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Steatoda tortoisea is een spinnensoort in de taxonomische indeling van de kogelspinnen (Theridiidae).
Het dier behoort tot het geslacht Steatoda. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 2003 door Chang-Min Yin et al..
Kogelspinnen | wiki |
Thousand Guineas is the name of a number of different horse races:
1000 Guineas Stakes in Great Britain
1,000 Guineas Trial Stakes trial race for the 1000 Guineas Stakes in Great Britain
Thousand Guineas Prelude and The Thousand Guineas in Australia
Poule d'Essai des Pouliches also known as the "French 1,000 Guineas"
Irish 1,000 Guineas
American 1000 Guineas Stakes
New Zealand 1000 Guineas
German 1,000 Guineas | wiki |
Dipping tobacco is a type of finely ground or shredded, moistened smokeless tobacco product. It is commonly and idiomatically known as "dip". Dipping tobacco is used by placing a pinch, or "dip", of tobacco between the lip and the gum (sublabial administration). The act of using it is called dipping. Dip is colloquially called "chaw", "snuff", "rub", or "fresh leaf" among other terms; because of this, it is sometimes confused with other tobacco products—namely nasal/dry snuff.
History
Dipping tobacco evolved from the use of dry snuff in early American history. Up until the late 1700s, dry snuff was taken nasally, but then early Americans would take snuff orally by chewing the end of a twig until it resembled a brush, and then "dipping" the twig in the snuff and placing it in their mouths until the snuff dissolved. Using dry snuff orally eventually evolved into modern day moist snuff, which Copenhagen introduced in 1822 and then Skoal started producing in 1934. Most varieties of dipping tobacco are much more recent inventions.
Today, moist snuff is available throughout the United States. However, it is typically more popular in rural areas and the South than in large cities. Dipping tobacco is predominantly used by males. Also, dipping tobacco has a similar presence in Canada. Smokeless tobacco use by professional baseball players was widespread throughout the 20th century until more recent years with the MLB cracking down on tobacco consumption, although a 1999 survey reported that "31 percent of the league's rookies used smokeless tobacco". According to recent reports from NFL players, many professional football players chew tobacco in locker rooms, with some teams reporting that up to 75% of players admit to dipping.
Description
Dipping tobacco is packaged in "tins" or "cans", although they are not typically completely metal anymore. Dipping tobacco is also available in "rolls", "logs", or "sleeves", which is a package of 5 tins of tobacco, a similar concept to that of a carton of cigarettes. Ten tin rolls were also available in the past. Another package of dipping tobacco is the "tub", available in only select brands, equivalent to 6, 10, or 12 cans.
Before opening the can/tin of tobacco, users typically "pack" the can, similar to how cigarette smokers pack a pack of cigarettes. This is done by placing one's thumb and middle finger on the sides of the can, and then quickly turning the can and flicking the wrist so that one's index finger taps the top of the can.
Unlike snus, which is most often placed between the upper lip and gum, moist tobacco users or "dippers" tend to use the lower. Dipping in the upper lip is unusual, though when done, it is colloquially termed an "upper decker" or "top lip dip". The dip rests on the inside lining of the mouth for a period depending upon the user's preference—often 20–40 minutes. Nicotine and other alkaloids found in tobacco are absorbed in saliva sublabially by the inferior or superior labial arteries. Buccal and sublingual absorption may also occur.
Also unlike snus, dip often causes the user to produce excess saliva during the act of dipping. This is typically spit onto the ground or in a container, because swallowing the saliva-tobacco mixture can cause irritation to the esophagus and induce nausea and vomiting. A spittoon can be used, but often users will simply use an empty plastic bottle or a "mudjug," a portable spittoon. Smokeless tobacco is sometimes used in the workplace by employees, especially if the employer does not provide many cigarette breaks or if the employee is consistently using both hands during work (which doesn't provide opportunities for cigarette smoking). Smokeless tobacco is popular in many industrial areas where there is a safety risk in having an open flame, such as oil rigs or refineries.
Etymology and terminology
Dipping tobacco was first popularized and marketed as moist snuff in the 1800s. The term "snuff" in this context is an English cognate of the aforementioned "snus", from Swedish. Dipping tobacco's Scandinavian roots impart a noticeable legacy on modern American brands such as Copenhagen and Skoal (referring to the interlinguistic term skål, which in Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese and Swedish roughly translates to "cheers", implying a toast).
A user of dipping tobacco will produce an excess amount of saliva which will be disposed of using a "spitter." A spitter can be an empty bottle, cup or commercially produced spittoon.
Dipping tobacco use is often accompanied by first drinking a liquid, in some areas known as a primer, catalyst, and rinser. A primer is used to initially salivate the mouth, usually during a meal, in order to prepare the mouth to use smokeless tobacco. This is important because a dry mouth or one full of food could lead to a less enjoyable experience for the user. A catalyst, like a primer, is used to fix the issues of a dry mouth or dry tobacco; however, the dipping tobacco is already currently in the user's lip. A rinser is used when the user is finished with their tobacco, and it is swished around in the user's mouth, similar to mouthwash, to dispose of any excess tobacco juice or particulates. All three liquids are usually water, but any liquid may be used.
Primarily in Texas and other southern US states, terminology is unique. Dip or dips refers to a wad of tobacco, whereas snuff refers to any amount of tobacco greater than a dip. For example, a tobacco user may reach for a dip from of snuff. Many areas have no such distinction, and may rarely use the word "snuff".
Cut sizes
The difference between cut sizes is the length of the strands of dip.
Common cut sizes
Extra Long cuts are a little longer than long cut.
Wide cuts are long cut, just a little wider.
Long cuts are the most widely available cut size.
Fine cuts/snuffs are slightly larger than sand or coffee grounds.
Pouches hold fine cut or snuff tobacco in a small, teabag-like pouch. They are initially less messy because the tobacco will not fall out of the user's fingers and mouth. Dipping tobacco in pouches resemble snus "portions", but the difference between these two products lies in the way the tobacco is processed. Dipping tobacco (including pouched products) undergoes fermentation, whereas tobacco in snus is pasteurized. In addition to regular sized pouches, smaller sized pouches, known as Bandits, are also available in the Skoal brand.
Unique cut sizes
The following cuts are either unique to one brand of dipping tobacco or are extremely rare:
Fat cuts are a little longer, flatter, and softer than long cut.
Mid cuts are comparable to small granules at about cubed. Mid cuts are extremely rare; the original version of Copenhagen Black is the only dip marketed as a mid cut that has made it to the market. However, many consider some products marketed as long cuts to be mid cuts, notably Copenhagen Long Cut Original.
ReadyCut is a cut produced only by Skoal (introduced in 2012) which consists of a compressed cube of long cut. As it gets moist from saliva in the mouth, it automatically conforms to the user's mouth.
Wide cut is a new cut introduced by Grizzly in select markets. It consists of wider strands than long cut. Grizzly Wide Cut Wintergreen is the only wide cut available.
Flavoring
Dipping tobacco is typically flavored. The most common flavors consist of mint, wintergreen, straight, and natural.
Health issues
Effects
Dipping tobacco, like other tobacco products, contains the stimulant nicotine. Effects include increased heart rate, an increase in systolic blood pressure, and an increase in adrenaline.
Long-term effects
Long term use results in whitening of the oral mucosa, termed smokeless tobacco keratosis. There is relatively low risk of transformation of this lesion into mouth cancer (sometimes verrucous carcinoma). Dipping tobacco causes fatal oral cancers, tooth and gum loss. Associated cancers include: tongue cancer, lip cancer, cheek cancer, gum cancer, throat cancer, and cancer in the roof and floor of the mouth.
A 2002 epidemiological literature review noted "The use of moist snuff and chewing tobacco imposes minimal risks for cancers of the oral cavity and other upper respiratory sites, with relative risks ranging from 0.6 to 1.7." A study comparing oral cancer mortality rates of West Virginia (the state with the highest consumption of smokeless tobacco) in the early nineties to the US overall average throughout the years 1950 to 1980 found no apparent increased incidence or mortality. A study, pooling results from 11 studies between 1981 and 2006, found that users of smokeless tobacco are at elevated risk of getting head and neck cancer, particularly oral cavity cancer.
Cardiovascular effects
Studies are inconclusive as to how significantly smokeless tobacco affects users' cardiovascular systems, but it has been suggested that it may have less nicotine than cigarettes. One study states that, "Although the evidence is not conclusive, the adverse cardiovascular effects of smokeless tobacco use are less than those caused by smoking but are more than those found in non-users." Other studies also indicate that smokeless tobacco related cardiovascular risks are lower than that of smoked tobacco. One study states that smokeless tobacco use has a "positive effect on cardiovascular risk factors in young physically fit men."
However, one Indian study from the state of Rajasthan states, "There is a significantly greater prevalence of multiple cardiovascular risk factors obesity, resting tachycardia, hypertension, high total and LDL cholesterol, and low HDL cholesterol, and electrocardiographic changes in tobacco users, chewing or smoking, as compared-to tobacco non-users. Chewing tobacco is associated with similar cardiovascular risk as smoking."
Due to contrasting results in studies, many conclude that further research should be done on the cardiovascular risks of smokeless tobacco.
Addiction potential
Smokeless tobacco contains nicotine, which is addictive thus the primary reinforcing agent.
According to European Union policy advice, Scandinavian or some American smokeless tobaccos (specifically snus) may be up to 90% less hazardous than cigarette smoking. However, the habit is still addictive.
Taxation and restriction of smoking is causing more smokeless tobacco use as "substitution." There have been public health debates regarding risk-reduction for smokers and the reconsideration of smokeless tobacco risks. "...There is a substantial body of informed and independent opinion that sees the value of harm reduction strategies based on smokeless tobacco."
Additives
The amount of nicotine absorbed can be controlled by different cutting of the tobacco, increasing the nicotine concentration and raising the pH of the tobacco by adding various salts. An alkaline pH causes more nicotine to be absorbed, especially the free, unprotonated form, but is irritating to the mucosa. Nicotine itself can also irritate the mucosa.
List of brands
The following is a partial list of brands of dipping tobacco. Other tobacco products, such as chewing tobacco and snus, are excluded.
Copenhagen
Grizzly
Happy Days discontinued
Husky
Kodiak
Longhorn
Red Man
Red Seal
Rooster (discontinued in 2009)
Stoker's
Skoal
Timber Wolf
Tough Guy (discontinued in 2018)
Legality
Several countries have banned the sale (and in some cases the import) of dipping tobacco. Sale of dipping tobacco was banned in South Australia in 1986 and across the country in 1991 and in most of the EU nations in 1993. Sweden was exempt from this ban because of the traditionally high usage of snus in that country. Dipping tobacco is also not currently permitted for sale in the UK. It is not yet clear whether this law will be changed now that the UK has left the EU.
In the United States, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act gives the Food and Drug Administration the power to regulate the tobacco industry. This law prohibits the sale of dipping tobacco to anyone under the age of 21, as of 20 December restricts tobacco product advertising and marketing directed to younger audiences, and requires bigger, more prominent warning labels for dipping tobacco products.
Taxation
In the United States, the federal government taxes dipping tobacco at , equivalent to 3.15¢ per package. Excise taxes are also levied at the state level (Pennsylvania being the only exception), and in some instances, at the local level. Sales tax is also applied to the full retail price of dipping tobacco in most jurisdictions. The price of a tin of tobacco can range anywhere from under $1 per tin to more than $8. Price is affected by factors such as brand and especially the varying excise taxes from state to state.
See also
Herbal dipping tobacco
Naswar
Smoking cessation
Snus
Tobacco industry
Tobacco products
References
External links
Smokeout: Not as easy as ABC - Commentary - The Washington Times, America's Newspaper
SnusOn Community - The world's largest forum community centered around Swedish snus and smokeless tobacco. Contains reviews, tutorials, information and discussions.
Snus Authority - A blog dedicated to snus, snuff, and other forms of smokeless tobacco.
Snus Central - A popular news and information site on smokeless tobacco.
Tobacco products
Masticatories
fr:Tabac à mâcher | wiki |
Cilo was a Swiss manufacturer of bicycles that filed for bankruptcy in 2002. The bicycles were produced on the shores of Lake Geneva in Romanel-sur-Lausanne in the Vaud canton.
Cilo is an acronym for Charles Jean Lausanne-Oron. The abbreviation from the manufacturer's name Jean was changed to an i for ease of pronunciation in French. "Lausanne-Oron" refers to a holding in Lausanne, associated with the industrialisation of the city at the turn of the 20th century.
Hans Knecht became world champion in 1946 riding a Cilo bicycle; other notable riders include Beat Breu, Daniel Gisiger and Tony Rominger.
Cilo co-sponsored the cycling team Cilo–Aufina with Aufina from 1980 to 1986, and then Atari and Ciclolinea in 1992.
The Cilo of the mid-1970s was a racing bicycle made of Reynolds 531 with the typical Swiss attention to detail. It had chromed forks, drop-outs and rear stays. All lugs were chromed and polished. The components included full 'top-of-the-line' Campagnolo, although Campy brakes were an option. Brooks saddle, Cinelli road bars and stem, Christophe clips and straps were provided. Silk tubulars mounted on Cerchio Fiamme rims were standard.
References
Cycle manufacturers of Switzerland
Companies based in the canton of Vaud
Companies disestablished in 2002 | wiki |
This is a list of honorary citizens of Nepal.
List
References
Nepal
+
Nepali nationality law
honorary citizens | wiki |
Asoxime chloride, or more commonly HI-6, is a Hagedorn oxime used in the treatment of organophosphate poisoning.
References
Cholinesterase reactivators
Aldoximes
Carboxamides
Pyridinium compounds
Chlorides | wiki |
James Jamerson (1936–1983) was an American bass player.
James Jamerson may also refer to:
James L. Jamerson (born 1941), United States Air Force General
James Jamerson Jr. (1957–2016), American bass player, member of the band Chanson
See also
James Jameson (disambiguation)
James Jamieson (disambiguation) | wiki |
Söder means South. It may also refer to:
Places in Sweden
Södermalm, a major district of central Stockholm
Söder, Malmö
Södermanland
Södertörn
Söderhamn Municipality
Söderköping Municipality
Södertälje Municipality
Places in Finland
Söderkulla, a village in the municipality of Sipoo
People with the surname
Björn Söder, Swedish MP
Karin Söder, Swedish statesman
Markus Söder, German politician
Robin Söder, Swedish footballer
Other uses
Soder Airlines
Söder tea
See also
Solder, a material used to bond metal pieces | wiki |
Patjuk ( ) is a type of Korean juk consisting of red beans and rice. It is commonly eaten during the winter season in Korea, and is associated to dongji (winter solstice), as people used to believe that the red color of patjuk drives off baneful spirits.
Preparation
Dried red beans are boiled with eight to ten parts water until fully cooked and soft, then mashed and passed through a sieve. The bean skins are discarded, and the remaining beans sit for some time in order for them to separate into layers. The upper layer consisting of clear water is used to boil rice, while the lower layer consisting of settled red bean mash is kept. When the rice is cooked, the mashed beans are added back into the porridge along with saeal-sim (; literally "bird's egg", named as such due to its resemblance to small bird's eggs, possibly quail eggs), which are the small rice cake balls made of glutinous rice flour. The number of saealsim added is often the same number as the eater's age. Salt is then added to taste.
Varieties
Patjuk is often eaten as a meal rather than as a dessert, and by default is not sweetened. Saealsim (; "bird's egg"), small rice cake balls made of glutinous rice flour is often added to the dish.
Dan-patjuk (; "sweet red bean porridge") is a sweetened dessert porridge made of boiled and mashed red beans. Glutinous rice powder instead of rice grains is added to the porridge, and the porridge is sweetened with honey or sugar. Saealsim is often added to dan-patjuk.
Pat-kal-guksu (; "red bean noodles") is a type of kal-guksu (noodle soup with knife-cut wheat noodles). In the dish, noodles replace the usual rice and saealsim.
Folklore and traditions
Patjuk is commonly eaten during the winter season, and is associated with dongji (winter solstice), the day with the shortest period of daylight and the longest night of the year.
Cooking and eating patjuk was also a ritual to prevent bad luck, epidemic disease, and influences from malevolent spirits. People believed that the red color of patjuk drives off baneful spirits, as red was a symbolic color of positive energy which can keep negative energy at bay. According to the story, a man named Gong Gong had a bad son who died on the day of winter solstice and became a disease-spreading evil spirit who was afraid of red bean porridge. People began to make red bean porridge on winter solstice to ward off the spirit, and forestall epidemic diseases. Before eating patjuk, Koreans used to offer it to various household deities such as kitchen god. Patjuk used to be smeared on walls or doors, or placed in a bowl in each room of the house.
The custom of eating patjuk in winter is also related to Korea's long history as an agrarian society. Having a rich harvest has always been a pivotal issue for people, and eating patjuk became a ritual to wish for abundant harvests. By fully relaxing and eating nourishing food in winter, people wanted to be prepared to start farming in the spring. As winter was often the time of rice shortage, the staple in Korean cuisine, patjuk made of red beans, water, and relatively smaller amount of rice was an economical food. The dish also requires no extra side dishes to constitute a complete meal. Patjuk embodies a custom of conserving food.
Although the beliefs on red color and malevolent spirits as well as the agrarian traditions have faded in modern, industrialized society, patjuk is still enjoyed as a seasonal dish in Korea.
Gallery
See also
Patbap – red bean rice
Red bean soup
References
Congee
East Asian cuisine
Juk
Legume dishes | wiki |
Rhode Island state forests
See also
List of U.S. National Forests
Rhode Island
State forests | wiki |
The Martin Short Show is a syndicated talk show, based on the late night model, hosted by Martin Short with announcer/sidekick Michael McGrath. The talk show aired for one season from 1999 to 2000. It was produced by King World Productions. John Blanchard, who had previously worked with Martin Short on SCTV, directed the show.
One of the characters from the show, overweight celebrity interviewer Jiminy Glick, went on to be used several times outside the show, including the spin-off series Primetime Glick.
The show performed poorly in the ratings.
References
External links
1990s American television talk shows
2000s American television talk shows
English-language television shows
1999 American television series debuts
2000 American television series endings
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
Television series by King World Productions | wiki |
Parapandalus spinipes är en kräftdjursart som först beskrevs av Charles Spence Bate 1888. Parapandalus spinipes ingår i släktet Parapandalus och familjen Pandalidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Källor
Tiofotade kräftdjur
spinipes | wiki |
Peyton List may refer to:
Peyton List (actress, born 1986), American actress from Massachusetts; starred in Mad Men, FlashForward, and Frequency
Peyton List (actress, born 1998), American actress from Florida; starred in Jessie, Bunk'd, Diary of a Wimpy Kid, and Cobra Kai
See also
Peyton (disambiguation) | wiki |
The spider genus Aname is endemic to Australia, with one species (Aname tasmanica) found only on Tasmania. It contains the black wishbone spider, A. atra.
Spiders in this genus, together with the related and very similar genera Chenistonia and Namea, are called "wishbone spiders", for the shape of their open silk-lined burrow, which has the shape of the letter "Y", with one arm shorter than the other. Only the longer arm reaches the surface. The shorter arm is believed to allow the spider to survive flooding by trapping an air bubble.
While Aname prefers dry open country and occurs throughout much of Australia (though mostly inland), Chenistonia occurs mostly in south and western Australia, and Namea is only known along the east coasts in rain forests.
The lesser wishbone spider (A. distincta) occurs through lowland open forests of the Moreton Valley as far north as Eidsvold and Gayndah, the greater wishbone spider A. pallida from Gladstone along the dry coastal corridors to Cairns.
Bites from Aname are rare, but females of A. inimica (also called "unfriendly" by Aborigines) are reported to have bitten several people, resulting in local pain, redness and soreness.
Species
, the World Spider Catalog accepts the 48 species:
A. aragog Harvey, Framenau, Wojcieszek, Rix & Harvey, 2012 — Australia (Western Australia)
A. atra (Strand, 1913) — Australia (South Australia)
A. aurea Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918 — Australia (New South Wales)
A. baileyorum Castalanelli, Framenau, Huey, Hillyer & Harvey, 2020 — Australia (Western Australia)
A. barrema Raven, 1985 — Australia (Queensland)
A. blackdownensis Raven, 1985 — Australia (Queensland)
A. camara Raven, 1985 — Australia (Queensland)
A. carina Raven, 1985 — Australia (Queensland)
A. coenosa Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918 — Australia (South Australia)
A. collinsorum Raven, 1985 — Australia (Queensland)
A. comosa Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918 — Australia (South Australia)
A. distincta (Rainbow, 1914) — Australia (Queensland)
A. diversicolor (Hogg, 1902) — Australia (Queensland)
A. elegans (Harvey, Wilson & Rix, 2022) — Australia (South Australia)
A. ellenae Harvey, Framenau, Wojcieszek, Rix & Harvey, 2012 — Australia (Western Australia)
A. exulans Harvey & Huey, 2020 — Australia (Western Australia)
A. frostorum Castalanelli, Framenau, Huey, Hillyer & Harvey, 2020 — Australia (Western Australia)
A. fuscocincta Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918 — Australia (Western Australia)
A. grandis Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918 — Australia (South Australia)
A. grothi Castalanelli, Framenau, Huey, Hillyer & Harvey, 2020 — Australia (Western Australia)
A. hirsuta Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918 — Australia (South Australia)
A. humptydoo Raven, 1985 — Australia (Northern Territory)
A. inimica Raven, 1985 — Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
A. kirrama Raven, 1984 — Australia (Queensland)
A. lillianae Harvey & Huey, 2020 — Australia (Western Australia)
A. longitheca Raven, 1985 — Australia (Queensland)
A. lorica Castalanelli, Framenau, Huey, Hillyer & Harvey, 2020 — Australia (Western Australia)
A. maculata (Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918) — Australia (Western Australia)
A. mainae Raven, 2000 — Australia (South Australia)
A. marae Harvey, Framenau, Wojcieszek, Rix & Harvey, 2012 — Australia (Western Australia)
A. mcalpinei Castalanelli, Framenau, Huey, Hillyer & Harvey, 2020 — Australia (Western Australia)
A. mccleeryorum Harvey & Huey, 2020 — Australia (Western Australia)
A. mellosa Harvey, Framenau, Wojcieszek, Rix & Harvey, 2012 — Australia (Western Australia)
A. munyardae Castalanelli, Framenau, Huey, Hillyer & Harvey, 2020 — Australia (Western Australia)
A. nitidimarina Castalanelli, Framenau, Huey, Hillyer & Harvey, 2020 — Australia (Western Australia)
A. pallida L. Koch, 1873 (type) — Australia (Queensland)
A. phillipae Harvey & Huey, 2020 — Australia (Western Australia)
A. platypus (L. Koch, 1875) — Australia
A. pulchella (Harvey, Wilson & Rix, 2022) — Australia (Western Australia)
A. robertsorum Raven, 1985 — Australia (Queensland)
A. simoneae Harvey & Huey, 2020 — Australia (Western Australia)
A. sinuata Castalanelli, Framenau, Huey, Hillyer & Harvey, 2020 — Australia (Western Australia)
A. tasmanica Hogg, 1902 — Australia (Tasmania)
A. tigrina Raven, 1985 — Australia (Queensland)
A. vernonorum Castalanelli, Framenau, Huey, Hillyer & Harvey, 2020 — Australia (Western Australia)
A. warialda Raven, 1985 — Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
A. watsoni Castalanelli, Framenau, Huey, Hillyer & Harvey, 2020 — Australia (Western Australia)
A. whitei Castalanelli, Framenau, Huey, Hillyer & Harvey, 2020 — Australia (Western Australia)
References
Anamidae
Spiders of Australia
Mygalomorphae genera | wiki |
D200 peut faire référence à :
Nikon D200, un appareil photo reflex numérique de Nikon ;
Route départementale 200 dans l’Oise. | wiki |
Bologi may refer to any of several leaf vegetables eaten in West Africa:
Basella alba, also called broad bologi
Talinum fruticosum, also called Lagos bologi
Crassocephalum biafrae, also called Sierra Leone bologi
Crassocephalum crepidioides
Crassocephalum rubens, also called Yoruban bologi | wiki |
Aval () may refer to:
Aval (1967 film)
Aval (1972 film)
Aval (2017 film)
Aval (TV series), a 2011 Indian Tamil-language family soap opera | wiki |
Statue of Caesar Rodney can refer to:
Statue of Caesar Rodney (U.S. Capitol)
Equestrian statue of Caesar Rodney, Wilmington, Delaware | wiki |
Lobectomy means surgical excision of a lobe. This may refer to a lobe of the lung (also simply called a lobectomy), a lobe of the thyroid (hemithyroidectomy), a lobe of the brain (as in anterior temporal lobectomy), or a lobe of the liver (hepatectomy).
Lung lobectomy
A lobectomy of the lung is performed in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer patients. It is not performed on patients that have lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. Tumor size, type, and location are major factors as to whether a lobectomy is performed. This can be due to cancer or smoking. Lung lobectomies are performed on patients as young as eleven or twelve who have no cancer or smoking history, but have conditions from birth or early childhood that necessitate the operation. Such patients will have reduced lung capacity which tends to limit their range of activities through life. They often need to use inhalers on a daily basis, and are often classified as being asthmatic.
References
External links
Surgical procedures and techniques
Pulmonology | wiki |
Chevy SS may refer to:
Chevrolet SS (concept car), introduced in 2003 but never approved for production
Holden Commodore (VF), a sedan sold in the United States as the Chevrolet SS from 2013 until 2017
Super Sport (Chevrolet), a signature performance option package offered by Chevrolet since 1961
See also
Chevrolet SSR, a pickup truck manufactured by Chevrolet between 2003 and 2006 | wiki |
Asong may refer to:
Asong language, a Southern Loloish language of Yunnan, China
Clovis Asong (born 1994), British sprinter
Linus Asong (1947–2012), Cameroonian novelist | wiki |
Glowing eyes can refer to:
Tapetum lucidum, a layer of tissue in the eye that reflects visible light back through the retina
Glowing Eyes (film), a 2002 French film
"Glowing Eyes", a song by Twenty One Pilots from their album Regional at Best, later rereleased on the bonus tracks version of the album Vessel | wiki |
Bus Rapid Transit
Abandoned
Bus Rapid Transit using trolleybuses
See also
Transport in India
Bus rapid transit
List of bus rapid transit systems
References | wiki |
A game character is a person or any other entity acting in a game.
Game character may also refer to:
Player character, a character or a role in tabletop and video games, who is controlled by a player, typically a protagonist of the game's plot
Alternate character, another controllable character in addition to the main player character
Non-player character, or NPC, a character controlled by a game-master in tabletop role-playing games or by a program in video games.
Boss (video games), a significant computer-controlled enemy in video games
Mob (video games), short for "mobile". A type of computer-controlled non-player characters, whose primary purpose is to be killed for experience, quest objective, or loot
See also
Virtual character (disambiguation)
Artificial intelligence in video games
Game characters | wiki |
Branding may refer to:
Physical markings
Making a mark, typically by charring:
Wood branding, permanently marking, by way of heat, typically of wood (also applied to plastic, cork, leather, etc.)
Livestock branding, the marking of animals to indicate ownership such as
Human branding, body modification done for various reasons, voluntary and involuntary, throughout history
Freeze branding, permanently marking by way of cold
Vehicle title branding, a permanent designation indicating that a vehicle has been "written off"
Marketing
Brand, a name, logo, slogan, and/or design scheme associated with a product or service
Branding (promotional), the distribution of merchandise with a brand name or symbol imprinted
Brand management, the application of marketing techniques to a specific product, product line, or brand
Employer branding, the application of brand management to recruitment marketing and internal brand engagement
Internet branding, brand management on the Internet
Nation branding, the application of marketing techniques for the advancement of a country
Place branding, the application of marketing techniques for the advancement of country subdivisions
Personal branding, people and their careers marketed as brands
Co-branding, two companies or brands partnering on a product or service
Branding agency, a type of marketing agency, group or a firm which specializes in creating brands
Faith branding, the application of marketing techniques to religious institutions or individuals
School branding, the application of marketing techniques to education organizations
See also
Branded (disambiguation) | wiki |
An Edirectory or Novell eDirectory (formerly known as Novell Directory Services, sometimes referred to as Netware Directory Services)
Edirectory also may refer to:
Directory service for accessing and maintaining distributed information services over a computer network
Network Information Service, a type of directory service
Online business directory software | wiki |
The 2008 Grand Prix de Futsal was the fourth edition of the international futsal competition of the same kind as the FIFA Futsal World Cup but with invited nations and held annually in Brazil.It was first held in 2005.
Venues
Fortaleza (Ceará, Brazil)
Halls: Ginásio Paulo Sarasate (Fortaleza), Ginásio da Universidade de Fortaleza (Unifor)
Fixtures
31 May 2008
Ginásio Paulo Sarasate
09.00 Serbia – Argentina 2–3 (0–2)
11.00 Brazil – Angola 12–0 (2–0)
13.00 Czech Republic – Paraguay 2–2 (2–1)
15.00 Chile – Croatia 0–3 (0–1)
Ginásio da Universidade de Fortaleza (Unifor)
13.00 Egypt – Venezuela 1–0 (0–0)
15.00 Canada – Ukraine 0–5 (0–1)
17.00 Colombia – Mozambique 5–1 (2–0)
19.00 Peru – Uruguay 1–6 (0–3)
01/06/2008
Ginásio Paulo Sarasate
12.30 Croatia – Brazil 0–7(0–5)
14.30 Uruguay – Czech Republic 0–3 (0–3)
16.30 Angola – Chile 3–2 (1–0)
18.30 Paraguay – Peru 4–1 (1–1)
Ginásio da Universidade de Fortaleza (Unifor)
10.00 Argentina – Egypt 5–0 (2–0)
12.00 Mozambique – Canada 6–2 (3–2)
14.00 Venezuela – Serbia 1–4 (0–2)
16.00 Ukraine – Colombia 3–3 (1–1)
02/06/2008
Ginásio Paulo Sarasate
15.00 Croatia – Angola 2–1 (0–0)
17.00 Uruguay – Paraguay 2–5 (0–1)
19.00 Brazil – Chile 11–0 (3–0)
21.00 Czech Republic – Peru 4–2 (2–2)
Ginásio da Universidade de Fortaleza (Unifor)
15.00 Egypt – Serbia 1–6 (1–3)
17.00 Canada – Colombia 1–2 (1–0)
19.00 Argentina – Venezuela 2–1 (1–1)
21.00 Mozambique – Ukraine 1–8 (1–5)
First stage
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Second stage
Plate competition
Ginásio da Universidade de Fortaleza (Unifor)
Finals
15th/16th Place Match
13th/14th Place Match
11th/12th Place Match
9th/10th Place Match
Cup competition
Ginásio Paulo Sarasate (Fortaleza)
Finals
7th/8th Place Match
5th/6th Place Match
3rd/4th Place Match
1st/2nd Place Match
Winner
2008 Grand Prix de Futsal Final Standings
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.
08.
09.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
References
Grand Prix de Futsal
Grand Prix de Futsal
Grand Prix De Futsal, 2008 | wiki |
Daniel James Osborne (born 27 June 1991) is an English television personality, known for being a former cast member on the ITVBe reality series The Only Way Is Essex. In 2018, he was a housemate on Celebrity Big Brother, reaching the final and finishing in third place.
Personal life
Osborne is married to actress Jacqueline Jossa, with whom he has two daughters. He also has a son from an earlier relationship.
Filmography
Television
Guest appearances
Big Brother's Bit on the Side (September 2018) - 1 Episode
Most Shocking Celebrity Moments 2018 (December 2018) - TV Documentary
References
External links
1991 births
Living people
English television personalities
Television personalities from Essex
People from Dagenham | wiki |
North Hartland – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Vermont, w hrabstwie Windsor.
CDP w stanie Vermont | wiki |
Proctorsville – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Vermont, w hrabstwie Windsor.
CDP w stanie Vermont | wiki |
Iceland earthquake may refer to:
2008 Iceland earthquake
2000 Iceland earthquakes, a doublet on June 17 and 21
See also
List of earthquakes in Iceland | wiki |
Capital punishment in the District of Columbia has been abolished since 1981. However, a number of executions were carried out under the District's jurisdiction before then.
Before 1973, the District of Columbia was exclusively governed by Congress, which included establishing all local laws. Until 1962, the District of Columbia was the last jurisdiction in the United States with mandatory death sentences for first-degree murder (the last U.S. state with mandatory death sentences for first degree murder was Vermont). Mandatory death sentences were abolished by the HR5143 (PL87-423), signed into law by President John F. Kennedy on March 22, 1962. Rape was also a capital offense.
The D.C. capital punishment law was nullified by the Supreme Court decision in Furman v. Georgia in 1972 and formally repealed by the D.C. Council in 1981.
The first recorded execution in District of Columbia, was the hanging of James McGirk in 1802. Hanging was the method of execution used in the District until 1928, when it was replaced by the electric chair. The last execution under the authority of the District took place in 1957, when Robert Carter was executed. All executions were conducted at the D.C. Jail.
The president of the United States has sole pardoning power in the District.
Listing of non-federal executions in the District of Columbia - 1900-1957
References
Lists of people executed in the United States | wiki |
English number words include numerals and various words derived from them, as well as a large number of words borrowed from other languages.
Cardinal numbers
Cardinal numbers refer to the size of a group. In English, these words are numerals.
If a number is in the range 21 to 99, and the second digit is not zero, the number is typically written as two words separated by a hyphen.
In English, the hundreds are perfectly regular, except that the word hundred remains in its singular form regardless of the number preceding it.
So too are the thousands, with the number of thousands followed by the word "thousand". For the number one thousand it may be written 1 000 or 1000 or 1,000, for larger numbers they are written for example 10 000 or 10,000 for ease of human reading. The use of the , as a separator is avoided in some languages as it is used for a decimal placement, for example with money. As a result some style guides recommend avoidance of the comma (,) as a separator and only to use the period (.) as a decimal placement. Thus a half would be written 0.5 in decimal, base ten notation, and fifty thousand as 50 000, and not 50.000 nor 50,000 nor 50000. As the English language has no language academy to make usage correct there is still a wide variety of usage, other languages do have language academies which ruled on these matters, yet their rulings are deprecated by international standards like the SI system or EU recommendations which leads to varied usage.
In American usage, four-digit numbers are often named using multiples of "hundred" and combined with tens and ones: "eleven hundred three", "twelve hundred twenty-five", "forty-seven hundred forty-two", or "ninety-nine hundred ninety-nine." In British usage, this style is common for multiples of 100 between 1,000 and 2,000 (e.g. 1,500 as "fifteen hundred") but not for higher numbers.
Americans may pronounce four-digit numbers with non-zero tens and ones as pairs of two-digit numbers without saying "hundred" and inserting "oh" for zero tens: "twenty-six fifty-nine" or "forty-one oh five". This usage probably evolved from the distinctive usage for years; "nineteen-eighty-one", or from four-digit numbers used in the American telephone numbering system which were originally two letters followed by a number followed by a four-digit number, later by a three-digit number followed by the four-digit number. It is avoided for numbers less than 2500 if the context may mean confusion with time of day: "ten ten" or "twelve oh four".
Intermediate numbers are read differently depending on their use. Their typical naming occurs when the numbers are used for counting. Another way is for when they are used as labels. The second column method is used much more often in American English than British English. The third column is used in British English but rarely in American English (although the use of the second and third columns is not necessarily directly interchangeable between the two regional variants). In other words, British English and American English can seemingly agree, but it depends on a specific situation (in this example, bus numbers).
Note: When a cheque (or check) is written, the number 100 is always written "one hundred". It is never "a hundred".
In American English, many students are taught, not to use the word and anywhere in the whole part of a number, so it is not used before the tens and ones. It is instead used as a verbal delimiter when dealing with compound numbers. Thus, instead of "three hundred and seventy-three," "three hundred seventy-three" would be said. Despite this rule, some Americans use the and in reading numbers containing tens and ones as an alternative variant.
Very large numbers
For numbers above a million, three main systems name numbers in English (for the use of prefixes such as kilo- for a thousand, mega- for a million, milli- for a thousandth, etc. see SI units):
the long scale (formerly used in British English but now less so) designates a system of numeric names in which a thousand million is called a milliard, and billion is used for a million million. This system is still used in several other European languages.
the short scale (always used in American English and almost invariably in British English) designates a system of numeric names in which a thousand million is called a billion, and the word milliard is not used.
the Indian numbering system, used widely in Indian subcontinent.
Many people have no direct experience of manipulating numbers this large, and many non-American readers may interpret billion as 1012 (even if they are young enough to have been taught otherwise at school); moreover, usage of the "long" billion is standard in some non-English speaking countries. For these reasons, defining the word may be advisable when writing for the public.
The numbers past one trillion in the short scale, in ascending powers of 1000, are as follows: quadrillion, quintillion, sextillion, septillion, octillion, nonillion, decillion, undecillion, duodecillion, tredecillion, quattuordecillion, quindecillion, sexdecillion, septendecillion, octodecillion, novemdecillion and vigintillion (which is 10 to the 63rd power, or a one followed by 63 zeros). The highest number in this series listed in modern dictionaries is centillion, which is 10 to the 303rd power. The interim powers of one thousand between vigintillion and centillion do not have standardized names, nor do any higher powers, but there are many extensions in use. The highest number listed in Robert Munafo's table of such unofficial names is milli-millillion, which was coined as a name for 10 to the 3,000,003rd power.
The googolplex was often cited as the largest named number in English. If a googol is ten to the one hundredth power, then a googolplex is one followed by a googol of zeros (that is, ten to the power of a googol). There is the coinage, of very little use, of ten to the googolplex power, of the word googolplexplex.
The terms arab, kharab, padm and shankh are more commonly found in old books on Indian mathematics.
Here are some approximate composite large numbers in American English:
Often, large numbers are written with (preferably non-breaking) half-spaces or thin spaces separating the thousands (and, sometimes, with normal spaces or apostrophes) instead of commas—to ensure that confusion is not caused in countries where a decimal comma is used. Thus, a million is often written 1 000 000.
In some areas, a point (. or ·) may also be used as a thousands separator, but then the decimal separator must be a comma (,). In English the point (.) is used as the decimal separator, and the comma (,) as the thousands separator.
Special names
Some numbers have special names in addition to their regular names, most depending on context.
0:
zero: formal scientific usage
nought: mostly British usage, common in science to refer to subscript 0 indicating an initial state
naught: archaic term for nothingness, which may or may not be equivalent to the number; mostly American usage, old-fashioned spelling of nought
aught: proscribed but still occasionally used when a digit is 0 (as in "thirty-aught-six", the .30-06 Springfield rifle cartridge and by association guns that fire it). Aughts also refers to the decade of 2000-2009 in American English.
oh: used when spelling numbers (like telephone, bank account, bus line [British: bus route]) but can cause confusion with the letter o if reading a mix of numbers and letters
nil: in general sport scores, British usage ("The score is two–nil.")
nothing: in general sport scores, American usage ("The score is two–nothing.")
null: to an object or idea related to nothingness. The 0th aleph number () is pronounced "aleph-null".
love: in tennis, badminton, squash and similar sports (origin disputed, said by the Oxford English Dictionary to be from the idea that when one does a thing "for love", that is for no monetary gain, the word "love" implies "nothing". The previously held belief that it originated from , due to its shape, is no longer widely accepted)
zilch, (from Spanish), zip: used informally when stressing nothingness; this is true especially in combination with one another ("You know nothing—zero, zip, , zilch!"); American usage
nix: also used as a verb; mostly American usage
cypher / cipher: archaic, from French , in turn from Arabic , meaning zero
goose egg (informal)
duck (used in cricket when a batsman is dismissed without scoring)
blank the half of a domino tile with no pips
1:
ace in certain sports and games, as in tennis or golf, indicating success with one stroke, and the face of a die, playing card or domino half with one pip
birdie in golf denotes one stroke less than par, and bogey, one stroke more than par
solo
unit
linear the degree of a polynomial is 1; also for explicitly denoting the first power of a unit: linear metre
unity in mathematics
protagonist first actor in theatre of Ancient Greece, similarly Proto-Isaiah and proton
2:
couple
brace, from Old French "arms" (the plural of arm), as in "what can be held in two arms".
pair
deuce the face of a die, playing card or domino half with two pips
eagle in golf denotes two strokes less than par
duo
quadratic the degree of a polynomial is 2
also square or squared for denoting the second power of a unit: square metre or metre squared
penultimate, second from the end
deuteragonist second actor in theatre of Ancient Greece, similarly Deutero-Isaiah and deuteron
3:
trey the face of a die or playing card with three pips, a three-point field goal in basketball, nickname for the third carrier of the same personal name in a family
trio
trips: three-of-a-kind in a poker hand. a player has three cards with the same numerical value
cubic the degree of a polynomial is 3
also cube or cubed for denoting the third power of a unit: cubic metre or metre cubed
albatross in golf denotes three strokes less than par. Sometimes called double eagle
hat-trick or hat trick: achievement of three feats in sport or other contexts
antepenultimate third from the end
tritagonist third actor in theatre of Ancient Greece, similarly Trito-Isaiah and triton
turkey in bowling, three consecutive strikes
4:
cater: (rare) the face of a die or playing card with four pips
quartet
quartic or biquadratic the degree of a polynomial is 4
quad (short for quadruple or the like) several specialized sets of four, such as four of a kind in poker, a carburetor with four inputs, etc.,
condor in golf denotes four strokes less than par
preantepenultimate fourth from the end
5:
cinque or cinq (rare) the face of a die or playing card with five pips
quintet
nickel (informal American, from the value of the five-cent US nickel, but applied in non-monetary references)
quintic the degree of a polynomial is 5
quint (short for quintuplet or the like) several specialized sets of five, such as quintuplets, etc.
6:
half a dozen
sice (rare) the face of a die or playing card with six pips
sextet
sextic or hectic the degree of a polynomial is 6
7:
septet
septic or heptic the degree of a polynomial is 7
8:
octet
9:
nonet
10:
dime (informal American, from the value of the ten-cent US dime, but applied in non-monetary references)
decet
decade, used for years but also other groups of 10 as in rosary prayers or Braille symbols
11: a banker's dozen
12: a dozen (first power of the duodecimal base), used mostly in commerce
13: a baker's dozen
20: a score (first power of the vigesimal base), nowadays archaic; famously used in the opening of the Gettysburg Address: "Four score and seven years ago..." The Number of the Beast in the King James Bible is rendered "Six hundred threescore and six". Also in The Book of Common Prayer, Psalm 90 as used in the Burial Service—"The days of our age are threescore years and ten; ...."
50: half-century, literally half of a hundred, usually used in cricket scores.
55: double-nickel (informal American)
60: a shock: historical commercial count, described as "three scores".
100:
A century, also used in cricket scores and in cycling for 100 miles.
A ton, in Commonwealth English, the speed of 100 mph or 100 km/h.
A small hundred or short hundred (archaic, see 120 below)
120:
A great hundred or long hundred (twelve tens; as opposed to the small hundred, i.e. 100 or ten tens), also called small gross (ten dozens), both archaic
Also sometimes referred to as duodecimal hundred, although that could literally also mean 144, which is twelve squared
144: a gross (a dozen dozens, second power of the duodecimal base), used mostly in commerce
500: a ream
1000:
a grand, colloquially used especially when referring to money, also in fractions and multiples, e.g. half a grand, two grand, etc. Grand can also be shortened to "G" in many cases.
K, originally from the abbreviation of kilo-, e.g. "He only makes $20K a year."
Millennium (plural: millennia), a period of one thousand years.
kilo- (Greek for "one thousand"), a decimal unit prefix in the Metric system denoting multiplication by "one thousand". For example: 1 kilometre = 1000 metres.
1728: a great gross (a dozen gross, third power of the duodecimal base), used historically in commerce
10,000: a myriad (a hundred hundred), commonly used in the sense of an indefinite very high number
100,000: a lakh (a hundred thousand), in Indian English
10,000,000: a crore (a hundred lakh), in Indian English and written as 100,00,000.
10100: googol (1 followed by 100 zeros), used in mathematics
10googol: googolplex (1 followed by a googol of zeros)
10googolplex: googolplexplex (1 followed by a googolplex of zeros)
Combinations of numbers in most sports scores are read as in the following examples:
1–0 British English: one-nil; American English: one-nothing, one-zip, or one-zero
0–0 British English: nil-nil or nil all; American English: zero-zero or nothing-nothing, (occasionally scoreless or no score)
2–2 two-two or two all; American English also twos, two to two, even at two, or two up.
Naming conventions of Tennis scores (and related sports) are different from other sports.
The centuries of Italian culture have names in English borrowed from Italian:
duecento "(one thousand and) two hundred" for the years 1200 to 1299, or approximately 13th century
trecento 14th century
quattrocento 15th century
cinquecento 16th century
seicento 17th century
settecento 18th century
ottocento 19th century
novecento 20th century
ventesimo 21st century
When reading numbers in a sequence, such as a telephone or serial number, British people will usually use the terms double followed by the repeated number. Hence 007 is double oh seven. Exceptions are the emergency telephone number 999, which is always nine nine nine and the apocalyptic "Number of the Beast", which is always six six six. In the US, 911 (the US emergency telephone number) is usually read nine one one, while 9/11 (in reference to the September 11, 2001, attacks) is usually read nine eleven.
Multiplicative adverbs and adjectives
A few numbers have specialised multiplicative numbers (adverbs), also called adverbial numbers, which express how many times some event happens:
Compare these specialist multiplicative numbers to express how many times some thing exists (adjectives):
English also has some multipliers and distributive numbers, such as singly.
Other examples are given in the Specialist Numbers.
Negative numbers
The name of a negative number is the name of the corresponding positive number preceded by "minus" or (American English) "negative". Thus −5.2 is "minus five point two" or "negative five point two". For temperatures, North Americans colloquially say "below"—short for "below zero"—so a temperature of −5° is "five below" (in contrast, for example, to "two above" for 2°). This is occasionally used for emphasis when referring to several temperatures or ranges both positive and negative. This is particularly common in Canada where the use of Celsius in weather forecasting means that temperatures can regularly drift above and below zero at certain times of year.
Ordinal numbers
Ordinal numbers refer to a position in a series. Common ordinals include:
Zeroth only has a meaning when counting starts with zero, which happens in a mathematical or computer science context. Ordinal numbers predate the invention of zero and positional notation.
Ordinal numbers such as 21st, 33rd, etc., are formed by combining a cardinal ten with an ordinal unit.
Higher ordinals are not often written in words, unless they are round numbers (thousandth, millionth, billionth). They are written with digits and letters as described below. Some rules should be borne in mind.
The suffixes -th, -st, -nd and -rd are occasionally written superscript above the number itself.
If the tens digit of a number is 1, then "th" is written after the number. For example: 13th, 19th, 112th, 9,311th.
If the tens digit is not equal to 1, then the following table could be used:
For example: 2nd, 7th, 20th, 23rd, 52nd, 135th, 301st.
These ordinal abbreviations are actually hybrid contractions of a numeral and a word. 1st is "1" + "st" from "first". Similarly, "nd" is used for "second" and "rd" for "third". In the legal field and in some older publications, the ordinal abbreviation for "second" and "third" is simply "d".
For example: 42d, 33d, 23d.
NB: "D" still often denotes "second" and "third" in the numeric designations of units in the US armed forces, for example, 533d Squadron, and in legal citations for the second and third series of case reporters.
Dates
There are a number of ways to read years. The following table offers a list of valid pronunciations and alternate pronunciations for any given year of the Gregorian calendar.
Twelve thirty-four would be the norm on both sides of the Atlantic for the year 1234. The years 2000 to 2009 are most often read as two thousand, two thousand (and) one and the like by both British and American speakers. For years after 2009, twenty eleven, twenty fourteen, etc. are more common, even in years earlier than 2009 BC/BCE. Likewise, the years after 1009 (until 1099) are also read in the same manner (e.g. 1015 is either ten fifteen or, rarely, one thousand fifteen). Some Britons read years within the 1000s to 9000s BC/BCE in the American manner, that is, 1234 BC is read as twelve (hundred and) thirty-four BC, while 2400 BC can be read as either two thousand four hundred or twenty four hundred BC.
Collective numbers
Collective numbers are numbers that refer to a group of a specific size. Words like "pair" and "dozen" are common in English, though most are formally derived from Greek and Latin numerals, as follows:
Fractions and decimals
Numbers used to denote the denominator of a fraction are known linguistically as "partitive numerals". In spoken English, ordinal numerals and partitive numerals are identical with a few exceptions. Thus "fifth" can mean the element between fourth and sixth, or the fraction created by dividing the unit into five pieces. When used as a partitive numeral, these forms can be pluralized: one seventh, two sevenths. The sole exceptions to this rule are division by one, two, and sometimes four: "first" and "second" cannot be used for a fraction with a denominator of one or two. Instead, "whole" and "half" (plural "halves") are used. For a fraction with a denominator of four, either "fourth" or "quarter" may be used.
Here are some common English fractions, or partitive numerals:
Alternatively, and for greater numbers, one may say for 1/2 "one over two", for 5/8 "five over eight", and so on. This "over" form is also widely used in mathematics.
Fractions together with an integer are read as follows:
1½ is "one and a half"
6¼ is "six and a quarter"
7⅝ is "seven and five eighths"
A space is required between the whole number and the fraction; however, if a special fraction character is used like "½", then the space can be done without, e.g.
9 1/2
9½
Numbers with a decimal point may be read as a cardinal number, then "and", then another cardinal number followed by an indication of the significance of the second cardinal number (mainly U.S.); or as a cardinal number, followed by "point", and then by the digits of the fractional part. The indication of significance takes the form of the denominator of the fraction indicating division by the smallest power of ten larger than the second cardinal. This is modified when the first cardinal is zero, in which case neither the zero nor the "and" is pronounced, but the zero is optional in the "point" form of the fraction.
Some American and Canadian schools teach students to pronounce decimaly written fractions (for example, .5) as though they were longhand fractions (five tenths), such as thirteen and seven tenths for 13.7. This formality is often dropped in common speech and is steadily disappearing in instruction in mathematics and science as well as in international American schools. In the U.K., and among most North Americans, 13.7 would be read thirteen point seven.
For example:
0.002 is "point zero zero two", "point oh oh two", "nought point zero zero two", etc.; or "two thousandths" (U.S., occasionally)
3.1416 is "three point one four one six"
99.3 is "ninety-nine point three"; or "ninety-nine and three tenths" (U.S., occasionally).
In English the decimal point was originally printed in the center of the line (0·002), but with the advent of the typewriter it was placed at the bottom of the line, so that a single key could be used as a full stop/period and as a decimal point. In many non-English languages a full-stop/period at the bottom of the line is used as a thousands separator with a comma being used as the decimal point.
Whether or not digits or words are used
With few exceptions, most grammatical texts rule that the numbers zero to nine inclusive should be "written out" – instead of "1" and "2", one would write "one" and "two".
Example: "I have two apples." (Preferred)
Example: "I have 2 apples."
After "nine", one can head straight back into the 10, 11, 12, etc., although some write out the numbers until "twelve".
Example: "I have 28 grapes." (Preferred)
Example: "I have twenty-eight grapes."
Another common usage is to write out any number that can be expressed as one or two words, and use figures otherwise.
Examples:
"There are six million dogs." (Preferred)
"There are 6,000,000 dogs."
"That is one hundred and twenty-five oranges." (British English)
"That is one hundred twenty-five oranges." (US-American English)
"That is 125 oranges." (Preferred)
Numbers at the beginning of a sentence should also be written out, or the sentence rephrased.
The above rules are not always followed. In literature, larger numbers might be spelled out. On the other hand, digits might be more commonly used in technical or financial articles, where many figures are discussed. In particular, the two different forms should not be used for figures that serve the same purpose; for example, it is inelegant to write, "Between day twelve and day 15 of the study, the population doubled."
Empty numbers
Colloquial English's small vocabulary of empty numbers can be employed when there is uncertainty as to the precise number to use, but it is desirable to define a general range: specifically, the terms "umpteen", "umpty", and "zillion". These are derived etymologically from the range affixes:
"-teen" (designating the range as being between 13 and 19 inclusive)
"-ty" (designating the range as being between 20 and 90 inclusive)
"-illion" (designating the range as being above 1,000,000; or, more generally, as being extremely large).
The prefix "ump-" is added to the first two suffixes to produce the empty numbers "umpteen" and "umpty": it is of uncertain origin. A noticeable absence of an empty number is in the hundreds range.
Usage of empty numbers:
The word "umpteen" may be used as an adjective, as in "I had to go to umpteen stores to find shoes that fit." It can also be used to modify a larger number, usually "million", as in "Umpteen million people watched the show; but they still cancelled it."
"Umpty" is not in common usage. It can appear in the form "umpty-one" (paralleling the usage in such numbers as "twenty-one"), as in "There are umpty-one ways to do it wrong." "Umpty-ump" is also heard, though "ump" is never used by itself.
The word "zillion" may be used as an adjective, modifying a noun. The noun phrase normally contains the indefinite article "a", as in "There must be a zillion pages on the World Wide Web."
The plural "zillions" designates a number indefinitely larger than "millions" or "billions". In this case, the construction is parallel to the one for "millions" or "billions", with the number used as a plural count noun, followed by a prepositional phrase with "of", as in "There are zillions of grains of sand on the beaches of the world."
Empty numbers are sometimes made up, with obvious meaning: "squillions" is obviously an empty, but very large, number; a "squintillionth" would be a very small number.
Some empty numbers may be modified by actual numbers, such as "four zillion", and are used for jest, exaggeration, or to relate abstractly to actual numbers.
Empty numbers are colloquial, and primarily used in oral speech or informal contexts. They are inappropriate in formal or scholarly usage.
See also Placeholder name.
See also
Indefinite and fictitious numbers
List of numbers
Long and short scales
Names of large numbers
Natural number
Number prefixes and their derivatives
References
External links
English Numbers - explanations, exercises and number generator (cardinal and ordinal numbers)
Numerals
Naming conventions
American and British English differences | wiki |
Kate, u karateu
Kate (softver), softver
Kate (pleme) | wiki |
Ideas usually refer to a person's thoughts or a developed concepts.
Ideas may also refer to:
I-DEAS, the CAx software
Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology, a book by Edmund Husserl
Ideas (radio show), a Canadian radio program
Ideas (retailer), a Pakistani retail chain
Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs, or IDEAS, a Malaysian think tank
International Defence Exhibition and Seminar, a major biennial defence event based in Pakistan
LSE IDEAS, an international affairs research centre at the London School of Economics
Theory of forms, or theory of ideas, a theory of abstract entities created by Plato, referred to as Ideas or Forms
See also
Idea (disambiguation)
IDEAS (disambiguation)
Ideas Festival (disambiguation) | wiki |
Jim King est un athlète américain né en 1957. Spécialiste de l'ultra-trail, il a remporté la Western States 100-Mile Endurance Run en 1982, 1984 et 1985.
Résultats
Références
Liens externes
Coureur d'ultra-trail américain
Vainqueur de la Western States Endurance Run
Naissance en 1957 | wiki |
Guido Werdnig (Ratschach, 20 June 1844 – 26 April 1919) was an Austrian neurologist.
Werdnig, together with Johann Hoffmann of the University of Heidelberg, were the first doctors to describe Werdnig–Hoffmann disease, now known as spinal muscular atrophy type 1.
References
Austrian neurologists
1844 births
1919 deaths
Spinal muscular atrophy | wiki |
Color or colour is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, yellow, blue, green, etc.
Color or colour may also refer to:
Science
Color charge, in particle physics, a property of quarks and gluons
Color index, in astronomy, a simple numerical expression that determines the color of an object
Color temperature, the temperature of a radiating black body corresponding to a given color of light
Color vision, the ability of an organism or machine to distinguish objects based on light wavelength
Colorimetry, the mathematical science of the measurement and perception of color
Colors of noise, the descriptions of noises based on the shape of their spectral densities
Dye, a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied
Food coloring, any substance added to food to change its color
Pigment, solid colored particles, used in paints
Biological pigment, colored substances in living organisms
Primary color, a color belonging to a set of three that can be combined to make a gamut of colors
Arts, entertainment, and media
Films
Colors (film), a 1988 film starring Sean Penn and Robert Duvall
Colours (film), a 2009 Indian Malayalam film
Games
Colors (video game), a cancelled video game for the Gizmondo GPS console
Colours (solitaire), a card game
Colors!, a Nintendo DS homebrew program
Sonic Colors, a 2010 video game for the Wii
Literature
The Colour, a 2003 novel by Rose Tremain
Music
Groups
Color (band), a Japanese punk band
Colour, a defunct British math pop band formerly signed to Big Scary Monsters Recording Company
The Colour, a defunct American band whose guitarist now fronts the band The Romany Rye
The Color (band), Canadian Christian music group
Albums
Color(s)
Color (album), a 2008 album by NEWS
Color (EP), a 2022 EP by Kwon Eun-bi
Colors (Beck album), 2017
Colors (Between the Buried and Me album), 2007
Colors (CNBLUE album), 2015
Colors (Laleh album), 2013
Colors (Ken Nordine album), 1966
Colors (House of Heroes album), 2016
Colors (EP), a 2015 EP by Miss A
Colors (Rina Aiuchi album), 2010
Colors, a 1990 album by Mari Hamada
Colors, a 1974 album by Raul de Souza
Color, a 2010 EP by Girugamesh
The Color (album), a 2011 album by Yellowbirds
Colour(s)
Colour (Andy Hunter album), 2008
Colour (The Christians album), 1990
Colours (Adam F album), 1997
Colours (Ayumi Hamasaki album), 2014
Colours (Baccara album), 1979
Colours (Christopher album), 2012
Colours (1972 Donovan album)
Colours (1987 Donovan album)
Colours (1991 Donovan album)
Colours (Eloy album), 1980
Colours (Graffiti6 album), 2010
Colours (Mark Norman album), 2007
Colours (Michael Learns to Rock album), 1993
Colours (Nadia Oh album), 2011
Colours (Resurrection Band album), 1980
Colours (Stone album), 1990
Colours (EP), a 2014 EP by PartyNextDoor
Colours, a 1999 album by The Ten Tenors
Colours, a 2019 EP by Pixey
Songs
Color(s)
"Colors" (Broiler song), 2013
"Colors" (Flow song), 2006
"Colors" (Halsey song), 2016
"Colors" (Hikaru Utada song), 2003
"Colors" (Ice-T song), 1988
"Colors" (Jason Derulo song), 2018
"Colors" (Morandi song), 2009
"Color", a 2010 song by The Maine from Black & White
"Color", a 2016 song by Todrick Hall from Straight Outta Oz
"Color", a 2017 song by Carly Pearce from Every Little Thing
"Colors", a 1990 song by Iced Earth from Iced Earth
"Colors", a 2004 song by Crossfade from Crossfade
"Colors", a 2007 song by The Rocket Summer from Do You Feel
"Colors (Into Nothing)", a 2012 song by Code Orange from Love Is Love/Return to Dust
"Colors", a 2015 song by Hardwell from United We Are
"Colors", a 2016 song by Eric Saade from Saade
"Colors", a 2017 song by Beck from Colors
"Colors", a 2017 song by Day6 from Moonrise (Day6 album)
"Colors", a 2019 song by Loona from X X
"Colors", a 2021 song by Lauren Jauregui
"Colors", a 2019 song by Black Pumas from Black Pumas
Colour(s)
"Colours" (Donovan song), 1965
"Colours" (Grouplove song), 2011
"Colour", a 1998 song by Seal from Human Being
"Colours", a 2013 song by Age of Consent from The Music of Grand Theft Auto V
"Colours", a 2007 song by Calvin Harris from I Created Disco
"Colours", a 2006 song by Hot Chip from The Warning
"Colours", a 1989 song by Phil Collins from ...But Seriously
"Colours", a 2012 song by The Chevin from Borderland
"Colours", a 2009 song by The Prodigy from Invaders Must Die
"Colours", a 1989 song by The Sisters of Mercy from Floodland
"Colours", a 2019 song by Keiino
"Colours", a 2019 song by Pixey
Other uses in music
Tone color, or timbre
Color, in medieval music theory, a sequence of repeated notes in the cantus firmus tenor of a composition, in isorhythm
Coloration, in medieval music theory, a technique of marking notes, in mensural notation
Television
Colors TV, an Indian television channel
Colours (TV channel), a Philippine satellite television channel
"Color", an episode of the Adult Swim television series Off the Air
Colors (TV series), and Indian television show, see Reema Debnath
Visual art
Color analysis (art), a process of determining the colors that best suit an individual's natural coloring
Color code, a system for displaying information by using different colors
Color photography
Color theory, the art of color mixing and the visual impact of color combinations
Color wheel or color circle, a logical arrangement of colors around a circle for artistic or scientific purposes
Color, in typography, the overall density and balance between white space and print in a page layout
Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
Color (manga), a 1999 Japanese manga
Color commentary, or color, in a sporting event broadcast, supplemental information offered between play-by-play calls
Colors (magazine), a multilingual quarterly magazine
COLORS, or ColorsxStudios, a German live performance media company and YouTube channel
Computing and technology
Color (software), a color-grading application for Apple's Final Cut Studio video production suite
Color Labs, a former social photo and video broadcasting smartphone application, also known as color.com
Finance and law
Color of law, a legal term meaning "pretense or appearance of" some right
Color, also known as gamma decay, the derivative of gamma with respect to time
Insignia and groups
Colors (motorcycling), motorcycling club insignia
Military colours, flags of a regiment, battalion, etc.
Gang colors, colors or insignia worn by gang members
Political colour, colors associated with a political party or ideology
Sporting colours, a form of recognition for sporting prowess at a university; known in many places as a Blue
Color Genomics, a population health company that provides genetic tests
Colors (symbolic), representative of institutions, for example as at List of Oklahoma state symbols
Skin color, ethnicity, or race
Colored, a potentially offensive term used in the U.S. to refer to people of certain ethnicities
Coloureds, a term in Southern Africa for people of mixed ethnic origin
Human skin color, human skin pigmentation
Person of color, a term used primarily in the U.S. for a person who is not white
Race (human categorization), as defined when conflated with skin color
Other
Colors (restaurant), a restaurant in New York City
See also
The Color (disambiguation)
Animal coloration
Colorful (disambiguation)
Coloring (disambiguation)
In Color (disambiguation)
Coulours, a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France
List of colors | wiki |
Mongolian nationalism may refer to:
Historical Mongolian nationalism that led to the Mongolian Revolution of 1911 against the Qing Empire
Historical Mongolian nationalism that led to the Mongolian Revolution of 1921 against the Chinese Republic
Present-day Mongolian nationalism better known as Pan-Mongolism | wiki |
Merge Records est un label indépendant américain ;
Un Merge module est un type de paquetages logiciels.
Merge (SQL)
Merge désigne une règle syntaxique dans la théorie de Noam Chomsky. | wiki |
Baijnath refers to the following places in India:
Baijnath, Himachal Pradesh
Baijnath Temple
Baijnath, Uttarakhand
Baijnath, Kaimur | wiki |
The slender snipe eel (Nemichthys scolopaceus), also known as the deep sea duck, is a fish that can weigh only a few ounces, yet reach 5 feet or 1.5 m in length. Features include a bird-like beak with curving tips, covered with tiny hooked teeth, which they use to sweep through the water to catch shrimp and other crustaceans. It has a lifespan of ten years.
It has more vertebrae in its backbone than any other animal, around 750. However, its anus has moved forward during its evolution and is now located on its throat. Its larvae are shaped like leaves, which actually get smaller before transforming into adults.
Many specimens found in museums were spat up from larger fish that were caught in trawls.
This organism is found at 2,000 meters in the North Atlantic. They have more than 700 vertebrae which is many more than most other animals. Their reproduction is done by spawning, which is when females lay the eggs and the males lay their sperm into the water at the same time. The slender snipe eel only spawns once in their lifetime as they die after spawning. It is difficult for scientists to research these organisms because of the extreme environment they inhabit. In addition, the conservation status of the slender snipe eel is not well known.
References
Feagans-Bartow, J. (2014). Ecology of the oceanic rim: pelagic eels as key ecosystem components. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 502, 257–266. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10707
External links
Monterey Bay aquarium about Slender snipe eel
Tim Flannery and Peter Schouten, Astonishing Animals: Extraordinary Creatures and the Fantastic Worlds They Inhabit. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2004. Page 181.
slender snipe eel
Taxa named by John Richardson (naturalist)
Cosmopolitan fish
slender snipe eel | wiki |
A compass saw is a type of saw used for making curved cuts known as compasses, particularly in confined spaces where a larger saw would not fit.
Characteristics
Compass saws have a narrow, tapered blade usually ending in a sharp point, typically with a tooth pitch of 2.5 to 3 mm (eight to ten teeth per inch), but down to 1.3 mm (up to 20 teeth per inch) for harder materials and as long as 5 mm (few as five teeth per inch) for softer materials. They have a curved, light "pistol grip" handle, designed for work in confined spaces and overhead.
The blade of a compass saw may be fixed or retractable, and are typically interchangeable. Partially retracting the blade can prevent flexing and breaking when cutting harder materials.
Compass saws are suitable for cutting softer woods, plastic, drywall, and non-ferrous metals. The pointed tip of the blade can be used to penetrate softer materials without the need for a pilot hole.
Comparison with other types of saws
Compared with other saws designed for cutting curves, such as coping or fretsaws, compass saws have a larger blade and longer pitch (fewer teeth per inch). This allows them to cut faster, and to cut through thicker materials, but leaves a rougher finish.
Compared with drywall saws, compass saws typically have a longer blade – at – and shorter pitch (more teeth per inch).
Keyhole saws, also called padsaws or jab saws, feature shorter, finer blades and (often) straight handles, and are suitable for cutting extremely tight curves.
References
Saws | wiki |
Assault weapons ban may refer to:
Assault weapons legislation in the United States
Assault Weapons Ban of 2013, an unsuccessful legislative bill from April 2013
Federal Assault Weapons Ban, federal U.S. law of 1994
Roberti-Roos Assault Weapons Control Act of 1989, California law regulating assault weapons
See also
Overview of gun laws by nation | wiki |
A backshop or back-shop is a specialized store or workshop found in service industries, such as locomotive and aircraft repair. Most repairs are carried out in small workshops, except where an industrial service is needed.
In the military, backshops repair parts are known as shop-replaceable units (SRUs). These are commonly-stocked subassemblies of a larger system, such as circuit cards components of a line-replaceable unit (LRU), designed to be repaired at the field level. Repair at this level is known as field-level maintenance or intermediate-level (I-level) maintenance.
Calibration and repair of United States Air Force test equipment is conducted at shops known as precision measurement equipment laboratories.
See also
Armory (military)
Back office
Railway workshop
References
Military aviation
Military maintenance
Workshops
Maintenance | wiki |
Il colore della libertà - Goodbye Bafana - film del 2007, diretto da Bille August
Il colore della libertà - film del 2020 diretto da Barry Alexander Brown | wiki |
The Trump International Hotel Las Vegas is a 64-story hotel, condominium, and timeshare located on Fashion Show Drive in Paradise, Nevada, US, named for owner Donald Trump, who later became US president. It is located down the street from Wynn Las Vegas, behind the former site of the New Frontier Hotel and Casino on , near the Fashion Show Mall, and features both non-residential hotel condominiums and residential condominiums. The exterior glass is infused with gold.
Tower 1 opened on March 31, 2008, with 1,282 rooms. It has two restaurants: DJT, the developer's initials, and a poolside restaurant, H2(eau). Trump announced that a second, identical tower would be built next to the first tower, but the plan was suspended after the mid-2000s recession. It is Las Vegas's tallest residential building at . In September 2012, the Trump Organization announced that it sold roughly 300 condominium units in Trump International Hotel Las Vegas to Hilton Worldwide's timeshare division, Hilton Grand Vacations.
History
In April 2002, Phil Ruffin announced that he had partnered with Donald Trump to build Trump Tower Las Vegas, a $300 million 60-story condominium tower with 300 units and the possibility of a casino, to be constructed on Fashion Show Drive, near Ruffin's New Frontier Hotel and Casino. Trump had initially approached Ruffin two years earlier about developing a property on or near the Las Vegas Strip. Construction on Trump Tower Las Vegas was to begin in six to seven months, and was expected to last approximately 18 months. In August 2003, Ruffin said the tower had been decreased to 43 stories and was expected to cost $272 million.
In November 2003, Trump denied that the project had been delayed or that it was suffering from a lack of financing. Trump also said he was considering "something on a larger scale" for the project. In July 2004, Ruffin said the project had been delayed up to that point because of other business ventures, including Trump's reality television show, The Apprentice. That month, Trump and Ruffin announced revised plans for Trump International Hotel and Tower, a $300 million condominium-hotel with over 1,000 units. Although Trump held a Nevada gaming license, he chose not to include a casino on the property. Donald Trump's son Eric Trump later said, "We have no problem getting a gaming license, but we wanted to do something different here. We wanted a true luxury resort experience. It's hard to have a high-quality product when you walk into 'ding, ding, ding' and there are people walking around in Hawaiian shirts with big plastic drink mugs."
Ruffin appeared in an October 2004 episode of The Apprentice to sign a $300 million deal with Trump regarding the project. The project was referenced again in the show's second-season finale, when winner Kelly Perdew was offered a job at the property. Jack Wishna, who introduced Trump to Ruffin, was a minority partner in the project. In January 2005, the project was valued at $1 billion. Groundbreaking was initially scheduled for May 2005, with completion expected by the end of 2006. By May 2005, all of the tower's 1,282 condominium units had been reserved by prospective buyers.
Trump and Ruffin held a groundbreaking ceremony for the project on July 12, 2005. The Las Vegas Review-Journal wrote that the event was "really a ribbon-cutting and photo opportunity". News programs such as Access Hollywood and Extra provided coverage of the event, which was attended by approximately 300 state and local government representatives, as well as Carolyn Goodman, showgirls, Steve Wynn and his wife Elaine Wynn, and Miss USA 2005 winner Chelsea Cooley.
Condominium units went on sale the same day with the opening of a $3 million temporary sales center at the corner of South Las Vegas Boulevard and Fashion Show Drive, in front of the New Frontier. The building was , and featured a 10-foot replica of the tower. That month, an NBA team was in negotiations to purchase an entire floor of the tower, while Trump was considering an alternative version of The Apprentice that would involve the tower. Construction was expected to begin by the end of that summer, and was expected to last 24 to 30 months.
Construction began in November 2005, when the building's foundation was poured. After the completion of a 36,000-square-foot recreational deck in March 2006, an average of 800 workers constructed one new floor for the tower approximately every six days. The tower was topped out on May 25, 2007. The project was constructed at a cost of $500 million, on of land that was part of the rear parking lot for the New Frontier. The project was designed by Bergman, Walls & Associates and built by Perini Building Company.
Trump Hotel Las Vegas opened on March 31, 2008. An opening ceremony was held by Trump and Ruffin on April 11, 2008. By October 2008, only 21 percent of condo unit sales had closed, as potential buyers had trouble securing mortgages. , Eric Trump oversees operations at the tower.
On December 4–5, 2015, employees voted in favor of unionizing the hotel property. It was organized by the Bartenders Union and the Culinary Workers Union and supervised by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) under the Obama administration. Donald Trump owns a penthouse on the 61st floor.
Second tower
By April 2005, a second, identical 64-story tower was being planned. Sales of the second tower were planned to begin by the end of 2005, with a 35 percent increase in prices from the first tower. In November 2005, the second tower was planned to open sometime in 2009.
In April 2007, the second tower was the subject of an episode of The Apprentice in which the show's candidates were tasked with creating a marketing program for the new tower. Condo units for the tower went on sale the next day. Trump said the tower would be nearly identical to the first tower, and would also include 1,282 units. Because of rising construction expenses, the second tower was expected to cost $625 million, which would have brought the total cost of Trump International Hotel and Tower to $1.1 billion. This number was later reported to be $1.2 billion in February 2008, at which point the second tower was expected to begin construction at the end of the year.
In April 2008, Trump said he had not decided on a start date for the second tower, choosing to wait until all sales had closed on the first tower's rooms. At that time, reservations were still being accepted for the second tower's units. The second tower was ultimately put on hold because of bad credit markets. In August 2015, Eric Trump spoke of the potential for the second tower: "I think in time it's a very good possibility."
DJT restaurant
The DJT restaurant is the flagship full-service restaurant at the property.
Gallery
See also
List of tallest buildings in Las Vegas
Trump International Hotel and Tower
Wealth of Donald Trump
References
External links
Trump International Hotel Las Vegas – official hotel website
Trump Las Vegas Condominiums – official real estate website
Condo hotels in the United States
Skyscraper hotels in Paradise, Nevada
Residential skyscrapers in the Las Vegas Valley
Hotel buildings completed in 2008
Hotels established in 2008
Timeshare
Assets owned by the Trump Organization
Donald Trump real estate
2008 establishments in Nevada | wiki |
Major earthquakes in the Caribbean are infrequent and are sometimes accompanied by tsunami.
Earthquakes
See also
List of earthquakes in Cuba
List of earthquakes in the Dominican Republic
List of earthquakes in Haiti
List of earthquakes in Puerto Rico
References
Sources
Further reading
Megan Torpey Zimmerman; Bingming Shen‐Tu; Khosrow Shabestari; Mehrdad Mahdyiar Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2022) 112 (2): 1120–1148. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120210157
External links
Caribbean
Earthquakes | wiki |
Maissiat may refer to:
Iliotibial tract (Maissiat's band), in anatomy
Maissiat (1982-), French singer | wiki |
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Wren (Alabama)
Wren (Mississippi)
Wren (Ohio)
Wren (Oregon)
Wren (Virginia) | wiki |
A jig grinder is a machine tool used for grinding complex shapes and holes where the highest degrees of accuracy and finish are required.
The jig grinder is very similar to a jig borer, in that the table positioning and spindles are very accurate (far more so than a manual milling machine or lathe). It is almost exclusively used by tool and die makers in the creation of jigs or mating holes and pegs on dies. There are usually many peripheral elements to a large jig grinder, including separate hydraulic motors, air compressors, and various cooling systems for both the hydraulic circuit and supplying coolant to the work and machine itself.
The machine operates by a high speed air spindle rotating a grinding bit. The air spindles are removable and interchangeable to achieve varying surface speeds. Some spindles are fixed speed (60,000 rpm), others are adjustable (30,000-50,000 rpm), and still others are very high speed (175,000 rpm). The machines have a standard X-Y table with the notable exception of knee travel. All axes are indexed to 0.0001" via a vernier scale on the handwheels, with higher accuracy available with the use of measuring bars. The machine head has two vertical travels, one rough head adjustment and the other a precise spindle adjustment. To change the diameter of the hole to be ground the air spindle can be offset from the axis of the rotary head by a slide in a similar manner to a boring head for a milling machine, allowing a hole of any size to be ground with the same tooling (up to the machine's capacity). This offset can be adjusted while running and can typically outfeed about 0.100", again with an accuracy of 0.0001" on the handwheel or greater, for very precise hole, peg and surface grinding. A well-kept jig grinder will reliably position work to a higher degree of accuracy than is possible with handwheels alone. These features are all critical in positioning a hole and peg system a precise distance from a reference surface or edge.
The most important factor on a jig grinder is the dual-spindle configuration. The main spindle is roughly positioned with between 1" or 2" of travel for setup, and then the 0.100" of outfeed is used during machine operation to outfeed into the work. A spacer bar may be used between the grinder and main spindle, allowing large (9" radius or larger) work to be completed. The main spindle has a wide range of speeds to ensure proper grinder feed rates are maintained.
On October 19, 2022, the United States Department of Justice charged four individuals and two companies with violating U.S. export laws by attempting to smuggle a jig grinder, which is a dual use, export-controlled item, to Russia.
References
Sources
Grinding machines | wiki |
Floribunda (Latin for "many-flowering") is a modern group of garden roses that was developed by crossing hybrid teas with polyantha roses, the latter being derived from crosses between Rosa chinensis and Rosa multiflora (sometimes called R. polyantha). The idea was to create roses that bloomed with the polyantha profusion, but with hybrid tea floral beauty and colour range.
The first polyantha/hybrid tea cross, 'Rødhætte' ('Red Riding Hood'), was introduced by the Danish breeder Dines Poulsen in 1907. It possessed characteristics of both its parent classes, and was initially called a Hybrid Polyantha or Poulsen rose. Poulsen continued this line of work in subsequent years, introducing several Hybrid Polyanthas such as 'Else Poulsen' in 1924. Other breeders also began introducing similar varieties, and in 1930 the name "floribunda" was coined by Dr. J.N. Nicolas, a rose hybridizer for Jackson & Perkins in the US. This term has been used since then to describe cultivars which in their ancestry have crosses between hybrid teas and polyanthas.
Typical floribundas feature stiff shrubs, smaller and bushier than the average hybrid tea but less dense and sprawling than the average polyantha. The flowers are often smaller than hybrid teas but are carried in large sprays, giving a better floral effect in the garden. Floribundas are found in all hybrid tea colours and with the classic hybrid tea-shaped blossom, sometimes differing from hybrid teas only in their cluster-flowering habit. Today they are still used in large bedding schemes in public parks and similar spaces.
Selection of cultivars
See also
Garden roses
References
Roses | wiki |
Pringy (Marne)
Pringy (Alta Saboia)
Pringy (Sena e Marne) | wiki |
Security Service or security service may refer to:
Government
Security agency, a nation's institution for intelligence gathering
List of security agencies (MI5, NSA, KGB, etc.)
(SD), Nazi German agency which translates as "Security Service"
MI5, also called the Security Service, the United Kingdom's counter-intelligence and security agency
U.S. Air Force Security Service, a former designation of the US Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency
RCMP Security Service, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police's political intelligence branch
Swedish Security Service
Secret service, a government agency concerned with gathering intelligence data
Secret police, a police agency beyond the law to protect the political power of a dictator or regime
Other
Security service (telecommunication), security architecture for the interconnection of open systems
Security and Intelligence Services (India)
Private security company
Private military company
See also
Security Intelligence Service (disambiguation) | wiki |
An Act of war is an action by one country against another with an intention to provoke a war or an action that occurs during a declared war or armed conflict between military forces of any origin.
Act of war may also refer to:
Act of War (novel), a 2014 novel by Brad Thor
Act of War: Direct Action, a 2005 video game
Act of War: High Treason, a 2006 video game
Jedi Council: Acts of War, a 2001 comic book miniseries set in the Star Wars universe
Act of War, a 2009 novel by Dale Brown
"Act Of War", a song on the 1985 Elton John album Ice on Fire
Tom Clancy's Op-Center: Acts of War, a 1997 novel | wiki |
Politeness is the practical application of good manners or etiquette so as not to offend others. It is a culturally defined phenomenon, and therefore what is considered polite in one culture can sometimes be quite rude or simply eccentric in another cultural context.
While the goal of politeness is to refrain from behaving in an offensive way so as not to offend others and make all people feel relaxed and comfortable with one another, these culturally defined standards at times may be manipulated.
Types
Anthropologists Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson identified two kinds of politeness, deriving from Erving Goffman's concept of face:
Negative politeness: Making a request less infringing, such as "If you don't mind..." or "If it isn't too much trouble..."; respects a person's right to act freely. In other words, deference. There is a greater use of indirect speech acts. Also considered a part of being assertive.
Non-assertive politeness: when a person refrains from making a comment or asserting their beliefs during a discussion so as to remain polite to others present. Also when a person goes along with a decision made by someone else so as not to appear impolite.
Assertive politeness: when a person offers their opinion in a positive and constructive way to be assistive and helpful during an interaction. Or to refrain from agreeing with something they do not actually agree with in a way that does not offend others.
Positive politeness: Seeks to establish a positive relationship between parties; respects a person's need to be liked and understood. Direct speech acts, swearing and flouting Grice's maxims can be considered aspects of positive politeness because:
they show an awareness that the relationship is strong enough to cope with what would normally be considered impolite (in the popular understanding of the term);
they articulate an awareness of the other person's values, which fulfills the person's desire to be accepted.
Some cultures seem to prefer one of these kinds of politeness over the other. In this way politeness is culturally bound.
History
During the Enlightenment era, a self-conscious process of the imposition of polite norms and behaviours became a symbol of being a genteel member of the upper class. Upwardly mobile middle class bourgeoisie increasingly tried to identify themselves with the elite through their adopted artistic preferences and their standards of behaviour. They became preoccupied with precise rules of etiquette, such as when to show emotion, the art of elegant dress and graceful conversation and how to act courteously, especially with women. Influential in this new discourse was a series of essays on the nature of politeness in a commercial society, penned by the philosopher Lord Shaftesbury in the early 18th century. Shaftesbury defined politeness as the art of being pleasing in company:
Periodicals, such as The Spectator, founded as a daily publication by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele in 1711, gave regular advice to its readers on how to be a polite gentleman. Its stated goal was "to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality...to bring philosophy out of the closets and libraries, schools and colleges, to dwell in clubs and assemblies, at tea-tables and coffeehouses" It provided its readers with educated, topical talking points, and advice in how to carry on conversations and social interactions in a polite manner.
The art of polite conversation and debate was particularly cultivated in the coffeehouses of the period. Conversation was supposed to conform to a particular manner, with the language of polite and civil conversation considered to be essential to the conduct of coffeehouse debate and conversation. The concept of 'civility' referred to a desired social interaction which valued sober and reasoned debate on matters of interest. Established rules and procedures for proper behaviour as well as conventions, were outlined by gentleman's clubs, such as Harrington's Rota Club. Periodicals, including The Tatler and The Spectator, infused politeness into English coffeehouse conversation, as their explicit purpose lay in the reformation of English manners and morals.
Techniques
Expressing uncertainty and ambiguity through hedging and indirectness.
Polite lying
Use of euphemisms (which make use of ambiguity as well as connotation)
Preferring tag questions to direct statements, such as "You were at the store, weren't you?"
modal tags request information of which the speaker is uncertain. "You haven't been to the store yet, have you?"
affective tags indicate concern for the listener. "You haven't been here long, have you?"
softeners reduce the force of what would be a brusque demand. "Hand me that thing, could you?"
facilitative tags invite the addressee to comment on the request being made. "You can do that, can't you?"
Some studies have shown that women are more likely to use politeness formulas than men, though the exact differences are not clear. Most current research has shown that gender differences in politeness use are complex, since there is a clear association between politeness norms and the stereotypical speech of middle class white women, at least in the UK and US. It is therefore unsurprising that women tend to be associated with politeness more and their linguistic behaviour judged in relation to these politeness norms.
Linguistic devices
Besides and additionally to the above, many languages have specific means to show politeness, deference, respect, or a recognition of the social status of the speaker and the hearer. There are two main ways in which a given language shows politeness: in its lexicon (for example, employing certain words in formal occasions, and colloquial forms in informal contexts), and in its morphology (for example, using special verb forms for polite discourse). The T–V distinction is a common example in Western languages, while some Asian languages extend this to avoiding pronouns entirely. Some languages have complex politeness systems, such as Korean speech levels and honorific speech in Japanese.
Criticism of the theory
Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness has been criticised as not being universally valid, by linguists working with East-Asian languages, including Japanese. Matsumoto and Ide claim that Brown and Levinson assume the speaker's volitional use of language, which allows the speaker's creative use of face-maintaining strategies toward the addressee. In East Asian cultures like Japan, politeness is achieved not so much on the basis of volition as on discernment (wakimae, finding one's place), or prescribed social norms. Wakimae is oriented towards the need for acknowledgment of the positions or roles of all the participants as well as adherence to formality norms appropriate to the particular situation.
Japanese is perhaps the most widely known example of a language that encodes politeness at its very core. Japanese has two main levels of politeness, one for intimate acquaintances, family and friends, and one for other groups, and verb morphology reflects these levels. Besides that, some verbs have special hyper-polite suppletive forms. This happens also with some nouns and interrogative pronouns. Japanese also employs different personal pronouns for each person according to gender, age, rank, degree of acquaintance, and other cultural factors. See Honorific speech in Japanese, for further information.
See also
Congeniality bias: see Confirmation bias
Courtesy
Etiquette
Formality
Intercultural competence
Polite fiction
Politeness maxims (Geoffrey Leech)
Politeness theory, which elaborates terms such as "positive politeness" and "negative politeness"
Register (sociolinguistics)
Respect
Valediction, expression used to say farewell (e.g. to end a letter) or the act of saying parting
References
Further reading
Brown, P. and Levinson, S. (1987) Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Holmes, J. (1995) Women Men and Politeness London: Longman
Axia, G. (1999) Elogio della cortesia Bologna: Il Mulino
Mills, S. (2003) Gender and Politeness, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Moumni, Hassan (2005). Politeness in Parliamentary Discourse : A Comparative Pragmatic Study of British and Moroccan MPs’ Speech Acts at Question Time. Unpub. Ph.D. Thesis. Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
Watts, R.J. (2003) Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Spencer-Oatey, H. (2000) Culturally Speaking, Continuum.
Kadar, D. and M. Haugh (2013) "Understanding Politeness". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
External links
Model Citizenship Real-life Examples of Civil Politeness
Sociolinguistics: Politeness
Sociolinguistics: Politeness in Spanish
wiki project in comparative politeness: European Communicative Strategies (ECSTRA) (directed by Joachim Grzega)
Politeness, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Amanda Vickery, David Wootton & John Mullan (In Our Time, Sep. 30, 2004)
Sociolinguistics
Etiquette
Virtue
Pragmatics
zh-yue:禮貌 | wiki |
A dissenting opinion (or dissent) is an opinion in a legal case in certain legal systems written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion of the court which gives rise to its judgment.
Dissenting opinions are normally written at the same time as the majority opinion and any concurring opinions, and are also delivered and published at the same time. A dissenting opinion does not create binding precedent nor does it become a part of case law, though they can sometimes be cited as a form of persuasive authority in subsequent cases when arguing that the court's holding should be limited or overturned. In some cases, a previous dissent is used to spur a change in the law, and a later case may result in a majority opinion adopting a particular understanding of the law formerly advocated in dissent. As with concurring opinions, the difference in opinion between dissents and majority opinions can often illuminate the precise holding of the majority opinion.
The dissent may disagree with the majority for any number of reasons: a different interpretation of the existing case law, the application of different principles, or a different interpretation of the facts. Many legal systems do not provide for a dissenting opinion and provide the decision without any information regarding the discussion between judges or its outcome.
A dissent in part is a dissenting opinion which disagrees selectively with one or more parts of the majority holding. In decisions that require holdings with multiple parts due to multiple legal claims or consolidated cases, judges may write an opinion "concurring in part and dissenting in part".
Dissenting opinions by region
United States
In some courts, such as the Supreme Court of the United States, the majority opinion may be broken down into numbered or lettered parts, which allows those judges "dissenting in part" to easily identify the parts in which they join with the majority, and the parts in which they do not.
In the mid-20th century, it became customary for the members of the U.S. Supreme Court and many state supreme courts to end their dissenting opinions with a variation on the phrase "I respectfully dissent." In turn, the omission of the word "respectfully" or of the entire phrase altogether is now taken as a signal that the dissenting justice is particularly furious at the majority over the issue dissented upon.
Germany
In the proceedings before the Federal Constitutional Court (BVerfG), the fourth amendment to the Federal Constitutional Court Act of 21 December 1970 - in Section 30 (2) BVerfGG - introduced the possibility of a special vote. Since then, the decisions of the BVerfG can be accompanied by a minority opinion with the signature of the differing judge votes. The aim of the reform was to achieve greater transparency in court decisions and to strengthen the position of the individual judge. Special votes are also possible at some state constitutional courts in Germany. For example, Section 12 (1) of the Lower Saxony Law on the State Court provides for the corresponding application of Section 30 (2) BVerfGG. The Hessian State Court Law provides for an independent regulation on the possibility of a special vote in section 16 (3). Special votes are also permitted in arbitration proceedings.
The special vote is only permitted at constitutional courts. A minority opinion may not be published in all other courts. A judicial confidentiality obligation arises from § 43 DRiG, which protects the confidentiality of advice. The introduction of special votes in all courts was discussed in detail at the 47th German Lawyers' Day in 1968.
Italy
A minority opinion cannot be published in judgments of Italian courts. In Constitutional Court a minority vote can be just guessed in case of "showy, not negligible distinction between the reporteur and the editor". According to Sabino Cassese, the absence of the dissenting opinion penalizes the potential that the process of constitutional review of the laws would have arouse debates and awareness in the country.
Netherlands
Dissenting opinions are not permitted by the Dutch legal system, but the wording of a published decision may reflect the divergent opinions of the judges involved.
European Court of Human Rights
Even though Europe has a civil law tradition, the European Convention on Human Rights explicitly states that judges of the European Court of Human Rights may attach their dissenting opinion to the judgment at hand.
Criticism
Susan Kiefel, Chief Justice of Australia, has expressed concern at the frequency of judicial dissents and the attention given to them by law students and legal commentators. She believes that they should be reserved for only the most important cases, and has described judges who frequently dissent as "somewhat self-indulgent". She further observed that "humorous dissent may provide the author with fleeting popularity, but it may harm the image the public has of the court and its judges".
Further reading
See also
Dissent aversion
John Marshall Harlan, "The Great Dissenter"
Dissent
References
External links
Corte costituzionale della Repubblica Italiana, Dissenting Opinion in Germany and Spain
Dossier - Dissenting opinion - Federalismi, n. 20 - 21/10/2009
Judgment (law)
Judicial legal terminology
Dissent | wiki |
This is a tally of newspaper and magazine endorsements in the 2015 Canadian federal election. Endorsements are organized by ownership and/or publisher, as the owner sometimes sets the endorsement policy of the paper, occasionally overriding the editorial board.
Endorsing the Conservative Party
Endorsing the NDP
Endorsing the Liberal Party
Endorsing the Bloc Québécois
Endorsing multiple parties
Explicitly endorsing no party
See also
Endorsements from individuals and organizations in the 2015 Canadian federal election
Newspaper endorsements in the Canadian federal election, 2019
Newspaper endorsements in the Canadian federal election, 2011
Newspaper endorsements in the Canadian federal election, 2008
Newspaper endorsements in the Canadian federal election, 2006
References
2015 Canadian federal election
Newspaper endorsements
Political endorsements in Canada | wiki |
A dust storm is a meteorological phenomenon in which strong winds move loose sand and dirt.
Dust Storm or Duststorm may also refer to:
Dust Storm (Manter, Kansas), a work of art by John Gerrard
Dust Storm (Transformers), a female Decepticon in the Transformers franchise
The Dust Storm, a 2015 film
Dust Storm, dam of the American Thoroughbred race horse Dust Commander
Dust storm warning, as issued by the United States National Weather Service
"Dust Storm", song by Third Eye Blind from Our Bande Apart, 2021 | wiki |
Lederberg:
Esther (Miriam Zimmer) Lederberg
Joshua Lederberg | wiki |
An adverse party is an opposing party in a lawsuit under an adversary system of law. In general, an adverse party is a party against whom judgment is sought or "a party interested in sustaining a judgment or decree." For example, the adverse party for a defendant is the plaintiff.
Adverse party's witnesses
A witness called on behalf of an adverse party is usually an adverse witness. In general, the examination of an adverse party's witness may include leading questions and follows the rules of cross examination.
See also
Adverse
Adverse possession
Hostile witness
References
Legal terminology | wiki |
Range of motion (ROM) is when a person has become injured in some way, most times the doctor's advice the patients to exercise and stretch the back muscles. For this purpose a form of exercises called range of motion exercises which are used to keep the muscles and joints in the patients back strong and flexible. These exercises can be done by the patient himself, or with a physical therapist. If these exercises are done alone they would be called active range of motion (AROM) exercises and if they require assistance they would be called active-assisted range of motion (AAROM) exercises.
A range of motion exercise machine won the 1991 Popular Science award for "Best of what's new" in leisure products.
ROM Therapy Users
ROM therapy is used largely for two distinct subgroups: temporary users and long term users.
Temporary ROM Users
Typically, a temporary user of ROM therapy is affected by a cause that will be resolved in the short term. These causes can be varied but mainly fall into three categories.
Injury
Surgery
Temporary Immobility
In each case the user is expected to make a full recovery, and over time will no longer need ROM to ensure the proper function of their musculoskeletal structure.
Long Term ROM Users
A long-term ROM user will usually need ROM therapy for life. These are users affected by permanent disability that ROM will not resolve. In large part long term users continue ROM therapy daily for the quality of life improvements they see. Users typically suffer from,
Spinal Cord Injury
Multiple Sclerosis
Parkinson's Disease
Arthritis
Wheelchair Users
TBI
Stroke
Daily ROM exercise
One of the major benefits of ROM therapy for those users confined to wheelchairs is the daily movement of their limbs. This movement helps circulate the blood to extremities helping reduce the risks of blood clots, sores, and muscle tone reduction. With the help of ROM therapy, quality of life for such users can be greatly improved. For elderly users, a ROM therapy program will help improve their quality of life though exercise.
Range of motion exercises
Range of motion exercise refers to activity aimed to improving movement of a specific joint. This motion is influenced by several structures: configuration of bone surfaces within the joint, joint capsule, ligaments, tendons, and muscles acting on the joint. Range of motion exercises are also called "ROM" exercises. There are three types of ROM exercises: passive, active, and active assists. Passive range of motion is movement applied to a joint solely by another person or persons or a passive motion machine. When passive range of motion is applied, the joint of an individual receiving exercise is completely relaxed while the outside force moves the body part, such as a leg or arm, throughout the available range. Injury, surgery, or immobilization of a joint may affect the normal joint range of motion.
Active range of motion is movement of a joint provided entirely by the individual performing the exercise. In this case, there is no outside force aiding in the movement. Active assist range of motion is described as a joint receiving partial assistance from an outside force. This range of motion may result from the majority of motion applied by an exerciser or by the person or persons assisting the individual. It also may be a half-and-half effort on the joint from each source.
Types of passive ROMs
Head and neck exercises
Shoulder and elbow exercises
Forearm and wrist exercises
Hand and finger exercises
Hip and knee exercises
Ankle and foot exercises
ROM Medical Devices
There are several Range of Motion medical devices on the market. Designed with the goal of facilitating repetitive ROM therapy, they are mainly employed by users who require long term ROM therapy in a home setting where access to a Physiotherapist for daily ROM therapy is not feasible. In the context of Long Term users, there are a small variety of ROM Therapy devices on the market designed for home use.
Not all devices seen on the market are Medical Devices, something prospective users should be aware of before purchasing their new ROM device. Due to the niche market of ROM therapy devices, the manufacturing market is rather small. These ROM therapy devices are designed to be either Active, Passive, or Active/Passive in nature. Costs range from $3,000-$15,000 for motorized Active/Passive devices, while non motorized devices can range from $200-$5,000 depending on supplier. Purchasing direct from a manufacture is difficult, but some do allow private sales direct to users.
ROM Therapy and COVID-19
The global COVID-19 Pandemic has introduced more people to Range of Motion therapy. Due to the varying global lockdowns, many people became significantly less mobile and began to lose their ROM. This was especially prevalent in Long Term Care homes where elderly residents where confined to their rooms, there by losing the ability to actively move. This new sedentary lifestyle has led to an increase demand for ROM therapy in the hopes of getting elderly patients their range of motion back.
References
Exercise equipment | wiki |
Jerry Hairston may refer to
Jerry Hairston Sr. (born 1952), retired Major League Baseball player
Jerry Hairston Jr. (born 1976), former Major League Baseball player | wiki |
A thesis (from Greek θέσις, from τίθημι tithemi, I put) is a formal academic work, also known as a dissertation.
Thesis may also refer to:
Thesis statement, of a dissertation, essay, or other argumentative work
Arsis and thesis, used to refer to the downbeat or accented part of a measure or declining part of a phrase
Organisations, brands and companies
Thesis (representative body), a German academic organisation
Thesis (typeface), a font superfamily designed by Lucas de Groot
Lancia Thesis, an executive car by Lancia
Entertainment
Tesis, a Spanish film
Thesis (Jimmy Guiffre 3 album)
Thesis (Matthew Shipp and Joe Morris album)
The Thesis, album by The Ambassador
Mathematics and logic
A conjecture, especially one too vague to be formally stated or verified but useful as a working convention
A hypothesis, especially one too vague to be formally stated or verified but useful as a working convention
A proposition
Humanities
In philosophy, the first stage of a dialectic, as in thesis, antithesis, synthesis
See also
TESIS Aviation Enterprise, a cargo airline from Russia | wiki |
Mr. Natural kan avse:
Mr. Natural (tecknad serie) – en tecknad serie skapad av Robert Crumb
Mr. Natural (musikalbum) – ett musikalbum av The Bee Gees | wiki |
5 stelle (Fünf Sterne) – serie televisiva tedesca
5 Stelle Sardegna – emittente televisiva regionale
Cinquestelle – syndication italiana
Movimento 5 Stelle – partito politico italiano | wiki |
Federalist No. 84 is a political essay by American Founding Father Alexander Hamilton, the eighty-fourth and penultimate essay in a series known as The Federalist Papers. It was published July 16, July 26, and August 9, 1788, under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all The Federalist Papers were published. The official title of the work is "Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered". Federalist 84 is best known for its opposition to a Bill of Rights, a viewpoint with which the work's other author, James Madison, disagreed. Madison's position eventually won out in Congress, and a Bill of Rights was ratified on December 15, 1791.
Content
Federalist No. 84 is notable for presenting the idea that a Bill of Rights was not a necessary component of the proposed United States Constitution. The constitution, as originally written, is to specifically enumerate and protect the rights of the people. It is alleged that many Americans at the time opposed the inclusion of a bill of rights: if such a bill were created, they feared, this might later be interpreted as a list of the only rights that people had. Hamilton wrote:
Hamilton continued in this essay on defending the notion that a bill of rights is unnecessary for the constitution when he stated,
"There remains but one other view of this matter to conclude the point. The truth is, after all the declamation we have heard, that the constitution is itself in every rational sense, and to every useful purpose, A BILL OF RIGHTS. The several bills of rights, in Great-Britain, form its constitution, and conversely, the constitution of each state is its bill of rights. And the proposed constitution, if adopted, will be the bill of rights of the union."
Ultimately, Hamilton's argument is that a bill of rights should not be added to the constitution because the entire constitution is in itself a bill of rights. Hamilton believed that the entire document, U.S. Constitution, should set limits and checks and balances on the government so that no individual's rights will be infringed upon.
See also
Petition of Right
Bill of Rights 1689
Virginia Declaration of Rights
References
External links
Text of The Federalist No. 84: congress.gov
1788 in American law
1788 in the United States
1788 essays
84 | wiki |
"The Mirror" is episode 71 of the American television anthology series The Twilight Zone, and the sixth episode of the third season. It originally aired on October 20, 1961 on CBS. The episode was written by Rod Serling, who described it as "the story of a tyrant and his assassins, a shattered dream and the death of a cause."
Opening narration
Plot
In a Central American dictatorship, Ramos Clemente and his four lifelong confidants, Cristo, D'Alessandro, Tabal, and Garcia, stage a successful revolution against the regime of General De Cruz. Clemente faces down De Cruz and revels in his victory, but the deposed general says that Clemente will soon learn the consequences of ruling by force and that his ornate mirror has the ability to reveal enemies in its reflection, though Clemente dismisses the latter.
When Clemente begins using the same repressive tactics used by De Cruz, a rift develops between him and his friends, now government heads. When Clemente looks into the mirror, he sees visions implying that all four of his confidantes are plotting to assassinate him. Clemente believes that the mirror reflects their true thoughts and accuses them of their supposed future crimes. A particular point of contention is Clemente's order for two of his confidants to conduct mass executions of prisoners he has declared to be enemies of the state. When one confidant reaproaches Clemente, Clemente kills him by throwing him off a balcony; two others are shot by Clemente's orders and the last is shot by Clemente.
Sometime later, Clemente is approached by a priest named Father Tomas, who asks him to end the executions which have been going on for a week. Clemente refuses, saying that as long as he has enemies, the executions will continue. Eventually however, Clemente seeks counsel from the priest, but finds no comfort in the priest's response that all tyrants have but one real enemy, whom they never recognize until it is too late. Clemente takes one more look in the mirror and sees only himself. He picks up his pistol and throws it at the mirror, smashing the glass. The priest, standing outside Clemente's office, hears the glass break. As he listens at the door, he hears a gunshot. He rushes into Clemente's office and finds Clemente's lifeless body sprawled on the floor, killed by his own gun as it fell to the floor. "The last assassin," he says, "and they never learn. They never seem to learn."
Closing narration
Cast
Peter Falk as Ramos Clemente
Will Kuluva as General De Cruz
Richard Karlan as D'Alessandro
Vladimir Sokoloff as Father Tomas
Antony Carbone as Cristo
Rodolfo Hoyos Jr. (credited as Rodolfo Hoyos) as Garcia
Arthur Batanides as Tabal
References
DeVoe, Bill. (2008). Trivia from The Twilight Zone. Albany, GA: Bear Manor Media.
Grams, Martin. (2008). The Twilight Zone: Unlocking the Door to a Television Classic. Churchville, MD: OTR Publishing.
External links
1961 American television episodes
Cuban Revolution in fiction
Television episodes about communism
Television episodes written by Rod Serling
The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series season 3) episodes | wiki |
Enamelled glass or painted glass is glass which has been decorated with vitreous enamel (powdered glass, usually mixed with a binder) and then fired to fuse the glasses. It can produce brilliant and long-lasting colours, and be translucent or opaque. Unlike most methods of decorating glass, it allows painting using several colours, and along with glass engraving, has historically been the main technique used to create the full range of image types on glass.
All proper uses of the term "enamel" refer to glass made into some flexible form, put into place on an object in another material, and then melted by heat to fuse them with the object. It is called vitreous enamel or just "enamel" when used on metal surfaces, and "enamelled" overglaze decoration when on pottery, especially on porcelain. Here the supporting surface is glass. All three versions of the technique have been used to make brush-painted images, which on glass and pottery are the normal use of the technique.
Enamelled glass is only one of the techniques used in luxury glass, and at least until the Early Modern period it appears in each of the leading centres of this extravagant branch of the decorative arts, although it has tended to fall from fashion after two centuries or so. After a brief appearance in ancient Egypt, it was first made in any quantity in various Greco-Roman centres under the Roman Empire, then medieval Egypt and Syria, followed by medieval Venice, from where it spread across Europe, but especially to the Holy Roman Empire. After a decline from the mid-18th century, in the late 19th century it was revived in newer styles, led by French glassmakers. Enamel on metal remained a constant in goldsmithing and jewellery, and though enamelled glass seems to virtually disappear at some points, this perhaps helped the technique to revive quickly when a suitable environment arrived.
It has also been a technique used in stained glass windows, in most periods supplementary to other techniques, and has sometimes been used for portrait miniatures and other paintings on flat glass.
Techniques
Glass is enamelled by mixing powdered glass, either already coloured (more usual) or clear glass mixed with the pigments, with a binder such as gum arabic that gives a thick liquid texture allowing it to be painted with brushes. Generally the desired colours only appear when the piece is fired, adding to the artist's difficulties. As with enamel on metal, gum tragacanth may be used to make sharp boundaries to the painted areas. The paint is applied to the vessel, which has already been fully formed; this is called the "blank" . Once painted, the enamelled glass vessel needs to be fired at a temperature high enough to melt the applied powder, but low enough that the vessel itself is only "softened" sufficiently to fuse the enamel with the glass surface, but not enough to deform or melt the original shape (unless this is desired, as it may be). The binding and demarcating substances burn away.
Until recent centuries the enamel firing was done holding the vessel in a furnace on a pontil (long iron rod), with the glassmaker paying careful attention to any changes in the shape. Many pieces show two pontil marks on the base, where the pontil intruded on the glass, showing it had been on the furnace twice, before and after the enamels were applied. Modern techniques, in use since the 19th century, use enamels with a lower melting point, enabling the second firing to be done more conveniently in a kiln.
In fact some glassmakers allowed for a deforming effect in the second firing, which lowered and widened the shape of the vessel, sometimes very greatly, by making blanks that were taller and more narrow than the shape they actually wanted. The enamels leave a layer of glass projecting very slightly over the original surface, the edges of which can be felt by running a finger over the surface. Enamelled glass is often used in combination with gilding, but lustreware, which often produces a "gold" metallic coating is a different process. Sometimes elements of the "blank", such as handles, may only be added after the enamel paints, during the second firing.
Glass is sometimes "cold painted" with enamel paints that are not fired; often this was done on the underside of a bowl, to minimize wear on the painted surface. This was used for some elaborate Venetian pieces in the early 16th century, but the technique is "famously impermanent", and pieces have usually suffered badly from the paint falling off the glass.
Some modern techniques are much simpler than historic ones. For instance, there now exist glass enamel pens. Mica may also be added for sparkle.
History
Ancient
The history of enamelled glass begins in ancient Egypt not long after the start of making glass vessels (as opposed to objects such as beads) around 1500 BC, and some 1400 years before the invention of glassblowing. A vase or jug, probably for perfumed oil, found in the tomb of the pharaoh Tutmose III and now in the British Museum dates to about 1425 BC. The base glass is blue, and it has geometrical decoration in yellow and white enamels; it is 8.7 cm high. However, and rather "incredibly", this is the only known enamelled glass piece from before (about) the first century AD.
Enamel was used to decorate glass vessels during the Roman period, and there is evidence of this as early as the late Republican and early Imperial periods in the Levant, Egypt, Britain and around the Black Sea. Designs were either painted freehand or over the top of outline incisions, and the technique probably originated in metalworking. Production is thought to have come to a peak in the Claudian period and persisted for some three hundred years, though archaeological evidence for this technique is limited to some forty vessels or vessel fragments.
Among a variety of pieces, many perhaps fall into two broad groups: tall, clear drinking glasses painted with scenes of sex (from mythology) or violence (hunting, gladiators), and then low bowls, some of coloured glass, painted with birds and flowers. This latter group appear to date to about 20–70 AD, and findspots are widely distributed across the empire, indeed many are found beyond its borders; they may have been made in north Italy or Syria.
The largest group of survivals comes from the Begram Hoard, found in Afghanistan, a deposit of various luxury items in storerooms, probably dating to the 1st century AD, or perhaps later. In the past they have been dated to the 3rd century. The group has several goblets and other pieces with figures. It is thought these pieces were made in a Roman centre around the Mediterranean, perhaps Alexandria.
Byzantine
After about the 3rd century Greco-Roman enamelled glass disappears, and there is another long gap in the history of the technique. This is ended in spectacular fashion by a 10th or 11th-century Byzantine bowl in the Treasury of Saint Mark's, Venice. This is of very high quality and shows great confidence in using the technique, which had no doubt been reborrowed from enamel on metal, although Byzantine enamel uses brush painting very little. Some other, technically similar works, one possibly from the same workshop, are also extant.
Islamic
There is little surviving Byzantine enamelled glass, but enamel was much used for jewellery and religious objects, and appears again on glass in the Islamic Mamluk Empire from the 13th century onwards, used for mosque lamps in particular, but also various types of bowls and drinking glasses. Gilding is often combined with enamels. The painted decoration was generally abstract, or inscriptions, but sometimes included figures. The places of manufacture are generally assumed to have been in Egypt or Syria, with any more precise locating tentative and somewhat controversial. Enamels used oil-based medium and a brush or reed pen, and the physical properties of the medium encouraged inscriptions, which are useful for determining dates and authorship.
According to Carl Johan Lamm, whose two-volume book on Islamic glass (Mittelalterliche Glaser und Steinschnittarbeiten aus dem Nahen Osten, Berlin, 1929/30) has long been the standard work, the main centres, each with its own style, were in turn Raqqa (1170–1270), Aleppo (13th century), Damascus (1250–1310) and Fustat (Cairo, 1270–1340). However this chronology has been disputed in recent years, tending to push dates later, and rearranging the locations. In particular there is disagreement as to whether elaborate pieces with figural decoration are early or late, effectively 13th or 14th century, with Rachel Ward arguing for the later dates.
The shape of mosque lamps in this period is very standard; despite being suspended in the air through their lugs when in use, they have a broad foot, a rounded central body, and a wide flaring mouth. Filled with oil, they lit not only mosques, but also similar spaces such as madrassas and mausoleums. Mosque lamps typically have the Quranic verse of light written on them, and very frequently record the name and title of the donor, an important thing as far as he was concerned, as well as the name of the reigning sultan; they are thus easy to date reasonably precisely. As Muslim rulers came to have quasi-heraldic blazons, these are often painted.
Enamelled glass became more rare, and of rather poorer quality, in the 15th century. This decline may have been partly due to the sack of Damascus by Tamerlane in 1401, as has often been claimed, though by then Cairo was the main centre.
Some secular vessels have painted decoration including figures; some of this may have been intended for non-Islamic export markets, or Christian customers, which is clearly the case with a few pieces, including a bottle elaborately painted with clearly Christian scenes that may commemorate the election for a new abbot at a Syrian monastery. Other pieces show the courtly scenes of princes, riders hawking or fighting, that is found in other media in contemporary Islamic art, and sometimes inscriptions make it clear these were intended for Muslim patrons.
After mosque lamps, the most common shape is a tall beaker, flaring towards the top. This was made somewhat differently from the mosque lamps, the flaring apparently done in the course of the second firing. These often have figural decoration, although the Luck of Edenhall, perhaps the finest of the group, does not. Some have decoration of fishes or birds, and other humans, often on horseback. The Palmer Cup in the Waddesdon Bequest (British Museum) shows an enthroned ruler flanked by attendants, a scene often found in overglaze enamels on Persian pottery mina'i ware in the decades around 1200. Two beakers in Baltimore (one illustrated below), have Christian scenes.
Western Europe
It is now known that the technique was being used in Venetian glass from the late 13th century, mostly to make beakers. Until about 1970 it was thought it did not appear in Venice until around 1460, and surviving early Venetian pieces were attributed elsewhere. The Aldrevandin(i) Beaker in the British Museum is now regarded as a work of about 1330, having once been thought to be much later. It is an armorial beaker that is, unusually, inscribed with the name of its maker: "“magister aldrevandin me feci(t)” – probably the decorator. It is "the iconic head of a group of more or less similar objects" and arguably "the most widely known and published medieval European glass vessel". It is large and "has considerable visual “gravity.” When it is held, however, it is shockingly lightweight" with in most parts, the glass sides "scarcely more than a millimeter thick".
Angelo Barovier's workshop was the most important in Venice in the mid-15th century – in the past his family was credited with introducing the technique. Much Venetian glass was exported, especially to the Holy Roman Empire, and copied increasingly expertly by local makers, especially in Germany and Bohemia. By the 16th century the place of manufacture of pieces described as "facon de Venise" ("Venetian style") is often hard to discern.
Armorial glass, with a painted coat of arms or other heraldic insignia, was extremely popular with the wealthy. The painting was often not done at the same time or place as the main vessel was made; it might even be in a different country. This remains an aspect of enamelled glass; by the 19th century some British-made glass was even being sent to India to be painted. The Reichsadlerhumpen or "Imperial Eagle beaker" was a large beaker, holding as much as three litres, presumably for beer, showing the double-headed eagle of the Holy Roman Empire, with the arms of the imperial various territories on its wings. This was a popular showpiece that did not need customised designs. It was probably first made in Venice, but was soon mainly made in Germany and Bohemia.
By the 17th century, "German enamelling became stereotyped within a limited range of subjects", most often using the humpen beaker shape. The earliest dated enamelled humpen is from 1571, in the British Museum; a late example, dated 1743, is illustrated above. Another standard design was the Kurfürstenhumpen or "Elector's beaker", showing the Electors of the Holy Roman Emperor, often in procession on horseback, in two registers, or alternatively seated around the emperor. Drinking glasses with royal arms are often called hofkellereihumpen (court cellar beaker). Other subjects are seen, including religious ones such as the Apostelhumpen, with the twelve apostles, hunting scenes, standard groups of personifications such as the Four Seasons, Ages of Man and the like, and pairs of lovers. In Renaissance Venice, "betrothal" pieces were made to celebrate engagements or weddings, with the coats of arms or idealized portraits of the couple.
Enamelled glass ceased to be fashionable in Italy by around 1550, but the broadly Venetian style remained popular in Germany and Bohemia until the mid-18th century, after which the remaining production was of much lower quality, though often bright and cheerful in a folk art way. It is sometimes called "peasant glass", though neither the makers nor customers fitted that description. Enamelled glass was now relatively cheap, and the more basic styles were no longer a luxury preserve of the rich. By this time a new style using opaque white milk glass had become popular in Italy, England and elsewhere. The glass was hard to distinguish visually from porcelain, but much cheaper to make, and the enamel painting technique was very similar to the overglaze enamel painting by then the standard for expensive porcelain. The English makers specialized in small vases, typically up to seven inches tall, usually with a couple of chinoiserie figures; London, Bristol and south Staffordshire were centres. Even smaller perfume or snuff bottles with stoppers were also being made in China itself, where they represented a cheaper alternative to materials such as jade.
A distinct style that originated with the glassmaker Johann Schaper of Nuremberg in Germany around 1650 was the schwarzlot style, using only black enamel on clear or sometimes white milk glass. This was a relatively linear style, with images often drawing on contemporary printmaking. Schaper himself was the best artist to use it, specializing in landscapes and architectural subjects. The style was practiced in Germany and Bohemia until about 1750, and indeed is sometimes used on a large scale on German windows much later.
In the 19th century there was increasing technical quality in many parts of Europe, initially with revivalist or over-elaborate Victorian styles; the Prague firm of Moser was a leading producer. In the later part of the century fresher and more innovative designs, often anticipating Art Nouveau, were led by French makers such as Daum and Émile Gallé. It was for the first time possible to kiln-fire pieces, greatly simplifying the process and making it more reliable, reducing the risk of having to reject pieces and so allowing more investment in elaborate decorative work.
Most pieces were now relatively large vases or bowls for display; the style related to design movements in other media such as art pottery, the Arts and Crafts movement, but was often especially well suited to glass. This style, culminating in Art Nouveau glass, was normally extremely well made, and often used a variety of techniques, including enamel. The best known American firm, making Tiffany glass, was not especially associated with the use of enamel, but it frequently appears, often as a minor element in designs.
On flat glass
Enamelled glass is mostly associated with glass vessels, but the same technique has often been used on flat glass. It has often been used as a supplementary technique in stained glass windows, to provide black linear detail, and colours for areas where great detail and a number of colours are required, such as the coats of arms of donors. Some windows were also painted in grisaille. The black material is usually called "glass paint" or "grisaille paint". It was powdered glass mixed with iron filings for colour and binders, which was applied to glass pieces before the window was made up, and then fired. It therefore is essentially a form of enamel, but is not usually so called when talking about stained glass, where "enamel" refers to other colours, often applied over the whole surface of one of the many pieces making up a design .
Enamel on metal was used for portrait miniatures in 16th-century France, and enjoyed something of a revival after about 1750. Some artists, including Henry Bone, sometimes painted in enamels on glass rather than the usual copper plate, without the change in base material making much difference to their style. Jean-Étienne Liotard, who usually worked in pastel, made at least one genre painting in enamels on glass.
Gallery
Notes
References
Carboni, Stephen, and others, Glass of the Sultans: Twelve Centuries of Masterworks from the Islamic World, Corning Museum of Glass / Metropolitan Museum of Art / Yale UP, 2001, , online
Gudenrath, William, "Enameled Glass Vessels, 1425 BCE – 1800: The Decorating Process", Journal of Glass Studies, vol. 48, pp. 23–70, 2006, JSTOR, Online at the Corning Museum of Glass (no page numbers)
Osborne, Harold (ed), The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts, 1975, OUP,
Ward, Rachel, "Mosque lamps and enamelled glass: Getting the dates right", in The Arts of the Mamluks in Egypt and Syria: Evolution and Impact, ed. Doris Behrens-Abouseif, 2012, V&R unipress GmbH, , 9783899719154, google books
Whitehouse, David, "Begram: The Glass", Topoi' Orient-Occident, 2001 11-1, pp. 437–449, online
Coatings
Glass applications
Glass compositions
Glass art
Vitreous enamel | wiki |
The Design of Design: Essays from a Computer Scientist is a book by Fred Brooks.
References
2010 non-fiction books | wiki |
Newton station in the USA is a historic railroad depot in Newton, Mississippi.
It was located on the A & V (Alabama and Vicksburg) Railroad. It was built in 1904, and later operated by the Illinois Central. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 as the Alabama and Vicksburg Railroad Depot. It is now used by the Newton Chamber of Commerce.
During the American Civil War, on April 24, 1863, Federal troops under General Benjamin Grierson struck the Vicksburg-Meridian rail route, tore up tracks and burned the Newton depot.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Mississippi
List of Mississippi Landmarks
References
External links
Photograph of the depot on Flickr
History
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Mississippi
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1904
Mississippi Landmarks
National Register of Historic Places in Newton County, Mississippi
Newton | wiki |
Robert Sylvester Kelly, beter bekend als R. Kelly (1967- ), een R&B zanger.
Robert Kelly (marine), een Amerikaanse marineofficier gedurende de Tweede Wereldoorlog.
Robert Kelly (dichter) (1935- ), een dichter.
Robert Kelker-Kelly (1964- ), een soapacteur
Robert Kelly (Marvel), een personage van Marvel Comics. | wiki |
Transaction Tax may refer to:
Financial transaction tax
Automated Payment Transaction tax | wiki |
A name is a term used for identification by an external observer. They can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. The entity identified by a name is called its referent. A personal name identifies, not necessarily uniquely, a specific individual human. The name of a specific entity is sometimes called a proper name (although that term has a philosophical meaning as well) and is, when consisting of only one word, a proper noun. Other nouns are sometimes called "common names" or (obsolete) "general names". A name can be given to a person, place, or thing; for example, parents can give their child a name or a scientist can give an element a name.
Etymology
The word name comes from Old English nama; cognate with Old High German (OHG) namo, Sanskrit (nāman), Latin nomen, Greek (onoma), and Persian (nâm), from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *h₁nómn̥. Outside Indo-European, it can be connected to Proto-Uralic *nime.
Naming conventions
A naming convention is a set of agreed, stipulated, or generally accepted standards, norms, social norms, or criteria for naming things.
Parents may follow a naming convention when selecting names for their children. Some have chosen alphabetical names by birth order. In some East Asian cultures it is common for one syllable in a two-syllable given name to be a generation name which is the same for immediate siblings. In many cultures it is common for the son to be named after the father or a grandfather. In certain African cultures, such as in Cameroon, the eldest son gets the family name for his given name. In other cultures, the name may include the place of residence, or the place of birth. The Roman naming convention denotes social rank.
Major naming conventions include:
In astronomy, astronomical naming conventions
In biology, binomial nomenclature
In chemistry, chemical nomenclature
In classics, Roman naming conventions
In computer programming, identifier naming conventions
In computer networking, computer naming schemes
In planetary science, planetary nomenclature
In sciences generally, systematic names for a variety of things
Products may follow a naming convention. Automobiles typically have a binomial name, a "make" (manufacturer) and a "model", in addition to a model year, such as a 2007 Chevrolet Corvette. Sometimes there is a name for the car's "decoration level" or "trim line" as well: e.g., Cadillac Escalade EXT Platinum, after the precious metal. Computers often have increasing numbers in their names to signify the next generation.
Courses at schools typically follow a naming convention: an abbreviation for the subject area and then a number ordered by increasing level of difficulty.
Many numbers (e.g., bank accounts, government IDs, credit cards, etc.) are not random but have an internal structure and convention. Virtually all organizations that assign names or numbers will follow some convention in generating these identifiers. Airline flight numbers, Space Shuttle flight numbers, even phone numbers all have an internal convention.
Personal name
A personal name is an identifying word or words by which an individual is intimately known or designated. In many countries, it is traditional for individuals to have a personal name (also called a given name or first name) and a surname (also called a last name or family name because it is shared by members of the same family). Some people have two surnames, one inherited from each parent. In most of Europe and the Americas, the given name typically comes before the surname, whereas in parts of Asia and Hungary the surname comes before the given name. In some cultures it is traditional for a woman to take her husband's surname when she gets married.
A common practice in many countries is patronym which means that a component of a personal name is based on the given name of one's father. A less common practice in countries is matronym which means that a component of a personal name is based on the given name of one’s mother. In some East Asian cultures, it is traditional for given names to include a generation name, a syllable shared between siblings and cousins of the same generation.
Middle names are also used by many people as a third identifier, and can be chosen for personal reasons including signifying relationships, preserving pre-marital/maiden names (a popular practice in the United States), and to perpetuate family names. The practice of using middle names dates back to ancient Rome, where it was common for members of the elite to have a praenomen (a personal name), a nomen (a family name, not exactly used the way middle names are used today), and a cognomen (a name representing an individual attribute or the specific branch of a person's family). Middle names eventually fell out of use, but regained popularity in Europe during the nineteenth century.
Besides first, middle, and last names, individuals may also have nicknames, aliases, or titles. Nicknames are informal names used by friends or family to refer to a person ("Chris" may be used as a short form of the personal name "Christopher"). A person may choose to use an alias, or a fake name, instead of their real name, possibly to protect or obscure their identity. People may also have titles designating their role in an institution or profession (members of royal families may use various terms such as King, Queen, Duke, or Duchess to signify their positions of authority or their relation to the throne).
Names of names
In onomastic terminology, personal names of men are called andronyms (from Ancient Greek ἀνήρ / man, and ὄνομα / name), while personal names of women are called gynonyms (from Ancient Greek γυνή / woman, and ὄνομα / name).
Brand names
Developing a name for a brand or product is heavily influenced by marketing research and strategy to be appealing and marketable. The brand name is often a neologism or pseudoword, such as Kodak or Sony.
Religious names
In the ancient world, particularly in the ancient near-east (Israel, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Persia) names were thought to be extremely powerful and act, in some ways, as a separate manifestation of a person or deity. This viewpoint is responsible both for the reluctance to use the proper name of God in Hebrew writing or speech, as well as the common understanding in ancient magic that magical rituals had to be carried out "in [someone's] name". By invoking a god or spirit by name, one was thought to be able to summon that spirit's power for some kind of miracle or magic (see Luke 9:49, in which the disciples claim to have seen a man driving out demons using the name of Jesus). This understanding passed into later religious tradition, for example the stipulation in Catholic exorcism that the demon cannot be expelled until the exorcist has forced it to give up its name, at which point the name may be used in a stern command which will drive the demon away.
Biblical names
In the Old Testament, the names of individuals are meaningful, and a change of name indicates a change of status. For example, the patriarch Abram and his wife Sarai were renamed "Abraham" and "Sarah" at the institution of the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 17:4, 17:15). Simon was renamed Peter when he was given the Keys to Heaven. This is recounted in the Gospel of Matthew chapter 16, which according to Roman Catholic teaching was when Jesus promised to Saint Peter the power to take binding actions. Proper names are "saturated with meaning".
Throughout the Bible, characters are given names at birth that reflect something of significance or describe the course of their lives. For example: Solomon meant peace, and the king with that name was the first whose reign was without war. Likewise, Joseph named his firstborn son Manasseh (Hebrew: "causing to forget")(Genesis 41:51); when Joseph also said, "God has made me forget all my troubles and everyone in my father's family." Biblical Jewish people did not have surnames which were passed from generation to generation. However, they were typically known as the child of their father. For example: דוד בן ישי (David ben Yishay) meaning, David, son of Jesse (1 Samuel 17:12,58). Today, this style of name is still used in Jewish religious rites.
Indian name
Indian names are based on a variety of systems and naming conventions, which vary from region to region. Names are also influenced by religion and caste and may come from epics. India's population speaks a wide variety of languages and nearly every major religion in the world has a following in India. This variety makes for subtle, often confusing, differences in names and naming styles. Due to historical Indian cultural influences, several names across South and Southeast Asia are influenced by or adapted from Indian names or words.
For some Indians, their birth name is different from their official name; the birth name starts with a randomly selected name from the person's horoscope (based on the nakshatra or lunar mansion corresponding to the person's birth).
Many children are given three names, sometimes as a part of religious teaching.
Quranic names (Arabic names)
We can see many Arabic names in the Quran and in Muslim people, such as Allah, Muhammad, Khwaja, Ismail, Mehboob, Suhelahmed, Shoheb Ameena, Aaisha, Sameena, Rumana, Swaleha, etc. The names Mohammed and Ahmed are the same, for example Suhel Ahmad or Mohammad Suhel are the same. There are many similar names in Islam and Christianity, such as Yosef (Islamic)/Joseph (Christian), Adam/Adam, Dawood/David, Rumana/Romana, Maryam/Mary, Nuh/Noah, etc.
Name use by animals and plants
The use of personal names is not unique to humans. Dolphins and green-rumped parrotlets also use symbolic names to address contact calls to specific individuals. Individual dolphins have distinctive signature whistles, to which they will respond even when there is no other information to clarify which dolphin is being referred to.
See also
References
Sources
Further reading
"Names" by Sam Cumming, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP), a philosophical dissertation on the syntax and semantics of names
Matthews, Elaine; Hornblower, Simon; Fraser, Peter Marshall, Greek Personal Names: Their Value as Evidence, Proceedings of the British Academy (104), Oxford University Press, 2000.
Name and Form – from Sacred Texts Buddhism
External links
Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, Oxford (over 35,000 published names)
Behind The Name, The etymology of first names
The Name Tradition In The Christian Culture
Kate Monk's Onomastikon Names over the world throughout the history
Lexicography
Concepts in logic
Philosophical logic | wiki |
Psychiatric somatotherapy (or somatic therapy) is the treatment of mental illness by physical means (such as medication, electroconvulsive therapy, or psychosurgery) rather than psychotherapy.
References
Somatic psychology | wiki |
S&L can refer to:
Savings and loan association, a kind of financial institution
Savings and loan crisis, a financial crisis of Savings and Loan Association failures
Strength & Loyalty, an album by Bone Thugs-n-Harmony
Strengths & Limitations
Snakes and Ladders
See also
SNL (disambiguation) | wiki |
Frame by Frame may refer to:
Film and video
Frame by Frame (film), a 2015 documentary about photographers in Afghanistan
Frame by Frame, a 1996 film starring Brenda Bakke
Frame by Frame, a video series and blog on film history and related topics by Wheeler Winston Dixon
Music
Albums
Frame by Frame (album), a 2013 album by country artist Cassadee Pope
Frame by Frame: The Essential King Crimson, a 1991 4-CD compilation by King Crimson
Songs
"Frame by Frame", a song by King Crimson from the album Discipline
See also
Animation
Film frame
Stop motion
Frame (disambiguation) | wiki |
This is a list of software systems that are used for visualizing microscopy data.
For each software system, the table below indicates which type of data can be displayed: EM = Electron microscopy; MG = Molecular graphics; Optical = Optical microscopy.
See also
Biological data visualization
List of molecular graphics systems
References
Electron microscopy
Microscopy
Molecular modelling software | wiki |
Freeman's oath may refer to:
Voter's oath or affirmation, sworn by persons registering to vote for the first time in Vermont
Oath of a Freeman, required of free immigrants to the Massachusetts Bay colony
The Freeman's Oath, a 1639 broadsheet printed by British North American Stephen Daye
See also
Loyalty oath | wiki |
Governor Bartlett may refer to:
Dewey F. Bartlett (1919–1979), 19th Governor of Oklahoma
John H. Bartlett (1869–1952), 57th Governor of New Hampshire
Josiah Bartlett (1729–1795), 4th Governor of New Hampshire
Washington Bartlett (1824–1887), 16th Governor of California
See also
Josiah Bartlet, fictional former Governor of New Hampshire on the TV series, The West Wing | wiki |
Governor Beasley may refer to:
David Beasley (born 1957), 113th Governor of South Carolina
Jere Beasley (born 1935), Acting Governor of Alabama | wiki |
My Sister's Keeper (2004) is the eleventh novel by the American author Jodi Picoult. It tells the story of thirteen-year-old Anna Fitzgerald, who sues her parents for medical emancipation when she is told to donate a kidney to her elder sister Kate, who is gradually dying from acute leukemia.
Summary
The story takes place in the fictional town of Upper Darby, Rhode Island in 2004. Anna Fitzgerald's older sister, Kate, suffers from acute promyelocytic leukemia, a blood and bone marrow cancer. Anna was born as a savior sister specifically so she could save Kate's life through the donation of her umbilical cord blood. At first it is successful, but the cancer continues to relapse throughout Kate's life.
Anna is usually willing to donate whatever Kate needs, but when she turns 13, she is told that she will have to donate one of her kidneys due to Kate's kidney failure. The surgery required for both Kate and Anna would be major; it is not guaranteed to work, as the stress of the operation may kill Kate anyway, and the loss of a kidney could have a serious impact on Anna's life. Since Anna is fond of hockey, Anna petitions for medical emancipation with the help of lawyer Campbell Alexander, so she will be able to make her own decisions regarding her medical treatment and the donation of her kidney.
At first Sara, their mother, believes that Anna's decision is led by a simple need of attention, but Anna is serious and refuses to withdraw her complaint, so the case has to be discussed in front of a judge. Having been a civil attorney before becoming a mother, Sara decides to represent herself. The judge assigned to the case is Judge De Salvo, who the year before lost his twelve-year-old daughter because of a drunk driver.
Recognizing that it is impossible for Anna and Sara to be together during the trial, Judge De Salvo hires Julia Romano, the court-appointed guardian ad litem whose job it is to decide what would be best for Anna. Julia was once romantically involved with Campbell when they went to high school together, but Campbell broke her heart when he left her. Unbeknownst to Julia, Campbell left her because, after an accident that resulted in a concussion, he developed epilepsy and thought she deserved better.
Meanwhile, Anna's older brother, Jesse, who has spent most of his life being ignored in favor of ill Kate or donor Anna, spends most of his time setting fire to abandoned buildings with homemade explosives and using illegal drugs. He is a self-confessed juvenile delinquent, which leads to their father Brian eventually confronting Jesse for his behavior.
During the trial, it is revealed that Anna is acting under her sister's wishes: Kate is tired of living; she's prepared to die and doesn't want to force Anna to donate a kidney that will likely not be adequate to save her life, so she encouraged Anna to gain the independence that has always been denied to her. As Anna stands up to testify, Campbell Alexander has an epileptic seizure and, thanks to this, Julia discovers the reason of their breakup, leading her to swear to Campbell that he doesn't need to hide his illness from her, and that they can be together. The judge rules in Anna's favor, and grants Campbell a medical power of attorney. After gaining medical emancipation, Anna hints that she plans to donate her kidney to Kate, wanting her sister to live. However, as Campbell drives her home after the trial, their car is t-boned by a truck. The on-call firefighter, who happens to be Brian, arrives at the scene, retrieving an unconscious and severely injured Anna from the wreckage of the crushed car.
At the hospital, the doctor informs Sara and Brian that Anna is brain-dead and says that they will need to act quickly if they wish to donate her organs. An injured Campbell approves the procedure and Kate's life is saved. Sara and Brian are devastated and struggle to cope for the next eight years after Anna's life support machines are shut off. During this time, Jesse becomes a police officer and Kate becomes a ballet teacher. Kate ends the story by reflecting on the tragedy and explaining that she feels deep guilt but also a bond with the part of Anna inside of her.
Characters
Kate Fitzgerald - A frail teenage girl who was diagnosed with promyelocytic leukemia at a young age. She is the older sister of Anna, and the middle child out of all three Fitzgerald siblings. She sometimes finds all the attention on her stifling. One of the few times that Kate experiences being a typical teenaged girl is when she dates, and has her first kiss with a boy named Taylor. Kate supports the feelings of her younger sister, Anna, and is thankful for the bodily donations Anna has been made to give her throughout her lifetime. At the end of the novel, Kate is revealed to be the one who asked Anna to sue for medical emancipation, because, fed up with the awareness of how much she took from her and the rest of their family, she wanted, for once, to be the sister who protected the other one.
Andromeda "Anna" Fitzgerald - A girl who was biologically engineered in order to be a "savior sibling" to her elder sister, Kate. At first Anna was only meant to donate her umbilical cord, but in response to Kate's relapses, Anna repeatedly donates blood, marrow, and eventually, an organ to her. She is thirteen years old at the time the novel takes place, and seeks to be medically emancipated from her parents. She believes that this legal support is necessary to help her resist the growing pressure on her to donate a kidney. She is the main protagonist of the novel.
Jesse Fitzgerald - The oldest Fitzgerald child. Throughout most of the novel, he is a delinquent teenager, but eventually reforms after a confrontation with his father.
Sara Fitzgerald - The controlling mother of Kate, Anna, and Jesse. She tries her hardest to keep her oldest, ill, daughter alive and well. Sara refuses to accept the idea that Kate is likely to die, and in doing so she neglects the needs of her two other children, whom she keeps seeing in relation to Kate. Before the novel's end, Sara finally listens to Anna about Kate and comes to terms with Kate's choice to die, expressing remorse for her behavior.
Brian Fitzgerald - Sara's husband, who understands Anna's decision to not donate her kidney, but also feels compassion for his wife. He is fond of astronomy and becomes torn between his daughters, and his wife, during Anna's emancipation trial. Ultimately, Brian sides with his wife during his testimony in court, regardless of his conflicting feelings. He also shows concern for his son, and is the one to confront him about his troubling behavior. After Anna's death, he too needs a lot of time to cope with it.
Julia Romano - The court-appointed, guardian ad litem, whose job it is to decide what is best for Anna. She also often advises Anna regarding medical emancipation. She and Anna's lawyer, Campbell Alexander, dated in young adulthood, before he left her without explaining why.
Campbell Alexander - The lawyer who defends Anna as she tries to become medically emancipated from her parents. He believes that she should have control over her own body, and eventually obtains medical power of attorney over her, when the case is successful. He personally uses a service dog, which others find mysterious, because he does not tell anyone why. It is later uncovered that Campbell suffers from epilepsy, and that this diagnosis is the reason he broke up with Julia, as he did not believe she "deserved" an unwell mate, that she'd have to look after.
Suzanne - Jesse, Kate and Anna's wealthy aunt, Brian's sister-in-law and Sara's older sister of 10 years. Their relationship is strained due to her overzealousness in keeping Kate alive. Unlike Brian, Suzanne shows more support for Anna, even explaining how disappointed she is in Sara for how she treated both her daughters.
Dr. Harrison Chance - Kate's oncologist.
Judge DeSalvo - The presiding judge over Anna's medical emancipation case.
Isobel "Izzy" Romano - Julia's twin sister and roommate. She is a jewelry designer and she is fresh from a relationship with another woman named Janet. She is very close to her sister and as such despises Campbell for having left Julia.
Taylor Ambrose - Kate's boyfriend. He is diagnosed with myeloid leukemia and meets her at the hospital while undergoing chemotherapy. Kate has some of her happiest times with him, as he's one of the only people with whom she's been able to fully relate. After they go to a prom, Kate comes to believe that Taylor has ceased contact with her. She becomes estranged from her mother after learning the truth, which is that Sara learned about Taylor's death and concealed it from Kate, fearing that the grief would rob Kate of the will to live.
Development history
Publication history
Picoult, Jodi. My Sister's Keeper. Atria Books: New York, 2004; /.
Critical reception
In review for The Washington Post, Katherine Arie described some of the characters as unconvincing, such as Brian, who is "too good to be true", Jesse, "a poster child for self-destructive behavior", and Kate, who is "as weak and wispy on the page as she's supposed to be in life", but ultimately called the book "a thrill to read".
In 2009 the American Library Association (ALA) and the office for Intellectual Freedom named My Sister's Keeper the seventh out of ten most frequently challenged books in the US. Schools and libraries attempted to ban the book due to its mature themes.
Adaptations
New Line Cinema adapted My Sister's Keeper into a feature film, which was directed by Nick Cassavetes and released on June 26, 2009. It starred Cameron Diaz as Sara and Alec Baldwin as Campbell. Kate and Anna were played respectively by Sofia Vassilieva and Abigail Breslin.
The film features an alternate ending and more emphasis on certain subplots while entirely eliminating others. This was against the wishes of Picoult.
References
External links
My Sister's Keeper at the author's site
2004 American novels
American novels adapted into films
Medical ethics in fiction
Novels about cancer
Novels about siblings
Novels by Jodi Picoult
Novels set in Rhode Island
Atria Publishing Group books | wiki |
RPM Records is the name of:
RPM Records (United Kingdom)
RPM Records (United States) | wiki |
Governor Bingham may refer to:
Hiram Bingham III (1875–1956), 69th Governor of Connecticut
Kinsley S. Bingham (1808–1861), 11th Governor of Michigan | wiki |
Online food ordering is the process of ordering food, for delivery or pickup, from a website or other application. The product can be either ready-to-eat food (e.g., direct from a home-kitchen, restaurant, or a virtual restaurant) or food that has not been specially prepared for direct consumption (e.g., vegetables direct from a farm/garden, fruits, frozen meats. etc).
Online food ordering/delivery through third-party companies have emerged as a global industry, leading to a "delivery revolution." From 2018 to 2021, global revenues for the online food delivery sector rose from $90 billion to $294 billion.
History
The first online food order was a pizza from Pizza Hut in 1994.
The online food ordering market has increased in the U.S with 40 percent of U.S adults having ordered their food online once. The online food ordering market includes foods prepared by restaurants, prepared by independent people, and groceries being ordered online and then picked up or delivered.
The first online food ordering service, World Wide Waiter (now known as Waiter.com), was founded in 1995. The site originally serviced only northern California, later expanding to several additional cities in the United States.
By the late 2000s, major pizza chains had created their own mobile applications and started doing 20–30 percent of their business online. With increased smartphone penetration, and the growth of both Uber and the sharing economy, food delivery startups started to receive more attention. In 2010, Snapfinger, who is a multi-restaurant ordering website, had a growth in their mobile food orders by 17 percent in one year.
By 2015, online ordering began overtaking phone ordering.
In 2015, China's online food ordering and delivery market grew from 0.15 billion yuan to 44.25 billion yuan.
As of September 2016, online delivery accounted for about 3 percent of the 61 billion U.S. restaurant transactions.
In a 2019 market study of restaurant delivery services, the global market for online-ordered prepared food delivery was estimated at $94 billion and is estimated to grow at just over 9 percent a year, reaching $134.5 billion in 2023. The study defined the market as 1)"meals ordered online which are directly delivered by the restaurant, no matter if ordered via a platform (e.g. Delivery Hero) or a restaurant website (e.g. Domino's)"; 2) online meal orders and deliveries "both carried out by a platform" (Deliveroo, Uber Eats, e.g.); 3) "online orders that are picked up in the restaurant" by the customer. It does not include phone orders.
After 2020, COVID-19 significantly boosted online food delivery usage world wide.
According to research conducted by the NDP Group, online restaurant ordering is growing 300% faster than dine-in traffic."Online ordering has started to become the norm, thanks to the convenience, accuracy, and ability to integrate payments. At scale, ubiquitous on-demand and subscription delivery of prepared food could potentially spell the end of cooking at home.”
Types
Restaurant-controlled
In restaurant-controlled online food ordering, the restaurants create their own website and app, or choose to hire a delivery vendor. If they choose to create their own website, they make sure to obtain software that manages the orders efficiently, meaning it has the capability to manage different orders at once. When they hire a vendor, the restaurant pays for a monthly fee or percentage-based fees. The vendor covers the developmental costs.
A customer can choose to have the food delivered or for pick-up/take-away. The process consists of a customer choosing the restaurant of their choice, scanning the menu items, choosing an item, and finally choosing for pick-up or delivery. Payment is then administered by paying with a credit card or debit card through the app or website or in cash at the restaurant when going to pickup. The website and app inform the customer of the food quality, duration of food preparation, and when the food is ready for pick-up or the amount of time it will take for delivery. Papa John's is one of the restaurants that created their own Papa John's system, website, and app, and do their own delivery. In 2010, they redesigned their website and launched mobile apps for iPhones, iPads, iPods, Androids Phones, Blackberrys, and Windows Phones.
The preexisting delivery infrastructure of these franchises paired with the online ordering system. In 2010, Papa John's International announced that its online sales had exceeded $2 billion.
Independent websites
In this case, a person cooks and offers meals or kits via their website, which are then directly sent to consumers. The consumer chooses which meal and how many meals they want sent to their office or home, and pays depending on the meals or the program they are interested in. People choose to order meals from other people for different reasons: not wanting or having time to cook, wanting to eat home-cooked meals, or to lose weight by eating healthy foods. Examples of this type of service include DineWise, NutriSystem, Chef's Diet, etc.
Food cooperatives
Some food cooperatives like Macomb Co-op allow members to place orders of locally grown and/or produced food online and pick up and pay for their orders at a central location.
Delivery platforms
The riders and drivers for nearly all independent restaurant delivery app services are independent contractors, having the flexibility to choose when they work. In Australia, specifically riders for the food app of Foodora, consider themselves employees because they sometimes work full time hours, are required to wear uniforms, and run shift system.
However, food delivery riders and drivers usually do not receive any insurance coverage, protective gear, or sick pay as independent contractors, which have led to some asking for improved safety standards. In response, Deliveroo gave riders a helmet with a GoPro camera to record any problems they may face, specifically with criminals. The riders have the opportunity to raise safety concerns about delivery areas in the app.
Virtual restaurants
As the food delivery sector has grown, businesses have turned to virtual restaurants, also known as ghost kitchens, to fill the need for inexpensive kitchen space to handle the increased volume. A ghost kitchen site will be purpose-built to be delivery-only and have separate areas of stoves, refrigeration and storage space to accommodate food preparation teams of several different restaurants. As they are often located in less densely populated areas of a city, they also have parking areas for the delivery vehicles. Companies providing this service are often subsidiaries of the delivery companies. Ghost kitchens also allow for the creation of virtual restaurant brands—restaurants that exist only online, with no bricks-and-mortar presence.The ghost kitchen has also gradually developed into a shared space ghost kitchen. They simultaneously share the same space for multiple ghost kitchens and then equip them with complete tableware and space.
See also
Dark store
List of online grocers
List of restaurant terminology
Online grocer
Online supermarkets
Meals on Wheels
References
External links
Technology company timelines
2010s in food | wiki |
Polu may refer to:
Polu, Khuzestan, Iran
Polu or pilaf, a rice dish
Junior Polu, Samoan rugby player | wiki |
Inferno may refer to:
Hell, an afterlife place of suffering
Conflagration, a large uncontrolled fire
Film
L'Inferno, a 1911 Italian film
Inferno (1953 film), a film noir by Roy Ward Baker
Inferno (1973 film), a German television movie
Inferno (1980 film), an Italian horror film by Dario Argento
Inferno (1995 film), directed by Peter Keglevic
Inferno (1997 film), starring Don "The Dragon" Wilson
Inferno (1998 film), a TV movie directed by Ian Barry
Inferno (1999 film), starring Jean-Claude Van Damme
Inferno (1999 Portuguese film), a 1999 Portuguese film directed by Joaquim Leitão
Inferno (2000 film), or Pilgrim, 2000 film directed by Harley Cokeliss
Inferno (2001 film), a British "short" movie directed by Paul Kousoulides
Inferno (2002 film), directed by Dusty Nelson
Inferno (2014 film), a Slovenian film, directed by Vinko Möderndorfer
Inferno (2016 film), American thriller based on Dan Brown's novel of same name
Literature
Inferno (Dante), the first part of Dante's Divine Comedy
Inferno (Strindberg novel), an 1897 novel by August Strindberg
Inferno (Barbusse novel) (or Hell), a 1908 novel by Henri Barbusse
Inferno, a concept of infernality of Nature in The Bull's Hour, a 1968 novel by Ivan Yefremov
Inferno (Niven and Pournelle novel), a 1976 novel by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle
Isaac Asimov's Inferno, a 1994 novel by Roger MacBride Allen
Inferno, a 2006 novel in the Bionicle Legends series, by Greg Farshtey
Inferno (Star Wars novel), a 2007 novel by Troy Denning
Inferno (anthology), a 2007 anthology edited by Ellen Datlow
Inferno, a 2010 novel by Eileen Myles
Inferno (Brown novel), a 2013 novel by Dan Brown
Music
Infernö, a Norwegian thrash metal band
Inferno Metal Festival, annual music festival in Oslo, Norway
Zbigniew Robert Promiński or Inferno (born 1978), drummer with the band Behemoth
Inferno, guitarist with Cirith Gorgor
Albums
Inferno (Marty Friedman album), 2014
Inferno (Petra Marklund album), 2012
Inferno (Motörhead album), 2004
Inferno (Entombed album), 2003
Inferno (Biréli Lagrène album), 1988
Inferno (Metamorfosi album), 1973
Inferno: Last in Live, a 1998 album by Dio
Inferno (soundtrack), a soundtrack album by Keith Emerson, from the 1980 film (see below)
Inferno (Tangerine Dream album)
Inferno, an album by Alien Sex Fiend which is the soundtrack for the video game Inferno
Inferno, an album by Project Pitchfork
Songs
"Inferno" (song), a song by Bella Poarch and Sub Urban
"Inferno", a song by Kreator from Voices of Transgression – A 90s Retrospective
"Inferno", a song by Amaranthe from Helix
"Inferno (Unleash the Fire)", a song by Symphony X from The Odyssey
"Inferno", a song by Lordi
Television
"Inferno", fourth episode of the 1965 Doctor Who serial The Romans
Inferno (Doctor Who), a 1970 serial from the British science fiction series
"Inferno" (Stargate Atlantis), an episode in the science fiction series
"Inferno" (Captain Scarlet), an episode of Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons
Series titles of reality game shows on MTV:
Real World/Road Rules Challenge: The Inferno (2004)
Real World/Road Rules Challenge: The Inferno II (2005)
Real World/Road Rules Challenge: The Inferno 3 (2007)
Inferno, a female gladiator in Gladiators
Team Inferno, Disney Channel Games Red Team
Comics
Inferno (DC Comics), a character in Legion of Super-Heroes
Inferno (Frank Verrano), a Mighty Crusaders character
Inferno (Exemplar), a character in the Marvel Comics team Exemplars
Inferno (Marvel Comics), a crossover involving the X-Men
Inferno!, a Warhammer anthology magazine mixing text and comic stories
Inferno, a title from Caliber Comics
Armageddon: Inferno, a DC Comics storyline connected with Armageddon 2001
Judge Dredd: Inferno, a story line featuring Judge Grice
Inferno, an alternate version of Legion of Super-Heroes member Sun Boy
Inferno (Dante Pertuz), a Marvel Comics character
Gaming
Inferno (Judges Guild), a 1980 adventure for fantasy role-playing games, a 'paper and pencil' game
Inferno, an episode in the video game Doom
Inferno (video game), a 1994 space flight simulation game by Digital Image Design
Inferno (Soulcalibur), a boss character in Soulcalibur
Alone in the Dark: Inferno, an updated version of the video game Alone in the Dark
Little Inferno, a 2012 puzzle game
Sports teams
Brampton Inferno, a Canadian Lacrosse League team
Columbia Inferno, an ECHL hockey team based in Columbia, South Carolina
Indianapolis Inferno, a Great Lakes Junior Hockey League team
Lancaster Inferno (NPSL), a defunct National Premier Soccer League team (2008)
Lancaster Inferno (UWS), a Women's Premier Soccer League team
Phoenix Inferno, a defunct Major Indoor Soccer League team (1980–1983)
Tampa Bay Inferno, a Women's Football Alliance team
The teams of Alverno College, a Roman Catholic college in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
West Carleton Inferno a National Capital Junior Hockey League team
Other uses
Pedro de Ataíde Inferno, Captain-major of Portuguese Ceylon from 1564 to 1565
Operation Inferno, a 1968 Israeli Defense Forces raid that escalated into the Battle of Karameh
Inferno (G.I. Joe), a fictional character in the G.I. Joe universe
Inferno (wrestler), ring name of wrestler Jemma Palmer
Inferno Peak, Antarctica
Inferno Ridge, Antarctica
Inferno (horse), a Canadian Thoroughbred racehorse
Inferno (operating system), a distributed operating system started at Bell Labs
Inferno (software), a visual effects software system
Kyosho Inferno, a radio-controlled car produced by Kyosho
See also
Infernus (born 1972)
Dante's Inferno (disambiguation)
Infernal (disambiguation)
Towering Inferno (disambiguation) | wiki |
A lightning strike or lightning bolt is an electric discharge between the atmosphere and the ground. Most originate in a cumulonimbus cloud and terminate on the ground, called cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning. A less common type of strike, ground-to-cloud (GC) lightning, is upward-propagating lightning initiated from a tall grounded object and reaching into the clouds. About 25% of all lightning events worldwide are strikes between the atmosphere and earth-bound objects. Most are intracloud (IC) lightning and cloud-to-cloud (CC), where discharges only occur high in the atmosphere. Lightning strikes the average commercial aircraft at least once a year, but modern engineering and design means this is rarely a problem. The movement of aircraft through clouds can even cause lightning strikes.
A single lightning event is a "flash", which is a complex, multistage process, some parts of which are not fully understood. Most CG flashes only "strike" one physical location, referred to as a "termination". The primary conducting channel, the bright, coursing light that may be seen and is called a "strike", is only about one inch in diameter, but because of its extreme brilliance, it often looks much larger to the human eye and in photographs. Lightning discharges are typically miles long, but certain types of horizontal discharges can be tens of miles in length. The entire flash lasts only a fraction of a second.
Strikes
Lightning strikes can injure humans in several different ways:
Direct
Direct strike – the person is part of a flash channel. Enormous quantities of energy pass through the body very quickly, resulting in internal burns, organ damage, explosions of flesh and bone, and nervous system damage. Depending on the flash strength and access to medical services, it may be instantaneously fatal or cause permanent injury and impairment.
Contact injury – an object (generally a conductor) that a person is touching is electrified by a strike.
Side splash – branches of currents "jumping" from the primary flash channel, electrify the person.
Blast injuries – being thrown and suffering blunt-force trauma from the shock wave (if very close) and possible hearing damage from the thunder.
Indirect
Ground current or "step potential" – Earth surface charges race towards the flash channel during discharge. Because the ground has high impedance, the current "chooses" a better conductor, often a person's legs, passing through the body. The near-instantaneous rate of discharge causes a potential (difference) over distance, which may amount to several thousand volts per linear foot. This phenomenon (also responsible for reports of mass reindeer deaths due to lightning storms) leads to more injuries and deaths than the above three combined.
EMPs – the discharge process produces an electromagnetic pulse (EMP), which may damage an artificial pacemaker, or otherwise affect normal biological processes.
Hallucinations may be induced in people located within 200 m (650 ft) of a severe lightning storm.
Secondary or resultant
Explosions
Fires
Accidents
Warning signs of an impending strike nearby can include a crackling sound, sensations of static electricity in the hair or skin, the pungent smell of ozone, or the appearance of a blue haze around persons or objects (St. Elmo's fire). People caught in such extreme situations – without having been able to flee to a safer, fully enclosed space – are advised to assume the "lightning position", which involves "sitting or crouching with knees and feet close together to create only one point of contact with the ground" (with the feet off the ground if sitting; if a standing position is needed, the feet must be touching).
Injuries
Lightning strikes can produce severe injuries, and are lethal in between 10 and 30% of cases, with up to 80% of survivors sustaining long-term injuries. These severe injuries are not usually caused by thermal burns, since the current is too brief to greatly heat up tissues; instead, nerves and muscles may be directly damaged by the high voltage producing holes in their cell membranes, a process called electroporation.
In a direct strike, the electrical currents in the flash channel pass directly through the victim. The relatively high voltage drop around poorer electrical conductors (such as a human being), causes the surrounding air to ionize and break down, and the external flashover diverts most of the main discharge current so that it passes "around" the body, reducing injury.
Metallic objects in contact with the skin may "concentrate" the lightning's energy, given it is a better natural conductor and the preferred pathway, resulting in more serious injuries, such as burns from molten or evaporating metal. At least two cases have been reported where a strike victim wearing an iPod suffered more serious injuries as a result.
During a flash, though, the current flowing through the channel and around the body can generate large electromagnetic fields and EMPs, which may induce electrical transients (surges) within the nervous system or pacemaker of the heart, upsetting normal operations. This effect might explain cases where cardiac arrest or seizures followed a lightning strike that produced no external injuries. It may also point to the victim not being directly struck at all, but just being very close to the strike termination.
Another effect of lightning on bystanders is to their hearing. The resulting shock wave of thunder can damage the ears. Also, electrical interference to telephones or headphones may result in damaging acoustic noise.
Epidemiology
There are about 240,000 lightning strikes incidents around the world each year.
According to National Geographic, about 2,000 people are killed annually worldwide by lightning. If all eight billion humans have an equal chance of being killed over a 70-year lifespan, this gives a lifetime probability of about 1 in 60,000. However, due to increased awareness and improved lightning conductors and protection, the number of annual lightning deaths has been decreasing steadily year by year.
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, over the twenty years to 2012 the United States averaged 51 annual lightning strike fatalities, making it the second-most frequent cause of weather-related death after floods. In the US, between 9 and 10% of those struck die, with an annual average of 25 deaths in the 2010s decade (16 in 2017).
In the United States in the period 2009 to 2018 an average of 27 lightning fatalities occurred per year. In the United States an average of 23 people died from lightning per year from 2012 to 2021. It was also reported that some people receive lifelong brain injuries.
In Kisii in western Kenya, some 30 people die each year from lightning strikes. Kisii's high rate of lightning fatalities occurs because of the frequency of thunderstorms and because many of the area's structures have metal roofs.
These statistics do not reflect the difference between direct strikes, where the victim was part of the lightning pathway, indirect effects of being close to the termination point, such as ground currents, and resultant, where the casualty arose from subsequent events, such as fires or explosions. Even the most knowledgeable first responders may not recognize a lightning-related injury, let alone particulars, which a medical examiner, police investigator, or on the rare occasion a trained lightning expert may have difficulty identifying to record accurately.
Direct-strike casualties could be much higher than reported numbers.
It has been reported that "30-60 people are struck by lightning each year in Britain, and on average, 3 (5-10%) of these strikes are fatal."
In 2015 it was reported that between five and ten deaths from lightning occur in Australia every year with over 100 injuries occurring.
It has been reported that "A direct strike accounts for only 3 to 5 per cent of all injuries and death, while ground currents, which spread out over the ground after lightning strikes, account for up to 50 per cent... ...Where the lightning strikes the ground, the ground becomes highly electrified and if you're within that area of ground electrification..." you can receive an electrical shock from the lightning.
It was estimated that "...one in four people struck by lightning are sheltering under trees."
Effect on nature
Impact on vegetation
Trees are frequent conductors of lightning to the ground. Since sap is a relatively poor conductor, its electrical resistance causes it to be heated explosively into steam, which blows off the bark outside the lightning's path. In following seasons, trees overgrow the damaged area and may cover it completely, leaving only a vertical scar. If the damage is severe, the tree may not be able to recover, and decay sets in, eventually killing the tree.
In sparsely populated areas such as the Russian Far East and Siberia, lightning strikes are one of the major causes of forest fires. The smoke and mist expelled by a very large forest fire can cause electric charges, starting additional fires many kilometers downwind.
Shattering of rocks
When water in fractured rock is rapidly heated by a lightning strike, the resulting steam explosion can cause rock disintegration and shift boulders. It may be a significant factor in erosion of tropical and subtropical mountains that have never been glaciated. Evidence of lightning strikes includes erratic magnetic fields.
Electrical and structural damage
Telephones, modems, computers, and other electronic devices can be damaged by lightning, as harmful overcurrent can reach them through the phone jack, Ethernet cable, or electricity outlet. Close strikes can also generate EMPs, especially during "positive" lightning discharges.
Lightning currents have a very fast rise time, on the order of 40 kA per microsecond. Hence, conductors of such currents exhibit marked skin effect, causing most of the currents to flow through the outer surface of the conductor.
In addition to electrical wiring damage, the other types of possible damage to consider include structural, fire, and property damage.
Prevention and mitigations
The field of lightning-protection systems is an enormous industry worldwide due to the impacts lightning can have on the constructs and activities of humankind. Lightning, as varied in properties measured across orders of magnitude as it is, can cause direct effects or have secondary impacts; lead to the complete destruction of a facility or process or simply cause the failure of a remote electronic sensor; it can result in outdoor activities being halted for safety concerns to employees as a thunderstorm nears an area and until it has sufficiently passed; it can ignite volatile commodities stored in large quantities or interfere with the normal operation of a piece of equipment at critical periods of time.
Most lightning-protection devices and systems protect physical structures on the earth, aircraft in flight being the notable exception. While some attention has been paid to attempting to control lightning in the atmosphere, all attempts proved extremely limited in success. Chaff and silver iodide crystal concepts were devised to deal directly with the cloud cells, and were dispensed directly into the clouds from an overflying aircraft. The chaff was devised to deal with the electrical manifestations of the storm from within, while the silver iodide salting technique was devised to deal with the mechanical forces of the storm.
Lightning protection systems
Hundreds of devices, including lightning rods and charge transfer systems, are used to mitigate lightning damage and influence the path of a lightning flash.
A lightning rod (or lightning protector) is a metal strip or rod connected to earth through conductors and a grounding system, used to provide a preferred pathway to ground if lightning terminates on a structure. The class of these products is often called a "finial" or "air terminal". A lightning rod or "Franklin rod" in honor of its famous inventor, Benjamin Franklin, is simply a metal rod, and without being connected to the lightning protection system, as was sometimes the case in the past, will provide no added protection to a structure. Other names include "lightning conductor", "arrester", and "discharger"; however, over the years these names have been incorporated into other products or industries with a stake in lightning protection. Lightning arrester, for example, often refers to fused links that explode when a strike occurs to a high-voltage overhead power line to protect the more expensive transformers down the line by opening the circuit. In reality, it was an early form of a heavy duty surge-protection device. Modern arresters, constructed with metal oxides, are capable of safely shunting abnormally high voltage surges to ground while preventing normal system voltages from being shorted to ground.
In 1962, the USAF placed protective lightning strike-diversion tower arrays at all of the Italian and Turkish Jupiter MRBM nuclear armed missiles sites after two strikes partially arming the missiles.
Monitoring and warning systems
The exact location of a lightning strike and when it will occur are still impossible to predict. However, products and systems have been designed of varying complexities to alert people as the probability of a strike increases above a set level determined by a risk assessment for the location's conditions and circumstances. One significant improvement has been in the area of detection of flashes through both ground- and satellite-based observation devices. The strikes and atmospheric flashes are not predicted, but the level of detail recorded by these technologies has vastly improved in the past 20 years.
Although commonly associated with thunderstorms at close range, lightning strikes can occur on a day that seems devoid of clouds. This occurrence is known as "a bolt from the blue [sky]"; lightning can strike up to 10 miles from a cloud.
Lightning interferes with amplitude modulation (AM) radio signals much more than frequency modulation (FM) signals, providing an easy way to gauge local lightning strike intensity. To do so, one should tune a standard AM medium wave receiver to a frequency with no transmitting stations, and listen for crackles among the static. Stronger or nearby lightning strikes will also cause cracking if the receiver is tuned to a station. As lower frequencies propagate further along the ground than higher ones, the lower medium wave (MW) band frequencies (in the 500–600 kHz range) can detect lightning strikes at longer distances; if the longwave band (153–279 kHz) is available, using it can increase this range even further.
Lightning-detection systems have been developed and may be deployed in locations where lightning strikes present special risks, such as public parks. Such systems are designed to detect the conditions which are believed to favor lightning strikes and provide a warning to those in the vicinity to allow them to take appropriate cover.
Personal safety
The U.S. National Lightning Safety Institute advises American citizens to have a plan for their safety when a thunderstorm occurs and to commence it as soon as the first lightning is seen or thunder heard. This is important, as lightning can strike without rain actually falling. If thunder can be heard at all, then a risk of lightning exists.
The National Lightning Safety Institute also recommends using the F-B (flash to boom) method to gauge distance to a lightning strike. The flash of a lightning strike and resulting thunder occur at roughly the same time. But light travels 300,000 km/sec, almost a million times the speed of sound. Sound travels at the slower speed of about 340 m/sec (depending on the temperature), so the flash of lightning is seen before thunder is heard. A method to determine the distance between lightning strike and viewer involves counting the seconds between the lightning flash and thunder. Then, dividing by three to determine the distance in kilometers, or by five for miles. Immediate precautions against lightning should be taken if the F-B time is 25 seconds or less, that is, if the lightning is closer than 8 km or 5 miles.
A report suggested that whether a person was standing up, squatting, or lying down when outside during a thunderstorm does not matter, because lightning can travel along the ground; this report suggested being inside a solid structure or vehicle was safest.
The riskiest activities include fishing, boating, camping, and golf. A person injured by lightning does not carry an electrical charge, and can be safely handled to apply first aid before emergency services arrive. Lightning can affect the brainstem, which controls breathing.
Several studies conducted in South Asia and Africa suggest that the dangers of lightning are not taken sufficiently seriously there. A research team from the University of Colombo found that even in neighborhoods that had experienced deaths from lightning, no precautions were taken against future storms. An expert forum convened in 2007 to address how to raise awareness of lightning and improve lightning-protection standards, and expressed concern that many countries had no official standards for the installation of lightning rods.
Safety measures
Do not be next to a high object such as a tree or near metal objects like poles and fences.
Do not take shelter in car ports, open garages, covered patios, picnic shelters, beach pavilions, tents, sheds, greenhouses, golf shelters and baseball dugouts.
Take shelter in a building or a vehicle. It was reported that "The steel frame of a hard topped vehicle can protect you from lightning..." and to "avoid using electronic equipment inside the car and avoid touching anything metal."
If inside a building, avoid electrical equipment and plumbing including taking a shower.
Risk remains for up to 30 minutes after the last observed lightning or thunder.
It has been reported that "If you are on water, get to the shore and off wide, open beaches as quickly as possible as water will transmit strikes from further away. Studies have shown that proximity to water is a common factor in lightning strikes."
It has been reported that "If you do not have anywhere to go, then you should make for the lowest possible ground like a valley or ravine."
Do not huddle up "...with other people in a group — spread out from your friends as much as you can."
If your hair stands on end, lightning is about to strike you or in your vicinity. Get indoors as fast as possible. If not, drop to your knees and bend forward but don't lie flat on the ground. You may also feel a tingling sensation of static electricity on your skin.
Notable incidents
All events associated or suspected of causing damage are called "lightning incidents" due to four important factors.
Forensic evidence of a lightning termination, in the best investigated examples, are minuscule (a pit in metal smaller than a pen point) or inconclusive (dark coloration).
The object struck may explode or subsequent fires destroy all of the little evidence that may have been available immediately after the strike itself.
The flash channel and discharge itself are not the only causes of injury, ignition, or damages, i.e., ground currents or explosions of flammables.
Human sensory acuity is not as fine as that of the milliseconds in duration of a lightning flash, and people's ability to observe this event is subject to the brain's inability to comprehend it. Lightning-detection systems are coming online, both satellite and land-based, but their accuracy is still measured in the hundreds to thousands of feet, rarely allowing them to pinpoint the exact location of the termination.
As such it is often inconclusive, albeit highly probable a lightning flash was involved, hence categorizing it as a "lightning incident" covers all bases.
Earth-bound
1660s: In 1660, lightning ignited the gunpowder magazine at Osaka Castle, Japan; the resultant explosion set the castle on fire. In 1665, lightning again terminated on the main tower of the castle, igniting a fire, which subsequently burned it to its foundation.
1769: A particularly deadly lightning incident occurred in Brescia, Italy. Lightning struck the Church of St. Nazaire, igniting the 90 tonnes of gunpowder in its vaults; the resulting explosion killed 3,000 people and destroyed a sixth of the city.
1901: 11 killed and one was paralyzed below the hips by a strike in Chicago.
1902: A lightning strike damaged the upper section of the Eiffel Tower, requiring the reconstruction of its top.
1970 July 12: The central mast of the Orlunda radio transmitter in central Sweden collapsed after a lightning strike destroyed its foundation insulator.
1980 June 30: A lightning incident killed 11 pupils in Biego primary school in Kenya in present-day Nyamira County. Another 50 pupils were injured, while others were left traumatized.
1994 November 2: A lightning incident led to the explosion of fuel tanks in Durunka, Egypt, causing 469 fatalities.
2005 October 31: Sixty-eight dairy cows died on a farm at Fernbrook on the Waterfall Way near Dorrigo, New South Wales, after being involved in a lightning incident. Three others were temporarily paralyzed for several hours, later making a full recovery. The cows were sheltering near a tree when it was struck by lightning. Soil resistivity is generally higher than that of animal tissue. When immense amounts of energy are released into the soil, just the few meters up an animal's leg, through its body and down other legs can present a markedly reduced resistance to electrical current and a proportionally higher amount will flow through the animal than the soil on which it is standing. This phenomenon, called ground-potential rise, can cause significant and damaging electrical shock, enough to kill large animals.
2007 July: A lightning incident killed up to 30 people when it struck Ushari Dara, a remote mountain village in northwestern Pakistan.
2011 June 8: A lightning strike sent 77 Air Force cadets to the hospital when it struck in the middle of a training camp at Camp Shelby, Mississippi.
2013 February: Nine South African children were hospitalized after a lightning incident occurred on a cricket field at their school, injuring five children on the pitch and four girls who were walking home.
2016 May–June: Rock am Ring festival near Frankfurt was cancelled after at least 80 people were injured due to lightning in the area. Additionally, 11 children in France and three adults in Germany were injured and one man killed in southern Poland around the same dates.
2016 August 26: A herd of wild reindeer was struck on the Hardangervidda in central Norway, killing 323. Norwegian Environment Agency spokesman Kjartan Knutsen said it had never heard of such a death toll before. He said he did not know if multiple strikes occurred, but that they all died in "one moment".
2017: The first live recording of a lightning strike on a cardiac rhythm strip occurred in a teenaged male who had an implanted loop recorder as a cardiac monitor for neurocardiogenic syncope.
2018: A lightning strike killed at least 16 people and injured dozens more at a Seventh-Day Adventist church in Rwanda.
2021: A lightning strike killed a 9-year-old boy in a field in Blackpool, England.
2021: In April, at least 76 people across India were killed by lightning strike on a single weekend; 23 people died on the watchtower of Amer Fort, a popular tourist spot in Rajasthan, and 42 were killed in Uttar Pradesh with the highest toll of 14 happening in the city of Allahabad. Lastly, 11 were killed in Madhya Pradesh with two of them killed while sheltering under trees when they were tending sheep.
2021: On August 4, 17 people were killed by a single lightning strike in Shibganj Upazila of Chapainawabganj district in Bangladesh; 16 people died on the spot and the other one died by heart attack while seeing the others.
2022: On August 4, 3 people were killed and another person was injured after lightning struck a tree in Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.
2022: On August 5, lightning struck a fuel tank at an oil storage facility in Matanzas, causing a fire and a series of explosions that resulted in at least one death and up to 125 injuries. In addition, 17 firefighters were reported missing.
2022: On August 18, a woman was killed and two people hospitalized after lightning struck a tree in Winter Springs, Florida.
In-flight
Airplanes are commonly struck by lightning without damage, with the typical commercial aircraft hit at least once a year. Sometimes, though, the effects of a strike are serious.
1963 December 8: Pan Am Flight 214 crashed outside Elkton, Maryland, during a severe electrical storm, with a loss of all 81 passengers and crew. The Boeing 707-121, registered as N709PA, was on the final leg of a San Juan–Baltimore–Philadelphia flight.
1969 November 14: The Apollo 12 mission's Saturn V rocket and its ionized exhaust plume became part of a lightning flash channel 36.5 seconds after lift-off. Although the discharge occurred "through" the metal skin and framework of the vehicle, it did not ignite the rocket's highly combustible fuel.
1971 December 24: LANSA Flight 508, a Lockheed L-188A Electra turboprop, registered OB-R-941, operated as a scheduled domestic passenger flight by Lineas Aéreas Nacionales Sociedad Anonima (LANSA), crashed after a lightning strike ignited a fuel tank while it was en route from Lima, Peru, to Pucallpa, Peru, killing 91 people – all of its 6 crew-members and 85 of its 86 passengers. The sole survivor was Juliane Koepcke, who fell down into the Amazon rainforest strapped to her seat and remarkably survived the fall, and was then able to walk through the jungle for 10 days until she was rescued by local fishermen.
2012 November 4: a plane was reported as exploding off the coast of Herne Bay, Kent, while in flight. This did not turn out to be the case; rather, the plane became part of the flash channel, causing observers to report the plane and surrounding sky appeared bright pink.
2019 May 5: Aeroflot Flight 1492, a Sukhoi Superjet 100, was, according to the flight captain, struck by lightning on take-off, damaging electrical systems and forcing the pilots to attempt an emergency landing. The plane hit the ground hard and caught on fire, which engulfed the plane on the runway. Of the 78 people on board, 41 were killed.
Most-stricken human
Roy Sullivan holds a Guinness World Record after surviving seven different lightning strikes. He had multiple injuries across his body.
Longest lightning bolt
A 2020 lightning bolt across the southern United States set the record for the longest lightning bolt ever detected. The bolt stretched for 477 miles (768 kilometers) over Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, although it was between clouds and did not strike the ground. The World Meteorological Organization confirmed its record-breaking status in January 2022.
See also
Fulgurites are a CG lightning discharge event that can produce "petrified lightning", demonstrating the enormous, albeit brief, amount of energy transferred by lightning column. They can visually demonstrate how energy may internally or externally diffuse from one or several central nodes of the termination, and differences between the diameters of these channels, which range from only a few mm to several cm. The possible range of forms and compositions of fulgurites vary dramatically, reflecting the complex electrical, chemical, and physical properties of a target sediment, rock, or biological mass.
Geomagnetically induced currents are phenomena related to space radiation, causing transients and electrical irregularities that impact electrical and data-transmission systems on a broad scale. Flash EMPs and ground currents operate in the same manner, but they are more frequent and have much more localized effects on technology.
Keraunopathy is the medical study of lightning casualties and associated treatment.
References
External links
When lightning strikes people -NASA
Lightning Safety Page – National Weather Service Pueblo Colorado
Video footage - A Beech tree (Fagus sylvatica) that has been hit by lightning.
Lightning
ay:Lliju lliju | wiki |
Google Web Server (GWS) è il web server che Google usa per le sue infrastrutture web.
A novembre 2008, era in terza posizione nel Netcraft Web Server Survey, sondaggio effettuato da Netcraft sui Web Server più utilizzati, con il 5.94% di tutti i domini e il 11.31% di tutti i siti attivi.
L'ultima versione è la 2.1.
Note
Google
Server web proprietari | wiki |
An avalanche boulder tongue is an accumulation of debris produced by snow avalanches. Well-developed avalanche boulder tongues usually develop below avalanche gullies due to successive avalanches over a long time span. The avalanche boulder tongues were first intensively investigated by Anders Rapp in the areas of Abisko and Kebnekaise in Swedish Lappland.
Avalanches
Slope landforms | wiki |
In fluid dynamics, a secondary circulation or secondary flow is a weak circulation that plays a key maintenance role in sustaining a stronger primary circulation that contains most of the kinetic energy and momentum of a flow. For example, a tropical cyclone's primary winds are tangential (horizontally swirling), but its evolution and maintenance against friction involves an in-up-out secondary circulation flow that is also important to its clouds and rain. On a planetary scale, Earth's winds are mostly east-west or zonal, but that flow is maintained against friction by the Coriolis force acting on a small north-south or meridional secondary circulation.
See also
Hough function
Primitive equations
Secondary flow
References
Geophysics
Physical oceanography
Atmospheric dynamics
Fluid mechanics | wiki |
A television film, alternatively known as a television movie, made-for-TV film/movie, telemovie or TV film/movie, is a feature-length film that is produced and originally distributed by or to a television network, in contrast to theatrical films made for initial showing in movie theaters, and direct-to-video films made for initial release on home video formats. In certain cases, such films may also be referred to and shown as a miniseries, which typically indicates a film that has been divided into multiple parts or a series that contains a predetermined, limited number of episodes.
Origins and history
Precursors of "television movies" include Talk Faster, Mister, which aired on WABD (now WNYW) in New York City on December 18, 1944, and was produced by RKO Pictures, and the 1957 The Pied Piper of Hamelin, based on the poem by Robert Browning, and starring Van Johnson, one of the first filmed "family musicals" made directly for television. That film was made in Technicolor, a first for television, which ordinarily used color processes originated by specific networks. Most "family musicals" of the time, such as Peter Pan, were not filmed but broadcast live and preserved on kinescope, a recording of a television program made by filming the picture from a video monitor – and the only (relatively inexpensive) method of recording a television program until the invention of videotape.
Many television networks were hostile toward film programming, fearing that it would loosen the network's arrangements with sponsors and affiliates by encouraging station managers to make independent deals with advertisers and film producers.
Conversely, beginning in the 1950s episodes of American television series would be placed together and released as feature films in overseas cinemas.
Television networks were in control of the most valuable prime time slots available for programming, so syndicators of independent television films had to settle for fewer television markets and less desirable time periods. This meant much smaller advertising revenues and license fees compared with network-supplied programming.
The term "made-for-TV movie" was coined in the United States in the early 1960s as an incentive for movie audiences to stay home and watch what was promoted as the equivalent of a first-run theatrical film. Beginning in 1961 with NBC Saturday Night at the Movies, a prime time network showing of a television premiere of a major theatrical film release, the other networks soon copied the format, with each of the networks having several [Day of the Week] Night At The Movies showcases which led to a shortage of movie studio product. The first of these made-for-TV movies is generally acknowledged to be See How They Run, which debuted on NBC on October 7, 1964. A previous film, The Killers, starring Lee Marvin and Ronald Reagan, was filmed as a TV-movie, although NBC decided it was too violent for television and it was released theatrically instead.
The second film to be considered a television movie, Don Siegel's The Hanged Man, was broadcast by NBC on November 18, 1964.
These features originally filled a 90-minute programming time slot (including commercials), later expanded to two hours, and were usually broadcast as a weekly anthology television series (for example, the ABC Movie of the Week). Many early television movies featured major stars, and some were accorded higher budgets than standard television series of the same length, including the major dramatic anthology programs which they came to replace.
In 1996, 264 made-for-TV movies were made by five of the six largest American television networks at the time (CBS, NBC, Fox, ABC, and UPN), averaging a 7.5 rating. By 2000, only 146 TV movies were made by those five networks, averaging a 5.4 rating, while the number of made-for-cable movies made annually in the U.S. doubled between 1990 and 2000.
In several respects, television films resemble B movies, the low-budget films issued by major studios from the 1930s through the 1950s for short-term showings in movie theaters, usually as a double bill alongside a major studio release. Like made-for-TV movies, B movies were designed as a disposable product, had low production costs and featured second-tier actors.
Examples
ABC's Battlestar Galactica: Saga of a Star World premiered to an audience of over 60 million people on September 17, 1978.
The most-watched television movie of all time was ABC's The Day After, which premiered on November 20, 1983, to an estimated audience of 100 million people. The film depicted America after a nuclear war with the Soviet Union, and was the subject of much controversy and discussion at the time of its release due to its graphic nature and subject matter. The BBC’s 1984 television film Threads earned a similar reputation in the United Kingdom as it followed two families and workers of Sheffield City Council in the run up and aftermath of a nuclear war. The two are often compared on aspects such as realism.
Another popular and critically acclaimed television movie was 1971's Duel, written by Richard Matheson, directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Dennis Weaver. Such was the quality and popularity of Duel that it was released to cinemas in Europe and Australia, and had a limited theatrical release to some venues in the United States and Canada. The 1971 made-for-TV movie Brian's Song was also briefly released to theatres after its success on television, and was even remade in 2001. In some instances, television movies of the period had more explicit content included in the versions prepared to be exhibited theatrically in Europe. Examples of this include The Legend of Lizzie Borden, Helter Skelter, Prince of Bel Air and Spectre.
Many television movies released in the 1970s were a source of controversy, such as Linda Blair's 1974 film Born Innocent and 1975's Sarah T. - Portrait of a Teenage Alcoholic, as well as 1976's Dawn: Portrait of a Teenage Runaway and its 1977 sequel, Alexander: The Other Side of Dawn, which were vehicles for former Brady Bunch actress Eve Plumb. Another significant film was Elizabeth Montgomery's portrayal of a rape victim in the drama A Case of Rape (1974).
My Sweet Charlie (1970) with Patty Duke and Al Freeman Jr. dealt with racial prejudice, and That Certain Summer (1972), starring Hal Holbrook and Martin Sheen, although controversial, was considered the first television movie to approach the subject of homosexuality in a non-threatening manner. If These Walls Could Talk, a film which deals with abortion in three different decades (the 1950s, the 1970s and the 1990s) became a huge success, and was HBO's highest rated film on record.
If a network orders a two-hour television pilot for a proposed show, it will usually broadcast it as a television movie to recoup some of the costs even if the network chooses to not order the show to series. Often a successful series may spawn a television movie sequel after ending its run. For example, Babylon 5: The Gathering launched the science fiction series Babylon 5 and is considered to be distinct from the show's regular run of one-hour episodes. Babylon 5 also has several made-for-TV movie sequels set within the same fictional continuity. The 2003 remake of Battlestar Galactica began as a two-part miniseries that later continued as a weekly television program. Another example is the Showtime movie Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, which launched the sitcom of the same name that originally aired on ABC, and used the same actress (Melissa Joan Hart) for the lead role in both. The term "TV movie" is also frequently used as vehicles for "reunions" of long-departed series, as in Return to Mayberry and A Very Brady Christmas. They can also be a spin-off from a TV series including The Incredible Hulk Returns, The Trial of the Incredible Hulk and The Death of the Incredible Hulk.
Occasionally, television movies are used as sequels to successful theatrical films. For example, only the first film in The Parent Trap series was released theatrically. The Parent Trap II, III and Hawaiian Honeymoon were produced for television, and similarly, the Midnight Run sequels have all been released as made-for-TV movies despite the first having a strong run in theaters. These types of films may be, and more commonly are, released direct-to-video; there have been some films, such as The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning (a prequel to the film version of The Dukes of Hazzard) and James A. Michener's Texas, which have been released near simultaneously on DVD and on television, but have never been released in theatres.
Made-for-TV movie musicals have also become popular. One prime example is the High School Musical series, which aired its first two films on the Disney Channel. The first television movie was so successful that a sequel was produced, High School Musical 2, that debuted in August 2007 to 17.2 million viewers (this made it the highest-rated non-sports program in the history of basic cable and the highest-rated made-for-cable movie premiere on record). Due to the popularity of the first two films, the second HSM sequel, High School Musical 3: Senior Year, was released as a theatrical film in 2008 instead of airing on Disney Channel; High School Musical 3 became one of the highest-grossing movie musicals.
Television movies traditionally were often broadcast by the major networks during sweeps season. Such offerings now are very rare; as Ken Tucker noted while reviewing the Jesse Stone CBS television movies, "broadcast networks aren’t investing in made-for-TV movies anymore". The slack has been taken up by cable networks such as Hallmark Channel, Syfy, Lifetime and HBO, with productions such as Temple Grandin and Recount, often utilizing top creative talent.
High-calibre limited programming which would have been formerly scheduled solely as a two-hour film or miniseries also has been re-adapted to the newer "limited series" format over a period of weeks (rather than the consecutive days usually defined by a miniseries) where a conclusion is assured; an example of such would be The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story, and these are most often seen on cable networks and streaming services such as Netflix.
Production and quality
In a 1991 New York Times article, television critic John J. O'Connor wrote that "few artifacts of popular culture invite more condescension than the made-for-television movie". Network-made television movies in the United States have tended to be inexpensively-produced and perceived to be of low quality. Stylistically, these films often resemble single episodes of dramatic television series. Often, television films are made to "cash in" on the interest centering on stories currently prominent in the news, as the films based on the "Long Island Lolita" scandal involving Joey Buttafuoco and Amy Fisher were in 1993.
The stories are written to reach periodic semi-cliffhangers coinciding with the network-scheduled times for the insertion of commercials, and are further managed to fill, but not exceed, the fixed running times allotted by the network to each movie "series". In the case of films made for cable channels, they may rely on common, repetitive tropes (Hallmark Channel, for example, is notorious for its formulaic holiday romances, while Lifetime movies are well known for their common use of damsel in distress storylines). The movies tend to rely on smaller casts, one such exception being those produced for premium cable, such as Behind the Candelabra (which featured established film actors Michael Douglas and Matt Damon in the lead roles) and a limited range of scene settings and camera setups. Even Spielberg's Duel, while having decent production values, features a very small cast (apart from Dennis Weaver, all other actors appearing in the film play smaller roles) and mostly outdoor shooting locations in the desert.
The movies typically employ smaller crews, and rarely feature expensive special effects. Although a film's expenses would be lessened by filming using video, as the movies were contracted by television studios, these films were required to be shot on 35 mm film. Various techniques are often employed to "pad" television movies with low budgets and underdeveloped scripts, such as music video-style montages, flashbacks, or repeated footage, and extended periods of dramatic slow motion footage. However, the less expensive digital 24p video format has made some quality improvements on the television movie market.
Part of the reason for the lower budgets comes from the lack of revenue streams from them; whereas a theatrical film can make money from ticket sales, ancillary markets, and syndication, most television films lacked those revenue streams, and the films are seldom rerun. Raconteur Jean Shepherd produced several television films in the 1970s and 1980s before realizing that the proceeds from his first theatrical film, A Christmas Story (released in 1983), far exceeded anything he had ever done in television.
Nonetheless, notable exceptions exist of high production quality and well-known casts and crews that even earned awards, such as The Diamond Fleece, a 1992 Canadian TV film directed by Al Waxman and starring Ben Cross, Kate Nelligan and Brian Dennehy. It earned Nelligan the 1993 Gemini Award for "Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series".
Movie-length episodes of television shows
Occasionally, a long-running television series is used as the basis for television movies that air during the show's run (as opposed to the above-mentioned "reunion specials"). Typically, such movies employ a filmed single-camera setup even if the television series is videotaped using a multiple-camera setup, but are written to be easily broken up into individual 30- or 60-minute episodes for syndication. Many such movies relocate the cast of the show to an exotic overseas setting. However, although they may be advertised as movies, they are really simply extended episodes of television shows, such as the pilots and the finales of Star Trek: The Next Generation, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: Voyager. Most of these are made and shown during sweeps period in order to attract a large television audience and boost viewership for a show.
Crossover episodes containing a number of episodes of the characters of individual series interacting with characters across different shows (as has been done with the CSI, NCIS and Chicago franchises, along with between Murder, She Wrote and Magnum, P.I., Scandal and How to Get Away with Murder, and Ally McBeal and The Practice) also play as films, encouraging tune-in among all the series crossed over to effectively create a multiple-hour plot that plays as a film when watched as a whole.
See also
Direct-to-video
List of television films produced for American Broadcasting Company
Miniseries
Soap opera
Telenovela
Téléroman
Television play
Television pilot
Television special
Limited-run series
Notes
References
Bibliography
Marill, Alvin H. Movies Made for Television, 1964–2004. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2005. . (Vol. 1: 1964–1979; Vol. 2: 1980–1989; Vol. 3: 1990–1999; Vol. 4: 2000–2004; Vol. 5: Indexes.)
Marill, Alvin H. Movies Made for Television, 2005–2009. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2010. .
Marill, Alvin H. Main Title: Big Pictures on the Small Screen: Made-for-TV Movies and Anthology Dramas. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers, 2007.
Film
it:Fiction televisiva#Non seriale | wiki |
Melty may refer to:
Melty, a character in Sega's role-playing video game Shining Hearts
See also
Melting, the process of transitioning from a solid to a liquid
Translational drift, a form of locomotion also known as "melty brain"
"Melty Tale Storage" a song by Minori Chihara
"Melty Love", Melty Case and 10th Melty Life, a single and two albums, respectively, by Shazna
Melt (disambiguation) | wiki |
Governor Carroll may refer to:
Beryl F. Carroll (1860–1939), 20th Governor of Iowa
John Lee Carroll (1830–1911), 37th Governor of Maryland
Julian Carroll (born 1931), 54th Governor of Kentucky
Thomas King Carroll (1793–1873), 21st Governor of Maryland
William Carroll (Tennessee politician) (1788–1844), 5th Governor of Tennessee | wiki |
Governor Case may refer to:
Clarence E. Case (1877–1961), Acting Governor of New Jersey in 1920
Norman S. Case (1888–1967), 56th Governor of Rhode Island | wiki |
Londell Smith, (Brooklyn, 14 de agosto de 1975) é uma personalidade de televisão, famosa por suas aparições nos programa "Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta".
Televisão
2013-presente - Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta
Ligações externas
Nikko London Official Website
Apresentadores de televisão dos Estados Unidos
Participantes de reality show dos Estados Unidos | wiki |
Il doppio del torneo di tennis Virginia Slims of Tucson 1972, facente parte del Virginia Slims Circuit 1972, ha avuto come vincitrici Kerry Harris e Karen Krantzcke che hanno battuto in finale Judy Tegart Dalton e Françoise Dürr 6-3, 6-7, 6-3.
Tabellone
Collegamenti esterni
Virginia Slims of Tucson 1972 | wiki |
Леобен (нем. Leoben) — многозначный термин.
Леобен — старинный город в Австрии, в федеральной земле Штирия.
Леобен (округ) — округ в Австрии.
Леобен (футбольный клуб) — австрийский футбольный клуб, выступающий в австрийской Первой лиге. | wiki |
Health information-seeking behaviour (HISB), also known as health information seeking, health seeking behaviour or health information behaviour, refers to a series interaction that reduce uncertainty regarding health status, but also to construct a social and personal sense of health. HISB is a key strategy for many people to understand their health problems and to cope with illness. Recently, thanks to the development of the technologies and networks, people have a trend of seeking health information on the Internet. Particularly, when it comes to the following scenarios, people tend to carry out online HISB:
Encountering health issues
Received conflicting information
The cause is relevant to known people (such as family members and friends)
Out of curiosity
See also
Health literacy
References
Health care
Information theory
Health informatics
Patient advocacy | wiki |
Governor Cochran may refer to:
John P. Cochran (1809–1898), 43rd Governor of Delaware
Robert Leroy Cochran (1886–1963), 24th Governor of Nebraska | wiki |
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