm that was able to fire balls of lava.
Madame Masque - The daughter of Count Nefaria; she hides her scarred face behind a golden mask. She often has conflicted loyalties between her father and her lover, Iron Man.
Mallen - A terrorist who gained the Extremis virus.
Man-Bull - A villain who was turned into a humanoid bull-monster through experiments.
Mandroids - Power armors that provided the wearer with extensive offensive options so they could respond to various threats.
Man-Killer - Has robotic implants, which gave her superhuman powers, good athletic abilities, and the ability to throw knives at a range of hundreds of meters.
Mandarin - The archenemy of Iron Man, the Mandarin is a Chinese nobleman, scientist and former diplomat turned criminal mastermind. His true power comes from his superhuman mastery of the martial arts and 10 rings of power he recovered from an alien spaceship along with highly advanced technology, which he tried to use for the conquest of Earth.
Mauler - A Scottish mercenary hired by A.I.M. to lead an attack on the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier. He wears an armored suit with deadly weaponry attached, including a rapid fire laser machine gun.
Marauder - A mercenary for hire, he has duel weaponized sabers that come out of his wrists. He also has a built in flame thrower and many other weapons in his arsenal.
Masters of Silence - A group of high-tech assassins that honor the samurai code and are hired to eliminate Tony Stark.
Melter - A former business competitor with a beam that can melt iron.
Mercenary - An assassin for hire who has been trained to murder since childhood.
Midas - Dresses in the clothing of ancient Greece, and supports his enormous weight by wearing a powered exoskeleton.
Mikas - An android construct used by 'Mr. Kline', himself an android sent from the distant future by a super-computer to avert that very future from ever occurring.
Minotaur - The son of a scientist whose cure for an unspecific disease mutated him into an actual Minotaur.
MODOK - A mutagenically altered technician of A.I.M. with superior intelligence (his name is an acronym for Mental Organism Designed Only for Killing).
Mr. Doll - A hooded man that uses a magical transforming doll (similar to a voodoo doll) which he stole from an African wise-man to attack Iron Man after he causes pain to millionaires to try to make them sign over their fortunes, and Tony Stark becomes his next target. His first appearance was in Tales of Suspense #48. He caused Tony to create a newer, slimmer suit. He is defeated when Iron Man uses a device to remodel the doll to Mr. Doll's semblance, meaning when he drops it, he is knocked unconscious.
N
Night Phantom - Travis Scott is a writer who was a paralyzed after a plane crash. He has hated technology ever since and wears bandages as a side effect of diving into a radioactive pool that cured his paralysis. The same radioactive pool gave him super-strength and enhanced durability.
Nitro - Can transform his body into a gaseous state and explode.
Norman Osborn - He is the archenemy of Spider-Man. Like Stark, he has access to various forms of advanced technology. He is perhaps best known for being the original Green Goblin.
O
Obadiah Stane - A businessman and a rival of Tony Stark, at one point he took over Stark Enterprises after Tony Stark succumbed to alcoholism.
Omega Red - A serial killer who underwent experiments in a Soviet version of the Weapon X program, which equipped him with retractable tentacle-like coils in each of his arms.
R
Radioactive Man - A Chinese physicist who can manipulate radiation.
Raiders - A trio of supercriminals in powered armor suits.
S
Sadurang - Sadurang was an Asgardian Dragon and a powerful sorcerer. He studied under Dormammu, and prided himself in being allegedly his favored student. Fueled by greed, Sadurang hoarded many riches, including powerful artifacts like the First Eye of Agamotto.
Sasha Hammer - Daughter to Justine Hammer and the Mandarin, and granddaughter to Justin Hammer. After Zeke Stane upgraded her like him, Sasha possesses superhuman abilities, such as energy whips from her fingerprints. She wore the Detroit Steel armor.
Samurai Steel - He was born in Japan and disliked Americans. He made a battle suit to slay Tony Stark.
Satellite Killer - Impervious not only to the vacuum of space but to many forms of attack as well - and not only that, it is quite equipped to do its genetically-programmed job. It has razor-sharp claws and teeth are in abundance all over its body.
Scarecrow - Ebenezer Laughton, a contortionist performing as the Uncanny Umberto, initially helped Iron Man stop a criminal that had fled into one of his shows. Ebenezer was later approached by operatives of the Mandarin who encouraged him to start a new life of crime and industrial espionage using his contortion abilities and a flock of trained crows.
Shatterax - The cold and calculating hunter, cybernetically enhanced Kree warrior was a onetime member to the empires Starforce.
Shockwave - A former MI-6 agent, who stole an exo-suit.
Slag - Dr. Ted Slaght is a scientist and former teacher of Tony Stark that works for Stark Enterprises. A terrible accident transforms him into a liquid metallic form called Slag and he wants revenge on Tony Stark for "betraying" him.
Spymaster - A mercenary and spy-for-hire.
Stilt-Man - A armored thief who wears a pair of hydraulic stilts.
Stockpile - A group of mercenaries hired by Morgan Stark.
Stratosfire - Former Roxxon corporate "hero" and opponent of Iron Man. She wore a newer version of Sunturion's armor.
Super-Adaptoid - Created by A.I.M, the first Super-Adaptoid is an artificial construct capable of copying or mimicking the powers and skills of numerous super beings, including specific equipment and clothing.
Sunfire - A mutant with the ability to absorb solar radiation, and convert it to ionize matter into a fiery plasma state which bursts into flame when exposed to oxygen.
Sunset Bain - Is a genius in the field of cybernetics and the CEO of Baintronics, Inc. As Madam Meance she sold high-tech weaponry to criminals throughout the underground. She's a former love interest and business rival to Tony. Her human body was destroyed so she became AI.
Sunturion - A normal human who undergoes a mutagenic modification process that converts him into microwave energy.
Switchback - A group of mercenaries hired by Morgan Stark.
T
Taskmaster - A mercenary with photographic reflexes.
Technovore - An organism which was the result of Cauwfield Chemical Co. clandestinely using nanotechnology on Stark's space station.
Temugin - The son of the Mandarin.
Thanos - The Mad Titan.
Thundersword - Stewart Cadwall, a television writer empowered by the Beyonder. He is considered a parody of script writer Steve Gerber.
Tiberius Stone - As children, Tiberius Stone and Tony Stark were friends. However, Howard Stark drove his unnamed father's company Viastone to bankruptcy. As an adult, Stone published false news stories to ruin Stark's reputation. He faked his kidnapping and created a prison made for Stark. However, Stark captured him and imprisoned him in the prison. He later went on to help form Alchemax, where his son in the 2099 reality is Tyler Stone.
Titanium Man - A Soviet super soldier clad in powered armor. Mentor to the Unicorn, who knew him as "the Other".
Tomoe - Operating as the Techno Golem, Tomoe is an Inhuman crime lord in Japan with the ability to control technology with nothing but her thoughts.
U
Udarnik - A Soviet robot that was stranded on the Moon since 1972. Udarnik possesses two personalities: Udarnik is programmed to build, while Shockworker is used in defense and attack.
Unicorn - A Soviet supersoldier who was healed and mentored by the Titanium Man. His suit is equipped with a cone-shaped blaster on his head.
Ultimo - A doomsday robot built by an unknown alien race and activated by the Mandarin.
Ultron - An android built by fellow Avenger Hank Pym which is responsible for Stark's Sentient Armor going rogue and has had an invasion of Tony Stark's body that transformed him into a robotic duplicate of Janet van Dyne. In the film Avengers: Age of Ultron, Stark is responsible for Ultron's creation.
V
Vibro - He gained superhuman powers when his nuclear-powered seismic energy absorption apparatus was grafted to his body; this apparatus has been transformed into a vibrational energy generator.
VOR/TEX - A sentient computer and enemy to Iron Man.
W
Whirlwind - A costumed villain who can create strong whirlwinds by spinning.
White Dragon - The first White Dragon was a talented inventor and scientist with a genius-level intellect. The second White Dragon is an expert martial artist.
Whiplash - A weapons expert who brandishes a specially designed whip as his personal weapon (also see Blacklash above).
Wong-Chu - A Chinese Communist leader and expert martial artist who held Tony Stark captive and tried to force him to make weapons for his guerrilla forces. Tony instead created the first Iron Man suit and defeated Wong-Chu.
See also
List of Iron Man supporting characters
List of Iron Man titles
List of Captain America enemies
References
External links
Iron Man Armor - The Bad Guys Page
Ten Deep 5.06.10: The Top Ten Iron Man Villains
Top Iron Man Villains | Iron Man World | UGO.com
Enemies
Lists of Marvel Comics supervillains
Lists of Marvel Comics characters
Comics characters by protagonist | wiki |
Dr. Feelgood peut désigner :
Dr. Feelgood, cinquième album du groupe américain Mötley Crüe ;
''Dr. Feelgood, chanson de Mötley Crüe ;
Dr. Feelgood, groupe de rock britannique ;
Dr Feelgood, pseudonyme de l'auteur allemand Detlef Berentzen ;
Dr. Feelgood, surnom du médecin allemand Max Jacobson.
DrFeelgood, pseudonyme du streamer et vidéaste web Alexis Rodrigues (abrégé DFG). | wiki |
The Biggest Loser UK 2005 was the first season of the reality television series entitled The Biggest Loser. The season first aired on 6 October 2005, with the final episode on 15 December 2005, where 12 overweight contestants competed for a cash prize of £25,000. Vicki Butler-Henderson was featured as the host, with trainers Angie Dowds and Mark Bailey. Aaron Howlett was named as the winner after losing .
Contestants
Shane was traded from the Blue Team to the Red Team in Week 5 to re-balance the teams.
Martin was brought back because Barny had to withdraw due to medical issues.
Final Prizes
Ratings
Episode Viewing figures from BARB
References
External links
UK
2005 British television seasons | wiki |
The Chronological Table of Local Legislation or the Chronological Table of Local Acts is a list of local Acts passed by the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of the United Kingdom since 1797.
It was produced by the Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission who produced a report on it.
A writer in the Law Librarian said that the Chronological Table of Local Legislation was a "monumental work".
References
External links
Chronological Table of Local Acts from Legislation.gov.uk.
Legal literature | wiki |
Dave Chappelle (1973) – attore, sceneggiatore e comico statunitense
Joe Chappelle (...) – regista, sceneggiatore e produttore statunitense
Pagine correlate
Chappell | wiki |
Butterflies are flying insects.
Butterflies may also refer to:
Film, television and theatre
Butterflies (1993 film), an Indian Malayalam film
Butterflies (2009 film), a documentary
Butterflies (2018 film), a Turkish film
Butterflies (TV series), a British series starring Wendy Craig and Geoffrey Palmer
The Butterflies (play), an 1894 American play
Music
The Butterflys, a 1960s-era group signed to Red Bird Records
Albums
Butterflies (Basia album), 2018
Butterflies (Bump of Chicken album), 2016
Songs
"Butterflies" (3+2 song), 2010
"Butterflies" (AJ Tracey song), 2018
"Butterflies" (Kacey Musgraves song), 2018
"Butterflies" (Michael Jackson song), 2001
"Butterflies" (Patti Page song), 1953
"Butterflies" (Tone Damli song), 2009
"Butterflies", by 24kGoldn from the 2021 album El Dorado
"Butterflies", by Baker Boy from the 2021 album Gela
"Butterflies", by Gabbie Hanna from the 2019 album 2WayMirror
"Butterflies", by Juliana Hatfield from the 2010 album Peace & Love
"Butterflies", by Max & Ali Gatie, 2021
"Butterflies", by Medina from the 2012 album Forever
"Butterflies", by Minipop from the 2007 album A New Hope
Sports
The Butterflies (foaled 1892), an American Thoroughbred racemare, winner of the 1894 Belmont Futurity Stakes
Other uses
Butterflies (Van Gogh series), an 1889-1890 painting series by Van Gogh
See also
Butterfly (disambiguation)
Butterflies in the stomach, an English expression
Good-byes and Butterflies, 1970 album by Five Man Electrical Band
Mirabal sisters, or "Las Mariposas" ("the Butterflies"), Dominican political dissidents active in the 1960s | wiki |
Salon de l'Auto may refer to:
The old name of the Mondial de l'Automobile (the Paris Motor Show, name changed in 1988)
Salon International de l'Auto, the Geneva Motor Show
Montreal International Auto Show or Le Salon International de l'auto de Montréal | wiki |
1931 earthquake may refer to:
1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake
1931 Dogger Bank earthquake
1931 Nicaragua earthquake
See also
List of earthquakes in 1931 | wiki |
The women's freestyle 67 kilograms is a competition featured at the 2009 World Wrestling Championships, and was held at the Messecenter Herning exhibition center in Herning, Denmark on September 25.
This freestyle wrestling competition consists of a single-elimination tournament, with a repechage used to determine the winner of two bronze medals.
Results
Legend
F — Won by fall
Final
Top half
Bottom half
Repechage
References
Results Book, Page 82
Women's freestyle 67 kg
Olym | wiki |
Zefir may refer to:
Zefir (food), a Soviet Union type of confectionery similar to marshmallows
SZD-19 Zefir, a 1957 Polish single-seat glider aircraft
the original title for Zephyr, a 2010 Turkish drama film
a peppermint cultivar
See also
Zephir (disambiguation)
Zephyr (disambiguation) | wiki |
My Left Foot is a 1989 drama film about Irish writer Christy Brown. My Left Foot may also refer to:
My Left Foot (book), an autobiography by Christy Brown
See also
Christy Brown, the Irishman famous for My Left Foot
"My Other Left Foot" (NCIS), a season 1 episode of NCIS: Washington TV series spin-off of JAG (TV series)
"My Left and Right Foot", a season 8 episode of Full House | wiki |
The Lost Art of Gratitude is the sixth book in The Sunday Philosophy Club Series by Alexander McCall Smith.
Plot
A second attempt by professors Lettuce and Dove to oust Isabel from her position at 'The Review of Applied Ethics' is thwarted and Isabel learns further lessons about gratitude and kindness.
2009 British novels
Novels by Alexander McCall Smith
Novels set in Edinburgh
Little, Brown and Company books | wiki |
The labeled magnitude scale (LMS) is a scaling technique which uses quasi-logarithmic spacing. The scale consists of different intensities and subjects are asked to put a mark on the line where they think they intensity of the sensation fits.
References
Senses | wiki |
The ancestor of sendmail, delivermail, also by Eric Allman, is a mail transport agent that used the FTP protocol on the early ARPANET to transmit e-mail to the recipient. Due to deficiencies in using FTP to send e-mail, a new protocol was created in 1981 for sending e-mail, SMTP. After DNS replaced hosts files, DNS-style host names were also adopted.
In 1979, when delivermail was first shipped with 4.0BSD and 4.1BSD, the ARPANET was still using NCP as its network protocol. When the ARPANET switched to TCP/IP at the end of 1982, the road was paved for MTAs which used TCP to deliver e-mail; delivermail evolved into sendmail.
References
External links
delivermail 4BSD source code
1979 software
Mail delivery agents
Message transfer agents
Unix Internet software | wiki |
Neapolitan means of or pertaining to Naples, a city in Italy; or to:
Geography and history
Province of Naples, a province in the Campania region of southern Italy that includes the city
Duchy of Naples, in existence during the Early and High Middle Ages
Kingdom of Naples
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Neapolitan Republic (disambiguation), various entities
Neapolitan War
Naples, Florida, which took its designation from the Italian city
Music
Music of Naples or Neapolitan dance
Canzone Napoletana or Neapolitan song
Neapolitan School of music
Neapolitan chord (also known as Neapolitan sixth), the first inversion of a major chord built on the lowered second (supertonic) scale degree
Neapolitan scale
Neapolitan mass, a cantata-style mass
Food
Neapolitan cuisine, a historical cuisine of Naples that date back to the Greco-Roman period to the modern days
Neapolitan ice cream, a mixture of chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry ice cream side-by-side in the same container
Neapolitan pizza, the original variety of pizza made according to strict rules
Neapolitan ragù, one of the two most famous varieties of meat sauces and a speciality of Naples
Neapolitan sauce, a basic tomato-based sauce derived from Italian cuisine
Neapolitan wafer, an Austrian wafer and chocolate-cream sandwich biscuit
Neapolitans (chocolate), individually wrapped square/rectangular pieces of chocolate
Other
Neapolitan language, the language of southern continental Italy, named after the Kingdom of Naples
Neapolitan piastra, a currency of the mainland part of the former Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Neapolitan horse, an extinct horse breed formerly bred in Naples
Neapolitan Mastiff, a large, ancient breed of dog
Neapolitan Novels, a four-part series by Elena Ferrante
See also
Napolitan (disambiguation), various meanings including the name of a pasta dish, which is popular in Japan
Nápoles
Language and nationality disambiguation pages
es:Napolitano | wiki |
Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion was a horror-suspense-romance anthology comic book series published by DC Comics from 1971 to 1974, a companion to Secrets of Sinister House. Both series were originally inspired by the successful ABC soap opera, Dark Shadows, which ran from 1966 to 1971.
Publication history
After four issues as The Dark Mansion Of Forbidden Love, the romance angle was abandoned and the title changed to Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion. Very much in the same vein as House of Mystery and House of Secrets, Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion was "hosted" by Charity (the character debuted in issue #7).
Originally edited by Dorothy Woolfolk, the title was later overseen by a succession of editors, including Ethan Mordden, Joe Orlando, E. Nelson Bridwell, and Denny O'Neil. Contributors to the title included Jack Oleck, E. Nelson Bridwell, Jack Kirby, Michael William Kaluta, Alfredo Alcala, Jack Sparling, Bill Draut, and Alex Niño.
Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion was canceled after publishing fifteen issues in three years.
The character of Charity later became part of the supporting cast in the Starman series and at some point after the last issue married the policeman Mason O'Dare and is pregnant with his child.
See also
Haunted Love
Notes
References
Comics by George Kashdan
Comics by Michael Fleisher
Fantasy comics | wiki |
3rd Street Tunnel may refer to:
3rd Street Tunnel (Los Angeles)
3rd Street Tunnel (District of Columbia), part of the route of Interstate 395 (Virginia–District of Columbia) | wiki |
The or PND (translated as Name Authority File) is an authority file of people, which served primarily to access literature in libraries. The PND has been built up between 1995 and 1998 and was published by the German National Library (DNB) until 2012. For each person there is a record with his or her name, birth and occupation connected with a unique identifier, the PND number.
The PND comprises more than two million entries and is comparable with the Library of Congress Name Authority File (LCNAF). Since April 2012 the PND (which have since been discontinued) is part of the (GND) (aka Integrated Authority File).
For the exchange of name records, there is a separate machine exchange format for libraries called MAB-PND.
See also
Library of Congress
Further reading
(5 pages)
External links
Information pages of the DNB about the PND (Wayback Machine)
1995 establishments in Germany
2012 disestablishments in Germany
Library cataloging and classification
Identifiers | wiki |
Gens de la lune (band), Franse band
Gens de la lune (album), album van de Franse band | wiki |
Generations (Gary Burton), muziekalbum
Generations (Journey), nummer van Journey
Generations (televisieserie), Amerikaanse televisieserie | wiki |
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