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Shrinkage may refer to:
Reduction in size of a solid material
Shrinkage (casting), size reduction of liquid metal as it solidifies
Shrinkage (concrete), size reduction of concrete as it sets and ages
Shrinkage (fabric), size reduction of fabric when washed with water or hot water
Shrinkage (wood), size reduction of wood as it dries
Other uses
Shrinkage (accounting), loss of product inventory due to theft, damage, spoilage, etc.
Shrinkage defect or shrinkage void, a casting defect caused by metal solidifying from the outside inward
Shrinkage (statistics), a technique to improve an estimator
Shrinkage (slang)
See also
Degrowth
Downsizing (disambiguation)
Human penis size
Miniaturization
Resizing (fiction)
Shrink (disambiguation)
Swelling (disambiguation) (opposite of shrinkage) | wiki |
"Dead Man's Chest" is a 19th-century fictional sea shanty.
Dead Man's Chest may also refer to:
Dead Chest Island, British Virgin Islands, in the British Virgin Islands
Caja de Muertos, or Dead Man's Chest Island in Puerto Rico
"Dead Man's Chest", a song by Parkway Drive from Horizons
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, a 2006 film
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (soundtrack), soundtrack for the film
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (video game), an action-adventure game based on the film
See also
Dead Man (disambiguation) | wiki |
Relapsing–remitting is a medical term referring to a presentation of disease symptoms that become worse over time (relapsing), followed by periods of less severe symptoms that do not completely cease (partial remitting). The term is used to describe a type of multiple sclerosis called relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis, where unpredictable relapses are followed by remission for months to years.
The term is also used to describe palindromic rheumatism in the context of rheumatoid arthritis, catatonia, lupus, mental disorders, and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
References
Diseases and disorders
Medical terminology | wiki |
The Lenovo ThinkPad W700 is a laptop that was manufactured by Lenovo.
References
External links
IBM.com
thinkwiki.org - W700
thinkwiki.de - W700
Lenovo laptops
ThinkPad | wiki |
In photography, shutter speed or exposure time is the length of time that the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light (that is, when the camera's shutter is open) when taking a photograph.
The amount of light that reaches the film or image sensor is proportional to the exposure time. of a second will let half as much light in as .
Introduction
The camera's shutter speed, the lens's aperture or f-stop, and the scene's luminance together determine the amount of light that reaches the film or sensor (the exposure). Exposure value (EV) is a quantity that accounts for the shutter speed and the f-number. Once the sensitivity to light of the recording surface (either film or sensor) is set in numbers expressed in "ISOs" (ex: 200 ISO, 400 ISO), the light emitted by the scene photographed can be controlled through aperture and shutter-speed to match the film or sensor sensitivity to light. This will achieve a good exposure when all the details of the scene are legible on the photograph. Too much light let into the camera results in an overly pale image (or "over-exposure") while too little light will result in an overly dark image (or "under-exposure").
Multiple combinations of shutter speed and f-number can give the same exposure value (E.V.). According to exposure value formula, doubling the exposure time doubles the amount of light (subtracts 1 EV). Reducing the aperture size at multiples of one over the square root of two lets half as much light into the camera, usually at a predefined scale of , , , , , , , , , , and so on. For example, lets 4 times more light into the camera as does. A shutter speed of s with an aperture gives the same exposure value as a s shutter speed with an aperture, and also the same exposure value as a s shutter speed with an aperture, or s at .
In addition to its effect on exposure, the shutter speed changes the way movement appears in photographs. Very short shutter speeds can be used to freeze fast-moving subjects, for example at sporting events. Very long shutter speeds are used to intentionally blur a moving subject for effect. Short exposure times are sometimes called "fast", and long exposure times "slow".
Adjustments to the aperture need to be compensated by changes of the shutter speed to keep the same (right) exposure.
In early days of photography, available shutter speeds were not standardized, though a typical sequence might have been s, s, s, s, s and s; neither were apertures or film sensitivity (at least 3 different national standards existed). Soon this problem resulted in a solution consisting in the adoption of a standardized way of choosing aperture so that each major step exactly doubled or halved the amount of light entering the camera (, , , , , , etc.), a standardized 2:1 scale was adopted for shutter speed so that opening one aperture stop and reducing the amount of time of the shutter speed by one step resulted in the identical exposure. The agreed standards for shutter speeds are:
With this scale, each increment roughly doubles the amount of light (longer time) or halves it (shorter time).
Camera shutters often include one or two other settings for making very long exposures:
B (for bulb) keeps the shutter open as long as the shutter release is held.
T (for time) keeps the shutter open (once the shutter-release button had been depressed) until the shutter release is pressed again.
The ability of the photographer to take images without noticeable blurring by camera movement is an important parameter in the choice of the slowest possible shutter speed for a handheld camera. The rough guide used by most 35 mm photographers is that the slowest shutter speed that can be used easily without much blur due to camera shake is the shutter speed numerically closest to the lens focal length. For example, for handheld use of a 35 mm camera with a 50 mm normal lens, the closest shutter speed is s (closest to "50"), while for a 200 mm lens it is recommended not to choose shutter speeds below of a second. This rule can be augmented with knowledge of the intended application for the photograph, an image intended for significant enlargement and closeup viewing would require faster shutter speeds to avoid obvious blur. Through practice and special techniques such as bracing the camera, arms, or body to minimize camera movement, using a monopod or a tripod, slower shutter speeds can be used without blur. If a shutter speed is too slow for hand holding, a camera support, usually a tripod, must be used. Image stabilization on digital cameras or lenses can often permit the use of shutter speeds 3–4 stops slower (exposures 8–16 times longer).
Shutter priority refers to a shooting mode used in cameras. It allows the photographer to choose a shutter speed setting and allow the camera to decide the correct aperture. This is sometimes referred to as Shutter Speed Priority Auto Exposure, or TV (time value on Canon cameras) mode, S mode on Nikons and most other brands.
Creative utility in photography
Shutter speed is one of several methods used to control the amount of light recorded by the camera's digital sensor or film. It is also used to manipulate the visual effects of the final image.
Slower shutter speeds are often selected to suggest the movement of an object in a still photograph.
Excessively fast shutter speeds can cause a moving subject to appear unnaturally frozen. For instance, a running person may be caught with both feet in the air with all indication of movement lost in the frozen moment.
When a slower shutter speed is selected, a longer time passes from the moment the shutter opens till the moment it closes. More time is available for movement in the subject to be recorded by the camera as a blur.
A slightly slower shutter speed will allow the photographer to introduce an element of blur, either in the subject, where, in our example, the feet, which are the fastest moving element in the frame, might be blurred while the rest remains sharp; or if the camera is panned to follow a moving subject, the background is blurred while the subject remains relatively sharp.
The exact point at which the background or subject will start to blur depends on the speed at which the object is moving, the angle that the object is moving in relation to the camera, the distance it is from the camera and the focal length of the lens in relation to the size of the digital sensor or film.
When slower shutter-speeds, in excess of about half a second, are used on running water, the water in the photo will have a ghostly white appearance reminiscent of fog. This effect can be used in landscape photography.
Zoom burst is a technique which entails the variation of the focal length of a zoom lens during a longer exposure. In the moment that the shutter is opened, the lens is zoomed in, changing the focal length during the exposure. The center of the image remains sharp, while the details away from the center form a radial blur, which causes a strong visual effect, forcing the eye into the center of the image.
The following list provides an overview of common photographic uses for standard shutter speeds.
s and less: The fastest speed available in APS-H or APS-C format DSLR cameras (as of 2012). (Canon EOS 1D, Nikon D1, Nikon 1 J2, D1X, and D1H)
s: The fastest speed available in any 35 mm film SLR camera. (Minolta Maxxum 9xi, s: The fastest speed available in production SLR cameras (as of 2013), also the fastest speed available in any full-frame DSLR or SLT camera (as of 2013). Used to take sharp photographs of very fast subjects, such as birds or planes, under good lighting conditions, with an ISO speed of 1,000 or more and a large-aperture lens.
s: The fastest speed available in consumer SLR cameras (as of 2009); also the fastest speed available in any leaf shutter camera (such as the Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX1) (as of 2013). Used to take sharp photographs of fast subjects, such as athletes or vehicles, under good lighting conditions and with an ISO setting of up to 800.
s and s: Used to take sharp photographs of moderately fast subjects under normal lighting conditions.
s and s: Used to take sharp photographs of people in motion in everyday situations. s is the fastest speed useful for panning; it also allows for a smaller aperture (up to ) in motion shots, and hence for a greater depth of field.
s: This speed, and slower ones, are no longer useful for freezing motion. s is used to obtain greater depth of field and overall sharpness in landscape photography, and is also often used for panning shots.
s: Used for panning shots, for images taken under dim lighting conditions, and for available light portraits.
s: Used for panning subjects moving slower than and for available-light photography. Images taken at this and slower speeds normally require a tripod or an image stabilized lens/camera to be sharp.
s and s: This and slower speeds are useful for photographs other than panning shots where motion blur is employed for deliberate effect, or for taking sharp photographs of immobile subjects under bad lighting conditions with a tripod-supported camera.
s, s and 1 s: Also mainly used for motion blur effects and/or low-light photography, but only practical with a tripod-supported camera.
B (bulb) (fraction of second to several hours): Used with a mechanically fixed camera in astrophotography and for certain special effects.
Cinematographic shutter formula
Motion picture cameras used in traditional film cinematography employ a mechanical rotating shutter. The shutter rotation is synchronized with film being pulled through the gate, hence shutter speed is a function of the frame rate and shutter angle.
Where E = shutter speed (reciprocal of exposure time in seconds), F = frames per second, and S = shutter angle:
, for E'' in reciprocal seconds
With a traditional shutter angle of 180°, film is exposed for second at 24 frame/s. To avoid effect of light interference when shooting under artificial lights or when shooting television screens and computer monitors, s (172.8°) or s (144°) shutter is often used.
Electronic video cameras do not have mechanical shutters and allow setting shutter speed directly in time units. Professional video cameras often allow selecting shutter speed in terms of shutter angle instead of time units, especially those that are capable of overcranking or undercranking.
See also
Exposure (photography)
Exposure value
F-number
Shutter (photography)
Preferred number
References
Sources
Science of photography | wiki |
Bog bluegrass is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
Poa leptocoma, native to western North America
Poa paludigena, native to northeastern North America | wiki |
Livor mortis (Latin: līvor – "bluish color, bruise", mortis – "of death"), postmortem lividity (Latin: postmortem – "after death", lividity – "black and blue"), hypostasis (Greek: ὑπό, hypo, meaning "under, beneath"; στάσις, stasis, meaning "a standing") or suggillation, is the second stage of death and one of the signs of death. It is a settling of the blood in the lower, or dependent, portion of the body postmortem, causing a purplish red discoloration of the skin. When the heart stops functioning and is no longer agitating the blood, heavy red blood cells sink through the serum by action of gravity. The blood travels faster in warmer conditions and slower in colder conditions.
Livor mortis starts in 20–30 minutes, but is usually not observable by the human eye until two hours after death. The size of the patches increases in the next three to six hours, with maximum lividity occurring between eight and twelve hours after death. The blood pools into the interstitial tissues of the body. The intensity of the color depends upon the amount of reduced haemoglobin in the blood. The discoloration does not occur in the areas of the body that are in contact with the ground or another object, in which capillaries are compressed.
Applicability
Coroners can use the presence or absence of livor mortis as a means of determining an approximate time of death. It can also be used by forensic investigators to determine whether or not a body has been moved. For instance, if the body is found lying prone, but the pooling is present on the deceased's back, investigators can conclude that the body was originally positioned supine.
Among coroners and other investigators, such as homicide and forensic detectives, livor mortis is not considered an exact way to measure time of death, but rather as a way of approximating it. Livor mortis, along with algor mortis, rigor mortis, and practices such as forensic entomology are frequently combined by investigators to more accurately pinpoint the estimated time of death.
References
Further reading
Calixto Machado, "Brain death: a reappraisal", Springer, 2007, , p. 74
Robert G. Mayer, "Embalming: history, theory, and practice", McGraw-Hill Professional, 2005, , pp. 106–109
Anthony J. Bertino "Forensic Science: Fundamentals and Investigations" South-Western Cengage Learning, 2008,
Signs of death
Latin medical words and phrases
Blood
Medical aspects of death
Forensic pathology | wiki |
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
East Greenwich (New York)
East Greenwich (Rhode Island) | wiki |
A panic alarm is an electronic device that can easily be activated to request help during an emergency situation where danger to persons or property exists. It is designed to minimize time until assistance can arrive.
A panic alarm is frequently but not always controlled by a concealed panic alarm button. These buttons can be connected to a monitoring center or locally via a silent alarm or an audible bell/siren. The alarm can be used to request emergency assistance from local security, police or emergency services. Some systems can also activate closed-circuit television to record or assess the event.
Many panic alarm buttons lock on when pressed, and require a key to reset them. Others may have a short delay during which time the request of help can be cancelled.
Alarm
Examples of alarm panic buttons are:
A button in a critical system (such as a nuclear weapons system) used to quickly activate an extreme measure to mitigate an emergency situation.
A red button integral to key fobs which activates a car alarm's siren.
A device given to elderly individuals in order to maintain their independence outside of an Aged Care Facility, while still affording them a means of summoning help should they require it (i.e. a medical emergency that renders them immobile, like a fall, injury or illness). Such a device can also be referred to as an Emergency Medical Alert (EMA) button and can be fitted as either a pendant or bracelet to be worn by the user. MAB's (Medical Alert Bracelets) are usually wireless connected to a call center. When the alarm is raised, an operator will call the individual's home to ensure a false alarm has not occurred; if there is no answer, the operator will alert either family members, emergency services, or both.
A button similar to the above, which is used indoors in self-sufficient houses for elderly people, where it alerts someone inside the house, who will then first check for a false alarm by phoning the person, and if there is no false alarm, will enter the person's flat to check what is the problem.
A button used in convenience stores, gas station, or other establishments staffed with a single employee during late hours. Often located under the counter near the cash register or safe, the button can be pressed in times of distress (Such as robbery, disruptive or threatening behavior, or a situation which may warrant assistance), triggering a silent alarm. If the button alarms a private security company, a fee may be charged for each time the button is used. This prevents misuse, and often aids in the employees judgment of the situation; whether or not it warrants the fee to have help to deal with the situation.
Medical alert
A medical alert panic button or medical alarm is an electronic device worn on a bracelet or necklace as part of a medical alert system. When pressed, it sends a wireless signal to a home console which dials alarm monitoring staff and alerts them of an emergency condition. Depending on the severity of the situation, alarm monitoring staff will summon friends, family, or emergency services. A panic button alarm is a self-contained electronic device powered by an internal long-life battery, typically Waterproof and designed to be shock resistant and highly durable.
In a medical emergency, the advantage over a simple cell phone is that the person in distress may not have the ability to dial the three digits for 911, and may not have the capability to vocalize. The end user does need to enter information prior to when it will be used.
Holdup alarms
Holdup alarms are alarms that require a person under duress to covertly trigger the alarm to summon the proper authorities. These types of alarms are most commonly found in retail establishments and financial institutions, but are sometimes an integrated feature of home burglar alarms. The trigger could be a push button, electronic money clip, a foot rail, or a number of other things. Either the person under duress or a witness can activate this kind of alarm. For example, if someone is ambushed outside of their home and told to disable their alarm system they can possibly enter a special duress code that is different from their normal deactivation code to notify authorities without arousing suspicion. These alarms are almost always silent and usually require a manual reset with a key or a special code.
Taxi alarm
The purpose of a taxi alarm is for situations when either the driver or the passenger feel unsafe due to threatening behavior by the other or by an outside party, access to an alarm, silent or traditional sound, both to scare off the attacker and to summon help.
Personal alarm
A personal alarm is a small hand-held electronic device with the functionality to emit a loud siren-like alarming sound. It is activated either by a button, or a tag that, when pulled, sets the siren off. It is used to attract attention in order to scare off an assailant. The sound emitted can also have the effect of distracting, disorienting, or surprising the assailant.
The volume varies from model to model, with some models having 130 decibels. Some personal alarms are also outfitted with an LED light for normal lighting purposes or to help deter an assailant. Due attention must be given to the fact that these devices can give a 'false sense of security' and therefore place the individual in danger. Some personal safety apps emit a loud intermittent "shrill whistle", in the manner of a personal alarm. According to the Suzy Lamplugh Trust, the best way to use a personal alarm is to activate it, to drop it on the floor near the assailant, and then to immediately run away.
Monitoring services
The monitoring service (central station) is a call center facility that is staffed at all times to receive calls from the system console. Monitoring service centers that are approved by Underwriters Laboratories (UL) have internal backup systems to add redundancy. Some monitoring services employ trained operators enabling them to better
evaluate the severity of help requests. In most less developed countries however, response to panic alarms are slow.
MIDI
In a MIDI instrument when the note-off message for a played note is not received, the note will sound on endlessly, and also has the potential to rise in amplitude enough to damage the speakers or other components in the sound system. Hitting the panic button will send a note-off command to all keys, stopping any notes that were still playing.
Popular culture
The phrase "pressing the panic button" is part of pop culture, and "Time to Start Work on a Panic Button?" was a New York Times 2011 headline on an article about planning for global warming.
Humorous variants of such a panic button also exist, such as a wearable button bearing only the word "PANIC" or an adhesive key, meant to look like a key for a computer keyboard, usually red, and also bearing only the word "PANIC". Related to this is the 'boss key' or 'boss button' - a keyboard shortcut "to quickly hide whatever
you're viewing." One 2014 newspaper article described a related browser feature actually called PanicButton.
See also
References
Alarms
Crime prevention
Rescue equipment
Safety | wiki |
Home From School: The Children of Carlisle is a 2021 documentary film. The film tells the story of a group of Northern Arapaho who seek to recover the remains of Arapaho children buried in the 1880s on the grounds of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
The film aired on Independent Lens on PBS on November 23, 2021.
References
External links
2021 films
2021 documentary films
Carlisle Indian Industrial School
Arapaho
Documentaries about child abuse
Films about Native Americans | wiki |
An autorefractor or automated refractor is a computer-controlled machine used during an eye examination to provide an objective measurement of a person's refractive error and prescription for glasses or contact lenses. This is achieved by measuring how light is changed as it enters a person's eye.
Technique
The majority of autorefractors calculate the vision correction a patient needs (refraction) by using sensors that detect the reflections from a cone of infrared light. These reflections are used to determine the size and shape of a ring in the retina which is located in the posterior part of the eye. By measuring this zone, the autorefractor can determine when a patient's eye properly focuses an image. The instrument changes its magnification until the image comes into focus. The process is repeated in at least three meridians of the eye and the autorefractor calculates the refraction of the eye, sphere, cylinder and axis. Modern autorefractors are based on the idea patented by Antonio Medina Puerta.
Uses
In some offices, this process is used to provide the starting point for the ophthalmologist or optometrist in subjective refraction tests. Here, lenses are switched in and out of a phoropter and the patient is asked "which looks better" while looking at a chart. This feedback refines the prescription to one which provides the patient with the best vision.
Automated refraction is particularly useful when dealing with non-communicative people such as young children or those with disabilities.
Retinoscopy
Retinoscopy performed by an experienced clinician has been found to provide a more accurate estimation of refractive error than autorefraction. Recent studies report that autorefractor measurements without application of cycloplegia medication can result in significant overestimation of myopia.
References
External links
Trusit Dave "Automated refraction - Design and applications" in "Optometry Today" 04/06/04
"This Company Is Bringing Eye Exams (And Glasses) To People Who Can't Afford Healthcare". Read about Smart Vision Labs in "Business Insider" 09/29/14
PIKE Ophthalmic, image.
Ophthalmology
Ophthalmic equipment | wiki |
Cold weather may refer to:
Cold wave, a weather phenomenon distinguished by cooling of the air
Cold Weather, a 2010 American mystery film | wiki |
New York Forum may refer to:
Austrian Cultural Forum New York, a network of Austrian Cultural Forums founded in New York
411 New York Forum, a community-driven site by on life in New York City and surrounding areas
New York Times Youth Forum, a public affairs program that ended June 14, 1953
The New York Forum, a meeting of business leaders at the Grand Hyatt Hotel, New York | wiki |
"Blue Tacoma" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Russell Dickerson. It is the second single from his 2017 debut album Yours and the follow-up to his debut single, also titled "Yours". Dickerson wrote the song with Parker Welling and Casey Brown, the latter of whom also produced it.
Content
Carena Liptak of The Boot said that the song is about "a vivid picture of falling in love to the backdrop of gorgeous California scenery, all in a Toyota Tacoma." Dickerson said that the song was originally about taking a road trip, but after presenting his cowriters with the idea, they chose to add details that Dickerson had witnessed while driving down the Pacific Coast Highway with his wife, Kailey.
Music video
Kailey Dickerson and her brother, Toben Seymour, directed the song's music video, which features footage of her and her husband driving along the highway.
Commercial performance
The song has sold 87,000 copies in the United States as of November 2018.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
References
2018 singles
2018 songs
Songs about cars
Russell Dickerson songs
Songs written by Russell Dickerson
Thirty Tigers singles | wiki |
Nikšić
Onogošt (tjednik)
Onogošt (župa)
Onogošt (pivovara)
Onogošt (grad) | wiki |
BBC Motion Gallery is the footage licensing division of BBC Studios. It offers creative professionals access to a collection of stock footage with licensing worldwide.
History
The organization originated in London as BBC Library Sales, a division of BBC Worldwide, in 1961. It opened an office in New York in 1993, and in 1994 opened offices in Toronto and Los Angeles. BBC Motion Gallery with 2004 has since opened additional offices in Hong Kong, Sydney, Mumbai, Tokyo and Paris. In January 2014 began a strategic partnership with Getty Images.
Functions
BBC Motion Gallery footage encompasses subjects including natural history, sport, news, locations, art, music, celebrities and historic events. Clips from the archive have appeared in several films, usually of a historical nature.
Users are able to access over 125,000 BBC Motion Gallery clips online, or enlist a team of professional researchers to tap into the repository of content stored offline.
In addition to the BBC archive of rights-managed footage, BBC Motion Gallery offers a wide range of high-quality, royalty-free motion clips.
Website
The BBC Motion Gallery collection includes over 125,000 creative, editorial and archival clips, along with millions of hours of offline content. The premium content spans a wide range of subjects including news, sport, natural history, wildlife, locations, celebrities, history, culture, science and stock. Online clips are available to download in broadcast quality from the website 24/7, while rare and unique offline content can be accessed using the online BBC Broadcast Archive research tool or with assistance from the experienced team.
Representations
BBC Motion Gallery is the exclusive global representative of the Scottish Professional Football League.
Short programmes
In addition to footage licensing, BBC Motion Gallery produces and distributes short-form programmes for broadcast on television and across all new media platforms.
BBC Archive
The BBC Archive is a searchable, online database which catalogues over a million hours of BBC content dating back 60 years. BBC Archive includes detailed text descriptions of news items, television programmes and rare clips.
Users can access BBC Archive via http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/footage/bbcmotiongallery. All content is stored as text entries.
BBC Studios
BBC Studios is the main commercial arm and a wholly owned subsidiary of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). The company exists to maximize the value of the BBC's assets for the benefit of the licence payer and invest in public service programming in return for rights. The company has seven core businesses: Channels, TV Sales, Magazines, Content & Production, Home Entertainment, Global Brands and Digital Media.
See also
BFI National Archive
References
External links
BBC Motion Gallery
Launch of BBC Motion Gallery in June 2004
Interview of Chris Hulse Head of Motion Gallery in FOCAL International Archive Zones Winter 2014
Film archives in the United Kingdom
Online archives of the United Kingdom
BBC offices, studios and buildings
CBS News
NHK
China Central Television
Television organisations in the United Kingdom
British companies established in 2004
1961 establishments in the United Kingdom
Mass media companies established in 2004
Television archives in the United Kingdom | wiki |
Red Cow can refer to:
Red heifer, the sacred cow in Judaism
Red Cow interchange, an infamous junction located in Dublin, also known as the Mad Cow Roundabout
Polish Red cattle
Akabeko
Red Cow (film), a 2018 Israeli independent drama film
See also
Red Bull (disambiguation) | wiki |
Marie Angel may refer to:
Marie Angel (soprano) (born 1953), Australian opera singer
Marie Angel (artist) (1923–2010), British illustrator and calligrapher | wiki |
Poisoning is the action of poison.
Poisoning may also refer to:
Biological toxicity
Toxin
Envenomation, when an animal injects its venom through a bite or sting
Secondary poisoning
Radiation poisoning, a biology concept
Catalyst poisoning, a chemistry concept
Neutron poison, a nuclear physics concept
Route poisoning, a computer network concept | wiki |
The fancy rat (Rattus norvegicus domestica) is the domesticated form of Rattus norvegicus, the brown rat, and the most common species of rat kept as a pet. The name fancy rat derives from the use of the adjective fancy for a hobby, also seen in "animal fancy", a hobby involving the appreciation, promotion, or breeding of pet or domestic animals. The offspring of wild-caught specimens, having become docile after having been bred for many generations, fall under the fancy type.
Fancy rats were originally targets for blood sport in 18th- and 19th-century Europe. Later bred as pets, they now come in a wide variety of coat colors and patterns, and are bred and raised by several rat enthusiast groups around the world. They are sold in pet stores and by breeders. Fancy rats are generally easy to care for, and are quite affordable, even compared to other small pets; this is one of their biggest draws. Additionally, they are quite independent, affectionate, loyal and easily trained. They are considered more intelligent than other domesticated rodents. Healthy fancy rats typically live 2 to 3 years, but are capable of living a year or so longer.
Fancy rats are used widely in medical research, as their physiology is very similar to that of humans. When used in this field, they are referred to as laboratory rats (lab rats).
Domesticated rats are physiologically and psychologically different from their wild relatives, and typically pose no more of a health risk than other common pets. For example, domesticated brown rats are not considered a disease threat, although exposure to wild rat populations could introduce pathogens like the bacteria Streptobacillus moniliformis into the home. Fancy rats have different health risks from their wild counterparts, and thus are unlikely to succumb to the same illnesses as wild rats.
History
The origin of the modern fancy rat begins with the rat-catchers of the 18th and 19th centuries who trapped rats throughout Europe. These rat-catchers would then either kill the rats, or, more likely, sell the rats to be used in blood sport. Rat-baiting was a popular sport until the beginning of the 20th century. It involved filling a pit with several rats and then placing bets on how long it would take a terrier to kill them all. It is believed that both rat-catchers and sportsmen began to keep certain, odd-colored rats during the height of the sport, eventually breeding them and then selling them as pets. The two men thought to have formed the basis of rat fancy are Jack Black, self-proclaimed rat-catcher to Queen Victoria, and Jimmy Shaw, manager of one of the largest sporting public houses in London. These two men are responsible for beginning many of the color varieties present today. Black, specifically, was known for taming the "prettier" rats of unusual color, decorating them with ribbons, and selling them as pets.
Rat fancy as a formal, organized hobby began when a woman named Mary Douglas asked for permission to bring her pet rats to an exhibition of the National Mouse Club at the Aylesbury Town Show in England on October 24, 1901. Her black-and-white hooded rat won "Best in Show" and ignited interest in the area. After Douglas' death in 1921, rat fancy soon began to fall back out of fashion. The original hobby formally lasted from 1912 to 1929 or 1931, as part of the National Mouse and Rat Club, at which point Rat was dropped from the name, returning it to the original National Mouse Club. The hobby was revived in 1976 with the formation of the English National Fancy Rat Society (NFRS). Pet rats are now commonly available in stores and from breeders, and there exist several rat fancier groups worldwide.
Differences from wild rats
While domesticated rats are not removed enough from their wild counterparts to justify a distinct subspecies (like the dog versus grey wolf), there are significant differences that set them apart; the most apparent is coloring. Random color mutations may occur in the wild, but these are rare. Most wild R. norvegicus are a dark brown color, while fancy rats may be anything from white to cinnamon to blue.
Behaviorally, domesticated pet rats are tamer than those in the wild. They are more comfortable around humans and known to seek out their owners while roaming freely. They have decreased reactions to light and sound, are less cautious of new food, and have better tolerance to overcrowding. Domesticated rats are shown to mate earlier, more readily, and for a longer period of time over their lifespan. Also, domesticated rats exhibit different behaviors when fighting with each other; while wild rats almost always flee a lost battle, caged rats spend protracted amounts of time in a belly-up or boxing position. These behavioral traits are thought to be products of environment as opposed to genetics. However, it is also theorized that there are certain underlying biological reasons for why some members of a wild species are more receptive to domestication than others, and that these differences are then passed down to offspring (compare domesticated silver fox).
The body structure of domesticated rats differs from that of a wild rat as well. The body of a fancy rat is smaller, with larger ears and a longer tail. Domesticated rats have generally smaller and sharper facial features as well.
Domesticated rats have a longer lifespan than that of wild rats. Because domesticated rats are protected from predators and have ready access to food, water, shelter, and medical care, their average lifespan is around two to three years, in contrast to wild R. norvegicus, which average a lifespan of less than one year. However, wild rats generally have larger brains, hearts, livers, kidneys, and adrenal glands than laboratory rats. The fancy rat and wild rat also each face a multitude of differing health concerns; the former is at risk of developing a pneumococcal infection from exposure to humans, while the latter may harbor tapeworms after coming in contact with carriers such as cockroaches and fleas.
Varieties
As in other pet species, a variety of colors, coat types, and other features that do not appear in the wild have either been developed, or have appeared spontaneously. Fancy rats in themselves are a subspecies and as such do not have distinctive breeds. Any individual rat may be defined one or more ways by its color, coat, marking, and non-standard body type. This allows for very specific classifications such as a ruby-eyed cinnamon Berkshire rex Dumbo.
Coloring
While some pet rats retain the agouti coloring of the wild brown rat (three tones on the same hair), others have solid colors (a single color on each hair), a trait derived from rats with black coats. Agouti-based colors include agouti, cinnamon, and fawn. Black-based colors include black, beige, blue, and chocolate.
Eye color is considered a subset of coloring, and coat color definitions often include standards for the eyes, as many genes which control eye color will also affect the coat color or vice versa. The American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association (AFRMA) lists black, pink, ruby, and odd-eyed (two differently colored eyes) as possible eye colors, depending on the variety of rat shown. Ruby refers to eyes which at a glance appear black, but on closer observation are a deep, dark red.
Color names can vary for more vaguely defined varieties, like lilac and fawn, while the interpretations of standards can fluctuate between (and even within) different countries or clubs.
Markings
Further dividing the varieties of fancy rats are the many different markings. Fancy rats can appear in any combination of colors and markings. The markings are typically in reference to the patterns and ratios of colored hair versus white hair. Two extremes would be a self (completely solid, non-white color) and a Himalayan (completely white except blending into colored areas at the nose and feet, called points, as in a Himalayan cat's markings).
Markings have a strict standard, with detailed terminology, for showing in fancy rat pet shows. However, many domestic rats are not closely bred to any color standard; many of those found in pet shops will have mismarkings from a formal breeding perspective, which are defined as variations in markings that are not recognized as conforming to a breed standard published by a rat fancier organisation.
Commonly recognized standards include:
Berkshire – colored top, white belly
hooded – color runs in a saddle, a single, unbroken line from the full head down to the spine and possibly partly down the tail
capped – color on the full head only
blazed – colored head (capped) or body (Irish, Berkshire or self) with a triangular wedge of white fur over the face.
variegated – any form of mismatched oddities in the fur. Can be anything from a broken or spotted hood to a misshaped blaze.
Irish or English Irish – In England, the Irish is standardized by the NFRS as an equilateral triangle of white with a side that begins at the chest, or between the front legs, and where the point ends mid-length. In the United States and elsewhere, clubs like the AFRMA distinguish this marking as the English Irish and allow for another standardized Irish in which the rat may have white of an even or symmetrical nature anywhere along its underside.
Other marking varieties include spotted or Dalmatian (named for the spotted Dalmatian dog), Essex, masked, Himalayan (typically a gradient of color along the body, darkest at the base of the tail and nose as in Siamese cats), and Down Under or Downunder (an Australian variety that has a solid color stripe on the belly or a color marking there that corresponds to the markings on the top).
Body type
Two of the most prominent and standardized physical changes applied to rats through selective breeding are the development of the Manx rat and Dumbo rat. The Dumbo rat, whose origins are in the United States, is characterized by having large, low, round ears on the sides of its head caused by a recessive mutation, and was named for its resemblance to the fictional character Dumbo the Flying Elephant. The Manx rat is tailless due to a genetic mutation, and was named for the Manx cat which shares this feature, though not necessarily due to the same mutation. Breeding Manx rats does raise some ethical and health concerns however, as rats use their tails for both balance and thermoregulation.
Coat types
There is a relatively small variety of coats compared to the number of colors and markings, and not all are internationally standardized. The most common type is the normal or standard, which is allowed variance in coarseness between the sexes; males have a coarse, thick, rough coat, while females' coats are softer and finer. Other standardized coats include: rex, in which all the hairs are curly, even the whiskers; velveteen, a softer variation of the rex; satin or silky coat, which is extra-soft and fine, with a sheen; and Harley, characterized by wispy long straight hairs. Remaining coat types are not defined by the hair itself, but rather by the lack of it, such as hairless rats.
Hairless rats
Hairless rats are a coat variety characterized by varying levels of hair loss. One type of hairless rat is bred from curly-coated rexes. These range from having areas of very short fur to being completely bald. Since rex is a dominant trait, there only needs to be one rex parent to produce curly rex-coated offspring. However, when two rex parents are bred, two copies of the trait may be present in the offspring. This causes varying levels of hairlessness, and has earned the colloquial name "double rex". The other type of hairless rat is sometimes referred to as a "true hairless". This is caused by a different gene, and is distinguishable from a hairless double rex by the absence of whiskers. Unlike a double rex, this type of hairless rat is incapable of growing hairs on any part of the body. One additional subset of semi-hairless rats, patchwork rex, constantly lose their hair and regrow it in different "patches" several times throughout their life. Hairless rats may be prone to more health problems than their standard- or rex-coated counterparts, including a reduced tolerance for cold, kidney and liver failure, more prone to skin injury, skin conditions, and shortened life span.
Ethics of selective breeding
There is controversy among rat fanciers in regard to selective breeding. On one hand, breeding rats to "conform" to a specific standard or to develop a new one is a large part of what the fancy was founded on. On the other hand, the process results in many rats who do not "conform", and are then either given away, sold as food, or killed—the latter referred to as culling.
There are concerns as to whether breeding hairless and tailless rats is ethical. The tail is vital for rats' balance and for adjusting body temperature. Tailless rats have greater risk of heat exhaustion, poor bowel and bladder control, falling from heights, and can be at risk for life-threatening deformities in the pelvic region, like hind leg paralysis and megacolon. Similarly, hairless rats are less protected from scratches and the cold without their coat. Groups such as the NFRS prohibit the showing of these varieties at their events and forbid advertisement through affiliated services.
Availability
Because R. norvegicus and related species are seen as pests, their intentional import into foreign countries is often regulated. For example, the importation of foreign rodents is prohibited in Australia, and so various coat types, colors, and varieties have been bred separately from foreign lines, or are just not obtainable within that country (for example, hairless and Dumbo rats do not exist in Australia). In other areas, like the Canadian province of Alberta, which is considered rat-free, the ownership of domestic fancy rats outside of schools, laboratories, and zoos is illegal.
Health
Human-raised R. norvegicus are more prone to specific health risks and diseases than their wild counterparts, but they are also far less likely to succumb to certain illnesses that are prevalent in the wild. The major considerations for susceptibility include exposure, living conditions, and diet.
Rats that live their entire lives indoors usually are able to avoid disease-causing bacteria such as Salmonella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; the latter is absent in treated water. They may also more easily avoid vectors like cockroaches, beetles, and fleas which are essential for the spread of endemic typhus and intestinal parasites like the rat tapeworm. Additionally, pet or laboratory rats enjoy the intrinsic benefits of having a consistent and well-balanced diet, along with access to medical care.
Porphyrin is a browny-red substance that fancy rats can develop around the eyes and nose. It may appear like dried blood, but is a mucus-like substance that is released at times of stress or if the rat has a respiratory infection. It can also be caused by temporary irritation in the eye, such as the rat accidentally scratching its eye while grooming.
Mites also pose a health risk. Mites are microscopic bloodsucking parasites that can irritate the skin of fancy rats, and if they have a preexisting health condition, it can cause them to die from their bodies' inability to handle two problems at once.
While living indoors decreases the risk of contracting certain diseases, living in close quarters with other rats, lack of proper protection from environmental factors (e.g. temperature, humidity), an unhealthy diet, and the stresses inherently associated with living in an unnatural habitat can all adversely affect a rat's health to make them more prone to specific conditions. Specifically, Tyzzer's disease, protozoic infections (e.g. Giardia muris), and pseudotuberculosis are usually seen in stressed or young rats. Additionally, pet rats are exposed to Streptococcus pneumoniae, a zoonotic disease caught from humans, not the same bacteria associated with pneumonia. A human-associated fungus, Pneumocystis carinii (also found in almost all domesticated animals), is usually asymptomatic in the rat, unless the rat's immune system is compromised by illness. If this occurs, the infection can develop into pneumonia.
Several diseases, like Rat Coronavirus Infection (RCI), Sendai virus, and Murine Respiratory Mycoplasmosis (MRM, Mycoplasma pulmonis), are prevalent simply because their highly contagious natures work in tandem with the way rats are kept in laboratories, pet stores, and by breeders. MRM is far less likely to occur in laboratory rats than in those kept as pets.
Pet rats can also develop pituitary tumors if fed high-calorie diets, and ringtail if placed in areas with low humidity or high temperatures. Staphylococcus spp. are a mostly benign group of bacteria that commonly reside on the top of the skin, but cuts and scratches from social and hierarchical fighting can open up the pathways for them to cause ulcerative dermatitis.
There is some evidence that spayed female rats ("does") are less likely to develop mammary and pituitary tumors than intact females. Research into prevention of common diseases and health issues in rats is ongoing. Dietary changes are among the main suggestions for improved health and longevity in fancy rats, including feeding rat-friendly superfoods in moderation to reduce the risk of cancers, heart disease, and stroke.
Risks to owners
Keeping rats as pets can come with the stigma that rats supposedly transmit dangerous diseases to their owners. Usually, rats bred as pets are tested and treated for diseases and parasites. One fear is that all rats carry plague, when in fact R. norvegicus is not among the list of species considered a threat. In 2004, an outbreak of salmonella in the United States was connected to people who owned pet rats. However, it has been determined that a pet rat's initial exposure to salmonella, along with many other zoonotic rat diseases, typically indicates exposure to wild rodent populations, either from an infestation in the owner's home, or from the pet's contaminated food, water, or bedding.
Another risk to rat owners is rat-bite fever. This is a rare disease among domesticated rats and is most often found in rats from large chain pet stores that breed their stock of rats in masses (usually with the intention of being snake food rather than pets) or from breeders with neglectful rat husbandry. This disease is fairly unnoticeable in the rat, but is characterized by swelling of the bite or scratch site, fever, vomiting, and body aches. It is contracted by the bite or scratch of an infected rat. As an early breeder of fancy rats, Jack Black recounted that he nearly died several times after bites.
In 2017, the Centers for Disease Control reported an outbreak of Seoul virus spread by pet rats.
Fiction
In fiction, pet brown rats are often depicted as tamed rather than domesticated, akin to when a character befriends a wolf. As tamed pets, they have been portrayed in roles that vary from evil to ambiguous to lovable.
Samantha Martin, a professional animal trainer for films, commercials, and music videos, has claimed that rats are one of the easiest animals to train due to their adaptability, intelligence, and focus.
In the direct-to-video sequels to the 1987 film The Brave Little Toaster, The Brave Little Toaster to the Rescue and The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars, Ratso is the pet rat of Rob McGroarty.
The novella Ratman's Notebooks by Stephen Gilbert was the basis for the films Willard (1971) and Ben (1972), and a 2003 remake of the first film. Here, the protagonist befriends the rats found in his home and builds up a close relationship, only to have it end tragically. While these movies generally emphasize the popular perception of malevolence—they kill people and cats and ransack grocery stores—other wild rats who become pets are portrayed in more neutral to positive ways; the television show, House, briefly featured "Steve McQueen", the pet rat of the titular character.
In certain versions of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise, the master and adoptive father of the turtles is Splinter, who was once the pet rat of ninja Hamato Yoshi and learned his martial arts skills by imitating his owner.
In the 1996 point-and-click adventure game Phantasmagoria: A Puzzle of Flesh, the protagonist Curtis Craig owns a pet rat named Blob, which is seen various times in the game and is even involved in one of the many puzzles that the player must decipher.
Pet rats are unofficially allowed at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry in the Harry Potter series, but are not generally seen as desirable pets. Ronald Weasley has a pet rat, Scabbers.
Christopher Boone, the autistic protagonist of The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time has a pet rat named Toby.
See also
Fancy mouse
Experimental evolution
List of fictional mice and rats
Rat agility
Rat Genome Database
Working rat
References
External links
Rat Behavior and Biology – A website with referenced articles that pertain to the scientific study of the domesticated Norway rat.
Rat Guide – An online resource with information about fancy rat health and treatment of illness
Organisations
American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association (USA) (AFRMA)
The National Fancy Rat Society (UK) (NFRS)
Rat and Mouse Club of America (USA) (RMCA)
The Midlands Rat Club (UK) (MRC)
Rat Club (NZ) (RC)
Associazione Italiana Ratti - Rat Rescue Italia ODV (IT)
Forma taxa
Mammals described in 1769
Rats as pets
Taxa named by John Berkenhout | wiki |
The Atlantic coast of Cornwall normally referred to locally as the North Coast, due to its north-facing orientation, makes up approximately half the coastline of Cornwall. Part of the South West Coast Path runs its entire length. It is known for its beaches, some of which are regarded by many to have the best surf in Europe. Fistral Beach has hosted the World Surfing Championships and hosts various other national and relevant surfing events every year.
Parts of this coastline have cliffs exceeding 100 ft in height. The highest are at Crackington Haven at 735 ft high. These cliffs are noted by students of geology due to the comparative ease of viewing otherwise hidden rock formations on the exposed faces. The Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) protects much of the coastline.
References
Cornish coast
Coasts of England | wiki |
The (old) Mo Chit Bus Terminal was the main bus station serving northern and northeastern routes of long-distance buses travelling to and from Bangkok. It was active from 1967 to 1998, when its operations moved to the Bangkok Bus Terminal (Chatuchak), which then became known as New Mo Chit. The site of the old bus station now serves as the main depot of the BTS skytrain system, as well as one of its parking areas. It also lends its name to the BTS's Mo Chit station, which stands in front of the depot.
Name
The name Mo Chit () was derived from that of Mo Chit Market, which was held in the area before the bus station was built. The market's name, literally meaning "Doctor Chit", is in turn believed to refer to Chit Naphasap (, 1895–1953), an entrepreneur best known for his brand of ya nat, a Thai form of herbal snuff.
References
Bus stations in Thailand
Former bus stations
Bus transport in Bangkok
Demolished buildings and structures in Bangkok
Chatuchak district | wiki |
1911 : Révolution, ou La Révolution Xinhai ou La Révolution de 1911 (Xinhai geming), est un film dramatique chinois réalisé pour le de la Révolution chinoise de 1911. C'est aussi le de Jackie Chan qui produit et réalise le film. Son fils, Jaycee Chan participe également au casting.
Synopsis
En 1911, la Chine impériale s'effondre et son dernier empereur, Pu Yi est destitué. Remplacé par Sun Yat Sen (Winston Chao) comme chef de l'État, le film raconte l'histoire de Huang Xing (Jackie Chan).
Fiche technique
Titre français : 1911 : Révolution
Titre anglais : 1911
Titre original : Xin hai ge ming
Réalisation : Jackie Chan et Li Zhang
Production : Jackie Chan
Musique : Ding Wei
Photographie : , Huang Wei
Montage : Yang Hongyu
Budget : 18 000 000 $
Pays : -
Langue : Cantonais
Genre : Action, drame, aventure, guerre et historique
Sociétés de production : Beijing Alnair Culture & Media, Changchun Film Studio, China City Construction, Hebei Broadcasting Film & TV, Hebei Film Studio, Huaxia Film Distribution Company, Hubei Provincial Party Committee Propaganda Department, Jackie & JJ Productions, Jackie Chan International Cinema Culture Holdings, Jiangsu Broadcasting Corporation, Langfang Guohua Film Base, Media Asia Films, Nanjing Broadcasting NetworkShanghai Film Studios, Tianjin North Film Group, Xiaoxiang Film Studio
Format : Couleur et noir et blanc - son : Dolby Digital
Durée : 122 minutes
Dates de sortie :
:
:
: en DVD et Blu-Ray
Distribution
Jackie Chan (VF : Éric Bonicatto) : Huang Xing
Winston Chao (VF : Jean-Paul Szybura) : Sun Yat-sen
Jaycee Chan : Zhang Zhenwu
Li Bingbing : Xu Zonghan
Joan Chen : Empress Dowager Longyu
Jiang Wenli : Soong Ching-ling
Yu Shaoqun : Wang Jingwei
Mei Ting (VF : Sophie Ostria) : Chen Yiying
Sun Chun (VF : Stéphane Cornicard) : Yuan Shikai
Wang Ya'nan : Yuan Keding
Hu Ge : Lin Juemin
Jiang Wu : Li Yuanhong
Ning Jing : Qiu Jin
Hu Ming : Liao Zhongkai
Dennis To : Xiong Bingkun
Lin Peng
Sun Honglei
Zhang Aijia
Attarian
Michael Lacidonia : Homer Lea
Notes et références
Liens externes
Film chinois sorti en 2011
Film d'action chinois
Film dramatique chinois
Film d'aventure chinois
Film de guerre chinois
Film historique chinois
Film en cantonais
Film réalisé par Jackie Chan
Film tourné en Chine
Film se déroulant en Chine
Film se déroulant dans les années 1910
Film sur la révolution
Révolution chinoise de 1911
Film dont le titre n'est constitué que de chiffres | wiki |
BET puede referirse a:
BÉT, la bolsa de Budapest
BET-10, un índice bursátil de Bucarest
Black Entertainment Television, un canal de televisión por suscripción estadounidense. | wiki |
Morningside Park – parco di Inglewood, negli Stati Uniti d'America
Morningside Park – parco di New York, negli Stati Uniti d'America
Morningside Park – parco di Toronto, in Canada | wiki |
Afganistan
Helmand (rijeka)
Provincija Helmand | wiki |
Opsarius barnoides is a fish in genus Opsarius of the family Cyprinidae. It is found in Myanmar and China.
References
Opsarius
Fish of Myanmar
Freshwater fish of China
Fish described in 1890 | wiki |
Board and care may refer to:
Board and Care, a 1979 Oscar-winning short film about two lovers with Down syndrome
Board and care home, also called a nursing home | wiki |
Immune usually refers to biological immunity to harmful organisms.
Immune may also refer to:
Immune (album), by Soul Embraced, 2003
"Immune", a song by Godsmack from Godsmack, 1998
"Immune", a song by Low from Secret Name, 1999
"Immune", a song by Tinfed from Tried + True, 2000
The Immune, a 2011 novel by Lucky Meisenheimer
See also
Immunity (disambiguation) | wiki |
Ocean Beach may refer to:
Ocean Beach, Monmouth County, New Jersey
Ocean Beach, Ocean County, New Jersey | wiki |
This is an incomplete list of festivals in Canada. This list includes festivals of diverse types, among them regional festivals, commerce festivals, fairs, food festivals, arts festivals, and recurring festivals on holidays.
Sublists by locale
Province or territory
List of festivals in Alberta (Calgary, Edmonton, Lethbridge)
List of festivals in British Columbia (Vancouver)
List of festivals in Manitoba (Winnipeg)
List of festivals in Ontario (Ottawa, Toronto)
List of festivals in Prince Edward Island
List of festivals in Quebec (Montreal)
List of festivals in Saskatchewan
Atlantic Canada
Territories
City
List of festivals in Calgary
List of festivals in Edmonton
List of festivals in Lethbridge
List of entertainment events in Greater Moncton
List of festivals and parades in Montreal
List of festivals in Ottawa
List of festivals in Toronto
List of festivals in Vancouver
List of festivals in Winnipeg
Sublists by type
List of film festivals in Canada
List of music festivals in Canada
List of jazz festivals#Canada
List of Canadian blues festivals and venues
Festivals by size
Attendance
L'International des Feux Loto-Québec (Montreal), 3 million
Montreal International Jazz Festival (Montreal), 2.5 million
Winterlude (Ottawa), 1.6 million
Celebration of Light (Vancouver), 1.6 million
Just For Laughs (Montreal), 1.5 million
Quebec City Summer Festival (Québec), 1.5 million
Ottawa Bluesfest (Ottawa), 1.4 million
Nuit Blanche Toronto, 1.2 million
Canadian National Exhibition (Toronto), 1.3 million
Calgary Stampede, 1.2 million
Toronto Caribbean Carnival, 1.2 million
Pride Toronto, 1.3 million
Montréal En Lumière (Montreal), 0.9 million
Pacific National Exhibition (Vancouver), 0.9 million
K-Days (Edmonton), 0.8 million
Toronto International Film Festival, 0.5 million
Quebec Winter Carnival (Quebec City), 0.5 million
Folklorama (Winnipeg), 0.4 million
Carassauga (Mississauga), 0.3 million
Festival du Voyageur (Winnipeg), 0.1 million
Economic impact
Toronto Caribbean Carnival, $470 million
Calgary Stampede, $172.4 million
Winterlude (Ottawa-Gatineau), $151 million
Pacific National Exhibition (Vancouver), $139 million
Pride Toronto, $136 million
Toronto International Film Festival, $135 million
Just For Laughs (Montreal), $80 million
Canadian National Exhibition (Toronto), $58.6 million
Celebration of Light (Vancouver), $37 million
Quebec Winter Carnival, $34 million
Festivals by type
Arts festivals
Children's festivals
Carrousel international du film de Rimouski
Northern Saskatchewan International Children's Festival
Ottawa International Children's Festival
Winnipeg International Children's Festival
Comedy festivals
HubCap Comedy Festival
FunnyFest Calgary Comedy Festival
Halifax Comedy Festival
Just For Laughs, Montreal
Comedia (film)
Zoofest, Montreal
Toronto Sketch Comedy Festival
Winnipeg Comedy Festival
We're Funny That Way!
Cultural festivals
Dance festivals
Canada Dance Festival
Canadian Ballet Festival
Festival TransAmériques
Mondial des Cultures
Thrill the World
Vancouver International Dance Festival
Fairs and exhibitions
Film festivals
Food festivals
Annapolis Valley Apple Blossom Festival, Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia
Brighton Applefest, Brighton, Ontario
Canada's Largest Ribfest, Burlington, Ontario
Eat! Vancouver, Vancouver, British Columbia
Exploits Valley Salmon Festival, Exploits Valley, Newfoundland and Labrador
Sun and Salsa Festival, Calgary, Alberta
Taste of the Danforth, Toronto, Ontario
A Taste of Edmonton, Edmonton, Alberta
Fringe festivals
Atlantic Fringe Festival
Calgary Fringe Festival
Edmonton International Fringe Festival
Island Fringe Festival
Ottawa Fringe Festival
Saskatoon Fringe Theatre Festival
St-Ambroise Montreal Fringe Festival
Vancouver Fringe Festival
Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival
Literary festivals
Banff Mountain Book Festival
Blue Metropolis International Literary Festival
Eden Mills Writers' Festival, Eden Mills, Ontario
The Frye Festival, Moncton, New Brunswick
Vancouver Writers Fest
Winnipeg International Writers Festival
The Word on the Street
Music festivals
See also
Culture of Canada
Tourism in Canada
Public holidays in Canada
References
External links | wiki |
Below is a list of squads used in the 1992 African Cup of Nations.
Group A
Nigeria
Coach: Clemens Westerhof
Senegal
Coach: Claude Le Roy
Kenya
Coach: Gerry Saurer
Group B
Cameroon
Coach: Philippe Redon
Zaire
Coach: Kalala Mukendi
Morocco
Coach: Werner Olk
Group C
Ivory Coast
Coach: Yeo Martial
Congo
Coach: Noël-Pepe Minga
Algeria
Coach: Abdelhamid Kermali
Group D
Ghana
Coach: Otto Pfister
Zambia
Coach: Samuel Ndhlovu
Egypt
Coach: Mahmoud El-Gohary
References
(RSSSF)
Africa Cup of Nations squads
squads | wiki |
Debtor-in-possession financing or DIP financing is a special form of financing provided for companies in financial distress, typically during restructuring under corporate bankruptcy law (such as Chapter 11 bankruptcy in the US or CCAA in Canada). Usually, this debt is considered senior to all other debt, equity, and any other securities issued by a company — violating any absolute priority rule by placing the new financing ahead of a company's existing debts for payment.
DIP financing may be used to keep a business operating until it can be sold as a going concern, if this is likely to provide a greater return to creditors than the firm's closure and a liquidation of assets. It may also give a troubled company a new start, albeit under strict conditions. In this case, "debtor in possession" financing refers to debt incurred while in bankruptcy, and "exit financing" is debt incurred upon emerging from reorganisation under bankruptcy law.
Examples
Two notable examples are the government financing of Chrysler and General Motors during their respective 2009 bankruptcies.
American law vs. French law
The willingness of governments to allow lenders to place debtor-in-possession financing claims ahead of an insolvent company's existing debt varies; US bankruptcy law expressly allows this while French law had long treated the practice as soutien abusif, requiring employees and state interests be paid first even if the end result was liquidation instead of corporate restructuring.
See also
Debtor in possession
Bankruptcy
Bankruptcy alternatives
Shareholder loan
Seniority (financial)
Bail out (finance)
Default
Distressed securities
Insolvency
Liquidation
References
External links
Calpine closes $5 billion DIP financing
Bankruptcy basics - Operating capital
11 USC 364 - Obtaining credit
Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure - Rule 4001c: Obtaining Credit
Business terms
Corporate finance
United States bankruptcy law | wiki |
This is the discography of Sublime, an American ska punk band formed in Long Beach, California that consisted of Bradley Nowell (vocals and guitar), Bud Gaugh (drums) and Eric Wilson (bass guitar). Over the band's eight-year career, they released three studio albums, as well as a live album, five compilation albums, three EPs, one box set, five official singles and four tribute albums. In total, the band sold 14.9 million albums in the United States. The band disbanded after singer Bradley Nowell's death in 1996.
Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
EPs
Singles
References
Sublime
Discographies of American artists | wiki |
An ice pond is a large volume of ice or snow produced by natural winter freezing. The ice is then used for cooling or air conditioning.
Before refrigeration was common, ice ponds were mined by ice companies, with product transported to consumers and food businesses through much of the year. Refrigeration technology replaced this technology.
In more recent times, ice ponds have been revived as an environmentally friendly way to air condition buildings in the summer. The best known experiment is the 'Princeton ice pond' by Ted Taylor in 1981. He then persuaded the Prudential Insurance Company to use a bigger pond to provide air conditioning for a larger building. Taylor also investigated the possibility of using the technology for water purification, which he demonstrated during a non-fiction segment on the 1984 educational series The Voyage of the Mimi.
See also
Ice house (building)
Seasonal thermal energy storage (STES)
Snowmaking
Solar pond
Notes and references
Energy storage | wiki |
XQuartz (autrefois appelé Apple X11 ou X11.app) est un logiciel pour Mac OS X permettant le lancement d'un serveur X Window. X11 était initialement basé sur XFree86 (de Mac OS X.2 à Mac OS X.4). À partir de Mac OS X.5, il s'est basé sur X.org, comme la majorité des distributions Linux. Il possède de nombreux concurrents, tels que les XTools, payants, propriétés de Tenon. Son prédécesseur XDarwin a permis, avant qu'Apple ne le fasse, aux utilisateurs de Macintosh d'accéder à X Window (de Mac OS X.1 à Mac OS X.3). Enfin, le projet Fink permet l'installation d'X.org.
Depuis la version 10.8 (Mountain Lion) d'OS X, Apple ne fournit plus X11.app (propriété d'Apple) mais propose de télécharger XQuartz : logiciel libre auquel Apple contribue, qui a reçu les sources de X11.app, et qui est intégré dans X.org.
Notes et références
Articles connexes
Darwin
XFree86
X11
X Window System
Logiciel Apple | wiki |
L'omeisaure (Omeisaurus, «llangardaix d'Omei») és un gènere de dinosaure sauròpode que va viure al Juràssic superior en el que actualment és la Xina.
Referències
Sauròpodes del Juràssic | wiki |
is a Japanese hot tofu dish. Soft or Medium-firm silken tofu () is cut into cubes, before being lightly dusted with potato starch or cornstarch and then deep fried until golden brown. It is then served in a hot broth () made of dashi, mirin, and (Japanese soy sauce), with finely-chopped (a type of spring onion), grated daikon or (dried bonito flakes) sprinkled on top.
History
is an old and well-known dish. It was included in Japanese tofu cookbook entitled (literally "One hundred tofu"), published in 1782, alongside other tofu dishes such as chilled tofu () and simmered tofu ().
Other dishes
While is the best-known dish, some other dishes may be prepared with similar techniques. These include , using eggplant.
See also
List of tofu dishes
References
External links
Japanese cuisine
Deep fried foods
Tofu dishes
Vegetarian dishes of Japan
Soy-based foods
Japanese words and phrases | wiki |
Miss Canada is a beauty pageant for young women in Canada. It was founded in Hamilton in 1946. No title was awarded from 1993 through 2008. The trademark was purchased in 2009 by a Québec organization who produces the pageant under the name to this day.
According to the new Miss Canada and Miss Teen Canada web site, the title was re-established with a focus on personality over physical appearance.
The Miss Canada competition is Canada's oldest extant beauty pageant.
Winnifred Blair of Saint John, New Brunswick was proclaimed the first "Miss Canada" on 11 February 1923 at an earlier, unrelated competition during the Montreal Winter Carnival. The runner-up in that event was Muriel Harper of Winnipeg, Manitoba.
The first broadcast of the Miss Canada pageant aired on November 10, 1963 on CTV with news anchors Peter Jennings and Baden Langton hosting. Gordon MacRae was hired to sing the first Miss Canada Pageant song. Each of the 23 contestants was escorted by a young officer of the Canadian Armed Forces. Carol Ann Balmer of Toronto won, and Lise Mercier of Quebec City was Miss Congeniality. The escorts were selected and supervised by a young Armoured Corps Officer, J. R. Digger MacDougall, who escorted the runner up, Lise Mercier.
Jennings remained as solo host until 1966 and was replaced by game show host Jim Perry, who hosted the pageant until 1990. Dominique Dufour, the winner of the Miss Canada Pageant in 1981, co-hosted with Perry from 1982 until 1990. The final pageant before its initial cancellation aired in late 1991 and was hosted by Peter Feniak and Liz Grogan.
The show was popular in the 1970s, with up to 5 million viewers, but declined in the 1980s, until it was cancelled in 1992. Producers of the show cited mounting production costs, as the reason for cancellation. The last winner was Miss Canada 1992 Nicole Dunsdon from British Columbia.
Between 1947 and 1962, the Miss Canada Pageant sent delegates to the Miss America pageant. No Miss Canada ever won Miss America but some placed.
The Miss Canada Pageant obtained the franchise for the Miss Universe Pageant in 1978, when that year's first runner-up, Andrea Leslie Eng, competed internationally. From 1979 to the final 1992 contest before cancellation, the winners of Miss Canada went on to compete. Miss Canada 1982, Karen Baldwin, is the only Miss Canada to also win Miss Universe. Since 2003, Canada's representative to Miss Universe has been chosen by the Miss Universe Canada pageant.
Winners
The following is a list of winners:
Connie-Gail Feller won the Miss Canada 1962 title and competed at Miss America, however was dethroned on 20 September 1961.
Miss Canada at International Pageants
Miss Canada at Miss Universe
Miss Canada at Miss America
Hosts
Jaclyn Miles, a former Miss Canada: 2016-2019
Jim Perry: 1967-1991
Peter Jennings: 1963-1966
See also
Miss Earth Canada
Miss Universe Canada
Miss World Canada
Miss Dominion of Canada
Miss Canada International
Miss Universe
Miss America
References
External links
British Pathe newsreel of Miss Canada 1948
https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102501/http://www.pageantopolis.com/international/canada_1970s.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20110831093051/http://www.pageantopolis.com/international/canada_1980s.htm
Canada
Canada
Beauty pageants in Canada
1945 establishments in Ontario
Canadian awards
Recurring events established in 1945 | wiki |
Galbi-jjim () or braised short ribs is a variety of jjim or Korean steamed dish made with galbi (갈비, short rib). Galbijjim is generally made with beef or pork (돼지, dweji) short ribs. In the latter case, it is called dweji galbijjim (돼지갈비찜).
History
In traditional cuisine, galbijjim was traditionally eaten at Chuseok along with songpyeon, namul, taro soup, chestnut dumplings (밤단자), chicken jjim and autumn fruit. As galbijjim is usually made from only the center part of ribs from a calf while the rib ends used to make soup stock, galbi was more expensive than other cuts of beef in South Korea, and has been regarded as a high-class dish.
Preparation and serving
Ribs are cut to size and excess blood should be removed. Knife cuts are made in the meat till the bone to allow seasoning to seep in. Surplus fat is removed from the ribs, either by cutting or removing after parboiling. Soy sauce, sesame oil, scallions, minced garlic, pepper, ground sesame with salt (깨소금), ginger juice, and sugar are mixed together with the ribs and are simmered in a large pot on a mid-flame. The cooking is done slowly, occasionally stirring. When the meat is almost cooked, additional seasoning is added with jujube, ginkgo nuts, carrots, and pine nuts, and is boiled once again. Chestnuts, shiitake, and seogi mushrooms are added near the end of the dish.
Galbijjim is usually served in a bowl rather than a plate and was traditionally served in a hap (합, bowl with cover).
Galbijjim by region
There is a galbijjim street in the district of Dongin-dong, Daegu, in South Korea. It is known as the original home of hot and spicy galbijjim (매운갈비찜), as a restaurant owner served the first plate of hot and spicy galbijjim as anju for makgeolli in 1972. The district still maintains its reputation as being the place to go for tasty galbijjim.
Jong-galbijjim (종갈비찜) is a variety of pork galbijjim from the Gyeonggi-do region. Pork ribs are marinated in ginger juice, soy sauce, minced garlic, sesame oil, ground sesame with salt, and pepper. The dish is cooked on a high flame and the sauce is reduced accordingly.
Gallery
See also
Jjim
Galbi
Jorim
Korean cuisine
List of steamed foods
References
External links
Cooking Video : Kalbi chim at the Embassy of the Republic of Korea
Baejeob galbijjim recipe at the Embassy of the Republic of Korea
Galbijjim recipe
Galbijjim recipe at AsianSupper
Korean beef dishes
Korean pork dishes
Steamed foods | wiki |
A baby, or infant, is the very young offspring of human beings. Or, by extension, it can refer to a young animal.
Baby, Babies, or The Baby may also refer to:
Aircraft
Avro Baby, a British single-seat light sporting biplane
Sopwith Baby, a seaplane used by the British Royal Naval Air Service from 1915
Supermarine Baby, a British flying boat fighter aircraft of the First World War
Wight Baby, a British seaplane fighter which first flew in 1916
Arts and entertainment
Characters
Baby (Dragon Ball), in the anime Dragon Ball GT
Baby, in the Super Monkey Ball series of video games
Baby, in the 2017 film Baby Driver, played by Ansel Elgort
Baby Firefly, in the Firefly film series
Frances "Baby" Houseman, in the 1987 film Dirty Dancing, played by actress Jennifer Grey
Baby Sinclair, in the television sitcom Dinosaurs
Films
Baby (1915 film), an American silent comedy starring Oliver Hardy
Baby, a 1932 German film starring Anny Ondra
Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend, a 1985 American film directed by Bill L. Norton
Baby (2000 film), an American television film featuring Alison Pill
Baby (2002 film), a German drama film
Baby (2007 film), an American independent film starring David Huynh
Baby (2010 film), a British short film
Baby (2015 Tamil film), a horror film
Baby (2015 Hindi film), an Indian action spy thriller film starring Akshay Kumar
Baby (2016 film), an Indian Odia film
Baby (2020 film), a Spanish psychological thriller film
Babies (film), a 2010 documentary by Thomas Balmes
The Baby (film), a 1973 American horror thriller film starring Anjanette Comer
Literature
Baby (MacLachlan novel), a 1995 novel by Patricia MacLachlan
Baby (Thorup novel), a 1973 novel by Kirsten Thorup
Music
Labels
Baby Records (disambiguation), multiple record labels
Musicians
Baby (band), a 1970s American southern rock band from Texas
The Babies, an American rock band formed in 2009
The Babys, a 1970s British rock group
Baby (rapper), American rapper Bryan Christopher Williams (born 1969), also known as Birdman
Albums
Baby (The Burning Hell album), 2009
Baby (The Detroit Cobras album), 2005
Baby (White Hinterland album) or the title song, 2014
Baby (Yello album), 1991
Baby, by Bosque Brown, 2009
The Babies (album), by the Babies, 2011
The Babys (album), by the Babys, 1977
Songs
"Baby" (Aitch and Ashanti song), 2022
"Baby" (Angie Stone song), 2007
"Baby" (Anton Powers and Pixie Lott song), 2017
"Baby" (Ashanti song), 2002
"Baby" (Aya Nakamura song), 2023
"Baby" (Brandy song), 1994
"Baby" (Charli XCX song), 2022
"Baby" (Clean Bandit song), 2018
"Baby" (Fabolous song), 2005
"Baby" (Justin Bieber song), 2010
"Baby" (LL Cool J song), 2008
"Baby" (Madame song), 2020
"Baby" (Pnau song), 2008
"Baby" (Quality Control, Lil Baby and DaBaby song), 2019
"Baby" (Royal Republic song), 2016
"Baby" (Wilma Burgess song), 1965
"B-A-B-Y", by Carla Thomas, 1966
"Baby (You've Got What It Takes)", by Dinah Washington and Brook Benton, 1960
"Baby: Drive Me Crazy", by Chantay Savage, 1996
"Babies" (song), by Pulp, 1992
"I Wanna Have Your Babies", first released as "Babies", by Natasha Bedingfield, 2007
"The Baby" (song), by Blake Shelton, 2003
"Baby", by Alcazar from Disco Defenders, 2009
"Baby", by Bakermat, 2017
"Baby", by the Bird and the Bee from Ray Guns Are Not Just the Future, 2009
"Baby", by Bishop Briggs, 2018
"Baby", by Brittany Howard from Jaime, 2019
"Baby", by Caetano Veloso and Gal Costa from Tropicalia: ou Panis et Circenses, 1968
"Baby", by Celine Dion from Courage, 2019
"Baby", by Eminem from The Marshall Mathers LP 2, 2013
"Baby", by Exo from XOXO, 2013
"Baby", by Iggy Pop from The Idiot, 1977
"Baby", by Joker Bra (Capital Bra) and Vize, 2020
"Baby", by Kylie Minogue, a B-side of "Love at First Sight", 2001
"Baby", by Logic from Supermarket, 2019
"Baby", by Madison Beer from Life Support, 2021
"Baby", by Martha Wainwright from Martha Wainwright, 2005
"Baby", by Melody Club from Face the Music, 2004
"Baby", by Nicki Nicole from Parte de Mí, 2021
"Baby", by Prince from For You, 1978
"Baby", by Relient K from Forget and Not Slow Down, 2009
"Baby", by Ridsa, 2014
"Baby", by Rufus Wainwright from Rufus Wainwright, 1998
"Baby", by Sage the Gemini, 2021
"Baby", by Serj Tankian from Elect the Dead, 2007
"Baby", by Tenacious D from The Pick of Destiny, 2006
"Babies", by Kyle from Light of Mine, 2018
Television
Series
Babies (TV series), a 2020 American documentary streaming series
Baby (Italian TV series), a 2018–2020 teen drama streaming series
Baby (Pakistani TV series), a 2017 drama series
The Baby (TV series), an HBO horror comedy series
Episodes
"Baby" (The Dumping Ground)
"Baby" (Supernatural)
"The Baby" (Dynasty)
Other arts and entertainment
Babies (Černý), a series of sculptures by David Černý
Baby (musical), a 1983 musical by David Shire and Richard Maltby, Jr.
People
Baby (nickname), a list of people
Baby (surname), a list of people
Baby Halder (born 1973), Indian writer
Baby Huwae (1939–1989), Indonesian actress and singer
Baby Spice, Emma Bunton (born 1976), from Spice Girls
Baby (director), A. G. Baby (), Indian film director
Baby (rapper) or Birdman, Bryan Williams (born 1969), American rapper
Baby, Shannon McNeill, performer with the World Championship Wrestling dance team the Nitro Girls
Places
Baby, Gmina Odolanów in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland
Baby, Gmina Ostrów Wielkopolski in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland
Baby, Kutno County in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland
Baby, Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland
Baby, Piotrków County in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland
Baby, Seine-et-Marne, a commune of the Seine-et-Marne département, France
Baby, Silesian Voivodeship, south Poland
Other uses
"Baby", a term of endearment
Baby cell or C battery, a common size of battery
Manchester Baby, the first electronic stored-program computer
Baby! 1, an early portable microcomputer
See also
Baby, Baby (disambiguation)
DaBaby, American rapper Jonathan Lyndale Kirk (born 1991)
Babe (disambiguation)
Babes (disambiguation)
Babies (disambiguation) | wiki |
Silver Beach is the name of:
several locations:
Silver Beach, Bronx, an area of the Throggs Neck neighborhood of the Bronx, a borough of New York City
Silver Beach, New Jersey, a beach in Toms River Township
Silver Beach Amusement Park, former amusement park in Michigan
Silver Beach (India), a beach in Tamil Nadu on the south eastern coast of India
Silver Beach (New South Wales), a beach on Botany Bay in Sydney | wiki |
A bramble is any rough, tangled, prickly shrub, usually in the genus Rubus, which grows blackberries, raspberries, or dewberries. "Bramble" is also used to describe other prickly shrubs, such as roses (Rosa species). The fruits include blackberries, arctic brambleberries, or raspberries, depending on the species, and are used to make jellies, jams, and preserves.
In British English, bramble usually refers to the common blackberry, Rubus fruticosus. R. fruticosus grows abundantly in all parts of the British Isles, and harvesting the fruits in late summer and autumn is often considered a favourite pastime. An especially hardy plant, bramble bushes can also become a nuisance in gardens, sending down strong suckering roots amongst hedges and shrubs and being particularly resilient against pruning. Many consider R. fruticosus a weed due its tendency to grow in neglected areas and its sharp, tough thorns, which can be hazardous to children and pets.
Description
Bramble bushes have long, thorny, arching shoots and root easily. They send up long, arching canes that typically do not flower or set fruit until the second year of growth; some varieties, known as
everbearing or primocane bearing produce fruit on the tips of first-year canes. Brambles usually have trifoliate or palmately-compound leaves.
Bramble fruits are aggregate fruits. Each small unit is called a drupelet. In some, such as the blackberry, the flower receptacle is elongated and part of the ripe fruit, making the blackberry an aggregate-accessory fruit.
Etymology
"Bramble" comes from Old English bræmbel, a variant of bræmel. It ultimately descends from Proto-Germanic *brēm-, whence come also English broom, German , Dutch and French .
Ecology
Most species are important for their conservation and wildlife value in their native range. The flowers attract nectar-feeding butterflies and hoverflies, and are a particular favourite of Volucella pellucens.
Being a pioneer plant on the verge between a meadow and a forest, blackberries can prove to be a valuable protective nurse crop for the perennial plants that will replace them.
Brambles are important food plants for the larvae of several species of Lepidoptera. The leaves are often used to feed captive stick insects. (The young leaves contain a toxin that can be harmful to many stick insects, but they develop an immunity to it by their third instar.) Many birds, such as the common blackbird, and some mammals will feed on the nutritious fruits in autumn.
Uses
Many species are grown and bred for their fruit. Ornamental species can be grown for flowers (e.g. Rubus trilobus), for their ornamental stems (e.g. R. cockburnianus) and some as ground cover (e.g. R. tricolor). Members of Rubus tend to have a brittle, porous core and an oily residue along the stalk which makes them ideal to burn, even in damp climates. The thorny varieties are sometimes grown for game cover and occasionally for protection.
Split bramble stems are traditionally used as binding material for straw in production of lip-work basketry, such as lip-work chairs and bee skeps and sometimes used to protect other fruits such as strawberries.
Control of common blackberry
R. fruticosus is difficult to eradicate once it has become established. Early action by pulling with a gloved hand and digging young seedlings as soon as they are seen will save a lot of hard work later. A thick mulch of chipped bark or compost will also make it much easier to pull out recently germinated seeds in the spring. Light but established infestations in friable, workable soils may be removed by cutting back the stems to about above the ground, to leave a handle, and forking out the bramble stump with as much of the root as possible. Anything left below ground may regenerate.
Heavy infestations may make the land completely impenetrable and will require cutting first just to access the stems. The root systems will also be so pervasive that removing them would require digging up the entire area; doing this in woodland areas will cause unacceptable damage to the surface roots of trees and to flowering bulbs and should be avoided. In this case, chemical control using a selective weedkiller such as triclopyr to wet the photosynthesising bramble leaves is very effective if applied in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. However, a heavily infested area of uncut brambles will require an inordinate amount of poison to wet the leaves; it is far cheaper, and more effective, to cut the area as close to ground level as possible in the spring, clear the debris into piles to reveal the ground surface and to accurately spot spray the shoots that will emerge two to three weeks later as soon as they have a small amount of new foliage. This will kill the plant back into its root system using a small fraction of the poison required to spray whole bushes. The area may first be cleared using a tractor-mounted rotary mower, motorised string trimmer or with a scythe. A short-bladed scythe in good hands can be faster than using a string trimmer, leaves a neater cut close to the ground, avoids collateral damage to other plants that are desirable to keep, and deposits the cut debris aligned in swathes that are easier to remove and stack. The area must be cut and cleared at some point anyway and it is easier to clear the debris while green and flexible than dead and dry, so clearing when green then spraying a little is more efficient than spraying a lot then clearing when dry.
Triclopyr is highly selective: it only affects actively photosynthesising dicots, leaving grass, and flowering monocots such as narcissus and bluebell bulbs, undamaged. It also breaks down harmlessly in the soil within about six weeks leaving no toxic residuals. Glyphosate is also effective but must be used with much greater care and will damage other woodland plants.
An organic, long-term approach involves utilising the pioneering properties of the plant. The brambles are used to protect young trees from grazers and when the trees grow up, they permanently out-shade the blackberry patches; blackberries cannot abide deep shade.
Cultivation
There are many different systems developed for the commercial culture of blackberries and raspberries. Bramble cultivars are separated into several categories based on their growth habit. They are categorised as erect, semi-erect, or trailing.
Plants bearing thorns, brambles, spines, or prickles are often used as a defence against burglary, being strategically planted below windows or around the entire perimeter of a property. They also have been used to protect crops and livestock against marauding animals. Examples include hawthorn hedges in Europe, Agaves in the Americas and in other countries where they have been introduced, Osage Orange in the prairie states of the US, and Sansevieria in Africa.
Culture
Androcles, a traditional folktale describing a fugitive slave in ancient Greece who befriended a lion by removing a thorn from its paw.
The Book of Genesis recounts the creation of thorns as one of the punishments for the disobedience of Adam and Eve on their expulsion from the Garden of Eden stating, "Thorns also and thistles shall [the ground] bring forth to thee; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field."
The Maid Freed from the Gallows (alt. The Briery Bush), a story from the collection The Child Ballads compares the heroine's plight to being caught in "the briery bush" or "the prickly bush".
Sleeping Beauty, a traditional fairy tale recounting a princess cursed to sleep for a hundred years in a castle protected by impenetrable brambles.
See also
Rubus probativus
References
Rubus
Plant common names | wiki |
The Raiziss and de Palchi Translation Awards was established in 1995 through a bequest to the New York Community Trust by Sonia Raiziss Giop, a poet, translator, and editor of Chelsea.
The awards recognize translations into English of modern Italian poetry through a $10,000 book prize or a $25,000 fellowship with residency at the American Academy in Rome.
Awards
References
American literary awards
American poetry awards
Translation award winners
Awards established in 1995
Translation-related lists
American literature-related lists | wiki |
Frankfurter Rindswurst (German for “Frankfurt beef sausage”) is a sausage made of beef. It was introduced in 1894 by Frankfurt butcher Gref-Volsing to meet the demands of the growing Jewish population of the city and has since become one of its most famous delicacies. The sausage may be boiled, broiled, or grilled. The best-known manufacturer is the Frankfurt company
.
Process
The meat content of the sausage consists of 100% beef, with some lean meat being replaced by fat. For the production of the frankfurter, the coarsely ground meat is slowly minced for a short time in the grinder with nitrite curing salt and cutter aids. Then, fat and ice snow is added, and the chopping speed is increased until the mass is finely ground. Finally, it is seasoned with white pepper and paprika and color stabilizer is added if deemed necessary. The sausages are smoked for 60–90 minutes. They have a unit weight of 100 g and are cased in beef intestines with a diameter of 32–34 mm and are tied off. For the production of beef bratwurst, table salt is used instead of the nitrite curing salt.
Literature
Hermann Koch, Martin Fuchs: The manufacture of fine meat and sausage products. 22nd edition, Deutscher Fachverlag, 2009,
See also
Brühwurst
List of sausages
References
German sausages
Beef
Hessian cuisine
Cooked sausages | wiki |
Ontario Hockey Association (OHA) bildades den 27 november 1890 i Toronto och är den regerande styrelsen bakom all junior- och seniorishockey i provinsen Ontario i Kanada. OHA bifaller under Ontario Hockey Federation och Hockey Canada. Det finns fyra olika divisioner med juniorhockey som kontrolleras av OHA: Tier II Junior "A", Junior "B", Junior "C" och Junior Development. Det är också tre stora divisioner med seniorhockey: Senior "AAA", Senior "AA" och "A" ligorna.
Källor
Fotnoter
Externa länkar
Officiell webbplats
Sport i Ontario
Idrottsförbund bildade 1890
Ishockey i Kanada
Ishockeyförbund i Nordamerika
Organisationer i Cambridge, Ontario | wiki |
Gaps and gores are portions of land areas that do not conform to boundaries found in cadastre and other land surveys based upon imprecise measurements and other ambiguities of metes and bounds. A gap, also known as a hiatus, occurs where the descriptions in deeds describing adjacent properties (unintentionally) overlook a space or "gap" between them. A gore occurs where descriptions in larger administrative boundaries (towns, counties) of adjacent jurisdictions or, large parcels, all fail to include some portion of land between them, forming an unclaimed, characteristically triangular "sliver" of land.
Disputes often arise regarding the ownership of gaps and gores when they are discovered, usually when developers detect sufficient value in the local land. Local laws will determine whether they are considered abandoned or rather adhere to (or may be absorbed by) one adjacent parcel or another. For example, in Tennessee law, tax map boundaries can become property boundaries (notwithstanding a survey and deed to the contrary) merely by paying the taxes on the land for twenty years in the belief that it was part of the ownership, even if it encompasses adjacent gaps and gores. See adverse possession.
See also
Gore (surveying)
Gore (segment)
Land survey
Surveying
Real property law | wiki |
Jeffrey King (acteur), Amerikaans acteur
Jeffrey King (componist), Amerikaans componist
Jeffrey King (personage), personage uit de Amerikaanse soap One Life to Live | wiki |
Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ. The donor and recipient may be at the same location, or organs may be transported from a donor site to another location. Organs and/or tissues that are transplanted within the same person's body are called autografts. Transplants that are recently performed between two subjects of the same species are called allografts. Allografts can either be from a living or cadaveric source.
Organs that have been successfully transplanted include the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, thymus and uterus. Tissues include bones, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), corneae, skin, heart valves, nerves and veins. Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed by the liver and then the heart. Corneae and musculoskeletal grafts are the most commonly transplanted tissues; these outnumber organ transplants by more than tenfold.
Organ donors may be living, brain dead, or dead via circulatory death. Tissue may be recovered from donors who die of circulatory death, as well as of brain death – up to 24 hours past the cessation of heartbeat. Unlike organs, most tissues (with the exception of corneas) can be preserved and stored for up to five years, meaning they can be "banked". Transplantation raises a number of bioethical issues, including the definition of death, when and how consent should be given for an organ to be transplanted, and payment for organs for transplantation. Other ethical issues include transplantation tourism (medical tourism) and more broadly the socio-economic context in which organ procurement or transplantation may occur. A particular problem is organ trafficking. There is also the ethical issue of not holding out false hope to patients.
Transplantation medicine is one of the most challenging and complex areas of modern medicine. Some of the key areas for medical management are the problems of transplant rejection, during which the body has an immune response to the transplanted organ, possibly leading to transplant failure and the need to immediately remove the organ from the recipient. When possible, transplant rejection can be reduced through serotyping to determine the most appropriate donor-recipient match and through the use of immunosuppressant drugs.
Types of transplant
Autograft
Autografts are the transplant of tissue to the same person. Sometimes this is done with surplus tissue, tissue that can regenerate, or tissues more desperately needed elsewhere (examples include skin grafts, vein extraction for CABG, etc.). Sometimes an autograft is done to remove the tissue and then treat it or the person before returning it (examples include stem cell autograft and storing blood in advance of surgery). In a rotationplasty, a distal joint is used to replace a more proximal one; typically a foot or ankle joint is used to replace a knee joint. The person's foot is severed and reversed, the knee removed, and the tibia joined with the femur.
Allograft and allotransplantation
An allograft is a transplant of an organ or tissue between two genetically non-identical members of the same species. Most human tissue and organ transplants are allografts. Due to the genetic difference between the organ and the recipient, the recipient's immune system will identify the organ as foreign and attempt to destroy it, causing transplant rejection. The risk of transplant rejection can be estimated by measuring the panel-reactive antibody level.
Isograft
An isograft is a subset of allograft in which organs or tissues are transplanted from a donor to a genetically identical recipient (such as an identical twin). Isografts are differentiated from other types of transplants because while they are anatomically identical to autografts, they do not trigger an immune response.
Xenograft and xenotransplantation
A xenograft is a transplant of organs or tissue from one species to another. An example is porcine heart valve transplant, which is quite common and successful. Another example is attempted piscine–primate (fish to non-human primate) transplant of pancreatic islets. The latter research study was intended to pave the way for potential human use if successful. However, xenotransplantion is often an extremely dangerous type of transplant because of the increased risk of non-functional compatibility, rejection, and disease carried in the tissue. In the opposite direction, attempts are being made devise a way to transplant human fetal hearts and kidneys into animals for future transplantation into human patients to address the shortage of donor organs.
Domino transplants
In people with cystic fibrosis (CF), where both lungs need to be replaced, it is a technically easier operation with a higher rate of success to replace both the heart and lungs of the recipient with those of the donor. As the recipient's original heart is usually healthy, it can then be transplanted into a second recipient in need of a heart transplant, thus making the person with CF a living heart donor. In a 2016 case at Stanford Medical Center, a woman who was needing a heart-lung transplant had cystic fibrosis which had led to one lung expanding and the other shrinking, thereby displacing her heart. The second patient who in turn received her heart was a woman with right ventricular dysplasia which had led to a dangerously abnormal rhythm. The dual operations required three surgical teams, including one to remove the heart and lungs from a recently deceased initial donor. The two living recipients did well and had an opportunity to meet six weeks after their simultaneous operations.
Another example of this situation occurs with a special form of liver transplant in which the recipient has familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy, a disease where the liver slowly produces a protein that damages other organs. The recipient's liver can then be transplanted into an older person for whom the effects of the disease will not necessarily contribute significantly to mortality.
This term also refers to a series of living donor transplants in which one donor donates to the highest recipient on the waiting list and the transplant center utilizes that donation to facilitate multiple transplants. These other transplants are otherwise impossible due to blood type or antibody barriers to transplantation. The "Good Samaritan" kidney is transplanted into one of the other recipients, whose donor in turn donates his or her kidney to an unrelated recipient. This method allows all organ recipients to get a transplant even if their living donor is not a match to them. This further benefits people below any of these recipients on waiting lists, as they move closer to the top of the list for a deceased-donor organ. Johns Hopkins Medical Center in Baltimore and Northwestern University's Northwestern Memorial Hospital have received significant attention for pioneering transplants of this kind. In February 2012, the last link in a record 60-person domino chain of 30 kidney transplants was completed.
ABO-incompatible transplants
Because very young children (generally under 12 months, but often as old as 24 months) do not have a well-developed immune system, it is possible for them to receive organs from otherwise incompatible donors. This is known as ABO-incompatible (ABOi) transplantation. Graft survival and people's mortality is approximately the same between ABOi and ABO-compatible (ABOc) recipients. While focus has been on infant heart transplants, the principles generally apply to other forms of solid organ transplantation.
The most important factors are that the recipient not have produced isohemagglutinins, and that they have low levels of T cell-independent antigens. United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) regulations allow for ABOi transplantation in children under two years of age if isohemagglutinin titers are 1:4 or below, and if there is no matching ABOc recipient. Studies have shown that the period under which a recipient may undergo ABOi transplantation may be prolonged by exposure to nonself A and B antigens. Furthermore, should the recipient (for example, type B-positive with a type AB-positive graft) require eventual retransplantation, the recipient may receive a new organ of either blood type.
Limited success has been achieved in ABO-incompatible heart transplants in adults, though this requires that the adult recipients have low levels of anti-A or anti-B antibodies. Renal transplantation is more successful, with similar long-term graft survival rates to ABOc transplants.
Transplantation in obese individuals
Until recently, people with obesity were not considered appropriate candidate donors for renal transplantation. In 2009, the physicians at the University of Illinois Medical Center performed the first robotic renal transplantation in an obese recipient and have continued to transplant people with a body mass index over 35 using robotic surgery. As of January 2014, over 100 people who would otherwise have been turned down because of their weight have successfully been transplanted.
Organs and tissues transplanted
Chest
Heart (deceased-donor only; porcine xenograft attempted)
Lung (deceased-donor and living-related lung transplantation)
Thymus
Abdomen
Kidney (deceased-donor and living-donor; porcine xenograft attempted)
Liver (deceased-donor, which enables donation of a whole liver; and living-donor, where each donor can provide up to 70% of a liver)
Pancreas (deceased-donor only; a very severe type of diabetes ensues if a live person's entire pancreas is removed)
Intestine (deceased-donor and living-donor; normally refers to the small intestine)
Stomach (deceased-donor only)
Uterus (deceased-donor only)
Testis (deceased-donor and living-donor)
Penis (deceased-donor only)
Tissues, cells and fluids
Hand (deceased-donor only), see first recipient Clint Hallam
Cornea (deceased-donor only) see the ophthalmologist Eduard Zirm
Skin, including face replant (autograft) and face transplant (extremely rare)
Islets of Langerhans (pancreas islet cells) (deceased-donor and living-donor)
Bone marrow or adult stem cell (living-donor and autograft)
Blood transfusion, whole blood or fractionated blood products (living-donor and autograft)
Blood vessels (autograft and deceased-donor)
Heart valve (deceased-donor, living-donor and xenograft [porcine/bovine])
Bone (deceased-donor and living-donor)
Types of donor
Organ donors may be living or may have died of brain death or circulatory death. Most deceased donors are those who have been pronounced brain dead. Brain dead means the cessation of brain function, typically after receiving an injury (either traumatic or pathological) to the brain, or otherwise cutting off blood circulation to the brain (drowning, suffocation, etc.). Breathing is maintained via artificial sources, which, in turn, maintains heartbeat. Once brain death has been declared, the person can be considered for organ donation. Criteria for brain death vary. Because less than 3% of all deaths in the US are the result of brain death, the overwhelming majority of deaths are ineligible for organ donation, resulting in severe shortages.
Organ donation is possible after cardiac death in some situations, primarily when the person is severely brain-injured and not expected to survive without artificial breathing and mechanical support. Independent of any decision to donate, a person's next-of-kin may decide to end artificial support. If the person is expected to expire within a short period of time after support is withdrawn, arrangements can be made to withdraw that support in an operating room to allow quick recovery of the organs after circulatory death has occurred.
Tissues may be recovered from donors who die of either brain or circulatory death. In general, tissues may be recovered from donors up to 24 hours past the cessation of heartbeat. In contrast to organs, most tissues (with the exception of corneas) can be preserved and stored for up to five years, meaning they can be "banked." Also, more than 60 grafts may be obtained from a single tissue donor. Because of these three factorsthe ability to recover from a non-heart-beating donor, the ability to bank tissue, and the number of grafts available from each donortissue transplants are much more common than organ transplants. The American Association of Tissue Banks estimates that more than one million tissue transplants take place in the United States each year.
Living donor
In living donors, the donor remains alive and donates a renewable tissue, cell, or fluid (e.g., blood, skin), or donates an organ or part of an organ in which the remaining organ can regenerate or take on the workload of the rest of the organ (primarily single kidney donation, partial donation of liver, lung lobe, small bowel). Regenerative medicine may one day allow for laboratory-grown organs, using person's own cells via stem cells, or healthy cells extracted from the failing organs.
Deceased donor
Deceased donors (formerly cadaveric) are people who have been declared brain-dead and whose organs are kept viable by ventilators or other mechanical mechanisms until they can be excised for transplantation. Apart from brainstem-dead donors, who have formed the majority of deceased donors for the last 20 years, there is increasing use of after-circulatory-death donors (formerly non-heart-beating donors) to increase the potential pool of donors as demand for transplants continues to grow. Prior to the legal recognition of brain death in the 1980s, all deceased organ donors had died of circulatory death. These organs have inferior outcomes to organs from a brain-dead donor. For instance, patients who underwent liver transplantation using donation-after-circulatory-death allografts have been shown to have significantly lower graft survival than those from donation-after-brain-death allografts due to biliary complications and primary nonfunction in liver transplantation. However, given the scarcity of suitable organs and the number of people who die waiting, any potentially suitable organ must be considered. Jurisdictions with medically assisted suicide may co-ordinate organ donations from that source.
Allocation of organs
In most countries there is a shortage of suitable organs for transplantation. Countries often have formal systems in place to manage the process of determining who is an organ donor and in what order organ recipients receive available organs.
The overwhelming majority of deceased-donor organs in the United States are allocated by federal contract to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, held since it was created by the Organ Transplant Act of 1984 by the United Network for Organ Sharing, or UNOS. (UNOS does not handle donor cornea tissue; corneal donor tissue is usually handled by various eye banks.) Individual regional organ procurement organizations, all members of the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, are responsible for the identification of suitable donors and collection of the donated organs. UNOS then allocates organs based on the method considered most fair by the leadership in the field. The allocation methodology varies somewhat by organ, and changes periodically. For example, liver allocation is based partially on MELD score (Model of End-Stage Liver Disease), an empirical score based on lab values indicative of the sickness of the person from liver disease. In 1984, the National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA) was passed; it gave way to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, which maintains the organ registry and ensures equitable allocation of organs. The Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients was also established to conduct ongoing studies into the evaluation and clinical status of organ transplants. In 2000 the Children's Health Act passed and required NOTA to consider special issues around pediatric patients and organ allocation.
An example of "line jumping" occurred in 2003 at Duke University when doctors attempted to correct an initially incorrect transplant. An American teenager received a heart-lung donation with the wrong blood type for her. She then received a second transplant even though she was then in such poor physical shape that she normally would not be considered a good candidate for a transplant.
In an April 2008 article in The Guardian, Steven Tsui, the head of the transplant team at Papworth Hospital in the UK, is quoted in raising the ethical issue of not holding out false hope. He stated, "Conventionally we would say if people's life expectancy was a year or less we would consider them a candidate for a heart transplant. But we also have to manage expectations. If we know that in an average year we will do 30 heart transplants, there is no point putting 60 people on our waiting list, because we know half of them will die and it's not right to give them false hope."
Experiencing somewhat increased popularity, but still very rare, is directed or targeted donation, in which the family of a deceased donor (often honoring the wishes of the deceased) requests an organ be given to a specific person, subverting the allocation system. In the United States, there are various lengths of waiting times due to the different availabilities of organs in different UNOS regions. In other countries such as the UK, only medical factors and the position on the waiting list can affect who receives the organ.
One of the more publicized cases of this type was the 1994 Chester and Patti Szuber transplant. This was the first time that a parent had received a heart donated by one of their own children. Although the decision to accept the heart from his recently killed child was not an easy decision, the Szuber family agreed that giving Patti's heart to her father would have been something that she would have wanted.
Access to organ transplantation is one reason for the growth of medical tourism.
Reasons for donation and ethical issues
Living related donors
Living related donors donate to family members or friends in whom they have an emotional investment. The risk of surgery is offset by the psychological benefit of not losing someone related to them, or not seeing them suffer the ill effects of waiting on a list.
Paired exchange
A "paired-exchange" is a technique of matching willing living donors to compatible recipients using serotyping. For example, a spouse may be willing to donate a kidney to their partner but cannot since there is not a biological match. The willing spouse's kidney is donated to a matching recipient who also has an incompatible but willing spouse. The second donor must match the first recipient to complete the pair exchange. Typically the surgeries are scheduled simultaneously in case one of the donors decides to back out and the couples are kept anonymous from each other until after the transplant. Paired-donor exchange, led by work in the New England Program for Kidney Exchange as well as at Johns Hopkins University and the Ohio organ procurement organizations, may more efficiently allocate organs and lead to more transplants.
Paired exchange programs were popularized in the New England Journal of Medicine article "Ethics of a paired-kidney-exchange program" in 1997 by L.F. Ross. It was also proposed by Felix T. Rapport in 1986 as part of his initial proposals for live-donor transplants "The case for a living emotionally related international kidney donor exchange registry" in Transplant Proceedings. A paired exchange is the simplest case of a much larger exchange registry program where willing donors are matched with any number of compatible recipients. Transplant exchange programs have been suggested as early as 1970: "A cooperative kidney typing and exchange program."
The first pair exchange transplant in the US was in 2001 at Johns Hopkins Hospital. The first complex multihospital kidney exchange involving 12 people was performed in February 2009 by The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Barnes-Jewish Hospital in St. Louis and Integris Baptist Medical Center in Oklahoma City. Another 12-person multihospital kidney exchange was performed four weeks later by Saint Barnabas Medical Center in Livingston, New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center and New York-Presbyterian Hospital. Surgical teams led by Johns Hopkins continue to pioneer this field with more complex chains of exchange, such as an eight-way multihospital kidney exchange. In December 2009, a 13 organ 13 recipient matched kidney exchange took place, coordinated through Georgetown University Hospital and Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC.
Good Samaritan
Good Samaritan or "altruistic" donation is giving a donation to someone that has no prior affiliation with the donor. The idea of altruistic donation is to give with no interest of personal gain, it is out of pure selflessness. On the other hand, the current allocation system does not assess a donor's motive, so altruistic donation is not a requirement. Some people choose to do this out of a personal need to donate. Some donate to the next person on the list; others use some method of choosing a recipient based on criteria important to them. Web sites are being developed that facilitate such donation. Over half of the members of the Jesus Christians, an Australian religious group, have donated kidneys in such a fashion.
Financial compensation
Monetary compensation for organ donors, in the form of reimbursement for out-of-pocket expenses, has been legalised in Australia, and strictly only in the case of kidney transplant in the case of Singapore (minimal reimbursement is offered in the case of other forms of organ harvesting by Singapore). Kidney disease organizations in both countries have expressed their support.
In compensated donation, donors get money or other compensation in exchange for their organs. This practice is common in some parts of the world, whether legal or not, and is one of the many factors driving medical tourism.
In the illegal black market the donors may not get sufficient after-operation care, the price of a kidney may be above $160,000, middlemen take most of the money, the operation is more dangerous to both the donor and receiver, and the receiver often gets hepatitis or HIV. In legal markets of Iran the price of a kidney is $2,000 to $4,000.
An article by Gary Becker and Julio Elias on "Introducing Incentives in the market for Live and Cadaveric Organ Donations" said that a free market could help solve the problem of a scarcity in organ transplants. Their economic modeling was able to estimate the price tag for human kidneys ($15,000) and human livers ($32,000).
In the United States, The National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 made organ sales illegal. In the United Kingdom, the Human Organ Transplants Act 1989 first made organ sales illegal, and has been superseded by the Human Tissue Act 2004. In 2007, two major European conferences recommended against the sale of organs. Recent development of web sites and personal advertisements for organs among listed candidates has raised the stakes when it comes to the selling of organs, and have also sparked significant ethical debates over directed donation, "good-Samaritan" donation, and the current US organ allocation policy. Bioethicist Jacob M. Appel has argued that organ solicitation on billboards and the internet may actually increase the overall supply of organs.
In an experimental survey, Elias, Lacetera and Macis (2019) find that preferences for compensation for kidney donors have strong moral foundations; participants in the experiment especially reject direct payments by patients, which they find would violate principles of fairness.
Many countries have different approaches to organ donation such as: the opt-out approach and many advertisements of organ donors, encouraging people to donate. Although these laws have been implemented into a certain country they are not forced upon very one as it is an individual decision.
Two books, Kidney for Sale By Owner by Mark Cherry (Georgetown University Press, 2005) and Stakes and Kidneys: Why Markets in Human Body Parts are Morally Imperative by James Stacey Taylor:
(Ashgate Press, 2005), advocate using markets to increase the supply of organs available for transplantation.
In a 2004 journal article economist Alex Tabarrok argues that allowing organ sales, and elimination of organ donor lists will increase supply, lower costs and diminish social anxiety towards organ markets.
Iran has had a legal market for kidneys since 1988. The donor is paid approximately US$1200 by the government and also usually receives additional funds from either the recipient or local charities. The Economist and the Ayn Rand Institute approve and advocate a legal market elsewhere. They argued that if 0.06% of Americans between 19 and 65 were to sell one kidney, the national waiting list would disappear (which, the Economist wrote, happened in Iran). The Economist argued that donating kidneys is no more risky than surrogate motherhood, which can be done legally for pay in most countries.
In Pakistan, 40 percent to 50 percent of the residents of some villages have only one kidney because they have sold the other for a transplant into a wealthy person, probably from another country, said Dr. Farhat Moazam of Pakistan, at a World Health Organization conference. Pakistani donors are offered $2,500 for a kidney but receive only about half of that because middlemen take so much. In Chennai, southern India, poor fishermen and their families sold kidneys after their livelihoods were destroyed by the Indian Ocean tsunami on 26 December 2004. About 100 people, mostly women, sold their kidneys for 40,000–60,000 rupees ($900–1,350). Thilakavathy Agatheesh, 30, who sold a kidney in May 2005 for 40,000 rupees said, "I used to earn some money selling fish but now the post-surgery stomach cramps prevent me from going to work." Most kidney sellers say that selling their kidney was a mistake.
In Cyprus in 2010 police closed a fertility clinic under charges of trafficking in human eggs. The Petra Clinic, as it was known locally, brought in women from Ukraine and Russia for egg harvesting and sold the genetic material to foreign fertility tourists. This sort of reproductive trafficking violates laws in the European Union. In 2010 Scott Carney reported for the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting and the magazine Fast Company explored illicit fertility networks in Spain, the United States and Israel.
Forced donation
There have been concerns that certain authorities are harvesting organs from people deemed undesirable, such as prison populations. The World Medical Association stated that prisoners and other individuals in custody are not in a position to give consent freely, and therefore their organs must not be used for transplantation.
According to former Chinese Deputy Minister of Health, Huang Jiefu, the practice of transplanting organs from executed prisoners is still occurring . World Journal reported Huang had admitted approximately 95% of all organs used for transplantation are from executed prisoners. The lack of a public organ donation program in China is used as a justification for this practice. In July 2006, the Kilgour-Matas report stated, "the source of 41,500 transplants for the six-year period 2000 to 2005 is unexplained" and "we believe that there has been and continues today to be large scale organ seizures from unwilling Falun Gong practitioners". Investigative journalist Ethan Gutmann estimates 65,000 Falun Gong practitioners were killed for their organs from 2000 to 2008. However 2016 reports updated the death toll of the 15-year period since the persecution of Falun Gong began putting the death toll at 150,000 to 1.5 million. In December 2006, after not getting assurances from the Chinese government about allegations relating to Chinese prisoners, the two major organ transplant hospitals in Queensland, Australia stopped transplantation training for Chinese surgeons and banned joint research programs into organ transplantation with China.
In May 2008, two United Nations Special Rapporteurs reiterated their requests for "the Chinese government to fully explain the allegation of taking vital organs from Falun Gong practitioners and the source of organs for the sudden increase in organ transplants that has been going on in China since the year 2000". People in other parts of the world are responding to this availability of organs, and a number of individuals (including US and Japanese citizens) have elected to travel to China or India as medical tourists to receive organ transplants which may have been sourced in what might be considered elsewhere to be unethical manner.
Organ transplantation by region
Some estimates of the number of transplants performed in various regions of the world have been derived from the Global Burden of Disease Study.
According to the Council of Europe, Spain through the Spanish Transplant Organization shows the highest worldwide rate of 35.1 donors per million population in 2005 and 33.8 in 2006. In 2011, it was 35.3.
In addition to the citizens waiting for organ transplants in the US and other developed nations, there are long waiting lists in the rest of the world. More than 2 million people need organ transplants in China, 50,000 waiting in Latin America (90% of whom are waiting for kidneys), as well as thousands more in the less documented continent of Africa. Donor bases vary in developing nations.
In Latin America the donor rate is 40–100 per million per year, similar to that of developed countries. However, in Uruguay, Cuba, and Chile, 90% of organ transplants came from cadaveric donors. Cadaveric donors represent 35% of donors in Saudi Arabia. There is continuous effort to increase the utilization of cadaveric donors in Asia; however, the popularity of living, single kidney donors in India yields a cadaveric donor prevalence of less than 1 per million population.
Traditionally, Muslims believe body desecration in life or death to be forbidden, and thus many reject organ transplant. However most Muslim authorities nowadays accept the practice if another life will be saved. As an example, it may be assumed in countries such as Singapore with a cosmopolitan populace that includes Muslims, a special Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura governing body is formed to look after the interests of Singapore's Muslim community over issues that includes their burial arrangements.
Organ transplantation in Singapore is generally overseen by the National Organ Transplant Unit of the Ministry of Health (Singapore). Due to a diversity in mindsets and religious viewpoints, while Muslims on this island are generally not expected to donate their organs even upon death, youth in Singapore are educated on the Human Organ Transplant Act at the age of 18, which is around the age of military conscription. The Organ Donor Registry maintains two types of information, firstly people of Singapore that donate their organs or bodies for transplantation, research or education upon their death, under the Medical (Therapy, Education and Research) Act (MTERA), and secondly people that object to the removal of kidneys, liver, heart and corneas upon death for the purpose of transplantation, under the Human Organ Transplant Act (HOTA). The Live On social awareness movement is also formed to educate Singaporeans on organ donation.
Organ transplantation in China has taken place since the 1960s, and China has one of the largest transplant programmes in the world, peaking at over 13,000 transplants a year by 2004. Organ donation, however, is against Chinese tradition and culture, and involuntary organ donation is illegal under Chinese law. China's transplant programme attracted the attention of international news media in the 1990s due to ethical concerns about the organs and tissue removed from the corpses of executed criminals being commercially traded. In 2006 it became clear that about 41,500 organs had been sourced from Falun Gong practitioners in China since 2000.
With regard to organ transplantation in Israel, there is a severe organ shortage due to religious objections by some rabbis who oppose all organ donations and others who advocate that a rabbi participate in all decision making regarding a particular donor. One-third of all heart transplants performed on Israelis are done in China; others are done in Europe. Dr. Jacob Lavee, head of the heart-transplant unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv, believes that "transplant tourism" is unethical and Israeli insurers should not pay for it. The organization HODS (Halachic Organ Donor Society) is working to increase knowledge and participation in organ donation among Jews throughout the world.
Transplantation rates also differ based on race, sex, and income. A study done with people beginning long term dialysis showed that the sociodemographic barriers to renal transplantation present themselves even before patients are on the transplant list. For example, different groups express definite interest and complete pretransplant workup at different rates. Previous efforts to create fair transplantation policies had focused on people currently on the transplantation waiting list.
In the United States, nearly 35,000 organ transplants were done in 2017, a 3.4 percent increase over 2016. About 18 percent of these were from living donors – people who gave one kidney or a part of their liver to someone else. But 115,000 Americans remain on waiting lists for organ transplants. By September 2022, the US had reached one million organ transplants overall.
History
Successful human allotransplants have a relatively long history of operative skills that were present long before the necessities for post-operative survival were discovered. Rejection and the side effects of preventing rejection (especially infection and nephropathy) were, are, and may always be the key problem.
Several apocryphal accounts of transplants exist well prior to the scientific understanding and advancements that would be necessary for them to have actually occurred. The Chinese physician Pien Chi'ao reportedly exchanged hearts between a man of strong spirit but weak will with one of a man of weak spirit but strong will in an attempt to achieve balance in each man. Roman Catholic accounts report the 3rd-century saints Damian and Cosmas as replacing the gangrenous or cancerous leg of the Roman deacon Justinian with the leg of a recently deceased Ethiopian. Most accounts have the saints performing the transplant in the 4th century, many decades after their deaths; some accounts have them only instructing living surgeons who performed the procedure.
The more likely accounts of early transplants deal with skin transplantation. The first reasonable account is of the Indian surgeon Sushruta in the 2nd century BC, who used autografted skin transplantation in nose reconstruction, a rhinoplasty. Success or failure of these procedures is not well documented. Centuries later, the Italian surgeon Gasparo Tagliacozzi performed successful skin autografts; he also failed consistently with allografts, offering the first suggestion of rejection centuries before that mechanism could possibly be understood. He attributed it to the "force and power of individuality" in his 1596 work De Curtorum Chirurgia per Insitionem.
The first successful corneal allograft transplant was performed in 1837 in a gazelle model; the first successful human corneal transplant, a keratoplastic operation, was performed by Eduard Zirm at Olomouc Eye Clinic, now in the Czech Republic, in 1905.
The first transplant in the modern sense – the implantation of organ tissue in order to replace an organ function – was a thyroid transplant in 1883. It was performed by the Swiss surgeon and later Nobel laureate Theodor Kocher. In the preceding decades Kocher had perfected the removal of excess thyroid tissue in cases of goiter to an extent that he was able to remove the whole organ without the person dying from the operation. Kocher carried out the total removal of the organ in some cases as a measure to prevent recurrent goiter. By 1883, the surgeon noticed that the complete removal of the organ leads to a complex of particular symptoms that we today have learned to associate with a lack of thyroid hormone. Kocher reversed these symptoms by implanting thyroid tissue to these people and thus performed the first organ transplant. In the following years Kocher and other surgeons used thyroid transplantation also to treat thyroid deficiency that appeared spontaneously, without a preceding organ removal.
Thyroid transplantation became the model for a whole new therapeutic strategy: organ transplantation. After the example of the thyroid, other organs were transplanted in the decades around 1900. Some of these transplants were done in animals for purposes of research, where organ removal and transplantation became a successful strategy of investigating the function of organs. Kocher was awarded his Nobel Prize in 1909 for the discovery of the function of the thyroid gland. At the same time, organs were also transplanted for treating diseases in humans. The thyroid gland became the model for transplants of adrenal and parathyroid glands, pancreas, ovary, testicles and kidney. By 1900, the idea that one can successfully treat internal diseases by replacing a failed organ through transplantation had been generally accepted. Pioneering work in the surgical technique of transplantation was made in the early 1900s by the French surgeon Alexis Carrel, with Charles Guthrie, with the transplantation of arteries or veins. Their skillful anastomosis operations and the new suturing techniques laid the groundwork for later transplant surgery and won Carrel the 1912 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. From 1902, Carrel performed transplant experiments on dogs. Surgically successful in moving kidneys, hearts, and spleens, he was one of the first to identify the problem of rejection, which remained insurmountable for decades. The discovery of transplant immunity by the German surgeon Georg Schöne, various strategies of matching donor and recipient, and the use of different agents for immune suppression did not result in substantial improvement so that organ transplantation was largely abandoned after WWI.
In 1954, the first ever successful transplant of any organ was done at the Brigham & Women's Hospital in Boston, Ma. The surgery was performed by Dr. Joseph Murray, who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work. The success of this transplant was mostly due to the family relation between the recipient, a Richard Herrick of Maine, and his donor and identical twin brother Ronald. Richard Herrick was in the Navy and became severely ill with acute renal failure. His brother Ronald donated his kidney to Richard, and Richard lived on for another eight years. Prior to this case, transplant recipients did not survive for more than thirty days. Their close family relation meant there was no need for anti-rejection medications, which was not known until this time, so the case shed light on the cause of rejection and of possible anti-rejection medicine.
Major steps in skin transplantation occurred during the First World War, notably in the work of Harold Gillies at Aldershot. Among his advances was the tubed pedicle graft, which maintained a flesh connection from the donor site until the graft established its own blood flow. Gillies' assistant, Archibald McIndoe, carried on the work into the Second World War as reconstructive surgery. In 1962, the first successful replantation surgery was performed – re-attaching a severed limb and restoring (limited) function and feeling.
Transplant of a single gonad (testis) from a living donor was carried out in early July 1926 in Zaječar, Serbia, by a Russian émigré surgeon Dr. Peter Vasil'evič Kolesnikov. The donor was a convicted murderer, one Ilija Krajan, whose death sentence was commuted to 20 years imprisonment, and he was led to believe that it was done because he had donated his testis to an elderly medical doctor. Both the donor and the receiver survived, but charges were brought in a court of law by the public prosecutor against Dr. Kolesnikov, not for performing the operation, but for lying to the donor.
The first attempted human deceased-donor transplant was performed by the Ukrainian surgeon Yurii Voronoy in the 1930s; but failed due to ischemia. Joseph Murray and J. Hartwell Harrison performed the first successful transplant, a kidney transplant between identical twins, in 1954, because no immunosuppression was necessary for genetically identical individuals.
In the late 1940s Peter Medawar, working for the National Institute for Medical Research, improved the understanding of rejection. Identifying the immune reactions in 1951, Medawar suggested that immunosuppressive drugs could be used. Cortisone had been recently discovered and the more effective azathioprine was identified in 1959, but it was not until the discovery of cyclosporine in 1970 that transplant surgery found a sufficiently powerful immunosuppressive.
There was a successful deceased-donor lung transplant into an emphysema and lung cancer patient in June 1963 by James Hardy at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Mississippi. The patient John Russell survived for eighteen days before dying of kidney failure.
Thomas Starzl of Denver attempted a liver transplant in the same year, but he was not successful until 1967.
In the early 1960s and prior to long-term dialysis becoming available, Keith Reemtsma and his colleagues at Tulane University in New Orleans attempted transplants of chimpanzee kidneys into 13 human patients. Most of these patients only lived one to two months. However, in 1964, a 23-year-old woman lived for nine months and even returned to her job as a school teacher until she suddenly collapsed and died. It was assumed that she died from an acute electrolyte disturbance. At autopsy, the kidneys had not been rejected nor was there any other obvious cause of death. One source states this patient died from pneumonia. Tom Starzl and his team in Colorado used baboon kidneys with six human patients who lived one or two months, but with no longer term survivors. Others in the United States and France had limited experiences.
The heart was a major prize for transplant surgeons. But over and above rejection issues, the heart deteriorates within minutes of death, so any operation would have to be performed at great speed. The development of the heart-lung machine was also needed. Lung pioneer James Hardy was prepared to attempt a human heart transplant in 1964, but when a premature failure of comatose Boyd Rush's heart caught Hardy with no human donor, he used a chimpanzee heart, which beat in his patient's chest for approximately one hour and then failed. The first partial success was achieved on 3 December 1967, when Christiaan Barnard of Cape Town, South Africa, performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant with patient Louis Washkansky as the recipient. Washkansky survived for eighteen days amid what many saw as a distasteful publicity circus. The media interest prompted a spate of heart transplants. Over a hundred were performed in 1968–1969, but almost all the people died within 60 days. Barnard's second patient, Philip Blaiberg, lived for 19 months.
It was the advent of cyclosporine that altered transplants from research surgery to life-saving treatment. In 1968 surgical pioneer Denton Cooley performed 17 transplants, including the first heart-lung transplant. Fourteen of his patients were dead within six months. By 1984 two-thirds of all heart transplant patients survived for five years or more. With organ transplants becoming commonplace, limited only by donors, surgeons moved on to riskier fields, including multiple-organ transplants on humans and whole-body transplant research on animals. On 9 March 1981, the first successful heart-lung transplant took place at Stanford University Hospital. The head surgeon, Bruce Reitz, credited the patient's recovery to cyclosporine.
As the rising success rate of transplants and modern immunosuppression make transplants more common, the need for more organs has become critical. Transplants from living donors, especially relatives, have become increasingly common. Additionally, there is substantive research into xenotransplantation, or transgenic organs; although these forms of transplant are not yet being used in humans, clinical trials involving the use of specific cell types have been conducted with promising results, such as using porcine islets of Langerhans to treat type 1 diabetes. However, there are still many problems that would need to be solved before they would be feasible options in people requiring transplants.
Recently, researchers have been looking into means of reducing the general burden of immunosuppression. Common approaches include avoidance of steroids, reduced exposure to calcineurin inhibitors, and other means of weaning drugs based on patient outcome and function. While short-term outcomes appear promising, long-term outcomes are still unknown, and in general, reduced immunosuppression increases the risk of rejection and decreases the risk of infection. The risk of early rejection is increased if corticosteroid immunosuppression are avoided or withdrawn after renal transplantation.
Many other new drugs are under development for transplantation.
The emerging field of regenerative medicine promises to solve the problem of organ transplant rejection by regrowing organs in the lab, using person's own cells (stem cells or healthy cells extracted from the donor site).
Timeline of transplants
1869: First skin autograft-transplantation by Carl Bunger, who documented the first modern successful skin graft on a person. Bunger repaired a person's nose destroyed by syphilis by grafting flesh from the inner thigh to the nose, in a method reminiscent of the Sushrutha.
1905: First successful cornea transplant by Eduard Zirm (Czech Republic)
1908: First skin allograft-transplantation of skin from a donor to a recipient (Switzerland)
1931: First uterus transplantation (Lili Elbe).
1950: First successful kidney transplant by Dr. Richard H. Lawler (Chicago, US)
1954: First living related kidney transplant (identical twins) (US)
1954: Brazil's first successful corneal transplant, the first liver (Brazil)
1955: First heart valve allograft into descending aorta (Canada)
1963: First successful lung transplant by James D. Hardy with patient living 18 days (US)
1964: James D. Hardy attempts heart transplant using chimpanzee heart (US)
1964: Human patient lived nine months with chimpanzee kidneys, twelve other human patients only lived one to two months, Keith Reemtsma and team (New Orleans, US)
1965: Spain's first successful kidney transplant at Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, by a surgeon team lead by Josep Maria Gil-Vernet and Antoni Caralps. The patient, a woman, had a very long life since the procedure.
1965: Australia's first successful (living) kidney transplant (Queen Elizabeth Hospital, SA, Australia)
1966: First successful pancreas transplant by Richard C. Lillehei and William Kelly (Minnesota, US)
1967: First successful liver transplant by Thomas Starzl (Denver, US)
1967: First successful heart transplant by Christian Barnard (Cape Town, South Africa)
1978 Use of ciclosporin in clinical renal transplants
1981 Use of monoclonal antibodies to lymphocytes in organ grafting
1981: First successful heart/lung transplant by Bruce Reitz (Stanford, US)
1983: First successful lung lobe transplant by Joel Cooper at the Toronto General Hospital (Toronto, Canada)
1984: First successful double organ transplant by Thomas Starzl and Henry T. Bahnson (Pittsburgh, US)
1986: First successful double-lung transplant (Ann Harrison) by Joel Cooper at the Toronto General Hospital (Toronto, Canada)
1990: First successful adult segmental living-related liver transplant by Mehmet Haberal (Ankara, Turkey)
1992: First successful combined liver-kidney transplantation from a living-related donor by Mehmet Haberal (Ankara, Turkey)
1995: First successful laparoscopic live-donor nephrectomy by Lloyd Ratner and Louis Kavoussi (Baltimore, US)
1997: First successful allogeneic vascularized transplantation of a fresh and perfused human knee joint by Gunther O. Hofmann
1997: Illinois' first living donor kidney-pancreas transplant and first robotic living donor pancreatectomy in the US. University of Illinois Medical Center
1998: First successful live-donor partial pancreas transplant by David Sutherland (Minnesota, US)
1998: First successful hand transplant by Dr. Jean-Michel Dubernard (Lyon, France)
1998: United States' first adult-to-adult living donor liver transplant University of Illinois Medical Center
1999: First successful tissue engineered bladder transplanted by Anthony Atala (Boston Children's Hospital, US)
2000: First robotic donor nephrectomy for a living-donor kidney transplant in the world University of Illinois Medical Center
2004: First liver and small bowel transplants from same living donor into same recipient in the world University of Illinois Medical Center
2005: First successful ovarian transplant by Dr. P. N. Mhatre (Wadia Hospital, Mumbai, India)
2005: First successful partial face transplant (France)
2005: First robotic hepatectomy in the United States University of Illinois Medical Center
2006: Illinois' first paired donation for ABO incompatible kidney transplant University of Illinois Medical Center
2006: First jaw transplant to combine donor jaw with bone marrow from the patient, by Eric M. Genden (Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, US)
2006: First successful human penis transplant (later reversed after 15 days due to 44-year-old recipient's wife's psychological rejection) (Guangzhou, China)
2008: First successful complete full double arm transplant by Edgar Biemer, Christoph Höhnke and Manfred Stangl (Technical University of Munich, Germany)
2008: First baby born from transplanted ovary. The transplant was carried out by Dr Sherman Silber at the Infertility Centre of St Louis in Missouri. The donor is her twin sister.
2008: First transplant of a human windpipe using a patient's own stem cells, by Paolo Macchiarini (Barcelona, Spain)
2008: First successful transplantation of near total area (80%) of face, (including palate, nose, cheeks, and eyelid) by Maria Siemionow (Cleveland Clinic, US)
2009: Worlds' first robotic kidney transplant in an obese patient University of Illinois Medical Center
2010: First full facial transplant by Dr. Joan Pere Barret and team (Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron on 26 July 2010, in Barcelona, Spain)
2011: First double leg transplant by Dr. Cavadas and team (Valencia's Hospital, La Fe, Spain)
2012: First simultaneous robotic bariatric surgery (sleeve gastrectomy) and kidney transplantation (university of Illinois at Chicago). (1). (2)
2012: First Robotic Alloparathyroid transplant. University of Illinois Chicago
2013: First successful entire face transplantation as an urgent life-saving surgery at Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology branch in Gliwice, Poland.
2014: First successful uterine transplant resulting in live birth (Sweden)
2014: First successful penis transplant. (South Africa)
2014: First neonatal organ transplant. (UK)
2018: Skin gun invented, which takes a small amount of healthy skin to be grown in a lab, then is sprayed onto burnt skin. This way skin will heal in days instead of months and will not scar.
2019: First drone delivery of a donated kidney, that was then successfully transplanted into a patient. (US)
2021: First transplant of both arms and shoulders performed on an Icelandic patient at the Édouard Herriot Hospital. (FR)
2022: First successful heart transplant from a pig to a human patient. (US) The recipient later died as the pig's heart was infected with porcine cytomegalovirus.
Society and culture
Success rates
Since 2000, there have been approximately 2,200 lung transplants performed each year worldwide. From 2000 to 2006, the median survival period for lung transplant patients has been 5.5 years.
Comparative costs
In China, a kidney transplant operation runs for around $70,000, liver for $160,000, and heart for $120,000.
Safety
In the United States, tissue transplants are regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which sets strict regulations on the safety of the transplants, primarily aimed at the prevention of the spread of communicable disease. Regulations include criteria for donor screening and testing as well as strict regulations on the processing and distribution of tissue grafts. Organ transplants are not regulated by the FDA. It is essential that the HLA complexes of both the donor and recipient be as closely matched as possible to prevent graft rejection.
In November 2007, the CDC reported the first-ever case of HIV and Hepatitis C being simultaneously transferred through an organ transplant. The donor was a 38-year-old male, considered "high-risk" by donation organizations, and his organs transmitted HIV and Hepatitis C to four organ recipients. Experts say that the reason the diseases did not show up on screening tests is probably because they were contracted within three weeks before the donor's death, so antibodies would not have existed in high enough numbers to detect. The crisis has caused many to call for more sensitive screening tests, which could pick up antibodies sooner. Currently, the screens cannot pick up on the small number of antibodies produced in HIV infections within the last 90 days or Hepatitis C infections within the last 18–21 days before a donation is made.
Nucleic acid testing is now being done by many organ procurement organizations and is able to detect HIV and hepatitis C directly within seven to ten days of exposure to the virus.
Transplant laws
Both developing and developed countries have forged various policies to try to increase the safety and availability of organ transplants to their citizens. However, whilst potential recipients in developing countries may mirror their more developed counterparts in desperation, potential donors in developing countries do not. The Indian government has had difficulty tracking the flourishing organ black market in their country, but in recent times it has amended its organ transplant law to make punishment more stringent for commercial dealings in organs. It has also included new clauses in the law to support deceased organ donation, such as making it mandatory to request for organ donation in case of brain death. Other countries victimized by illegal organ trade have also implemented legislative reactions. Moldova has made international adoption illegal in fear of organ traffickers. China has made selling of organs illegal as of July 2006 and claims that all prisoner organ donors have filed consent. However, doctors in other countries, such as the United Kingdom, have accused China of abusing its high capital punishment rate. Despite these efforts, illegal organ trafficking continues to thrive and can be attributed to corruption in healthcare systems, which has been traced as high up as the doctors themselves in China and Ukraine, and the blind eye economically strained governments and health care programs must sometimes turn to organ trafficking. Some organs are also shipped to Uganda and the Netherlands. This was a main product in the triangular trade in 1934.
Starting on 1 May 2007, doctors involved in commercial trade of organs will face fines and suspensions in China. Only a few certified hospitals will be allowed to perform organ transplants in order to curb illegal transplants. Harvesting organs without donor's consent was also deemed a crime.
On 27 June 2008, Indonesian, Sulaiman Damanik, 26, pleaded guilty in Singapore court for sale of his kidney to CK Tang's executive chair, Tang Wee Sung, 55, for 150 million rupiah (S$22,200). The Transplant Ethics Committee must approve living donor kidney transplants. Organ trading is banned in Singapore and in many other countries to prevent the exploitation of "poor and socially disadvantaged donors who are unable to make informed choices and suffer potential medical risks." Toni, 27, the other accused, donated a kidney to an Indonesian patient in March, alleging he was the patient's adopted son, and was paid 186 million rupiah (US$20,200). Upon sentence, both would suffer each, 12 months in jail or 10,000 Singapore dollars (US$7,600) fine.
In an article appearing in the April 2004 issue of Econ Journal Watch, economist Alex Tabarrok examined the impact of direct consent laws on transplant organ availability. Tabarrok found that social pressures resisting the use of transplant organs decreased over time as the opportunity of individual decisions increased. Tabarrok concluded his study suggesting that gradual elimination of organ donation restrictions and move to a free market in organ sales will increase supply of organs and encourage broader social acceptance of organ donation as a practice.
In the United States 24 states have no law preventing discrimination against potential organ recipients based on cognitive ability, including children. A 2008 study found that of the transplant centers surveyed in those states 85 percent considered disability when deciding transplant list and forty four percent would deny an organ transplant to a child with a neurodevelopmental disability.
Ethical concerns
The existence and distribution of organ transplantation procedures in developing countries, while almost always beneficial to those receiving them, raise many ethical concerns. Both the source and method of obtaining the organ to transplant are major ethical issues to consider, as well as the notion of distributive justice. The World Health Organization argues that transplantations promote health, but the notion of "transplantation tourism" has the potential to violate human rights or exploit the poor, to have unintended health consequences, and to provide unequal access to services, all of which ultimately may cause harm. Regardless of the "gift of life", in the context of developing countries, this might be coercive. The practice of coercion could be considered exploitative of the poor population, violating basic human rights according to Articles 3 and 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. There is also a powerful opposing view, that trade in organs, if properly and effectively regulated to ensure that the seller is fully informed of all the consequences of donation, is a mutually beneficial transaction between two consenting adults, and that prohibiting it would itself be a violation of Articles 3 and 29 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Even within developed countries there is concern that enthusiasm for increasing the supply of organs may trample on respect for the right to life. The question is made even more complicated by the fact that the "irreversibility" criterion for legal death cannot be adequately defined and can easily change with changing technology.
Artificial organ transplantation
Surgeons, notably Paolo Macchiarini, in Sweden performed the first implantation of a synthetic trachea in July 2011, for a 36-year-old patient who had cancer. Stem cells taken from the patient's hip were treated with growth factors and incubated on a plastic replica of his natural trachea.
According to information uncovered by the Swedish documentary "Dokument Inifrån: Experimenten" (Swedish: "Documents from the Inside: The Experiments") the patient, Andemariam went on to develop an increasingly terrible and eventually bloody cough to dying, incubated, in the hospital. At that point, determined by autopsy, 90% of the synthetic windpipe had come loose. He allegedly made several trips to see Macchiarini for his complications, and at one point had surgery again to have his synthetic windpipe replaced, but Macchiarini was notoriously difficult to get an appointment with. According to the autopsy, the old synthetic windpipe did not appear to have been replaced.
Macchiarini's academic credentials have been called into question and he has recently been accused of alleged research misconduct.
Left ventricular assist devices are often used as a "bridge" to provide additional time while a patient waits for a transplant. For example, former US vice-president Dick Cheney had such a device implanted in 2010 and then 20 months later received a heart transplant in 2012. In year 2012, about 3,000 ventricular assist devices were inserted in the United States, as compared to approximately 2,500 heart transplants. The use of airbags in cars as well as greater use of helmets by bicyclists and skiers has reduced the number of persons with fatal head injuries, which is a common source of donors hearts.
Research
An early-stage medical laboratory and research company, called Organovo, designs and develops functional, three dimensional human tissue for medical research and therapeutic applications. The company utilizes its NovoGen MMX Bioprinter for 3D bioprinting. Organovo anticipates that the bioprinting of human tissues will accelerate the preclinical drug testing and discovery process, enabling treatments to be created more quickly and at lower cost. Additionally, Organovo has long-term expectations that this technology could be suitable for surgical therapy and transplantation.
A further area of active research is concerned with improving and assessing organs during their preservation. Various techniques have emerged which show great promise, most of which involve perfusing the organ under either hypothermic (4–10 °C) or normothermic (37 °C) conditions. All of these add additional cost and logistical complexity to the organ retrieval, preservation and transplant process, but early results suggest it may well be worth it. Hypothermic perfusion is in clinical use for transplantation of kidneys and liver whilst normothermic perfusion has been used effectively in the heart, lung, liver and, less so, in the kidney.
Another area of research being explored is the use of genetically engineered animals for transplants. Similar to human organ donors, scientists have developed a genetically engineered pig with the aim of reducing rejection to pig organs by human patients. This is currently at the basic research stage, but shows great promise in alleviating the long waiting lists for organ transplants and the number of people in need of transplants outweighs the amount of organs donated. Trials are being done to prevent the pig organ transplant to enter a clinical trial phase until the potential disease transfer from pigs to humans can be safely and satisfactorily managed (Isola & Gordon, 1991).
See also
Artificial organ
Beating heart cadaver
Blood transfusion
Laboratory-grown organ
Organ donation
Regenerative medicine
Transplant rejection
Xenotransplantation
References
Isola, L. M., & Gordon, J. W. (1991). Transgenic animals: a new era in developmental biology and medicine. Biotechnology (Reading, Mass.), 16, 3–20.
Further reading
External links
Organ Transplant survival rates from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients
"Overcoming the Rejection Factor: MUSC's First Organ Transplant" online exhibit at Waring Historical Library | wiki |
Transplant or Transplantation may refer to:
Sciences
Transplanting a plant from one location to another
Organ transplantation, moving an organ from one body to another
Transplant thought experiment, an experiment similar to Trolley problem
Transplant experiment, where an organism is moved from one location to another
Ectopic endometrial implantation as part of the theory of retrograde menstruation in endometriosis
Transplantation (journal)
Art and entertainment
Transplants (band), an American band
Transplants (album), 2002
Transplant (video game), an Amiga game
Transplant, a novel by Malcolm Rose
"Transplant" (House), a television episode
Transplant (TV series), a Canadian television series premiering in February 2020
See also
Graft (disambiguation), including some senses meaning a type of transplant | wiki |
The Mont Blanc Tunnel is a highway tunnel between France and Italy, under the Mont Blanc mountain in the Alps. It links Chamonix, Haute-Savoie, France with Courmayeur, Aosta Valley, Italy, via the French Route Nationale 205 and the Italian Traforo T1 (forming the European route E25), in particular the motorways serving Geneva (A40 of France) and Turin (A5 of Italy). The passageway is one of the major trans-Alpine transport routes, particularly for Italy, which relies on this tunnel for transporting as much as one-third of its freight to northern Europe. It reduces the route from France to Turin by and to Milan by . Northeast of Mont Blanc's summit, the tunnel is about southwest of the tripoint with Switzerland, near Mont Dolent.
The agreement between France and Italy on building a tunnel was signed in 1949. Two operating companies were founded, each responsible for one half of the tunnel: the French Autoroutes et tunnel du Mont-Blanc (ATMB), founded on 30 April 1958, and the Italian Società italiana per azioni per il Traforo del Monte Bianco (SITMB), founded on 1 September 1957. Drilling began in 1959 and was completed in 1962; the tunnel was opened to traffic on 19 July 1965.
The tunnel is in length, in width, and in height. The passageway is not horizontal, but in a slightly inverted "V", which assists ventilation. The tunnel consists of a single gallery with a two-lane dual direction road. At the time of its construction, it was three times longer than any existing highway tunnel.
The tunnel passes almost exactly under the summit of the Aiguille du Midi. At this spot, it lies beneath the surface, making it the world's second deepest operational tunnel after the Gotthard Base Tunnel.
The Mont Blanc Tunnel was originally managed by the two building companies. Following a fire in 1999 in which 39 people died, which showed how lack of coordination could hamper the safety of the tunnel, all the operations are managed by a single entity: MBT-EEIG, controlled by both ATMB and SITMB together, through a 50–50 shares distribution.
An alternative route for road traffic between France to Italy is the Fréjus Road Tunnel. Road traffic grew steadily until 1994, even with the opening of the Fréjus tunnel. Since then, the combined traffic volume of the former has remained roughly constant.
Construction statistics
Workforce: five engineers and 350 workmen worked an estimated grand total of 4.6 million man-hours to complete the project
Explosives: of explosives were used to blast of rock
Energy: 37 million kilowatt-hours and of fuel for trucks and engines
Other facts: 771,240 bolts, 6,900 drill rods, and of iron were used to support the vault, of formwork for of cement (mixed with of aggregates)
History
The idea of building a tunnel underneath the Mont Blanc to avoid the need for lengthy circumnavigation dates back to the nineteenth century during the heyday of the railway. However, the idea did not receive widespread attention until 1907, when Francesco Farinet, a Member of Parliament of the Aosta Valley, advocated constructing of the tunnel. In 1908, a first design was presented by French engineer Arnold Monod, to much interest from Italian and French politicians.
Agreement between France and Italy and start of construction by 1959
Due to political turmoil and World War I and World War II, the project did not start until 1959, when excavations on the tunnel officially began. This was preceded by the signing of a national charter for the tunnel construction, ratified by the parliaments of France (1957) and Italy (1954). That same year, the STMB (Société du tunnel du Mont Blanc) was formed, which became ATMB (Autoroutes et Tunnel du Mont Blanc) in 1996. In 1962, the French and Italian drilling teams met on 4 August. The opening was successful, with an axis variation of less than .
Opening 1965
Three years later the tunnel was inaugurated by the French president, Charles de Gaulle, and the Italian President, Giuseppe Saragat on 16 July 1965. The tunnel opened to traffic on 19 July. Surveillance cameras were installed in 1978.
Updates in the 1990s
The tunnel underwent extensive modernisation works in 1990, including the addition of safety features such new video surveillance cameras, 8 pressurized emergency shelters, a sprinkler system and other safety maintenance. In 1997, a fire detection system was installed along with centralized safety equipment management, and new variable message signs.
1999 Fire
On the morning of 24 March 1999, the engine of a Belgian transport truck carrying volatile freight caught fire in the tunnel. The event expanded into a catastrophe which cost the lives of 39 people.
2002 Reopening
This led to a three-year tunnel closure until 9 March 2002. The reopening followed an extensive overhaul of the safety features.
The highway trunk from Aosta to the tunnel on the Italian side was completed in 2007.
Traffic
In 2010, the average traffic volume was 4,945 vehicles per day, or around 1.80 million vehicles per year. In 2011, there were an average of 5,113 vehicles per day (about 1.87 million vehicles per year).
Although several lines of vehicles can queue up at the toll station, only a limited number of vehicles per unit time is allowed to transit the tunnel to ensure a safety distance between them.
Within the tunnel, a minimum speed of 50 km/h and a maximum speed of 70 km/h applies, while the prescribed distance between vehicles is 150 m; trucks are allowed to enter in groups of five. These security measures were taken as a consequence of the 1999 tunnel fire.
Pedestrians can cross the tunnel by bus; bicycles can also be carried through the tunnel with a reservation.
Toll
The tunnel crossing is subject to a toll; the toll differs from Italy to France because of their different VAT rates.
In 2013, the one-way ticket for a car was €40.90 (€41.40 on the Italian side), while the return ticket, valid for 7 days, was €51 (€51.60 on the Italian side). In 2016, the one-way ticket for a car cost €43.50 (€44.20 on the Italian side).
Mont Blanc Tunnel Tolls on the Italian side from 1 January 2022 (22% VAT included)
Mont Blanc Tunnel Tolls on the French side from 1 January 2022 (20% VAT included)
See also
National Geographic Seconds From Disaster episodes
Mont Blanc tunnel fire
References
External links
"Traffic Tunnel to Pierce Mt Blanc." Popular Mechanics, April 1952, pp. 92–96. Detailed drawings of planned tunnel construction
ATMB, Official Company Website
ATMB, Official Company Website
ATMB, Official Company Website
Chamonix-Mont-Blanc Map
BBC story on fire trial
Road tunnels in France
Road tunnels in Italy
Transport in Aosta Valley
Tunnels in the Alps
France–Italy border crossings
Mont Blanc
Tunnels completed in 1965
Toll tunnels in Europe
1965 establishments in France
1965 establishments in Italy
1999 fires in Europe
March 1999 events in Europe
Transport in Courmayeur | wiki |
De la cabeza puede referirse a:
El programa de TV argentino De la cabeza (1992).
El álbum de Bersuit Vergarabat De la cabeza (2002). | wiki |
Jasminum subtriplinerve is a species of jasmine, in the family Oleaceae. Its leaves are used as a drink in Vietnam.
References
External links
subtriplinerve
Flora of Vietnam
Plants described in 1851 | wiki |
Dragon Knight or The Dragon Knight may refer to:
Dragon Knight (novel series), a series of fantasy novels by Gordon R. Dickson which began in 1976.
The Dragon Knight (Dickson novel), the second novel in the Dragon Knight series, released in 1990
Dragon Knight (video game series), a series of hentai games by ELF, and (mostly hentai) anime based on those games
Dragon Knight (video game), a 1989 video game
Dragon Knight II, an MSX game released December 1990
Dragon Knight III or Knights of Xentar, a 1991 multi-platform game
Dragon Knight 4, a 1994 game
Dragon Knight, a 1990 adventure scenario published for the Dragonlance campaign setting in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game
Kamen Rider: Dragon Knight, a 2009 television series adapted from Kamen Rider Ryuki
The Dragon Knight (film), a 2011 Chinese animated film
The Dragon Knight (Owen novel), a standalone eighth novel in The Chronicles of the Imaginarium Geographica series, released in 2020
See also
Dragon Knights, a 1990–2007 fantasy manga series by Mineko Ohkami | wiki |
Lek or LEK may refer to:
Lek mating, mating in a lek, a type of animal territory in which males of a species gather
Albanian lek, the currency of Albania
Lek (magazine), a Norwegian softcore pornographic magazine
Lek (pharmaceutical company), now part of Sandoz, the generic drug subsidiary of Novartis
Lek (river), a river in the west of the Netherlands
De Lek, a former manorial fiefdom in the Netherlands
L.E.K. Consulting, international strategy consulting firm
Leung King stop, Hong Kong (by MTR station code)
Tata Airport, Guinea (by IATA code)
Lek, a fictional form of Cardassian currency in Star Trek
Lek, เล็ก, a Thai name or nickname, meaning little
especially the personal nickname - in private family - of late King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand
Lek Nana, 1924 – 2010, a Thai businessman and politician
Lek Viriyaphant, or Khun Lek, 1914 - 2000, a Thai millionaire and art patronage mecenate
See also
Lec (disambiguation)
Leck (disambiguation)
Lək (disambiguation), places in Azerbaijan | wiki |
In cuisine, an omelette (also spelled omelet) is a dish made from beaten eggs, fried with butter or oil in a frying pan (without stirring as in scrambled egg). It is quite common for the omelette to be folded around fillings such as chives, vegetables, mushrooms, meat (often ham or bacon), cheese, onions or some combination of the above. Whole eggs or egg whites are often beaten with a small amount of milk, cream, or water.
History
The earliest omelettes are believed to have originated in ancient Persia. According to Breakfast: A History, they were "nearly indistinguishable" from the Iranian dish kookoo sabzi.
According to Alan Davidson, the French word omelette () came into use during the mid-16th century, but the versions alumelle and alumete are employed by the Ménagier de Paris (II, 4 and II, 5) in 1393. Rabelais (Gargantua and Pantagruel, IV, 9) mentions an homelaicte d'oeufs, Olivier de Serres an amelette, François Pierre La Varenne's Le cuisinier françois (1651) has aumelette, and the modern omelette appears in Cuisine bourgeoise (1784).
Alexandre Dumas discusses several variations of omelette in his Grand dictionnaire de cuisine. One is an omelette with fresh herbs (parsley, chives and tarragon), another is a variation with mushrooms that Dumas says may be adapted using green peas, asparagus, spinach, sorrel or varieties of truffles. The "kirsch omelette " (or rum omelette) is a sweet omelette made with sugar and liquor, either kirsh or rum. The omelette is rolled and sprinkled with powdered sugar. A hot poker is used to burn a design into the omelette and it is served with a sweet sauce made of liquor and apricot jam. Another sweet omelette, attributed to a royal cook of Prussia, is made with apples and brown sugar glaze. Of the Arabian omelette, Dumas writes "I have been concerned in this book to give the recipes of peoples who have no true cuisine. Here, for example, is a recipe the Bey's cook was good enough to give me." The omelette itself is made with an ostrich egg and served with a spicy tomato-pepper sauce.
Variations by country
China
Egg foo yung, a Cantonese omelette made with beaten eggs and usually ham
An oyster omelette, a dish of Hokkien and Teochew origin made with oysters, starch and egg batter
France
Depending on sources, a standard omelette is cooked in butter on medium (or sometimes high) heat, is supposed to be golden brown or "unbrowned or very lightly browned" on the outside and soft in the inside (though variations are possible according to preferences); according to some American cookbooks reflecting high-end restaurant practices, a "French Omelette" should be unbrowned, cooked slowly over medium-low to medium heat, with initial stirring to prevent curds and sticking. Good with just salt and pepper, this omelette is often flavored with finely chopped herbs (often fines herbes or tarragon, chervil, parsley and chives) or chopped onions.
The omelette de la mère Poulard, a Norman specialty first developed in Mont-Saint-Michel, has been called the most famous omelette in the world. It is served without fillings but often served with heavy garnishes.
The Provençal omelette is more similar to a frittata than to a traditional rolled or folded French omelette. The eggs are cooked like a traditional French omelette until the time any fillings are added; instead of adding fillings in a strip or on half the omelette, they are scattered over the entire surface of the omelette, and then the entire omelette is flipped and slipped back into the pan to cook what had been the top and is now the bottom. A tourne omelette or vire omelette, a concave platter similar to a cake plate, is often used as an aid and can be used to serve the finished omelette. According to Bernard Duplessy the tourne omelette dates to "several centuries before Christ".
Crespéou, another Provençal dish (also called gateau d'omelettes or omelettes en sandwich), is made by stacking open-faced omelettes.
India
In Parsi cuisine, pora is an omelette made from eggs, onion, tomato, green chillies, and coriander leaves. It is usually served for breakfast with Indian/Irani tea and bread.
Indonesia
In Betawi cuisine, kerak telor is a traditional spicy omelette that made from glutinous rice cooked with egg and served with serundeng (fried shredded coconut), fried shallots and dried shrimp as topping.
Fuyunghai or puyonghai is a Chinese Indonesian omelette, usually made from the mixture of vegetables such as carrots, bean sprouts, and cabbages, mixed with meats such as crab, shrimp, or minced chicken.
Iran
Kuku is an omelette frequently containing large proportions of other ingredients, including herbs, folded in.
Nargesi or spinach omelette, an Iranian dish, is made with fried onions and spinach, and is spiced with salt, garlic, and pepper.
Italy
A frittata is a kind of open-faced Italian omelette that can contain cheese, vegetables, or even leftover pasta. Frittatas are cooked slowly. Except for the cooking oil, all ingredients are fully mixed with the eggs before cooking starts.
Japan
In Japan, tamagoyaki is a traditional omelette in which eggs are beaten with mirin, soy sauce, bonito flakes, sugar and water, and cooked in a special rectangular frying pan.
Omurice (from the French word "omelette" and English word "rice") is an omelette filled with fried rice and usually served with a large amount of tomato ketchup. Omu-soba is an omelette with yakisoba as its filling. There are several styles of this dish, including omelette cooked and filled with fried rice, a soft-cooked omelette served over the fried rice that is then sliced open, and a "tornado" style omelette over the rice.
Tenshindon is a Japanese-Chinese specialty, consisting of a crab meat omelette on rice.
Korea
In Korean cuisine, traditional omelettes are known as gyeran-mari (계란말이, "rolled-eggs") which is a type of savory banchan. Gyeran-mari is made with beaten eggs, mixed with finely diced vegetables, meats, and seafood. This side dish is often found in most Korean banquet (janchi) meals, as well as Korean fast food (bunsik) restaurants.
Mesoamerica
While the Spanish term tortilla and torta in Spain and the Philippines is applied to an omelette dish, in Mesoamerica it is a surrogate term for a flatbread made of wheat or corn. An omelette in Mesoamerica is commonly termed as tortilla de huevos, and more colloquially, omleta.
Philippines
In the Philippines, omelettes are known as torta, usually encountered with the enclitic -ng ("tortang") indicating it modifies the next word (the main ingredient); e.g. tortang hipon = torta ("omelette") + -ng and hipon ("shrimp"), meaning "shrimp omelette". There are many types of torta which are named based on their main ingredients. They include:
Tortang alamang or tortang hipon - an omelette with krill or small shrimp. Also known as shrimp fritters, although this term usually refers to okoy, a fritter made with shrimp and various vegetables (as well as other variations without shrimp).
Tortang carne norte - an omelette made from corned beef mixed with eggs. A common cheap breakfast dish.
Tortang dulong or maranay - an omelette, usually crispy, made with tiny fish from the family Salangidae known as dulong in Tagalog and ipon, libgao, or maranay in Visayan. It is sometimes called okoy, though traditional okoy is not an omelette, but rather a type of fritter made with glutinous rice.
Tortang giniling or tortang picadillo - an omelette with ground meat (usually beef or pork) and sautéed vegetables.
Tortang gulay - an omelette with peppers, mushrooms, onion, and garlic.
Tortang kalabasa - an omelette made with finely julienned calabaza, eggs, flour, and salt.
Tortang kamote - an omelette made with mashed sweet potato, eggs, flour, and salt.
Tortang sardinas - an omelette made with shredded canned smoked sardines (tinapa)
Tortang talong - an eggplant omelet with whole grilled eggplants. Versions stuffed with ground meat (giniling) and vegetables are called relyenong talong.
Pontic Greeks
is an omelette made by the Pontic Greeks. Foustoron is made with eggs fried in butter or oil; the omelette can be served plain or seasoned. Some modern varieties include yogurt and cheese. The recipe varied widely by region: some recipes included onion and dried red peppers, while others did not.
Spain
The Spanish tortilla de patatas, or tortilla española in other Spanish-speaking countries, is a traditional and very popular thick omelette containing sliced potatoes sautéed in cooking oil. It often includes sliced onions (tortilla de patata con cebolla) and less commonly other additional fillings, such as cheese, bell peppers, or diced ham.
Thailand
In Thai cuisine, a traditional omelette is called khai chiao ไข่เจียว (khai meaning "egg", and chiao meaning oil-fried), in which the beaten egg mixture and a small quantity of fish sauce is deep fried in a wok filled with 1-2 cups of vegetable oil and served over steamed rice. The dish is usually served with Sriracha sauce and cilantro. A variation on this dish is khai chiao songkhrueang, where the plain egg omelette is served together with a stir-fry of meat and vegetables. Yet another type of Thai omelette is khai yat sai, literally "eggs filled with stuffing".
United Kingdom
An omelette Arnold Bennett incorporates smoked haddock, hard cheese (typically Cheddar), and cream. It was created at the Savoy Grill in London for the writer Arnold Bennett, who was a frequent customer, by the chef Jean Baptiste Virlogeux. It remains a British classic; cooks from Marcus Wareing to Delia Smith and Gordon Ramsay have published their recipes for it.
United States
A Denver omelette, also known as a Southwest omelette or Western omelette, is an omelette filled with diced ham, onions, green bell peppers, though there are many variations on fillings. Often served in the Southwestern United States, this omelette sometimes has a topping of cheese and a side dish of hash browns or fried potatoes.
A hangtown fry, containing bacon and breaded oysters, is an unusual omelette that originated in Placerville, California, during the gold rush.
An egg white omelette is a variation which omits the yolks to remove fat and cholesterol, which reside exclusively in the yolk portion of an egg.
Gallery
See also
List of egg dishes
List of brunch foods
Shakshouka
Bánh xèo
References
External links
World cuisine
Types of food
Breakfast
Iranian cuisine
Ancient dishes | wiki |
A recumbent bicycle is a bicycle that places the rider in a laid-back reclining position. Most recumbent riders choose this type of design for ergonomic reasons: the rider's weight is distributed comfortably over a larger area, supported by back and buttocks. On a traditional upright bicycle, the body weight rests entirely on a small portion of the sitting bones, the feet, and the hands.
Most recumbent models also have an aerodynamic advantage; the reclined, legs-forward position of the rider's body presents a smaller frontal profile. A recumbent holds the world speed record for a bicycle, and they were banned from racing under the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) in 1934, and now race under the banner of the World Human Powered Vehicle Association (WHPVA) and International Human Powered Vehicle Association (IHPVA).
Recumbents are available in a wide range of configurations, including: long to short wheelbase; large, small, or a mix of wheel sizes; overseat, underseat, or no-hands steering; and rear wheel or front wheel drive. A variant with three wheels is a recumbent tricycle.
Description
Recumbents can be categorized by their wheelbase, wheel sizes, steering system, faired or unfaired, and front-wheel or rear-wheel drive.
Wheelbase
Long-wheelbase (LWB) models have the pedals located between the front and rear wheels; short-wheelbase (SWB) models have the pedals in front of the front wheel; compact long-wheelbase (CLWB) models have the pedals either very close to the front wheel or above it. Within these categories are variations, intermediate types, and even convertible designs (LWB to CLWB) – there is no "standard" recumbent.
Wheel sizes
The rear wheel of a recumbent is usually behind the rider and may be any size, from around to the 700c (or 27" on some older models, as on upright road bikes of that time) of an upright racing cycle. The front wheel is commonly smaller than the rear, although a number of recumbents feature dual 26-inch (ISO 559), 650c (ISO 571), 700c (ISO 622), or even 29 x 4" oversize all-terrain tires. Given the higher rolling resistance of the smaller front wheel, loss of steering and control are somewhat more likely attempting sharp or quick changes of direction while crossing over patches of loose dirt, sand or pebbles. Larger diameter wheels generally have lower rolling resistance but a higher profile leading to higher air resistance. High-racer aficionados also claim that they are more stable, and although it is easier to balance a bicycle with a higher center of mass, the wide variety of recumbent designs makes such generalizations unreliable. Another advantage of both wheels being the same size is that the bike requires only one size of inner tube.
One common arrangement is an ISO 559 (26-inch) rear wheel and an ISO 406 or ISO 451 (20-inch) front wheel. The small front wheel and large rear wheel combination is used to keep the pedals and front wheel clear of each other, avoiding the problem on a short wheelbase recumbent called "heel strike" (where the rider's heels catch the wheel in tight turns). A pivoting-boom front-wheel drive (PBFWD aka moving bottom bracket recumbent) configuration also overcomes heel strike since the pedals and front wheel turn together. PBFWD bikes may have dual wheels or larger.
Steering
Steering for recumbent bikes can be generally categorized as
over-seat (OSS) or above seat steering (ASS);
under-seat (USS); or
center steering or pivot steering.
OSS/ASS is generally direct—the steerer acts on the front fork like a standard bicycle handlebar—but the bars themselves may extend well behind the front wheel (more like a tiller); alternatively the bars might have long rearward extensions (sometimes known as Superman or Kingcycle bars). Chopper-style bars are sometimes seen on LWB bikes.
USS is usually indirect—the bars link to the headset through a system of rods or cables and possibly a bell crank. Most tadpole trikes are USS.
Center steered or pivot steered recumbents, such as Flevobikes and Pythons, may have no handlebars at all.
In addition, some trikes such as the Sidewinder have used rear-wheel steer, instead of the more common front-wheel steer. They can provide good maneuverability at low speeds, but have been reported to be potentially unstable at speeds above .
Drive
Most recumbents have the cranks attached to a boom fixed to the frame, with a long drive chain for rear wheel drive. However, due to the proximity of the crank to the front wheel, front wheel drive (FWD) can be an option, and it allows for a much shorter chain. One style requires the chain to twist slightly to allow for steering.
Another style, pivoting-boom FWD (PBFWD), has the crankset connected to and moving with the front fork. In addition to the much shorter chain, the advantages to PBFWD are use of a larger front wheel for lower rolling resistance without heel strike (you can pedal while turning) and use of the upper body when sprinting or climbing. The main disadvantage to all FWD designs is "wheelspin" when climbing steep hills covered with loose gravel, wet grass, etc. This mainly affects off-road riders, and can be ameliorated by shifting the weight forward, applying steady pressure to the pedals, and using tires with more aggressive tread. Another disadvantage of PBFWD for some riders is a slightly longer "learning curve" due to adaptation to the pedal-steer effect (forces applied to the pedal can actually steer the bike). Beginner riders tend to swerve along a serpentine path until they adapt a balanced pedal motion. After adaptation, a PBFWD recumbent can be ridden in as straight a line as any other bike, and can even be steered accurately with the feet only. Cruzbike is the only PBFWD recumbent currently in production, and features a traditional steering axis similar to most standard and recumbent bikes. Flevobike formerly produced a center-steered FWD bike similar to the Python Lowracer.
Yet another drive-train variation is on rowing cycles where the rider rows using arms and legs.
Fully suspended bikes
Modern recumbent bikes are increasingly being fitted with front and rear suspension systems for increased comfort and traction on rough surfaces. Coil, elastomer, and air-sprung suspension systems have all been used on recumbent bikes, with oil or air-damping in the forks and rear shock absorbers. The maturation of fully suspended conventional mountain bikes has aided the development of these designs, which often use many of the same parts, suitably modified for recumbent use.
Fairings
Some riders fit their bikes with aerodynamic devices called fairings. These can reduce aerodynamic drag and help keep the rider warmer and drier in cold and wet weather. Fairings are also available for upright bikes, but are much less common. Fully enclosed bikes and trikes are considered velomobiles.
Seats
The seats themselves are either of mesh stretched tightly over a frame or foam cushions over hard shells like the Stinger pictured, which might be moulded or assembled from sheet materials. Hard-shell seats predominate in Europe, mesh seats in the USA.
Variations
Mountain bike recumbents
With the right equipment and design, recumbent bikes can be used for riding unpaved roads and offroad, just as with conventional mountain bikes. Because of their longer wheelbase and the manner in which the rider is confined to the seat, recumbents are not as easy to use on tight, curving unpaved singletrack. Large-diameter wheels, mountain gearing and off-road specific design have been used since 1999. Crank-forward designs that facilitate climbing out of the saddle, such as the RANS Dynamik, also can be used off-road.
Lowracers
Lowracers are a type of recumbent more common in Europe among racing enthusiasts. These typically have two 20" wheels or a 26" wheel at the rear and 20" wheel at the front. The seat is positioned between the wheels rather than above them. The extreme reclined position, and the fact that the rider is sitting in line with the wheels rather than atop them, makes this type the most aerodynamic of unfaired recumbents.
Highracers
Highracers are distinguished by using two large wheels (usually ISO 559, 650c or 700c). This necessitates a higher bottom bracket than on a lowracer so that the rider's legs are above the front wheel, and this in turn requires a higher seat. The seating position may be otherwise identical to that on a lowracer allowing similar aerodynamics. "Racer" in the name implies that this will often be the case, since these bikes strive for speed.
Highracers are generally more maneuverable than lowracers since their higher center of mass make them easier to balance at lower speeds. Given the same seating position they may be faster than lowracers, since it is widely believed that rolling resistance is inversely proportional to wheel diameter. However, lowracer proponents reply that their design is faster due to aerodynamics. The reasoning is that the riders body is in line with the wheels, reducing drag.
Hip and elbow injuries are more common on highracers than on lowracers due to the greater height from which the rider can fall. However, the injuries are very rare and seldom serious.
Semi-recumbent and crank forward bicycles
Bicycles that use positions intermediate between a conventional upright and a recumbent are called semi-recumbent or crank forward designs. These generally are intended for casual use and have comfort and ease of use as primary objectives, with aerodynamics sacrificed for this purpose.
Tandem recumbents
Just as with upright bicycles, recumbents are built and marketed with more than one seat, thus combining the advantages of recumbents with those of tandem bicycles. In order to keep the wheelbase from being any longer than absolutely necessary, tandem recumbents often place the stoker's crankset under the captain's seat. A common configuration for two riders in the recumbent position is the sociable tandem, wherein the two riders ride side by side. There are also hybrid recumbent designs such as the Hase Pino Allround that utilize a recumbent stoker in the front, and an upright pilot in the rear.
Recumbent tricycles
Recumbent tricycles (trikes) are closely related to recumbent bicycles, but have three wheels instead of two. The three wheels can be arranged in two ways: delta trikes have one front wheel and two rear wheels, while tadpole trikes have two front wheels and one rear wheel.
Handcycles
In order to accommodate paraplegics and other individuals with little or no use of their legs, many manufacturers have designed and released hand-powered recumbent trikes, or handcycles. Handcycles are a regular sight at human powered vehicle (HPV) meetings and are beginning to be seen on the streets. They usually follow a delta design with front wheels driven by standard dérailleur gearing powered by hand cranks. Brake levers are usually mounted on the hand holds, which are usually set with no offset rather than the 180° of pedal cranks. The entire crank assembly and the front wheel turn together, allowing the rider to steer and crank simultaneously.
Although arms are weaker than legs, many hand cyclists are able to make use of the power of the whole upper body. A good hand cyclist can still achieve a respectable pace in competitions. Handcycles have also been used for touring, though few designers incorporate mudguards or luggage racks. Also, the gear ratios of standard handcycles tend to be less useful for long steep climbs.
Hand-and-foot recumbent tricycles
Recumbent cycles offer the possibility of combined hand and foot power inputs, and thus the potential for a full-body workout, and the option for persons with a weak or missing leg(s) to power a cycle. In one recumbent tricycle design the user makes the two front wheels change direction by shifting his center of weight, and moves forward by rotating the rear wheel. There are also hybrids between a handcycle, a recumbent bike and a tricycle; these bikes enable cycling by use of legs, despite a spinal cord injury
Recumbent quadracycles
Recumbent four-wheel cycles have the same general advantages of tricycles. For quadracycles with only one seat the stability improvements of the fourth wheel offer only a marginal advantage over a tadpole recumbent tricycle. More wheels introduce more weight and more complexity. The fourth wheel is only of the most benefit to the single-seat rider when going off-road. When two and sometimes four riders want to ride together in a sociable configuration the four-wheel recumbent cycle is a viable option.
Homebuilts
As with upright bikes, there is a subculture of recumbent builders who design and build home-built recumbents. Often these are assembled of parts from other bikes, particularly mountain bikes. The frame designs may be as simple as a long steel tube bent into the appropriate shape, or as elaborate as hand-built carbon fiber frames. For many builders, the engineering and construction of the bikes is as much of a challenge as riding them.
Folding
Several manufacturers offer folding recumbents to facilitate packing and travelling.
Couplers
It is possible to add couplers either during manufacturing or as a retrofit so that the frame can be disassembled into smaller pieces to facilitate packing and travel.
Stationary recumbents
As well as road-going recumbent bicycles with wheels, stationary versions also exist. These are often found in gyms but are also available for home use. Like a regular stationary exercise bike, these stay in one place and the user pedals against some kind of resistance mechanism such as a fan or alternator but in a recumbent position. These have the same comfort advantages as road-going recumbents. Stationary recumbents almost always have a fairly upright seat and the pedal crank is lower than the level of the seat. The seat is normally adjustable and is adjusted by sliding it along a rail.
Compared to uprights
There are striking differences between recumbents and upright bikes. Since recumbents vary widely, the advantages and disadvantages listed below may apply to different types to different degrees or not at all. (For example, balance is not a concern with tricycles.)
History
Recumbent bicycle designs date back to the middle of the 19th century. Several designs were patented around 1900, but these early designs were unsuccessful.
Early recumbents
Recumbent designs of both prone and supine varieties can be traced back to the earliest days of the bicycle. Before the shape of the bicycle settled down following Starley's safety bicycle, there was a good deal of experimentation with various arrangements, and this included designs which might be considered recumbent. Although these dated back to the 1860s the first recorded illustration of a recumbent considered as a separate class of bicycle is considered to be in the magazine Fliegende Blätter of 10 September 1893. This year also saw what is considered the first genuine recumbent, the Fautenil Vélociped. Patent applications for a number of recumbent designs exist in the late years of the 19th century, and there were discussions in the cycling press of the relative merits of different layouts. The Challand designs of 1897 and the American Brown of 1901 are both recognisable as forerunners of today's recumbents.
The Mochet 'Vélo-Velocar' and 'Vélorizontal'
A four-wheeled, two-seater, pedal-propelled car called the 'Velocar' was built in the 1930s by French inventor and light car builder Charles Mochet. Velocars sold well to French buyers who could not afford a motor car, possibly because of a poor economy during the Great Depression. The four-wheeled Velocars were fast but didn't corner well at high speed. Mochet then experimented with a three-wheel design and finally a mould-breaking two-wheel design based on the Vélocar technology.
The early models of Mochet's 'La bicyclette de l'Avenir' (The bicycle of the Future), the 'Vélo-Vélocar', or 'V-V' as the factory referred to them, used a 40mm steel-tube, single-beam frame and 450 x 55 wheels with handlebars over the rider and steering torque transmitted by bevel gears. Various types of Mochet-designed derailleur gears were fitted, with a single gear for the track models. Gears were mid-mounted using primary and secondary chains. The back-rest was adjustable on more sporting models.
To demonstrate the speed of his recumbent bicycle, Mochet had the design ratified by the UCI and UVF and enlisted cyclist Francis Faure, a Category 2 racer, to ride it in races. Faure was highly successful, defeating many of Europe's top cyclists both on the track and in road races, and setting new world records at short distances. Another cyclist, Paul Morand, won the Paris-Limoges race in 1933 on one of Mochet's recumbents.
On 7 July 1933, at a Paris velodrome, Faure rode a modified Vélo-Velocar in one hour, beating an almost 20-year-old hour record held by Oscar Egg, and attracting a great deal of attention.
When the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) met in February 1934, manufacturers of 'upright' bicycles lobbied to have Faure's one-hour record declared invalid. On 1 April 1934, the UCI published a new definition of a racing bicycle that specified how high the bottom bracket could be above the ground, how far it could be in front of the seat and how close it could be to the front wheel. The new definition effectively banned recumbents from UCI events for a combination of tradition, safety, and economic reasons.
Charles Mochet died a short time after the ban was enacted, still protesting against the UCI decision, and the firm continued to make recumbents under his widow and, later, Georges Mochet until at least 1941 for a limited number of customers. Their final versions were a single-chain design named the 'Vélorizontal', the final model using a 'Cyclo' four-speed gear.
After the UCI decision, Faure continued to race, and consistently beat upright bicycles with the Velocar. In 1938, Faure and Mochet's son, Georges, began adding fairings to the Velocar in hopes of bettering the world record of one hour for a bicycle with aerodynamic components. On 5 March 1938, Faure rode a faired Velocar 50.537 kilometers in an hour and became the first cyclist to travel more than 50 kilometers in an hour without the aid of a pace vehicle.
The UCI ban on recumbent bicycles and other aerodynamic improvements virtually stopped development of recumbents for four decades and remains in force. Although recumbent designs continued to crop up over the years they were mainly the work of lone enthusiasts and numbers remained insignificant until the 1970s. Georges Mochet died in 2008.
1970s resurgence and the IHPVA
While developments had been made in this fallow period by Paul Rinkowski and others, the modern recumbent movement was given a boost in 1969 when the Ground Hugger by Robert Riley was featured in Popular Mechanics. There was also the work of Chester Kyle and particularly David Gordon Wilson of MIT, two Americans who opposed the UCI restrictions and continued to work on fairings and recumbents. In 1974, they also nucleated the International Human Power speed Championship in Long Beach, California, from which the IHPVA grew. Kyle and his students had been experimenting with fairings for upright bicycles, also banned by the UCI. In 1975 the brothers John and Randy Schlitter started producing recumbents at their company, Rans, and became the first U.S. company to do so.
In 1978, the "Vélérique" is the very first commercialized recumbent bicycle (fully faired), by the Belgian Erik Abergen.
The Avatar 2000, a LWB bike very much like the current Easy Racers products, arrived in 1979. It was featured in the 1983 film Brainstorm, ridden by Christopher Walken, and in the popular cycling reference Richard's Bicycle Book by Richard Ballantine. From 1983 to 1991 Steven Roberts toured the U.S. in a modified Avatar, pulling a trailer with solar panels and a laptop, gaining press coverage and writing the book Computing Across America. A faired Avatar 2000 was the first two-wheeler to beat the European Vector three-wheeler in the streamliner races. For about ten years afterward, speed records were exchanged between Easy Racers with Freddy Markham in the cockpit and the Lightning Team. So America's strength became the flying 200 meter sprint in the streamliner division. The oil crises of the 1970s sparked a resurgence in cycling coincident with the arrival of these "new" designs.
A parallel but somewhat separate scene grew up in Europe, with the first European human power championships being held in 1983. The European scene was more dominated by competition than was the US, with the result that European bikes are more likely to be low SWB machines, while LWB are much more popular in the US (although there have been some notable European LWB bikes, such as the Peer Gynt).
In the 1980s
In 1984, Linear Recumbents of Iowa began producing bicycles. In 2002, Linear Manufacturing's assets were bought by Bicycle Man LLC and moved to New York. Since then owner Peter Stull has been working with senior engineering students at Alfred University, local engineers and machinists utilizing available technology including computer FEA testing to improve their recumbent bikes.
In the UK in the 1980s, the most publicised recumbent cycle in the UK was the delta configuration, sometime electrically powered Sinclair C5. Although sold as an "electric car", the C5 could be characterised as a recumbent tricycle with electrical assistance.
A study by Bussolari and Nadel (1989) led them to pick a recumbent riding position for the Daedalus flight even though the English Channel crossing was accomplished in the Gossamer Albatross with an upright position. Drela in 1998 confirmed "that there was no significant difference in power output between recumbent and conventional bicycling."
In the 2000s
Three of the largest recumbent manufacturers in the US went out of business after the 1990s, including BikeE (August 2002), ATP-Vision (early 2004) and Burley Design Cooperative (September 2006).
Performance
Over distances recumbent bicycles outperform upright bicycles as evidenced by their dominance in ultra-distance events like 24 hours at Sebring. Official speed records for recumbents are governed by the rules of the International Human Powered Vehicle Association. A number of records are recognised, the fastest of which is the "flying 200 m", a distance of 200 m on level ground from a flying start with a maximum allowable tailwind of 1.66 m/s. The current record is , set by Todd Reichert of Canada in a fully faired front-wheel-drive recumbent lowracer bicycle. The official record for an upright bicycle under IHPVA-legal conditions (but at sea level, not high altitude) is set by Jim Glover in 1986 with an English-made Moulton bicycle with a USA-made hardshell fairing around him and the bike.
The IHPVA hour record is , set by Sam Whittingham on 19 July 2009. The latest known hour record is 92.432 km kilometers (57.434 miles), set by Francesco Russo of Switzerland, using Metastretto on the DEKRA Test Oval track in Klettwitz, Germany, 26.06.2016
The equivalent record for an upright bicycle is , set by Victor Campenaerts in 2019. The UCI no longer considers the bike Chris Boardman rode for his 1996 record to be in compliance with its definition of an upright bicycle. Boardman's Monocoque bike was designed by Mike Burrows, whose Windcheetah recumbent trike (see above) also holds the record from Land's End to John o' Groats, in 41 h 4 min 22 s with Andy Wilkinson riding.
In 2003, Rob English took on and beat the UK 4-man pursuit champions VC St Raphael in a 4000 m challenge race at Reading, beating them by a margin of 4 min 55.5 s to 5 min 6.87 s – and dropping one of the St Raphael riders along the way.
In 2009 Team RANS won the Race Across America (RAAM) on recumbents.
See also
Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics
Bicycle and motorcycle geometry
Bicycle performance
Bicycle seat
Bicycle suspension
Feet forwards motorcycle recumbent motobike equivalent.
Fastest speed on a bicycle
Handcycles
International Human Powered Vehicle Association
Prone bicycle
Quadracycle (human-powered vehicle)
Tricycle
Unicycle
Velomobile
X-seam
Whike, a recumbent bicycle with a sail
World Human Powered Vehicle Association
References
Further reading
External links
Recumbent History & Typology
"Bed Bikes" Save Work , November 1951, Popular Science article that introduced the US to recumbent bicycles—i.e. article at bottom of page 23
Fastest Bicycles: Top Speed and One Hour Performances List – updated frequently
The People of Recumbent Cycling
Recumbent Riders International
Recumbent Community, listing all known manufacturers, dealers, and groups
Recumbent Journal – Recumbent cycling news and commentary
Cycle types
Road cycles
Bicycles | wiki |
Brachyodes madagascariensis is een keversoort uit de familie van de loopkevers (Carabidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1857 door Chaudoir.
madagascariensis | wiki |
Carolina style refers to an established set of condiments for hot dogs and hamburgers, originating in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions of North Carolina and South Carolina. The classic combination is chili, slaw and onions; locally, mustard sometimes replaces slaw, or is added as a fourth item.
The designation "Carolina style" has become increasingly recognized outside of the Carolinas; for example, the restaurant chain Wendy's has from time to time offered a "Carolina Classic" option on its hamburger menu.
References
Further reading
"A Pan-American Hot Dog Wonderland". Chow.
North Carolina cuisine
Hot dogs
American condiments | wiki |
A vineyard (; also ) is a plantation of grape-bearing vines, grown mainly for winemaking, but also raisins, table grapes and non-alcoholic grape juice. The science, practice and study of vineyard production is known as viticulture. Vineyards are often characterised by their terroir, a French term loosely translating as "a sense of place" that refers to the specific geographical and geological characteristics of grapevine plantations, which may be imparted to the wine itself.
History
The earliest evidence of wine production dates from between 6000 and 5000 BC. Wine making technology improved considerably with the ancient Greeks but it wasn't until the end of the Roman Empire that cultivation techniques as we know them were common throughout Europe.
In medieval Europe the Church was a staunch supporter of wine, which was necessary for the celebration of the Mass. During the lengthy instability of the Middle Ages, the monasteries maintained and developed viticultural practices, having the resources, security, stability and interest in improving the quality of their vines. They owned and tended the best vineyards in Europe and vinum theologium was considered superior to all others.
European vineyards were planted with a wide variety of the Vitis vinifera grape. However, in the late 19th century, the entire species was nearly destroyed by the plant louse phylloxera accidentally introduced to Europe from North America. Native American grapevines include varieties such as Vitis labrusca, which is resistant to the bug. Vitis vinifera varieties were saved by being grafted onto the rootstock of Native American varieties, although there is still no remedy for phylloxera, which remains a danger to any vineyard not planted with grafted rootstock.
Modern practices
The quest for vineyard efficiency has produced a bewildering range of systems and techniques in recent years. Due to the often much more fertile New World growing conditions, attention has focussed heavily on managing the vine's more vigorous growth. Innovation in palissage (training of the vine, usually along a trellis, and often referred to as "canopy management") and pruning and thinning methods (which aim to optimize the Leaf Area/Fruit (LA/F) ratio relative to a vineyard's microclimate) have largely replaced more general, traditional concepts like "yield per unit area" in favor of "maximizing yield of desired quality". Many of these new techniques have since been adopted in place of traditional practice in the more progressive of the so-called "Old World" vineyards.
Other recent practices include spraying water on vines to protect them from sub-zero temperatures (aspersion), new grafting techniques, soil slotting, and mechanical harvesting. Such techniques have made possible the development of wine industries in New World countries such as Canada. Today there is increasing interest in developing organic, ecologically sensitive and sustainable vineyards. Biodynamics has become increasingly popular in viticulture. The use of drip irrigation in recent years has expanded vineyards into areas which were previously unplantable.
For well over half a century, New York's Cornell University, the University of California, Davis, and California State University, Fresno, among others, have been conducting scientific experiments to improve viticulture and educate practitioners. The research includes developing improved grape varieties and investigating pest control. The International Grape Genome Program is a multi-national effort to discover a genetic means to improving quality, increasing yield and providing a "natural" resistance to pests.
The implementation of mechanical harvesting is often stimulated by changes in labor laws, labor shortages, and bureaucratic complications. It can be expensive to hire labor for short periods of time, which does not square well with the need to reduce production costs and harvest quickly, often at night. However, very small vineyards, incompatible widths between rows of grape vines and steep terrain hinder the employment of machine harvesting even more than the resistance of traditional views which reject such harvesting.
Current trends
Numbers of New World vineyard plantings have been increasing almost as fast as European vineyards are being uprooted. Between 1990 and 2003, the number of U.S. vineyards increased from , while Australian vineyard numbers more than doubled from and Chilean vineyards grew from . The size of individual vineyards in the New World is significant. Europe's 1.6 million vineyards are an average of each, while the average Australian vineyard is , providing considerable economies of scale. Exports to Europe from New World growers increased by 54% in the six years up to 2006.
There have also been significant changes in the kinds of grapes that are grown. For example, in Chile, large areas of low-quality grapes have been replaced with such grapes as Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon.
In Argentina, due to an economic down-turn, acreage of Malbec was significantly reduced in the 1980s, but in the 1990s, during the quality revolution incited by Malbec Pioneer Nicolás Catena Zapata, growers started planting more Malbec, most notably in higher altitudes where cooler temperatures and more intense sunlight yields more concentrated yet smoother and more complex malbecs. Grape changes are often in response to changing consumer demand but sometimes result from vine pull schemes designed to promote vineyard change. Alternatively, the development of "T" budding now permits the grafting of a different grape variety onto existing rootstock in the vineyard, making it possible to switch varieties within a two-year period.
Local legislation often dictates which varieties are selected, how they are grown, whether vineyards can be irrigated and exactly when grapes can be harvested, all of which in serves to reinforce tradition. Changes in the law can also change which grapes are planted. For example, during Prohibition in the U.S. (1920–1933), vineyards in California expanded sevenfold to meet the increasing demand for home-brewing. However, they were largely planted in varieties with tough skins that could be transported across the country to home wine-makers and the resulting wine was of a low quality.
According to the International Organisation of Vine and Wine, in April 2015, China () overtook France () in terms of land devoted to vineyards, in second place behind Spain (), the world's largest producer.
Terroir
Terroir refers to the combination of natural factors associated with any particular vineyard. These factors include things such as soil, underlying rock, altitude, slope of hill or terrain, orientation toward the sun, and microclimate (typical rain, winds, humidity, temperature variations, etc.). No two vineyards have exactly the same terroir, although any difference in the resulting wine may be virtually undetectable.
Vineyards are often located on hillsides and planted in soil that is of only marginal value to other plants. A common saying is that "the worse the soil, the better the wine." Planting on hillsides, especially those facing north (in the southern hemisphere) or south (in the northern hemisphere), is most often in an attempt to maximize the amount of sunlight that falls on the vineyard. For this reason, some of the best wines come from vineyards planted on quite steep hills, conditions which would make most other agricultural products uneconomic. The stereotypical vineyard site for wine grapes (in the Northern hemisphere) is a hillside in a dry climate with a southern exposure, good drainage to reduce unnecessary water uptake, and balanced pruning to force the vine to put more of its energy into the fruit, rather than foliage.
The terroir philosophy is predominantly French in origin, the flavour and character of the place defining the individuality and the special attributes of wines and combined with hundreds of years of the finest wine making traditions, terroir gives wines their distinctive taste and signature. However, wildfires in California and Australia have also influenced the character of vineyard plantations and grapes in those areas.
Vignette
A vignette is a 500-square-metre vineyard which is part of a larger consolidated vineyard. Investors purchase a piece of land within a vineyard, and outsource the grape maintenance and production operations to an outside grape grower or wine producers. Because they are contracting under a co-operative structure, they benefit from economies of scale and hence cheaper labour and operational costs.
See also
Vineyard designated wine
References
Further reading
External links
Story of a vineyard: Cahors
A directory of US Vineyards and Wineries
Viticulture on www.extension.org
Vineyards and wineries in Britain
Into the Vineyard travel
Agricultural establishments
Viticulture
Wine terminology | wiki |
Buddy G, My Two Moms and Me is a straight to DVD cartoon. Released in 2007, it was the first children's cartoon to feature a character with two mothers. It was intended to be a series, but only one episode, Lost Rings, was ever produced.
The cartoon was created by a lesbian couple from Omaha, Donna Colley and Margaux Towne-Colley. They wanted to create a show that their six-year-old son Grayson could relate to. Grayson voiced the titular character Buddy G, a 5-year-old boy with an armband computer named Socrates. Other characters include Buddy G's titular moms and his friend Owen.
It was screened at the 5th Annual San Diego International Children's Film Festival.
References
LGBT-related animation | wiki |
The Italian may refer to:
The Italian (1915 film), a silent film by Reginald Barker
The Italian (2005 film), a Russian film by Andrei Kravchuk
The Italian (Radcliffe novel), a novel by Ann Radcliffe
The Italian (Vassalli novel), a novel by Sebastiano Vassalli
The Italian (album), an album by Patrizio Buanne
See also
Italian (disambiguation) | wiki |
The Mile-High Illinois, Illinois Sky City, or simply The Illinois is a visionary skyscraper that is proposed to be over high, conceived and described by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in his 1957 book, A Testament. The design, intended to be built in Chicago, included 528 stories, with a gross area of . Wright stated that there would be parking for 15,000 cars and 100 helicopters.
If built, it would top the list of the tallest buildings in the world by far, being more than four times the height of the Empire State Building, almost twice as tall as the world's current tallest building, the Burj Khalifa; and about taller than the proposed Jeddah Towerthe latter two both designed by Adrian Smith, whose designs for both buildings are said to have been inspired by that of The Illinois.
Technical feasibility
Wright believed that it would have been technically possible to construct such a building even at the time it was proposed. At the time, the tallest skyscraper in the world was New York's Empire State Building, at less than a quarter of the height suggested for the Illinois. It probably would have been possible to erect a self-supporting steel structure of the required height, but there are a number of problems that occur when a building is that tall.
The material used to build tall towers at the time, steel, is quite flexible. This allows towers to sway substantially in the wind, causing discomfort for occupants of the higher floors. Though Wright acknowledged this problem in his original proposal, he believed the tripod design of this tower (similar to that of the CN Tower, which was not designed until a decade after Wright's death) combined with its tensioned steel frame and the integral character of its structural components would counteract any oscillation. This also could have been solved by placing a tuned mass damper somewhere within the tower as was done in the Citigroup Center and Taipei 101, although this design innovation was not well-known until decades later. The late 1990s and early 2000s saw substantial increases in the load-bearing strength of concrete, making it possible to build entirely in this stiff material.
Wright explained that there would be 76 elevators, each having five-floor-high tandem cabs, serving blocks of five floors simultaneously. The 76 elevators would be divided into five banks or groups, with each elevator group serving a hundred-floor segment of the building. Wright's floor plan of the 528th floor shows it would be served by only one elevator shaft. The elevators were to be "atomic-powered", capable of mile-per-minute speeds, and running on ratchets instead of suspended by cables. But a realistic design would be powered by a "third rail" like subways.
The elevator banks extend beyond the sloping exterior walls at various points, giving the building the appearance of an elongated pyramid with protruding parapets. He said these elevators would enable the building to be evacuated in one hour, in combination with escalators that would serve the five lowest floors.
In his 1957 book, A Testament, Wright described the proposed structure with floor plans of the "base", 320th, and 528th (highest) floors. The floor plan for the 320th floor shows a single, open staircase, not separated from the surrounding office space in any way, not even with a door. The floor plan of the 528th floor shows that access is solely by a single elevator, with no staircase at all. Wright believed that because his building was fireproof, any fire precautions would be moot.
Cultural references
Fang Island released a song called "The Illinois" on their 2010 self-titled album that was inspired by the design.
In 2014, Chicago-based Goose Island Brewery began bottling an IPA named The Illinois in honor of Wright's design, with label art featuring a hop cone design rendered to appear as if it were one of the architect's trademark stained glass windows.
See also
List of visionary tall buildings and structures
List of tallest buildings and structures in the world
X-Seed 4000
Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid
Sky Mile Tower
Burj Khalifa
Jeddah Tower
Chicago Spire
Arcology
Barad-Dûr
References
External links
One mile high tower Video: A peaceful day in Broadacre city
Wright information page
Italian page on the Illinois
Qualcomm Stadium renovation in San Diego may include Illinois-like supertall
Details several tall building designs, including The Illinois
High resolution image of The Illinois drawing
Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
Unbuilt buildings and structures in the United States
Proposed buildings and structures in Illinois
Proposed skyscrapers in the United States
Unbuilt skyscrapers | wiki |
Clubiona neglectoides is een spinnensoort in de taxonomische indeling van de struikzakspinnen (Clubionidae).
Het dier behoort tot het geslacht Clubiona. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1906 door Friedrich Wilhelm Bösenberg & Embrik Strand.
Struikzakspinnen | wiki |
This is a list of players who have played at least one game for the Cleveland Barons of the National Hockey League (NHL). This list does not include players for the Minnesota North Stars and the Dallas Stars of the NHL.
Key
Skaters
Goaltenders
See also
List of NHL players
External links
Internet Hockey Database
Cleveland Barons
Barons players | wiki |
Ani Stoyanova "Anka" Bakova (; born 22 February 1957 in Perushtitsa) is a Bulgarian former rower who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
Bulgarian female rowers
Olympic rowers of Bulgaria
Rowers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Bulgaria
Olympic medalists in rowing
World Rowing Championships medalists for Bulgaria
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
People from Plovdiv Province
20th-century Bulgarian women | wiki |
Pattani River (, ; ; ; Jawi: سوڠاي ڤتنا) is a river in southern Thailand. It originates in Betong district, Yala Province and empties into the Gulf of Thailand at the town of Pattani. Within Yala Province the river forms the Bang Lang Reservoir. The river is long.
The Bang Lang Dam is built on the river.
Rivers of Thailand | wiki |
Attainment may refer to:
Status attainment, in society
Educational attainment
Attainment to standards in air pollution, Non-attainment area (US)
Attainment (album), Charles Brackeen, 1987 | wiki |
Goldwork can refer to:
Goldwork (embroidery)
Works created by a goldsmith
Gold metalwork | wiki |
Foundling may refer to:
An abandoned child, see child abandonment
Foundling hospital, an institution where abandoned children were cared for
Foundling Hospital, Dublin, founded 1704
Foundling Hospital, Cork, founded 1737
Foundling Hospital, founded 1739 in London
Foundling Museum, a museum telling the story of the London Foundling Hospital
New York Foundling, a child welfare agency
Arts
Monster Blood Tattoo: Foundling, the first book of the Monster Blood Tattoo fantasy trilogy by D. M. Cornish
Foundling (album), the ninth studio album by David Gray
Foundlings (Noon Universe), characters in the fictional Noon Universe created by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, a 1749 novel by Henry Fielding
"Foundling", a song by Cardiacs from Sing to God
"Foundling", a song by Stars In Battledress from Leader of the Starry Skies: A Tribute to Tim Smith, Songbook 1
The Foundling may refer to:
The Foundling (album), a 2010 album by Mary Gauthier
The Foundling (1915 film), a silent film directed by John B. O'Brien
The Foundling (1916 film), a remake of the 1915 film, also directed by O'Brien
The Foundling (1940 film), a 1940 comedy drama
The Foundling and Other Tales of Prydain, a prequel to Lloyd Alexander's The Chronicles of Prydain
The Foundling (novel), a 1948 novel by Georgette Heyer
The Foundling (Leary novel), a 2022 novel by Ann Leary
The Foundling (play), a 1748 play by Edward Moore | wiki |
Archer Heights est l'un des 77 secteurs communautaires de la ville de Chicago aux États-Unis.
Voir aussi
Articles connexes
Liste des quartiers de Chicago
Liens externes
Carte de la communauté
Secteur communautaire de Chicago
South Side (Chicago) | wiki |
Elena Bondar (born 6 November 1958) is a retired Romanian rower who competed in the eights. She won bronze medals at the 1980 Olympics and 1981 World Championships.
References
External links
1958 births
Living people
Romanian female rowers
Olympic rowers of Romania
Rowers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Romania
Olympic medalists in rowing
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
World Rowing Championships medalists for Romania | wiki |
Drying agent may refer to:
Desiccant, which absorbs water or moisture from its vicinity
Oil drying agent, which speed up the hardening of oils, often used in painting | wiki |
National Comics may refer to:
National Comics (series), a 1940s comic book series published by Quality Comics
National Comics Publications, the predecessor of DC Comics | wiki |
Graduation is the awarding of a diploma to a student by an educational institution. It may also refer to the ceremony that is associated with it. The date of the graduation ceremony is often called graduation day. The graduation ceremony is also sometimes called: commencement, congregation, convocation or invocation.
History
Ceremonies for graduating students date from the first universities in Europe in the twelfth century. At that time Latin was the language of scholars. A universitas was a guild of masters (such as MAs) with licence to teach. "Degree" and "graduate" come from gradus, meaning "step". The first step was admission to a bachelor's degree. The second step was the masters step, giving the graduate admission to the universitas and license to teach. Typical dress for graduation is gown and hood, or hats adapted from the daily dress of university staff in the Middle Ages, which was in turn based on the attire worn by medieval clergy.
The tradition of wearing graduation hats in Sweden has been in place since the mid-eighteenth century. The cap is typically a white sailor hat with a black or dark blue band around it, a crown motif, and a black peak at the front. The graduation hat tradition was initially adopted by students at Uppsala University. The headgear then became popular across several other European nations as well.
Ceremony
Usually the ceremony and name apply to university degrees (Associate's, Bachelor's, Master's, and Doctoral degrees).
In a graduation ceremony at the college and university level, the presiding officer or another authorized person formally confers degrees upon candidates, either individually or en masse, even though graduates may physically receive their diploma later at a smaller college or departmental ceremony, or simply receive their diploma through the mail.
Ceremonies often include a procession of some of the academic staff and candidates and a valediction. The academic staff will usually wear an academic dress at the ceremony, as will the trustees (if applicable) and the degree candidates. Graduates can be referred to by their year of graduation.
Graduation in absentia
When a student graduates without attending the graduation ceremony, then it is called graduation in absentia.
United States (non-tertiary graduations)
In the United States, the completion of mandatory schooling is also referred to as graduating, even though it is substantially below degree level.
Graduations for high school, middle school and kindergarten. Also, even for passing from one school year to the next, have been a development of recent years. This has received criticism, being described as "just a way of celebrating mediocrity".
In some places, graduation parties celebrating graduation from school, college or university are popular. In a recent 2014 nationwide survey in the United States, $985 was the average amount spent on graduation parties.
By country
The procedures and traditions surrounding academic graduation ceremonies differ around the world. Whereas in the United Kingdom a graduation usually only occurs at university level, in the United States and many other countries graduations also occur at high schools where no higher education qualifications are conferred upon the graduates. In a graduation ceremony the students wear formal academic dress, such as square academic caps and gowns that are used for such occasions.
Graduation traditions vary across universities observing different cultures.
For example, most universities in Sweden are research-oriented and may present their students with bachelor's, master's, and doctor's degrees covering all academic streams. Universities across the country are based through the Higher Education Ordinance. Most of the national programs provide Swedish, English, math and science among degree courses.
In Zimbabwe, graduation ceremonies are often associated with the guest of honor who most often is the ceremonial head of the institution. At state universities the president of the country officiates as chancellor and guest of honor. Every graduate of a state university in Zimbabwe can claim to have shaken the President's hand. The person most associated with graduation at those institutions is Zimbabwe's late ex-president Robert Mugabe. At other state institutions of higher learning, the vice presidents or other senior government officials may preside.
Otherwise, in countries like Argentina and Uruguay, enthusiasm prevails over moderation, as well as taking part in an authentic carnival as part of the celebration that is mostly spontaneous, anarchic, and barely planned in the middle of the streets: hundreds of graduates, familiars and friends gather in an open place, carrying alcoholic drinks, eggs, flour and other messy food; pelting it all over the graduates; whereas the party is public and open to excesses that carry the complaints of all sorts of commerce, neighbours and authorities in the zone due to the concentration of public disorder and filth that lasts until the aftermath and overwhelms the municipal services.
See also
Academic dress
Commencement speech
Encaenia
Exit examination
Matriculation
Notes and references
External links
The Stories Behind Graduation Traditions by Ethan Trex, Mental Floss
Educational stages
School terminology
Ceremonies | wiki |
The iPhone X (Roman numeral "X" pronounced "ten", also known as iPhone 10) is a smartphone designed, developed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is part of the eleventh generation of the iPhone. Available for pre-order from October 27, 2017, it was released on November 3, 2017. The naming of the iPhone X (skipping the iPhone 9) is to mark the 10th anniversary of the iPhone.
The iPhone X used a glass and stainless-steel form factor and "bezel-less" design, shrinking the bezels while not having a "chin", unlike many Android phones. It was the first iPhone to use an OLED screen. The home button's fingerprint sensor was replaced with a new type of authentication called Face ID, which used sensors to scan the user's face to unlock the device. This face-recognition capability also enabled emojis to be animated following the user's expression (Animoji). With a bezel-less design, iPhone user interaction changed significantly, using gestures to navigate the operating system rather than the home button used in all previous iPhones. At the time of its November 2017 launch, its price tag of US$999 also made it the most expensive iPhone ever, with even higher prices internationally due to additional local sales and import taxes.
Along with the iPhone 6S, its Plus variant, and the first-generation iPhone SE, the iPhone X was discontinued on September 12, 2018, following the announcement of the iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max and iPhone XR devices.
On November 22, 2018, Apple reportedly resumed production of the iPhone X due to weak sales of its successors. The iPhone X remains discontinued.
History
The technology behind the iPhone X was in development for five years, starting as far back as 2012. Rumors of a drastic iPhone redesign began circulating around the time of iPhone 7 announcement in the third quarter of 2016, and intensified when a HomePod firmware leak in July 2017 suggested that Apple would shortly release a phone with a nearly bezel-less design, lack of a physical home button, facial recognition, and other new features. A near-final development version of the iOS 11 operating system was also leaked in September 2017, confirming the new design and features.
On August 31, 2017, Apple invited journalists to a September 12 press event, the first public event held at the Steve Jobs Theater on the company's new Apple Park campus in Cupertino, California. The iPhone X was unveiled during that keynote. Its US$999 starting price was the most expensive iPhone launch price ever at the time. The price is even higher in international markets due to currency fluctuations, import fees and sales taxes. An instrumental version of the song Keep On Lovin’ by MagnusTheMagnus was used in the reveal of the device, and the song "Best Friend" by Sofi Tukker was featured in the introductory film and ads.
An unlocked version of the phone was made available for purchase in the United States on December 5, 2017.
In April 2018, the Federal Communications Commission divulged images of an unreleased gold-colored iPhone X model. As opposed to the space gray and silver color options that the iPhone X ships with, it was divulged that there were initial plans to release a gold option for the device. However, it was put on hold due to production issues.
Apple released a revised B model for the iPhone X that fixed NFC issues for users in Japan, China, and the United States.
Specifications
Hardware
Display
The iPhone X has a 5.85 inch (marketed as 5.8 inch) OLED color-accurate screen that supports DCI-P3 wide color gamut, sRGB, and high dynamic range, and has a contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1.
The Super Retina display has the True Tone technology found on the iPad Pro, which uses ambient light sensors to adapt the display's white balance to the surrounding ambient light.
The iPhone X does not feature the variable 10-120 Hz "ProMotion" technology used in the displays of the second-generation iPad Pro until the launch of the iPhone 13 Pro in 2021.
OLED screen technology has a known negative trend of "burn-in" effects, in which particular elements consistently on the screen for long periods of time leave a faint trace even after new images appear. Apple acknowledged that its OLED screens were not excluded from this issue, writing in a support document that "This is also expected behavior".
Greg Joswiak, Apple's vice president of product marketing, told Tom's Guide that the OLED panels Apple used in the iPhone X had been engineered to avoid the over-saturation of colors that using OLED panels typically results in, having made color adjustments and subpixel-level refinements for crisp lines and round corners. For out-of-warranty servicing for damages not relating to manufacturing defects, screen repairs of iPhone X cost US$279, while other damage repairs cost US$549.
Color options
The iPhone X has two color options; silver and space gray. The sides of the phone are composed of surgical-grade stainless steel to improve durability, and the front and back are made of glass. The design is intended to be IP67 water and dust resistant.
Chipsets
The iPhone X contains Apple's A11 Bionic system-on-chip, also used in the iPhone 8 and 8 Plus, which is a six-core processor with two cores optimized for performance (25% faster than the A10 Fusion processor), along with four cores optimized for efficiency (70% faster than the previous generation). It also features the first Apple-designed graphics processing unit and a Neural Engine, which powers an artificial intelligence accelerator.
Biometric authentication
Face ID replaces the Touch ID authentication system. The facial recognition sensor consists of two parts: a "Romeo" module that projects more than 30,000 infrared dots onto the user's face, and a "Juliet" module that reads the pattern. The pattern is sent to the Secure Enclave in the A11 Bionic chip to confirm a match with the phone owner's face. By default, the system will not work with eyes closed, in an effort to prevent unauthorized access but this requirement can be disabled in settings.
Cameras
The iPhone X has two cameras on the rear. One is a 12-megapixel wide-angle camera with f/1.8 aperture, with support for face detection, high dynamic range and optical image stabilization. It is capable of capturing 4K video at 24, 30 or 60 frames per second, or 1080p video at 30, 60, 120 or 240 frames per second. A secondary, telephoto lens features 2× optical zoom and 10× digital zoom with an aperture of f/2.4 and optical image stabilization. A Portrait Mode is capable of producing photos with specific depth-of-field and lighting effects. It also has a quad-LED True Tone flash with 2× better light uniformity. Still photos with 6.5 megapixels (3412×1920) can be captured during video recording. iOS 12/13 for the iPhone X did not include Smart HDR or Night Mode, which were kept exclusive to the new iPhone XS/iPhone 11. However, third-party apps brought similar features.
Front camera
On the front of the phone, a 7-megapixel True Depth camera has an f/2.2 aperture, and features face detection and HDR. It can capture 1080p video at 30 frames per second, 720p video at 240 frames per second, and exclusively allows for the use of Animoji; animated emojis placed on top of the user's face that intelligently react to the user's facial expressions.
Mono audio
Criticism has been aimed at video footage being recorded with mono audio (only one audio channel), and at a low bit rate of 96 kbit/s, while earlier mobile phones by competing vendors have been recording with stereo audio (two audio channels for spatiality) and higher bit rates, such as the Samsung Galaxy S3 and Sony Xperia S, both unveiled in 2012.
Wireless charging
iPhone X also supports Qi-standard wireless charging. In tests conducted by MacRumors, the iPhone X's charging speeds varies significantly depending on what types of cables, powerbanks, adapters, or wireless chargers are used.
Software
Due to its different screen layout, iOS developers are required to update their apps to make full use of the additional screen real estate. Such changes include rounded corners, sensor "notch" at the top of the screen, and an indicator area at the bottom for accessing the home screen. Apple published a "Human Interface Guidelines" document to explain areas of focus, and discouraged developers from attempting to mask or call special attention to any of the new changes. Additionally, text within the app needs to be configured to properly reference Face ID rather than Touch ID where the authentication technology is used on iPhone X. In anticipation of the release of the phone, most major apps were quickly updated to support the new changes brought by iPhone X, though the required changes did cause delayed app updates for some major apps.
The traditional home button, found on all previous devices in the iPhone lineup, has been removed entirely, replaced by touch-based gestures. To wake up the device, users can tap the display or use the side button; to access the home screen, users must swipe up from the bottom of the display; and to access the multitasking window, users must swipe up similarly to the method of accessing the home screen, but stop while the finger is in the middle of the screen, causing an app carousel to appear.
The iPhone X originally shipped with iOS 11 preinstalled at launch. It received iOS 12 on September 17, 2018, and is compatible with iOS 13, which was released on September 19, 2019. It received iOS 14 on September 16, 2020, and iOS 15 on September 20, 2021. On September 12, 2022, it became compatible with iOS 16.
Reception
General reviews
The iPhone X received positive reviews. Its display and build quality were strongly praised, and the camera also scored positively on tests. However, the sensor housing "notch" at the top of the screen and the introduction of an all-new authentication method were polarizing for critics and consumers. The notch was heavily mocked by users on social media, although app developers responded either neutrally or positively to the changes it brought to the user experience in their apps and games. Face ID facial recognition was praised for its simple setup, but criticized for requiring direct eyes on the screen, though that option can be disabled within the system preferences.
iPhone X's rear camera received an overall rating of 97 from DxOMark, a camera testing company, short of the highest score of 99, awarded to Samsung's Galaxy S9+ smartphone. Google's Pixel 2 received a rating of 98. Consumer Reports, a non-profit, independent organization aiming to write impartial reviews of consumer products, ranked iPhone X below iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus, as well as below Samsung's Galaxy S8, S8+ and Note 8, due to less durability and shorter battery life, although it praised the X's camera as "the highest-rated smartphone camera" it had ever tested.
Chris Velazco of Engadget praised the display, writing that, in his experience, the sensor "notch" goes from being "weird at first" to not being noticeable due to action in videos usually happening in the center. The build quality was given particular acclaim, being called "a beautifully made device" with the construction that "seamlessly" connects the front and back glass with the stainless-steel frame. Velazco noted that the new gesture-based interaction takes time to get used to, particularly the Control Center being moved from the bottom to the top right of the display. The camera, processor performance, and battery life were also given positive thoughts.
Nilay Patel of The Verge also praised the display, calling it "polished and tight" and "bright and colorful". He criticized the repeated lack of a headphone jack, the device's fragility despite Apple's claims of durability, and the sensor notch, calling it "ugly". Patel highlighted the fact that apps required updates to fit the new screen, writing that not all popular apps had received updates by the time of the review, resulting in some apps with "huge black borders" resembling iPhone 8. He especially criticized the positioning of the sensor notch while holding the phone in landscape mode, causing the notch to go "from being a somewhat forgettable element in the top status bar to a giant interruption on the side of the screen". The cameras were given positive feedback for maintaining detail in low-light. Patel particularly praised Animoji, calling it "probably the single best feature on the iPhone X", writing that "they just work, and they work incredibly well". Finally, he wrote that Face ID was the whole foundation of iPhone X, and stated that it "generally works great", though acknowledging the occasional misstep, in which users must "actively move the phone closer to your face to compensate". He specifically criticized the limited range of Face ID, with authentication only working when holding the phone 25–50 centimeters away from the face.
The cost of repairing an iPhone is also very large compared to its predecessors. If the iPhone X is damaged by user damage (not a manufacturing defect), screen repairs cost US$279, and other repairs like replacing iPhone X batteries are more expensive.
In a heavily negative review, Dennis Green of Business Insider significantly criticized the impossible one-handed use of iPhone X, writing that the new gestures to use the phone, such as swiping from the top down to access notifications and the Control Center, did not work when using the phone with only one hand due to not being able to reach the top. His review sparked outrage among Twitter users, many of whom used condescending tones, which Green reasoned as "I don't know whether the anger was directed toward me out of loyalty to Apple or to justify their own choice to spend $1,000 on a phone. It was obvious that much of the criticism came from people who had never used the phone".
Macworlds Roman Loyola praised the Face ID authentication system, writing that the setup process was "easy" and that its system integration was "more seamless" than the Touch ID fingerprint authentication of the past. That said, Loyola did note the "half-second" slower unlocking time than Touch ID as well as needing to look directly at the screen, making it impossible to unlock with the phone next to the user on a desk.
Face ID security and privacy concerns
Face ID has raised concerns regarding the possibility of law enforcement accessing an individual's phone by pointing the device at the user's face. United States Senator Al Franken asked Apple to provide more information on the security and privacy of Face ID a day after the announcement, with Apple responding by highlighting the recent publication of a security white paper and knowledge base detailing answers.
Inconsistent results have been shown when testing Face ID on identical twins, with some tests showing the system managing to separate the two, while other tests have failed.
However, despite Apple's promise of increased security of Face ID compared to the Touch ID fingerprint authentication system, there have been multiple media reports indicating otherwise. The Verge noted that courts in the United States have granted different Fifth Amendment rights in the United States Constitution to biometric unlocking systems as opposed to keycodes. Keycodes are considered "testimonial" evidence based on the contents of users' thoughts, whereas fingerprints are considered physical evidence, with some suspects having been ordered to unlock their phones via fingerprint. Many attempts to break through Face ID with sophisticated masks have been attempted, though all have failed. A week after iPhone X was released, Vietnamese security firm Bkav announced in a blog post that it had successfully created a $150 mask that tricked Face ID, though WIRED noted that Bkav's technique was more of a "proof-of-concept" rather than active exploitation risk, with the technique requiring a detailed measurement or digital scan of the iPhone owner's face, putting the real risk of danger only to targets of espionage and world leaders.
Additionally, Reuters reported in early November 2017 that Apple would share certain facial data on users with third-party app developers for more precise selfie filters and for fictional game characters to mirror real-world user facial expressions. Although developers are required to seek customer permission, are not allowed to sell the data to others nor create profiles on users nor use the data for advertising, and are limited to a more "rough map" rather than full capabilities, they still get access to over 50 kinds of facial expressions. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and the Center for Democracy and Technology raised privacy questions about Apple's enforcement of the privacy restrictions connected to third-party access, with Apple maintaining that its App Store review processes were effective safeguards. The "rough map" of facial data third-parties can access is also not enough to unlock the device, according to Reuters. However, the overall idea of letting developers access sensitive facial information was still not satisfactorily handled, according to Jay Stanley, a senior policy analyst with the ACLU, with Stanley telling Reuters that "the privacy issues around of the use of very sophisticated facial recognition technology for unlocking the phone have been overblown. ... The real privacy issues have to do with the access by third-party developers".
Sensor housing controversy
Much of the debate about the iPhone X has revolved around the design of the sensor housing, dubbed "notch" by the media, at the top of the display. The Outline described it as "a visually disgusting element", and The Verge posted a report focusing on public criticism and people mocking Apple's "odd design choice", but not every reviewer was equally negative in their opinions. Third-party iOS developers interviewed by Ars Technica said that, despite the work of restructuring design elements in their apps, the notch did not cause any problems, with some even arguing that the notch was a good push to simplify their designs. Just two weeks after iPhone X's release, Apple approved a "notch remover" app through the App Store, that places black bars across the top of the home screen to make the notch visually disappear. The approval was done despite the company's user interface guidelines discouraging developers from specifically masking the design. iPhone X was not the first device with a notch; both the Essential Phone and Sharp Aquos S2 were announced before it and had a display notch, albeit much smaller, but the iPhone X arguably popularized it.
Issues
Early activation issues
In November 2017, early adopters of the new phone reported that they were experiencing activation issues on certain cellular carriers, most notably AT&T. AT&T announced within hours that the issue had been fixed on their end, and a spokesperson for the Verizon carrier told the media none of its customers were affected despite some reports of problems.
Cold weather issues
In November 2017, iPhone X users reported on Reddit that the device's screen would become unresponsive after experiencing rapid temperature drops. Apple released the iOS 11.1.2 update on November 16, 2017, fixing the issue.
Forbes contributor Gordon Kelly reported in March 2018 that over 1,000 users experienced problems using camera flash in cold weather, with the problem being fixed in a later software update.
Cellular modem differences
Apple has been engaged in a legal battle with Qualcomm over allegedly anti-competitive practices and has been dual-sourcing cellular modem chips to reduce reliance on the semiconductor manufacturer. Starting with iPhone 7 in 2016, Apple has used about half Qualcomm modem chips and half Intel. Professional measurement tests performed by wireless signal testing firm Cellular Insights indicated that, as in the previous-gen iPhone 7, Qualcomm's chips outperform Intel's in LTE download speeds, up to 67% faster in very weak signal conditions, resulting in some sources recommending the purchase of an unlocked iPhone X or one bought through cellular carrier Verizon, in order to get the models featuring the faster Qualcomm modem. Additionally, CNET reported in September 2017 that the new iPhone models, including X, 8 and 8 Plus, do not have the ability to connect to the next-generation of wireless LTE data connection, despite 10 new Android devices, including flagships from main smartphone competitor Samsung, all having the capability to do so. While Apple's new smartphones have support for "LTE Advanced", with a theoretical peak speed of 500 megabits per second, the Android models have the ability to connect to "Gigabit LTE", allowing theoretical speeds up to 1 gigabit per second, doubling Apple's speed.
NFC problems
After releasing the iPhone X in Japan and China, customers experienced issues related to the phone's NFC while trying to access public transit smart card readers. In April 2018, Apple released a revision to the iPhone X, that included a vastly improved NFC chip. This solved the problem of NFC reader errors in most cases. Previously around 1 out of 3 NFC attempts would fail after initial reports. This issue also affected users in America.
Display Module Replacement Program
Apple has determined an issue with certain iPhone X devices where the display wouldn't respond to the user's touch, due to a component that might fail on the display module. Apple stated that they will repair the affected devices free of charge, so long as the device is under 3 years old.
See also
List of iOS devices
History of iPhone
Comparison of smartphones
Timeline of iPhone models
References
External links
(archived)
Computer-related introductions in 2017
IOS
Mobile phones introduced in 2017
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Mobile phones with 4K video recording
Mobile phones with pressure-sensitive touch screen
Discontinued flagship smartphones | wiki |
was a system used to record information regarding aliens resident in Japan. It was handled at the municipal level, parallel to (but separately from) the koseki (family register) and juminhyo (resident register) systems used to record information regarding Japanese nationals.
Foreigners staying in Japan for more than 90 days (excluding military personnel under a status of forces agreement and diplomatic personnel) were required to register within 90 days of landing in Japan. The applicant was required to provide a completed application form, passport (for applicants 16 years old or older) and two identification photos. The system was voluntary for shorter-term visitors.
Alien registration was a prerequisite to many activities in Japan, such as purchasing a mobile phone, opening a bank account or obtaining a driver's license.
As described below, the alien registration system was replaced with a foreign residents' registration system on July 9, 2012. The new system of foreign resident registration was passed from the local municipal level to the national level.
Registered information
The information stored in the alien registration system included:
Date of registration
Name (including any legal alias)
Date of birth
Gender
Nationality and place of residence in home country
Place of birth
Employer/school, work/school address and occupation (if any)
Passport number and date of issuance
Date of landing in Japan
Status of residence and duration of stay
Residential address
Information regarding household members (including name, date of birth, nationality and relationship)
Information regarding parent(s) and/or spouse residing in Japan.
This information was recorded in a physical document called a , kept by the municipality in which the subject lived. Any changes in registered information had to be reported to the municipal office.
If a resident alien moved within Japan, they were required to report their move to the new municipality of residence, which then took possession of the tōroku genpyō. The tōroku genpyō was closed when the alien left Japan without a re-entry permit, and was then kept in an archive at the Ministry of Justice. Any subsequent entry to Japan by the same person required a new registration which was kept on a new tōroku genpyō.
Alien registration card
After a person registered as an alien, they were issued a photographic identity document called a , abbreviated (as is common in Japan) to , and colloquially referred to in English as an "alien registration card" ("ARC") or "gaijin card". All aliens in Japan were required to carry their passport or ARC at all times. The issuance of an ARC generally took about two weeks from the filing of the application.
Alien registration could also be evidenced by a , which is an A4-sized printed copy of the information currently on file, similar in form to the residency registration certificates used by Japanese nationals. Because this form of certificate did not contain the subject's photograph, it was not as widely accepted as the ARC for identity verification purposes, and was mainly used as a temporary certificate when an ARC was unavailable.
The ARC had to be surrendered when the foreigner left Japan unless they had a valid re-entry permit in their passport.
Legal alias
Registered aliens are allowed to adopt an or 通名 as a second legal name. This resembles the 通称 that Japanese are allowed to use — for example, to continue using a maiden name at work and on bank accounts after marriage. Foreigners who are long-term residents of Japan, particularly ethnic Koreans whose families have lived in Japan for generations, often adopt Japanese names as aliases in order to integrate within society. Ethnic Japanese who live in Japan as resident aliens may use a legal alias to reflect their ancestral name. Legal aliases are also used when registering a seal in a different script than the applicant's legal name (e.g., in katakana rather than Latin script).
A person is generally required to use their alias in public relations before registering it. The exact criteria vary by locality, but the most common evidence is mail addressed to the alias name. One common technique which applicants use to create this evidence is to label the post box at their registered residence using the alias, and then mail themselves a postcard or letter addressed to the alias. One may also pay one's NHK television fee under the alias, and then receive official bills using that alias.
Aliases may be registered upon initial alien registration. If the alias is registered subsequently, upon registration of the alias, the registrant receives a handwritten notation indicating the legal alias on the reverse side of their alien registration card. Any registration certificate which is subsequently issued will show the alias in type in parentheses just below the holder's name.
A registered alias may be used on credit cards, health insurance, bank accounts and other documents. However, such documents may cause difficulties in foreign countries where the holder does not have personal identification showing their Japanese alias; thus documents in the registrant's foreign name may be preferable in non-Japanese speaking locales. Foreigners may obtain a Japanese credit card with a photo.
Japanese nationals often use aliases for non-official purposes. For example, women often continue to use their maiden names following marriage, even though they are required to adopt the same family name as their husband for their legal name. However, Japanese nationals are not permitted to use an alias for legal purposes: their name on any official document (e.g. domestic use Japanese identification) must match the name appearing in their family register and resident register. Japanese passports may contain alternate names in parentheses next to the family name or the given name if the Japanese can show a legal connection and use of these names overseas. Multiple alternate names are separated by slashes. Non-standard non-Hepburn romanization may also be used for the main names if one can show a legal connection using these spellings.
Issues
Fingerprinting debate
From 1952 onward, alien registration required the applicant to provide fingerprints from all fingers. Resident Koreans and other groups opposed this provision as a human rights violation. Kathleen Morikawa saw fingerprinting as violating the Golden Rule and fought for a level playing field. The fingerprinting system was repealed for Special Permanent Residents in the 1980s and for other aliens in 1999.
The fingerprint law was described in an Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights report, Prevention of Discrimination: The Rights of Non-Citizens (final report of the special rapporteur David Weissbrodt), as follows:
The Japanese government has since introduced fingerprinting and photographing of foreigners, claiming that this is a terrorism control measure. Fingerprinting is conducted at the immigration checkpoint when entering Japan and is only conducted using the two index fingers. Japanese nationals and Special Permanent Residents are exempt from the procedure; long-term residency holders are requested to give fingerprint scans regardless.
When enforced, 95 people out of 700,000 who had entered Japan in one month were refused entry.
Relation with other registration systems
The alien registration system was similar to, but completely separate from, the koseki system used to record Japanese families and the juminhyo system used to record individual residents. If a household contained any non-Japanese members, those people would not appear in the koseki or juminhyo alongside the Japanese members. However, both Japanese and non-Japanese members of a registered alien's family appear in the alien's registration certificate; therefore one alien registration certificate can be used to prove their familial relationship.
One side effect of this situation was that it was impossible for an alien married to a Japanese national to be registered as the head of their household on a koseki or juminhyo. It was possible, however, to add a footnote to the Japanese spouse's records indicating that the alien is a .
Foreign residents' registration system
The Japanese government passed a law replacing the alien registration system with a residents' registration system. This new system started from July 9, 2012. The changes see non-Japanese residents recorded alongside Japanese residents in the jūminhyō system. (Note the distinction between the koseki system, which has not changed, and the jūminhyō).
Under the new system, foreigners are issued a new identification card known as a by immigration authorities. Local city officials stopped issuing Alien Registration Cards and all foreigners are now issued Residence Cards by immigration authorities. Use of the old card was permitted until 8 July 2015, or when the resident's current status expired, whichever came first.
With the system, the maximum length of a status (other than statuses such as long-term residence or special long-term residence) for foreign residents was extended from three to five years, and shorter periods for Students and dependent statuses are permitted; the maximum length of multiple re-entry permits also has been extended to 5 years (eiju status) or 6 years (teiji), in addition for stays of up to one year, a special re-entry permit can be applied for at the point of departure at no charge rather than having to apply to an Immigration bureau in advance.
Residency status renewals are automatically reported to City Offices. Immigration Dept. penalties for failing to promptly report changes in address to the City Office may be quite severe. As was the case for Alien Registration, penalties for not carrying registration cards at all times are still likely to be heavy.
Special Permanent Residents such as special Korean residents of Japan have a Special Permanent Resident Certificate instead of a Residence Card.
References
External links
Guide for Foreign Residents in Japan (not yet updated for new system)
Registration of a Japanese name alias explained in Japanese by Nishio City, Aichi Prefecture
About.com article in Japanese on aliases (17 Oct 2006)
Identity documents
Immigration to Japan
Law of Japan
Public records | wiki |
Hollywood Game Night is an international television game show franchise of American origin, in which contestants take part in a casual game night with celebrities. The original American version debuted on July 11, 2013 on NBC.
International versions
References
Television lists by series
H | wiki |
Minority Floor Leader might refer to:
Minority Floor Leader of the Senate of the Philippines
Minority Floor Leader of the House of Representatives of the Philippines
See also
Floor leader
Majority Floor Leader of the Senate of the Philippines
Majority Floor Leader of the House of Representatives of the Philippines | wiki |
Negator can mean any of the following:
Negation (as a function of linguistics)
The sign for negation in logic (usually ¬ or ~)
an order-reversing self-mapping of the interval [0, 1] used for definition of De Morgan Triplets and in fuzzy set theory as in fuzzy logic. | wiki |
The Chronological Table of Private and Personal Acts is a list of private Acts and (public) personal Acts passed by the Parliament of England, the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of the United Kingdom since 1539.
The Table was produced by the Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission who produced a report on it. A version of the Table is now published on the website Legislation.gov.uk.
Lawyer James Colquhoun said that the Table makes it "markedly easier" to determine whether private Acts have been repealed or otherwise amended.
References
External links
Chronological Table of Private and Personal Acts from Legislation.gov.uk.
Legal literature | wiki |
Henderson Park was a baseball park located in Henderson, TX and was the home to many Henderson baseball teams over the course of the facility. The remnants of the ballpark still exist and can be viewed behind the ancient middle school at Fair Park Street and South High Street.
Sources
"Texas Almanac 2008-2009," The Dallas Morning News, c.2008
References
Baseball venues in East Texas
Baseball venues in Texas | wiki |
In the United States, a citizen grand jury is a non-actionable, non-governmental organization that assumes a responsibility upon itself to accuse an individual or groups of individuals of having committed actionable crimes, in a similar aim as that of official grand juries. Such organizations have been organized by those who espouse conspiracy theories regarding certain events or the individuals who are accused by the citizen grand jury, and most citizen grand jury applications to official judiciary systems at the federal, state, or local and municipal level tend to be thrown out for lack of evidence.
Modern citizen grand juries were organized in the 2000s to accuse government officials of complicity in the September 11 attacks, and others were organized in the late 2000s and early 2010s regarding the accuracy of President Barack Obama's status as a natural-born citizen.
Some states permit citizens to request that an official grand jury initiate criminal charges. But the decision of whether to pursue criminal charges lies with the grand jury, and not the citizen who made the request.
9/11 citizen grand juries
The earliest so-called 9/11 citizen grand jury, the 23-member "Los Angeles Citizens' Grand Jury on the Crimes of 9/11/01," was organized in 2004 by activist Lynne Pentz. By October of that year it had launched an "indictment" accusing George W. Bush and other administration officials of complicity and foreknowledge of the attacks. Among those offering testimony at the event were Webster Tarpley, Barbara Honegger, Don Paul, Jim Hoffman and Christopher Bollyn. Similar citizen grand juries were organized in San Diego later in the 2000s.
Obama citizenship citizen grand juries
Some campaigners, led by Georgia activist Carl Swensson, have sought to, "finally expose the conspiracy behind President Obama's birth certificate," by forming what they term "citizen grand juries" to indict Obama.
The "citizen grand juries" are based on the Fifth Amendment's premise that "no person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury."
Although the activists managed to hand out copies of "indictments" to Congressional staff, the courts have not regarded the "citizen grand juries" favorably. In June 2009, a group of 172 campaigners declared themselves to be a "Super American Grand Jury" and voted to charge Obama with treason and accused him of not being a U.S. citizen.
Chief Judge Royce C. Lamberth of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia dismissed the "indictment" on July 2, 2009 and declared "[T]here is no authority under the Rules of Procedure or in the statutes of the United States for this court to accept [a presentment]... The individuals who have made this presentment were not convened by this court to sit as a grand jury nor have they been selected at random from a fair cross section of this district. Any self-styled indictment or presentment issued by such a group has no force under the Constitution or laws of the United States."
In 2013, a citizen grand jury formed by Larry Klayman "convicted" Obama of fraud.
White supremacist citizen grand juries
In 2011 there was an influx of white supremacists to Montana's Flathead Valley region. Karl Gharst, a white supremacist active in the Flathead area, publicly announced plans to form a citizen grand jury in Kalispell to indict the Montana Human Rights Network, a local anti-racism organization. Gharst, previously active in the Aryan Nations and currently founder of a group called Kalispell Pioneer Little Europe, claimed that the MHRN was a "Jewish Defamation Organization" and part of a "Jewish terrorist network".
Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge
Members of Ammon Bundy's group calling themselves "Citizens for Constitutional Freedom" attempted to create citizen grand juries and threatened indictments against a number of officials, both federal and local, for "multiple constitutional crimes." The tactics included bringing in self-proclaimed "judges" who did not have legal authority under the court system. One of the self-proclaimed 'judges' threatened newsmedia with "the crime of felony" for attempting to report on the proceedings.
Robert Mueller
In 2019, Klayman convened a citizen grand jury against special counsel Robert Mueller regarding the Justice Department’s investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.
Joe Biden and Hunter Biden
In 2019, Klayman vowed to convene a citizen grand jury to "indict" Obama's vice president Joe Biden, and his son Hunter Biden, for their involvement with Burisma Holdings.
References
9/11 conspiracy theories
Conspiracy theories in the United States
Conspiracy theories regarding Barack Obama
Fringe theories
Organizations based in the United States
Oversight and watchdog organizations | wiki |
The American Association was a Minor League Baseball league that operated primarily in the Midwestern and South Central United States from 1902 to 1962 and 1969 to 1997. Over that 90-year span, its teams relocated, changed names, transferred to different leagues, or ceased operations altogether. This list documents teams which played in the league.
Teams
Map
See also
List of International League teams
List of Pacific Coast League teams
References
External links
Teams
American Association teams
Teams
American Association | wiki |
This is a list of karst springs. There are different types of karst springs, including inversacs (or estavelles), Vauclusian springs, vruljas, and others. All of them form in limestone settings.
References
Karst
Karst springs list | wiki |
Palmarès
NCAA AP All-America First Team (1949)
NCAA AP All-America Second Team (1948)
Note
Altri progetti
Collegamenti esterni
Morti in New Hampshire
Cestisti italoamericani | wiki |
Photo slideshow software is computer software used to display a range of digital photos, images and video clips in a predefined order. In most cases the output file is a standard video file or an executable file which contains all the sound and images for display.
Typical features
Slideshow applications usually offer the following functions: image editing (including photo enhancement, cropping, brightness & contrast settings, photo vintage effects), special animation effects (Ken Burns Effects, rotation, 3D flips), transitions, a collection of pre-designed images (clip art), background music soundtrack, opening and closing titles, voice-over recording, text captions, etc.
Some programs have the ability to search and import images from Flickr or Google. Custom graphics can also be created in other programs such as Adobe Photoshop or Adobe Illustrator and then exported to a slideshow maker.
Software
PhotoStage
See also
Slide show
Presentation program
Non-linear editing
Comparison of image viewers
References
Further reading
Photo software
Presentation software | wiki |
The groundhog (Marmota monax), also known as a woodchuck, is a rodent of the family Sciuridae, belonging to the group of large ground squirrels known as marmots.
The groundhog is a lowland creature of North America; it is found through much of the Eastern United States, across Canada and into Alaska.
It was first scientifically described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.
The groundhog is also referred to as a chuck, wood-shock, groundpig, whistlepig, whistler, thickwood badger, Canada marmot, monax, moonack, weenusk, red monk, land beaver, and, among French Canadians in eastern Canada, siffleux. The name "thickwood badger" was given in the Northwest to distinguish the animal from the prairie badger. Monax (Móonack) is an Algonquian name of the woodchuck, which means "digger" (cf. Lenape monachgeu). Young groundhogs may be called chucklings.
The groundhog, being a lowland animal, is exceptional among marmots. Other marmots, such as the yellow-bellied and hoary marmots, live in rocky and mountainous areas. Groundhogs play an important role maintaining healthy soil in woodlands and plains. The groundhog is considered a crucial habitat engineer. Groundhogs are considered the most solitary of the marmot species. They live in aggregations, and their social organization also varies across populations. Groundhogs do not form stable, long-term pair-bonds, and during mating season male-female interactions are limited to copulation. In Ohio, adult males and females associate with each other throughout the year and often from year to year. Groundhogs are an extremely intelligent animal forming complex social networks, able to understand social behavior, form kinship with their young, understand and communicate threats through whistling, and work cooperatively to solve tasks such as burrowing.
Description
The groundhog is by far the largest sciurid in its geographical range, excepting British Columbia where its range may that of its somewhat larger cousin, the hoary marmot. Adults may measure from in total length, including a tail of . Weights of adult groundhogs typically fall between .
Male groundhogs average slightly larger than females and, like all marmots, they are considerably heavier during autumn (when engaged in autumn hyperphagia) than when emerging from hibernation in spring. Adult males average year-around weight , with spring to fall average weights of while females average , with spring to fall averages of . Seasonal weight changes indicate circannual deposition and use of fat. Groundhogs attain progressively higher weights each year for the first two or three years, after which weight plateaus.
Groundhogs have four incisor teeth, which grow per week. Constant usage wears them down again by about that much each week. Unlike the incisors of many other rodents, the incisors of groundhogs are white to ivory-white. Groundhogs are well-adapted for digging, with powerful, short legs and broad, long claws. The groundhog's tail is shorter than that of other sciurids—only about one-fourth of body length.
Etymology
The etymology of the name woodchuck is unrelated to wood or chucking. It stems from an Algonquian (possibly Narragansett) name for the animal, wuchak. The similarity between the words has led to the popular tongue-twister:
How much wood would a woodchuck chuck
if a woodchuck could chuck wood?
A woodchuck would chuck all the wood he could
if a woodchuck could chuck wood!
Distribution and habitat
The groundhog prefers open country and the edges of woodland, and is rarely far from a burrow entrance. Marmota monax has a wide geographic range. It can typically be found in small woodlots, low-elevation forests, fields and pastures, and hedgerows. It constructs dens in well-drained soil, and most have summer and winter dens. Human activity has increased food access and abundance, allowing M. monax to thrive.
Survival
In the wild, groundhogs can live up to six years with two or three being average. In captivity, groundhogs reportedly live up to 14 years. Human development, which often produces openings juxtaposed with second growth trees that are incidentally also favored by groundhogs, often ensures that groundhogs in well-developed areas are nearly free of predators, beyond humans (through various forms of pest control or roadkills) or mid-to-large sized dogs.
Wild predators of adult groundhogs in most of eastern North America include coyotes, badgers, bobcats, and foxes (largely only red fox). Many of these predators are successful stealth stalkers so can catch groundhogs by surprise before the large rodents can escape to their burrows; badgers likely hunt them by digging them out from their burrows. Coyotes in particular are sizable enough to overpower any groundhog, with the latter being the third most significant prey species per a statewide study in Pennsylvania.
Large predators such as gray wolf and eastern cougar are basically extirpated in the east but still may hunt groundhogs on occasion in Canada. Golden eagles can also prey on adult groundhogs, but seldom occur in the same range or in the same habitats as this marmot. Likewise, great horned owls can reportedly, per Bent (1938), prey upon groundhogs, but this owl rarely does so, especially given the temporal differences in their behaviors.
Young groundhogs (usually those less than a couple months in age) may also be taken by an American mink, perhaps other smallish mustelids, cats, timber rattlesnakes, and hawks. Red-tailed hawks can take groundhogs at least of up to the size of yearling juveniles, and northern goshawks can take them up to perhaps weak emergent-adult groundhogs in the Spring.
Beyond their large size, groundhogs have several successful anti-predator behaviors, usually retreating to the safety of their burrow which most predators will not attempt to enter, but also being ready to fight off with their sharp claws and large incisors any who press the attack. They can also scale trees to escape a threat.
Occasionally, woodchucks may suffer from parasitism and a woodchuck may die from infestation or from bacteria transmitted by vectors. In areas of intensive agriculture and the dairying regions of the state of Wisconsin, particularly in its southern parts, the woodchuck by 1950 had been almost extirpated. Jackson (1961) suggested that exaggerated reports of damage done by the woodchuck led to excessive culling, substantially reducing its numbers in the state.
In some areas woodchucks are important game animals and are killed regularly for sport, food, or fur. In Kentucky, an estimated 267,500 M. monax were taken annually from 1964 to 1971. Woodchucks had protected status in the state of Wisconsin until 2017. Woodchuck numbers appear to have decreased in Illinois.
Behavior
The time spent observing groundhogs by field biologists represents only a small fraction of time devoted to the field research. W.J. Schoonmaker reports that groundhogs may hide when they see, smell, or hear an observer. Marmot researcher Ken Armitage states that the social biology of the groundhog is poorly studied.
Despite their heavy-bodied appearance, groundhogs are accomplished swimmers and occasionally climb trees when escaping predators or when they want to survey their surroundings. They prefer to retreat to their burrows when threatened; if the burrow is invaded, the groundhog tenaciously defends itself with its two large incisors and front claws. Groundhogs are generally agonistic and territorial among their own species and may skirmish to establish dominance.
Outside their burrow, individuals are alert when not actively feeding. It is common to see one or more nearly motionless individuals standing erect on their hind feet watching for danger. When alarmed, they use a high-pitched whistle to warn the rest of the colony, hence the name "whistle-pig". Groundhogs may squeal when fighting, seriously injured, or caught by a predator. Other sounds groundhogs may make include low barks and a sound produced by grinding their teeth. David P. Barash wrote that he witnessed only two occasions of upright play-fighting among woodchucks and that the upright posture of play-fighting involves sustained physical contact between individuals and may require a degree of social tolerance virtually unknown in M. monax. He said it was possible to conclude, alternatively, that upright play-fighting is part of the woodchuck's behavioral repertory but rarely shown because of physical spacing and/or low social tolerance.
Diet
Mostly herbivorous, groundhogs eat primarily wild grasses and other vegetation, including berries and agricultural crops, when available. In early spring, dandelion and coltsfoot are important groundhog food items. Some additional foods include sheep sorrel, timothy-grass, buttercup, tearthumb, agrimony, red and black raspberries, mulberries, buckwheat, plantain, wild lettuce, all varieties of clover, and alfalfa. Groundhogs also occasionally eat small animals, such as grubs, grasshoppers, snails, and even baby birds, but are not as omnivorous as many other Sciuridae.
An adult groundhog can eat more than a pound of vegetation daily. In early June, woodchucks' metabolism slows, and while their food intake decreases, their weight increases by as much as 100% as they produce fat deposits to sustain them during hibernation and late winter. Instead of storing food, groundhogs stuff themselves to survive the winter without eating. Thought not to drink water, groundhogs are reported to obtain needed liquids from the juices of food-plants, aided by their sprinkling with rain or dew.
Burrows
Groundhogs are excellent burrowers, using burrows for sleeping, rearing young, and hibernating. W. J. Schoonmaker excavated 11 dens, finding that the volume of earth removed from these averaged per den. The longest burrow measured plus two short side galleries. The volume of soil taken from this den was , weighing . The average weight of the earth taken from all eleven dens was . Though groundhogs are the most solitary of the marmots, several individuals may occupy the same burrow. Groundhog burrows usually have two to five entrances, providing groundhogs their primary means of escape from predators. Burrows can pose a serious threat to agricultural and residential development by damaging farm machinery and even undermining building foundations. In a June 7, 2009, Humane Society of the United States article, "How to Humanely Chuck a Woodchuck Out of Your Yard", John Griffin, director of Humane Wildlife Services, stated you would have to have a lot of woodchucks working over a lot of years to create tunnel systems that would pose any risk to a structure.
The burrow is used for safety, retreat in bad weather, hibernating, sleeping, love nest, and nursery.
In addition to the nest, there is an excrement chamber. The hibernation or nest chamber is lined with dead leaves and dried grasses. The nest chamber may be about twenty inches to three feet () below ground surface. It is about wide and high. There are typically two burrow openings or holes. One is the main entrance, the other a spy hole. Description of the length of the burrow often includes side galleries. Excluding side galleries, Schoonmaker reports the longest was , and the average length of eleven dens was . W. H. Fisher investigated nine burrows, finding the deepest point down. The longest, including side galleries, was . Numbers of burrows per individual groundhog decrease with urbanization.
Bachman mentioned that when the young groundhogs are a few months old, they prepare for separation, digging a number of holes in the area of their early home. Some of these holes were only a few feet deep and never occupied but the numerous burrows gave the impression that groundhogs live in communities.
Hibernation
Groundhogs are one of the few species that enter into true hibernation, and often build a separate "winter burrow" for this purpose. This burrow is usually in a wooded or brushy area and is dug below the frost line and remains at a stable temperature well above freezing during the winter months. In most areas, groundhogs hibernate from October to March or April, but in more temperate areas, they may hibernate as little as three months. Groundhogs hibernate longer in northern latitudes than southern latitudes. To survive the winter, they are at their maximum weight shortly before entering hibernation. When the groundhog enters hibernation, there is a drop in body temperature to as low as , heart rate falls to 4–10 beats per minute and breathing rate falls to one breath every six minutes. During hibernation, they experience periods of torpor and arousal. Hibernating woodchucks lose as much as half their body weight by February. They emerge from hibernation with some remaining body fat to live on until the warmer spring weather produces abundant plant materials for food. Males emerge from hibernation before females. Groundhogs are mostly diurnal, and are often active early in the morning or late afternoon.
Reproduction
Usually groundhogs breed in their second year, but a small proportion may breed in their first. The breeding season extends from early March to mid- or late April, after hibernation. Woodchucks are polygynous but only alpine and woodchuck marmot females have been shown to mate with multiple males. A mated pair remains in the same den throughout the 31- to 32-day gestation period. As birth of the young approaches in April or May, the male leaves the den. One litter is produced annually. Female woodchucks give birth to one to nine offspring, with most litters ranging between 3 and 5 pups. Groundhog mothers introduce their young to the wild once their fur is grown in and they can see. At this time, if at all, the father groundhog comes back to the family. By the end of August, the family breaks up; or at least, the larger number scatter, to burrow on their own.
Relationship with humans
Both their diet and their habit of burrowing make groundhogs serious nuisance animals around farms and gardens. They will eat many commonly grown vegetables, and their burrows can undermine foundations.
Very often, the dens of groundhogs provide homes for other animals, including skunks, red foxes, and cottontail rabbits. Foxes and skunks feed upon field mice, grasshoppers, beetles, and other creatures that destroy farm crops. In aiding these animals, the groundhog indirectly helps the farmer. In addition to providing homes for itself and other animals, the groundhog aids in soil improvement by bringing subsoil to the surface. The groundhog is also a valuable game animal and is considered a difficult sport when hunted in a fair manner. In some parts of the U.S., they have been eaten.
A report in 1883 by the New Hampshire Legislative Woodchuck Committee describes the groundhog's objectionable character:
The committee concludes that "a small bounty will prove of incalculable good; at all events, even as an experiment, it is certainly worth trying; therefore your committee would respectfully recommend that the accompanying bill be passed."
Groundhogs may be raised in captivity, but their aggressive nature can pose problems. Doug Schwartz, a zookeeper and groundhog trainer at the Staten Island Zoo, has been quoted as saying "They're known for their aggression, so you're starting from a hard place. His natural impulse is to kill 'em all and let God sort 'em out. You have to work to produce the sweet and cuddly." Groundhogs cared for in wildlife rehabilitation that survive but cannot be returned to the wild may remain with their caregivers and become educational ambassadors.
In the United States and Canada, the yearly February 2 Groundhog Day celebration has given the groundhog recognition and popularity. The most popularly known of these groundhogs are Punxsutawney Phil, Wiarton Willie, Jimmy the Groundhog, Dunkirk Dave, and Staten Island Chuck kept as part of Groundhog Day festivities in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania; Wiarton, Ontario; Sun Prairie, Wisconsin; Dunkirk, New York; and Staten Island respectively. The 1993 comedy film Groundhog Day references several events related to Groundhog Day, and portrays both Punxsutawney Phil himself, and the annual Groundhog Day ceremony. Famous Southern groundhogs include General Beauregard Lee, based at Dauset Trails Nature Center outside Atlanta, Georgia.
Groundhogs are used in medical research on hepatitis B-induced liver cancer. A percentage of the woodchuck population is infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), similar to human hepatitis B virus. Humans do not receive hepatitis from woodchucks with WHV, but the virus and its effects on the liver make the woodchuck the best available animal for the study of viral hepatitis in humans. The only other animal model for hepatitis B virus studies is the chimpanzee, an endangered species. Woodchucks are also used in biomedical research investigating metabolic function, obesity, energy balance, the endocrine system, reproduction, neurology, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and neoplastic disease. Researching the hibernation patterns of groundhogs may lead to benefits for humans, including lowering of the heart rate in complicated surgical procedures.
Groundhog burrows have revealed at least two archaeological sites, the Ufferman Site in the U.S. state of Ohio and Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Pennsylvania. Archaeologists have never excavated the Ufferman Site, but the activities of local groundhogs have revealed numerous artifacts. They favor the loose soil of the esker at the site lies, and their burrow digging has brought many objects to the surface: human and animal bones, pottery, and bits of stone. Woodchuck remains were found in the Indian mounds at Aztalan, Jefferson County, Wisconsin.
Robert Frost's poem "A Drumlin Woodchuck" uses the imagery of a groundhog dug into a small ridge as a metaphor for his emotional reticence.
References
Further reading
External links
Woodchuck, Hinterland Who's Who
Woodchuck (Groundhog), Missouri Conservation Commission
NIH Guide: BREEDING AND EXPERIMENTAL FACILITY FOR WOODCHUCKS (MARMOTA MONAX) Breeding and Experimental Facility for Woodchucks
Marmots
Mammals of Canada
Mammals of the United States
Fauna of the Eastern United States
Fauna of the Northeastern United States
Articles containing video clips
Mammals described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus | wiki |
Rectitis is an inflammation of the inner rectum. It mainly affects the rectal mucous membrane. The condition can be acute or it may be a chronic condition. Rectitis may be caused due to conditions such as ulcerative colitis or Chron's disease.
References
Diseases and disorders | wiki |
Pension insurance contract is an insurance contract that specifies pension plan contributions to an insurance undertaking in exchange for which the pension plan benefits will be paid when the members reach a specified retirement age or on earlier exit of members from the plan.
See also
Pension fund
Insurance
Types of insurance | wiki |
Ardross may refer to:
Ardross, Western Australia
Ardross, Highland, Scotland
Ardross (horse), Thoroughbred race horse
, a Hong Kong steamship in service 1961-63
See also
Ardross Castle (disambiguation) | wiki |
Dupont Plaza Hotel may refer to:
Dupont Plaza Hotel (Miami), a hotel in Miami, Florida, 1957–2004
Dupont Plaza Hotel arson, 1986
Hotel Dupont Plaza in San Juan, Puerto Rico, former name of San Juan Marriott Resort & Stellaris Casino
See also
Dupont (disambiguation) | wiki |
This is a partial index of Wikipedia articles treating natural languages, arranged alphabetically and with (sub-) families mentioned. The list also includes extinct languages.
For a published list of languages, see ISO 639-1 (list of ISO 639-1 codes for 136 major languages), or for a more inclusive list, see ISO 639-3 (list of ISO 639-3 codes, 7,874 in total as of June 2013). The enumeration of languages and dialects can easily be taken into the five-digit range; the Linguasphere Observatory has a database (LS-2010) with more than 32,800 coded entries and more than 70,900 linguistic names.
List
See also
Constructed language and List of constructed languages
Language (for information about language in general)
Language observatory
Languages used on the Internet
List of fictional languages
List of programming languages
Lists of languages
Sign language and List of sign languages
References
Wikipedia indexes | wiki |
Universo is the name of a comic book character
Universo may also refer to:
Universo BRB
Universo Online
El Universo, newspaper
Universo (Axel album)
Universo (TV network), an American cable network
See also
Universo Latino
Universe (disambiguation) | wiki |
Tricuspid atresia is a form of congenital heart disease whereby there is a complete absence of the tricuspid valve. Therefore, there is an absence of right atrioventricular connection. This leads to a hypoplastic (undersized) or absent right ventricle. This defect is contracted during prenatal development, when the heart does not finish developing. It causes the systemic circulation to be filled with relatively deoxygenated blood. The causes of tricuspid atresia are unknown.
In most cases of tricuspid atresia, additional defects exist to allow exchange of blood between the loops of systematic circulation and pulmonary circulation, filling in the role of the missing atrioventricular connection. An atrial septal defect (ASD) must be present to fill the left atrium and the left ventricle with blood. Since there is a lack of a right ventricle, there must also be a way to pump blood into the pulmonary artery. This can be accomplished by a ventricular septal defect (VSD) connecting the left ventricle to the pulmonary artery or by a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) connecting the aorta to the pulmonary artery. In the latter case, prostaglandin E1 is used to maintain the PDA connection until emergency corrective surgery can be completed. As oxygenated blood is mixed with deoxygenated blood in both cases, there is a reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity.
It is also possible for tricuspid atresia to appear without the life-saving defects. In this case, the systemic and pulmonary circulations would be cut off from each other and no useful breathing can occur. An experimental procedure called fetal balloon atrial septostomy can be used to artificially create the required defect in utero.
Presentation
progressive cyanosis
poor feeding
tachypnea over the first 2 weeks of life
holosystolic murmur due to the VSD
left axis deviation on electrocardiography and left ventricular hypertrophy (since it must pump blood to both the pulmonary and systemic systems)
Normal or mildly enlarged heart
Cause
Tricuspid atresia is caused by complete absence of the tricuspid valve. The underlying cause of this absence remains unknown. This prevents direct blood flow between the right atrium and the right ventricle. This usually causes the foramen ovale to remain open after birth, leading to atrial septal defect.
Pathophysiology
As there is no communication between the right atrium and the right ventricle, there must be an atrial septal defect to allow blood to flow into the left cardiac chambers. Due to the lack of blood flow into the right ventricle, it will be hypoplastic. In most cases, there will also be a ventricular septal defect allowing some blood into the pulmonary circulation. Due to the lack of blood flow into the pulmonary circulation, there is poor oxygenation of blood, leading to progressively worsening cyanosis.
Diagnosis
The majority of cases can be diagnosed prenatally during a routine anomaly scan. If evidence of a congenital heart disease is found, the diagnosis can be confirmed by a foetal echocardiogram.
If it is not diagnosed prenatally, it may be diagnosed shortly after birth with physical examination, which would reveal cyanosis and murmur. Further evidence for the diagnosis can be obtained with an electrocardiogram and a chest radiograph. ECG will typically show a left axis deviation, while the chest X-ray may show pulmonary oligaemia or hyperaemia. The definitive investigation is, as in all congenital heart diseases, an echocardiogram, although the aforementioned tests along with clinical features might be sufficient for most cases.
Treatment
Treatment is based on:
PGE1 to maintain patent ductus arteriosus.
First operation: modified Blalock-Taussig shunt to maintain pulmonary blood flow by placing a Gore-Tex conduit between the subclavian artery and the pulmonary artery. See also Norwood procedure.
Where too much flow to the lungs is present, a pulmonary band may be placed in a first operation.
Second operation: cavopulmonary anastomosis (hemi-Fontan or bidirectional Glenn) to provide stable pulmonary flow
Final operation: Fontan procedure to redirect inferior vena cava and hepatic vein flow into the pulmonary circulation.
Epidemiology
Tricuspid atresia is the third most common critical congenital heart defect. It is estimated to cause between 1% and 3% of all congenital heart defects.
References
External links
Congenital heart defects | wiki |
Malva parviflora is an annual or perennial herb that is native to Northern Africa, Europe and Asia and is widely naturalised elsewhere. Common names include cheeseweed, cheeseweed mallow, Egyptian mallow, least mallow, little mallow, mallow, marshmallow, small-flowered mallow, small-flowered marshmallow and smallflower mallow.
M. parviflora leaf extracts possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.
It has a decumbent or erect habit, growing up to 50 cm in height. The broad leaves have 5 to 7 lobes and are 8 to 10 cm in diameter. It has small white or pink flowers with 4 to 6 mm long petals.
References
External links
GBIF: Occurrence data for Malva parviflora
Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile
parviflora
Flora of Lebanon
Flora of Malta | wiki |
Game of the Century may refer to:
Sports
The Game of the Century (chess), a chess game between Donald Byrne and Bobby Fischer in 1956
Game of the Century (college basketball), a basketball game between the Houston Cougars and UCLA Bruins in 1968
Game of the Century (college football), any one of several games in U.S. college football
Italy v West Germany (1970 FIFA World Cup), the semi-final of the 1970 FIFA World Cup between Italy and West Germany
The Game of the Century (Go), a game of Go between Honinbo Shusai and Go Seigen in 1934
Television
The Game of the Century (TV series), 1978 British TV series
See also
Bridge Battle of the Century
Empire: Wargame of the Century
Match of the Century (disambiguation)
Game of the Year (disambiguation)
The Greatest Game Ever Played (disambiguation) | wiki |
The adjective Hanoverian is used to describe:
British monarchs or supporters of the House of Hanover, the dynasty which ruled the United Kingdom from 1714 to 1901
things relating to;
Electorate of Hanover
Kingdom of Hanover
Province of Hanover
things relating to the City of Hanover, Germany
Hanoverian horse, a horse breed | wiki |
Glacier – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Waszyngton, w hrabstwie Whatcom.
CDP w stanie Waszyngton | wiki |
Leptobrachella itiokai is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae.
References
itiokai
Amphibians described in 2016 | wiki |
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