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The first postage stamps marked Jersey were issued during the occupation of the island by the Germans during World War II.
Later, Jersey used British regional stamps marked specifically for use in Jersey but valid for postage throughout the United Kingdom.
Jersey has issued its own stamps since 1 October 1969.
Since 2014, Jersey has also issued Post & Go stamps.
See also
Revenue stamps of Jersey
References
Further reading
Channel Islands & Jersey
Beecken, Olaf. Eine Plattenstudie der Jersey 1d-Wappenmarke = A plating study of the Jersey 1d Arms. Koln: Forschungsgemeinschaft Kanalinseln & Insel Man (FGCI), 1986 68p.
Danan, Yves Maxime. Les Émissions locales et affranchissements de guerre des îles de la Manche. Paris: "Le Monde des philatélistes", 1968 38p.
Danan, Yves Maxime. Histoire Postale des îles de la Manche. Paris: "Le Monde des philatélistes", 1976/78. Comprising: Vol. 1: Les Affranchissements de guerre de 1870 à 1944; Vol. 2: La Libération, compléments depuis 1945, les conséquences de l'indépendance postale.
Griggs, Ian. The 1942 Jersey 1/2d Arms: A Plating Study. Ilford: C.I.S.S. Publishing, 1982, 88p.
Hesketh, J.G. Jersey Definitive & Booklet Panes, 1969-97: Study & Checklist. Ilford: C.I.S.S. Publishing, 1997 , 40p.
Mohle, Heinz. Die Briefmarken von den Kanal-Inseln: Guernsey & Jersey, Deutsche Besetzung 1940-1945. Frankfurt am Main: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Neues Handbuch der Briefmarkenkunde e.V. im Bund Deutscher Philatelisten e.V., 1970 43p.
Newport, William. The Airmails of the Channel Islands. Sidcup: Channel Islands Specialists' Society, 1957, 12p.
Newport, William. The Channel Islands: France mail services, 1683-1939. Sidcup: Channel Islands Specialists' Society, 1956, 20p.
Newport, William. Early Channel Islands postal history and notes on other material. Sidcup: Channel Islands Specialists' Society, 1958, 39p.
Newport, William. Stamps and Postal History of the Channel Islands. London: Heinemann, 1972 , 214p.
Newport, William and John O. Simpson. Numeral obliterations and instructional marks of the Channel Islands. Sidcup: Channel Islands Specialists' Society, 1957, 12p.
Newport, William and John O. Simpson. Postal affairs during the German occupation of the Channel Islands 1940-1945. Sidcup: Channel Islands Specialists' Society, 1957, 32p.
Stanley Gibbons Channel Islands Specialised Catalogue of Stamps and Postal History. London: Stanley Gibbons, 1983 , 451p.
Summers, Howard. Bibliography of the Philately and Postal History of the British Isles. Borehamwood: Howcom Services, 2020 210p.
Wieneke, Michael. The German Field Post Office in the Channel Islands: communications of the military and of the civilian inhabitants through the German Field Post Service 1940-1945. Grouville, Jersey: The Channel Islands Occupation Society (Jersey Branch), 1981, 16p.
External links
Jersey Post
Lions, Leopards, Unicorns & Dragons: The first "Regional" stamps The British Postal Museum & Archive
Jersey
Communications in Jersey
Jersey | wiki |
Pennsylvania Station is a name applied by the Pennsylvania Railroad to several of its grand passenger terminals.
Pennsylvania Station or Penn Station may also refer to
Current train stations
Baltimore Penn Station
Pennsylvania Station (Cincinnati)
Pennsylvania Station (New York City)
Pennsylvania Station (1910–1963), the predecessor to the present New York City station
Pennsylvania Station (Newark)
Train stations formerly called Pennsylvania Station
30th Street Station, Philadelphia, formerly Pennsylvania Station–30th Street
Harrisburg Transportation Center, formerly Pennsylvania Station, Harrisburg
Union Station (Pittsburgh), or Pennsylvania Station
Wilmington station (Delaware), formerly Pennsylvania Station 1907–2011
Pennsylvania Station (Cleveland) 1946–1953
Subway stations
34th Street–Penn Station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), a New York City Subway station (A, C, E trains)
34th Street–Penn Station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line), a New York City Subway station (1, 2, 3 trains)
Other uses
Penn Station (restaurant), a restaurant chain
See also
Penn Center Station, former name of Suburban station, Philadelphia
Penn Medicine station, in Philadelphia
Penn Street station, in Clifton Heights, Pennsylvania | wiki |
In computing, ftype is a command-line utility on Microsoft Windows that is used to display or change the link between a file type and an executable program.
Overview
The ftype command was introduced as a shell builtin to cmd.exe with the release of Windows NT 4.0. It lists all Registry keys in HKEY CLASSES ROOT which contain the subkey, and prints out the REG SZ contents of the value within these keys. Since it is an internal command built into cmd.exe, there is no FTYPE.EXE.
Because values in contain information on how to open file types with registered extensions, this command essentially lists all registered file types, and which executables are used to open them, along with any switches used by the executable.
Multiple file extensions can be associated with the same file type and several file types can be linked to the same executable application.
See also
File format
Filename extension
File association
References
Further reading
External links
ftype | Microsoft Docs
Command-line software
Utilities for Windows | wiki |
Tropic of Violence (French: Tropique de la violence) is a 2016 novel by Nathacha Appanah. First published by Éditions Gallimard in 2016, it was awarded the Prix du roman métis des lycéens in 2017.
References
2016 French novels
Éditions Gallimard books
Mayotte in fiction
Novels about orphans
Books adapted into comics | wiki |
Twiggy (born 1949) is a British model, actress, and singer.
Twiggy may also refer to:
Arts and media
Music
Twiggy (album)
"Twiggy Twiggy", song by Japanese pop group Pizzicato Five
Other uses in arts and media
Twiggy (film) (original title "La Brindille"), a 2011 French drama film directed by Emmanuelle Millet
Twiggy (Powerpuff Girls), a fictional pet hamster
Twiggy the Water-Skiing Squirrel, an animal novelty act
Twiggy, a fictional forest gnome rogue guest character in the D&D Web Series Critical Role
Twiggy, a character in the British comedy series The Royle Family
People
Roger Day, British broadcaster sometimes nicknamed "Twiggy"
Andrew Forrest, nicknamed "Twiggy", an Australian mining magnate and one of the country's richest man
James "Twiggy" Sanders, American basketball player
Twiggy Stardom, Brittany Lahm's character in American girl group Huckapoo
Jeordie White (born 1971), American musician formerly known as Twiggy Ramirez, now simply, Twiggy
Other uses
OH 24 (aka "Twiggy"), a fossilized Homo habilis skull discovered in 1968
Twiggy Apple FileWare, early floppy disk drives and diskettes designed by Apple | wiki |
Carmen Suite may refer to:
Carmen Suites (Bizet/Guiraud), two orchestral suites made by Ernest Guiraud from Georges Bizet's opera Carmen
Carmen Suite (ballet), a one-act ballet to music by Rodion Shchedrin | wiki |
First State may refer to:
The official nickname of Delaware
First State (group), Dutch trance act formed in the year 2005
Parks
First State Heritage Park, in Dover, Delaware
First State National Historical Park, in Delaware and Pennsylvania
See also
First State Bank (disambiguation)
First State Super, Australian superannuation fund
First Statement, Canadian literary magazine | wiki |
"Rekindled" is the 21st episode of the ninth season of the American police procedural drama NCIS, and the 207th episode overall. It aired on CBS in the United States on April 17, 2012. The episode is written by Christopher J. Waild and Reed Steiner and directed by Mark Horowitz, and was seen by 18.08 million viewers.
Plot
The NCIS team deal with an arsonist, which has links to the mysterious Watcher Fleet. While investigating, they team up with Jason King, an arson investigator with the Baltimore Police Department. They find that the arson was to cover up the theft of a top secret Navy file codenamed "Aquamarine". When a second fire occurs on board a cargo ship, the team goes to investigate, and Jason saves Tony's life after accidentally setting off a booby trap. Closer investigation reveals that the ship contained faulty wiring that could cause the entire ship to explode under the right conditions.
When they finally track down the arsonist, he admits that he was hired to steal the file, but is killed by a car bomb before he can reveal who hired him. The team recovers the stolen files, and finds out that Aquamarine was a list of Navy ships that had been installed with the faulty wiring. The Watcher Fleet so far had only been able to retrofit a third of the affected ships.
Throughout the episode, Jason works closely with the rest of the NCIS team, but he and Tony are uncomfortable around each other. Tony eventually explains why to Ziva and McGee: when he was a senior in college, his basketball team was in Baltimore for a game; while out for a walk, he saw a building on fire and rushed inside. He saved Jason, but Jason's younger sister was trapped by debris, and Tony was forced to leave her behind to save Jason, who has resented him ever since. As Jason is leaving NCIS, Tony sets the record straight, telling him that he had to make a choice, and that rescuing him was his inspiration to become a police officer.
Gibbs puts out a warning to the Navy, but the U.S.S. Brewer still falls victim to an arson attack.
Production
"Rekindled" is written by Christopher J. Waild & Reed Steiner and directed by Mark Horowitz. The writers wanted to do "a fire episode", which never before had been done on NCIS. "'Hey, how about a fire episode?' With those words, we started the ball rolling on what would end up as Episode #207 of NCIS. And yet, with all the pyrotechnics, firebombs, and various other "fire elements" on our show, we’d never done a traditional arson story". The budget available usually only handle one "high-temp conflagration", the writers said.
The episode centers around Tony and his "kid in Baltimore", Jason King (portrayed by Gaius Charles). The "kid" has been mentioned in numerous episodes before, including "A Man Walks Into a Bar..." and "Nature of the Beast". In this episode, the writers told the story between Tony and the "kid", a story going back over 20 years, but never explained before. "[...] the fire "stuff" worked fantastically, which allowed us to tell the FULL story behind the kid Tony "almost lost in Baltimore." A story often hinted at – but never fully explained".
"Rekindled" also marked the start of the ending arch in season 9, with the return of "The Phantom Eight", last seen in "Housekeeping", and introduced in the season premiere "Nature of the Beast".
Reception
"Rekindled" was seen by 18.08 million live viewers following its broadcast on April 17, 2012, with an 11.2/18 share among all households, and 3.1/9 share among adults aged 18 to 49. A rating point represents one percent of the total number of television sets in American households, and a share means the percentage of television sets in use tuned to the program. In total viewers, "Rekindled" easily won NCIS and CBS the night. Compared to last week's episode "The Missionary Position", "Rekindled" was up a bit in viewers and even in adults 18-49.
Steve Marsi from TV Fanatic gave the episode 5 (out of 5) and stated "now that was a first-rate episode of NCIS. "Rekindled" was a fitting title for an installment in which Tony crossed paths with a boy who changed his life forever and vice versa, and we were reintroduced to the mysterious Phantom Eight. This is how you do an "origin" episode and develop characters. Rather than simply having a guest star randomly tell us something about DiNozzo, he relived the past while working with Jason King in the present".
References
2012 American television episodes
NCIS (season 9) episodes | wiki |
Gold in the mine is a metaphor for the potential savings in quality improvement efforts. It is essentially a restatement of the Pareto principle in the context of quality costs; digging in the right place can produce great savings, though investigating every possible opportunity is not economically feasible.
References
Metaphors
Quality control | wiki |
Events calendar
External links
+2 | wiki |
Boobook may refer to:
Boobook, a common name for many species of owl in the genus Ninox
Boobook, journal of the Australasian Raptor Association
Boobook Society, an association of academics founded by John Latham and Frederic Eggleston | wiki |
Mizmar () can refer to
Mizmar (instrument)
Mizmar (dance) | wiki |
The Great American West is a 1995 film narrated by Jason Robards and recorded in the IMAX film format depicting the period of the American West's development between the Louisiana Purchase and the start of the 20th century.
Filmed on dramatic visual locations such as Monument Valley, Grand Tetons, the Olympic Peninsula, and the California Redwoods, this movie tells the stories of successive waves of westward emigration, feature the stories of Lewis and Clark, Hugh Glass, the Oregon Trail, Chinese laborers arriving by ship, and more.
Jason Robards' narration is drawn from historical letters and journals.
Documentary films about United States history
IMAX short films
IMAX documentary films | wiki |
Nad Ali or Nad-e Ali is a district in Helmand Province, Afghanistan. Marja is an unincorporated agricultural district in Nad Ali. The area is irrigated by the Helmand and Arghandab Valley Authority (HAVA). A small town of the same name lies 11 km to the west of the Helmand River, at the coordinates shown at the top of the page. The town of Nad-e Ali was built in 1954 as part of the HAVA irrigation project, and was settled by 3,000 predominantly Pashtun families who were given newly arable land.
The village of Shin Kalay has made advances in the education of children that was recognized and published by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA).
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
During the International Security Assistance Force occupation, Nad Ali was in the UK area of responsibility. On 9 February 2011, soldiers from the Parachute Regiment were patrolling in north of Nad-e Ali district when they were hit by small arms fire, resulting in two fatalities.
Nad Ali was the scene of several intense firefights during the course of the war in Afghanistan.
In 2014, a patrol formed of soldiers from the Household Cavalry Regiment, and the 1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion were involved in a 40 hour long gunfight with Taliban fighters in and around the town.
References
External links
District Profile UNHCR, 2002
Districts of Helmand Province | wiki |
Mobile identity is a development of online authentication and digital signatures, where the SIM card of one’s mobile phone works as an identity tool. Mobile identity enables legally binding authentication and transaction signing for online banking, payment confirmation, corporate services, and consuming online content. The user's certificates are maintained on the telecom operator's SIM card and in order to use them, the user has to enter a personal, secret PIN code. When using mobile identity, no separate card reader is needed, as the phone itself already performs both functions.
In contrast to other approaches, the mobile phone in conjunction with a mobile signature-enabled SIM card aims to offer the same security and ease of use as for example smart cards in existing digital identity management systems. Smart card-based digital identities can only be used in conjunction with a card reader and a PC. In addition, distributing and managing the cards can be logistically difficult, exacerbated by the lack of interoperability between services relying on such a digital identity.
There are a number of private company stakeholders that have an inherent interest in setting up a mobile signature service infrastructure to offer mobile identity services. These stakeholders are mobile network operators and, to a certain extent, financial institutions or service providers with an existing large customer base, that could leverage the use of mobile signatures across several applications.
By country
Finland
The Finnish government has supervised the deployment of a common derivative of the ETSI-based mobile signature service standard, thus allowing the Finnish mobile operators to offer mobile signature services. The Finnish government certificate authority (CA) also issues the certificates that link the digital keys on the SIM card to the person’s real world identity.
Islamic Republic of Iran
Through national mobile register program Iranian customs administration and ministry of ict registers database from IMEI of imported legally phones and allows Iranian citizens to only access full Iranian mobile phone operators national roaming network if they have linked their national ID to both Simcards and also non contraband/smuggled IMEI number.
Sweden
In the Nordic region, governments, public sector and financial institutions are increasingly offering online and mobile channels to access their services. In Sweden the WPK consortium, owned by banks and mobile operators, specifies a mobile signature service infrastructure that is used by banks to authenticate online banking users.
Telenor Sverige has provided technology for the company's mobile signature services in Sweden since 2009. Telenor enables its customers a secure login to online services using their mobile phone for authentication and digital signing.
Estonia
The Estonian government issues all citizens with a smart card and digital identity called the Estonian ID card. Additionally, Sertifitseerimiskeskus, the certificate authority of Estonia issues special SIM cards to mobile phones which act as national personal identification method. The service is called m-id.
Turkey
In 2007, the mobile operator Turkcell bought a mobile signature service infrastructure Gemalto and launched Mobillmza, the world's first mobile security solution. They have partnered up with over 200 businesses, including many banks to enable them to use mobile signatures for online user authentication.
Other services relying on mobile signatures in Turkey include securing the withdrawal of small loans from an ATM, and processing custom work flow processes by enabling applicants to use mobile signatures.
Austria
The Austrian government allows private sector companies to propose means for storing the government-controlled digital identity. Since 2006, the Austrian government has explicitly mentioned mobile phones as one of the likely devices to be used for storing and managing a digital identity. Eight Austrian saving banks will launch a pilot allowing online user authentication with mobile signatures.
Ukraine
In Ukraine, Mobile ID project started in 2015, and later declared as one of Government of Ukraine priorities supported by EU. At the beginning of 2018 Ukrainian cell operators are evaluating proposals and testing platforms from different local and foreign developers. Platform selection will be followed up by comprehensive certification process.
Ukrainian IT and cryptography around Mobile ID topic is mostly presented by Innovation Development HUB LLC with its own Mobile ID platform. This particular solution is the sole, having already passed the certification, and most likely will be implemented in Ukraine.
As of September 2019, all of 'big three' cell operators in Ukraine have launched Mobile ID service.
Vodafone - commercial launch in August 2018.
Kyivstar - commercial launch in December 2018.
Lifecell - commercial launch in August 2019.
Vodafone and Lifecell operators implemented Mobile ID solution of Ukrainian origin designed by Innovation Development HUB LLC.
See also
Identity management
Location-based service
Mobile computing
Mobile security
References
Identity management
Mobile telecommunication services | wiki |
Thelypteris palustris, the marsh fern, or eastern marsh fern, is a species of fern native to eastern North America and across Eurasia. It prefers to grow in marshy situations in full sun.
The species epithet palustris is Latin for "of the marsh" and indicates its common habitat.
It is the only known host plant for Fagitana littera, the marsh fern moth.
Subtaxa
The following subspecies are accepted:
Thelypteris palustris subsp. palustris
Thelypteris palustris subsp. pubescens
References
Thelypteridaceae
Ferns of the Americas
Ferns of Asia
Ferns of Europe
Flora of Asia
Flora of Europe
Plants described in 1821 | wiki |
Governor Orr may refer to:
Charles William James Orr (1870–1945), Governor of the Bahamas from 1927 to 1932
James Lawrence Orr (1822–1873), 73rd Governor of South Carolina
Kay A. Orr (born 1939), 36th Governor of Nebraska
Robert D. Orr (1917–2004), 45th Governor of Indiana | wiki |
Love Is All may refer to:
Bands
Love Is All (band), Swedish indie rock band
Films
Love is All (2007 film), Dutch film
Love Is All (2014 film), a documentary film by Kim Longinotto
Songs
"Love Is All", a song by The Action
"Love Is All", a song by Air Supply from The Christmas Album
"Love Is All", a song by Chantal Kreviazuk
"Love Is All", a song by Marc Anthony from Marc Anthony
"Love Is All", a song by The Rapture from Echoes
"Love Is All", a song by Red Hurley
"Love Is All" (Roger Glover song), 1974, featuring Ronnie James Dio
"Love Is All", a song by Sizzla from Be I Strong
"Love Is All", a song by Tallest Man on Earth from The Wild Hunt
"Love Is All", a song by Yanni from Tribute
"Love Is All...", a song by Infernal from Fall from Grace
"Love Is All (Shine Your Light on Me)", a song by Roxette from Crash! Boom! Bang! | wiki |
Gooseberry most often refers to a cultivated plant from two species of the genus Ribes:
Ribes uva-crispa native to Europe, northwestern Africa and southwestern Asia.
Ribes hirtellum, American gooseberry
Hybrids between Ribes hirtellum and Ribes uva-crispa, including most of the cultivated gooseberry cultivars
Gooseberry may also refer to:
Gooseberry (gene), a pair-rule gene in Drosophila
Gooseberry, a structural element of the artificial Mulberry harbours used in World War II
Sea gooseberry, a common name for some ctenophores (comb jellies), particularly Pleurobrachia
Places
Gooseberry, Oregon, an unincorporated community
Gooseberry Beach, a beach in Newport, Rhode Island
Gooseberry Cove, a settlement near Trinity Bay, Newfoundland & Labrador
Gooseberry Falls, a state park in Silver Creek Township, Lake County, Minnesota
Gooseberry Hill, a suburb of Perth, Western Australia
Gooseberry Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, a former settlement near Bonavista, Newfoundland & Labrador
Gooseberry Lake, a lake in Saskatchewan, Canada
Gooseberry Lake Provincial Park, a park in Alberta, Canada
Gooseberry Point, port/dock near Lummi Island, Washington, United States | wiki |
Delicate may refer to:
Music
Delicate (album), by Martha & The Muffins (2010)
"Delicate" (Taylor Swift song), song by Taylor Swift from Reputation (2017)
"Delicate" (Terence Trent D'Arby song), by Terence Trent D'Arby featuring Des'ree from Symphony or Damn (1993)
"Delicate", song by D. Rice from O (2002)
"Delicate", song by Operator from Soulcrusher (2007)
Other uses
Delicates, garments that include delicate fabrics
Delicacies
Mythimna vitellina (the delicate), a moth of the family Noctuidae | wiki |
AEC Regent may refer to any of the following double-decker buses :
AEC Regent or AEC Regent I, 1929 model
AEC Regent II
AEC Regent III
AEC Regent III RT
AEC Regent V | wiki |
Crispa may refer to:
Crispa (elm cultivar), a slow-growing tree
Crispa, a clothing brand
Crispa Redmanizers, a basketball team
Crispa 400, a basketball team
Crispa, a peppermint cultivar
Margery Ruth Crisp, a cryptic crossword setter
See also
CRISPR (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats), segments of prokaryotic DNA | wiki |
An interest rate is the amount of interest due per period, as a proportion of the amount lent, deposited, or borrowed (called the principal sum). The total interest on an amount lent or borrowed depends on the principal sum, the interest rate, the compounding frequency, and the length of time over which it is lent, deposited, or borrowed.
The annual interest rate is the rate over a period of one year. Other interest rates apply over different periods, such as a month or a day, but they are usually annualized.
The interest rate has been characterized as "an index of the preference . . . for a dollar of present [income] over a dollar of future income." The borrower wants, or needs, to have money sooner rather than later, and is willing to pay a fee—the interest rate—for that privilege.
Influencing factors
Interest rates vary according to:
the government's directives to the central bank to accomplish the government's goals
the currency of the principal sum lent or borrowed
the term to maturity of the investment
the perceived default probability of the borrower
supply and demand in the market
the amount of collateral
special features like call provisions
reserve requirements
compensating balance
as well as other factors.
Example
A company borrows capital from a bank to buy assets for its business. In return, the bank charges the company interest. (The lender might also require rights over the new assets as collateral.)
A bank will use the capital deposited by individuals to make loans to their clients. In return, the bank should pay interest to individuals who have deposited their capital. The amount of interest payment depends on the interest rate and the amount of capital they deposited.
Related terms
Base rate usually refers to the annualized effective interest rate offered on overnight deposits by the central bank or other monetary authority.
The annual percentage rate (APR) may refer either to a nominal APR or an effective APR (EAPR). The difference between the two is that the EAPR accounts for fees and compounding, while the nominal APR does not.
The annual equivalent rate (AER), also called the effective annual rate, is used to help consumers compare products with different compounding frequencies on a common basis, but does not account for fees.
A discount rate is applied to calculate present value.
For an interest-bearing security, coupon rate is the ratio of the annual coupon amount (the coupon paid per year) per unit of par value, whereas current yield is the ratio of the annual coupon divided by its current market price. Yield to maturity is a bond's expected internal rate of return, assuming it will be held to maturity, that is, the discount rate which equates all remaining cash flows to the investor (all remaining coupons and repayment of the par value at maturity) with the current market price.
Based on the banking business, there are deposit interest rate and loan interest rate.
Based on the relationship between supply and demand of market interest rate, there are fixed interest rate and floating interest rate.
Monetary policy
Interest rate targets are a vital tool of monetary policy and are taken into account when dealing with variables like investment, inflation, and unemployment. The central banks of countries generally tend to reduce interest rates when they wish to increase investment and consumption in the country's economy. However, a low interest rate as a macro-economic policy can be risky and may lead to the creation of an economic bubble, in which large amounts of investments are poured into the real-estate market and stock market. In developed economies, interest-rate adjustments are thus made to keep inflation within a target range for the health of economic activities or cap the interest rate concurrently with economic growth to safeguard economic momentum.
History
In the past two centuries, interest rates have been variously set either by national governments or central banks. For example, the Federal Reserve federal funds rate in the United States has varied between about 0.25% and 19% from 1954 to 2008, while the Bank of England base rate varied between 0.5% and 15% from 1989 to 2009, and Germany experienced rates close to 90% in the 1920s down to about 2% in the 2000s. During an attempt to tackle spiraling hyperinflation in 2007, the Central Bank of Zimbabwe increased interest rates for borrowing to 800%.
The interest rates on prime credits in the late 1970s and early 1980s were far higher than had been recorded – higher than previous US peaks since 1800, than British peaks since 1700, or than Dutch peaks since 1600; "since modern capital markets came into existence, there have never been such high long-term rates" as in this period.
Possibly before modern capital markets, there have been some accounts that savings deposits could achieve an annual return of at least 25% and up to as high as 50%. (William Ellis and Richard Dawes, "Lessons on the Phenomenon of Industrial Life... ", 1857, p III–IV)
Reasons for changes
Political short-term gain: Lowering interest rates can give the economy a short-run boost. Under normal conditions, most economists think a cut in interest rates will only give a short term gain in economic activity that will soon be offset by inflation. The quick boost can influence elections. Most economists advocate independent central banks to limit the influence of politics on interest rates.
Deferred consumption: When money is loaned the lender delays spending the money on consumption goods. Since according to time preference theory people prefer goods now to goods later, in a free market there will be a positive interest rate.
Inflationary expectations: Most economies generally exhibit inflation, meaning a given amount of money buys fewer goods in the future than it will now. The borrower needs to compensate the lender for this.
Alternative investments: The lender has a choice between using his money in different investments. If he chooses one, he forgoes the returns from all the others. Different investments effectively compete for funds.
Risks of investment: There is always a risk that the borrower will go bankrupt, abscond, die, or otherwise default on the loan. This means that a lender generally charges a risk premium to ensure that, across his investments, he is compensated for those that fail.
Liquidity preference: People prefer to have their resources available in a form that can immediately be exchanged, rather than a form that takes time to realize.
Taxes: Because some of the gains from interest may be subject to taxes, the lender may insist on a higher rate to make up for this loss.
Banks: Banks can tend to change the interest rate to either slow down or speed up economy growth. This involves either raising interest rates to slow the economy down, or lowering interest rates to promote economic growth.
Economy: Interest rates can fluctuate according to the status of the economy. It will generally be found that if the economy is strong then the interest rates will be high, if the economy is weak the interest rates will be low.
Real versus nominal
The nominal interest rate is the rate of interest with no adjustment for inflation.
For example, suppose someone deposits $100 with a bank for one year, and they receive interest of $10 (before tax), so at the end of the year, their balance is $110 (before tax). In this case, regardless of the rate of inflation, the nominal interest rate is 10% per annum (before tax).
The real interest rate measures the growth in real value of the loan plus interest, taking inflation into account. The repayment of principal plus interest is measured in real terms compared against the buying power of the amount at the time it was borrowed, lent, deposited or invested.
If inflation is 10%, then the $110 in the account at the end of the year has the same purchasing power (that is, buys the same amount) as the $100 had a year ago. The real interest rate is zero in this case.
The real interest rate is given by the Fisher equation:
where p is the inflation rate.
For low rates and short periods, the linear approximation applies:
The Fisher equation applies both ex ante and ex post. Ex ante, the rates are projected rates, whereas ex post, the rates are historical.
Market rates
There is a market for investments, including the money market, bond market, stock market, and currency market as well as retail banking.
Interest rates reflect:
The risk-free cost of capital
Expected inflation
Risk premium
Transaction costs
Inflationary expectations
According to the theory of rational expectations, borrowers and lenders form an expectation of inflation in the future. The acceptable nominal interest rate at which they are willing and able to borrow or lend includes the real interest rate they require to receive, or are willing and able to pay, plus the rate of inflation they expect.
Risk
The level of risk in investments is taken into consideration. Riskier investments such as shares and junk bonds are normally expected to deliver higher returns than safer ones like government bonds.
The additional return above the risk-free nominal interest rate which is expected from a risky investment is the risk premium. The risk premium an investor requires on an investment depends on the risk preferences of the investor. Evidence suggests that most lenders are risk-averse.
A maturity risk premium applied to a longer-term investment reflects a higher perceived risk of default.
There are four kinds of risk:
repricing risk
basis risk
yield curve risk
optionality
Liquidity preference
Most investors prefer their money to be in cash rather than in less fungible investments. Cash is on hand to be spent immediately if the need arises, but some investments require time or effort to transfer into spendable form. The preference for cash is known as liquidity preference. A 1-year loan, for instance, is very liquid compared to a 10-year loan. A 10-year US Treasury bond, however, is still relatively liquid because it can easily be sold on the market.
A market model
A basic interest rate pricing model for an asset is
where
in is the nominal interest rate on a given investment
ir is the risk-free return to capital
i*n is the nominal interest rate on a short-term risk-free liquid bond (such as U.S. Treasury bills).
rp is a risk premium reflecting the length of the investment and the likelihood the borrower will default
lp is a liquidity premium (reflecting the perceived difficulty of converting the asset into money and thus into goods).
pe is the expected inflation rate.
Assuming perfect information, pe is the same for all participants in the market, and the interest rate model simplifies to
Spread
The spread of interest rates is the lending rate minus the deposit rate. This spread covers operating costs for banks providing loans and deposits. A negative spread is where a deposit rate is higher than the lending rate.
In macroeconomics
Output and unemployment
Higher interest rates increase the cost of borrowing which can reduce physical investment and output and increase unemployment. Higher rates encourage more saving and reduce inflation.
Open market operations in the United States
The Federal Reserve (often referred to as 'the Fed') implements monetary policy largely by targeting the federal funds rate. This is the rate that banks charge each other for overnight loans of federal funds, which are the reserves held by banks at the Fed.
Open market operations are one tool within monetary policy implemented by the Federal Reserve to steer short-term interest rates using the power to buy and sell treasury securities.
Money and inflation
Loans, bonds, and shares have some of the characteristics of money and are included in the broad money supply.
By setting i*n, the government institution can affect the markets to alter the total of loans, bonds and shares issued. Generally speaking, a higher real interest rate reduces the broad money supply.
Through the quantity theory of money, increases in the money supply lead to inflation.
Impact on savings and pensions
Financial economists such as World Pensions Council (WPC) researchers have argued that durably low interest rates in most G20 countries will have an adverse impact on the funding positions of pension funds as "without returns that outstrip inflation, pension investors face the real value of their savings declining rather than ratcheting up over the next few years". Current interest rates in savings accounts often fail to keep up with the pace of inflation.
From 1982 until 2012, most Western economies experienced a period of low inflation combined with relatively high returns on investments across all asset classes including government bonds. This brought a certain sense of complacency amongst some pension actuarial consultants and regulators, making it seem reasonable to use optimistic economic assumptions to calculate the present value of future pension liabilities.
Mathematical note
Because interest and inflation are generally given as percentage increases, the formulae above are (linear) approximations.
For instance,
is only approximate. In reality, the relationship is
so
The two approximations, eliminating higher order terms, are:
The formulae in this article are exact if logarithmic units are used for relative changes, or equivalently if logarithms of indices are used in place of rates, and hold even for large relative changes.
Zero rate policy
A so-called "zero interest-rate policy" (ZIRP) is a very low—near-zero—central bank target interest rate. At this zero lower bound the central bank faces difficulties with conventional monetary policy, because it is generally believed that market interest rates cannot realistically be pushed down into negative territory.
Negative nominal or real rates
Nominal interest rates are normally positive, but not always. In contrast, real interest rates can be negative, when nominal interest rates are below inflation. When this is done via government policy (for example, via reserve requirements), this is deemed financial repression, and was practiced by countries such as the United States and United Kingdom following World War II (from 1945) until the late 1970s or early 1980s (during and following the Post–World War II economic expansion). In the late 1970s, United States Treasury securities with negative real interest rates were deemed certificates of confiscation.
On central bank reserves
A so-called "negative interest rate policy" (NIRP) is a negative (below zero) central bank target interest rate.
Theory
Given the alternative of holding cash, and thus earning 0%, rather than lending it out, profit-seeking lenders will not lend below 0%, as that will guarantee a loss, and a bank offering a negative deposit rate will find few takers, as savers will instead hold cash.
Negative interest rates have been proposed in the past, notably in the late 19th century by Silvio Gesell. A negative interest rate can be described (as by Gesell) as a "tax on holding money"; he proposed it as the Freigeld (free money) component of his Freiwirtschaft (free economy) system. To prevent people from holding cash (and thus earning 0%), Gesell suggested issuing money for a limited duration, after which it must be exchanged for new bills; attempts to hold money thus result in it expiring and becoming worthless. Along similar lines, John Maynard Keynes approvingly cited the idea of a carrying tax on money, (1936, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money) but dismissed it due to administrative difficulties. More recently, a carry tax on currency was proposed by a Federal Reserve employee (Marvin Goodfriend) in 1999, to be implemented via magnetic strips on bills, deducting the carry tax upon deposit, the tax being based on how long the bill had been held.
It has been proposed that a negative interest rate can in principle be levied on existing paper currency via a serial number lottery, such as randomly choosing a number 0 through 9 and declaring that notes whose serial number end in that digit are worthless, yielding an average 10% loss of paper cash holdings to hoarders; a drawn two-digit number could match the last two digits on the note for a 1% loss. This was proposed by an anonymous student of Greg Mankiw, though more as a thought experiment than a genuine proposal.
Practice
Both the European Central Bank starting in 2014 and the Bank of Japan starting in early 2016 pursued the policy on top of their earlier and continuing quantitative easing policies. The latter's policy was said at its inception to be trying to 'change Japan's “deflationary mindset.”' In 2016 Sweden, Denmark and Switzerland—not directly participants in the Euro currency zone—also had NIRPs in place.
Countries such as Sweden and Denmark have set negative interest on reserves—that is to say, they have charged interest on reserves.
In July 2009, Sweden's central bank, the Riksbank, set its policy repo rate, the interest rate on its one-week deposit facility, at 0.25%, at the same time as setting its overnight deposit rate at −0.25%. The existence of the negative overnight deposit rate was a technical consequence of the fact that overnight deposit rates are generally set at 0.5% below or 0.75% below the policy rate. The Riksbank studied the impact of these changes and stated in a commentary report that they led to no disruptions in Swedish financial markets.
On government bond yields
During the European debt crisis, government bonds of some countries (Switzerland, Denmark, Germany, Finland, the Netherlands and Austria) have been sold at negative yields. Suggested explanations include desire for safety and protection against the eurozone breaking up (in which case some eurozone countries might redenominate their debt into a stronger currency).
On corporate bond yields
For practical purposes, investors and academics typically view the yields on government or quasi-government bonds guaranteed by a small number of the most creditworthy governments (UK, USA, Switzerland, EU, Japan) to effectively have negligible default risk. As financial theory would predict, investors and academics typically do not view non-government guaranteed corporate bonds in the same way. Most credit analysts value them at a spread to similar government bonds with similar duration, geographic exposure, and currency exposure. Through 2018 there have only been a few of these corporate bonds that have traded at negative nominal interest rates.
The most notable example of this was Nestle, some of whose AAA-rated bonds traded at negative nominal interest rate in 2015. However, some academics and investors believe this may have been influenced by volatility in the currency market during this period.
See also
Forward rate
List of countries by central bank interest rates
Macroeconomics
Rate of return
Short-rate model
Spot rate
Notes
References
Mathematical finance
Monetary policy | wiki |
Eagles Temple may refer to:
in the United States
Eagles Temple (Akron, Ohio), NRHP-listed
Eagles Temple (Canton, Ohio), NRHP-listed
See also
List of Eagles buildings | wiki |
The Lost Years of Merlin series consists of the following books written by T. A. Barron, describing the experiences of a young Merlin before his appearance in the Arthurian legend.
Merlin Book 1: The Lost Years of Merlin
Merlin Book 2: The Seven Songs of Merlin
Merlin Book 3: The Fires of Merlin
Merlin Book 4: The Mirror of Merlin
Merlin Book 5: The Wings of Merlin
Works based on Merlin
Modern Arthurian fiction
Series of children's books | wiki |
"Spike at Your Service" is the ninth episode of the third season of animated television series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic as well as the sixty-first overall.
Plot
When Applejack saves Spike from a timberwolf attack in the Everfree Forest, he insists on helping her around the farm in order to repay a life debt that is customary to dragons in their "Dragon Code". His efforts only make trouble for her and the other ponies, and they set up a fake timberwolf attack for Spike so that he can save Applejack from, thus making him feel satisfied with his debt. Their ruse draws a pack of real timberwolves, which Applejack easily crushes, but the pieces form into a single giant beast and she gets caught in a rockslide. Spike causes the timberwolf to fall apart by throwing a rock down its throat, and frees Applejack. Afterwards, Applejack convinces Spike to give up his debt.
Background
"Spike at Your Service" was directed by James Wootton, with Jayson Thiessen supervising, and written by Merriwether Williams, based on a story by Dave Polsky. According to Polsky, though Spike is shown to know very little about being a dragon in "Dragon Quest", the Dragon Code felt ... credible he'd taken initiative to learn about his dragon heritage since". In the first treatment, Spike owed Rarity a life debt. Because Rarity was so cruel to Spike, it was changed to Applejack. The Timberwolves are dogs made of wood. According to Mary Jane Begin, author of My Little Pony: The Art of Equestria, their threateningness mostly comes from their size, machine-like structure, and sharp geometric shapes. They were modelled and animated by layout supervisor John Cantlie; instead of the planned Flash animation, the wolves were animated using Autodesk Maya.
Broadcast and reception
The episode aired on December 29, 2012, on The Hub. It was viewed by 432,000 people and garnered double-digit year-to-year delivery gains in all demographics except kids aged 2–11 and 6–11, which gained one-digit gains. Daniel Alvarez of Unleash the Fanboy gave "Spike at Your Service" three and a half out of five stars, calling it "[n]ot great and perhaps the weakest episode of the season, but enjoyable nonetheless".
Home media
The episode has been released as part of the Friendship Is Magic season three collections, in Region 1 by Shout! Factory and Region 4 by Madman Entertainment.
References
External links
My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic episodes
2012 American television episodes
2012 Canadian television episodes | wiki |
Otospermophilus is a genus of ground squirrels in the family Sciuridae, containing three species from Mexico and the United States. Otospermophilus was formerly placed in the large ground squirrel genus Spermophilus, as a subgenus or species group. Since DNA sequencing of the cytochrome b gene has shown Spermophilus to be paraphyletic to the prairie dogs and marmots, it is now separated, along with six other genera.
Species
The three species in Otospermophilus are listed below. These are the same species that were previously grouped in the subgenus Otospermophilus.
Baja California rock squirrel, Otospermophilus atricapillus
California ground squirrel, Otospermophilus beecheyi
Rock squirrel, Otospermophilus variegatus
References
External links
Rodents of North America
Rodent genera
Taxa named by Johann Friedrich von Brandt | wiki |
Polyhedral may refer to:
Dihedral (disambiguation), various meanings
Polyhedral compound
Polyhedral combinatorics
Polyhedral cone
Polyhedral cylinder
Polyhedral convex function
Polyhedral dice
Polyhedral dual
Polyhedral formula
Polyhedral graph
Polyhedral group
Polyhedral model
Polyhedral net
Polyhedral number
Polyhedral pyramid
Polyhedral prism
Polyhedral space
Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory
Polyhedral symbol
Polyhedral symmetry
Polyhedral terrain
See also
Polyhedron, a geometric shape
Polyhedra | wiki |
Dragonstar or Dragon Star may refer to:
Dragonstar (role-playing game), a 2001 role-playing game
Dragonstar (novel series), a 1980-1989 science-fiction series
Dragon Star trilogy, a 1991-1993 fantasy novel series
Dragon Star Varnir, a 2019 role-playing video game | wiki |
Ideal Department Store Building may refer to:
in the United States
Ideal Department Store Building (Birmingham, Alabama), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Birmingham, Alabama
Ideal Department Store Building (Massillon, Ohio), NRHP-listed in Stark County
See also
Ideal Building, Denver, Colorado, listed on the NRHP in downtown Denver | wiki |
A secret identity is a person's alter ego which is not known to the general populace, most often used in fiction. Brought into popular culture by the Scarlet Pimpernel in 1903, the concept was widespread in pulp heroes and is particularly prevalent in the American comic book genre, and is a trope of the masquerade.
In American comic books, a character typically has dual identities, one public and one secret. The public identity being known to the general public as the "superhero persona" and the other being the secret identity. The private or secret identity is typically the superhero's legal name, true identity, and/or "civilian persona" when they are not actively assuming the superhero persona. It is kept hidden from their enemies and the general public to protect themselves from legal ramifications, pressure, or public scrutiny, as well as to protect their friends and loved ones from harm secondary to their actions as superheroes.
Occasionally, this trope is inverted. Two prime examples of this are the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Iron Man (2008), where the film ends with the lead character declaring to the world “I am Iron Man”, and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), where it ends with Peter Parker's civilian persona being permanently erased from the memory of the entire world, as a result of a spell by Doctor Strange.
See also
Alter ego
Incarnation
Operational cover
References
External links
Who's wearing the mask
The Many, Many People Who Know Batman's "Secret" Identity
No More Secret Identities: The Trouble With Alter Egos
Adventure fiction
Code names
English phrases
Espionage
Pseudonyms
Secrecy
Literary concepts
Superhero fiction themes | wiki |
Sub-bass flute may refer to:
Contrabass flute
Subcontrabass flute | wiki |
Wilke Rodriguez was a men's fashion company created by Terry Wilke and Eddie Rodriguez. It was started in 1987, first showing the collection out of Terry's Upper West Side apartment in New York City. Wilke died in 1992 at age 36. By then the company had grown to over $10 million in sales.
Rodriguez later sold the trademark to Men's Wearhouse in 2002. Men's Warehouse tested the concept of Eddie Rodriguez specialty stores featuring apparel, accessories and home furnishings, but discontinued this in 2005. As of 2011 Men's Warehouse still uses the Wilke Rodriguez name on multiple suits and other men's clothing.
See also
Men's Warehouse
Shirts For A Cause
References
Clothing brands of the United States | wiki |
The 2005–06 Seattle SuperSonics season was the team's 39th in the NBA. They began the season hoping to improve upon their 52-30 output from the previous season. However, they came seventeen games shy of tying it, finishing 35–47 and failing to qualify for the playoffs.
Draft picks
Roster
Regular season
Standings
Record vs. opponents
Game log
Player statistics
Awards and records
Transactions
References
Seattle SuperSonics seasons | wiki |
Trapezium may refer to:
Geometry
Outside the US and Canada, a quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides (known in the US as a trapezoid)
In the US and Canada, a quadrilateral with no parallel sides (known elsewhere as a general irregular quadrilateral)
Other uses
Trapezium (bone), a bone in the wrist
Trapezium (astronomy), a group of stars in the Orion Nebula
See also
Trapezius, a muscle | wiki |
Tomb Raider
Tomb Raider (sorozat),
Tomb Raider (videójáték, 1996),
Tomb Raider (Game Boy Color),
Tomb Raider (videójáték, 2011),
Tomb Raider (videójáték, 2013),
Tomb Raider (film, 2018),
hasonló nevűek
Lara Croft: Tomb Raider, 2001-ben bemutatott brit-japán-amerikai-német akció-kalandfilm | wiki |
A Hollywood marriage originally meant a glamorous high society marriage between celebrities involved in the U.S. film industry, as "Hollywood" is a common metonymous term for that industry; such marriages are more commonly known as supercouples in modern parlance. However, the term has grown to also have strong negative connotations of a marriage that is of short duration and quickly ends in separation or divorce. The term developed the negative connotations fairly early; by the 1930s, a "Hollywood marriage" was a marriage both glamorous and short-lived.
Issues
Sympathetic views of celebrities point out that in Hollywood, it is mostly the bad marriages that are documented by the media, giving a skewed perspective that might make "Hollywood marriages" appear to have a worse success rate than they have in reality. In 1972 Bob Thomas of the Associated Press remarked specifically about the tendency to ignore lasting celebrity marriages with the examples he gave including Bob Hope's marriage to Dolores Hope and Rosalind Russell's marriage to producer Frederick Brisson.
Negative views of Hollywood marriages take the position that the divorce rates are indeed unusually high among celebrities and that this is caused by faults within Hollywood as a culture or by personal faults of the celebrities themselves. They point to the usage of weddings as publicity stunts, the egotism or immaturity of celebrities or "celebrity culture", and high rates of infidelity or promiscuity. Bee Wilson, in an article for The Daily Telegraph, critiqued "Hollywood marriages" for often being based on the unrealistic dreams of what she termed "permanent children", although she points to some classic Hollywood couples—like Lauren Bacall and Humphrey Bogart, or Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward—as exceptions to these criticisms. While the introduction to the Cultural Sociology of Divorce: An Encyclopedia edited by Robert E. Emery specifically mentions Hollywood divorces as epitomizing a "consumerist, throw-away-marriage view found in the West."
The actors and entertainers themselves vary in perspective on the commonality or reason for divorce in Hollywood. In 1961 Anne Baxter stated Hollywood was "the most difficult place in America for marriage" due, in part, to the "terrible extremes of success and failure" both spouses may face. In a 1964 interview Mitzi Gaynor, who would remain married to the husband mentioned in the interview until his death (in 2006), took the more "defensive" position that "Hollywood" couples look different mostly because "everything we do is magnified." However, she conceded they might be slightly different because "you have to be a little off-center to get into this business in the first place."
Beyond anecdote or opinion, the actual evidence on the matter is complicated by differing definitions of who qualifies as a "celebrity" or "Hollywood." A study from Radford University placed "dancers and choreographers" as the occupations having the highest percent currently divorced with "Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other" still being above average at tenth. That placed them between "Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides" at ninth and "Baggage porters and concierges" at eleventh. In 1900, even before the modern film industry had coalesced, in an era where concert saloons and minstrel shows were the predominant form of entertainment, "actors, professional showmen" were listed as having the highest divorce rate of occupations. A Forbes article placed "professional athletes and entertainers" together and with a high divorce rate.
Entertainers married a year or less
The idea that the term "Hollywood marriage" equates to something short-term is sometimes displayed by citing celebrities who had marriages that ended in divorce, separation, or annulment within approximately one year. The following examples of that are primarily restricted to marriages involving a notable actor, entertainer or director linked to "Hollywood" in some way and which ended in divorce or annulment. Note that the vast majority of the examples are from the 1970s onward; this is in part because no-fault divorce became legalized in that era, which increased the ease and number of divorces overall. (In much of the early 20th century, there was a one-year waiting period to finalize a divorce in California, which was later repealed.)
Entertainers married 50 years or more
Entertainment couples whose relationships last for decades, and/or life, are occasionally used as a counterpoint when referring to "Hollywood marriage". Listed are a selection of entertainers who have or had marriages that lasted over 50 years.
(Note that in a few of these cases, the entertainers were not necessarily in faithful marriages. Tom Jones, for example, had many extramarital affairs throughout his marriage.)
Legend:
References
Bibliography
Celebrity
Temporary marriages | wiki |
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling and the second novel in the Harry Potter series. The plot follows Harry's second year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, during which a series of messages on the walls of the school's corridors warn that the "Chamber of Secrets" has been opened and that the "heir of Slytherin" would kill all pupils who do not come from all-magical families. These threats are found after attacks that leave residents of the school petrified. Throughout the year, Harry and his friends Ron and Hermione investigate the attacks.
The book was published in the United Kingdom on 2 July 1998 by Bloomsbury and later in the United States on 2 June 1999 by Scholastic Inc. Although Rowling says she found it difficult to finish the book, it won high praise and awards from critics, young readers, and the book industry, although some critics thought the story was perhaps too frightening for younger children. Much like with other novels in the series, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets triggered religious debates; some religious authorities have condemned its use of magical themes, whereas others have praised its emphasis on self-sacrifice and the way one's character is the result of one's choices.
Several commentators have noted that personal identity is a strong theme in the book and that it addresses issues of racism through the treatment of non-human, non-magical, and non-living people. Some commentators regard the story's diary that writes back as a warning against uncritical acceptance of information from sources whose motives and reliability cannot be checked. Institutional authority is portrayed as self-serving and incompetent.
The film adaptation of the novel, released in 2002, became (at the time) the sixth highest-grossing film ever and received generally favourable reviews. Video games loosely based on Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets were also released for several platforms, and most obtained favourable reviews.
Plot
While spending the summer at the Dursleys, twelve-year-old Harry Potter is visited by a house-elf named Dobby. He warns that Harry is in danger and must not return to Hogwarts. Harry refuses, so Dobby magically ruins Aunt Petunia and Uncle Vernon's dinner party. A furious Uncle Vernon locks Harry into his room in retaliation. The Ministry of Magic immediately sends a notice accusing Harry of performing underage magic and threatening dismissal from Hogwarts.
Ron Weasley and his brothers, Fred and George, arrive in their father's flying Ford Anglia and rescue Harry, taking him to the Weasley home. Harry and the entire Weasley family travel to Diagon Alley for school supplies. They run into Hermione Granger and meet Lucius Malfoy, father of Harry's nemesis Draco, and also Gilderoy Lockhart, a conceited autobiographer and adventurer who is the new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor. At King's Cross station, Harry and Ron are unable to enter Platform 9¾ and miss the Hogwarts Express. They fly in Mr Weasley's car to Hogwarts, crashing into the Whomping Willow on school grounds and damaging Ron's hand-me-down wand. The car then escapes into the forest.
Harry learns that some in the wizarding community disdain Muggle-born wizards like Hermione, believing pure-bloods are superior. Harry is the only one who hears a strange voice emanating from the castle walls. Soon after, Mr Filch's cat, Mrs Norris, is found petrified, along with a bloody warning scrawled on a wall: "The Chamber of Secrets has been opened. Enemies of the heir, beware". It is believed that Salazar Slytherin, one of the school's founders, created the Chamber after a dispute with fellow founders on admitting Muggle-born students. The Chamber supposedly houses a monster that only the Heir of Slytherin can control.
During a Quidditch game, a rogue Bludger strikes Harry, breaking his arm. Lockhart blunders an attempt to repair it, sending Harry to the hospital overnight. Dobby visits Harry there, and reveals he jinxed the Bludger and sealed the portal at King's Cross. He says the Chamber of Secrets was once opened years before. After another attack, students attend a defensive duelling class, during which Harry spontaneously exhibits a rare ability to speak 'Parseltongue', the language of snakes.
Harry, Ron, and Hermione suspect Draco is the Heir, given his hostility toward Muggle-borns. Hermione secretly brews Polyjuice Potion, allowing Harry and Ron to impersonate Draco's lackeys Crabbe and Goyle. They learn that Draco knows nothing about the heir. Meanwhile, Moaning Myrtle, a ghost that haunts a girls' bathroom, shows the trio a diary left in her stall. It belonged to Tom Riddle, a student who witnessed another student's death during the Chamber's previous opening. Riddle's consciousness within the diary claims to Harry that Hagrid was responsible. Hermione is petrified in the next attack. The school is put on lockdown and may close. Headmaster Albus Dumbledore is forced out and Hagrid is sent to Azkaban prison.
Following instructions left by Hagrid, Harry and Ron follow spiders into the Forbidden Forest. They encounter a gigantic Acromantula named Aragog, which denies its involvement, and claims spiders fear the real monster. Aragog attempts to feed Harry and Ron to its progeny, but Mr Weasley's car rescues them. Harry and Ron discover that Hermione had deduced that the monster is a basilisk – a gigantic snake whose direct gaze kills and petrifies victims when seen in a reflection. Harry concludes the basilisk is the voice in the walls and that it travels through the plumbing. He also realises Moaning Myrtle was the student that was killed.
Ron's sister Ginny is abducted and taken into the Chamber. Harry and Ron discover the entrance in Myrtle's bathroom, and force Lockhart to enter it with them. Lockhart confesses that he is a fraud who made up all of his stories and attempts to erase the boys' memories after stealing Ron's damaged wand. The spell backfires, obliterating his own memory and causes a rockfall; Ron is separated from Harry and stays behind to help Lockhart.
Harry proceeds to the Chamber and finds an unconscious Ginny. A manifestation of Tom Riddle reveals that he is Lord Voldemort and the Heir of Slytherin. He previously opened the Chamber and framed Hagrid. He has been using the diary to possess and control Ginny, who had been behaving strangely. The basilisk appears to kill Harry. Dumbledore's phoenix Fawkes arrives, bringing Harry the Sorting Hat. Fawkes blinds the basilisk and Harry pulls the Sword of Godric Gryffindor from the Hat. He slays the basilisk but is poisoned by its venom. As Riddle taunts the dying Harry, Fawkes' tears heal Harry. Harry stabs Riddle's diary with a severed basilisk fang, destroying it and Riddle's body, and reviving Ginny.
Harry, Ron, Ginny, and Lockhart return to the castle. Harry gives the diary to Dumbledore, who is curious about it. Lucius Malfoy bursts in, furious that Dumbledore returned. He is accompanied by Dobby, who is the Malfoys' house-elf and was working to protect Harry. Harry realizes that Lucius slipped the diary into Ginny's cauldron when in Diagon Alley to open the Chamber. Harry tricks Lucius into freeing Dobby from servitude by giving him a sock; Lucius attempts to attack Harry in revenge, but Dobby magically deflects him.
The petrified students are cured, Gryffindor wins the House Cup again, Hagrid is released, Lockhart is confined to St. Mungo's Hospital, and Harry returns to Privet Drive in high spirits.
Publication and reception
Development
J.K Rowling found it difficult to finish Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets because she was afraid it would not live up to the expectations raised by Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. After delivering the manuscript to Bloomsbury on schedule, she took it back for six weeks of revision.
In early drafts of the book, the ghost Nearly Headless Nick sang a self-composed song explaining his condition and the circumstances of his unknown death. This was cut because the book's editor did not care for the poem, which has been subsequently published as an extra on J. K. Rowling's official website. The family background of Dean Thomas was removed because Rowling and her publishers considered it an "unnecessary digression," and she considered Neville Longbottom's own journey of discovery "more important to the central plot."
Publication
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999. It immediately took first place in UK bestseller lists, displacing popular authors such as John Grisham, Tom Clancy, and Terry Pratchett and making Rowling the first author to win the British Book Awards Children's Book of the Year for two years in succession. In June 1999, it went straight to the top of three US bestseller lists, including in The New York Times.
First edition printings had several errors, which were fixed in subsequent reprints. Initially, Dumbledore said Voldemort was the last remaining ancestor of Salazar Slytherin instead of his descendant. Gilderoy Lockhart's book on werewolves is entitled Weekends with Werewolves at one point and Wanderings with Werewolves later in the book.
Critical response
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was met with near-universal acclaim. In The Times, Deborah Loudon described it as a children's book that would be "re-read into adulthood" and highlighted its "strong plots, engaging characters, excellent jokes and a moral message which flows naturally from the story". Fantasy author Charles de Lint agreed, and considered the second Harry Potter book to be just as good as Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, a rare achievement among series of books. Thomas Wagner regarded the plot as very similar to that of the first book, based on searching for a secret hidden under the school. However, he enjoyed the parody of celebrities and their fans that centres round Gilderoy Lockhart, and approved of the book's handling of racism. Tammy Nezol found the book more disturbing than its predecessor, particularly in the rash behaviour of Harry and his friends after Harry withholds information from Dumbledore, and in the human-like behaviour of the mandragoras used to make a potion that cures petrification. Nevertheless, she considered the second story as enjoyable as the first.
Mary Stuart thought the final conflict with Tom Riddle in the Chamber was almost as scary as in some of Stephen King's works, and perhaps too strong for young or timid children. She commented that "there are enough surprises and imaginative details thrown in as would normally fill five lesser books." Like other reviewers, she thought the book would give pleasure to both children and adult readers. According to Philip Nel, the early reviews gave unalloyed praise while the later ones included some criticisms, although they still agreed that the book was outstanding.
Writing after all seven books had been published, Graeme Davis regarded Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as the weakest of the series, and agreed that the plot structure is much the same as in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. He described Fawkes's appearance to arm Harry and then to heal him as a deus ex machina: he said that the book does not explain how Fawkes knew where to find Harry; and Fawkes's timing had to be very precise, as arriving earlier would probably have prevented the battle with the basilisk, while arriving later would have been fatal to Harry and Ginny.
Awards and honours
Rowling's Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was the recipient of several awards. The American Library Association listed the novel among its 2000 Notable Children's Books,
as well as its Best Books for Young Adults. In 1999, Booklist named Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as one of its Editors' Choices, and as one of its Top Ten Fantasy Novels for Youth. The Cooperative Children's Book Center made the novel a CCBC Choice of 2000 in the "Fiction for Children" category. The novel also won Children's Book of the Year British Book Award, and was shortlisted for the 1998 Guardian Children's Award and the 1998 Carnegie Award.
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets won the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize 1998 Gold Medal in the 9–11 years division. Rowling also won two other Nestlé Smarties Book Prizes for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone and Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. The Scottish Arts Council awarded their first ever Children’s Book Award to the novel in 1999, and it was also awarded Whitaker's Platinum Book Award in 2001. In 2003, the novel was listed at number 23 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.
Main themes
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets continues to examine what makes a person who he or she is, which began in the first book. As well as maintaining that Harry's identity is shaped by his decisions rather than any aspect of his birth, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets provides contrasting characters who try to conceal their true personalities: as Tammy Nezol puts it, Gilderoy Lockhart "lacks any real identity" because he is nothing more than a charming liar. Riddle also complicates Harry's struggle to understand himself by pointing out the similarities between the two: "both half-bloods, orphans raised by Muggles, probably the only two Parselmouths to come to Hogwarts since the great Slytherin."
Opposition to class, death and its impacts, experiencing adolescence, sacrifice, love, friendship, loyalty, prejudice, and racism are constant themes of the series. In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry's consideration and respect for others extends to the lowly, non-human Dobby and the ghost Nearly Headless Nick. According to Marguerite Krause, achievements in the novel depend more on ingenuity and hard work than on natural talents.
Edward Duffy, associate professor at Marquette University, says that one of the central characters of Chamber of Secrets is Tom Riddle's enchanted diary, which takes control of Ginny Weasley – just as Riddle planned. Duffy suggests Rowling intended this as a warning against passively consuming information from sources that have their own agendas. Although Bronwyn Williams and Amy Zenger regard the diary as more like an instant messaging or chat room system, they agree about the dangers of relying too much on the written word, which can camouflage the author, and they highlight a comical example, Lockhart's self-promoting books.
Immorality and the portrayal of authority as negative are significant themes in the novel. Marguerite Krause states there are few absolute moral rules in Harry Potter's world, for example Harry prefers to tell the truth, but lies whenever he considers it necessary – very like his enemy Draco Malfoy. At the end of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Dumbledore retracts his promise to punish Harry, Ron, and Hermione if they break any more school rules – after Professor McGonagall estimates they have broken over 100 – and lavishly rewards them for ending the threat from the Chamber of Secrets. Krause further states that authority figures and political institutions receive little respect from Rowling. William MacNeil of Griffith University, Queensland, Australia states that the Minister for Magic is presented as a mediocrity. In his article "Harry Potter and the Secular City", Ken Jacobson suggests the Ministry as a whole is portrayed as a tangle of bureaucratic empires, saying that "Ministry officials busy themselves with minutiae (e.g. standardising cauldron thicknesses) and coin politically correct euphemisms like 'non-magical community' (for Muggles) and 'memory modification' (for magical brainwashing)."
This novel implies it begins in 1992: the cake for Nearly-Headless Nick's 500th deathday party bears the words "Sir Nicholas De Mimsy Porpington died 31 October 1492".
Connection to Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
Chamber of Secrets has many links with the sixth book of the series, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. In fact, Half-Blood Prince was the working title of Chamber of Secrets and Rowling says she originally intended to present some "crucial pieces of information" in the second book, but ultimately felt "this information's proper home was book six". Some objects that play significant roles in Half-Blood Prince first appear in Chamber of Secrets: the Hand of Glory and the opal necklace that are on sale in Borgin and Burkes; a Vanishing Cabinet in Hogwarts that is damaged by Peeves the Poltergeist; and Tom Riddle's diary, which is later revealed to be a Horcrux. Additionally, these two novels are the ones with the most focus on Harry's relationship with Ginny Weasley.
Adaptations
Film
The film version of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was released in 2002. Chris Columbus directed the film, and the screenplay was written by Steve Kloves. It became the third film to exceed $600 million in international box office sales, preceded by Titanic, released in 1997, and Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, released in 2001. The film was nominated for a Saturn Award for the Best Fantasy Film, According to Metacritic, the film version of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets received "generally favourable reviews" with an average score of 63%, and another aggregator, Rotten Tomatoes, gave it a score of 82%.
Video games
Five unique video games by different developers were released between 2002 and 2003 by Electronic Arts, loosely based on the book:
References
External links
1998 British novels
1998 fantasy novels
1998 children's books
Bloomsbury Publishing books
British novels adapted into films
Flying cars in fiction
Fiction about memory erasure and alteration
Fiction about shapeshifting
Fiction set in 1992
Fiction set in 1993
02
Scholastic Corporation books
Sequel novels
Children's fantasy novels | wiki |
In medicine, bilirubinuria is an abnormality in which conjugated bilirubin is detected in the urine.
The term "biliuria" is very similar, but more general. It refers to the presence of any bile pigment in the urine.
Conjugated bilirubin is detected in urine at bilirubinemia of approximately 30-34 mmol/L or 2 mg/dL. In this concentration of conjugated bilirubin in the blood appears as yellowness of the mucous membranes and sclera.
Causes
The most common cause of bilirubinuria is hepatocellular disease. More rare causes include inherited disorders, such as Dubin–Johnson syndrome and Rotor syndrome.
Although Gilbert's syndrome and Crigler–Najjar syndrome are characterized by increased bilirubin in the serum, the bilirubin in these inherited disorders is not conjugated and thus not excreted in the urine.
The increase of stercobilin (urobilin) in the feces and urine is caused by the enhanced intracellular hemolysis of erythrocytes. Formed an unconjugated bilirubin entering the intestine, gives a large number of stercobilinogen (urobilinogen). Last absorbed into the blood and passes into the urine.
Diagnosis
References
External links
Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for urine | wiki |
is a 2006 Japanese supernatural thriller film directed by Shūsuke Kaneko. The film is the second in a series of live-action Japanese films released in 2006 based on the Death Note manga and anime series by Tsugumi Ohba and Takeshi Obata. The film primarily centers on a university student named: Light Yagami, who decides to rid the world of the crime element with the help of an otherworldly notebook that kills anyone whose name is written in it, under the alias of a controversial serial-killer/vigilante: "Kira", while evading capture from a Tokyo police task-force, led by an enigmatic and highly-intelligent criminal profiler: "L", who is determined to find and apprehend Light. The film was produced by Nippon Television, and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Japan. It was licensed by VIZ Pictures. A spin-off, L: Change the World, was released in 2008. A sequel, Death Note: Light Up the New World, was released in 2016.
On Friday, September 21, 2018, at Anime Weekend Atlanta, FUNimation Entertainment announced that they would license Death Note, Death Note 2: The Last Name, and Death Note: Light Up the NEW World, and said that they would be released on January 22, 2019, on subtitle-only Blu-ray, DVD, and digital combo packs.
Plot
Misa receives a Death Note from Rem, another Shinigami. As Light joins the task force after Shiori's funeral, Misa becomes the Second Kira and forces a TV station to broadcast her taped messages. Misa, using her Shinigami Eyes, looks through the TV screen and kills a critic of Kira, as well as Detective Mogi and two policemen, who were trying to disperse a rally of Kira's supporters. Light's younger sister Sayu is almost killed, but Soichiro crashes into the festival wearing a motorcycle helmet, which prevents Misa from seeing his face. Light arrives to comfort Sayu and Soichiro, but is spotted by Misa, who correctly identifies Light as Kira. Misa approaches Light near his home, requesting to be his girlfriend and to join his mission to cleanse the world. Seeing that she has Shinigami Eyes, Light accepts her help, and sets up a meeting between her and L, in the hope of learning L's true name. However, Misa is arrested by L because of evidence connecting her to the taped messages. Fearing that Misa will confess, Light arranges for himself and Misa to forfeit their Death Notes, thereby losing their memory. Light buries his Death Note, while Rem gives the other Death Note to Takada, a reporter covering the Kira case. His plan is to sit in jail while Kira's killings are continued by Takada, thereby convincing the police of his innocence.
After some time, Light and Misa are released, but kept under surveillance by L. Light finds a clue leading to Takada, and assists the police-team in arresting her. As a result, the police learns of the existence of Death Notes and Shinigami. By touching the Death Note, Light regains his memories, and he proceeds to kill Takada using a fragment of a Death Note hidden inside his watch. Earlier, Light had written a fake rule into the Death Note stating that, once a person writes a name, he must keep writing names every thirteen days or perish. The police, believing this rule to be real, consider Light and Misa as being completely exonerated, as they were in custody for much longer than thirteen days.
Light asks Misa to uncover the buried Death Note to kill L. Misa, having forgotten L's name, resumes Kira's killing spree instead. L decides to send the task force, bar himself and Light, to America to test the authenticity of the 13 day rule. With suspicion falling upon Misa, Rem is forced to kill Watari and L to protect Misa from being arrested again. Since Shinigami are not allowed to protect humans, the action results in Rem's death. For the sake of halting the police-investigation into Kira, Light proceeds to write his own father's name into his Death Note, much to Misa's horror. Strangely, his father doesn't die, and Light is surrounded by the police at gunpoint. L also emerges, revealing that he wrote his own name into the Death Note, scheduling his death a month in advance and becoming immune to further writings in the Death Note. He also reveals that the Death Note Light wrote on was a decoy and that the task force did not leave for America but were surveilling Light from another location, thereby witnessing him reveal his true colors as Kira. Light, being cornered, pleads with Ryuk to kill the people surrounding him, but Ryuk decides to kill Light instead. He reveals to Light that any human who owns a Death Note is banned from Heaven and Hell, and will instead spend eternity as nothingness. Light dies in his father's arms, begging his father to believe that his actions were for the sake of justice. The police decided to cover up the truth, and to announce that Kira killed Light and then himself. Twenty days later, Soichiro meets L one last time before L peacefully dies. One year later, on Light's birthday, Soichiro maintains the false story to his wife and Sayu, that Kira killed Light. Misa also celebrates Light's birthday, loving him but having no recollection of the Death Note. The film ends with Ryuk flying around the Tokyo Tower and laughing.
Cast
Songs
"Dani California" by Red Hot Chili Peppers
"Snow, Hey Oh" by Red Hot Chili Peppers (Closing)
Release
The film was released in Hong Kong on November 3, 2006, in Taiwan on November 24, 2006, in Singapore on December 28, 2006, and in Malaysia on January 25, 2007, with English and Chinese subtitles. It was dubbed into English and released in American theaters for two nights only, October 15 and 16, 2008. The film was released in Canada on December 3.
Home media
The DVD was released on February 10, 2009, with English dubbed.
Reception
Box office
The film premiered on November 3, 2006, and instantly topped the Japanese box office, remaining at number one for four straight weeks. It grossed () in Japan by the end of the year, making it one of the year's top four highest-grossing Japanese films. The film also grossed $6,748,675 overseas, for a worldwide total of .
Critical response
The film received a mostly positive reception from critics and fans. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an 80% approval rating based on 5 reviews, with an average rating of 5.6/10.
Praise was aimed at the darker yet familiar tone, finely-toned pacing, well-plotted storyline, performances of the cast, and the satisfying ending, while some criticism was aimed at the perceived lack of faithfulness to the source material towards the film's second half, along with the unrefined pacing by the film's second half, with some disliking the ending. Christy Lee S.W. of The Star, in her review of the film, stated that Kaneko "did a good job" in pacing the film, adding that the increased pacing towards the end made some of the content difficult to understand. She also said that screenwriter Tetsuya Oishi made sure the characters were "well fleshed out" and easily empathized with.
Accolades
Sequel
A sequel, Death Note: Light Up the New World, was released in Japan on October 29, 2016. A three-part miniseries entitled Death Note: New Generation was aired as a part of the Death Note live-action film series. It bridges the 10-year gap between the previous films and the 2016 film.
References
External links
Death Note
2006 films
Films directed by Shusuke Kaneko
Nippon TV films
Japanese detective films
2006 psychological thriller films
2000s Japanese-language films
Patricide in fiction
Japanese vigilante films
Supernatural thriller films
Live-action films based on manga
Japanese thriller films
New People films
Warner Bros. films
Japanese supernatural horror films
Films scored by Kenji Kawai
2000s Japanese films
2000s vigilante films | wiki |
Edward Campbell may refer to:
People
Edward Campbell (journalist) (1916–2006), British journalist and authority on circuses
Sir Edward Campbell, 1st Baronet (1879–1945), British Conservative Party politician
Sir Edward Campbell, 2nd Baronet (1822–1882), British peer and soldier
Edward Campbell (rugby league) (1943–2015), rugby league footballer of the 1960s and 1970s
Edward C. Campbell (1806–1860), judge and politician in Canada West
Edward Fitzhardinge Campbell (1880–1957), Irish rugby international
Edward Hale Campbell (1872–1946), Judge Advocate General of the U.S. Navy
Edward Kernan Campbell (1858–1938), American judge
Edward Campbell (politician) (1890–1949), Jersey politician
Fictional character
Edward Campbell (Holby City), fictional character from the medical drama Holby City
See also
Ed H. Campbell (1882–1969), U.S. Representative from Iowa
Eddie Campbell (born 1955), Scottish comics artist and cartoonist
Eddy Campbell, Canadian mathematician, university professor, and university administrator
Eddie C. Campbell (1939–2018), American blues guitarist and singer | wiki |
Recalled to Life may refer to:
Recalled to Life (novel), a Dalziel and Pascoe novel by Reginald Hill
Recalled to Life (Silverberg novel), a novel by Robert Silverberg
Recalled to Life, the first book of the novel A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens | wiki |
The anti-saccade (AS) task is a gross estimation of injury or dysfunction of the frontal lobe, by assessing the brain’s ability to inhibit the reflexive saccade. Saccadic eye movement is primarily controlled by the frontal cortex.
Use
Research in pathophysiology
Saccadic eye movements and anti-saccadic eye movements are carried out by similar regions of the brain: the frontal eye field (FEF), the supplementary motor area (SMA), the thalamus and putamen. Anti-saccades require an intention to will the movement and inhibit a reflexive response. It was therefore thought that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex played a greater role in anti-saccadic movements.
This theory was disproved by O’Driscoll et al. in a study that used positron emission tomography to analyze brain activity during anti-saccadic movement. The study showed that the DLPFC was equally activated in both saccadic and anti-saccadic movements. Anti-saccades required increased activation of the FEF, SMA and putamen.
Currently, the AS task is utilized as a gross assessment of frontal lobe function in neurologic and psychiatric diseases. The task has a high sensitivity, however its specificity is low. Of note, children and adults over the age of 70 will physiologically have an increased rate of error on the anti-saccade task.
Psychological research
Modified versions of the task, often termed as emotional antisaccade task, have been used in psychological and psychophysiological research to investigate the interaction between visual attention and the processing of emotions. Emotion drives attention: people are usually biased to direct eye movements towards emotional rather than neutral and dull stimuli. The emotional version of the antisaccade task uses emotional stimuli (photographs or conditioned stimuli) as visual targets, requiring participants to look in the opposite direction. Performance in the task is a measure for attentional biases in healthy participants and various disorders such as mood disorders, addiction and social anxiety.
Procedure
To perform the anti-saccade task, an individual is asked to fixate on a motionless target (such as a small dot). A stimulus is then presented to one side of the target. The individual is asked to make a saccade in the direction away from the stimulus. For example, if a stimulus is presented to the left of the motionless target, the patient should look toward the right. Failure to inhibit a reflexive saccade is considered an error.
Neurologic disorders affecting both the frontal cortex or the basal ganglia have shown impaired performance on the anti-saccade task. These include schizophrenia, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and progressive supranuclear palsy. Additionally, disseminated brain disease such as Alzheimer's disease or AIDS dementia also have an increased number of errors.
History
The anti-saccade test was initially described in 1978 by Peter Hallet when he was a faculty member at the Department of Physiology of the University of Toronto. Many other researchers have used this task, including Guitton et al. and Pierrot-Deseilligny et al. In Guitton’s studies, the AS task was administered to patients whose dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was removed therapeutically for intractable epilepsy. This group was compared to healthy controls and patients whose temporal lobes had been removed, also for seizure relief. Results from Guitton’s studies showed that only patients with frontal lobe lesions performed abnormally on the AS task.
In contrast, studies by Pierrot-Deseilligny et al. correlated high error rates of AS to specific lesions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). In this study, patients with unilateral infarctions of the posterior parietal lobe were compared against infarctions in 3 frontal regions: the supplementary motor area, frontal eye fields (FEF), and the DLPFC. Only patients with infarctions of the DLPFC showed statistically significant error rates.
References
Medical diagnosis | wiki |
The Man From the Rio Grande is a 1924 American silent film directed by Denver Dixon and starring Art Mix and Dorothy Lee. It premiered on November 30, 1924, in Indianapolis, Indiana.
Cast list
Art Mix as George Kesterson
Dorothy Lee
References
1924 films
American silent films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Victor Adamson
1920s English-language films | wiki |
A low-FODMAP diet is a person's global restriction of consumption of all fermentable carbohydrates (FODMAPs), recommended only for a short time. A low-FODMAP diet is recommended for managing patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and can reduce digestive symptoms of IBS including bloating and flatulence.
If the problem lies with indigestible fiber instead, the patient may be directed to a low-residue diet.
Effectiveness and risks
A low-FODMAP diet might help to improve short-term digestive symptoms in adults with functional abdominal bloating and irritable bowel syndrome, but its long-term use can have negative effects because it causes a detrimental impact on the gut microbiota and metabolome. It should only be used for short periods of time and under the advice of a specialist. More studies are needed to evaluate its effectiveness in children with irritable bowel syndrome.
There is only a little evidence of its effectiveness in treating functional symptoms in inflammatory bowel disease from small studies that are susceptible to bias. More studies are needed to assess the true impact of this diet on health.
In addition, the use of a low-FODMAP diet without medical advice can lead to serious health risks, including nutritional deficiencies and misdiagnosis, so it is advisable to conduct a complete medical evaluation before starting a low-FODMAP diet to ensure a correct diagnosis and that the appropriate therapy may be undertaken.
Since the consumption of gluten is suppressed or reduced with a low-FODMAP diet, the improvement of the digestive symptoms with this diet may not be related to the withdrawal of the FODMAPs, but of gluten, indicating the presence of an unrecognized celiac disease, avoiding its diagnosis and correct treatment, with the consequent risk of several serious health complications, including various types of cancer.
A low-FODMAP diet is highly restrictive in various groups of nutrients, can be impractical to follow in the long-term and may add an unnecessary financial burden.
Suggested foods
Below are low-FODMAP foods categorized by group according to the Monash University "Low-FODMAP Diet".
Vegetables: alfalfa, bean sprouts, green beans, bok choy, capsicum (bell pepper), carrot, chives, fresh herbs, choy sum, cucumber, lettuce, tomato, zucchini, the green parts of leeks and spring onions
Fruits: orange, grapes, honeydew melon (not watermelon)
Protein: meats, fish, chicken, eggs, tofu (not silken), tempeh
Dairy: lactose-free milk, lactose-free yoghurts, hard cheese
Breads and cereals: rice, crisped rice, maize or corn, potatoes, quinoa, and breads made with their flours alone; however, oats and spelt are relatively low in FODMAPs
Biscuits (cookies) and snacks: made with flour of cereals listed above, without high FODMAP ingredients added (such as onion, pear, honey, or polyol artificial sweeteners)
Nuts and seeds: almonds (no more than ten nuts per serving), pumpkin seeds; not cashews or pistachios
Beverage options: water, coffee, tea
Other sources confirm the suitability of these and suggest some additional foods.
History
The basis of many functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) is distension of the intestinal lumen. Such luminal distension may induce pain, a sensation of bloating, abdominal distension and motility disorders. Therapeutic approaches seek to reduce factors that lead to distension, particularly of the distal small and proximal large intestine. Food substances that can induce distension are those that are poorly absorbed in the proximal small intestine, osmotically active, and fermented by intestinal bacteria with hydrogen (as opposed to methane) production. The small molecule FODMAPs exhibit these characteristics.
Over many years, there have been multiple observations that ingestion of certain short-chain carbohydrates, including lactose, fructose and sorbitol, fructans and galactooligosaccharides, can induce gastrointestinal discomfort similar to that of people with irritable bowel syndrome. These studies also showed that dietary restriction of short-chain carbohydrates was associated with symptoms improvement.
These short-chain carbohydrates (lactose, fructose and sorbitol, fructans and GOS) behave similarly in the intestine. Firstly, being small molecules and either poorly absorbed or not absorbed at all, they drag water into the intestine via osmosis. Secondly, these molecules are readily fermented by colonic bacteria, so upon malabsorption in the small intestine they enter the large intestine where they generate gases (hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane). The dual actions of these carbohydrates cause an expansion in volume of intestinal contents, which stretches the intestinal wall and stimulates nerves in the gut. It is this 'stretching' that triggers the sensations of pain and discomfort that are commonly experienced by people with IBS.
The FODMAP concept was first published in 2005 as part of a hypothesis paper. In this paper, it was proposed that a collective reduction in the dietary intake of all indigestible or slowly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates would minimise stretching of the intestinal wall. This was proposed to reduce stimulation of the gut's nervous system and provide the best chance of reducing symptom generation in people with IBS (see below). At the time, there was no collective term for indigestible or slowly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates, so the term 'FODMAP' was created to improve understanding and facilitate communication of the concept.
The low FODMAP diet was originally developed by a research team at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia. The Monash team undertook the first research to investigate whether a low FODMAP diet improved symptom control in patients with IBS and established the mechanism by which the diet exerted its effect. Monash University also established a rigorous food analysis program to measure the FODMAP content of a wide selection of Australian and international foods. The FODMAP composition data generated by Monash University updated previous data that was based on limited literature, with guesses (sometimes wrong) made where there was little information.
References
External links
A Beginner's Guide to the Low-FODMAP Diet at Healthline
Diets
Gastroenterology
Carbohydrates | wiki |
Spat may refer to:
Spat (angular unit), a unit of solid angle
Spat (distance unit), an obsolete distance unit in astronomy
Spats (footwear), a type of shoe accessory
Wheel spats, British term for aerodynamic fairings that reduce the drag on fixed-undercarriage aircraft
Spat, the past tense of spit
Spat (molluscs), settled larvae of shellfish such as oysters and scallops
Spat, the main villain in the game Hamtaro Ham-Ham Heartbreak
SPAT, Toamasina Autonomous Port of Madagascar, from French Société de Gestion du Port Autonome de Toamasina
S.P.A.T., Polish Special Forces, from Polish Samodzielny Pododdział Antyterrorystyczny Komisariatu Policji
See also
Spath (disambiguation)
Spats (disambiguation)
Spatter (disambiguation) | wiki |
The Men's 20 kilometres walk at the 2010 Commonwealth Games as part of the athletics programme was held on Saturday 9 October 2010.
Records
Results
External links
2010 Commonwealth Games - Athletics
Men's 20 kilometres walk
2010 | wiki |
The Man from the Rio Grande may refer to:
The Man from the Rio Grande (1924 film), a film directed by Denver Dixon
The Man from the Rio Grande (1943 film), a film directed by Howard Bretherton | wiki |
Give Me Something – brano musicale di Yoko Ono del 1980
Give Me Something – singolo di David Guetta del 2002
Give Me Something – singolo di Jarryd James del 2015 | wiki |
Artusi is the name of two Italians:
Giovanni Artusi (1540–1613), composer, music theorist and famous reactionary music critic
Pellegrino Artusi (1820–1922), author | wiki |
Beyond The Embrace was an American melodic death metal band. They formed in New Bedford, Massachusetts in 2000. The band has released two albums to date, Against the Elements in 2002 and Insect Song in 2004. They were signed to Metal Blade Records. Along with vocalist and keyboardist Shawn Gallagher, bassist Chris Parlon, and drummer Chris Haskell, the band features the work of three guitarists: Alex Botelho, Oscar Gouveia, and Jeff Saude. Shawn Gallagher uses a mix of clean and harsh vocal styles. It is unknown whether the band is currently disbanded.
Current members
Kenneth Paul Benda - vocals (2005-2011)
Jeff Saude - guitar (2000-2011)
Oscar Gouveia - guitar (2000-2011)
Alex Botelho - guitar (2000-2011)
Dan Jagoda - drums (2008-2011)
Chris Parlon - bass (2004-2011)
Previous members
Shawn Gallagher - vocals, keyboard (2000-2005)
Mike Bresciani - drums (2000-2002)
Kevin Camille - drums (2002-2005)
Steve Bolognese - drums (2005-2007)
Chris Haskell - drums (2007-2008)
Adam Gonsalves - bass (2002-2004)
Studio albums
Against the Elements (2002)
Insect Song (2004)
References
Heavy metal musical groups from Massachusetts
American melodic death metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 2000
Musical groups disestablished in 2011
Metal Blade Records artists | wiki |
This article attempts to list the oldest extant buildings in Bermuda.
See also
Oldest buildings in the United States
References
Oldest
Bermuda | wiki |
Adverse or adverse interest, in law, is anything that functions contrary to a party's interest. This word should not be confused with averse.
Adverse possession
In property law, adverse possession refers to an interest in real property which is contrary to the in-fact owner of the property. For example, an easement may permit some amount of access to property which might otherwise constitute a trespass.
See also
Adverse inference
Adverse party
Adverse possession
Adverse witness
Notes
Legal terminology | wiki |
Isabella Miller may refer to:
Isabella Miller (barrel racer) (1941–2007), champion Canadian equestrian and rodeo participant
Isabella Miller (née Taves, 1905–2005), Hollywood fashion editor at Screen & Radio Weekly
Isabella Johnston (née Miller, 1891–1976), Australian activist | wiki |
Below is a comprehensive drill and tap size chart for all drills and taps, imperial and metric, up to in diameter.
In manufactured parts, holes with female screw threads are often needed; they accept male screws to facilitate the building and fastening of a finished assembly. One of the most common ways to produce such threaded holes is to drill a hole of appropriate size with a drill bit and then tap it with a tap. Each standard size of female screw thread has one or several corresponding drill bit sizes that are within the range of appropriate size—slightly larger than the minor diameter of the mating male thread, but smaller than its pitch and major diameters. Such an appropriately sized drill is called a tap drill for that size of thread, because it is a correct drill to be followed by the tap. Many thread sizes have several possible tap drills, because they yield threads of varying thread depth between 50% and 100%. Usually thread depths of 60% to 75% are desired.
People frequently use a chart such as this to determine the proper tap drill for a certain thread size or the proper tap for an existing hole.
Rules of thumb
Regarding the proportion of tap drill to thread major diameter, for standard V threads (ISO V thread and UTS V thread), there are several rules of thumb with strong predictive power:
A good tap drill is 85% (± 2 pp) of major diameter for coarse threads, and 90% (± 2 pp) of major diameter for fine threads.
For metric V threads, the concept of major minus pitch (i.e., the major or widest diameter of the intended screw in millimeters minus the pitch of the threads of that screw in millimeters per thread) yields a good tap drill diameter. The major minus pitch technique also works for inch-based threads, but you must first calculate the pitch by converting the fraction of threads-per-inch (TPI) into a decimal. For example, a screw with a pitch of 1/20in (20 threads per inch) has a pitch of 0.050in and a in pitch (13 threads per inch) has a pitch of 0.077in. Your result will only land near a tap drill size (not directly on one).
For both of these rules of thumb (85%/90% and major minus pitch), the tap drill size yielded is not necessarily the only possible one, but it is a good one for general use.
The 85% and 90% rules works best in the range of , the sizes most important on many shop floors. Some sizes outside that range have different ratios.
Below, these guidelines are explored with examples.
Examples
A good tap drill is 85% (± 2 pp) of major diameter for coarse threads, and a good tap drill is 90% (± 2 pp) of major diameter for fine threads.
Example (inch, coarse): For size (this is the diameter of the intended screw in fraction form)-14 (this is the number of threads per inch; 14 is considered coarse), 0.437in × 0.85 = 0.371in. Therefore, a size screw ( ≈ 0.437) with 14 threads per inch (coarse) needs a tap drill with a diameter of about 0.371 inches.
The drill sizes that are near this are letter U (0.368in; 84.2%), 9.5 mm (0.374in; 85.6%), and in (0.375in; 85.8%); any of these will work well.
Example (inch, fine): For -20 (same diameter as the previous example, but this time with 20 threads per inch, which is considered fine), 0.437in × 0.90 = 0.393in (i.e., if the threads are to be fine, then a slightly larger diameter drill bit should be used before tapping the hole for the screw).
The drill sizes that are near this are (0.391in; 89.4%), 10 mm (0.393in; 90%), and letter X (0.397in; 90.8%); any of these will work well.
Example (metric, coarse): For M7.0×1.0 (an intended screw with a diameter of 7.0 mm and a pitch of 1 mm between each thread, which is considered coarse), 7.0mm × 0.85 = 5.95mm.
The drill sizes that are near this are in (85%), 6.0 mm (85.7%), and 6.1 mm (87.1%); any of these will work well.
Example (metric, fine): For M7.0×0.5, 7.0mm × 0.90 = 6.30.
The drill sizes that are near this are 6.3 mm (90%), in (90.7%), 6.4 mm (91.4%), and 6.5 mm (92.9%); any of these will work well.
For metric V threads, major minus pitch yields a good tap drill diameter.
Example (metric, coarse): For M7.0 × 1.0, 7.0 − 1.0 = 6.0
Example (metric, fine): For M7.0 × 0.5, 7.0 − 0.5 = 6.5
(The 85% coarse, 90% fine guideline, within its effective range, matches this in net effect)
The major minus pitch also works for inch-based threads, but you must first determine the pitch by looking at the number of treads per inch (TPI; for example, = 0.050 and ≈ 0.077), and your result will only land near a tap drill size (not directly on one).
Example (inch coarse): For -14, 1in ÷ 14 = 0.071in; 0.437in − 0.071in = 0.366in;
The drill sizes that are near this are 9.3 mm (0.366in) and letter U (0.368in). In addition, 9.5 mm (0.374in), and in (0.375in) will work well, although major minus pitch by itself does not tell you this; but the 85% ± 2 pp guideline supports it.
Example (inch fine): For -20, 1in ÷ 20 = 0.050in; 0.437in − 0.050in = 0.387in;
The drill sizes that are near this are letter W (0.386in) and in (0.391in). In addition, 10 mm (0.393in), and letter X (0.397in) will work well, although major minus pitch by itself does not tell you this; but the 90% ± 2 pp guideline supports it.
For both of these rules of thumb (85%/90% and major minus pitch), the tap drill size yielded is not necessarily the only possible one, but it is a good one for general use.
Example (metric coarse): For M7.0×1.0, major minus pitch yields 6.0, but 6.1 also works well.
Example (metric fine): For M7.0×0.5, major minus pitch yields 6.5, which at 92.9% happens to be an example that pushes over the outer bound of the 90% ± 2 pp, but major minus pitch is still valid, although smaller drills (6.3 mm, , 6.4 mm) will work well.
Chart
†If theoretical thread percentage not given, assume 75% ± 10% Theoretical percentage of thread should not be relied upon for threads of included angles other than 60 degrees.
‡See http://www.newmantools.com/taps/micro.htm for more information.
See also
AN thread
British standard pipe thread
British Association screw threads
British Standard Whitworth
Drill bit sizes, a similar page including center drill sizes
ISO metric screw thread
National pipe thread
Taps and dies
United States Standard thread
Unified Thread Standard
References
External links
Tap Drill Sizes
Metric Tap Drill Sizes
Tap and drill chart
BTA Drill Tube Reference Chart
Hole making
Threading (manufacturing)
Mechanical standards | wiki |
The Bromoanilines form a group of three isomers where the bromine atom occupies the para, ortho or meta position on the aromatic ring.
Bromoaniline isomer can refer to:
2-Bromoaniline (o-Bromoaniline)
3-Bromoaniline (m-Bromoaniline)
4-Bromoaniline (p-Bromoaniline)
Anilines
Bromoarenes | wiki |
The Rob Brydon Show was a British chat show hosted by comedian Rob Brydon. The first series started on 17 September 2010 and consists of six regular episodes, a compilation episode and a Christmas special. The second series had six regular episodes, a Christmas special and a compilation episode. The third and final series had six regular episodes.
Format
Each week, Brydon asks his Twitter followers to provide questions for his guests, which he asks after the comedian segment. Brydon interviews two guests, who sit on his sofa while they chat; the musical guest performs at the end of the show (as well as possibly singing with Brydon during their segment). A comedian performs a short stint, with a short interview afterwards by Brydon.
The compilation episodes consist of previously unseen material. The first series compilation was set in the future, hosted by Brydon. The second series clips were hosted by Dai Young, a performer/publican from Wales and Brydon's alleged former comedy partner (in reality Brydon himself in costume).
Episode list
Series 1
Series 2
Series 3
Notes
References
External links
2010 British television series debuts
2012 British television series endings
BBC television comedy
BBC television talk shows
Television series by Fremantle (company)
Television shows shot at Teddington Studios | wiki |
Glorification is the final stage of the ordo salutis and an aspect of Christian soteriology and Christian eschatology. It refers to the nature of believers after death and judgement, "the final step in the application of redemption. Biblical verses commonly cited as evidence for this doctrine include Psalm 49:15, Daniel 12:2, John 11:23-24, Romans 8:30 and 1 Corinthians 15:20. The theological doctrine of glorification goes on to describe how believers will be resurrected after death and given new bodies that have a degree of continuity with their mortal selves. This concept is debated amongst Catholics and Protestants.
References
Christian eschatology
Christian terminology | wiki |
Riding-like sitting or balanced sitting includes a sitting posture that approaches the natural resting position.
A forward sloping seat encourages this natural posture, which is the same as when lying on the side while sleeping. The lumbar curve is preserved, the joint angles are open, and muscles are well-balanced and relaxed. This position is exactly the same as when riding a horse: the rider sits upright and at the same time maintains a lumbar lordosis because of the downwards sloping thighs.
Riding-like sitting or balanced seating is the most suitable position for long periods of sitting. Forward sloping seats and higher desks can eliminate lower back strain and even prevent chronic back pain. It also relieves pressure on the lungs and stomach and provides greater mobility. The advantages compared to conventional furniture in terms of pain, flexion and comfort are documented in several scientific studies starting with research by A C Mandal, MD, and recently reviewed, updated and discussed by T Mandal with several references to research and the revised European (CEN) standards for educational furniture that includes balanced seating options.
See also
Partial squat
Further reading
[invalid link]
Torsten Mandal 2009 Better furniture types for work and studies reduces bending and pain. Published at Association for Bodyconscious Design (expanded version of a proceeding article).
Ergonomics
Partial squatting position
Sitting | wiki |
Winterization of oil is a process that uses a solvent and cold temperatures to separate lipids and other desired oil compounds from waxes. Winterization is a type of fractionation (also known as fractionate crystallization), the general process of separating the triglycerides found in fats and oils, using the difference in their melting points, solubility, and volatility.
Winterization is an oil refinement technique commonly used in biotechnology. The process involves dissolving the extract in ethanol, then placing the mixture in a freezer to chill. The cold allows for the separation of compounds by differences in their melting and precipitation points. In the cooling process, the fats and waxes with higher melting points will precipitate out and can then be removed by filtration, centrifugation, decantation, or other separation processes. A pure, liquid oil extract is left behind, ready to be further processed for consumer use.
Bioindustry applications
Food products containing non-processed oils, such as fats and waxes with higher melting points, will crystallize in refrigeration temperatures. This precipitation could result in products like salad dressings separating during cold storage. Winterization is used to refine oil in salad dressings, mayonnaise, cooking oils like sunflower oil, and botanical oils.
Rice bran oil is one of the most commonly winterized oils, as it has a high content of waxes, fatty acids and lipids.
Winterization is also used in refining biofuel, as it improves low temperature flow properties. This is necessary in preventing crystallization of certain compounds in the fuel, which could cause problems with compression engines.
Winterization is also a common process in the cannabis industry, used to remove unwanted compounds from cannabis oil extracts. Winterization often follows supercritical CO2 extraction, for the production of cannabis oils to be used in vape pens and capsules.
References
Oil refining | wiki |
The League of Corinth, also referred to as the Hellenic League (from Greek Ἑλληνικός Hellenikos, "pertaining to Greece and Greeks"), was a confederation of Greek states created by Philip II in 338–337 BC. The League was created in order to unify Greek military forces under Macedonian leadership (hegemony) in their combined conquest of the Persian Achaemenid Empire.
King Philip was initially urged by Isocrates (in Isocrates' Philippus oration), in 346 BC, to unify Greece against the Persians. After the Battle of Chaeronea, the league became controlled by King Philip.
The title 'League of Corinth' was invented by modern historians because the first council of the League took place in Corinth, and the Greek word synedrion is better translated as congress or conference rather than league. The organization was the first time in history that the Greek city-states (with the notable exception of Sparta, which would join only later under Alexander's terms) would unify under a single political entity.
Organization
The League was governed by the Hegemon (strategos autokrator in a military context), the Synedrion (council) and the Dikastai (judges). Decrees of the league were issued in Corinth, Athens, Delphi, Olympia and Pydna. The League maintained an army levied from member states in approximate proportion to their size, while Philip established Hellenic garrisons (commanded by phrourarchs, or garrison commanders) in Corinth, Thebes, Pydna and Ambracia.
Treaty of the Common Peace
(A fragmentary inscription found in Athens)
Text
Translation
The League during the Alexandrian campaigns
The decision for the destruction of Thebes as transgressor of the above oath was taken by the council of the League of Corinth by a large majority. Beyond the violation of the oath, the council judged that the Thebans were thus finally punished for their betrayal of the Greeks during the Persian Wars. The League is mentioned by Arrian (I, 16, 7), after the Battle of Granicus (334 BC). Alexander sent 300 panoplies to the temple of Pallas Athena in Athens, with the following inscription.
Also, Diodorus Siculus (Βίβλος ΙΖ’ 48.[6]) mentions the Council's decision in 333 BC, after the Battle of Issus, to send ambassadors to Alexander that will bring the Excellence of Greece (Golden Wreath). During 331 BC after the Battle of Megalopolis, Sparta appealed to Alexander for terms, to which he agreed on condition that the Lacedaemonians now joined the League of Corinth. During the Asiatic campaign, Antipater was appointed deputy hegemon of the League while Alexander personally recommended that the Athenians turn their attention to things; in case something happened to him, Athens would take over the power in Greece.
Aftermath
The League was dissolved after the Lamian War (322 BC). During 302 BC Antigonus I Monophthalmus and his son Demetrius Poliorcetes tried to revive the federation against Cassander. Antigonus III Doson (king of Macedon from 229 BC to 221 BC) also revived the League against Sparta during 224 BC.
See also
Koinon
Hellenic League (disambiguation)
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
References
330s BC establishments
Ancient Greek hegemonic leagues
Military history of ancient Greece
Former international organizations
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
4th-century BC military alliances
Greek city-state federations | wiki |
Greenleaf is an American television drama series, created by Craig Wright, which premiered June 21, 2016, on the Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN).
The series follows the unscrupulous world of the Greenleaf family (Bishop James Greenleaf, his wife Lady Mae, and their once-estranged daughter Grace) with scandalous secrets and lies, and their sprawling Memphis megachurch with predominantly African-American members.
During the course of the series, 60 episodes of Greenleaf aired, between June 21, 2016, and August 11, 2020.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2016)
Season 2 (2017)
Season 3 (2018)
Season 4 (2019)
Season 5 (2020)
Ratings
References
External links
Greenleaf | wiki |
K-class ferry may refer to:
Sydney K-class ferry
British Columbia K-class ferry | wiki |
"Laser Love" is a song by English glam rock act T. Rex. It was released as a non-album single in 1976 by record label T. Rex Wax Co.
Release
"Laser Love" was released as a single on 2 October 1976 by record label T. Rex Wax Co. Neither side of the single was ever released on an official LP during the band's lifetime, yet both have been included on deluxe CD reissues of Futuristic Dragon. The song was in the UK charts for a total of four weeks, peaking at No. 41.
References
1976 singles
T. Rex (band) songs
Songs written by Marc Bolan
Song recordings produced by Marc Bolan
EMI Records singles
1976 songs | wiki |
Мајкрософт Microsoft Windows има велику листу својих компонента: Windows шкољка, Интернет експлорер, Windows време, Windows Explorer, итд.
Без тих компоненти, Windows не би био довољан за садашњост (Без Windows Explorer-а нема таскбар-а и нема иконица). Тако и остале важне ствари.
Листа скоро свих Windows компонента са описима
Microsoft Windows | wiki |
A SAML identity provider is a system entity that issues authentication assertions in conjunction with a single sign-on (SSO) profile of the Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML).
In the SAML domain model, a SAML authority is any system entity that issues SAML assertions. Two important examples of SAML authorities are the authentication authority and the attribute authority.
Definition
A SAML authentication authority is a system entity that produces SAML authentication assertions. Likewise a SAML attribute authority is a system entity that produces SAML attribute assertions.
A SAML authentication authority that participates in one or more SSO Profiles of SAML is called a SAML identity provider (or simply identity provider if the domain is understood). For example, an authentication authority that participates in SAML Web Browser SSO is an identity provider that performs the following essential tasks:
receives a SAML authentication request from a relying party via a web browser
authenticates the browser user principal
responds to the relying party with a SAML authentication assertion for the principal
In the previous example, the relying party that receives and accepts the authentication assertion is called a SAML service provider.
A given SAML identity provider is described by an <md:IDPSSODescriptor> element defined by the SAML metadata schema. Likewise a SAML service provider is described by an <md:SPSSODescriptor> metadata element.
In addition to an authentication assertion, a SAML identity provider may also include an attribute assertion in the response. In that case, the identity provider functions as both an authentication authority and an attribute authority.
See also
Identity provider
Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML)
SAML service provider
SAML-based products and services
References
XML-based standards
Federated identity | wiki |
Cohabitation in the United Kingdom, according to social security law would typically relate to a couple being treated as living together as a married couple even if not married or in a civil partnership. This has the effect that for means-tested benefits their resources are treated as held in common. There are also effects on benefits which depend on the claimant not having a partner.
History
The Victorian era of the late 19th century is famous for the Victorian standards of personal morality. Historians generally agree that the middle classes held high personal moral standards and rejected cohabitation. They have debated whether the working classes followed suit. Moralists in the late 19th century such as Henry Mayhew decried high levels of cohabitation without marriage and illegitimate births in London slums. However new research using computerized matching of data files shows that the rates of cohabitation were quite low—under 5% – for the working class and the urban poor.
Statistics
There are 3.5 million cohabiting couples in England and Wales as of 2020, up 137% from 1.5 million in 1996.
In modern day Britain, nearly half of babies are born to people who are not married (in the United Kingdom 47.3% in 2011; in Scotland in 2012 the proportion was 51.3%). It is estimated that by 2016, the majority of births in the UK will be to unmarried parents.
There are differences in extramarital births by region; in 2012, the highest percentage of births to unmarried women were in North East of England at 59%, and in Wales at 58%; and the lowest in London (36%) and in Northern Ireland (42%). One of the reasons cited for the lower percentage of extramarital births in London is the high number of immigrants from conservative world regions who reside in the city. Younger mothers are more likely to be unmarried: in 2011, 96% of mothers aged under 20 were unmarried, compared to only 31% of mothers in their 30s. A study dealing with births that occurred in the year 2000 found several social and personal characteristics of cohabiting vs. married parents: married mothers are most likely to be Asian and least likely Black Caribbean; married mothers are more religious; married mothers and fathers are more educated (they are more than twice as likely to have a degree than cohabiting parents); married fathers are twice as likely to have a professional occupation as cohabiting fathers; married parents have a better financial situation; married mothers are older and are more likely to have had the birth planned. A 2006 study found that cohabiting couples, with and without children, are the fastest-growing family type in the UK. Cohabiting couples who live with their children are more common in the North of England than in the South.
Legal status
In response to the increase in cohabitation, several legal changes were made in the UK in recent years. In Scotland, the Family Law (Scotland) Act 2006 provides cohabitants with some limited rights. In addition, since 2003 in England and Wales, 2002 in Northern Ireland, and 2006 in Scotland, an unmarried father has parental responsibility if he is listed on the birth certificate.
In the UK, in recent years, the falling marriage rates and increased births outside marriage have become a political issue, with questions of whether the government should promote marriage (i.e. though tax benefits or public campaigns) or whether it should focus on the status of a parent, rather than that of a spouse; with the former view being endorsed by the Conservative Party, and the latter by the Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats. There are also differences between England and Wales and Scotland, with the latter being more accepting of cohabitation.
While 49% of cohabiting couples that aren't married or in a civil partnership believe they have rights under a 'common law marriage', common law marriage has no legal standing in England and Wales. Cohabiting couples aren't automatic beneficiaries or have protections regarding non-joint bank accounts, mortgages, tenancies or pensions, unless the other person is explicitly mentioned as a joint account holder or in the terms as a beneficiary, for example in the event of death.
Social security law
Living together has been part of the law since the beginning of the modern welfare state in 1948. The term "Living together as husband and wife" was introduced from 4 April 1977 to mean the same as "cohabiting with a man as his wife" which was used before that date. The term is now "living together as a married couple".
To be regarded as "living together as a married couple" or cohabitating, there are various questions to consider. The question of cohabitation should take into consideration all the six questions, and looking at the relationship as a whole.
See also
Marriage in the United Kingdom
Divorce in England and Wales
Divorce in Scotland
Social class in the United Kingdom
References
Social security in the United Kingdom
Marriage, unions and partnerships in the United Kingdom | wiki |
Can-can – danza
Can-Can – film del 1960
Can-Can – musical del 1963
Can-Can – brano principale del musical omonimo
Can Can – gruppo musicale rock statunitense
Can Can – profumo realizzato da Paris Hilton | wiki |
The 2000 California Republican presidential primary was held on March 7, 2000. Governor George W. Bush of Texas won easily over Senator John McCain of Arizona and former Ambassador Alan Keyes.
At the time, California had a blanket primary, meaning all candidates of all parties were on the same ballot, but the state parties, exploiting a loophole in the election law, used color-coded ballots so that only votes from party members would count. Thus, many votes for McCain -- nearly 800,000 -- were discounted. It was thought by pundits that McCain could demonstrate his viability in a large Democratic state if he won the general primary; however, Bush still won a solid majority with all the non-Republican votes factored in.
Results
See also
2000 California Democratic presidential primary
2000 Republican Party presidential primaries
Notes
References
Republican primary
California
California Republican primaries | wiki |
The 2016 Indoor Football League season was the eighth season of the Indoor Football League (IFL). Playing with ten teams in two conferences located primarily in mid-level cities in the central United States, the league's regular season kicked off on February 20, 2016 and ended on June 24, 2016. The playoffs were held in three rounds, with the top seed in each conference receiving a first-round bye as the second and third seeds facing each other in the conference semifinal (both division winners had automatic bids, and the third seed was a wild card), with the winner of that game facing the top seed in a conference championship game followed by the winners of those games meeting in the United Bowl.
Teams
All ten teams from the previous season were scheduled to return, and a new team called the Spokane Empire joined the IFL. The team was originally going to be called the Spokane Shock after the owner of the franchise decided to leave the Arena Football League on September 1, 2015, for the IFL due to easier regional travel. However, on October 12, 2015, the AFL released a statement saying that the franchise and the AFL could not come to terms over the purchase and use of the Shock identity (name, logos, colors, etc.) and that the AFL has retained the rights to the identity. In addition, the IFL accepted the expansion franchise of the Minnesota Havok. Two teams retained their locations but changed their team name; the former Colorado Ice changed its name to the Colorado Crush, and the former Bemidji Axemen changed their name to the Minnesota Axemen.
The IFL originally announced that it would continue with a two-conference format, but would return to having two divisions in each conference, with each of the 12 teams playing 16 games during the 18-week regular season. This was two more teams, games, and weeks than the numbers as played in the 2015 IFL season. However, prior to the season, the league terminated the two Minnesota teams and returned to a division-less two conference format.
Expansion/Contraction
On September 9, 2015, the IFL announced the Minnesota Havok would join the league for the 2016 season. The Havok were to play their home games at Verizon Wireless Center in Mankato, Minnesota, however, the league terminated the franchise prior to the start of the season for failing to meet league obligations.
On November 25, 2015, the Minnesota Axemen franchise was terminated by the league for failing to meet the league's operational standards and commitments.
Standings
Playoffs
Awards
Individual season awards
1st Team All-IFL
2nd Team All-IFL
References | wiki |
Gorries may refer to:
Paul Gorries (born 1981), South African sprinter
Gorries, nickname of the Orthodox Mennonites | wiki |
Events from the year 1423 in France
Incumbents
Monarch – Charles VII
Events
Births
3 July – Louis XI of France (died 1483)
Deaths
Full date missing
Margaret of Bavaria (born 1363)
Jean Courtecuisse, bishop (born c.1350)
See also
References
1420s in France | wiki |
This article lists fellows of the Royal Society in health and human sciences.
Clinical endocrinology
Clinical epidemiology
Clinical pathology
Clinical pharmacology
Clinical physiology
References
Fellows of the Royal Society
Health | wiki |
Digital Exhibition includes both the projection technologies, such as High Definition, and delivery technologies of a film to a movie theater. Delivery technologies include disk drives, satellite relay, and fiber optics. This can save money in distribution but is usually more expensive overall due to maintenance and standardization of technology. However, there are benefits to digital exhibition, for example it requires less assembly by the exhibitor and can contain the trailers that the distributor wishes.
References
Digital media | wiki |
A SAML service provider is a system entity that receives and accepts authentication assertions in conjunction with a single sign-on (SSO) profile of the Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML).
In the SAML domain model, a SAML relying party is any system entity that receives and accepts information from another system entity. Of particular interest is a SAML relying party that receives and accepts a SAML assertion issued by a SAML authority.
An important type of SAML authority is the SAML identity provider, a system entity that issues authentication assertions in conjunction with an SSO profile of SAML. A relying party that consumes such assertions is called a SAML service provider (or simply service provider if the domain is understood). Thus a SAML service provider is a system entity that receives and accepts an authentication assertion issued by a SAML identity provider.
See also
Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML)
SAML identity provider
SAML-based products and services
References
XML-based standards
Federated identity
Computer access control | wiki |
Seizure may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Seizure (album), a 1989 album by New Zealand musician Chris Knox
Seizure (Cook novel), a 2003 novel by Robin Cook
Seizure (film), a 1974 film by Oliver Stone
Seizure (journal), a peer-reviewed journal covering epilepsy
Seizure (Reichs novel), a 2011 novel by Kathy Reichs
"Seizure", a [[Law & Order: Criminal Intent (season 1)|season 1 episode of Law & Order: Criminal Intent]]
Seizures (album), a 2009 studio album by Kisschasy
Law
Descriptive seizure (also called "Anton Piller order" in the UK and "saisie-contrefaçon" in France), a court order to search premises and seize and/or describe evidence without prior warning
Search and seizure, the legal removal of property
Medicine
Convulsion, a synonym for seizure
Epileptic seizure, caused by abnormal, rhythmic discharges of cortical neurons
Non-epileptic seizure, which mimics epileptic seizure but has a different cause
Other uses
Seizure, the act of a communications circuit going off-hook | wiki |
Statistiche
WTA
Singolare
Vittorie (5)
Legenda
Sconfitte (2)
Legenda
Doppio
Vittorie (2)
Legenda
Sconfitte (2)
Legenda
Collegamenti esterni | wiki |
The following are lists of Walt Disney Studios films by decade:
Lists
List of Walt Disney Studios films (1937–1959)
List of Walt Disney Studios films (1960–1979)
List of Walt Disney Studios films (1980–1989)
List of Walt Disney Studios films (1990–1999)
List of Walt Disney Studios films (2000–2009)
List of Walt Disney Studios films (2010–2019)
List of Walt Disney Studios films (2020–2029)
See also
List of Disney feature-length home entertainment releases
List of Disney television films
List of Disney+ original films
List of Disney television series
List of Hollywood Pictures films
List of films released by Lucasfilm
List of Marvel Studios films
List of Fox Film films
List of Twentieth Century Pictures films
List of 20th Century Fox films (1935–1999)
List of 20th Century Fox films (2000–2020)
List of Fox Searchlight Pictures films (1995–1999)
List of Fox Searchlight Pictures films (2000–2009)
List of Fox Searchlight Pictures films (2010–2019)
List of Fox Star Studios films (2009–2022)
List of Searchlight Pictures films
List of 20th Century Studios films
List of Star Studios films
List of Touchstone Pictures films
List of Walt Disney Pictures films
List of Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures international films
:Category:Lists of films by studio
Further reading
List of all films released by Disney regardless of label—Disney D23
External links
The Walt Disney Studios
Walt Disney Studios (division)
Walt Disney Studios
Walt Disney Studios | wiki |
Florian Marinescu can refer to:
Florian Marinescu (canoeist)
Florian Marinescu (footballer) | wiki |
Privity of estate is a mutual or successive legal relationship to the same right in real property, such as the relationship between a landlord and tenant. Thus, privity of estate refers to the legal relationship that two parties bear when their estates constitute one estate in law.
Privity of estate involves rights and duties that run with the land if original parties intend to bind successors, and the rights touch and concern the land. Privity of estate traces the land of plaintiff and defendant back to a common owner, who imposed the restriction on the land's use. That is referred to as "vertical privity."
Within the context of a landlord-tenant relationship, tenant generally cannot transfer the tenancy or privity of estate between himself and his landlord without the landlord's consent. An assignee who comes into privity of estate is liable only while he continues to be the legal assignee: while he is in possession under the assignment.
See also
Privity of contract
Notes
Landlord–tenant law | wiki |
Tall meadow-rue or tall meadow rue may refer to several species of plant in the genus Thalictrum, including:
Thalictrum dasycarpum
Thalictrum pubescens
Thalictrum polycarpum | wiki |
Kullogum is a rural locality in the Bundaberg Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Kullogum had a population of 118 people.
History
In 1877, of land was resumed from the Kullugum pastoral run to establish smaller farms. The land was offered for selection on 17 April 1877.
References
Bundaberg Region
Localities in Queensland | wiki |
Tears are not enough (ABC)
Tears are not enough (Northern Lights) | wiki |
Ambrosia peruviana is a species of plant in the family Asteraceae. It occurs from Mexico south to Argentina, being common in the Antilles and the Andes.
In its native range, A. peruviana is used as a medicinal plant with analgesic, antiinflammatory, anthelmintic and antiseptic properties.
References
peruviana
Flora of Peru
Flora of Colombia
Flora of Ecuador
Flora of Bolivia | wiki |
The Salvation Army Building may refer to:
The Salvation Army Building (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
International Headquarters of The Salvation Army
Wrigley Lodge, a building in Chicago, Illinois, also known as the Salvation Army Building
Salvation Army Headquarters (Saint Paul, Minnesota) | wiki |
Ceylon spinach is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
Basella alba, native to tropical Asia and Africa
Talinum fruticosum | wiki |
This article contains a list of the flags and/or modifications made to the flags of current U.S. states and territories, through the present day.
U.S. states
Territories
See also
Timeline of national flags
References
History of flags | wiki |
Physocephala rufipes is a species of fly from the genus Physocephala in the family Conopidae. Their larvae are endoparasites of bumble bees of the genus Bombus. It is common throughout much of Europe.
References
Parasitic flies
Parasites of bees
Conopidae
Insects described in 1781
Muscomorph flies of Europe
Endoparasites | wiki |
Charleston earthquake may refer to:
1886 Charleston earthquake
1895 Charleston earthquake | wiki |
Family Credit was a social security benefit introduced by the Social Security Act 1986 for low-paid workers with children in Great Britain that replaced Family Income Supplement.
The benefit was designed for families with children if at least one person is working more than 24 hours a week on average. That represented an exclusion with entitlement to Income Support. The work was to be intended to last at least five weeks.
Calculation
These figures use the rates current in 1997. There was a maximum credit for each family. One adult credit, regardless of whether there was one or two adults, was £47.65, plus an amount for each child that varied by age: £12.05 under 11, £19.95 from 11 to 15, £24.80 from 16 to 17 and £34.70 at 18.
A family whose net income, not including Child Benefit, Maternity Allowance or One-Parent Benefit, was £77.15 or less got the maximum. Income was calculated by using the same principles as for Housing Benefit but without a disregard for earnings. Up to £60 was deductible for the cost of childcare if neither claimant nor partner could care for the children while working. If the income was higher, 70% of the difference was deducted from the maximum for the purpose of entitlement. An extra £10.55 was added if the claimant worked 30 or more hours a week.
The benefit was paid by an order book, which lasted for six months, regardless of a change in circumstances change, unless someone else claimed benefit for one of the children. One could choose to have the money paid directly into a bank account.
A claimant with capital of more than £8000 could not get Family Credit. Capital between £3000 and £8000 reduced the benefit. If a child had capital of more than £3000, it was excluded from the calculation but did not otherwise affect the benefit.
In two-parent families, the woman was expected to claim. The claimant had to be actually working during the claim. Five weekly, two monthly pay slips or a statement from the employer were required. The self-employed had to provide accounts or estimates of earnings.
Claimants were required to be present and "ordinarily resident" in Great Britain when they claimed, and all remunerative work had to be in Great Britain.
Effect on other benefits
The amount paid through Family Credit was taken into account in full for calculating Income Support, Council Tax Rebate and Housing Benefit. Those who got Family Credit were also passported to the NHS Low Income Scheme, cheap dried milk for babies, travel to hospital for treatment and possible Social Fund grants for babies or funerals.
The poverty trap was that someone who got Family Credit and also paid income tax would see no more than 19p a week for each £1 a week pay increase. A worker receiving Housing Benefit as well could have been on a marginal tax rate of 96p.
See also
Child benefits in the United Kingdom
References
Child welfare in the United Kingdom
Social security in the United Kingdom | wiki |
The women's 10 metre platform diving competition at the 2012 Olympic Games in London took place on 8 and 9 August at the Aquatics Centre within the Olympic Park.
The competition comprised three rounds:
Preliminary round: All 26 divers perform five dives; the top 18 divers advance to the semi-final.
Semi-final: The 18 divers perform five dives; the scores of the qualifications are erased and the top 12 divers advance to the final.
Final: The 12 divers perform five dives; the semi-final scores are erased and the top three divers win the gold, silver and bronze medals accordingly.
Schedule
All times are British Summer Time (UTC+1)
Results
References
Diving at the 2012 Summer Olympics
2012
2012 in women's diving
Women's events at the 2012 Summer Olympics | wiki |
Limu, otherwise known as rimu or imu (from Proto-Austronesian *limut) is a general Polynesian term for edible plants living underwater, such as seaweed, or plants living near water, like algae. In Hawaii, there are approximately one hundred names for kinds of limu, sixty of which can be matched with scientific names. Hundreds of species of marine algae were once found in Hawaii. Many limu are edible, and used in the cuisine throughout most of Polynesia.
Uses
Several species of limu are used as food throughout Polynesia and is typically eaten raw as accompaniment to meals, usually fish.
In Hawaii, limu was seen as a major component of the Hawaiian diet alongside fish and poi. Hawaiians cultivated several varieties of seaweed for food as well as to feed fish farmed within fish ponds. As many as 75 types of limu were used for food, more than the 35 used in Japanese cuisine, which is also well known for its use of seaweed. In modern times, limu is often used as a condiment, typically in raw fish dishes such as poke.
Limu was used in hoʻoponopono, the ancient Hawaiian process of conflict resolution. Injured and accused parties gathered to pray, seek forgiveness and eat leaves as a symbol of reconciliation. It is also used in traditional hula attire and as medicine.
Due to the shape of its foliage, the Maori also applied the name to the native tree Dacrydium cupressinum.
Types
Limu comes from multiple genera
Easter Island
(Dictyopteris australis)
(Sargassum obtusifolium)
French Polynesia
Konini (Caulerpa racemosa) (Rapa Iti)
(Caulerpa racemosa) (Tahiti)
(Ulva lactuca) (Tahiti)
Hawaii
(Ulva prolifera)
(Sargassum aquifolium) – employed during .
– "dry or hard"
(Asparagopsis taxiformis) – most popular
(Grateloupia filicina or "pubic hair") – favorite of Liliʻuokalani.
(Hypnea sp.)
(Dictyopteris plagiogramma) – once found in almost continuous beds around O‘ahu. Disappeared from Waikiki Beach in the 1960s, crowded out by pollution and the invasive Gracilaria salicornia.
(Gymnogongrus long or slender)
(Gracilaria coronopifolia, [Japanese]) – cooked with meats to form a savory jelly. Later diced raw with poke, mixed with chili and salt.
(Ulva lactuca) – used in hula
(genus Codium, species Codium edule)
(Ulva lactuca and Monostroma oxyspermum) – named after a shark god who was swaddled in its silken leaves.
– shawl of the goddess Hina. Shares its name with a native butterfly and a family of nudibranchs.
New Zealand
(Gracilaria chilensis)
(Pyropia sp.)
(Zostera sp.)
(Gigartina sp.)
(Durvillaea antarctica)
(Caulerpa brownii)
(Polysiphonia sp.)
(Sargassum sp.)
(Caulerpa racemosa)
(Hydroclathrus sp.)
(Turbinaria sp.)
Niue
(Caulerpa racemosa)
(Caulerpa cupressoides)
Samoa
(Halymenia sp.)
(Caulerpa racemosa)
(Gracilaria sp.)
(Turbinaria sp.)
(Sargassum sp.)
Tonga
(Caulerpa peltata)
(Caulerpa serrulata/Caulerpa cupressoides)
(Hypnea charoides)
(Caulerpa sertularoides)
(Caulerpa scalpeliformis)
(Cladosiphon sp.)
(Caulerpa racemosa)
Threats
Limu has become increasingly difficult to find because of over-picking, pollution, and urban development, especially construction in watersheds. Many important kinds of limu grow best in brackish water where fresh water empties into the sea. Another threat to limu is the spread of marine alien invasive species, such as members of the genus Kappaphycus (smothering seaweed), Gracilaria salicornia (gorilla ogo), Avrainvillea amadelpha (leather mudweed), Hypnea musciformis (hook weed) and Acanthophora spicifera (prickly seaweed).
See also
List of Hawaiian dishes
Oceanic cuisine
Further reading
References
External links
Edible seaweeds
Hawaiian cuisine
Niuean cuisine
Samoan cuisine
Tokelauan cuisine
Tongan cuisine
Tuvaluan cuisine
Wallis and Futuna cuisine
Algae of Hawaii
Polynesian cuisine
Oceanian cuisine | wiki |
Pacific Beach est un quartier du nord de la ville de San Diego, en Californie. Située entre La Jolla (nord), Mission Bay (sud), l'Interstate 5 (est) et l'océan Pacifique (ouest), ce quartier est notamment connu pour sa vie nocturne et ses plages propices au surf.
Quartier de San Diego | wiki |
Buy Nothing Day is a minor event of protest against consumerism. In North America, the United Kingdom, Finland and Sweden, Buy Nothing Day is held the day after U.S. Thanksgiving, concurrent to Black Friday; elsewhere, it is held the following day, which is the last Saturday in November. Buy Nothing Day was founded in Vancouver by artist Ted Dave and subsequently promoted by Adbusters based in Canada.
The first Buy Nothing Day was organized in Canada in September 1992 "as a day for society to examine the issue of overconsumption." In 1997, it was moved to the Friday after American Thanksgiving, also called "Black Friday", which is one of the ten busiest shopping days in the United States. In 2000, some advertisements by Adbusters promoting Buy Nothing Day were denied advertising time by almost all major television networks except for CNN. Soon, campaigns started appearing in the United States, the United Kingdom, Israel, Austria, Germany, New Zealand, Japan, the Netherlands, France, Norway, Finland.
Activities
Various gatherings and forms of protest have been used on Buy Nothing Day to draw attention to overconsumption:
Free, non-commercial street parties
Sit-in
Buy Nothing Day hike: Rather than celebrating consumerism by shopping, participants celebrate the Earth and nature.
Buy Nothing Coat Exchange: Coats are collected throughout the month of November from anyone who wants to donate and brought to various locations within each state. On the day after Thanksgiving, many opt out of shopping on Black Friday to donate or volunteer. Anyone who needs a winter coat is welcome to exchange one or just take one. Originating in Providence, Rhode Island, similar winter coat exchanges take place on Buy Nothing Day in Kentucky, Utah, and Oregon.
Buy Nothing Christmas
Buy Nothing Christmas started unofficially in 1968, when Ellie Clark and her family decided to publicly disregard the commercial aspects of the Christmas holiday. Contemporarily, a movement was created to extend Adbusters' Buy Nothing Day into the entire Christmas season. Buy Nothing Christmas first became official in 2001 when a small group of Canadian Mennonites created a website and gave the movement a name. Adbusters in 2011 renamed the event Occupy Xmas, a reference to the Occupy movement.
Buy Nothing Day was first joined with Adbusters' Buy Nothing Christmas campaign. Shortly after, Lauren Bercovitch, the production manager at Adbusters Media Foundation, publicly embraced the principles of Occupy Xmas, advocating "something as simple as buying locally—going out and putting money into your local economy—or making your Christmas presents". Previously, the central message of Occupy Xmas and Occupy Christmas differed in that Occupy Xmas called for a "Buy Nothing Christmas" and Occupy Christmas called for support of local economy, artists, and craftspeople in holiday shopping. The union of these ideologies calls for a Buy Nothing Day to kick off a season of supporting local economy and family.
See also
Anti-consumerism
Advent Conspiracy
Car-Free Days
Circular Monday, a grassroots movement, database and shopping day for circular consumption
Culture jamming
Super Saturday (Panic Saturday)
Giving Tuesday
Singles' Day
Earth Overshoot Day
Festivus
Homo consumericus
Kashless.org
The Story of Stuff (2007 film)
References
External links
The Buy Nothing Day - thematic page (2019) by Adbusters Media Foundation
BND UK information and support for UK campaigners
Criticism of the commercialization of Christmas
Consumer boycotts
November observances
Friday observances
Observances based on the date of Thanksgiving (United States)
Recurring events established in 1992
Unofficial observances
Waste minimisation
1992 establishments in Canada
Retailing by time of year | wiki |
Fortress vs Right Fourth File Rook (矢倉対右四間飛車) is a Double Static Rook opening in which one player chooses a Fortress position and their opponent uses a Right Fourth File Rook position.
Development
Another Double Static Rook game includes playing Right Fourth File Rook against a Fortress position.
If White is going to attempt Right Fourth File Rook, then after Black advances their central pawn on the fifth move, White should push their rook pawn to the central file forcing White to protect the second with their silver.
After this, White starts developing the Right Fourth File Rook structure by advancing their sixth file pawn (that is, their pawn that is the fourth file from the right side of their board). White aims to move their right silver to the central file through the sixth file and their rook to the sixth file while Black continues building their Fortress position.
References
Bibliography
External links
Shogi Maze: Yagura: Migi Shikenbisha Strategy
Yet Another Shogi Site: Yagura Rapid Attack: Right hand fourth file rook
Shogi openings
Static Rook openings
Fortress openings | wiki |
Shidu () is a phenomenon denoting the loss of a parent's only child. The parents who have lost their only child are known as shidu fumu (), or simply as shidu parents or shiduers.
Impact
Trends
As a result of the one-child policy, the number of shidu parents is expected to increase in China over the coming years. According to official figures, there have been at least one million families who lost their only child since the implementation of the one-child policy to the end of 2010 and it is expected to rise with 76,000 per year.
Issues
In a society where parents rely on their children for looking after them in old age, this phenomenon may have devastating effects to many shidu parents. Many shidu parents suffer from psychological problems and financial difficulties after losing their only child. In 2013, the China National Committee on Ageing reported that between 70 and 80 percent of shidu parents have suffered psychological trauma, in which half of these people are also experiencing depression.
Comparing bereaved parents and nonbereaved parents, it is observed that bereaved parents are significantly more vulnerable in physical well-being (in terms of chronic diseases and health status self-assessment) and psychological well-being (in terms of depression and satisfaction with life). Furthermore, bereaved parents tend to have less social support (in terms of practical support, emotional support, and social interaction). This is consistent with the reported social isolation of these parents, driven by both withdrawal and exclusion from society. Looking at the characteristics of bereaved parents, it has been observed that parents of a younger age, lower education level, and lower income level, and with chronic diseases are significantly more vulnerable in terms of well-being.
Investigating shidu in mainland China, where families are characterized by fewer members as a result of population control, there are indications that the death of a loved one has become more devastating and traumatic for other family members as well.
Investigating shidu parents in the Yangpu district of Shanghai, research has shown that shidu parents have an increased vulnerability for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive symptoms, and mental illness symptoms. Compared to males, females were especially susceptible to develop PTSD. In shidu parents, a significantly higher overall morbidity of coronary heart disease, tumors, mental diseases, and other unclassified diseases was also observed. Shidu parents also had more visits to the hospital.
Government policies
Programs
In 2002, the National People's Congress put into law that local governments must "provide necessary assistance" to shidu parents if they do not adopt or give birth to another child. In 2007, the central government set a monthly compensation of minimum $16 per parent in ten provinces and cities. On 31 August 2007, National Population and Family Planning Commission (NPFPC) and the Ministry of Finance stated that the national compensation level is 100 yuan or above per person per month. Since a 2012 policy, families were entitled to a monthly compensation of minimum 135 yuan ($22) per parent. On 26 December 2013, the NHFPC increased the monthly compensation to a minimum of 340 yuan ($56) per parent for urban households and to a minimum of 170 yuan ($28) per parent for rural households, applicable if the woman is at least 49 years old. The actual amount of compensation may increase depending on provincial and local policies.
Criticism
The governmental financial assistance has been characterized as relatively low. Furthermore, the program's strict focus on providing structural support (such as cash allowances and prioritized access to nursing homes) has been criticized, because it heavily lacks on issues that go beyond structural support (such as psychological well-being and social support). Secondly, the structural interventions themselves are considered inadequate, because there is a strong emphasis attached to filial obligation in old-age security and well-being in Chinese society, and nursing homes are inadequate in coverage and quality.
Professor Qiao Xiaochun (of the Population Research Centre at Peking University and former consultant for the Family Planning Committee) states that government assistance remains very poor, as the government did not fully expect all the possible consequences of the one-child policy at the very beginning, such as the problems associated with shidu parents. He also notes that psychological issues are more pressing than poverty for most shidu parents.
Public response
Notable people, such as Nobel Prize in Literature laureate Mo Yan, have spoken out for more support to those who have lost their only child.
On 5 June 2012, around 80 shidu parents (on behalf of 2000 shidu parents who had signed a petition) assembled at the National Population and Family Planning Commission (NPFPC) and proposed the provision of economic compensation for their loss, the establishment of shidu fumu-oriented communities with low rent, and the designation of a department where shidu parents can turn to for help when needed. There was no formal reply for almost two years. On 21 April 2014, over 240 shidu parents assembled at the National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC; having superseded the NPFPC in 2013) for an official discussion. Even though the NHFPC acknowledged their contributions to the family planning policies, they refused their request as they stated that there is no legal basis to support their requirement for administrative compensation.
Incidents like the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, Boston Marathon bombings, and the Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappearance have highlighted the tremendous impact that this phenomenon has.
In May 2010, the 60-year-old shidu parent Sheng Hailin became China's oldest person to give birth, namely to twin girls through IVF. She said that it helped her out of the despair after her daughter's death, but she also raised concerns about her health and other obstacles with raising the twins.
References
Further reading
One-child policy
Parenting
Death of children
Death in China
Social security in China | wiki |
The Middle Ages was a period in European history spanning the time from about the 5th to the 15th century (c. 476–1453).
Middle Ages or middle age may also refer to:
Middle age, a stage of life
Middle Age: A Romance, a 2001 novel by Joyce Carol Oates
The Middle Ages (play), the play by A. R. Gurney
Middle Ages (TV series), a 1992 American comedy-drama television series
Medieval or Mediaeval (the adjectival form of "Middle Ages") may refer to:
Middle Ages, the European historical period from the 5th to the 15th century.
Middle Ages in England
The term is also used to refer to periods in nations outside of Europe having similarities in social and military development, such as seen in:
History of Japan#Feudal Japan
Medieval history of Sri Lanka
Medieval India
Medieval architecture, a term used to represent various forms of architecture popular in the Middle Ages
Medieval music, the music tradition of Europe from 500 to 1500
Medieval Times, an American dinner theater chain
Medieval rock, modern (post-1980s) rock music tradition that use the Middle Ages as inspiration
Medieval: Total War, a computer strategy game
Medieval II: Total War, a 2006 computer strategy game by Microsoft that is a sequel to Medieval: Total War
Medieval (film), an 2022 Czech film
"Medieval", a song by James from the album Strip-mine
"Medieval", a song by Diecast from the album Tearing Down Your Blue Skies
See also
MediEvil (series), a series of video games | wiki |
Hyper distribution or hyperdistribution is the distribution of content (particularly video) over the Internet using technologies such as BitTorrent. A speech given by Mark Pesce of "Piracy Is Good?", delivered on May 6, 2005 at the Australian Film Television and Radio School in Sydney defines the term.
References
Distributed data storage | wiki |
Parodontax is a brand name of toothpaste and mouthwash currently owned by Haleon, previously GSK.
History
Parodontax toothpaste was developed in 1937 by German dentist Dr. Focke. The product was originally based on sodium bicarbonate. Consequently it was obtained by German pharmaceutical company Madaus which specialised in herbal medicine and which added components that were specifically anti-inflammatory and antibacterial, including extracts of several medicinal plants.
The historic ingredients of the toothpaste contained the following elements: sodium bicarbonate, water, glycerin, cocamidopropyl betaine, alcohol, rhatany (Krameria triandra) root extract, Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea) flower/leaf/stem extract, denatured alcohol, xanthan gum, chamomile (Chamomilla recutita) extract, mhyrr (Commiphora myrrha) extract, sodium saccharin, sodium benzoate, sage (Salvia officinalis) oil, wild mint (Mentha arvensis) oil, limonene, and iron oxide. These herbal extracts gave the toothpaste a particular salty taste.
In 1975, Parodontax launched the first product containing chlorhexidine digluconate in Germany. Since 1989, the active substance chlorhexidine digluconate has been widely used in the treatment of gum disease. Over the years, a wide range of pharmaceutical products, including mouthwashes, sprays and gels, have been developed to provide effective short-term treatment for gingivitis.
In 2001, by GlaxoSmithKline which continued the production according to the old recipe. However, in 2017 the herbal extracts were removed leaving the toothpaste with the active ingredient stannous fluoride and the abrasive ingredient sodium bicarbonate. Nevertheless, the producers claim that the paste still has the ability to heal bleeding gums, which is debated by dentist associations.
See also
List of toothpaste brands
Index of oral health and dental articles
References
Brands of toothpaste
Haleon
Products introduced in 1937
2001 mergers and acquisitions | wiki |
In agriculture, a harrow is a farm implement used for surface tillage. It is used after ploughing for breaking up and smoothing out the surface of the soil. The purpose of harrowing is to break up clods and to provide a soil structure, called tilth, that is suitable for planting seeds. Coarser harrowing may also be used to remove weeds and to cover seed after sowing.
Harrows differ from ploughs, which cut the upper 12 to 25 centimetre (5 to 10 in) layer of soil, and leave furrows, parallel trenches. Harrows differ from cultivators in that they disturb the whole surface of the soil, while a cultivator instead disturbs only narrow tracks between the crop rows to kill weeds.
There are four general types of harrows: disc harrows, tine harrows (including spring-tooth harrows, drag harrows, and spike harrows), chain harrows, and chain-disk harrows. Harrows were originally drawn by draft animals, such as horses, mules, or oxen, or in some times and places by manual labourers. In modern practice they are almost always tractor-mounted implements, either trailed after the tractor by a drawbar or mounted on the three-point hitch.
A modern development of the traditional harrow is the rotary power harrow, often just called a power harrow.
Harrow action
In modern mechanized farming, generally a farmer will use two harrows, one after the other. The disk harrow is used first to slice up the large clods left by the mould-board plough, followed by the spring-tooth harrow. To save time and fuel they may be pulled by one tractor; the disk hitched to the tractor, and the spring-tooth hitched to, and directly behind, the disk. The result is a smooth field with powdery dirt at the surface.
Types
In cooler climates the most common types are the disc harrow, the chain harrow, the tine harrow or spike harrow and the spring tine harrow. Chain harrows are often used for lighter work such as levelling the tilth or covering seed, while disc harrows are typically used for heavy work, such as following ploughing to break up the sod. In addition, there are various types of power harrow, in which the cultivators are power-driven from the tractor rather than depending on its forward motion.
Tine harrows are used to refine seed-bed condition before planting, to remove small weeds in growing crops and to loosen the inter-row soils to allow for water to soak into the subsoil. The fourth is a chain disk harrow. Disk attached to chains are pulled at an angle over the ground. These harrows move rapidly across the surface. The chain and disk rotate to stay clean while breaking up the top surface to about deep. A smooth seedbed is prepared for planting with one pass.
Chain harrowing can be used on pasture land to spread out dung, and to break up dead material (thatch) in the sward, and similarly in sports-ground maintenance a light chain harrowing is often used to level off the ground after heavy use, to remove and smooth out boot marks and indentations. Used on tilled land in combination with the other two types, chain harrowing rolls remaining larger soil clumps to the surface where weather breaks them down and prevents interference with seed germination.
All four harrow types can be used in one pass to prepare soil for seeding. It is also common to use any combination of two harrows for a variety of tilling processes. Where harrowing provides a very fine tilth, or the soil is very light so that it might easily be wind-blown, a roller is often added as the last of the set.
Harrows may be of several types and weights, depending on their purpose. They almost always consist of a rigid frame that holds discs, teeth, linked chains, or other means of moving soil—but tine and chain harrows are often only supported by a rigid towing-bar at the front of the set.
In the southern hemisphere, so-called giant discs are a specialised kind of disc harrows that can stand in for a plough in rough country where a mouldboard plough cannot handle tree-stumps and rocks, and a disc-plough is too slow (because of its limited number of discs). Giant scalloped-edged discs operate in a set, or frame, that is often weighted with concrete or steel blocks to improve penetration of the cutting edges. This sort of cultivation is usually followed by broadcast fertilisation and seeding, rather than drilled or row seeding.
A drag is a heavy harrow.
Power harrow
A rotary power harrow, or simply power harrow, has multiple sets of vertical tines. Each set of tines is rotated on a vertical axis and tills the soil horizontally. The result is that, unlike a rotary tiller, soil layers are not turned over or inverted, which is useful in preventing dormant weed seeds from being brought to the surface, and there is no horizontal slicing of the subsurface soil that can lead to hardpan formation.
Historical reference
In Europe, harrows were used in antiquity and the Middle Ages. The oldest known illustration of a harrow is in Scene 10 of the eleventh-century Bayeux Tapestry. An Arabic reference to harrows is to be found in Abu Bakr Ibn Wahshiyya's Nabatean Agriculture (Kitab al-Filaha al-Nabatiyya), of the 10th century, but claiming knowledge from Babylonian sources.
See also
List of agricultural machinery
Roller (agricultural tool)
Harrower (surname)
References
External links
Harrows from the 11th-16th centuries
"Little Harrows" Song parody
Agricultural machinery
Chinese inventions | wiki |
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