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Wake Me Up When September Ends är en låt av gruppen Green Day som utöver att ha släppts som singel är spår 11 på skivan American Idiot.
Musiksinglar 2005
Engelskspråkiga sånger
Musikvideor regisserade av Samuel Bayer
Låtar av Green Day | wiki |
A cyberbully is a person who engages in cyberbullying.
Cyberbully may also refer to:
Cyberbully (2011 film), an American television film
Cyberbully (2015 film), a British television film | wiki |
Murder! is a 1990 video game published by U.S. Gold.
Gameplay
Murder! is a game in which the player is a master detective who solves murder mysteries.
Reception
David Wilson reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that while he noted similarities to the board game Clue, he found that "The program is much more complex and sophisticated than that. Even so, the game is quickly learned and, after a short period of time, the mysteries easily solved."
Reviews
Computer and Video Games - Sep, 1990
Zzap! - Sep, 1990
Info - Jan, 1992
The One - Sep, 1990
ACE (Advanced Computer Entertainment) - Oct, 1990
Zero - Oct, 1990
ST Format - Sep, 1990
Amiga User International - Jan, 1991
The Games Machine
Amiga Format
CU Amiga
Amiga Action
Amiga Computing
References
1990 video games
Adventure games
Amiga games
Atari ST games
Detective video games
DOS games
Mystery video games
Video games about crime
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games with isometric graphics | wiki |
Rogers Cable and Telcom may refer to:
Rogers Cable
Rogers Telecom | wiki |
The following is an overview of events in 1986 in film, including the highest-grossing films, award ceremonies and festivals, a list of films released and notable deaths.
Highest-grossing films (U.S.)
The top ten 1986 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:
Events
February 3 - Pixar Animation Studios is founded by Edwin Catmull and Alvy Ray Smith.
April - Guy McElwaine resigns as head of Columbia Pictures.
April 26 - Actor Arnold Schwarzenegger marries television journalist Maria Shriver.
June - First Midnight Sun Film Festival in Sodankylä, Finnish Lapland.
July 2 - The Great Mouse Detective is released to theaters to positive reviews and is a critical and financial success, just behind An American Tail, saving the Disney Studio from bankruptcy after the failure of The Black Cauldron. It is now regarded as one of the darkest and underrated classics of all time, and has gained a cult following.
August 6 - Timothy Dalton is officially announced as the fourth actor to portray James Bond.
September - David Puttnam becomes head of Columbia Pictures.
September 13 - Film review television program Siskel & Ebert premieres in syndication. Although the two critics have been working as a pair since 1975, this will be their longest running program and will run in various incarnations until 2010.
November 21 - The first animated film produced by Steven Spielberg, An American Tail, is released, and breaks the record once held by Disney's The Rescuers for the largest financial amount made for an animated film on opening weekend.
November 29
Actor Cary Grant dies of a cerebral hemorrhage in Davenport, Iowa.
Stuntman Dar Robinson is killed on the set of the film Million Dollar Mystery.
Awards
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:200px;"| Category/Organization !! colspan="2" style="width:250px;"| 44th Golden Globe AwardsJanuary 31, 1987 !! rowspan="2" style="width:250px;"| 40th BAFTA AwardsFebruary 22, 1987 !! rowspan="2" style="width:250px;"| 59th Academy AwardsMarch 30, 1987
|-
! width=200| Drama !! style="width:200px;"| Comedy or Musical
|-
| Best Film || Platoon || Hannah and Her Sisters || A Room with a View|| Platoon
|-
| Best Director || colspan=2| Oliver StonePlatoon || Woody AllenHannah and Her Sisters || Oliver StonePlatoon
|-
| Best Actor || Bob HoskinsMona Lisa || Paul HoganCrocodile Dundee || Bob HoskinsMona Lisa || Paul NewmanThe Color of Money
|-
| Best Actress || Marlee MatlinChildren of a Lesser God || Sissy SpacekCrimes of the Heart || Maggie SmithA Room with a View || Marlee MatlinChildren of a Lesser God
|-
| Best Supporting Actor || colspan=2| Tom BerengerPlatoon || Ray McAnallyThe Mission || Michael CaineHannah and Her Sisters
|-
| Best Supporting Actress || colspan=2| Maggie SmithA Room with a View || Judi DenchA Room with a View|| Dianne WiestHannah and Her Sisters
|-
| Best Screenplay, Adapted || rowspan=2 colspan=2| The MissionRobert Bolt || Out of AfricaKurt Luedtke ||A Room with a ViewRuth Prawer Jhabvala
|-
| Best Screenplay, Original || Hannah and Her SistersWoody Allen || Hannah and Her SistersWoody Allen
|-
| Best Original Score || colspan="3" | Ennio MorriconeThe Mission || Herbie HancockRound Midnight
|-
| Best Original Song || colspan="2" | "Take My Breath Away"Top Gun || N/A || "Take My Breath Away"Top Gun
|-
| Best Foreign Language Film || colspan=2| The Assault(De Aanslag) || Ran(Ran) || The Assault(De Aanslag)
|}Palme d'Or (Cannes Film Festival):The Mission, directed by Roland Joffé, United KingdomGolden Lion (Venice Film Festival):The Green Ray (Le Rayon vert), directed by Éric Rohmer, FranceGolden Bear (Berlin Film Festival):Stammheim', directed by Reinhard Hauff, West Germany
1986 Wide-release films in the U.S.
January–March
April–June
July–September
October–December
Notable films released in 1986
United States unless stated
#8 Million Ways to Die, directed by Hal Ashby, starring Jeff Bridges, Rosanna Arquette, Alexandra Paul, Andy García9½ Weeks, directed by Adrian Lyne, starring Kim Basinger and Mickey Rourke52 Pick-Up, directed by John Frankenheimer, starring Roy Scheider, John Glover, Clarence Williams III, Vanity, Ann-Margret
AAakhree Raasta (The Last Option), starring Amitabh Bachchan - (India)Abel, directed by and starring Alex van Warmerdam - (Netherlands)About Last Night, directed by Edward Zwick, starring Rob Lowe, Demi Moore, James Belushi, Elizabeth PerkinsAbsolute Beginners, directed by Julien Temple, starring David Bowie and Patsy Kensit - (U.K.)The Adventure of Faustus Bidgood - (Canada)The Adventures of Milo and Otis (Koneko monogatari) - (Japan)The Adventures of the American Rabbit - (United States/Japan)The AIDS ShowAlex Holeh Ahavah (Alex is Lovesick) - (Israel)Aliens, directed by James Cameron, starring Sigourney Weaver, Michael Biehn, Bill Paxton, Lance Henriksen, Jenette Goldstein, Paul ReiserAllan Quatermain and the Lost City of Gold, directed by Gary Nelson, starring Richard Chamberlain, Sharon Stone, James Earl Jones, Henry Silva, and Robert DonnerLos Amantes del Señor de la Noche (The Lovers of the Lord of the Night) - (Mexico)American Anthem, starring Mitch Gaylord and Janet JonesAn American Tail, directed by Don Bluth with the voices of Phillip Glasser and Dom DeLuiseEl Amor brujo (a.k.a. Wedded by Witchcraft), directed by Carlos Saura - (Spain)Amorosa, directed by Mai Zetterling - (Sweden)April Fool's Day, starring Jay Baker and Deborah ForemanArmed and Dangerous, starring John Candy, Eugene Levy, Meg RyanArmed Response, starring David Carradine and Lee Van CleefArmour of God (Long xiong hu di), starring Jackie Chan - (Hong Kong)As Is, directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg, starring Colleen Dewhurst, Robert Carradine, Jonathan HadaryThe Assault (De aanslag) - Academy and Golden Globe Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, Golden Space Needle award - (Netherlands)At Close Range, starring Sean Penn, Christopher Walken, Mary Stuart Masterson, Chris PennAttention bandits!, aka Bandits, directed by Claude Lelouch (France)Avenging Force, starring Michael Dudikoff
BBabaKiueria - (Australia)Back to School, starring Rodney Dangerfield, Sally Kellerman, Keith Gordon, Adrienne Barbeau, Burt Young, Ned Beatty, Robert Downey, Jr.Backlash - (Australia)Band of the Hand, starring Stephen Lang and Lauren HollyThe Beekeeper (O Melissokomos) - (Greece)Behind Enemy Lines, starring David CarradineThe Best of Times, starring Robin Williams and Kurt RussellA Better Tomorrow (Jing hung bun sik), directed by John Woo, starring Chow Yun-fat and Leslie Cheung - (Hong Kong)Betty Blue (37°2 le matin), directed by Jean-Jacques Beineix, starring Béatrice Dalle - Golden Needle award for 1992 - (France)Biggles: Adventures in TimeThe Big Parade (Dà Yuèbīng), directed by Chen Kaige - (China)Big Trouble, directed by John Cassavetes, starring Peter Falk, Alan Arkin, Beverly D'Angelo, Valerie CurtinBig Trouble in Little China, directed by John Carpenter, starring Kurt Russell, Kim Cattrall, Dennis Dun, James Hong, Victor WongBlack Moon Rising, starring Tommy Lee Jones and Linda HamiltonBlue City, starring Judd Nelson and Ally SheedyBlue Velvet, directed by David Lynch, starring Kyle MacLachlan, Isabella Rossellini, Dennis Hopper, Laura Dern, Hope LangeBoris Godunov, directed by Sergei Bondarchuk - (U.S.S.R.)The Boy Who Could Fly, directed by Nick Castle, starring Lucy Deakins and Jay UnderwoodBrighton Beach Memoirs, directed by Gene Saks, starring Jonathan Silverman, Blythe Danner, Bob Dishy, Judith IveyBullies - (Canada)By Touch (Przez dotyk) - (Poland)
CIl camorrista (The Professor), starring Ben Gazzara - (Italy)Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation, starring Alyson Court, Cree Summer, Hadley Kay - (Canada)Caravaggio, directed by Derek Jarman, starring Nigel Terry, Sean Bean, Tilda Swinton - (U.K.)Castaway, directed by Nicolas Roeg, starring Amanda Donohoe and Oliver Reed - (U.K.)Cat City (Macskafogó) - (Hungary)Children of a Lesser God, directed by Randa Haines, starring William Hurt, Marlee Matlin, Piper LaurieChoke Canyon a.k.a. On Dangerous GroundThe Clan of the Cave Bear, starring Daryl HannahClockwise, starring John Cleese - (U.K.)Club Paradise, directed by Harold Ramis, starring Robin Williams, Jimmy Cliff, Peter O'Toole, Rick Moranis, Eugene LevyCobra, starring Sylvester Stallone, Brigitte Nielsen, Reni Santoni, Andrew Robinson, Brian ThompsonThe Color of Money, directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Paul Newman, Tom Cruise, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, Helen Shaver, John Turturro, Forest WhitakerComrades, starring Keith Allen - (U.K.)Crawlspace, starring Klaus KinskiCrimes of the Heart, directed by Bruce Beresford, starring Diane Keaton, Jessica Lange, Sissy Spacek, Tess HarperCritters, starring Dee Wallace-Stone and M. Emmet WalshCrocodile Dundee, directed by Peter Faiman, starring Paul Hogan and Linda Kozlowski - (Australia)
DDangerously Close, starring John StockwellDead Man's Folly, starring Peter Ustinov, Jean Stapleton, Nicollette SheridanDead Man's Letters (Pisma myortvogo cheloveka) - (U.S.S.R.)Deadly Friend , directed by Wes CravenLe Déclin de l'empire américain, (The Decline of the American Empire), written and directed by Denys Arcand - (Canada)The Delta Force, starring Chuck Norris and Lee MarvinDesert Bloom, starring Jon Voight, JoBeth Williams, Annabeth Gish, Ellen BarkinDown and Out in Beverly Hills, directed by Paul Mazursky, starring Nick Nolte, Bette Midler, Richard DreyfussDown by Law, directed by Jim Jarmusch, starring Tom Waits, John Lurie, Roberto BenigniDragon Ball: Curse of the Blood Rubies (Doragon Bōru Shenron no Densetsu) - (Japan)Duet for One, directed by Andrei Konchalovsky, starring Julie AndrewsDust in the Wind (Liàn liàn fēng chén) - (Taiwan)
EEcho Park, starring Tom Hulce and Susan DeyExtremities, starring Farrah Fawcett, Alfre Woodard, Diana Scarwid, James RussoEye of the Tiger, starring Gary Busey
FF/X, starring Bryan Brown and Brian DennehyFerris Bueller's Day Off, directed by John Hughes, starring Matthew Broderick, Mia Sara, Alan Ruck, Jennifer Grey, Jeffrey Jones, Charlie SheenFire with Fire, starring Craig Sheffer and Virginia MadsenFirewalker, starring Chuck NorrisFlight of the Navigator, directed by Randal Kleiser, starring Veronica Cartwright, Sarah Jessica Parker, Joey CramerFlodder, directed by Dick Maas - (Netherlands)The Fly, directed by David Cronenberg, starring Jeff Goldblum and Geena DavisFootrot Flats: The Dog's Tale - (New Zealand)Forbidden Dreams (Smrt krásných srnců) - (Czechoslovakia)Foreign Body, directed by Ronald Neame, starring Amanda Donohoe and Victor Banerjee - (U.K.)Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives, directed by Tom McLoughlin, starring Thom Mathews and Jennifer CookeThe Fringe Dwellers, directed by Bruce Beresford - (Australia)
GGenesis, directed by Mrinal Sen, starring Shabana Azmi, Naseeruddin Shah, Om Puri, M. K. Raina (India / Switzerland / Belgium / France)Ginger and Fred, directed by Federico Fellini, starring Marcello Mastroianni and Giulietta Masina - (Italy)A Girl from Hunan (Xiāngnǔ xiāoxiāo) - (China)GoBots: Battle of the Rock Lords, featuring the voices of Margot Kidder, Telly Savalas and Roddy McDowallThe Golden Child, directed by Michael Ritchie, starring Eddie Murphy, Charles Dance, Charlotte LewisGonza the Spearman (Yari no gonza) - (Japan)Good to Go, starring Art GarfunkelGothic, directed by Ken Russell, starring Gabriel Byrne, Natasha Richardson, Julian SandsThe Great Mouse Detective, starring the voices of Vincent Price, Barrie Ingham, Val Bettin, Susanne Pollatschek, Candy Candido, Eve Brenner, Diana Chesney, Frank Welker, Alan Young, directed by John Musker, Ron Clements, David Michener, Burny MattinsonA Great Wall - (United States/China)The Green Ray (Le Rayon vert), directed by Éric Rohmer - Golden Lion award - (France)Gung Ho!, directed by Ron Howard, starring Michael Keaton
HHalf Moon Street, starring Sigourney Weaver and Michael Caine - (UK / US)Hamburger: The Motion Picture, starring Leigh McCloskey, Dick Butkus, Charles Tyner, Randi BrooksHannah and Her Sisters, directed by and starring Woody Allen, with Michael Caine, Mia Farrow, Dianne Wiest, Barbara HersheyHaunted Honeymoon, directed by and starring Gene Wilder, with Gilda Radner and Dom DeLuiseHeartbreak Ridge, directed by and starring Clint Eastwood, with Mario Van Peebles, Marsha Mason, Boyd GainesHeartburn, directed by Mike Nichols, starring Meryl Streep and Jack NicholsonHeat, starring Burt ReynoldsHeathcliff: The MovieHenry: Portrait of a Serial Killer, starring Michael RookerHibiscus Town (Fu rong zhen), directed by Xie Jin - (China)Highlander, directed by Russell Mulcahy, starring Christopher Lambert and Sean Connery - (UK / US)The Hitcher, directed by Robert Harmon, starring Rutger Hauer, C. Thomas Howell, Jennifer Jason LeighHoosiers, directed by David Anspaugh, starring Gene Hackman, Barbara Hershey, Dennis HopperThe Horse Thief (Dao ma zei) - (China)Hôtel du Paradis, starring Fernando Rey - (France)Hot Money, directed by Zale Magder, starring Michael Murphy and Orson WellesHouse, starring William Katt, Kay Lenz, George WendtHouse on Fire (Kataku no hito), starring Ken Ogata - (Japan)Howard the Duck, starring Lea Thompson, Jeffrey Jones, Tim RobbinsHyper Sapien: People from Another StarIInvaders from Mars, directed by Tobe HooperIron Eagle, starring Louis Gossett Jr. and Jason Gedrick
JJake Speed, starring Wayne Crawford, Dennis Christopher, John HurtJean de Florette, directed by Claude Berri, starring Gérard Depardieu, Yves Montand, Daniel Auteuil - (France)Jo Jo Dancer, Your Life Is Calling, directed by and starring Richard PryorJumpin' Jack Flash, directed by Penny Marshall, starring Whoopi Goldberg, Stephen Collins, Annie Potts, Jon Lovitz, Carol KaneJust Between Friends, starring Mary Tyler Moore, Christine Lahti, Ted Danson, Sam Waterston
KThe Karate Kid Part II, starring Ralph Macchio and Pat MoritaKarma, starring Dilip Kumar and Nutan - (India)A Killing Affair, directed by David Saperstein, starring Peter Weller, Kathy Baker, John Glover, and Bill SmitrovichKin-dza-dza! - (U.S.S.R.)Knights of the CityLLabyrinth, directed by Jim Henson, starring David Bowie and Jennifer Connelly - (UK / US)Lady Jane, directed by Trevor Nunn, starring Helena Bonham Carter, Cary Elwes, Patrick Stewart - (U.K.)Laputa: Castle in the Sky (Tenkū no Shiro Rapyuta) - (Japan)Legal Eagles, directed by Ivan Reitman, starring Robert Redford, Debra Winger and Daryl HannahLet's Get Harry, starring Robert DuvallLink, starring Terence Stamp and Elisabeth Shue - (UK)Little Shop of Horrors, directed by Frank Oz, starring Rick Moranis, Ellen Greene, Steve Martin and the voice of Levi StubbsLove Me Forever or Never (Eu Sei Que Vou Te Amar) - (Brazil)
Loyalties, directed by Anne Wheeler, starring Kenneth Welsh, and Susan Wooldridge (Canada/U.K.)Lucas, starring Corey Haim, Kerri Green, Charlie Sheen, Winona RyderLuxo Jr.MMalcolm - (Australia)The Manhattan Project, starring John Lithgow, Christopher Collet, Cynthia NixonManhunter, directed by Michael Mann, starring William Petersen, Kim Greist, Dennis Farina, Tom Noonan, Joan Allen and Brian Cox (as Hannibal Lecter)Manon des Sources, directed by Claude Berri, starring Yves Montand, Daniel Auteuil, Emmanuelle Béart - (France)Martial Arts of Shaolin (Nan bei Shao Lin), starring Jet Li - (Hong Kong)Matador, directed by Pedro Almodóvar, starring Antonio Banderas - (Spain)Mauvais Sang (Bad Blood), starring Michel Piccoli and Juliette Binoche - (France)Maximum Overdrive, directed by Stephen King, starring Emilio Estevez, featuring a soundtrack by AC/DCMeatballs III: Summer Job, directed by George Mendeluk, starring Sally Kellerman, Patrick Dempsey, and Al WaxmanThe Men's Club, starring Roy Scheider, Harvey Keitel, Craig Wasson, David Dukes, Frank Langella, Treat WilliamsMiracles, starring Tom Conti and Teri Garr - (UK / US)The Mission, directed by Roland Joffé, starring Robert De Niro, Jeremy Irons, Ray McAnally - Palme d'Or award - (U.K.)Modern Girls, starring Virginia MadsenMona Lisa, directed by Neil Jordan, starring Bob Hoskins, Cathy Tyson, Michael Caine - (U.K.)
Motherland Hotel, directed by Ömer Kavur, starring Macit Koper, Şahika Tekand, Serra Yılmaz, Orhan Çağman (Turkey)The Money Pit, directed by Richard Benjamin, starring Tom Hanks and Shelley LongMonster in the Closet, starring Claude Akins, Henry Gibson, Paul Dooley, Stella StevensThe Morning After, directed by Sidney Lumet, starring Jane Fonda and Jeff BridgesThe Moro Affair (Il Caso Moro), directed by Giuseppe Ferrara, starring Gian Maria Volonté - (Italy)The Mosquito Coast, directed by Peter Weir, starring Harrison Ford, Helen Mirren, River PhoenixMr. Bharath - (India)Murder in Three Acts, starring Peter Ustinov, Tony Curtis, Emma SammsMurphy's Law, starring Charles BronsonMy Chauffeur, starring Deborah ForemanMy Little Girl, directed by Connie Kaiserman, starring Mary Stuart Masterson and James Earl JonesMy Little Pony: The Movie, starring Danny DeVito, Rhea Perlman, Madeline Kahn
NNaam (Name), starring Nutan and Sanjay Dutt - (India)The Name of the Rose, directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud, starring Sean Connery, F. Murray Abraham, Christian Slater - (West Germany/Italy/France)'night, Mother, starring Sissy Spacek and Anne BancroftNight of the Pencils (La noche de los lápices) - (Argentina)No Mercy, starring Kim Basinger and Richard GereNomads, starring Pierce Brosnan and Lesley-Anne DownNothing in Common, directed by Garry Marshall, starring Tom Hanks, Jackie Gleason, Eva Marie Saint, Héctor Elizondo, Barry Corbin, Sela Ward
OOff Beat, starring Judge ReinholdOld Well (Lao jing) - (China)One Crazy Summer, starring John Cusack, Demi Moore, Bobcat GoldthwaitOne More Saturday Night, starring Al FrankenOn the Edge, starring Bruce Dern and Pam GrierOtello, directed by Franco Zeffirelli, starring Plácido Domingo - (Italy)Out of Bounds, starring Anthony Michael Hall and Jenny Wright
PThe Park Is Mine, starring Tommy Lee JonesParting Glances, starring Steve BuscemiThe Patriot, starring Gregg Henry and Jeff ConawayPeggy Sue Got Married, directed by Francis Ford Coppola, starring Kathleen Turner and Nicolas CagePeking Opera Blues (Dao ma dan), directed by Tsui Hark - (Hong Kong)The Pied Piper (Krysař) - (Czechoslovakia)Pirates, directed by Roman Polanski, starring Walter Matthau - (France / Tunisia)Platoon, directed by Oliver Stone, starring Charlie Sheen, Tom Berenger, Willem Dafoe - Academy and Golden Globe (drama) Awards for Best PicturePoltergeist II: The Other Side, starring Craig T. NelsonPoor Butterfly (Pobre mariposa) - (Argentina)Power, directed by Sidney Lumet, starring Richard Gere, Denzel Washington, Julie Christie, Kate Capshaw, Fritz Weaver, E. G. Marshall, Gene HackmanPretty in Pink, directed by Howard Deutch, starring Molly Ringwald, Andrew McCarthy, Jon Cryer, James SpaderProject A-ko - (Japan)A Promise (Ningen no yakusoku) - (Japan)Psycho III, directed by and starring Anthony Perkins, Diana Scarwid and Jeff Fahey
QQuicksilver, starring Kevin BaconQuiet Cool, starring James Remar
RRad, directed by Hal NeedhamRaw Deal, starring Arnold SchwarzeneggerRed Headed Stranger, starring Willie Nelson and Morgan FairchildRegalo di Natale (Christmas Present) - (Italy)Rita, Sue and Bob Too - (U.K.)River's Edge, directed by Tim Hunter, starring Crispin Glover, Keanu Reeves, Ione Skye, Dennis HopperRobotech: The Movie, directed by Carl Macek and Noboru Ishiguro - (United States / Japan)Rosa Luxemburg, directed by Margarethe von Trotta, starring Barbara Sukowa - (West Germany)Round Midnight, directed by Bertrand Tavernier, starring Dexter Gordon - (United States / France)Running Scared, directed by Peter Hyams, starring Gregory Hines and Billy CrystalRuthless People, directed by Jim Abrahams, starring Danny DeVito, Bette Midler, Judge Reinhold, Helen Slater, Bill Pullman
SThe Sacrifice (Offret), directed by Andrei Tarkovsky - (Sweden/U.K./France)Salvador, directed by Oliver Stone, starring James Woods, James Belushi, Michael MurphySarraounia - (Burkina Faso/France/Mauritania)Saving Grace, starring Tom ContiSay Yes, directed by Larry Yust, starring Lissa Layng, Art Hindle, Logan Ramsey, Jonathan WintersScene of the Crime (Le lieu du crime), directed by André Téchiné, starring Catherine Deneuve - (France)The Sea and Poison (Umi to dokuyaku) - (Japan)Seize the Day, starring Robin WilliamsShadows in Paradise, directed by ||Aki Kaurismäki Shanghai Surprise, directed by Jim Goddard, starring Madonna and Sean Penn - (U.K.)She's Gotta Have It, directed by Spike LeeShort Circuit, directed by John Badham, starring Ally Sheedy and Steve GuttenbergSid and Nancy, directed by Alex Cox, starring Gary Oldman and Chloe Webb - (U.K.)Solarbabies, starring Jason Patric, Jami Gertz, Richard Jordan, Lukas HaasSomething Wild, directed by Jonathan Demme, starring Jeff Daniels, Melanie Griffith, Ray LiottaSoul Man, starring C. Thomas Howell, Rae Dawn Chong, James Earl JonesSpaceCamp, starring Kate Capshaw, Lea Thompson and Kelly PrestonStammheim (aka Stammheim - Die Baader-Meinhof-Gruppe vor Gericht) - Golden Bear award - (West Germany)Stand by Me, directed by Rob Reiner, starring River Phoenix, Wil Wheaton, Corey Feldman, Jerry O'ConnellStar Trek IV: The Voyage Home, directed by and starring Leonard Nimoy, with William Shatner and Catherine HicksStewardess School, starring Brett Cullen and Don MostStreets of Gold, starring Wesley Snipes and Klaus Maria BrandauerStripperA Successful Man (Un hombre de éxito) - (Cuba)Sweet Liberty, directed by and starring Alan Alda, with Michelle Pfeiffer, Michael Caine, Bob Hoskins, Lois Chiles, Lise Hilboldt, Lillian Gish
TTai-Pan, starring Bryan Brown and Joan ChenTenue de soirée (Evening Dress), directed by Bertrand Blier, starring Gérard Depardieu, Michel Blanc, Miou-Miou - (France)Terrorizers (Kong bu fen zi) - (Taiwan)TerrorVision, starring Gerrit Graham and Chad AllenThe Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2, starring Dennis HopperThat's Life!, directed by Blake Edwards, starring Jack Lemmon and Julie AndrewsThree Amigos, directed by John Landis, starring Steve Martin, Martin Short, Chevy ChaseTiempo de Silencio (Time of Silence), starring Victoria Abril - (Spain)Time After Time, starring John Gielgud and Googie Withers - (U.K./Australia)Toby McTeague - (Canada)Top Gun, directed by Tony Scott, starring Tom Cruise, Kelly McGillis, Val Kilmer, Anthony Edwards, Tom SkerrittTouch and Go, starring Michael KeatonTough Guys, starring Burt Lancaster, Kirk Douglas, Dana Carvey, Darlanne Fluegel, Alexis Smith, Eli WallachThe Transformers: The Movie, starring Eric Idle, Judd Nelson, Orson WellesIn a Glass Cage (Tras el Cristal) - (Spain)Trick or Treat, starring Marc Price, Gene Simmons, Ozzy OsbourneTroll, starring Michael MoriartyTrue Stories, directed by and starring David Byrne
UUnder the Cherry Moon, directed by and starring Prince, with Jerome Benton and Kristin Scott Thomas
VVamp, starring Grace JonesVera, directed by Sérgio Toledo, starring Ana Beatriz Nogueira, Norma Blum, Raul Cortez, and Carlos Kroeber (Brazil)Violets Are Blue, starring Sissy Spacek and Kevin KlineVoyage to Nowhere (El viaje a ninguna parte) - (Spain)
WWahnfried (Richard und Cosima) - (West Germany)When the Wind Blows, starring John Mills and Peggy Ashcroft - (U.K.)Wildcats, starring Goldie Hawn, Nipsey Russell, Wesley Snipes, Woody Harrelson, LL Cool JWisdom, directed by and starring Emilio Estevez, with Demi MooreDe Wisselwachter (The Pointsman) - (Netherlands)Working Girls, directed by Lizzie Borden, starring Louise SmithThe Wraith, starring Charlie Sheen and Sherilyn Fenn
XX: The Unheard MusicYThe Year of Enlightenment (El Año de las Luces) - (Spain)Youngblood, starring Rob Lowe, Patrick Swayze, Cynthia Gibb
Births
January 4 - Charlyne Yi, American actor, comedian, musician and writer
January 5 - Deepika Padukone, Indian actress
January 16 - Mason Gamble, American former actor
January 21
Sushant Singh Rajput, Indian actor (d. 2020)
Ken Yamamura, Japanese actor
January 24
Mischa Barton, English-American actress
Raviv Ullman, Israeli actor
January 30 - Ashley Buccille, American actress
February 1 - Lauren Conrad, American TV personality and author
February 2 - Gemma Arterton, English actress
February 6 - Dane DeHaan, American actor
February 9 - Jade Xu, actress
February 12 - Valorie Curry, American actress
February 14 - Tiffany Thornton, American actress, comedian, and singer-songwriter
February 18 - Sakura Ando, Japanese actress
February 19
Ophelia Lovibond, English actress
Maria Mena, Norwegian singer
February 22 - Josh Helman, Australian actor
February 24 - Bryce Papenbrook, American voice actor
February 25
Jameela Jamil, English actress
James and Oliver Phelps, English twin actors
February 26 - Teresa Palmer. Australian actress, writer, model and film producer
March 9 - Brittany Snow, American actress
March 14 - Jamie Bell, English actor and dancer.
March 15 - Jai Courtney, Australian actor
March 16 - Alexandra Daddario, American actress
March 17 - Olesya Rulin, Russian-American actress
March 20 - Ruby Rose, Australian actress
March 21 - Scott Eastwood, American actor and model
March 22 - Matt Bush, American actor
March 28 - Lady Gaga, American singer and actress
March 30 - Simon Baker, Aboriginal-Canadian actor
April 3 - Amanda Bynes, American actress and variety show host
April 9 - Leighton Meester, American actress and singer
April 12 - Titanilla Bogdányi, Hungarian voice actress
April 15 - Ester Dean, American singer-songwriter and actress
April 17 - Zheng Kai, Chinese actor and television personality
April 19 - Henrik Kalmet, Estonian actor
April 22 - Amber Heard, American actress
April 23 - Alisha Morrison, Canadian actress
April 24 - Tahyna MacManus, Australian actress, director, writer and producer
April 25
John DeLuca, American actor and singer
Daniel Sharman, English actor
April 27 - Jenna Coleman, English actress
April 30 - Dianna Agron, American actress, singer and director
May 3 - Pom Klementieff, French actress and model
May 6 - Sasheer Zamata, American actress and comedienne
May 7 - Robbie Jarvis, British actor
May 11 - Tia Ballard, American voice actress
May 12 - Emily VanCamp, Canadian actress
May 13
Lena Dunham, American writer, director, actress, and producer
Robert Pattinson, English actor
May 16 - Megan Fox, American actress and model
May 17 - Tahj Mowry, American actor
May 19 - Eric Lloyd, American actor, comedian, musician and producer
May 21
David Ajala, British actor
Da'Vine Joy Randolph, American actress and singer
May 23 - Ryan Coogler, American filmmaker
May 28 - Joseph Cross (actor), American actor and producer
May 30 - Will Peltz, American actor
June 1 - Alessio Puccio, Italian voice actor
June 3
Brenden Jefferson, American child actor and songwriter
Josh Segarra, American actor
June 4 - Oona Chaplin, Spanish-British actress
June 11 - Shia LaBeouf, American actor, performance artist, and filmmaker
June 12 - Luke Youngblood, English actor
June 13
Kat Dennings, American actress
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, American twin actresses and entrepreneurs
June 14 - Haley Hudson, American actress
June 17 - Marie Avgeropoulos, Canadian actress and model
June 18 - Richard Madden, Scottish actor
June 19
Nazareno Casero, Argentinian actor
Erin Mackey, American actress and singer
June 20 - Dreama Walker, American retired actress
June 26 - Brittney Karbowski, American voice actress
June 27
Drake Bell, American actor, comedian, musician, singer-songwriter and record producer
Sam Claflin, British actor
July 1 - Sonoya Mizuno, British actress
July 2 - Lindsay Lohan, American actress, singer, songwriter, producer, and entrepreneur
July 8 - Jake McDorman, American actor
July 10 - Wyatt Russell, American actor
July 15 - Yahya Abdul-Mateen II, American actor
July 17 - Brando Eaton, American actor
July 26 - Saphira Indah, Indonesian actress (d. 2019)
July 27 - Felecia Angelle, American voice actress
August 6 - Nanna Blondell, Swedish actress
August 13 - Ashley Spillers, American actress
August 14 - Casey LaBow, American actress and producer
August 16 - Shawn Pyfrom, American actor and singer
August 17 - Katia Elizarova, Russian model and actress
August 22 - Keiko Kitagawa, Japanese actress
August 27 - Jack Kesy, American actor
August 28 - Armie Hammer, American actor
August 29 - Lea Michele, American actress and singer
August 31 - Ryan Kelley, American actor
September 12
Alfie Allen, English actor
Emmy Rossum, American actress and singer
September 14 - A. J. Trauth, American actor and musician
September 16
Kyla Pratt, American actress
Michael James Shaw, American actor and writer
September 17 - Yoshitsugu Matsuoka, Japanese voice actor
September 19
Carrie Finlay, Canadian actress
Peter Vack, American actor, writer, director and producer
September 20 - Aldis Hodge, American actor
September 23
Kaylee DeFer, American former actress
Jana Pérez, Spanish actress and model
September 30 - Ki Hong Lee, Korean-American actor
October 1
Sayaka Kanda, Japanese actress, voice actress and singer (d. 2021)
Jurnee Smollett, American actress
October 2 - Camilla Belle, American actress, director, and producer
October 3 - Joonas Suotamo, Finnish actor
October 5 - Kevin Bigley, American actor
October 6 - Luisa D'Oliveira, Canadian actress
October 12 - Rafal Zawierucha, Polish actor
October 13 - Tom Attenborough, English voice actor
October 15 - Ali Fazal, Indian actor
October 22 - Kyle Gallner, American actor
October 23 - Emilia Clarke, British actress
October 24
Drake, Canadian rapper, singer, and actor
Nobuhiko Okamoto, Japanese voice actor and singer
October 28 - Aditi Rao Hydari, Indian actress
November 1 - Penn Badgley, American actor
November 4 - Alexz Johnson, Canadian singer-songwriter, record producer, actress and philanthropist
November 10 - Josh Peck, American actor
November 14 - Cory Michael Smith, American actor
November 15 - Winston Duke, Tobagonian actor
November 18
Pablo Lyle, Mexican actor
Ragne Veensalu, Estonian actress
November 21 - Colleen Ballinger, American comedian, YouTuber, actress, singer and writer
November 25 - Katie Cassidy, American actress and singer
November 26 - Trevor Morgan (actor), American actor
November 28 - Johnny Simmons, American actor
December 17 - Emma Bell, American actress
December 26 - Kit Harington, English actor
December 30 - Ellie Goulding, English singer and songwriter
December 31 - Bronson Pelletier, Canadian actor
Deaths
Film debuts
Angela Bassett - F/XSean Bean - CaravaggioEwen Bremner - Heavenly PursuitsTia Carrere - Zombie NightmareDan Castellaneta - Nothing in CommonKim Coates - The Boy in BlueDave Foley - High StakesTony Goldwyn - Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason LivesCaroline Goodall - Every Time We Say GoodbyeTim Guinee - Tai-PanWoody Harrelson - WildcatsSean Hayes - LucasCatherine Keener - About Last NightRichard Kind - Nothing in CommonOlek Krupa - 91/2 WeeksJames LeGros - The Ladies ClubTed Levine - One More Saturday NightJennifer Lopez - My Little GirlJon Lovitz - Hamburger: The Motion PictureNatasha Lyonne - HeartburnMarlee Matlin - Children of a Lesser GodJohn C. McGinley - Sweet LibertyJanet McTeer - Half Moon StreetBen Mendelsohn - The Still PointJerry O'Connell - Stand by MeMiranda Otto - Emma's WarAdrian Pasdar - Top GunJason Patric - SolarbabiesVincent Perez - Gardien de la nuitElizabeth Perkins - About Last NightMax Perlich - Ferris Bueller's Day OffJoaquin Phoenix - SpaceCampWendell Pierce - The Money PitJeremy Piven - LucasBill Pullman - Ruthless PeopleVing Rhames - Native SonMichael Rooker - Henry: Portrait of a Serial KillerWinona Ryder - LucasKristin Scott Thomas - Under the Cherry MoonTony Shalhoub - HeartburnIone Skye - River's EdgeJimmy Smits - Running ScaredWesley Snipes - WildcatsKevin Spacey - HeartburnImelda Staunton - ComradesKristy Swanson - Pretty in PinkD.B. Sweeney - PowerTilda Swinton - CaravaggioCary-Hiroyuki Tagawa - Armed ResponseBilly Bob Thornton - Hunter's BloodTony Todd – SleepwalkPaul Walker - Monster in the ClosetNaomi Watts - For Love AloneBradley Whitford - DoormanRobin Wright - Hollywood Vice SquadKari Wuhrer - Fire with Fire''
See also
List of American films of 1986
List of British films of 1986
List of French films of 1986
List of German films of the 1980s
List of Bollywood films of 1986
List of Italian films of 1986
List of Japanese films of 1986
List of Swedish films of the 1980s
References
Film by year | wiki |
220 Volt is a common mains electricity voltage. It may also refer to:
220 Volt Live, an album by Tangerine Dream
220 Volt (band) | wiki |
Representative Rodgers may refer to:
Cathy McMorris Rodgers (1969-), United States Representative (2005-)
Norman Rodgers, (1927-), Iowa state Representative (1969-1973)
Andrew Rodgers (1827-1922), Illinois state Representative
Robert L. Rodgers (1875–1960), United States Representative (1939-1947) | wiki |
Fort Barrancas (1839) or Fort San Carlos de Barrancas (from 1787) is a United States military fort and National Historic Landmark in the former Warrington area of Pensacola, Florida, located physically within Naval Air Station Pensacola, which was developed later around it.
The hill-top fort, connected to a sea level water battery,
overlooks Pensacola Bay. From 1839–1844, the historic Spanish fort on the hill was reconstructed and dramatically expanded in brick. This is now termed "Fort Barrancas". The older, water battery downhill (Bateria de San Antonio, 1787) has been separately named as "Fort San Carlos".
It is a remnant from the Spanish fortification, the wooden () Fort San Carlos de Barrancas of the late 18th century.
Due to changing requirements, the U.S. Army deactivated Fort Barrancas on April 15, 1947 following World War II. Designated a National Historic Landmark (NHL) in 1960, the fort was transferred to the control and administration of the National Park Service in 1971. After extensive restoration during 1971–1980, Fort Barrancas was opened to the public (see below: Timeline).
History
Construction
Fort San Carlos de Austria was constructed by the Spanish in 1698. It was besieged in 1707 by Indians under the general leadership of some English traders, but was not taken. In 1719 French forces captured Pensacola and destroyed the Spanish fort.
Following Britain's success over the French in the Seven Years' War, in 1763 it exchanged some territory with Spain and took over West Florida. The British used this site as a harbor fortification, building the Royal Navy Redoubt in 1763. More than a decade later, as enemies of the British, the Spanish joined the war against them in 1779 during the American Revolutionary War, though they never officially became American allies. They took Pensacola in 1781. After the war, the Spanish retook control of West Florida. They completed the fort San Carlos de Barrancas in 1797. Barranca is a Spanish word for bluff, the natural terrain feature that makes this location ideal for the fortress.
First battles under U.S. control
During the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom, the fort was the scene of the American victory at the Battle of Pensacola (1814). This was fought between American forces commanded by General Andrew Jackson as well as some Indian allies, and the allied forces of the British, Spanish, and Creeks.
American units raided West Florida. In 1818, the Spanish garrison of the fort exchanged cannon fire with an American battery for a few days. The U.S. force was led by General Jackson. Eventually the Spanish surrendered the fort, leaving Pensacola in American hands.
When the United States purchased Florida from Spain in 1821, it selected Pensacola as the site for a major Navy Yard, which was developed around the Spanish Fort Barrancas. In addition, the US developed plans for construction of additional harbor fortifications to protect this deepwater bay. Fort Pickens was completed on Santa Rosa Island in 1834, and Fort McRee was completed in 1839 to defend the pass to Pensacola Bay.
Fort Barrancas was reconstructed and expanded with brick between 1839–1844 on its hilltop overlooking the bay. It was strengthened to defend against both ships entering the harbor and attack across land. The Advanced Redoubt was built north of the fort, and a trenchline connected them. This system protected the Navy Yard to the east from infantry attacks.
The expanded Fort Barrancas was designed by Joseph Gilbert Totten. It was connected to the Spanish-built water-battery by an underground walkway tunnel. Major William Henry Chase supervised the construction, done mostly by enslaved African-American workers.
American Civil War
On January 8, 1861, more than three months before the American Civil War officially started at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, a company of 50 U.S. Army soldiers stationed at Fort Barrancas, under the command of John H. Winder, fired upon a militia of Florida state troops, under Colonel William Henry Chase, who demanded for the U.S. troops to surrender the fort. Lieutenant Adam J. Slemmer, acting commander in Winder's absence, had the troops fire shots meant to repel the militia. Slemmer knew that Fort Pickens was easier to defend and so he spiked the guns at Barrancas, loaded ammunition and supplies on a flatboat, and moved his company across the bay to Fort Pickens. The Union held the fort throughout the Civil War.
The Confederacy stationed soldiers from Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi at Fort Barrancas. While a small company of soldiers could man the fort successfully, the Confederate Army fortified the position with additional sand batteries along the coast, to be operated by the garrison. General Braxton Bragg took command of Confederate Pensacola on March 11, 1861, and continued work on the batteries.
On October 9, a Confederate force of 1000 troops landed east of Fort Pickens but was repelled by Union forces. Fort McRee and Fort Barrancas exchanged heavy cannon fire with Fort Pickens on November 22–23, 1861 and January 1, 1862. However, in May 1862, after learning that the Union Army had taken New Orleans, Confederate troops abandoned Pensacola.
Aftermath
Stronger, rifled cannon and ironclad ships developed during the Civil War made masonry forts like Fort Barrancas outmoded. The fort was used as a signal station, small arms range, and storage area by the Army until 1946. Newer weapon technology developed during World War II made coastal defense completely obsolete.
On April 15, 1947, Fort Barrancas was deactivated. The U.S. Navy incorporated the site into Naval Air Station Pensacola. At the same time, local leaders, Congress, and the National Park Service were working to designate the harbor defenses of Pensacola as a historic national monument. In 1971, Congress authorized the establishment of the Gulf Islands National Seashore, to be managed by the National Park Service. Fort Barrancas was included in this. After a $1.2 million restoration, Fort Barrancas was opened to the public in 1980.
Fort Barrancas and the nearby Advanced Redoubt are located on Naval Air Station Pensacola but they are both managed as historic properties by the National Park Service. Access to Naval Air Station Pensacola by non-Department of Defense affiliated personnel may be subject to homeland security and military force protection concerns.
Timeline
Fort Barrancas and its site has changed names several times over the past five centuries, depending on which country ruled in the region:
1559–1561: The Spanish first settled a portion of Santa Rosa Island, they did not use this hilltop site at all;
1698: the Spanish constructed Fort San Carlos de Austria on this hilltop;
1719: Fort San Carlos de Austria was destroyed by the French;
1763: under British rule, Royal Navy Redoubt is constructed of earth and logs;
1787: under Spanish rule (from 1781), the sea-level battery, Bateria de San Antonio, is built of masonry;
1787–1797: under Spanish rule, Fort San Carlos de Barrancas, a wooden and earthen structure, is added on the hill-top bluff overlooking the battery;
1814: Fort San Carlos de Barrancas is demolished by the evacuating British during the War of 1812 as Andrew Jackson approaches;
1817: again under Spanish control, San Carlos de Barrancas is rebuilt;
1839–1844: under U.S. rule following purchase of Florida from Spain (from 1821), the wooden hill-top structure is replaced with a massive brick fortress connected via tunnel to the water-side battery (remodeled in 1838), with the entire site comprising Fort Barrancas;
1845–1869: the Advanced Redoubt is built 1400 ft (427 m) north of the fort;
1861: With the outbreak of the American Civil War, Union forces abandoned Fort Barrancas and defended Fort Pickens; Barrancas was taken over by Confederates; the fort was bombarded from Union-held Fort Pickens on Santa Rosa Island, with heaviest attacks on November 22–23 and January 7, 1862;
1862: in May after the fall of New Orleans to Union forces, Fort Barrancas and the City of Pensacola were abandoned by Confederate troops (after the fall of New Orleans);
1870: The Pensacola and Fort Barrancas Railroad, an eight-mile line connecting Pensacola, Florida, with the fort, through Warrington and Woolsey, is constructed during the Reconstruction era to improve infrastructure in the state. The line had several corporate ownerships before the rail link on Naval Air Station Pensacola was abandoned circa 1979. Related track and bridges across several waterways was removed.
1941–1947: Fort Barrancas is used by the U.S. Army as a signal station and small arms range during World War II and deactivated in 1947;
1960: on October 9, Fort San Carlos de Barrancas is designated as a National Historic Landmark.
1966: Fort Barrancas Historical District (640 acres) is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, as district #66000263.
1971: Fort Barrancas becomes part of the Gulf Islands National Seashore managed by the U.S. National Park Service;
1978–1980: Fort Barrancas is restored during an 18-month project and opened to the public as a National Historic Landmark.
1989: Fort Barrancas is listed in A Guide to Florida's Historic Architecture, published by the University of Florida Press.
Museum
Fort Barrancas currently houses a visitor center for the Gulf Islands National Seashore. The visitor center has exhibits which explain the fort's history. Visitors can tour the restored fort and the battery. Tours of the advanced redoubt are also available. Visitors must pass through the grounds of the Naval Air Station Pensacola to reach the fort.
See also
13th Coast Artillery (United States)
Notes
Further reading
External links
Fort Barracas at Gulf Islands National Seashore
Information about the fort
National Park Service brochure
Fort Pickens and the Outbreak of the Civil War, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
Andrew Jackson
Barrancas
Florida in the American Civil War
National Historic Landmarks in Florida
Pensacola metropolitan area
National Register of Historic Places in Escambia County, Florida
Museums in Escambia County, Florida
Military and war museums in Florida
Barrancas
Barrancas
Barrancas
Gulf Islands National Seashore
Historic American Buildings Survey in Florida
Spanish Florida
Protected areas of Escambia County, Florida
Barrancas
1787 establishments in the Spanish Empire
American Civil War on the National Register of Historic Places | wiki |
Scottish Assessors (the Scottish Assessors Association, SSA) is a voluntary, non-statutory association of land valuation assessors and their senior staff in Scotland. The association encourages a consistent approach to the administration of valuation, council tax and electoral registration.
Founded in 1975, in conjunction with the abolition of the Scottish counties, Scottish Assessors is the successor to the Association of Lands Valuation Assessors of Scotland, founded in 1957, and the Association of Lands Valuation Assessors, founded in 1886.
The SAA liaises with the Valuation Office Agency of England and Wales, the Valuation Office (Oifig Luachála) of Ireland, and the Land and Property Service in Northern Ireland.
Assessors
Scottish Assessors are independent public officials who decide the rateable value of property listed on a local valuation roll. They must be members of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors and work under the umbrella body, the Scottish Assessors Association.
References
External links
Official website
Local government in Scotland
Organisations based in Scotland
1975 establishments in Scotland
1975 in British politics
Rates in the United Kingdom
Property taxes
Local taxation in Scotland
Voter registration
Elections in Scotland
Scots property law
Evaluation
Land value taxation
Real estate in the United Kingdom | wiki |
Shut Up and Kiss Me may refer to:
Shut Up and Kiss Me (film), a 2004 film
Music
Shut Up and Kiss Me (album), a 2002 album by Michelle Wright
Songs
"Shut Up and Kiss Me" (Mary Chapin Carpenter song), 1994
"Shut Up and Kiss Me" (Orianthi song), 2010
"Shut Up & Kiss Me" (Reece Mastin song), 2012
"Shut Up & Kiss Me", by Echosmith, from the album Lonely Generation, 2020
"Shut Up & Kiss Me", by Whitesnake, from the album Flesh & Blood, 2019
See also
Kiss Me (disambiguation)
Shut up (disambiguation)
"Shut Up Kiss Me", by Angel Olsen, from the album My Woman, 2016 | wiki |
Heritage Crossing is a neighborhood in west Baltimore, Maryland.
References
Neighborhoods in Baltimore
West Baltimore | wiki |
Mare milk is milk lactated by female horses, known as mares, to feed their foals. It is rich in whey protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin C, and is a key ingredient in kumis. In several European countries, including Germany, it is sold powdered.
Mare milk is sometimes chosen over cow milk for its purported health benefits. A niche market considers it a remedy for skin or digestive problems. Peer-reviewed papers suggest it can reduce atopic dermatitis or eczema. It is used to make cosmetics and can form cheese with camel rennet, but not bovine.
See also
Donkey milk
Goat milk
Moose milk
References
Milk by animal
Female horses
Horse products | wiki |
Irish nationality law details the conditions by which a person is a national of the Republic of Ireland. The primary law governing these regulations is the Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act, 1956, which came into force on 17 July 1956. Regulations apply to the entire island of Ireland, including the Republic of Ireland itself and Northern Ireland, a constituent part of the United Kingdom.
Ireland is a member state of the European Union (EU) and all Irish nationals are EU citizens. They have automatic and permanent permission to live and work in any EU or European Free Trade Association (EFTA) country and may vote in elections to the European Parliament.
All persons born in the Republic before 1 January 2005 were automatically citizens by birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents. Individuals born in the country since that date receive Irish citizenship at birth if at least one of their parents is an Irish citizen (or entitled to be one), a British citizen, a resident with no time limit of stay in either the Republic or Northern Ireland, or a resident who has been domiciled on the island of Ireland for at least three of the preceding four years. Persons born in Northern Ireland are usually entitled to (but not automatically granted) Irish citizenship largely under the same terms. Foreign nationals may become Irish citizens by naturalisation after meeting a minimum residence requirement (usually five years).
Ireland as a whole was previously part of the United Kingdom and local residents were British subjects. Although 26 of the 32 Irish counties gained independence in 1922 and Irish citizens no longer hold British nationality, they continue to have favoured status when residing in the United Kingdom; they are considered to have automatic and permanent permission to live in the UK, and are eligible to vote in UK elections and stand for public office there.
Terminology
The distinction between the meaning of the terms citizenship and nationality is not always clear in the English language and differs by country. Generally, nationality refers to a person's legal belonging to a sovereign state and is the common term used in international treaties when addressing members of a country, while citizenship usually means the set of rights and duties a person has in that nation. This distinction is clearly defined in non-English speaking countries but not in the Anglosphere.
In the immediate period following Irish independence in 1922, Irish citizenship was a domestic status that existed as a subcategory within a wider British nationality (British subject status) applicable to all citizens of the British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations. Despite Irish attempts to assert a separate nationality in the 1930s, this separation was not acknowledged by Britain until 1949. In the modern Irish context, there is little distinction between the two terms and they are used interchangeably.
History
Pre-independence context
Since the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland in the late 12th century, England has been politically and militarily involved on the island. English control was tenuous until the Tudor conquest in the 16th century, during which the entire island was assimilated into the Kingdom of Ireland. After passage of the Acts of Union 1800, Ireland was merged with the Kingdom of Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Accordingly, British nationality law applied in Ireland. Any person born in Ireland, as a constituent part of the United Kingdom, or anywhere else within Crown dominions was a natural-born British subject.
British nationality law during this time was uncodified and did not have a standard set of regulations, relying instead on past precedent and common law. Until the mid-19th century, it was unclear whether rules for naturalisation in the United Kingdom were applicable elsewhere in the Empire. Colonies had wide discretion in developing their own procedures and requirements for naturalisation up to that point. In 1847, the British Parliament formalised a clear distinction between subjects who naturalised in the UK and those who did so in other territories. Individuals who naturalised in the UK were deemed to have received the status by imperial naturalisation, which was valid throughout the Empire. Those naturalising in colonies were said to have gone through local naturalisation and were given subject status valid only within the relevant territory; a subject who locally naturalised in Canada was a British subject there, but not in England or New Zealand. When travelling outside of the Empire, British subjects who were locally naturalised in a colony were still entitled to imperial protection.
The British Parliament brought regulations for British subject status into codified statute law for the first time with passage of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914. British subject status was standardised as a common nationality across the Empire. Dominions that adopted Part II of this Act as part of local legislation were authorised to grant subject status to aliens by imperial naturalisation.
Partition and lingering imperial ties
Resistance to the Union and desire for local self-governance led to the Irish War of Independence. Following the war, the island of Ireland was partitioned into two parts. Southern Ireland became the Irish Free State in 1922, while Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom. When the Constitution of the Irish Free State came into force on 6 December 1922, any individual domiciled in Ireland automatically became an Irish citizen if they were: born in Ireland, born to at least one parent who themself was born in Ireland, or living in Ireland for at least seven years prior to independence. Any person who already held citizenship of another country could choose not to accept Irish citizenship.
Under the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, Northern Ireland was included in the Irish Free State on independence, but had the right to opt out of the new state within one month of its establishment. This option was exercised on 7 December 1922. The 24-hour period in which Northern Ireland was officially part of the Irish Free State meant that every person ordinarily resident in Northern Ireland on 6 December who fulfilled the citizenship provisions in the Constitution had automatically become an Irish citizen on that date.
Dispute over imperial nationality status
At its inception, the Irish Free State gained independence as a Dominion within the British Empire. Imperial legislation at the time dictated that although individual Dominions could define a citizenship for their own citizens, that citizenship would only be effective within the local Dominion's borders. A Canadian, New Zealand, or Irish citizen who traveled outside of their own country would have been regarded as a British subject. This was reinforced by Article 3 of the 1922 Constitution, which stated that Irish citizenship could be exercised "within the limits of the jurisdiction of the Irish Free State".
When Free State authorities were first preparing to issue Irish passports in 1923, the British government insisted on the inclusion of some type of wording that described the holders of these passports as "British subjects". The two sides could not reach agreement on this issue and when the Irish government began issuing passports in 1924, British authorities refused to accept these documents. British consular staff were instructed to confiscate any Irish passports that did not include the term "British subject" and replace them with British passports. This situation continued until 1930, when Irish passports were amended to describe its holders as "one of His Majesty's subjects of the Irish Free State". Despite these disagreements, the two governments agreed not to establish border controls between their jurisdictions and all Irish citizens and British subjects continued to have the ability to move freely within the Common Travel Area.
Delayed citizenship legislation
Although the Constitution provided a definition of who acquired citizenship at the time of independence, it contained no detail on how to acquire it after 1922. This created a number of anomalous situations, including the inability to naturalise foreigners resident in Ireland and foreign spouses of Irish citizens being unable to acquire citizenship.
By the end of the First World War, the other Dominions had exercised increasing levels of autonomy in managing their own affairs and each by then had developed a distinct national identity. Britain formally recognised this at the 1926 Imperial Conference, jointly issuing the Balfour Declaration with all the Dominion heads of government, which stated that the United Kingdom and Dominions were autonomous and equal to each other within the British Commonwealth of Nations. Full legislative independence was granted to the Dominions with passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931.
Legislation clarifying citizenship acquisition was delayed due to the government's desire to negotiate an exception in British subject status with the rest of the Commonwealth. Ultimately, no compromise on the issue was reached but Ireland did not pass its own nationality legislation until after passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931. The Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act enacted by the Oireachtas in 1935 provided a full framework detailing requirements for obtaining citizenship.
Clarified requirements
Under the 1935 Act, any individual born in the Irish Free State on or after 6 December 1922, or overseas to an Irish father who himself was born in the state, was a natural-born citizen. Children born abroad to an Irish father who himself was not born within the Free State were required to have had their birth registered within two years. Northern Ireland was treated as outside of the Free State for the purposes of this Act.
Any person born in Ireland before 6 December 1922 who did not automatically acquire citizenship under the Constitution due to their residence abroad on that date could acquire citizenship by becoming domiciled in the Free State, along with their children. Irish-born individuals continuing to live overseas became eligible to acquire Irish citizenship by registration, provided that they had not voluntarily naturalised as citizens of another country. Foreign nationals who resided in the Free State for at least five years could apply for naturalisation. Irish citizens older than age 21 who acquired foreign citizenship automatically lost Irish citizenship, and any Irish child who was registered in the Foreign Births Register was required after reaching age 21 to make a declaration of their intention to retain Irish citizenship and stating that they had renounced all other nationalities.
Conflicting definition for "Irish national"
During the period before passage of the 1935 Act, the government enacted several pieces of legislation that restricted certain types of economic activity to "Irish nationals". Under the Control of Manufactures Act 1932, Irish companies were required to be majority-owned by Irish nationals. Because legislation was not yet enacted that defined who was a national, this Act provided a separate definition: an Irish "national" was someone born within the borders of the Free State or had been domiciled there for at least five years before 1932. Significant portions of the Northern Irish population became treated as foreigners in commerce as a consequence of these provisions.
This statutory definition differed based on the type of business that a particular Act was regulating. For agriculture and banking, a person born overseas must have been resident in the Free State for at least five years before 1933 to qualify as an Irish national. However, when determining the amount of stamp duty to be levied on property transactions, an Irish national was someone who had lived in the state for three years before 1947. This discrepancy between "Irish national" and "Irish citizen" was not resolved until legislative reform in 1956.
Common code noncompliance
Standard regulations in Commonwealth countries at the time strictly complied with the doctrine of coverture, where a woman's consent to marry a foreigner was also assumed to be intent to denaturalise. Women's rights groups throughout the Empire pressured the imperial government to amend nationality regulations that tied a married woman's status to that of her husband. Because the British government could no longer enforce legislative supremacy over the Dominions after 1931 and wanted to maintain a strong constitutional link to them through the common nationality code, it was unwilling to make major changes without unanimous agreement among the Dominions on this issue, which it did not have. The 1935 Irish legislation stated that marriage between an Irish citizen and foreign spouse did not affect the national status of either spouse, eroding imperial legal uniformity in this regard. New Zealand and Australia also amended their laws in 1935 and 1936 to allow women denaturalised by marriage to retain their rights as British subjects.
Moreover, the 1935 Act further deviated from the common code by creating an Irish nationality distinct from British nationality and explicitly repeals all related British-enacted legislation. Despite this separation, British subjects from the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries remained defined as non-foreign in Irish law and those resident in Ireland continued to be treated almost identically to Irish citizens. Irish citizens have not been considered British subjects under Irish law since passage of this Act. Regardless, the British government continued to treat virtually all Irish citizens as British subjects, except for those who had acquired Irish citizenship by naturalisation since the Free State had not incorporated Part II of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 into its legislation. The Irish government rejected adopting this provision to avoid the appearance that the Free State was acknowledging in any way that Britain could legislate for Ireland and due to overwhelmingly negative public opinion of the post-independence populace. Although residents of Northern Ireland were disadvantaged in acquiring citizenship and conducting commerce under Irish law, the territory remained defined as an integral part of the state in the revised 1937 Constitution of Ireland.
Changing relationship with Britain and the Commonwealth
Diverging developments in Dominion legislation, as well as growing assertions of local national identity separate from that of Britain and the Empire, culminated with the creation of a substantive Canadian citizenship in 1946, breaking the system of a common imperial nationality. Combined with the approaching independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, comprehensive reform to British nationality law was necessary at this point to address ideas that were incompatible with the previous system.
The British Nationality Act 1948 abolished the common code and each Commonwealth country would enact legislation to create its own nationality. British subject was redefined to mean any citizen of a Commonwealth country. Commonwealth citizen is defined in the Act to have the same meaning. British subject/Commonwealth citizen status co-existed with the citizenships of each Commonwealth country. Ireland formally declared itself a republic and removed the British monarch's remaining official functions in the Irish state in 1948, consequently ceasing to be a member of the Commonwealth after passage of the Ireland Act 1949 in the British Parliament. Although Irish citizens have no longer been defined as British subjects since 1949, they continue to be treated as non-foreign in the United Kingdom and retain the same rights and privileges exercised by Commonwealth citizens; Irish citizens remain eligible to vote and stand for parliament in the UK.
Commonwealth citizens initially continued to hold free movement rights in both the UK and Ireland after 1949. British authorities systemically discouraged non-white immigration into the UK, but strong economic conditions in Britain following the Second World War attracted an unprecedented wave of colonial migration. In response, the British Parliament imposed immigration controls on any Commonwealth citizens originating from outside the British Islands with the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962. Ireland mirrored this restriction and limited free movement only to people born on the islands of Great Britain or Ireland. However, individuals born in the UK since 1983 are only British citizens if at least one parent is already a British citizen. The Irish regulation created a legal anomaly where persons born in Britain without British citizenship nevertheless held an unrestricted right to settle in Ireland; this inconsistency was removed in 1999.
Subsequent reforms as a republic
The 1956 Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act (which replaced the earlier 1935 Act) expanded the available pathways to citizenship and allowed more situations to retain it. Restrictions on holding multiple nationalities were repealed and any Irish citizen who acquired another nationality no longer automatically lost their Irish citizenship. Individuals could instead voluntarily choose to renounce their Irish citizenship and any person born in Northern Ireland who did not otherwise acquire Irish citizenship by descent could claim citizenship by making a formal declaration. Foreign wives of male Irish citizens could register as citizens with no further requirements and citizenship became transferable by descent through mothers as well as fathers. Although children born overseas to foreign-born Irish citizens were still required to be registered in the Foreign Births Register to claim citizenship, registration was no longer subject to a time limit. Registered individuals were deemed to have been Irish citizens backdated to their date of birth, allowing their children born at any time to acquire citizenship as well.
Foreign husbands of Irish citizens became eligible for citizenship by marriage with an amendment in 1986, but a three-year waiting period was introduced for applicants of either sex before eligible individuals could apply and couples were required to be living together in the same residence. Registration in the Foreign Births Register no longer makes citizenship effective from an applicant's date of birth but from the date of registration instead. The 1986 amendment provided for a six-month transition period ending on 31 December 1986 when registration continued to be backdated, triggering a rush among affected individuals to register before the new rules took effect. The sudden large volume of applications became impossible to process before the end of the year, resulting in some individuals losing their entitlement to citizenship from birth. A further amendment in 1994 allowed those who had applied during the transition period but did not have their applications processed in time to re-register under the 1956 Act. Since 2004, spouses of Irish citizens no longer have a facilitated path to acquiring citizenship.
European integration
In 1973, Ireland joined the European Communities (EC), a set of organisations that later developed into the European Union (EU). Irish citizens have since been able to work in other EC/EU countries under the freedom of movement for workers established by the 1957 Treaty of Rome and participated in their first European Parliament elections in 1979. With the creation of European Union citizenship by the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, free movement rights were extended to all nationals of EU member states regardless of their employment status. The scope of these rights was further expanded with the establishment of the European Economic Area in 1994 to include any national of an EFTA member state except for Switzerland, which concluded a separate free movement agreement with the EU that came into force in 2002.
Following the United Kingdom's 2016 referendum in favour of leaving the EU, Irish citizenship applications from Britain (excluding Northern Ireland) increased substantially. While only 54 people from Britain naturalised as Irish citizens in 2015 before the referendum, this number had grown to 1,156 by 2021. Despite the UK's withdrawal from the EU on 31 January 2020, Irish citizens continue to have free movement in the UK and Crown dependencies.
Citizenship by investment
In 1988, a citizenship by investment pathway was created to attract foreign investment into the country as a way to help lower the high unemployment rate. A foreigner could acquire Irish citizenship through this programme after investing IR£1 million in a business with the goal of creating or maintaining 10 jobs for at least five years. Investors were required to maintain an Irish address or live in the country for at least 60 days before receiving an Irish passport.
Under the 1956 Act, the Minister for Justice has absolute discretionary power to waive any requirements for citizenship. The citizenship by investment programme was operated under this authority and was not publicly advertised. About 100 people were able to acquire Irish citizenship through this pathway before its end in 1998. A significant number of applicants who acquired Irish passports in this way never lived or even entered the country and their commitments to boosting Irish employment were not fulfilled.
Restrictions to birthright citizenship
Negotiations for the Northern Ireland peace process began between the British and Irish governments in 1991 and resulted in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement. Under these accords, Northern Irish residents were acknowledged as having the right to hold either or both British and Irish citizenships, and any person born on the island of Ireland had a right to hold Irish citizenship. Both of these changes became constitutional entitlements when the Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland was adopted in 1999.
Although Ireland had long granted birthright citizenship to any person born on the island prior to this amendment as a part of statute law, increasing levels of immigration into the country soon affected the degree to which that entitlement would be given. In the 1990 Supreme Court case Fajujonu v Minister for Justice, it was ruled that noncitizen parents of Irish-born children were entitled to remain in Ireland through their children's rights of residence. The application of this ruling was extremely permissive in the immediate subsequent period; any non-Irish parent of a child born in Ireland was permitted to remain. The scope of this entitlement was reduced in a 2003 Supreme Court ruling, which determined that the Minister for Justice could examine the circumstances by which a noncitizen parent was claiming a right to remain and held discretionary power to deport any such persons found to be acting contrary to national interest. For Irish-born children with one Irish citizen parent, the noncitizen parent continued to be granted a right to remain without any such qualifications. About 10,600 people were able to claim Irish residence through their Irish-born children.
However, the scope of noncitizen parental residence rights in the EU was expanded in the 2004 European Court of Justice case Chen v Home Secretary in which Man Lavette Chen, a Chinese woman who had traveled to Northern Ireland to give birth to her Irish citizen daughter then subsequently relocated to Wales with the intention of permanently living in the UK, was ruled to have a right of residence in the EU as the primary caregiver of an EU citizen exercising free movement rights in another member state. In response to the perceived "abuse" of citizenship, the Irish government proposed a constitutional amendment limiting birthright citizenship only to people with a sufficient existing connection to Ireland. The Irish and British governments issued a joint statement clarifying that the intent of the Good Friday Agreement was not to grant citizenship to persons unconnected to the country and that the proposed changes would not violate the existing agreement on Northern Ireland.
Following a 2004 referendum, the Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland was enacted that made the entitlement to birthright citizenship for people without Irish parents dependent on legislation rather than the Constitution. That entitlement was then revoked by the Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act 2004. Children born in Ireland beginning in 2005 are only granted citizenship by birth if at least one parent is an Irish citizen (or entitled to be one), a British citizen, a resident with no time limit of stay in either the Republic or Northern Ireland, or a resident who has been domiciled on the island of Ireland for at least three of the preceding four years.
Acquisition and loss of citizenship
Entitlement by birth, descent, or adoption
All persons born in the Republic of Ireland before 1 January 2005 automatically received citizenship at birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents. Individuals born anywhere on the island of Ireland from that year on receive Irish citizenship at birth if they are not entitled to any other country's citizenship. Otherwise, they are entitled to (but are not automatically granted) citizenship if at least one parent is an Irish citizen or holds an entitlement to Irish citizenship, a British citizen, a resident with no time limit of stay in either the Republic or Northern Ireland, or a resident who has been domiciled on the island of Ireland for at least three of the preceding four years. Any person entitled to Irish citizenship who performs an act that only an Irish citizen has a right to do, such as applying for an Irish passport or registering to vote in national elections, automatically becomes a citizen.
Individuals born in Northern Ireland from 6 December 1922 to 1 December 1999 who did not have an Irish citizen parent were entitled to become Irish citizens by declaration. Any person born in that territory from 2 December 1999 to 31 December 2004 is entitled to Irish citizenship regardless of the statuses of their parents; this includes children born in Ireland between these dates to foreign government officials with diplomatic immunity, who are eligible to claim citizenship by special declaration.
Children born overseas are Irish citizens by descent if either parent is an Irish citizen (or entitled to be one) and was born in Ireland, while those born to a parent who was also born overseas are only entitled to Irish citizenship if their birth is registered at an Irish diplomatic mission or the parent was resident abroad while in public service. Irish citizenship can be continually transmitted through each generation born abroad provided that each subsequent generational birth is registered in the Foreign Births Register. About 1.47 million Irish citizens live outside of the Republic, although this number does not include those resident in Northern Ireland or Britain.
Adopted children are automatically granted Irish citizenship if the adoption is completed in Ireland; parents adopting children overseas must register an adoption with Irish authorities for the process to take effect in Irish law and are required to apply for immigration clearance before any adopted children may enter the country as citizens. Abandoned children found in Ireland with unclear parentage are considered to have been born on the island to at least one Irish parent.
Naturalisation
Foreigners over the age of 18 (and minors if born in Ireland) may naturalise as Irish citizens after residing in the country for at least five of the previous nine years, with one year of continuous residence immediately preceding an application. For applicants married to or in civil partnership with Irish citizens, the residence requirement is reduced to three of the last five years. Candidates must satisfy a good character requirement and intend to remain domiciled in Ireland after naturalising. Individuals under investigation by local police are routinely denied naturalisation. Successful applicants are required to take an oath of citizenship at a public citizenship ceremony. The Minister for Justice has discretionary power to waive any or all citizenship requirements for applicants of Irish descent or association, minor children of naturalised citizens, individuals in public service stationed overseas, or recognised refugees and stateless persons.
Loss and resumption
Irish citizenship can be relinquished by making a declaration of renunciation, provided that the declarant ordinarily resides overseas and already possesses or is in the process of obtaining another nationality. Renunciations cannot be made during wartime unless exceptionally approved by the Minister for Justice. Former citizens who were born on the island of Ireland may subsequently apply to reacquire citizenship. Previously naturalised individuals or those who had acquired citizenship by descent do not have a direct path to citizenship restoration and must complete the naturalisation process to regain Irish citizenship.
Citizenship may be involuntarily removed from naturalised persons who fraudulently acquired the status, willfully perform an overt act that constitutes a breach of loyalty to the state, holds citizenship of a country at war with the Republic, or has voluntarily acquired another citizenship by any method except through marriage or civil partnership. Naturalised persons (other than those of Irish descent or employed in the civil service) who reside outside of the Republic for a continuous period of seven years without annually registering their intention to retain Irish citizenship may be stripped of their citizenship. Individuals who obtained citizenship through their marriage or civil partnership to an Irish citizen before 2005 and who reside outside of the island of Ireland may also have their status removed. This provision for citizenship loss is not enforced in practice.
Honorary citizenship
On advice from the government, the President of Ireland has authority to grant honorary Irish citizenship to any person deemed to have rendered an extraordinary service to the nation. Despite being labeled "honorary", this type of citizenship is a substantive status and gives its holders all the rights and privileges that other Irish citizens have. Honorary Irish citizenship has only been awarded to eleven people:
Alfred Chester Beatty (1957)
Tiede Herrema and his wife Elizabeth (1975)
Tip O'Neill and his wife Mildred (1986)
Alfred Beit and his wife Clementine (1993)
Jack Charlton and his wife Pat (1996)
Jean Kennedy Smith (1998)
Derek Hill (1999)
Taoiseach Seán Lemass intended to award United States president John F. Kennedy with honorary citizenship during his state visit to Ireland in 1963, but this was declined due to restrictions in U.S. law that made it difficult for the head of state to accept a foreign honour. Although the Irish government was prepared to enact special legislation to grant a purely honorary title to President Kennedy rather than the substantial status, the U.S. Office of Legal Counsel determined that his acceptance of a personal honour of any kind without the express approval of the United States Congress would have been in violation of the Foreign Emoluments Clause of the United States Constitution.
References
Citations
General sources
Publications
Parliamentary debates
External links
Irish Immigration Service
Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations
Ireland and the European Union
Irish-American history | wiki |
Paradoxoglanis is a genus of electric catfishes native to Africa where all of the known species are endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The species in this genus range from about 11–17 centimetres (4.3–6.7 in) SL.
Species
There are currently three recognized species in this genus:
Paradoxoglanis caudivittatus Norris, 2002
Paradoxoglanis cryptus Norris, 2002
Paradoxoglanis parvus Norris, 2002
References
Malapteruridae
Taxa named by Steven Mark Norris
Catfish genera
Freshwater fish genera
Strongly electric fish | wiki |
Tyler Randell may refer to:
Tyler Randell (rugby league)
Tyler Randell (ice hockey) | wiki |
Middle distance may refer to:
Middle-distance running, the act of running over a distance of between 800 and 3000 metres
Middle-distance swimming, the act of swimming over a distance between 200 and 800 metres
Middle-distance triathlon, a triathlon longer than sprint, but shorter than ironman distances (e.g. Olympic triathlon distance)
Middle-distance horse racing, horse flat races over a distance between 9.5 and 12.99 furlongs (or 1900 to 2599 metres)
Middle-distance orienteering, orienteering races with finish times in the region of half an hour
Middle-distance iron, a golfing term for mid-range iron golf clubs
The area between the foreground and background in an image or landscape painting
See also
Mid-range
Long distance (disambiguation) | wiki |
Tyler Pierce may refer to:
Tyler Pierce (actor)
Tyler Pierce (figure skater) | wiki |
Euxenite, or euxenite-(Y) (the official mineralogical name), is a brownish black mineral with a metallic luster.
Chemistry
It contains calcium, niobium, tantalum, cerium, titanium, yttrium, and typically uranium and thorium, with some other metals. The chemical formula is . It is commonly partially amorphous due to radiation damage.
Euxenite forms a continuous series with the titanium rich polycrase-(Y) having the formula .
Name and discovery
It was first described in 1870 and named for from the Greek (εὔξενος), hospitable or friendly to strangers, in allusion to the many rare elements that it contains.
Occurrence
It occurs in granite pegmatites and detrital black sands.
It is found in many locations worldwide, notably its type locality in Jølster, Sunnfjord, Norway. Other locations include the Ural Mountains of Russia; Sweden; Minas Gerais, Brazil; Ampangabe, Madagascar; Ontario, Canada; and in Arizona, Wyoming and Colorado in the US.
Use
Euxenite is used as an ore of the rare earth elements it contains. Rare large crystals have also been used in jewelry.
References
Calcium minerals
Thorium minerals
Uranium minerals
Lanthanide minerals
Niobium minerals
Tantalum minerals
Titanium minerals
Yttrium minerals
Cerium minerals
Oxide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
Minerals described in 1870 | wiki |
In grammar, the term verbal case has been used with various meanings.
It may simply indicate the noun-case system of core arguments of the verb, such as nominative, accusative, ergative, absolutive, and sometimes core dative or benefactive. That is, the cases of those nouns most closely associated with the verb, and which may trigger verbal agreement or may be affected by the voice of a clause, rather than the cases of the more peripheral oblique arguments. A verbal case system may thus be synonymous with morphosyntactic alignment.
'Verbal case' may also mean those noun cases governed by the relationship of the noun to the verb, in contrast with 'nominal case', where the case of a noun is determined by another noun (for example, the genitive). In this use, 'verbal case' is nearly synonymous with 'case', as in most languages with case, all cases but the genitive are governed by the verb.
It may also be used for noun inflections which confer verbal properties to the noun. When a noun takes certain cases, it may also agree with the verb in tense–aspect–mood, for example, and so not behave as a typical noun.
It may refer to inflections of the verb which are argued to behave semantically like case on nouns. Traditionally, case is defined as a morphological inflection of the noun, not the verb, and it is controversial whether verbal inflections can truly behave like a case system.
Verbal case vs. nominal case
It is frequently remarked that the genitive case behaves differently than other cases: Most cases (sometimes 'verbal' cases) are governed by their role in the clause relative to the verb, whereas the genitive (a 'nominal' case) is governed by another noun. For instance, the difference in English between nominative "I" and oblique "me" is governed by its relationship to the verb (at least according to prescriptive grammars), whereas the genitive form "my" is associated with a noun: I see the dog, the dog sees me, but my dog.
There are other situations where a case has been argued to be nominal rather than verbal. For instance, in Latin, a noun may be inflected for case according to its role with an infinitive, which is arguably as much a noun as a verb, and this has been called nominal case:
{|
|prīmō ||resistere ||Macedōnēs
|-
|first ||resist. ||Macedonian.
|}
'At first, the Macedonians resisted'
Similarly, when a verb is nominalized, its arguments may remain with their original cases:
She likes me → (I don't like) her liking me
Here, as the verb 'likes' is changed to the gerund 'liking', and the nominative 'she' changes to genitive 'her', but the oblique case of 'me' remains. Such situations are very common in subordinate clauses.
Noun cases inflected as verbs
Case marked on verbs
References
Grammar
Grammatical cases | wiki |
Nepheline-bearing gabbro is an intrusive rock with a composition intermediate between gabbro and nepheline gabbro. It is defined in the QAPF classification as coarse-grained igneous rock in which feldspathoids makes up 0% to 10% of the QAPF mineral fraction and are predominantly nepheline; plagioclase makes up 90% or more of the total feldspar content; and the plagioclase is calcium-rich (%An > 50).
References
Plutonic rocks | wiki |
Hornblende gabbro is an intrusive rock similar to normal gabbro (gabbro sensu stricto). In the QAPF classification it falls within the gabbro field, in which quartz makes up 0% to 5% of the QAPF mineral fraction, plagioclase makes up 90% or more of the total feldspar content, and the plagioclase is calcium-rich (%An > 50). Hornblende gabbro is distinguished from other subtypes of gabbro by having a composition almost entirely of plagioclase and hornblende, with olivine and pyroxene each making up less than 5% of its mineral content.
References
Plutonic rocks | wiki |
Tilsa Marcela Lozano Sibila (born Lima, October 31, 1982) is a Peruvian model. Tilsa is also a Playboy TV actress for Latin America & Iberia.
Her father is from Argentina. She has posed for magazines such as Maxim, SoHo, Cosas Hombre and Caras. She has also worked with designers such as Claudia Bertolero, Fabrizio Célleri, Jennifer Nicholson, Ana María Guiulfo and Stika Semsch.
She acted in the series Surfing Attraction, Bunny World and Seduction Weapons for Playboy.
Titles
Miss Hawaiian Tropic Perú (2006)
Miss Reef Perú (2007)
Miss Reef International (2008)
Miss Playboy TV Latinoamérica & Iberia (2008)
Partial filmography
References
In Spanish:
External links
People from Lima
Peruvian female models
Peruvian people of Argentine descent
21st-century Peruvian actresses
1982 births
Living people
Actresses from Lima
Peruvian television actresses | wiki |
Desmonema may refer to:
Desmonema (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfishes in the family Cyaneidae
Desmonema, a genus of plants generally considered synonymous with Euphorbia | wiki |
Tadashi Nakayama may refer to:
Tadashi Nakayama (artist), b. 1927
Tadashi Nakayama (mathematician), 1912–1964 | wiki |
Real Talk is the debut studio album by Christian hip hop recording artist Lecrae. There were two different versions of this album; a version released by Reach Records in 2004 and a Cross Movement Records version, released in 2005. The 2005 version of the album reached No. 29 on the Billboard Gospel Albums chart, and was on the chart for 12 weeks.
Track listing
References
Lecrae albums
Cross Movement Records albums
2004 debut albums
Reach Records albums
Albums produced by Lecrae | wiki |
Inguinal fossa may refer to:
Lateral inguinal fossa
Medial inguinal fossa | wiki |
Kō brothers may refer to:
Kō no Moronao
Kō no Moroyasu | wiki |
A wiring diagram is a simplified conventional pictorial representation of an electrical circuit. It shows the components of the circuit as simplified shapes, and the power and signal connections between the devices.
A wiring diagram usually gives information about the relative position and arrangement of devices and terminals on the devices, to help in building or servicing the device. This is unlike a schematic diagram, where the arrangement of the components' interconnections on the diagram usually does not correspond to the components' physical locations in the finished device. A pictorial diagram would show more detail of the physical appearance, whereas a wiring diagram uses a more symbolic notation to emphasize interconnections over physical appearance.
A wiring diagram is often used to troubleshoot problems and to make sure that all the connections have been made and that everything is present.
Architectural wiring diagrams
Architectural wiring diagrams show the approximate locations and interconnections of receptacles, lighting, and permanent electrical services in a building. Interconnecting wire routes may be shown approximately, where particular receptacles or fixtures must be on a common circuit.
Wiring diagrams use standard symbols for wiring devices, usually different from those used on schematic diagrams. The electrical symbols not only show where something is to be installed, but also what type of device is being installed. For example, a surface ceiling light is shown by one symbol, a recessed ceiling light has a different symbol, and a surface fluorescent light has another symbol. Each type of switch has a different symbol and so do the various outlets. There are symbols that show the location of smoke detectors, the doorbell chime, and thermostat. On large projects symbols may be numbered to show, for example, the panel board and circuit to which the device connects, and also to identify which of several types of fixture are to be installed at that location.
A set of wiring diagrams may be required by the electrical inspection authority to approve connection of the residence to the public electrical supply system.
Wiring diagrams will also include panel schedules for circuit breaker panelboards, and riser diagrams for special services such as fire alarm or closed circuit television or other special services.
See also
Electrical drawing
Electrical wiring
Circuit diagram
Schematic
References
Electrical diagnosis part 2 using the wiring diagrams (volume 71 S6-L2), The Ford Marketing Corporation, 1970
External links
Electrical, Pneumatic, Hydraulic and Electronic Symbols An open-source collection of electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic and electronic symbols.
Electrical diagrams
Electrical wiring
Switches | wiki |
Intermuscular septum of thigh may refer to:
Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh
Medial intermuscular septum of thigh | wiki |
Jupiter Calling may refer to:
Jupiter Calling (album), a 2017 album by The Corrs
"Jupiter Calling", a 1997 song by Per Gessle
"Jupiter Calling", a cover by the Leningrad Cowboys, released from the album Go Space as a single | wiki |
The ligaments of malleus are three ligaments that attach the malleus in the middle ear. They are the anterior, lateral and superior ligaments.
The anterior ligament of the malleus also known as Casserio's ligament is a fibrous band that extends from the neck of the malleus just above its anterior process to the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity close to the petrotympanic fissure. Some of the fibers also pass through the fissure to the spine of sphenoid bone.
The lateral ligament of the malleus is a triangular fibrous band that crosses from the posterior aspect of the tympanic notch to the head or neck of the malleus.
The superior ligament of the malleus is a delicate fibrous strand that crosses from the roof of the tympanic cavity to the head of the malleus.
Additional Images
References
Ear
Human head and neck
Ligaments | wiki |
The super welterweight (or light middleweight) division in MMA sits between the welterweight division and the middleweight division. It was approved by the Association of Boxing Commissions on July 26, 2017. The upper limit was set at or .
References
Mixed martial arts weight classes | wiki |
Bedding is material used above a mattress.
Bedding may also refer to:
Bedding (animals)
Bedding ceremony
Bedding (geology)
Bedding (horticulture)
Rifle bedding
See also
Bed (disambiguation) | wiki |
Mee kolo or kolo mee (Malay: Mi Kolok; Iban: Mi Kering or Mi Rangkai; ) is Malaysian dish of dry noodles tossed in a savoury pork and shallot mixture, topped off with fragrant fried onions originated from the state of Sarawak, characteristically light and tossed in a transparent sauce. Mee kolo is a Sarawakian Chinese favourite, and is served any time of the day for breakfast, lunch, and supper.
Ingredients
Mee kolo is distinguished from other Asian noodle dish recipes. The difference between kolo mee and wonton mee, the latter being popular in Peninsular Malaysia, is that kolo mee is not drenched in dark soy sauce and water is not added to the noodles when served. Mee kolo comes in two common flavours: plain or seasoned with red sauce (sauce from char siu marination). Mee kolo usually served with soup and soy sauce, to give the dish a darker appearance and enhance its saltiness. Mee kolo noodles are springier than wonton noodles and they come with a generous filling of minced meat. The mee kolo is topped with spring onion and fried onion, giving the dish a sweet crunchiness. This dish is often also served with slices of char siu, which are placed on top of the noodles.
References
Malaysian cuisine | wiki |
Posh is an informal adjective for "upper class". It may also refer to:
Entertainment
Posh (album), a 1980 album by Patrice Rushen
"Posh!", a 1968 song from the musical Chitty Chitty Bang Bang
Posh (2006 TV series), a 2006 Philippine television drama
Posh (play), by the British playwright Laura Wade, first staged in 2010
The Riot Club, formerly titled Posh, a 2014 film adaptation of the play
Computing
Plain Old Semantic HTML, a term used by the microformat community to describe some uses of Semantic HTML
Poshlib, the Portable Open Source Harness
PowerShell, sometimes abbreviated PoSh
Other
Victoria Beckham (born 1974), singer nicknamed "Posh Spice" while she was a member of the Spice Girls
Peterborough United F.C., an English football club, nicknamed "The Posh"
Received Pronunciation, sometimes known as a "posh accent"
Posh (Haganah unit), the commando arm of the Haganah during the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 - Indian law, also called and popular as Prevention Of Sexual Harassment (POSH)
Polyolefin Oligomeric Saturated Hydrocarbons
See also
Bacha posh, a cultural practice in parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan
Pish Posh, a children's novel by Ellen Potter
Sped-Posh, Siah-Posh and Safed-Posh, historic subdivisions of the Nuristani Afghani ethnic group
Posch, a surname | wiki |
The Collins Spanish Dictionary is a bilingual dictionary of English and Spanish derived from the Collins Word Web, an analytical linguistics database. As well as its primary function as a bilingual dictionary, it also contains usage guides for English and Spanish (known as Lengua y Uso and Language in Use respectively) and English and Spanish verb tables. In 2009, the dictionary was brought to the iPhone & iPad platform. The iOS app of this dictionary, which has become one of the most popular Spanish dictionaries in the App store since then is developed by Cole Zhu Inc.
External links
iOS App iPhone & iPad version of the Complete & Unabridged 9th Edition.
CollinsDictionary.com – Internet front-end to Collins Unabridged Spanish Dictionary content.
See also
Collins-Robert French Dictionary
Translation dictionaries
William Collins, Sons books
1971 non-fiction books
Spanish dictionaries
Online English dictionaries | wiki |
An umpire is an official in a variety of sports and competition, responsible for enforcing the rules of the sport, including sportsmanship decisions such as ejection.
The term derives from the Old French nonper, non, "not" and per, "equal": "one who is requested to act as arbiter of a dispute between two people". (as evidenced in cricket, where dismissal decisions can only be made on appeal). Noumper shows up around 1350 before undergoing a linguistic shift known as false splitting. It was written in 1426–1427 as a noounpier; the n was lost with the a indefinite article becoming an. The earliest version without the n shows up as owmpere, a variant spelling in Middle English, circa 1440. The leading n became permanently attached to the article, changing it to an Oumper around 1475.
The word was applied to the officials of many sports including baseball, association football (where it has been superseded by assistant-referee) and cricket (which still uses it).
Field hockey
An umpire in field hockey is a person with the authority to make decisions on a hockey field in accordance with the laws of the game. Each match is controlled by two such umpires, where it is typical for umpires to aid one another and correct each other when necessary.
Cricket
In cricket, dismissal decisions can only be made on appeal by the players. Otherwise, on-field decisions, relevant to the rules and scoring and of the game, are handled by two on-field umpires, although an off-field third umpire may help with certain decisions. At the international level, the match referee is an off-field official who makes judgements concerning the reputable conduct of the game and hands out penalties for breaches of the ICC Cricket Code of Conduct.
Baseball and softball
In baseball and softball, there is commonly a head umpire (also known as a plate umpire) who is in charge of calling balls and strikes from behind the plate, who is assisted by one, two, three, or five field umpires who make calls on their specific bases (or with five umpires the bases and the outfield). On any question, the head umpire has the final call.
Football (Australian rules)
An umpire is an official in the sport of Australian rules football. Games are overseen by one to three field umpires, two to four boundary umpires, and two goal umpires.
Lawn bowls
A lawn bowls match is presided over by a bowls umpire or technical official. In games where single players compete, a marker is required to direct play and assist players with questions relating to the position of their bowls.
Netball
In the game of Netball the match at hand is Presided over by 2 umpires, typically female, with a comprehensive knowledge of the rules. There are also 2 timekeepers and 2 scorekeepers who inform the umpires, and players of time remaining, and scores.
Rowing
In a regatta an umpire is the on-the-water official appointed to enforce the rules of racing and to ensure safety. In some cases an umpire may be designated specifically as starter, or otherwise the umpire starts the race from a launch and follows it to its end, ensuring that crews follow their proper course. If no infringements occur, the result is decided by a judge or judges on the waterside who determine the finish order of the crews.
Sailing
In match race and team racing an "umpire" is an on-the-water referee appointed to directly enforce the Racing Rules of Sailing. An umpire is also used in fleet racing to enforce Racing Rule 42 which limits the use of kinetics to drive the boat rather than the wind. Umpires are rarely present during sailing races as decisions are normally referred to a jury-style protest committee after the race.
Tennis
In tennis an umpire is an on-court official, while a referee is an off-court official.
See also
Umpire abuse
References
External links | wiki |
Glaze or glazing may refer to:
Glaze (metallurgy), a layer of compacted sintered oxide formed on some metals
Glaze (cooking technique), a coating of a glossy, often sweet, mixture applied to food
Glaze (ice), a layer of ice caused by freezing rain
Glaze (painting technique), a layer of paint, thinned with a medium, so as to become somewhat transparent
Glaze (surname)
Glazing (window), a transparent part of a wall
Ceramic glaze, a vitreous coating to a ceramic material whose primary purposes are decoration or protection
Glazed (album), a 1993 album by the Canadian rock band Mystery Machine
See also
Architectural glass, a building material typically used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope
Glazing agent, food additives that provide shiny appearance or protective coating to foods
Insulated glazing, a piece of glazing consisting of two or more layers separated by a spacer | wiki |
The 2005–06 Golden State Warriors season was the team's 60th in the NBA, and their 44th in Oakland. They began the season hoping to improve upon their 34-48 output from the previous season. They tied it exactly, finishing 34-48 again, but failed to qualify for the playoffs for the twelfth straight season.
Draft
Roster
Regular season
Season standings
Record vs. opponents
Transactions
Subtractions
References
Golden State Warriors seasons
Golden State Warriors
Golden State Warriors
Golden State Warriors | wiki |
A designated place is a type of geographic unit used by Statistics Canada to disseminate census data. It is usually "a small community that does not meet the criteria used to define incorporated municipalities or Statistics Canada population centres (areas with a population of at least 1,000 and no fewer than 400 persons per square kilometre)." Provincial and territorial authorities collaborate with Statistics Canada in the creation of designated places so that data can be published for sub-areas within municipalities. Starting in 2016, Statistics Canada allowed the overlapping of designated places with population centres.
In the 2021 Census of Population, Newfoundland and Labrador had 207 designated places, an increase from 199 in 2016. Among these designated places are 5 retired population centres. In 2021, the 207 designated places had a cumulative population of 44,012 and an average population of . Newfoundland and Labrador's largest designated place is Goulds with a population of 4,441.
List
See also
List of census agglomerations in Atlantic Canada
List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador
List of local service districts in Newfoundland and Labrador
List of municipalities in Newfoundland and Labrador
List of population centres in Newfoundland and Labrador
Notes
References
Designated | wiki |
E. crispa may refer to:
Ericameria crispa, a shrub species in the genus Ericameria
Euclea crispa, a flowering plant species in the genus Euclea
Euphorbia crispa, a noticeably succulent plant species in the genus Euphorbia
See also
Crispa (disambiguation) | wiki |
Doom metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music that typically uses slower tempos, low-tuned guitars and a much "thicker" or "heavier" sound than other heavy metal genres. Both the music and the lyrics are intended to evoke a sense of despair, dread, and impending doom. The genre is strongly influenced by the early work of Black Sabbath, who formed a prototype for doom metal. During the first half of the 1980s, a number of bands such as Witchfinder General and Pagan Altar from England, American bands Pentagram, Saint Vitus, the Obsessed, Trouble, and Cirith Ungol, and Swedish band Candlemass defined doom metal as a distinct genre.
Characteristics
Instrumentation
The electric guitar, bass guitar, and drum kit are the most common instruments used to play doom metal (although keyboards are sometimes used), but its structures are rooted in the same scales as in blues. Guitarists and bassists often down tune their instruments to very low notes and make use of large amounts of distortion, thus producing a very "thick" or "heavy" guitar tone, which is one of the defining characteristics of the genre. Along with the usual heavy metal compositional technique of guitars and bass playing the same riff in unison, this creates a loud and bass-heavy wall of sound. Another defining characteristic is the consistent focus on slow tempos, and minor tonality with much use of dissonance (especially in the form of the tritone), employing the usage of repetitive rhythms with little regard to harmonic progression and musical structure.
Vocals
Traditional doom metal vocalists favor clean vocals, which are often performed with a sense of despair, desperation, or pain; imitating the high-tone wails of Ozzy Osbourne (Black Sabbath), Frank Ferrara (Bang), Bobby Liebling (Pentagram), and Zeeb Parkes (Witchfinder General). So-called "epic doom" vocalists often take it a step further, singing in an operatic style. Doom metal bands influenced by other extreme metal genres often use growled or screamed vocals, as is the case of death-doom, black-doom, and funeral doom.
Lyrical themes
Lyrics in doom metal play a key role. Influenced by notable blues musicians like Robert Johnson and Son House, normally they are gloomy and pessimistic, including themes such as suffering, depression, fear, grief, dread, death, and anger. While some bands write lyrics in introspective and personal ways, others convey their themes using symbolism – which may be inspired by occult arts and literature.
Some doom metal bands use religious themes in their music. Trouble, one of the genre's pioneers, were among the first to incorporate Christian imagery. Others have incorporated occult and pagan imagery. For many bands, the use of religious themes is for aesthetic and symbolic purposes only. Examples include lyrics/imagery about the Last Judgment to invoke dread, or the use of crucifixes and cross-shaped headstones to symbolize death.
Furthermore, some doom metal bands write lyrics about drugs or drug addiction. This is most common among stoner doom bands, who often describe hallucinogenic or psychedelic experiences.
History
Origins (late 1960s–1970s)
The first traces of doom in rock music could be heard as far back as The Beatles' 1969 track "I Want You (She's So Heavy)". Black Sabbath is generally regarded as being the progenitors of doom metal. Black Sabbath's music is (in and of) itself stylistically rooted in blues, but with the deliberately doomy and loud guitar playing of Tony Iommi, and the then-uncommon dark and pessimistic lyrics and atmosphere, they set the standards of early heavy metal and inspired various doom metal bands. In the early 1970s, both Black Sabbath and Pentagram (also as side band "Bedemon") composed and performed this heavy and dark music, which would in the 1980s begin to be known and referred to as doom metal by subsequent musicians, critics and fans. Bobby Liebling, Pentagram's vocalist, also cite bands like Black Widow, Night Sun, Iron Claw, Toe Fat and Taste as pioneers of the doom metal sound.
Aside from Pentagram and Black Sabbath, other groups from the 1970s would heavily influence the genre's development. Blue Cheer is often hailed as one of the first stoner metal bands. Through the use of loud amplifiers and guitar feedback, their debut Vincebus Eruptum created a template for other artists to follow. Though lacking the pessimistic lyrical content of their contemporaries, Welsh heavy metal band Budgie would also produce heavy songs which were amongst the loudest of their day, stylistically influencing various doom metal acts. Led Zeppelin's No Quarter is considered as one of the earliest examples of a doom metal song made by a rock band. Early doom metal was also influenced by Japan's Flower Travellin' Band, particularly their albums Kirikyogen and Satori. Bang's 1971 self-titled debut is considered an important forerunner to doom metal. Other notable groups include Sir Lord Baltimore, Buffalo, Necromandus, Lucifer's Friend, and Leaf Hound.
Development (1980s)
During the early-mid-1980s, bands from England and the United States contributed much to the formation of doom metal as a distinct genre. In 1982, English pioneers Witchfinder General released their debut album Death Penalty. During 1984, two American pioneers also released their debuts—Saint Vitus released their eponymous album and Trouble released Psalm 9. That same year, American band Cirith Ungol (formed in 1971) released their second studio album, King of the Dead—regarded by many as an early influence on doom. The following year, American band Pentagram would go on to release their debut, Relentless. The Swedish Candlemass would also prove influential with their first record Epicus Doomicus Metallicus in 1986, from which epic doom metal takes its name.
Some doom metal bands were also influenced by the underground gothic rock and post-punk scene of the 1980s, showing similarities with the dark themes addressed through lyrics and the atmosphere both music styles deal with. A doom metal band like Mindrot was often described as a cross-over between death metal and gothic rock.
Regional scenes
Like other extreme metal genres, doom metal also has regionally based scenes, with their own particular characteristics:
Finnish doom metal
In one of the greatest doom metal outputs, Finnish groups focus more on the depressive mood of the genre, evoking an intense grieving feeling. The bands play with very slow tempos and melodic tones, creating an atmosphere of darkness and melancholia. This scene was kick-started by the band Rigor Mortis (which, due to an older US band with the same name, changed their name to Spiritus Mortis), which originated in 1987. Notable bands include Reverend Bizarre, Minotauri, Dolorian, Shape of Despair, Thergothon, Skepticism, and Unholy.
Louisiana doom metal
Regarded as sludge metal's birthplace by Allmusic, this scene originated in New Orleans in the late 1980s. The bands of this scene employ some punk influences, like harsh vocals, guitar distortion and downtuned sound. This scene was pioneered by Exhorder, who was the first band to combine doom metal with a punk-influenced metal sound. In the 90s, several sludge and stoner metal bands arose in the state, mainly influenced by bands like Black Sabbath and Melvins, also mixing their sound with genres like hardcore punk and Southern rock. Notable bands include Eyehategod, Down Exhorder, Crowbar, and Acid Bath.
Washington D.C. doom metal
This scene formed in the early 1970s and was kickstarted by Pentagram and the Obsessed. Various doom/stoner bands, mostly from Washington, D.C. and its metropolitan area on Maryland and Virginia (thus also being labelled "Maryland doom sound"), formed in this region being heavily influenced by early hard rock and heavy metal bands, like UFO, Blue Cheer, Black Sabbath, Uriah Heep and Sir Lord Baltimore. This scene is also known as "Hellhound sound" for being closely related to the late Hellhound Records, who signed with many important bands of the scene like Saint Vitus, Internal Void, Iron Man, Revelation, Wretched and Unorthodox. Other notable bands include Evoken, Spirit Caravan, Earthride, and the Hidden Hand.
Pacific Northwest doom metal
The Pacific Northwest region – primarily Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia – has been host to a growing scene of doom, sludge, and stoner metal since the 1990s. It is influenced by the geographical origin of grunge music and a sound pioneered in part by the Washington band Melvins. Common visual themes include the region's cold, rainy, forested climate, and many bands utilize psychedelic imagery influenced by bands like Sleep, Karp and Harkonen. Musical styles often share crossover features with atmospheric/ambient black metal, drone metal, and post-metal as seen in Oregon's YOB, Agalloch, Witch Mountain, and Red Fang; Washington's Earth, and Sunn O))); and Vancouver's Anciients, Astrakhan, and Aaron Turner project Sumac, among various others.
Palm Desert Scene
Palm Desert, California, hosts a thriving desert rock and stoner metal scene, drawing heavy influences from psychedelia, blues and hardcore punk, often featuring distinctive repetitive drum beats, a propensity for free-form jamming, and "trance-like" or "sludgy" grooves. Because of their integration, the term "stoner rock" is sometimes used interchangeably with the term "desert rock". Notable bands include Kyuss, Queens of the Stone Age, Dali's Llama, Slo Burn, and Brant Bjork.
Stylistic divisions
Black-doom
Black-doom, also known as blackened doom, is a style that combines the slowness and thicker, bassier sound of doom metal with the shrieking vocals and heavily distorted guitar sound of black metal. Black-doom bands maintain the Satanic ideology associated with black metal, while melding it with moodier themes more related to doom metal, like depression, nihilism, and nature. They also use the slower pace of doom metal in order to emphasize the harsh atmosphere present in black metal. Examples of black-doom bands include Barathrum, Forgotten Tomb, Woods of Ypres, Deinonychus, Shining, Nortt, Bethlehem, early Katatonia, Tiamat, Dolorian, October Tide, and In the Woods...
Depressive suicidal black metal
Pioneered by black-doom bands like Opthalamia, Katatonia, Bethlehem, Forgotten Tomb, and Shining, depressive suicidal black metal, also known as suicidal black metal, depressive black metal, or DSBM, is a style that melds the second wave-style of black metal with doom metal, with lyrics revolving around themes such as depression, self-harm, misanthrophy, suicide, and death. DSBM bands draw the lo-fi recording and highly distorted guitars of black metal, while employing the usage of acoustic instruments and non-distorted electric guitar's timbres present in doom metal, interchanging the slower, doom-like, sections with faster tremolo picking. Vocals are usually high-pitched like in black metal, but lacking of energy, simulating feelings like hopelessness, desperation, and plea. The presence of one-man bands is more proeminent in this genre compared to others. Examples of bands include Xasthur, Leviathan, Strid, Silencer, Make a Change... Kill Yourself, and I Shalt Become.
Blackened death-doom
Blackened death-doom is a genre that combines the slow tempos and monolithic drumming of doom metal, the complex and loud riffage of death metal and the shrieking vocals of black metal. Examples of blackened death-doom bands include Morast, Faustcoven, the Ruins of Beverast, Bolzer, Necros Christos, Harvest Gulgaltha, Dragged into Sunlight, Hands of Thieves, and Soulburn.
Death-doom
Death-doom is a style that combines the slow tempos and pessimistic atmosphere of doom metal with the deep growling vocals and double-kick drumming of death metal. Influenced mostly by the early work of Hellhammer and Celtic Frost, the style emerged during the late 1980s and gained a certain amount of popularity during the 1990s. Death-doom was pioneered by bands such as Winter, Disembowelment, Paradise Lost, Autopsy, Anathema, My Dying Bride and Novembers Doom.
Funeral doom
Funeral doom is a genre that crosses death-doom with funeral dirge music. It is played at an extremely slow tempo, and places an emphasis on evoking a sense of emptiness and despair. Typically, electric guitars are heavily distorted and dark ambient aspects such as keyboards or synthesizers are often used to create a "dreamlike" atmosphere. Vocals consist of mournful chants or growls and are often in the background. Funeral doom was pioneered by Mournful Congregation, Esoteric, Evoken, Funeral, Thergothon, and Skepticism.
Drone metal
Drone metal (also known as drone doom) is a style of doom metal that is largely defined by drones; notes or chords that are sustained and repeated throughout a piece of music. Typically, the electric guitar is performed with large amounts of reverb and feedback while lacking the presence of drums and vocals. Songs are often very long and lack beat or rhythm in the traditional sense. Drone metal is generally influenced by drone music, noise music, and minimalist music. The style emerged in the early 1990s and was pioneered by Earth, Boris, and Sunn O))).
Epic doom
Epic doom has a heavy classical influence. One of the main characteristics are the vocals; vocalists typically employ clean, operatic, and choral singing, accompanied by keyboarding and drumming performed in a bombastic fashion in order to evoke an "epic" sensation. Lyrics and imagery are typically inspired by fantasy or mythology. Examples of prominent epic doom bands include Candlemass, Solitude Aeturnus, Solstice, While Heaven Wept, and Doomsword.
Gothic-doom
Gothic-doom, also known as doom-gothic, is a style that combines more traditional elements of doom metal with gothic rock. Gothic-doom bands usually play at slow and mid-tempos and employ the usage of instruments that are more related to classical music, alongside traditional doom metal instruments, in order to create darker and meditative atmospheres. Doom-gothic lyrics combines the dramatic and romantic elements of gothic rock with the sorrowness and melancholy present in doom metal, while being more introspective and focused on personal experiences such as love, grief, irreparable loss, loss of faith, etc. Unlike in gothic metal and death-doom, gothic-doom bands prefer the use of cleaner vocals instead of employing death growls, although some of them employ harsher vocals occasionally, and avoid the usage of death metal-like riffage. Bands labelled as gothic-doom include Weeping Silence, the Foreshadowing, Grave Lines, Artrosis, Ava Inferi, Draconian, and Type O Negative.
Progressive doom
Progressive doom is a fusion genre that combines elements of progressive metal and doom metal. Notable bands include King Goat, Below the Sun, Sierra, Oceans of Slumber, and Green Carnation.
Sludge metal
Sludge metal (also known as sludge doom) is a style that combines doom metal and hardcore punk. Many sludge bands compose slow and heavy songs that contain brief hardcore passages. However, some bands emphasise fast tempos throughout their music. The string instruments are heavily distorted and are often played with large amounts of feedback to produce an abrasive, sludgy sound. Drumming is often performed in typical doom metal fashion, but drummers may employ hardcore d-beat or double-kick drumming during faster passages. Vocals are usually shouted or screamed, and lyrics often focus on suffering, drug abuse, politics and anger towards society. The style was pioneered in the early late 1980s by the Melvins, and in the 1990s by bands such as Eyehategod, Crowbar, Buzzov*en, Acid Bath, and Grief.
Sludgecore
Sludgecore further combines sludge metal with hardcore punk, and possesses a slow pace, a low and dark pitch, and a grinding dirge-like feel. Bands regarded as sludgecore include Acid Bath, Eyehategod, and Soilent Green, Crowbar mixed "detuned, lethargic sludged-out metal with hardcore and southern elements".
Stoner metal
Stoner metal or stoner doom describes doom metal that incorporates psychedelic rock and acid rock elements. Stoner metal is often heavily distorted, groove-laden bass-heavy sound, making much use of guitar effects such as fuzz, phaser, or flanger. Stoner bands typically play in slow-to-mid tempo, employing the usage of melodic vocals and "retro" production. It was pioneered in the early–mid-1990s by bands such as Kyuss, Sleep, Acid King, Electric Wizard, Orange Goblin, and Sons of Otis.
Desert rock
Desert rock combines the psychedelic elements of stoner metal with hard rock characteristics. Bands of this style include Kyuss, Fu Manchu, Queens of the Stone Age, Earthlings? and Yawning Man.
Traditional doom
Influenced by 70s and 80s heavy metal, traditional doom metal bands more commonly use higher guitar tunings, and do not play as slow as many other doom bands. Traditional doom bands typically play slow to mid-tempo songs with a thick and heavy sound with the electric bass following the melody line, and sometimes employ the usage of keyboards, although assuming a secondary role on traditional doom metal songs. Vocals are usually clean with the occasional growl or scream. The lyrics in traditional doom usually are eerie and dark like other doom metal divisions. Some bands who play traditional doom metal are Orodruin, Reverend Bizarre, Witchcraft, Saint Vitus, and Count Raven.
See also
List of doom metal bands
Emissions from the Monolith, a doom metal music festival
Post-metal
Slowcore, a genre of indie rock that also employs very slow tempos and pessimistic lyrics
References
External links
[ Doom metal] at AllMusic
Extreme metal
Heavy metal genres | wiki |
Silent Hill (littéralement : « colline silencieuse ») est le nom d'une ville fictive qui donne leur titre aux œuvres suivantes :
Silent Hill, série de jeux vidéo ;
Silent Hill (1999), premier titre de cette série de jeux ;
Silent Hill (2006), film de Christophe Gans, adapté de la série de jeux ;
Silent Hill: Revelation 3D (2012), film de Michael J. Bassett, suite de ce film.
Silent Hill, série de bandes dessinées inspirée des jeux.
Homonymie de titre | wiki |
Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, refers to liquid bowel movements.
Diarrhea types:
Bovine virus diarrhea
Brainerd diarrhea
Infectious diarrhea
Runner's diarrhea
Traveler's diarrhea
Diarrhea also refers to:
Music
Diarrhea Planet, a rock band
Live Fast, Diarrhea, album by The Vandals
Diarrhea of a Madman, album by Dave Brockie Experience
"Diarrhea", a song by Da Yoopers from their album Yoop It Up
Other
Diarrhea medicine, another name for Milk of Magnesia
Diarrhea (MTV), a character's nickname on Beavis and Butthead
See also
:Category:Diarrhea | wiki |
Bedding, in ethology and animal husbandry, is material, usually organic, used by animals to support their bodies when resting or otherwise stationary. It reduces pressure on skin, heat loss, and contamination by waste produced by an animal or those it shares living space with.
Types of bedding
Wood shavings (pine, cedar, and aspen) are absorbent and have good odor control. Different textures such as fine cut, soft shreds, or thick cut are used for different animals. Wood shavings can be dusty and contain aromatic oils that can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary tract, or skin disorders and other health problems in some animals. Aspen and kiln-dried wood shavings tend to be less dusty, plus the oils are removed.
Hemp bedding is extremely absorbent and thus efficient, has good odor control and minimal dust, and provides more insulation than other bedding materials. Additionally, hemp is naturally pest-repellent and horses are not tempted to eat it. Due to its low dust, hemp bedding is recommended for horses with allergy or respiratory issues. From an environmental consideration, hemp is more sustainable than wood as it requires both less time and human intervention to grow repeatedly.
Corncob bedding contains no aromatic oils or dust. Corncobs are heat dried which makes it very absorbent. When water or urine is absorbed, the corncob will start molding so daily cleaning is needed. If not properly maintained, bacterial infections are likely to occur. Corncobs are cut to little pieces making it easy to ingest. This could be dangerous if ingested by a small animal.
Paper bedding includes either recycled paper or cardboard boxes. Paper bedding is ideal for animals with allergies since it contains no oils and little dust. Unlike corncob bedding, paper bedding has no adverse effects with consumption. Paper is very absorbent, but when saturated with water or urine, a strong odor results.
Straw is a soft, dry stalk containing small grains such as barley, oats, rice, rye, and wheat. Straw is easy to handle and available in most agricultural areas. When deciding to use a straw, is imperative to make sure that the straw is not palatable. To do this, the seed must be checked to ensure it is not available for consumption. Straw has excellent absorbency and is unlikely to mold.
Hay is composed of grasses that have been cut and then dried. Although hay is most commonly used for food, it also can be used for the purpose of animal bedding. This may result in an insufficient diet for the animal if it begins eating its bedding. In addition, old hay may give off the dust that could result in respiratory problems. A disadvantage of using hay is that it is one of the more expensive beddings. It is quite absorbent but once it is soiled, it begins to decompose quickly producing an unpleasant odor. Because of the moisture, hay will mold quickly and could result in a bacterial infection.
Wood chips are a mixture of bark, sawdust, and post peelings. Agriculturalists use wood chips as cost-efficient bedding. While its cost may be desirable, woodchips provide minimal comfort and absorbency. Wood chips generate mold and mildew, because of their highly damp environment. This causes bacterial growth and potential infection if not changed often. Wood chips are also known to stain the coat of animals from bedding in moist chips.
Sawdust must be kiln‐dried to ensure cleanliness and absorbability. Sawdust ensures quick and easy cleaning, because of the soiled or wet material begins to clump together. Although the cleanup is easier, sawdust is known to create a lot of health problems such as respiratory, urinary tract, mastitis, and skin disorders.sh
Sand is ideal when looking at microbial growth. Sand is the most comfortable bedding because of its natural ability to form to the animal's curvature. However, large sand particles can cause abrasions and bruise on an animal. Another downfall is sand is not very absorbent and causes a difficult clean up of soiled materials.
Waterbeds are used as an alternative to dried manure, sawdust, shells, or sand as bedding for dairy cattle, which produce less milk when they stand too long.
Benefits of Bedding
Many animals benefit from bedding, including livestock, poultry, rodents and reptiles. Bedding, in the simplest context, provides comfort for these animals. When constructed properly, these cushioned structures decrease irritability and rough textures that can cause pain, pressure, and stress on the subject. This also prevents bruising and sores to preserve the physical beauty of the animal.
Bedding also creates an environment of moisture retention. Although incapable to prevent all microbial activity, bedding absorbs a substantial amount of moisture within the animal’s living environment. Soaking up excess urine, bedding assists in keeping the cage dry until the next change. A drier cage also promotes ventilation which decreases harmful levels of environmental pathogens.
These factors are few of many. With insulation against cold weather and drafts amongst the list, odor control sustains a position as well. Assistance in decreasing and filtering dust to protect against respiratory infections ranks high. Creating an environment conducive for thermoregulation and chemical resistance, along with simple privacy, bedding is ideal for many animal types. All these factors relay a decrease in stress and pain, encouraging peaceful resting opportunities that in turn increase the overall life, productivity, and well-being of the animal.
Maintenance of Bedding
Bedding maintenance is an important part of both human and animal health, cleanliness, and well being. Storage of bedding is important to insure that the bedding does not ruin. The best place to store it is in an environment that is dry and above ground level. Frequent bedding change is important to decrease the amount of bacteria. The most bacterial contaminated area is the front of the stall. This area should receive the most attention when cleaning and changing the bedding. Bedding should not be throughout the stall, it should be clear of the feeding and watering trough. It is recommended that the bedding is more frequently changed when there are a great number of animals, since the bedding will become contaminated faster.
It is important to note that weather, frequent bedding maintenance, barn design, ventilation, and stall management influence bacteria levels. When one or several of these things change or are not met the susceptibility of illness significantly increases. These illnesses are potentially deadly to these animals and that is why the maintenance of bedding is so important.
Physochlaina: antiseptic/insecticidal cattle bedding in Pakistan
The dried foliage of the poisonous medicinal plant Physochlaina praealta (see page Physochlaina) - a member of the Potato family - is used as a type of cattle bedding having antiseptic (and possibly also insecticidal) properties in the Baltistan region of northern Pakistan. A recent paper on investigations into the
biological activities of the plant goes some way to support confidence in its possession of a chemistry adequate to explain such folk use, and could point to a potential for wider use outside its native range. The plant is an endangered species in the wild, but could be cultivated in mountainous regions with a cold, dry climate. It is a yellow-flowered, herbaceous perennial having some ornamental value in addition to its medicinal value. It contains (among other compounds) toxic tropane alkaloids valuable in the practice of human (as well as veterinary) medicine.
References
Animals and humans
Pet equipment | wiki |
A roller-cone bit is a drill bit used for drilling through rock, for example when drilling for oil and gas.
Characteristics
Drilling bits are attachments that are added to the end of a drillstring to perform the cutting necessary to penetrate the many rock layers between Earth's surface and oil/gas reservoirs. Once a hole is drilled, appropriate casings may be inserted to seal the wellbore formation.
Howard R. Hughes Sr. designed and patented the first roller-cone bit in 1909. His design had two rotating cones, but was evolved to a tricone bit (see image above) in the 1930s.
The bits are sub divided into different categories depending on the drilling process, including the type of formation being drilled and the operating conditions anticipated. There are two main categories: roller-cone bits and fixed-cutter bits. Roller-Cone bits are composed of rotating disks called cones. Rock hardness is one of the determining factors taken into account when selecting an appropriate drill bit. The cutting structure of the bits varies according to the rock formation. Softer formations are drilled with a roller-cone bit with widely spaced, long protruding teeth. Whereas harder formations are drilled with closer-spaced and shorter-toothed bits. Roller-Cone bits are versatile and can cut through many formation types.
Soft rock formations include unconsolidated sands, clays, soft limestones, redbeds and shale. Medium formations include dolomites, limestones, and hard shale, while hard formations include hard shale, mudstones, cherty limestones and hard and abrasive formations.
The bits are further classified based on their internal bearings. Each bit has three rotating cones and each one will rotate on its own axis during drilling. While the bits are fixed to the drilling rigs, the rotation of the drill pipe will be in a clockwise direction and the roller cones are rotated in an anti-clockwise direction. Each roller cone is rotated on its own axis with the help of the bearing. Again, the bearings are classified mainly into three types: Open bearing bits, Sealed Bearing Bits and Journal Bearing bits.
External links
References
Mining equipment | wiki |
H. crispa may refer to:
Helvella crispa, a fungus species
Hennedya crispa, an alga species in the genus Hennedya
Herissantia crispa, a flowering plant species
Heteractis crispa, a sea anemone species
See also
Crispa (disambiguation) | wiki |
This is a list of all the reasons written by Rosalie Abella during her tenure as puisne justice of the Supreme Court of Canada.
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Abella | wiki |
The Messina Chasmata are the largest canyon or system of canyons on the surface of the Uranian moon Titania, named after a location in William Shakespeare's comedy Much Ado About Nothing. The - long feature includes two normal faults running NW–SE, which bound a down-dropped crustal block forming a structure called a graben. The graben cuts impact craters, which probably means that it was formed at a relatively late stage of the moon's evolution, when the interior of Titania expanded and its ice crust cracked as a result. The Messina Chasmata have only a few superimposed craters, which also implies being relatively young. The feature was first imaged by Voyager 2 in January 1986.
References
Canyons and gorges
Surface features of Titania | wiki |
Who Do You Love? may refer to:
Music
Albums
Who Do You Love? (album), by King Adora
Songs
"Who Do You Love" (Bernard Wright song), 1985
"Who Do You Love?" (Bo Diddley song), 1956
"Who Do You Love" (Haddaway song), 1998
"Who Do You Love" (Marianas Trench song), 2015
"Who Do You Love?" (Ryan O'Shaughnessy song), 2013
"Who Do You Love" (The Chainsmokers song), 2019
"Who Do You Love?" (YG song), 2014
"Who Do U Love", 1996 song by Deborah Cox
"Who Do U Love?" (Monsta X song), 2019
"Who Do You Love", 1992 song by Audio Adrenaline from Audio Adrenaline
"Who Do You Love?", 1908 song by Collins & Harlan
"Who Do You Love", 1975 song by Ian Hunter
"Who Do You Love", 2000 song by the Moffatts from Submodalities
"Who Do You Love", 1964 song by the Sapphires
"Who Do U Love", 1998 song by Love Inc.
Other uses
Who Do You Love? (film), a 2008 film biopic of American record producer Leonard Chess
See also
Who Do Ya (Love), a 1978 album by KC and the Sunshine Band
"Who You Love", a 2013 song by John Mayer | wiki |
This is a family tree of the Kings of the Belgians, hereditary, constitutional monarchs of Belgium as defined by the Belgian Constitution.
Belgium
Belgium | wiki |
The peso is the currency of Chile. The current peso has circulated since 1975, with a previous version circulating between 1817 and 1960. Its symbol is defined as a letter S with either one or two vertical bars superimposed prefixing the amount, $ or ; the single-bar symbol, available in most modern text systems, is almost always used. Both of these symbols are used by many currencies, most notably the United States dollar, and may be ambiguous without clarification, such as CLP$ or . The ISO 4217 code for the present peso is CLP. It was officially subdivided into 100 centavos, until the subdivision was eliminated in 1984 due to its low value. In February 2023, the exchange rate was around CLP$800 to US$1.
First peso, 1817–1960
The first Chilean peso was introduced in 1817, at a value of 8 Spanish colonial reales. Until 1851, the peso was subdivided into 8 reales, with the escudo worth 2 pesos. In 1835, copper coins denominated in centavos were introduced, but it was not until 1851 that the real and escudo denominations ceased to be issued and further issues in centavos and décimos (worth 10 centavos) commenced. Also in 1851, the peso was set equal 5 French francs on the sild, 22.5 grams pure silver. However, gold coins were issued to a different standard to that of France, with 1 peso = 1.37 grams gold (5 francs equalled 1.45 grams gold). In 1885, a gold standard was adopted, pegging the peso to the British pound sterling at a rate of pesos = 1 pound (1 peso = 1 shilling 6 pence). This was reduced in 1926 to 40 pesos = 1 pound (1 peso = 6 pence). From 1925, coins and banknotes were issued denominated in cóndores, worth 10 pesos. The gold standard was suspended in 1932 and the peso's value fell further. The escudo replaced the peso on 1 January 1960 at a rate 1 escudo = 1000 pesos.
Coins
Between 1817 and 1851, silver coins were issued in denominations of , , 1, and 2 reales and 1 peso (also denominated 8 reales), with gold coins for 1, 2, 4, and 8 escudos. In 1835, copper and 1 centavo coins were issued. A full decimal coinage was introduced between 1851 and 1853, consisting of copper and 1 centavo, silver and 1 décimo (5 and 10 centavos), 20 and 50 centavos, and 1 peso, and gold 5 and 10 pesos. In 1860, gold 1 peso coins were introduced, followed by cupronickel , 1 and 2 centavos between 1870 and 1871. Copper coins for these denominations were reintroduced between 1878 and 1883, with copper centavos added in 1886. A new gold coinage was introduced in 1895, reflecting the lower gold standard, with coins for 2, 5, 10 and 20 pesos. In 1896, the and 1 décimo were replaced by 5 and 10 centavo coins.
In 1907, a short-lived, silver 40 centavo coin was introduced following cessation of production of the 50 centavo coin. In 1919, the last of the copper coins (1 and 2 centavos) were issued. The following year, cupronickel replaced silver in the 5, 10 and 20 centavo coins. A final gold coinage was introduced in 1926, in denominations of 20, 50 and 100 pesos. In 1927, silver 2 and 5 peso coins were issued. Cupronickel 1 peso coins were introduced in 1933, replacing the last of the silver coins. In 1942, copper 20 and 50 centavos and 1 peso coins were introduced. The last coins of the first peso were issued between 1954 and 1959. These were aluminum 1, 5 and 10 pesos.
Gold bullion coins with nominals in 100 pesos were minted between 1932 and 1980 (i.e. they survived into the periods of two later currencies). In addition, there was a special issue of gold coins (100, 200 and 500 pesos) in 1968.
Coins issued in values of 5 and 10 pesos from 1956 onwards, as well as bullion coins of 20, 50 and 100 pesos issued from 1925 to 1980 (exceeding the validity of this monetary standard by 20 years) also bring such equivalence in condors, being 10 pesos per condor.
Banknotes
The first Chilean paper money was issued between 1840 and 1844 by the treasury of the Province of Valdivia, in denominations of 4 and 8 reales. In the 1870s, a number of private banks began issuing paper money, including the Banco Agrícola, the Banco de la Alianza, the Banco de Concepción, the Banco Consolidado de Chile, the Banco de A. Edwards y Cía., the Banco de Escobar, Ossa y Cía., the Banco Mobiliario, the Banco Nacional de Chile, the Banco del Pobre, the Banco Sud Americano, the Banco del Sur, the Banco de la Unión, and the Banco de Valparaíso. Others followed in the 1880s and 1890s. Denominations included 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 500 pesos. One bank, the Banco de A. Edwards y Cía., also issued notes denominated in pounds sterling (libra esterlina).
In 1881, the government issued paper money convertible into silver or gold, in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 1000 pesos. 50 centavo notes were added in 1891 and 500 pesos in 1912. In 1898, provisional issues were made by the government, consisting of private bank notes overprinted with the words "Emisión Fiscal". This marked the end of the production of private paper money.
In 1925, the Banco Central de Chile began issuing notes. The first, in denominations of 5, 10, 50, 100, and 1000 pesos, were overprints on government notes. In 1927, notes marked as "Billete Provisional" were issued in denominations of 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 pesos. Regular were introduced between 1931 and 1933, in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, and 10,000 pesos. The 1 and 20 peso notes stopped production in 1943 and 1947, respectively. The remaining denominations continued production until 1959, with a 50,000-peso note added in 1958.
Notes issued after 1925 show the equivalence in condors, which was at the rate of 10 pesos per condor.
Second peso, 1975–present
The current peso was introduced on 29 September 1975 by decree 1,123, replacing the escudo at a rate of 1 peso for 1,000 escudos. This peso was subdivided into 100 centavos until 1984.
Coins
In 1975, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, and 50 centavos and 1 peso. The 1, 5, and 10 centavo coins were very similar to the 10, 50, and 100 escudo coins they replaced. Since 1983, inflation has left the centavo coins obsolete. 5 and 10 peso coins were introduced in 1976, followed by 50 and 100 peso coins in 1981 and by a bi-metallic 500 peso coin in 2000. Coins currently in circulation are in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, and 500 pesos; however, the value of the peso has depreciated enough that most retailers and others tend to use prices that are multiples of 10 pesos, ignoring smaller amounts. The 1 peso coin is rare. On 26 October 2017 the Mint stopped producing 1 and 5 peso coins, and started accepting those coins directly at the mint to exchange for larger denomination. On 1 November 2017 commercial entities began rounding off amounts for payment in cash, rounding down for amounts ending in 1 through 5 pesos, rounding up for amounts ending in 6 through 9 pesos. Electronic transactions and cheques are not affected. This change has affected various charities which had programs to accept donations at the cash register.
Right after the military dictatorship in Chile (1973–1990) ended, the obverse designs of the 5 and 10 peso coins were changed. Those coins had borne the image of a winged female figure wearing a classical robe and portrayed as if she had just broken a chain binding her two hands together (a length of chain could be seen hanging from each of her wrists); beside her appear the date of the coup d'état Roman numerals and the word (Spanish for "liberty"). After the return of democracy, a design with the portrait of Bernardo O'Higgins was adopted.
In 2001, a newly redesigned 100-peso coin bearing the image of a Mapuche woman began to circulate. In February, 2010, it was discovered that on the 2008 series of the 50 peso coins the country name had been misspelled as . The national mint said that it did not plan to recall the coins. Worth about US$0.09 each at the time, the faulty coins became collectors' items.
Banknotes
In 1976, banknotes were introduced in denominations of 5, 10, 50, and 100 pesos with the reverses of the two lowest denominations resembling those of the 5000- and 10,000-escudo notes they replaced. Inflation has since led to the issue of much higher denominations. Five-hundred-peso notes were introduced in May, 1977, followed by the 1000-peso (in June, 1978), 5000-peso (June, 1981), 10,000-peso (June, 1989), 2000-peso (December, 1997), and 20,000-peso (December, 1998) notes. The 5, 10, 50, 100, and 500-peso banknotes have been replaced by coins, leaving only the 1000, 2000, 5000, 10,000, and 20,000 peso notes in circulation. Redesigned versions of the four highest denominations were issued in 2009 and 2010. The popular new 1000-peso banknote was issued on 11 May 2011.
Since September 2004, the 2000-peso note has been issued only as a polymer banknote; the 5000-peso note began emission in polymer in September 2009; and the 1000-peso note was switched to polymer in May, 2011. This was the first time in Chilean history that a new family of banknotes was put into circulation for other cause than the effects of inflation. , only the 10,000 and 20,000 peso notes are still printed on cotton paper. All new notes have the same height, while their length varies in steps according to their face values: the shortest is the 1000-peso note and the longest is the 20,000-pesos. The new notes are substantially more difficult to falsify because of new security measures.
The design and production of the whole new family of banknotes was assigned to the Australian company Note Printing Australia Ltd for the 1000, 2000 and 5000 peso notes, and the Swedish company Crane AB for the 10,000 and 20,000 peso notes
In popular culture
Colloquial Chilean Spanish has informal names for some banknotes and coins. These include luca for a thousand pesos, quina for five hundred pesos (quinientos is Spanish for "five hundred"), and gamba ("prawn") for one hundred pesos (or more recently 100,000 pesos). These names are old: For example, gamba and luca applied to 100 and 1000 escudos before 1975. The term gamba is a reference to the color of one hundred pesos banknote issued between 1933 and 1959.
Depending on context, a gamba might mean one hundred pesos or one hundred thousand pesos. For instance a new computer might be said to cost two gambas. This means two hundred thousand pesos. Less commonly, this applies to luca, taken to mean one million, usually referred to as palo.
The cover of the 2007 Velvet Revolver album Libertad features a stylized version of the angel from the Pinochet-era 10 pesos coin. Guitarist Slash, who personally chose the image, claimed he had no idea of the dark significance of it at the time.
Value of the peso against the United States dollar
{| class="wikitable" style="float: left; margin-right: 1.5em"
|+ Average value of US$1
|-
! Date !! Chilean pesos
|-
| February 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| 722.80
|-
| January 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| 722.71
|-
| December 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| 734.73
|-
| November 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| 762.88
|-
| October 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| 788.27
|-
| September 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| 773.40
|-
| August 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| 784.66
|-
| July 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| 784.73
|-
| June 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| 793.72
|-
| May 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| 821.81
|-
| April 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| 853.38
|-
| March 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| 839.38
|-
| February 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| 796.38
|-
| January 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| 772.65
|-
! style="text-align:left;"| 12-month average !! style="text-align:right;"| 792.22
|-
| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| 702.63
|-
| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| 640.29
|-
| 2017 || style="text-align:right;"| 649.33
|-
| 2016 || style="text-align:right;"| 676.83
|-
| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| 654.25
|-
| 2010 || style="text-align:right;"| 510.38
|-
| 2005 || style="text-align:right;"| 559.86
|-
| 2000 || style="text-align:right;"| 538.87
|-
| 1995 || style="text-align:right;"| 396.78
|-
| 1990 || style="text-align:right;"| 304.68
|-
| 1985 || style="text-align:right;"| 160.73
|}
Between 1974 and 1979, the Chilean peso was allowed to float within a crawling band. From June 1979 to 1982 the peso was pegged to the United States dollar at a fixed exchange rate. In June 1982, during that year's economic crisis, the peso was devalued and different exchange rate regimes were used. In August 1984 the peso returned to a system of crawling bands, which were periodically adjusted to reflect differences between external and internal inflation.
Starting in September 1999, the Chilean peso was allowed to float freely against the United States dollar for the first time. Chile's Central Bank, however, reserved the right to intervene, which it did on two occasions to counter excessive depreciation: the first, in August and September 2001, coincided with Argentina's convertibility crisis and with the September 11 attacks in the United States. The second, in October 2002, was during Brazil's presidential election.
See also
Economy of Chile
Unidad de Fomento — inflation indexing of the Peso used in many contracts in Chile
Notes
References
External links
Historical and current banknotes of Chile
Information on Exchange Rates of The Americas
1817 introductions
Currencies introduced in 1975
Peso, Chilean | wiki |
Agathis australis, commonly known by its Māori name kauri (), is a coniferous tree in the family Araucariaceae, found north of 38°S in the northern regions of New Zealand's North Island.
It is the largest (by volume) but not tallest species of tree in New Zealand, standing up to 50 m tall in the emergent layer above the forest's main canopy. The tree has smooth bark and small narrow leaves. Other common names to distinguish A. australis from other members of Agathis are southern kauri and New Zealand kauri.
With its novel soil interaction and regeneration pattern it can compete with faster growing angiosperms. Because it is such a conspicuous species, forest containing kauri is generally known as kauri forest, although kauri need not be the most abundant tree. In the warmer northern climate, kauri forests have a higher species richness than those found further south. Kauri even act as a foundation species that modify the soil under their canopy to create unique plant communities.
Taxonomy
Scottish botanist David Don described the species as Dammara australis.
Agathis is derived from Greek and means 'ball of twine', a reference to the shape of the male cones, which are also known by the botanical term stroboli.
Australis means 'southern'.
Description
The young plant grows straight upwards and has the form of a narrow cone with branches going out along the length of the trunk. However, as it gains in height, the lowest branches are shed, preventing vines from climbing. By maturity, the top branches form an imposing crown that stands out over all other native trees, dominating the forest canopy.
The flaking bark of the kauri tree defends it from parasitic plants, and accumulates around the base of the trunk. On large trees it may pile up to a height of 2 m or more. The kauri has a habit of forming small clumps or patches scattered through mixed forests.
Kauri leaves are 3 to 7 cm long and 1 cm broad, tough and leathery in texture, with no midrib; they are arranged in opposite pairs or whorls of three on the stem. The seed cones are globose, 5 to 7 cm diameter, and mature 18 to 20 months after pollination; the seed cones disintegrate at maturity to release winged seeds, which are then dispersed by the wind. A single tree produces both male and female seed cones. Fertilisation of the seeds occurs by pollination, which may be driven by the same or another tree's pollen.
Size
Agathis australis can attain heights of 40 to 50 metres and trunk diameters big enough to rival Californian sequoias at over 5 metres. The largest kauri trees did not attain as much height or girth at ground level but contain more timber in their cylindrical trunks than comparable Sequoias with their tapering stems.
The largest recorded specimen was known as The Great Ghost and grew in the mountains at the head of the Tararu Creek, which drains into the Hauraki Gulf just north of the mouth of the Waihou River (Thames). Thames Historian Alastair Isdale says the tree was 8.54 metres in diameter, and 26.83 metres in girth. It was consumed by fire c.1890.
A kauri tree at Mill Creek, Mercury Bay, known as Father of the Forests was measured in the early 1840s as 22 metres in circumference and 24 metres to the first branches. It was recorded as being killed by lightning in that period.
Another huge tree, Kairaru, had a girth of 20.1 metres and a columnar trunk free of branches for 30.5 metres as measured by a Crown Lands ranger, Henry Wilson, in 1860. It was on a spur of Mt Tutamoe about 30 km south of Waipoua Forest near Kaihau. It was destroyed in the 1880s or 1890s when a series of huge fires swept the area.
Other trees far larger than living kauri have been noted in other areas. Rumors of stumps up to 6 metres are sometimes suggested in areas such as the Billygoat Track above the Kauaeranga Valley near Thames. However, there is no good evidence for these (e.g., a documented measurement or a photograph with a person for scale).
Given that over 90 per cent of the area of kauri forest standing before 1000AD was destroyed by about 1900, it is not surprising that recent records are of smaller, but still very large trees. Two large kauri fell during tropical storms in the 1970s. One of these was Toronui, in Waipoua Forest. Its diameter was larger than that of Tane Mahuta and its clean bole larger than that of Te Matua Ngahere, and by forestry measurements was the largest standing. Another tree, Kopi, in Omahuta Forest near the standing Hokianga kauri, was the third largest with a height of 56.39 metres (185') and a diameter of 4.19 metres (13.75'). It fell in 1973. Like many ancient kauri both trees were partly hollow.
Growth rate and age
In general over the lifetime of the tree the growth rate tends to increase, reach a maximum, then decline. A 1987 study measured mean annual diameter increments ranging from 1.5 to 4.6 mm per year with an overall average of 2.3 mm per year. This is equivalent to 8.7 annual rings per centimetre of core, said to be half the commonly quoted figure for growth rate. The same study found only a weak relationship between age and diameter. The growth of kauri in planted and second-growth natural forests has been reviewed and compared during the development of growth and yield models for the species. Kauri in planted forests were found to have up to 12 times the volume productivity than those in natural stands at the same age.
Individuals in the same 10 cm diameter class may vary in age by 300 years, and the largest individual on any particular site is often not the oldest. Trees can normally live longer than 600 years. Many individuals probably exceed 1000 years, but there is no conclusive evidence that trees can exceed 2000 years in age. By combining tree ring samples from living kauri, wooden buildings, and preserved swamp wood, a dendrochronology has been created which reaches back 4,500 years, the longest tree ring record of past climate change in the southern hemisphere. One 1700 year old swamp wood kauri that dates to approximately 42,000 years ago contains fine-scale carbon-14 fluctuations in its rings that may be reflective of the most recent magnetic field flip of the earth.
Root structure and soil interaction
One of the defining aspects of the kauri tree's unique ecological niche is its relationship with the soil below. Much like podocarps, it feeds in the organic litter near the surface of the soil through fine root hairs. This layer of the soil is composed of organic matter derived from falling leaves and branches as well as dead trees, and is constantly undergoing decomposition. On the other hand, broadleaf trees such as māhoe derive a good fraction of their nutrition in the deeper mineral layer of the soil. Although its feeding root system is very shallow, it also has several downwardly directed peg roots which anchor it firmly in the soil. Such a solid foundation is necessary to prevent a tree the size of a kauri from blowing over in storms and cyclones.
The litter left by kauri is much more acidic than most trees, and as it decays similarly acidic compounds are liberated. In a process known as leaching, these acidic molecules pass through the soil layers with the help of rainfall, and release other nutrients trapped in clay such as nitrogen and phosphorus. This leaves these important nutrients unavailable to other trees, as they are washed down into deeper layers. This process is known as podsolization, and changes the soil colour to a dull grey. For a single tree, this leaves an area of leached soil beneath known as a cup podsol. This leaching process is important for kauri's survival as it competes with other species for space.
Leaf litter and other decaying parts of a kauri decompose much more slowly than those of most other species. Besides its acidity, the plant also bears substances such as waxes and phenols, most notably tannins, that are harmful to microorganisms. This results in a large buildup of litter around the base of a mature tree in which its own roots feed. As with most perennials, these feeding roots also house a symbiotic fungi known as mycorrhiza which increase the plant's efficiency in taking up nutrients. In this mutualistic relationship, the fungus derives its own nutrition from the roots. In its interactions with the soil, kauri is thus able to starve its competitors of much needed nutrients and compete with much younger lineages.
Distribution
Local spatial distribution
In terms of local topography, kauri is far from randomly dispersed. As mentioned above, kauri relies on depriving its competitors of nutrition in order to survive. However, one important consideration not discussed thus far is the slope of the land. Water on hills flows downward by the action of gravity, taking with it the nutrients in the soil. This results in a gradient from nutrient poor soil at the top of slopes to nutrient rich soils below. As nutrients leached are replaced by aqueous nitrates and phosphates from above, the kauri tree is less able to inhibit the growth of strong competitors such as angiosperms. In contrast, the leaching process is only enhanced on higher elevation. In Waipoua Forest this is reflected in higher abundances of kauri on ridge crests, and greater concentrations of its main competitors, such as taraire, at low elevations. This pattern is known as niche partitioning, and allows more than one species to occupy the same area. Those species which live alongside kauri include tawari, a montane broadleaf tree which is normally found in higher altitudes, where nutrient cycling is naturally slow.
Changes over recent geological time
Kauri is found growing in its natural ecosystem north of 38°S latitude. Its southern limit stretches from the Kawhia Harbour in the west to the eastern Kaimai Range.
However, its distribution has changed greatly over geological time because of climate change. This is shown in the recent Holocene epoch by its migration southwards after the peak of the last ice age. During this time when frozen ice sheets covered much of the world's continents, kauri was able to survive only in isolated pockets, its main refuge being in the very far north. Radiocarbon dating is one technique used by scientists to uncover the history of the tree's distribution, with stump kauri from peat swamps used for measurement. The coldest period in recent times occurred about 15,000 to 20,000 years ago, during which time kauri was apparently confined north of Kaitaia, near the northernmost point of the North Island, North Cape. Kauri requires a mean temperature of 17 °C or more for most of the year. The tree's retreat can be used as a proxy for temperature changes during this period. While not present in modern days, the Aupouri Peninsula in the far north was a refuge for kauri, as large quantities of kauri gum were present in the soils.
It remains unclear whether kauri recolonised the North Island from a single refuge in the far north or from scattered pockets of isolated stands that managed to survive despite climatic conditions. It spread south through Whangārei, past Dargaville and as far south as Waikato, attaining its peak distribution during the years 3000 BP to 2000 BP. There is some suggestion that it has receded somewhat since then, which may indicate temperatures have declined slightly. During the peak of its movement southwards, it was traveling as fast as 200 metres per year. Its southward spread seems relatively rapid for a tree that can take a millennium to reach complete maturity. This can be explained by its life history pattern.
Kauri relies on wind for pollination and seed dispersal, while many other native trees have their seeds carried large distances by frugivores (animals which eat fruit) such as the kererū (native pigeon). However, kauri trees can produce seeds while relatively young, taking only 50 years or so before giving rise to their own offspring. This trait makes them somewhat like a pioneer species, despite the fact that their long lifespan is characteristic of K-selected species. In good conditions, where access to water and sunlight are above average, diameters in excess of 15 centimetres and seed production can occur inside 15 years.
Regeneration and life history
Just as the niche of kauri is differentiated through its interactions with the soil, it also has a separate regeneration 'strategy' compared to its broadleaf neighbours. The relationship is very similar to the podocarp-broadleaf forests further south. Kauri demand much more light and require larger gaps to regenerate than such broadleaf trees as puriri and kohekohe that show far more shade tolerance. Unlike kauri, these broadleaf species can regenerate in areas where lower levels of light reach ground level, for example from a single branch falling off. Kauri trees must therefore remain alive long enough for a large disturbance to occur, allowing them sufficient light to regenerate. In areas where large amounts of forest are destroyed, such as by logging, kauri seedlings are able to regenerate much more easily due not only to increased sunlight, but their relatively strong resistance to wind and frosts. Kauri occupy the emergent layer of the forest, where they are exposed to the effects of the weather; however, the smaller trees that dominate the main canopy are sheltered both by the emergent trees above and by each other. Left in open areas without protection, these smaller trees are far less capable of regenerating.
When there is a disturbance severe enough to favour their regeneration, kauri trees regenerate en masse, producing a generation of trees of similar age after each disturbance. The distribution of kauri allows researchers to deduce when and where disturbances have occurred, and how large they may have been; the presence of abundant kauri may indicate that an area is prone to disturbance. Kauri seedlings can still occur in areas with low light but mortality rates increase for such seedlings, and those that survive self-thinning and grow to sapling stage tend to be found in higher light environments.
During periods with less disturbance kauri tends to lose ground to broadleaf competitors which can better tolerate shaded environments. In the complete absence of disturbance, kauri tends to become rare as it is excluded by its competitors. Kauri biomass tends to decrease during such times, as more biomass becomes concentrated in angiosperm species like towai. Kauri trees also tend to become more randomly distributed in age, with each tree dying at a different point in time, and regeneration gaps becoming rare and sporadic. Over thousands of years these varying regeneration strategies produce a tug of war effect where kauri retreats uphill during periods of calm, then takes over lower areas briefly during mass disturbances. Although such trends cannot be observed in a human lifetime, research into current patterns of distribution, behavior of species in experimental conditions, and study of pollen sediments (see palynology) have helped shed light on the life history of kauri.
Kauri seeds may generally be taken from mature cones in late March. Each scale on a cone contains a single winged seed approximately 5 mm by 8 mm and attached to a thin wing perhaps half as large again. The cone is fully open and dispersed within only two to three days of starting.
Studies show that kauri develop root grafts through which they share water and nutrients with neighbours of the same species.
Ethnobotany
Deforestation
Heavy logging, which began around 1820 and continued for a century, has considerably decreased the number of kauri trees. It has been estimated that before 1840, the kauri forests of northern New Zealand occupied at least 12,000 square kilometres. The British Royal Navy sent four vessels, HMS Coromandel (1821), [[HMS Howe (1805)|HMS Dromedery]] (1821), (1840), and HMS Tortoise (1841) to gather kauri-wood spars.
By 1900, less than 10 per cent of the original kauri survived. By the 1950s this area had decreased to about 1,400 square kilometres in 47 forests depleted of their best kauri. It is estimated that today, there is 4 per cent of uncut forest left in small pockets.
Estimates are that around half of the timber was accidentally or deliberately burnt. More than half of the remainder had been exported to Australia, Britain, and other countries, while the balance was used locally to build houses and ships. Much of the timber was sold for a return sufficient only to cover wages and expenses. From 1871 to 1895 the receipts indicate a rate of about 8 shillings (around NZ$20 in 2003) per 100 superficial feet (34 shillings/m3).
The Government continued to sell large areas of kauri forests to sawmillers who, under no restrictions, took the most effective and economical steps to secure the timber, resulting in much waste and destruction. At a sale in 1908 more than 5,000 standing kauri trees, totalling about 20,000,000 superficial feet (47,000 m3), were sold for less than £2 per tree (£2 in 1908 equates to around NZ$100 in 2003).Reed p.267 It is said that in 1890 the royalty on standing timber fell in some cases to as low as twopence (NZ$0.45 in 2003) per 100 superficial feet (8 pence/m3), though the expense of cutting and removing it to the mills was typically great due to the difficult terrain where they were located.
Probably the most controversial kauri logging decision in the last century was that of the National Government to initiate clear fell logging of the Warawara state forest (North of the Hokianga) in the late 1960s. This created a national outcry as this forest contains the second largest volume of kauri after the Waipoua forest and was until that time, essentially unlogged (Adams, 1980). The plan also involved considerable cost, requiring a long road to be driven up a steep high plateau into the heart of the protected area. Because the stands of kauri were dense, the ecological destruction in the affected plateau area (approximately a fifth of the forest by area, and a quarter by volume of timber) was essentially complete (as of the early 1990s most of the affected area contained a thick covering of native grasses with little or no kauri regeneration). Logging was stopped in fulfillment of an election pledge by the Labour Government of 1972. When the National Party was reelected in 1975, the ban on kauri logging in the Warawara remained in place, but was soon replaced by policies encouraging the logging of giant tōtara and other podocarps in the central North Island. The outcry over the Warawara was an important stepping stone towards the legal protection of the small percentage of remaining virgin kauri-podocarp forest in New Zealand's Government-owned forests.
Uses
Although today its use is far more restricted, in the past the size and strength of kauri timber made it a popular wood for construction and ship building, particularly for masts of sailing ships because of its parallel grain and the absence of branches for much of its height. Kauri crown and stump wood was much appreciated for its beauty, and was sought after for ornamental wood panelling as well as high-end furniture. Although not as highly prized, the light colour of kauri trunk wood made it also well-suited for more utilitarian furniture construction, as well as for use in the fabrication of cisterns, barrels, bridge construction material, fences, moulds for metal forges, large rollers for the textile industry, railway sleepers and cross bracing for mines and tunnels.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries Kauri gum (semi-fossilised kauri resin) was a valuable commodity, particularly for varnish, spurring the development of a gum-digger industry.
Today, the kauri is being considered as a long-term carbon sink. This is because estimates of the total carbon content in living above ground biomass and dead biomass of mature kauri forest are the second highest of any forest type recorded anywhere in the world. The estimated total carbon capture is up to nearly 1000 tones per hectare. In this capacity, kauri are bettered only by mature Eucalyptus regnans forest, and are far higher than any tropical or boreal forest type yet recorded. It is also conjectured that the process of carbon capture does not reach equilibrium, which along with no need of direct maintenance, makes kauri forests a potentially attractive alternative to short rotation forestry options such as Pinus radiata.
Timber
Technical specifications
Moisture content of dried wood: 12 per cent
Density of wood: 560 kg/m3
Tensile strength: 88 MPa
Modulus of elasticity: 9.1 GPa
After felled kauri wood dries to a 12 per cent moisture content, the tangential contraction is 4.1 per cent and the radial contraction is 2.3 per cent.
Kauri is considered a first rate timber. The whiter sapwood is generally slightly lighter in weight. Kauri is not highly resistant to rot and when used in boatbuilding must be protected from the elements with paint, varnish or epoxy to avoid rot. Its popularity with boatbuilders is due to its very long, clear lengths, its relatively light weight and its beautiful sheen when oiled or varnished. Kauri wood planes and saws easily. Its wood holds screws and nails very well and does not readily split, crack, or warp. Kauri wood darkens with age to a richer golden brown colour. Very little New Zealand kauri is now sold, and the most commonly available kauri in New Zealand is Fiji kauri, which is very similar in appearance but lighter in weight.
Swamp kauri
Prehistoric kauri forests have been preserved in waterlogged soils as swamp kauri. A considerable number of kauri have been found buried in salt marshes, resulting from ancient natural changes such as volcanic eruptions, sea-level changes and floods. Such trees have been radiocarbon dated to 50,000 years ago or older. The bark and the seed cones of the trees often survive together with the trunk, although when excavated and exposed to the air, these parts undergo rapid deterioration. The quality of the disinterred wood varies. Some is in good shape, comparable to that of newly felled kauri, although often lighter in colour. The colour can be improved by the use of natural wood stains to heighten the details of the grain. After a drying process, such ancient kauri can be used for furniture, but not for construction.
Conservation
The small remaining pockets of kauri forest in New Zealand have survived in areas that were not subjected to burning by Māori and were too inaccessible for European loggers. The largest area of mature kauri forest is Waipoua Forest in Northland. Mature and regenerating kauri can also be found in other National and Regional Parks such as Puketi and Omahuta Forests in Northland, the Waitākere Ranges near Auckland, and Coromandel Forest Park on the Coromandel Peninsula.
The importance of Waipoua Forest in relation to the kauri was that it remained the only kauri forest retaining its former virgin condition, and that it was extensive enough to give reasonable promise of permanent survival. On 2 July 1952 an area of over 80 km2 of Waipoua was proclaimed a forest sanctuary after a petition to the Government.
The zoologist William Roy McGregor was one of the driving forces in this movement, writing an 80-page illustrated pamphlet on the subject, which proved an effective manifesto for conservation.
Along with the Warawara to the North, Waipoua Forest contains three quarters of New Zealand's remaining kauri. Kauri Grove on the Coromandel Peninsula is another area with a remaining cluster of kauri, and includes the Siamese Kauri, two trees with a conjoined lower trunk.
In 1921 a philanthropic Cornishman named James Trounson sold to the Government for £40,000, a large area adjacent to a few acres of Crown land and said to contain at least 4,000 kauri trees. From time to time Trounson gifted additional land, until what is known as Trounson Park comprised a total of 4 km2.
The most famous specimens are Tāne Mahuta and Te Matua Ngahere in Waipoua Forest. These two trees have become tourist attractions because of their size and accessibility. Tane Mahuta, named after the Māori forest god, is the biggest existing kauri with a girth of , a trunk height of , a total height of and a total volume including the crown of . Te Matua Ngahere, which means 'Father of the Forest', is smaller but stouter than Tane Mahuta, with a girth (circumference) of . Important note: all the measurements above were taken in 1971.
Kauri is common as a specimen tree in parks and gardens throughout New Zealand, prized for the distinctive look of young trees, its low maintenance once established (although seedlings are frost tender).
Kauri dieback
Kauri dieback was observed in the Waitākere Ranges caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi in the 1950s, again on Great Barrier Island in 1972 linked to a different pathogen, Phytophthora agathidicida and subsequently spread to kauri forest on the mainland. The disease, known as kauri dieback or kauri collar rot, is believed to be over 300 years old and causes yellowing leaves, thinning canopy, dead branches, lesions that bleed resin, and tree death.Phytophthora agathidicida was identified as a new species in April 2008. Its closest known relative is Phytophthora katsurae''. The pathogen is believed to be spread on people's shoes or by mammals, particularly feral pigs. A collaborative response team has been formed to work on the disease. The team includes MAF Biosecurity, the Conservation Department, Auckland and Northland regional councils, Waikato Regional Council, and Bay of Plenty Regional Council. The team is charged with assessing the risk, determining methods and their feasibility to limit the spread, collecting more information (e.g. how widespread), and ensuring a coordinated response. The Department of Conservation has issued guidelines to prevent the spread of the disease, including keeping to defined tracks, cleaning footwear before and after entering kauri forest areas, and staying away from kauri roots.
See also
Gum-digger
Forestry in New Zealand
Kauri Museum
List of superlative trees
Northland temperate kauri forest
References
Bibliography
External links
Agathis australis description The Gymnosperm Database
Agathis australis collection at Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
Kauri forest in Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
Kauri at the New Zealand Department of Conservation
Keep Kauri Standing - Kauri dieback information
Kauri Gum entry from the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
Masters thesis on growth and yield of NZ kauri
australis
Trees of New Zealand
Conservation dependent plants
Kauri gum | wiki |
Diplazium hymenodes, sometimes called the peacock fern (although this name is also used for other species), is a twinsorus fern in the wood fern family of polypod ferns. It is native to Puerto Rico, but also occurs in Jamaica and Cuba. It prefers a moist growing environment at low to low-middle elevations.
References
hymenodes | wiki |
Person analysis is a phase of training needs analysis directed at identifying which individuals within an organization should receive training and what training they should receive.
A person analysis identifies individuals who are not meeting the desired performance requirements or goals.
References
Training | wiki |
Paper density is a paper product's mass per unit volume. The density can be calculated by dividing the grammage of paper (in grams per square metre or "gsm") by its caliper (usually in micrometres, occasionally in mils).
The "ISO 534:2011, Paper and board — Determination of thickness, density and specific volume" indicates that the paper density is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3).
See also
Grammage
Density
Area density
Linear density
References
External links
Paper Weight – Conversion Chart
Understanding Paper Weights
Understanding paper weight (Staples, Inc.)
M-weight Calculator
Paper Weight Calculator
Paper
Printing | wiki |
A closed wing is a wing that effectively has two main planes which merge at their ends so that there are no conventional wing tips. Closed wing designs include the annular wing (commonly known as the cylindrical or ring wing), the joined wing, the box wing and spiroid tip devices.
Like many wingtip devices, the closed wing aims to reduce the wasteful effects associated with wingtip vortices which occur at the tips of conventional wings. Although the closed wing has no unique claim on such benefits, many closed wing designs do offer structural advantages over a conventional cantilever monoplane.
Characteristics
Wingtip vortices form a major component of wake turbulence and are associated with induced drag, which is a significant contributor to total drag in most regimes. A closed wing avoids the need for wingtips and thus might be expected to reduce wingtip drag effects.
In addition to potential structural advantages over open cantilevered wings, closed wing surfaces have some unique aerodynamic properties:
For a lifting system constrained to fit within a rectangular box of fixed horizontal (spanwise) and vertical dimensions as viewed in the freestream flow direction, the configuration that provides the absolute minimum induced drag for a given total vertical lift is a closed system, i.e. a rectangular box wing with lifting surfaces fully occupying all four boundaries of the allowed rectangular area. However, the induced-drag performance of the ideal closed box wing can be approached very closely by open configurations such as the C-wing discussed below.
For any lifting system (or portion of a lifting system) that forms a closed loop as viewed in the freestream flow direction, the optimum lift (or circulation) distribution that yields the minimum induced drag for a given total vertical lift is not unique, but is defined only to within a constant on the closed-loop portion. This is because, regardless of what the circulation distribution is to start with, a constant circulation can be added to the closed-loop portion without changing the total lift of the system or the induced drag. This is the key to explaining how the C-wing produces nearly the same induced-drag reduction as the corresponding fully closed system, as discussed below.
The upshot is that although closed systems can produce large induced-drag reductions relative to a conventional planar wing, there is no significant aerodynamic advantage that uniquely accrues to their being closed rather than open.
Configurations
Various types of closed wing have been described:
Box wing
Rhomboidal wing
Flat annular wing
Concentric wing and fuselage
History
Pioneer years
An early example of the closed wing was on the Blériot III aircraft, built in 1906 by Louis Blériot and Gabriel Voisin. The lifting surfaces comprised two annular wings mounted in tandem. The later Blériot IV replaced the forward annular wing with a biplane and added a canard foreplane to make it a three-surface aircraft. It was able to leave the ground in small hops before being damaged beyond repair.
Based on the work of G.J.A. Kitchen, Cedric Lee and G. Tilghman Richards built and flew several annular-wing aeroplanes in which the fore and aft segments were on the same level. The first was a biplane. It was followed by a series of monoplanes, the last of the line remaining in use until 1914.
World War II
In 1944, the German designer Ernst Heinkel began working on an annular-wing VTOL multirole single-seater called the Lerche, but the project was soon abandoned.
Postwar
During the 1950s, the French company SNECMA developed the Coléoptère, a single-person VTOL annular wing aircraft. The aircraft proved dangerously unstable despite the development and testing of several prototypes, and the design was abandoned. Later proposals for closed-wing designs included the Convair Model 49 Advanced Aerial Fire Support System (AAFSS) and the 1980s Lockheed "Flying Bog Seat" concept.
Dr. Julian Wolkovitch continued to develop the idea in the 1980s, claiming it was an efficient structural arrangement in which the horizontal tail provided structural support for the wing as well as acting as a stabilizing surface.
The Spiroid winglet, a design currently under development by Aviation Partners, is a closed wing surface mounted at the end of a conventional wing. The company announced that the winglets fitted to a Gulfstream II reduced fuel consumption in the cruise phase by over 10%.
The Finnish company FlyNano flew a prototype of a closed wing ultralight aircraft, the FlyNano Nano on .
An aircraft was also designed and constructed with a closed wing in Belarus.
Miscellaneous modern examples include:
Stanford study
Lockheed Ring-wing
Closed wings remain mostly confined to the realms of studies and conceptual designs, as the engineering challenges of developing a strong, self-supporting closed wing for use in the large airliners which would benefit most from increases in efficiency have yet to be overcome.
The closed wing is also used in water, for surfboard fins of the type also known as the tunnel fin.
Lockheed Martin Environmentally Responsible Aviation Project
During 2011, the Environmentally Responsible Aviation Project at NASA's Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate invited study proposals towards meeting NASA's goal of reducing future aircraft fuel consumption by 50% compared to 1998. Lockheed Martin proposed a box wing design along with other advanced technologies.
Prandtl Box Wing
In 1924, the German aerodynamicist Ludwig Prandtl suggested that a box wing, under certain conditions, might provide the minimum induced drag for a given lift and wingspan. In his design, two offset horizontal wings have vertical wings connecting their tips and shaped to provide a linear distribution of side forces. The configuration is said to offer improved efficiency for a range of aircraft.
In the 1980s, the Ligeti Stratos used this approach. The name "PrandtlPlane" was coined in the 1990s in research by Aldo Frediani et al. of the University of Pisa. It is currently also used in some ultralight aircraft,
IDINTOS (IDrovolante INnovativo TOScano) is a research project, co-funded by the regional government of Tuscany (Italy) in 2011 in order to design and manufacture an amphibious ultralight PrandtlPlane. The research project has been carried out by a consortium of Tuscan public and private partners, led by the Aerospace Section of the Civil and Industrial Engineering Department of Pisa University, and has resulted in the manufacturing of a 2-seater VLA prototype.
The configuration is also claimed to be theoretically efficient for wide-body jet airliners. The largest commercial airliner, the Airbus A380, must make efficiency trade-offs to keep the wingspan below the 80-meter limit at most airports, but a closed wing with optimal wingspan could be shorter than that of conventional designs, potentially allowing even larger aircraft to use the current infrastructure.
C-wing
The C-wing is a theoretical configuration in which much of the upper centre section of a box wing is removed, creating a wing that folds up and over at the tips but does not rejoin in the centre. A C-wing can achieve very nearly the same induced-drag performance as a corresponding box wing, as shown by the calculations illustrated below.
Each of the first three rows in the illustration shows a different C-wing configuration as it is taken through a sequence of theoretical induced-drag calculations in which the wingtips are brought closer together, culminating in the limiting case on the right, where the gap has been taken to zero and the configuration has become a closed box wing (referred to as the "Quasi-closed C-wing" because the calculations were carried out in the limit as the gap went to zero).
The parameter ε is the optimal aerodynamic efficiency ratio and represents the ratio between the aerodynamic efficiency of a given non-planar wing and the corresponding efficiency of a reference classical cantilevered wing with the same wing span and total lift. Both efficiencies are evaluated for their respective optimal lift distributions. Values of ε greater than 1 indicate lower induced drag than that of a classical cantilevered wing for which ε = 1.
Note that all of the C-wing configurations have ε greater than 1 and that there is little difference (no difference to the two decimal places shown in two of the cases) between a configuration with a substantial gap (the second entry in each row) and the corresponding closed configuration (the third entry in each row). This is because the optimum lift loading calculated for the quasi-closed cases is very small over the upper centre section, and that part of the wing can be removed with little change in lift or drag.
The lift distributions shown here for the quasi-closed cases look different from those typically shown for box wings in the classical literature (see Durand, figure 81, for example). The classical solution in Durand was obtained by a conformal-mapping analysis that happened to be formulated in a way that led to equal upward loadings on the horizontal panels of the box. But the optimum lift distribution is not unique. A constant inward loading (corresponding to a particular constant circulation) can be added to a classical loading like that shown by Durand to obtain a loading like those in the quasi-closed cases below. The two methods of analysis give different-looking versions of the optimum loading that are not fundamentally different. Except for small differences due to the numerical method used for the quasi-closed cases, the two kinds of loading are in principle just shifted versions of each other.
References
External links
Aircraft wing design
Wing configurations | wiki |
Microsoft Office 2001 este o suită de software pentru Mac OS 8, Mac OS 9 sau Mac OS X Classic, lansată în anul 2000. A introdus clientul de e-mail Entourage.
Referințe
Microsoft Office | wiki |
Małpka Express was a retail chain operated by the firm Małpka S.A. with its headquarters in Poznań; in Poland.
History
The first Małpka Express shop was opened in March 2012 in Warzymice in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship. From that point onward the chain has intensively increased the number of shops, opening about 150-200 new shops each year.
In September 2013, due to the acquisition of Małpka S.A. by the retail chain Czerwona Torebka, the Małpka S.A. joint-stock company joined the company. In 2015 the company was acquired by Forteam Investments. In July 2018 the company announced that they had serious problems and must close their shops. All shops closed on 1 September 2018.
Format
Małpka Express is a chain of local convenience stores, which primarily focus on grocery and liquor assortments, the chain has an index of over 2500 products. These products include: grocery items, sweets, vegetables and fruit, dairy, cakes, alcohol, tobacco products, newspapers and magazines, cleaning agents and cosmetics.
Other than convenience stores the retail chain includes other services like Małpka Café, and milk bars. In November 2013 Małpka Express came into partnership with the internet shopping brand Merlin.pl as part of the Czerwona Torebka retail chain. Due to the synergy between the two companies, Małpka Express shops have Merlin.pl parcel pick-up points.
Controversies
Its 2015 advertisement caused concern over its message for children telling them to buy sweets in the chain stores rather than more healthy food offered by school cafeterias.
References
Retail companies established in 2012
Defunct retail companies
Retail companies disestablished in 2018
2012 establishments in Poland
2015 mergers and acquisitions
Polish brands
Convenience stores | wiki |
Adhesive remover is a substance intended to break down and remove glue and its remnants from surfaces.
Description
Adhesive removers are intended to break down glue so that it can be removed from surfaces easily. Formulations may be designed to remove a broad range of adhesives or to address a specific bond. Many general purpose removers are intended to remove residue from adhesive tape.
Formulations
Adhesive removers are often based on organic solvents, which can dissolve or soften many adhesive polymers that do not dissolve in water. They may also contain a gelling agent, increasing viscosity so that the product sticks to the area to be treated rather than running off. Common solvents used include -limonene, aliphatic alkanes, and acetone.
Heptane is also used as an adhesive remover by stamp collectors. Since 1974, the United States Postal Service has issued self-adhesive stamps that some collectors find difficult to separate from envelopes via the traditional method of soaking in water. Heptane-based products like Bestine, as well as limonene-based products, have become popular solvents for removing stamps more easily.
References
Adhesives
Cleaning products | wiki |
Frederick Cramer House is a historic home located in Colonie in Albany County, New York. It was built in 1877 and is a -story brick farmhouse in the Gothic Revival style. It is a "T" shaped residence with a five-bay-wide main section. It features an enclosed 1-story portico at the center entrance. Also on the property are a contributing barn and shed.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Gothic Revival architecture in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1877
Houses in Albany County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Albany County, New York
1877 establishments in New York (state) | wiki |
Pumpkin pie spice, also known as pumpkin spice, is an American spice mix commonly used as a flavoring for pumpkin pie, but does not include pumpkin as an ingredient.
Pumpkin pie spice is similar to the British and Commonwealth mixed spice. It is generally a blend of ground cinnamon, nutmeg, ginger, cloves, and sometimes allspice. It can also be used as a seasoning in general cooking.
As of 2016, pumpkin spice consumables produce $500 million in annual sales. The spice is often referred to in the context of a Pumpkin Spice Latte from Starbucks, with the company selling more than 200 million lattes between its launch and 2013, generating revenue of at least $80 million a year.
History
A "Pompkin" recipe calling for a similar spice mix (mace, nutmeg and ginger) can be found as far back as 1796 in the first known published American cookbook, American Cookery, written by Amelia Simmons:
Pompkin
No. 1. One quart stewed and strained, 3 pints cream, 9 beaten eggs, sugar, mace, nutmeg and ginger, laid into paste No. 7 or 3, and with a dough spur, cross and chequer it, and baked in dishes three quarters of an hour.
No. 2. One quart of milk, 1 pint pompkin, 4 eggs, molasses, allspice and ginger in a crust, bake 1 hour.
Pumpkin pie spice has been mentioned in cookbooks dating to the 1890s.
Blended pumpkin pie spice was introduced commercially by McCormick & Company in 1934. and is now commercialized by many companies.
The American coffee chain Starbucks developed a Pumpkin Spice Latte in January 2003, adding it to a range of seasonal winter drinks. Starbucks' director of espresso Americas, Peter Dukes, said that "developers realized there was something special around the pumpkin flavor, especially since there wasn't anything around pumpkin at the time". The company experimented with different combinations and ratios of pumpkin to spice, ultimately deciding on a recipe with no pumpkin in it. It became Starbucks' most popular seasonal beverage.
See also
Pumpkin Spice Spam
Five-spice powder
References
Herb and spice mixtures
American cuisine | wiki |
Tinny is alternative spelling of tinnie, a slang term with a variety of tin-related meanings.
Tinny or Tinnie may also refer to:
People
Tinny (musician) (born 1982), Ghanaian rapper
Tinny Durrell, bassist of The Lemming, a Dutch glam rock band
nickname of Clinton Percival, 21st century Saint Kitts and Nevis football manager
Fictional characters
Tinny, nickname of Katrina Doyle, a character in Republic of Doyle, a Canadian television series
Tinnie Tate, a recurring character in the Garrett P.I. fantasy novel series
Tinny, a BotTot from the Kei'zatsu tribe in RollBots, a Canadian animated television series
Tinny, a one-man band in the Toy Story plot draft; later changed to Buzz Lightyear
Places
Tinnie, New Mexico, United States, an unincorporated community
See also
Tinne (disambiguation)
Tinnaya (fem. of "Tinny") or Tinnoye (neut. of "Tinny"), a rural locality (a selo) in Olyokminsky District of the Sakha Republic, Russia
| wiki |
Minunacovirus je podrod virusa iz roda Alphacoronavirus.
Izvori
Alphacoronavirus | wiki |
The SMART Retainer is a small micro sensor which is imbedded in a traditional orthodontic retainer. The sensor monitors how often the retainer is being worn, and the information is loaded onto the orthodontist's computer via a reader.
Description
The micro sensor was created to help parents and orthodontists monitor retainer use after braces are removed. The smart retainer chip is about the size of a shirt button and provides detailed information about the chip's environmental surroundings. In the United States a smart retainer sensor is exclusively provided by orthodontists who have signed up to be providers, and should retail for around $100.
The SMART Retainer was featured on the May 15 episode of The Today Show.
Here is an abstract of an article in the American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics:
References
Smart devices
Orthodontics | wiki |
A&W is a fast food restaurant chain in Canada, franchised by A&W Food Services of Canada, Inc. The chain was originally part of the U.S.-based A&W Restaurants chain; locations in Canada were sold to Unilever in 1972, and then bought by its management in 1995. A&W restaurants in Canada no longer have any corporate connection to A&W operations outside of Canada.
The Canadian operation is privately held and is based in North Vancouver, British Columbia. In 2022, A&W was Canada's second-largest fast food restaurant burger chain with 1,029 franchises, after McDonald's with 1,452 franchises.
History
The first Canadian A&W restaurant opened in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in 1956. The Canadian restaurants were part of the American chain until 1972 when they were sold to Unilever.
In 1975, facing competition from the growing Canadian operations of McDonald's, the company launched what was to have been a temporary advertising campaign starring an orange-clad mascot, The Great Root Bear. The bear and the tuba jingle that accompanied him became a long-running campaign (the tune, entitled "Ba-Dum, Ba-Dum", was released as a single by Attic Records, credited to "Major Ursus", a play on Ursa Major or "great bear"). The famous Canadian composer and B.C. Hall of Fame winner Robert Buckley helped compose the song. The mascot was so successful that he was eventually adopted as the mascot by the American A&W chain as well. The famous tuba jingle was played by famed Vancouver jazz, classical and session trombonist Sharman King. King also did the ads for the "Book Warehouse" chain of discount book stores, which he owned.
In the early 1980s, the drive-in style of restaurant was phased out. It was replaced with a modern, pastel-coloured fast food outlet which included marginally healthier options. While the chain continued to open some standalone restaurants, A&W also aggressively pursued shopping mall locations, and as a result A&Ws are still commonly found in Canadian malls of various sizes.
Management buyout and retro theming (1995–2001)
In 1995, the chain was bought from Unilever by senior management. During 1997 and 1998, Drew Carey served as a spokesperson for the chain, appearing in TV ads alongside the Great Root Bear; he was dismissed (with legal action ensuing) after a November 1998 episode of The Drew Carey Show featured Carey eating at a McDonald's location in China.
By the end of the 1990s, marketing and products began to take on a more retro approach. Former menu items, such as the Burger Family, were reintroduced, and marketing became more targeted toward the baby boomer generation. The Great Root Bear and (in English Canada) the "ba-dum ba-dum" theme were also retired from most advertising (the tuba theme is still used in French-language ads). A new restaurant design was introduced, featuring a bright orange and yellow exterior, reminiscent of the 1950s, while the interior is decorated with memorabilia associated with the same period. Existing restaurants were renovated to match the new style. Meanwhile, with malls in decline, A&W began to focus on opening new standalone restaurants, particularly in smaller markets where McDonald's was often the only major hamburger chain. The last drive-in style restaurant closed in 2000, in Langley, British Columbia.
In 2001, Allen Lulu appeared in an A&W commercial for the first time. He continues to appear in TV ads at present.
Stock market listing and "Good Food" focus (2002–present)
On February 15, 2002, the A&W Revenue Royalties Income Fund was listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange. The initial public offering was 8.34 million units at $10 each. The fund owns the A&W trademarks in Canada and licenses them to A&W Food Services of Canada Inc. Revenue is generated by charging a three percent royalty on gross sales of each restaurant. Television advertisements are filmed at locations in the Fraser Valley. In June 2006, A&W celebrated 50 years in Canada. Some Quebec locations had Dunkin' Donuts locations until Dunkin' Donuts closed most locations in Quebec.
Two new restaurant concepts were introduced in the fall of 2009. The new standalone restaurant design is ultra modern but with some architectural markings reminiscent of the design in the earlier buildings erect from A&W back in time. There is also a new separate format for urban (i.e., downtown) locations, where some of the baby-boomer aspects are scaled back in favour of a more modern look. On November 21, 2013, the chain opened its 800th location in downtown Montreal. The company's advertising also shifted to a focus on animal welfare, such as chicken and beef raised without antibiotics.
In February 2018, Susan Senecal became the company's chief executive officer.
In June 2018, A&W announced that they were replacing plastic straws in their locations with paper ones, becoming the first fast food chain in North America to make the switch.
Products
Apart from the namesake brand of root beer, the A&W menu is focused on "The Burger Family", a lineup of hamburgers introduced by the U.S. A&W chain in the early 1960s, mostly discontinued in the 1980s in favour of a more standard menu, then reintroduced in Canada and expanded upon beginning in the late 1990s.
The Burger Family
The original Burger Family lineup consists of the Baby, Mama, Teen, and Papa burgers. They are still sold today along with other burgers named after other family members:
Baby Burger: small beef patty (), ketchup, unseeded hamburger bun, (optional) cheese slice
Mama Burger: regular beef patty (), onion slice, pickles, ketchup, mustard, Teen Sauce, sesame seed bun, (optional) cheese slice
Teen Burger: regular beef patty (), onion slice, pickles, ketchup, mustard, bacon, Teen Sauce, lettuce, tomato, sesame seed bun, cheese slice
Papa Burger: two regular beef patties ( total), onion slice, pickles, ketchup, mustard, Teen Sauce, sesame seed bun, (optional) cheese slice
Grandpa Burger: three regular beef patties ( total), onion slice, pickles, ketchup, mustard, Teen Sauce, sesame seed bun, (optional) cheese slice
Uncle Burger: large beef patty (), red onion slice, pickles, ketchup, Chubby mayo, Uncle Sauce, lettuce, tomato, sesame seed bun, cheese slice x2
Double Teen Burger regular beef patty (×2),onion slice, pickles, ketchup, mustard, bacon, Teen Sauce, lettuce, tomato, sesame seed bun, cheese slice
Discontinued members of the Burger Family include the Grandma Burger, a prime rib burger topped with caramelized onions and horseradish sauce; and the Sirloin Burger Twins, which were a pair of sliders.
Chubby Chicken
Another 1960s-era offering, Chubby Chicken, returned to the menu shortly after the reintroduction of the Burger Family.
Chubby burgers are breaded all white-meat chicken breasts. There are three varieties offered:
The Original Chubby Burger which is made on sesame seed bun, and comes with Chubby Mayo (Hellmann's Mayo), and lettuce.
The Spicy Habanero Chicken Burger is made on a seeded bun with a spicy chicken portion, and comes with jalapeño aioli, lettuce and tomato.
BLT Chubby Burger is made on a 7-grain bun, and comes with Chubby Mayo (Hellmann's Mayo), two slices of bacon, lettuce, and tomato.
These can be ordered by themselves, or in combos. They also offer all white-meat chicken strips which come in either 3 or 5, by themselves, or in combos. The chicken strips may also be ordered in wraps such as the "Chipotle Chicken wrap" and the "Bacon Ranch wrap". Some locations used to offer fried chicken bone-in pieces however, the bone in chicken was discontinued as an optional item in 2020.
Value Menu
In 2012, A&W introduced its first value burger, the Buddy Burger, and its double patty variant, the Double Buddy burger. Both can be ordered with or without cheese. The release of the Buddy burger made A&W more competitive against McDonald's, who already had value burgers like the McDouble.
In 2015, A&W piloted the new Chicken Buddy burger at some select locations. It was successful and was added to the value menu permanently in 2016.
Buddy Burger: one or two small beef patties (), mustard, ketchup, Teen Sauce, grilled onions, unseeded hamburger bun; available in double or single patty versions, and with cheese or without cheese.
Chicken Buddy Burger: one or two breaded chicken patties, mayonnaise, pickles, unseeded hamburger bun; value burgers, available in double or single patty versions
Breakfast
A&W launched a revamped version of their breakfast offering in the summer of 2014. In addition to the Bacon N' Egger (called Chef-d'œuf in Quebec), Sausage N' Egger, and Classic Bacon N' Eggs, they launched several new items including The All-Canadian Special and pancakes. Customers can choose to have their breakfast sandwiches made with either English muffins or with buns. In 2017, A&W announced that it would offer their breakfast sandwiches as part of an
All-Day Breakfast Menu to compete with McDonald's.
Beyond Meat
In July 2018, A&W locations began serving Beyond Meat's vegan Beyond Burger. The chain had a shortage of the Beyond Burger in August 2018, but announced that all locations would receive stock by October 2018. In 2019 A&W expanded its Beyond Meat offerings with the release of the Beyond Meat Sausage N' Egger.
Beyond Meat Burger: Beyond Meat patty, mustard, ketchup, mayonnaise, red onion, pickles, lettuce, tomato, sesame seed bun, A&W seasoning
Beyond Meat Sausage N' Egger: Beyond Meat sausage patty, margarine, egg, cheddar cheese, English muffin
Other products
A&W also sells their Mozza Burger, which is not part of the burger family nor the value menu. It consists of a beef patty, lettuce, tomato, bacon, mozzarella cheese, and their special Mozza sauce on a sesame seed bun.
Discontinued offerings include Bone-in Chubby Chicken (sold in 2-3 piece combos, buckets of 10, with a "family box" of fries/onion rings, and a side of potato salad/coleslaw (also discontinued options)), discontinued members of the Burger Family: Grandma Burger, a prime rib burger topped with caramelized onions and horseradish sauce; and the Sirloin Burger Twins, which were a pair of sliders, the Veggie Deluxe (veggie burger with mozzarella cheese, lettuce, tomato, onion, and pickles), traditional hot dogs, and the Whistle Dog (topped with cheese and bacon).
Available sides include french fries, poutine, and thick-cut onion rings. Fries are default in combos, the other sides can be substituted for an additional charge. Fries have salt added by default. You can request no salt fries but they will be a wait. Sweet potato fries have been added to the menu in some locations. The sweet potato fries are served with a small container of chipotle mayo. There is also a sweet potato poutine option available at locations serving sweet potato fries. Sweet potato fries do not come with salt added. All sides can also have "seasoning salt" added to them as well (the seasoning salt added by default to A&W onion rings). Though it is considered a breakfast item, you can potentially order hash brown (patties) as well.
Drinks include A&W Root Beer (and A&W Diet Root Beer) and other Coca-Cola soft drinks (Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, (Coke Zero is also available in some locations), Sprite), Gold Peak Iced Tea (not Nestle or Brisk), apple juice, orange juice, lemonade, milk, chocolate milk, along with hot chocolate (at some locations), tea, organic Van Houtte coffee, milkshakes (at some locations: flavour options include Vanilla, Strawberry, Chocolate, and yes, Root Beer), smoothies and Frozen A&W Root Beer. The A&W ice cream floats continue to be offered in some restaurants (made with pre-portioned scoops of frozen ice cream by Nestlé). There is speculation the new Brew Bar might replace that fan favourite though.
The ketchup and mustard served at A&W location are processed by French's at their Ontario facility and use only Canadian ingredients.
The Whistle Dog, a hot dog dressed with cheese, bacon and relish, was available in Canada, but was discontinued at the end of 2016; the regular hot dog was similarly discontinued. In July 2022, all Canadian A&W locations brought back the Whistle Dog for a limited time.
Divergences with A&W (Great American Brand)
The Canadian menu diverges significantly from their international counterparts franchised through A Great American Brand. This divergence is due to the brand's separate management and ownership. The only Burger Family product available by name in U.S. locations is the Papa Burger. The Papa Burger differs significantly between Canada and the U.S., adding lettuce, tomato and cheese slices to resemble the Canadian Teen Burger. Notable products on the U.S. menu not available in Canada include deep-fried cheese curds and soft serve-based products such as sundaes.
Animal welfare
The chicken and eggs served at A&W are from hens who lived in enriched cages and were fed a vegetarian diet, as chickens are omnivores. Antibiotics are only used in the company's animals when medically necessary, and those animals are taken out of production. All pork comes from Canadian suppliers and thus no longer use gestation crates (as it's been banned since 2014). Moreover, A&W claims to be trying to use 100% open housing by 2021. A&W has also announced plans for their meat production to meet Global Animal Partnership's level 2 certification, but did not provide a timeline.
Trademark
The A&W trademarks are owned by A&W Trade Marks Limited Partnership. The Partnership licenses the trademarks to A&W Food Services of Canada Inc. in exchange for a royalty of 3% of the sales of A&W restaurants in Canada. A&W Food Services owns ~21% of A&W Trade Marks Inc. which is the sole general partner in the Partnership, while the rest is owned by A&W Revenue Royalties Income Fund.
See also
List of hamburger restaurants
References
External links
A&W Canada radio jingle from the late 1960s (MP3)
1956 establishments in Manitoba
Companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange
Companies based in North Vancouver
Drive-in restaurants
Fast-food chains of Canada
Fast-food hamburger restaurants
Restaurants established in 1956
Root beer stands
Companies formed by management buyout
1972 mergers and acquisitions
2002 initial public offerings
Restaurants in Manitoba | wiki |
"Browns Station" may refer to:
Brown's Station, New York, a village submerged by the Ashokan Reservoir
Brown's Railroad Station, a railroad depot that served the village
Brown's Station, former name for the community of Browns, Boone County, Missouri
Brown's Station, former name for the community of Browns, Ohio in Preble County
See also
Brown Station, an Argentine Antarctic base and research station | wiki |
IFRS 5 refers to the International Financial Reporting Standards relating to Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations.
Non-current assets held for sale
If a non-current asset is 'held for sale', the economic benefit of that asset is obtained through the asset's sale rather than through its continuous use in the business (future economic benefit). Such assets cease to be depreciated as they are no longer being consumed by the business. Moreover, an asset held for sale is valued at the lower of either:
the asset's carrying cost; or
the asset's fair value less the cost of selling this asset.
Non-current assets 'held for sale' should be presented separately on the face of the statement of financial position as a current asset.
For a non-current asset (Fixed Asset) to be classified as 'held for sale', all of the following 4 conditions must be satisfied:
The asset must be available for immediate sale in its present condition and location; and
The asset's sale is expected to be completed within 12 months of classification as 'held for sale'; and
There must be no expectation that the plan for selling the asset will be withdrawn or changed significantly; and
The successful sale of the asset must be highly probable, signified by both:
- The management's commitment to the asset-selling plan; and
- Existence of active marketing to support the sale of the asset.
The management's decision is also required for that sale proceeds and then the Fair value could be ascertained.
Discontinued operations
A discontinued operation is a component of an enterprise that has either been disposed of, or is classified as 'held for sale', and:
represents a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations; and
is part of a single, co-ordinated plan to dispose of this separate major line of business or geographical area of operations; or
is a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to resale.
If there is any gain or loss from sale of assets it should be recognised in the statement of comprehensive income.
References
IFRS 05
Fixed asset | wiki |
Kiasi () is a Hokkien phrase, literally means afraid of death, to describe the attitude of being overly afraid or timid. Kiasi is commonly compared to Kiasu (literally: “fear of losing”); both are commonly used to describe attitudes where Kiasi or Kiasi-ism means to take extreme measures to avoid risk and Kiasu or Kiasu-ism means to take extreme means to achieve success. Kiasi is not as popular as kiasu, but is widely used by Hokkien-speaking people in Singapore, Malaysia and Taiwan.
Etymology and usage
The history of kiasi can be traced back to the Chinese idiom "Greedy for life, afraid of death" (), which describes a person's extreme fear of death, and may drive a person to lose his sense of justice and righteousness. The idiom was originally applied to cowardly soldiers on the battlefield. In modern usage, it refers to people who are irrationally frightful to undertake any task.
In popular culture
Kiasu, Kiasi : You Think What? (Paperback, 160 pages) by David Leo.
See also
Kiasu
Strawberry generation
External links
Definition from www.talkingcock.com
see: kiasi from A Dictionary of Singlish and Singaporean English
Singaporean culture
Malaysian culture
Southern Min words and phrases
Singlish | wiki |
The following is a list of episodes from the series Final Space.
Series overview
Episodes
Pilot (2016)
Season 1 (2018)
Season 2 (2019)
Season 3 (2021)
Ratings
References
Lists of American adult animated television series episodes
Lists of American comedy-drama television series episodes
Lists of American mystery television series episodes
Lists of American science fiction television series episodes
Lists of Canadian animated television series episodes | wiki |
Een banier is een vlag of ander stuk stof dat een symbool, logo, leuze of andere boodschap toont. In de vexillologie en heraldiek wordt de term 'banier' vooral gebruikt voor een vlag die alleen een wapen afbeeldt of alleen maar de elementen uit een wapenschild toont, waarbij alleen de vorm van het wapen is vervangen door de vorm van de vlag.
Zie ook
Baanderheer
Vlag | wiki |
A Swing Bike is a brand of bicycle which allowed for steering at both the front wheel and the rear wheel. The design was patented by Ralph Belden in 1974, brought to market in 1975, and discontinued by 1978. The name swing bike (common noun) has been genericized to come to mean any bike with a second steering axis in front of the saddle. A new bicycle by the same name has been launched by Americas Bike Co. in San Diego, California.
The original Swing Bike was in the wheelie bike style, and the Swing Bike company also offered a normally-steered BMX bike in 1977. An early working name for the Swing Bike as Pivicycle.
See also
Outline of cycling
Sideways bike
References
Bicycles | wiki |
Hotel Transylvania: The Series is an animated comedy television series produced by Sony Pictures Animation and Nelvana in association with Corus Entertainment. It is based on and serves as a prequel to the film Hotel Transylvania (2012), taking place in 2008, four years before the events of the first film, focusing on the activities of 114/115-year-old Mavis and her best friends at the Hotel Transylvania while Dracula is away at the Vampire Council.
The 26-episode first season premiered on June 25, 2017, on Disney Channel in the United States, with the first episode released earlier on June 20, 2017, on the WATCH Disney Channel app, YouTube, and VOD. The last eight episodes of the first season were first streamed onto Netflix in the United States on June 25, 2018, prior to their television air dates. In Canada, the series premiered October 2, 2017, on Teletoon.
On September 12, 2018, a second season was announced. The second season premiered on October 8, 2019, and ended being cancelled October 29, 2020.
The series has currently not been released on DVD or any home media format.
Series overview
Episodes
Shorts
These shorts were released through WATCH Disney Channel and Disney Channel's YouTube, they also sometimes air on Disney Channel during commercial breaks.
Season 1 (2017–18)
Season 2 (2019–20)
Notes
References
Lists of American children's animated television series episodes
Lists of Canadian children's animated television series episodes | wiki |
Into the Drowning Deep is a 2017 science fiction horror novel by Mira Grant. It is the follow-up to her 2015 novella Rolling in the Deep. It focuses on Tory Stewart, a sonar specialist who becomes obsessed with mermaids after her sister's disappearance. Tory’s sister Anne worked as a reporter for Imagine Entertainment. While filming a mockumentary about mermaids, the crew of Imagine's ship Atargatis vanished. Tory vows to discover the truth about what happened to her sister.
Plot
Seven years prior to the start of the story, the Atargatis is lost at sea. The ship was sent to the Mariana Trench by Imagine Entertainment, which specializes in filming B movies about mythical creatures. Though the ship is recovered weeks later, there is no trace of the crew. Leaked footage from the ship appears to show mermaids slaughtering the crew. The public is highly skeptical of the video and it is largely believed that the footage was being created for a mockumentary. Though some believe the footage is proof of the existence of mermaids, the incident is largely forgotten by popular culture.
Theodore Blackwell is an Imagine representative who begins recruiting interested parties for a second voyage to the Mariana Trench aboard the Melusine. His goal is to prove the existence of mermaids and to capture a live specimen, restoring the reputation of Imagine. He is accompanied by several hundred scientists and crew members, including his estranged wife Dr. Jillian Toth, Tory Stewart, Imagine reporter Olivia Sanderson, and the three Wilson sisters, all scientists.
At the Mariana Trench, Heather Wilson attempts to become the first human to reach the Challenger Deep in a submersible. She is killed by mermaids, proving their existence. Theodore captures a mermaid and keeps it in a tank. Over the course of several days, scouting parties of mermaids kill several crew members. Olivia and Tory begin a romantic relationship. The ship is then swarmed by mermaids, resulting in the deaths of most of the crew members. As the ship's safety systems fail, Dr. Toth works to unravel the mysteries of mermaid physiology and save the remaining crew. Hallie Wilson learns to communicate with the captive mermaid via sign language, which saves several crew members from being eaten. Tory realizes that all of the mermaids are actually male, and that the female is a ship-sized behemoth who is slowly moving toward the ship. She uses undersea lights to repel the female, and Olivia helps repair the ship's dysfunctional safety shutters. The surviving crew members are rescued days later.
Reception
Gerry Paige Smith of BookPage gave the novel a positive review, calling it original and stating it "will unnerve and enthrall even seasoned horror fans." Kirkus Reviews gave the novel a mostly positive review. They praised the novel's atmosphere of claustrophobic horror, while criticizing its length and excessive parenthetical asides. They positively compared the work to Jurassic Park and also praised Grant's smart commentary about climate change and the exploitation of sea creatures. Publishers Weekly gave a mixed review, praising the novel's concept and gore, while criticizing the writing style as clichéd and meandering.
References
External links
Official website
2010s horror novels
2017 American novels
2017 science fiction novels
2017 LGBT-related literary works
LGBT speculative fiction novels
Mermaid novels
2010s LGBT novels
LGBT-related horror literature
Novels by Seanan McGuire
American horror novels
Science fiction horror novels
Orbit Books books | wiki |
Section Sanguineae is a section within the genus Crataegus native to central and eastern Europe and parts of Asia. It includes about 20 species and three series.
Series
Series in section Sanguineae include:
Altaicae
Nigrae
Sanguineae
See also
List of hawthorn species with black fruit
List of hawthorn species with yellow fruit
References
Section Douglasia
Flora of North America
Flora of Asia
Plant sections | wiki |
The following is a list of episodes from the series Hanazuki: Full of Treasures.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2017)
Season 2 (2019)
A second season was announced on May 9, 2017, and first aired in 2018 on Carousel in Russia. It first aired in English on POP in late 2018 Season 2 premiered on Discovery Family in America on March 23, 2019, and ended on May 4, 2019. It was planned to run for 16 episodes, but it was cut down to 8 episodes.
Potential future
A third season was announced on August 3, 2017 during investor day and is currently in development.
As of 2022, the series is put on a hiatus, due to Titmouse ending production and leaving only eight more Season 2 episodes and fifteen more shorts remaining in the works, in order for Hasbro to find another studio to do the animation.
Shorts
On August 7, 2017, it was announced that Hasbro was preparing a series of 1- to 2-minute-long shorts that would be released between the first and second seasons. Eight shorts were released on June 16, 2018 in the United Kingdom via the Pop Fun mobile app.
References
Hanazuki: Full of Treasures | wiki |
Arm recoil is a neurological examination of neonate for detecting the muscle tone.
Procedure
The baby is placed supine, with forearm flexed at elbow. The elbow (forearm) is extended by pulling the hand; then released.
Observation
How quickly the forearm returns to flexed original position and the amount of flexion will designate a score.
Grade 0: Arms remain extended 180 degrees or abnormal movements begin
Grade 1: Minimal flexion, 140-180 degrees
Grade 2: Slight flexion, 110-140 degrees
Grade 3: Moderate flexion, 90-110 degrees
Grade 4: Quick return to full flexion, less than 90 degrees
Conclusions
The greater the tone development (flexor tone), the brisker the recoil will be. This correlates to more advanced gestational age on the Ballard Scale.
Leg recoil can be assessed following the same principle.
References
Infancy
Muscular system
Physical examination | wiki |
Specialty drugs or specialty pharmaceuticals are a recent designation of pharmaceuticals that are classified as high-cost, high complexity and/or high touch. Specialty drugs are often biologics—"drugs derived from living cells" that are injectable or infused (although some are oral medications). They are used to treat complex or rare chronic conditions such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, hemophilia, H.I.V. psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease and hepatitis C. In 1990 there were 10 specialty drugs on the market, in the mid-1990s there were fewer than 30, by 2008 there were 200, and by 2015 there were 300. Drugs are often defined as specialty because their price is much higher than that of non-specialty drugs. Medicare defines any drug for which the negotiated price is $670 per month or more, as a specialty drug which is placed in a specialty tier that requires a higher patient cost sharing. Drugs are also identified as specialty when there is a special handling requirement or the drug is only available via a limited distributions network. By 2015 "specialty medications accounted for one-third of all spending on drugs in the United States, up from 19 percent in 2004 and heading toward 50 percent in the next 10 years", according to IMS Health, which tracks prescriptions. According to a 2010 article in Forbes, specialty drugs for rare diseases became more expensive "than anyone imagined" and their success came "at a time when the traditional drug business of selling medicines to the masses" was "in decline". In 2015 analysis by The Wall Street Journal suggested the large premium was due to the perceived value of rare disease treatments which usually are very expensive when compared to treatments for more common diseases.
Definition and common characteristics
Medications must be either identified as high cost, high complexity or high touch to be classified as a specialty medication by Magellan Rx Management. Specialty pharmaceuticals are defined as "high-cost oral or injectable medications used to treat complex chronic conditions". According to a 2013 article in the Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy, on the increasingly important role of specialty drugs in the treatment of chronic conditions and their cost, drugs are most typically defined as specialty because they are expensive. Other criteria used to define a drug as specialty include "biologic drugs, the need to inject or infuse the drug, the requirement for special handling, or drug availability only via a limited distribution network". The price of specialty drugs compared to non-specialty drugs is very high, "more than $1,000 per 30-day supply".
Specialty drugs cover over forty therapeutic categories and special disease states with over 500 drugs.
Vogenberg claims that there is no standard definition of a specialty drug which is one of the reasons they are difficult to manage. "[T]hose pharmaceuticals that usually require special handling, administration, unique inventory management, and a high level of patient monitoring and support to consumers with specific chronic conditions, acute events, or complex therapies, and provides comprehensive patient education services and coordination with the patient and prescriber."
High cost
Drugs are most typically defined as specialty because they are expensive. They are high cost "both in total and on a per-patient basis". High-cost medications are typically priced at more than $1,000 per 30-day supply. The Medicare Part D program "defines a specialty drug as one that costs more than $600 per month". Most of the prescriptions filled by Pennsylvania-licensed Philidor Rx Services, a specialty online mail-order pharmacy, which mainly sold Valeant Pharmaceuticals International Inc expensive drugs directly to patients and handled insurance claims on the customers' behalf, such as Solodyn, Jublia, and Tretinoin, would be considered specialty drugs.
High complexity
Specialty drugs are more complex to manufacture. They are "highly complex medications, typically biology-based, that structurally mimic compounds found within the body". Specialty drugs are often biologics—"drugs derived from living cells"—but biologics are "not always deemed to be specialty drugs". Biologics "may be produced by biotechnology methods and other cutting-edge technologies. Gene-based and cellular biologics, for example, often are at the forefront of biomedical research, and may be used to treat a variety of medical conditions for which no other treatments are available."
According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) biologics, or
High touch
Some specialty drugs can be oral medications or self-administered injectables. Others may be professionally administered or injectables/infusions. High-touch patient care management is usually required to control side effects and ensure compliance. Specialized handling and distribution are also necessary to ensure appropriate medication administration. Specialty drugs patient care management is meant to be both high technology and high touch care, or patient-centered care with "more face-to-face time, more personal connections". Patient-centered care is defined by the Institute of Medicine as "care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs and values".
Specialty drugs may be "difficult for patients to take without ongoing clinical support".
Limited availability
Specialty drugs might have special requirements for handling procedures and administration including the necessity of having controlled environments such as highly specific temperature controls to ensure product integrity. They are often only available via a limited distributions network such as a special pharmacy. Specialty drugs may be "challenging for providers to manage".
Rare and complex diseases
Specialty drugs may be taken "by relatively small patient populations presenting with complex medical conditions".
History
"Specialty pharmacies have their roots in the 1970s, when they began delivering temperature-controlled drugs to treat cancer, HIV, infertility and hemophilia."
According to The American Journal of Managed Care, in 1990 there were 10 specialty drugs on the market. According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information, by the mid-1990s, there were fewer than 30 specialty drugs on the market, but by 2008 that number had increased to 200.
Specialty drugs may also be designated as orphan drugs or ultra-orphan drugs under the U. S. Orphan Drug Act of 1983. This was enacted to facilitate development of orphan drugs—drugs for rare diseases such as Huntington's disease, myoclonus, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Tourette syndrome and muscular dystrophy which affect small numbers of individuals residing in the United States.
Not all specialty drugs are orphan drugs. According to Thomson Reuters in their 2012 publication "The Economic Power of Orphan Drugs", there has been increased investing in orphan drug research and development partly since the U.S. Congress enacted the Orphan Drug Act, giving an extra monopoly for drugs for "orphan diseases" that affected fewer than 200,000 people in the country. Similar acts came into existence in other regions of the world, many driven by "high-profile philanthropic funding". According to a 2010 article in Forbes, prior to 1983 drug companies largely ignored rare diseases and focused on drugs that affected millions of patients.
The term specialty drugs was used as early as 1988 in a New York Times article about Eastman Kodak Company's acquisition of the New York-based Sterling Drug Inc., maker of specialty drugs along with many and diverse other products. When Shire Pharmaceuticals acquired BioChem Pharma in 2000 they created a specialty pharmaceuticals company. By 2001 Shire was one of the fastest growing specialty pharmaceutical companies in the world.
By 2001 CVS's specialty pharmacy ProCare was the "largest integrated retail/mail provider of specialty pharmacy services" in the United States. It was consolidated with their pharmacy benefit management company PharmaCare in 2002. In their 2001 annual report, CVS anticipated that the "$16 billion specialty pharmacy market" would grow at "an even faster rate than traditional pharmacy due in large part to the robust pipeline of biotechnology drugs". By 2014 CVS Caremark, Express Scripts and Walgreens represented more than 50% of the specialty drug market in the United States.
When an increasing number of oral oncology agents first entered the market between 2000 and 2010, most cancer care was provided in a community oncology practices. By 2008 many other drugs had been developed to treat cancer, and drug development had grown into a multibillion-dollar industry.
In 2003 the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act was enacted—the largest overhaul of Medicare in the public health program's 38-year history—included Medicare Part D an entitlement benefit for prescription drugs, through tax breaks and subsidies. In 2004 the U. S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) prepared a report on final guidance regarding access to drug coverage enacted under in which they included the specialty drugs tier in the prescription drug formulary. At that time CMS guidelines included four tiers: tier 1 includes preferred generics, tier 2 includes preferred brands, tier 3 includes non-preferred brands and generics and tier 4 included specialty drugs. By January 1, 2006, the controversial Medicare Part D was put in effect. It was a massive expansion of the federal government's provision of prescription drug coverage to previously uninsured Americans, particularly seniors. In 2006 in the United States there was no standard nomenclature, so sellers could call the plan anything they wanted and cover whatever drugs they wanted.
By 2008 most prescription medication plans in the United States used specialty drug tiers, and some had a separate benefit tier for injectable drugs. Beneficiary cost sharing was higher for drugs in these tiers.
By 2011 in the United States a growing number of Medicare Part D health insurance plans—which normally include generic, preferred, and non-preferred tiers with an accompanying rate of cost-sharing or co-payment—had added an "additional tier for high-cost drugs which is referred to as a specialty tier".
By 2014 in the United States, in the new Health Insurance Marketplace—following the implementation of the U.S. Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare—most health plans had a four- or five-tier prescription drug formulary with specialty drugs in the highest of the tiers.
AARP
According to an AARP 2015 report, "All but 4 of the 46 therapeutic categories of specialty drug products had average annual retail price increases that exceeded the rate of general inflation in 2013. Price increases by therapeutic category ranged from 1.7 percent to 77.2 percent."
Risk evaluation and mitigation strategies (REMS)
On September 27, 2007 President George W. Bush amended the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 (FDAAA) to authorize the FDA to require Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) on medications if necessary to minimize the risks associated with some drugs". These medications were designated as specialty drugs and required specialty pharmacies. When the FDA approves a new drug they may require a REMS program which "may contain any combination of 5 criteria: Medication Guide, Communication Plan, Elements to Assure Safe Use, Implementation System, and Timetable for Submission of Assessments". "In 2010, 48% of all new molecular entities, and 60% of all new specialty drug approvals, required a REMS program." Risk-reduction mechanisms can include the "use of specialized distribution partners", special pharmacy.
Breakthrough therapy
In 2013 the FDA introduced the breakthrough therapy designation program which cut the development process of new therapies by several years. This meant that the FDA could "introduce important medicines to the market based on very promising phase 2 rather than phase 3 clinical trial results". Shortly after the law was enacted, Ivacaftor, in January 2013, became the first drug to receive the breakthrough therapy designation.
On February 3, 2015 New York-based Pfizer's drug Ibrance was approved through the FDA's Breakthrough Therapy designation program as a treatment for advanced breast cancer. It can only be ordered through specialty pharmacies and sells for "$9,850 for a month or $118,200 per year". According to a statement by the New York-based Pfizer the price "is not the cost that most patients or payors pay" since most prescriptions are dispensed through health plans, which negotiate discounts for medicines or get government-mandated price concessions.
Trends in spending in the United States
According to Express Scripts,
By 2015 "specialty medications account for one-third of all spending on drugs in the United States, up from 19 percent in 2004 and heading toward 50 percent in the next 10 years, according to IMS Health, which tracks prescriptions". The specialty pharmacy business had $20 billion in sales in 2005. By 2014 it had grown to "$78 billion in sales". In Canada by 2013 "specialty drugs made up less than 1.3 percent of all Canadian prescriptions, but accounted for 24 percent of Canada's total spending on prescription drugs".
When Randy Vogenberg of the Institute for Integrated Healthcare in Massachusetts and a co-leader of the Midwest Business Group initiative, began investigating specialty drugs in 2003, it "wasn't showing up on the radar". By 2009 specialty drugs had started doubling in cost and payers such as employers began to question. Vogenberg observed that by 2014 health care reform had changed the landscape for specialty drugs. There is a shift away from a marketplace based on a predominately clinical perspective, to one that puts economics first and clinical second.
Many factors contribute to the continuing increase in price of specialty drugs. Development of specialty drugs not only costs more, but they also take longer to develop than other large market pharmaceuticals (See Drug development). In addition, there are often fewer drug choices for rare or hard-to-treat diseases. This results in less competition in the marketplace for these drugs due to patent protection, which allows these firms to act as monopolists (See Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act). Due to this lack of competition, policies that serve to limit prices in other markets can be ineffective or even counter-productive when applied to specialty drugs.
High prices for specialty drugs are a problem for both patients and payers. Patients frequently have difficulty paying for these medications, which can lead to lack of access to treatment. Specialty drugs are now so expensive that they are leading to increases in insurance premiums. Control of specialty drug prices will require research to identify effective policy options, which may include: decreasing regulation, limiting patent protection, allowing negotiation of drug prices by Medicare, or pricing drugs based on their effectiveness.
Insurance payer definition
In the United States, private insurance payers will favour a lower-cost agent preferring generics and biosimilars to the more expensive specialty drugs if there is no peer-reviewed or evidence-based justification for them.
According to a 2012 report by Sun Life Financial the average cost of specialty drug claims was $10,753 versus $185 for non-specialty drugs and the cost of specialty drugs continues to rise. With such steep prices by 2012 specialty drugs represented 15-20% of prescription drug reimbursement claims.
Patient advocacy groups that lobby for payment for specialty drugs include the Alliance for Patient Access (AfPA), formed in 2006 and which according to a 2014 article in the Wall Street Journal "represents physicians and is largely funded by the pharmaceutical industry. The contributors mostly include brand-name drug makers and biotechs, but some—such as Pfizer and Amgen—are also developing biosimilars."
In 2013 AfPA director David Charles published an article on specialty drugs in which he agreed with the findings of the Congressional Budget Office that spending on prescription medications "saves costs in other areas of healthcare spending". He observed that specialty drugs are so high priced that many patients do not fill prescriptions resulting in more serious health problems increasing. His article referred to specialty drugs such as "new cancer drugs specially formulated for patients with specific genetic markers". He explained the high cost of these "individualized medications based on diagnostic testing; and "biologics", or medicines created through biologic processes, rather than chemically synthesized like most pharmaceuticals". He argued that there should be a slight increase in co-pays for the more commonly using lower-tier medications to allow a lower co-pay for those who "require high-cost specialty tier medications".
Top specialty therapy classes and average prescription costs
According to the 2014 Express Scripts Drug Trend Report, the most significant increase in prescription drugs in the United States in 2014 was due to "increased inflation and utilization of hepatitis C and compounded medications". "Excluding those two therapy classes, overall drug spend would have increased only 6.4%.
The cost of "the top three specialty therapy classes—inflammatory conditions, multiple sclerosis and oncology—contributed 55.9% of the spend for all specialty medications billed through the pharmacy benefit in 2014. The U.S. spent 742.6% more on hepatitis C medications in 2014 than it did in 2013; this therapy class was not among the top 10 specialty classes in 2013.
Specialty pharmacies
As the market demanded specialization in drug distribution and clinical management of complex therapies, specialized pharma (SP) evolved. By 2001 CVS' specialty pharmacy ProCare was the "largest integrated retail/mail provider of specialty pharmacy services" in the United States. It was consolidated with their pharmacy benefit management company, PharmaCare in 2002 to In their 2001 annual report CVS anticipated that the "$16 billion specialty pharmacy market" would grow at "an even faster rate than traditional pharmacy due in large part to the robust pipeline of biotechnology drugs". By 2014 CVS Caremark, Express Scripts and Walgreens represented more than 50% of the specialty drug market in the United States.
The specialty pharmacy business had $20 billion in sales in 2005. By 2014 it had grown to "$78 billion in sales".
Specialty pharmacies came into existence to as a result of unmet needs. According to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network the "primary goals of specialty pharmacies are to ensure the appropriate use of medications, maximize drug adherence, enhance patient satisfaction through direct interaction with healthcare professionals, minimize cost impact, and optimize pharmaceutical care outcomes and delivery of information".
McKesson Specialty Care Solutions, a division of McKesson Corporation, is "one of the largest distributors of specialty drugs, biologics and rheumatology drugs to community-based specialty practices". It is "a leader in the development, implementation and management of FDA-mandated Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) for manufacturers". For example, in order ProStrakan Group plc, an international pharmaceutical company based in the UK works with McKesson Specialty Care Solutions to administer its FDA-approved Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program for Abstral.
URAC's Specialty Pharmacy Accreditation "provides an external validation of excellence in Specialty Pharmacy Management and provides Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) oriented processes that improve operations and enhance compliance".
Specialty pharmaceuticals or biologics are a significant part of the treatment market, yet there is still additional work that should be done to manage costs. Defining biologics has been described as a matter of perspective, with variation between chemists, physicians, payers, microbiologists and regulators. A payer may define a biologic by cost, while a biochemist may look at composition and structure and a provider at means of delivery or action on the body. The FDA generally defines biologics as, "a wide range of products [that] ...can be composed of sugars, proteins, or nucleic acids or complex combinations of these substances, or may be living entities such as cells and tissues. Biologics are isolated from a variety of natural sources—human, animal, or microorganism—and may be produced by biotechnology methods and other cutting-edge technologies".
Due to the complexity, risk of adverse events and allergic reactions associated with biologics, management is very important for the safety of patients. Management includes areas from patient education and adherence to the delivery of the medication. These medications often require very specific storage conditions and monitoring of temperature, the level of agitation and proper reconstitution of the drug . Because of the high risk of error and adverse events, provider management of delivery is required, especially for injection or infusion of some biologic medications. Such biologics are often coded in a way that ties reimbursement to delivery by a provider—either a specialty pharmacist or medical care provider with those skills. As more biologics are being designed to be self-administered pharmacists are supporting the management of these drugs. They make calls to remind patients of the need for refills, provide education to patients, monitor patients for adverse events and work with primary care provider offices to monitor the outcomes of the medication.
The high cost of specialty pharmaceuticals is one of their defining characteristics; as such, cost-containment is high on the list of all the players in the arena. For physician-administered biologics, cost-containment is often handled by volume purchasing of biologic drugs for discounted pricing, formularies, step therapy to attempt other treatment before beginning biologics and administrative fees by insurers to keep physicians from artificially inflating requested reimbursement from insurance companies. Cost-containment for self-administered biologics tends to occur via requiring authorization to be prescribed those drugs and benefit design, such as coinsurance for cost-sharing.
The 21st Century Cures Act which addressed fast-tracking approval of specialty pharmaceuticals was particularly beneficial for dealing with the development of 2nd run biologics (which might be more easily understood as "generic biologics", though they do not exist). Debate around the act raised some important questions about the efficacy of biologics and their continued high costs. Some call for insurers to pay only the cost of production to manufacturers until the benefit of these biologics can be proven long-term, stating that insurers should not bear the full cost of products that may be unreliable or have only limited efficacy.
Achieving this would require conducting studies that assess value, such as comparative effectiveness studies and using those studies to determine pricing. Comparative effectiveness would examine all aspects of the use of biologics, from outcomes such as clinical benefits and potential harms, to efficiency of administration, public health benefits and patient productivity after treatment. This is a new direction in managing the high costs of specialty pharmaceuticals and not without challenges. One of the barriers is strict regulation by the Food and Drug Administration of what pharmaceutical manufacturers may communicate to the public, limiting that communication to formulary committees for managed care, for example. Additionally, studies tend to be constructed using observational design, instead of as randomized controlled trials, limiting their usefulness for real-world application.
Difficulties experienced with patient adherence to specialty pharmaceuticals also limit the availability of real-world outcomes data for biologics. In 2016, real world data evaluating the efficacy of biologics was only publicly available for multiple myeloma through ICER (where biologics were found to be overpriced for their outcomes) and for hepatitis C treatment (which achieved high cure rates—90%—for patients co-infected with HIV and Hep C) through Curant Health. These studies show how useful value-based pricing may become for cost-containment in the field. The good news is that there are effectiveness studies on biologics currently underway aiming to provide more of this data.
Regulation
Biologics or biological products for human use are regulated by the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), overseen by the Office of Medical Products and Tobacco, within the U.S. Food and Drug Administration which includes the Public Health Service Act and the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. "CBER protects and advances the public health by ensuring that biological products are safe and effective and available to those who need them. CBER also provides the public with information to promote the safe and appropriate use of biological products."
Specialty market participants
There are multiple players in specialty drugs including the employer, the health plan, the pharmacy benefits manager and it is unclear who should be in charge of controlling costs and monitoring care. Pharmacies generally buy a product from a wholesaler and sell (Buy & Bill) it to the patient and provide basic drug use information and counseling. According to Maria Hardin, vice president of patient services for the National Organization for Rare Disorders, an alliance of voluntary health and patient advocacy groups working with rare diseases, "As the cost of drugs increases, management of the financial side has gotten more complex... The issues range from Medicare Part D to tiered benefits, prior authorizations, and no benefits. These patients need a pharmacy with the expertise and the clout to go to bat for them. If the patient doesn't get treated, the specialty pharmacy doesn't get paid."
Alexion Pharmaceuticals was one of the pioneers in the use of a business model of developing drugs to combat rare diseases. "Knowing the value of specialty drugs as well as its own stock is Alexion's business." Since other big pharmaceutical companies had tended to ignore these markets, Alexion had minimal competition at first. Insurance companies have generally been willing to pay high prices for such drugs; since few of their customers need the drugs, a high price does not significantly impact the insurance companies outlays. Alexion is thus seeking a stronger position in the lucrative rare disease market, and is willing to pay a premium to obtain that position. The rare disease market is seen as desirable because insurers have minimal motive to deny claims (due to small population sizes of patients) and are unable to negotiate better drug prices due to lack of competition. of May 2015, Alexion is currently seeking approval of its second drug, Strensiq. It will be used to treat hypophosphatasia, a rare metabolic disorder. In 2015 Alexion estimated that Synageva, its specialty drug for lysosomal acid lipase deficiency, a fatal genetic disorder, could eventually have annual sales of more than $1 billion.
Companies like Magellan RX Management provide a "single source for high-touch patient care management to control side effects, patient support and education to ensure compliance or continued treatment, and specialized handling and distribution of medications directly to the patient or care provider. Specialty medications may be covered under either the medical or pharmacy benefit."
According to an article published in 2014 in the journal Pharmacoeconomics, "[s]pecialty pharmacies combine medication dispensing with clinical disease management. Their services have been used to improve patient outcomes and contain costs of specialty pharmaceuticals. These may be part of independent pharmacy businesses, retail pharmacy chains, wholesalers, pharmacy benefit managers, or health insurance companies. Over the last several years, payers have been transitioning to obligate beneficiaries to receive self-administered agents from contracted specialty pharmacies, limiting the choice of acceptable specialty pharmacy providers (SPPs) for patient services."
Health plans and pharmacy benefit managers
Managed care organizations contract with Specialty Pharmacy vendors. "Managed care organizations (MCOs) are using varied strategies to manage utilization and costs. For example, 58% of 109 MCOs surveyed implement prior authorizations for MS specialty therapies." The Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy (AMCP) designates a product as a specialty drug if "[i]t requires a difficult or unusual process of delivery to the patient (preparation, handling, storage, inventory, distribution, Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) programs, data collection, or administration) or, Patient management prior to or following administration (monitoring, disease or therapeutic support systems)". Health plans consider "high cost" (on average a minimum monthly costs of $US1,200) to be is a determining factor in identifying a specialty drug.
Independent specialty pharmacies
Tom Westrich, of St. Louis, Missouri-based Centric Health Resources, a specialty pharmacy, described how their specialty drugs treat ultra-orphan diseases with a total patient population of 20,000 nationwide.
Retail pharmacies
The top ten specialty pharmacies in 2014 were CVS Specialty parent company CVS Health with $20.5B in sales, Express Scripts's Accredo at $15B, Walgreens Boots Alliance's Walgreens Specialty at $8.5B, UnitedHealth Group's OptumRx at $2.4B, Diplomat Pharmacy at $2.1B,
Catamaran's BriovaRx at $2.0B, Specialty Prime Therapeutics's Prime Therapeutics at $1.8B, Omnicare's Advanced Care Scripts at $1.3B, Humana's RightsourceRx at $1.2B, Avella at $0.8B. All the other specialty pharmacies accounted for $22.4B of sales in 2014 with a total of $78B.
Hospitals and physicians
In 2010 the United States enacted a new health law which had unintended consequences. Because of the 2010 law, drug companies like Genentech informed children's hospitals that they would no longer get discounts for certain cancer medicines such as the orphan drugs Avastin, Herceptin, Rituxan, Tarceva, or Activase. This cost hospitals millions of dollars.
There is a debate about whether specialty drugs should be managed as a medical benefit or a pharmaceutical benefit. Infused or injected medications are usually covered under the medical benefit and oral medications are covered under the pharmacy benefit. Self-injected medications may be either. "Many biologics, such as chemotherapy drugs, are administered in a doctor's office and require extensive monitoring, further driving up costs." Chemotherapy is usually delivered intravenously, although a number of agents can be administered orally (e.g. specialty drugs, melphalan (trade name Alkeran), busulfan, capecitabine). Delcath Systems, Inc. (NASDAQ: DCTH) a specialty pharmaceutical and medical device company manufactures melphalan.
By 2011 the oral medications for cancer patients represented approximately 35% of cancer medications. Prior to the increase in cancer oral drugs community cancer centers were used to managing office-administered chemotherapy treatments. At that time "the majority of community oncology practices were unfamiliar with the process of prescribing and obtaining drugs that are covered under the pharmacy benefit" and "conventional retail pharmacy chains were ill-prepared to stock oral oncology agents, and were not set up to deliver the counseling that often accompanies these medications".
U.S. national market share
According to IMS Health "Specialty pharmaceutical spending is on the rise and is expected to increase from approximately $55 billion in 2005 to $1.7 trillion in 2030, according to the Pharmaceutical Care Management Association. That reflects an increase from 24% of total drug spend in 2005 to an estimated 44% of a health plan's total drug expenditure in 2030."
Mergers and acquisitions among specialty pharmacies
While CVS, Accredo, and Walgreens led the Specialty Pharmacies (SP) market in revenue in 2014, there are constant changes through mergers and acquisitions in terms of SPs and specialty distributors (SDs). The SP/SD network faces common strengths such as "in-depth clinical management, coordinated/comprehensive care, and early limited distribution network success" and common weaknesses, "lack of ability to customize services, poor integration experience and outcomes, and strained pharma relations". BioScrip was acquired by Walgreens in 2012. Specialty companies like Genzyme and MedImmune were acquired and are transitioning to a new business model.
Specialty hubs
According to Nicolas Basta, by 2013 there was "a spate of new entities" called hub services, "mechanisms by which manufacturers can keep a grip on the marketplace" in specialty pharma. The "biggest and oldest of these organizations" are "offshoots of insurance companies or [Pharmacy benefit managers] PBMs, such as Express Scripts' combination of Accredo and CuraScript (both specialty pharmacies) and HealthBridge (physician and patient support). UnitedHealth, an insurance company, operates OptumRx, a PBM, which has a specialty unit within it. Cigna has Tel-Drug, a mail-order pharmacy and support system." Basta described how Hubs have been around since about 2002 "starting out as "reimbursement hubs"", usually provided as a service by manufacturers to help patients and providers navigate the process of obtaining permission to use, and reimbursement for, expensive specialty therapies". Industry observers look to pioneering efforts by Genentech and Genzyme under the tenure of Henri Termeer, "when some of their earliest biotech products entered the marketplace". Specialty hubs provide reimbursement support to physicians and patients as well as patient education including medical hotlines. There is a voluntary program enrollment and registry intake with Patient Assistance Program management.
Affordability of specialty drugs and patient compliance with care plan
According to a 2007 study by employees of Express Scripts or its wholly owned subsidiary CuraScript on specialty pharmacy costs, if payers manage cost control through copayments with patients, there is an increased risk that patients will forego essential but expensive specialty drugs. and health outcomes were compromised. In 2007 these researchers suggested in the adoption of formularies and other traditional drug-management tools. They also recommended specialty drug utilization management programs that guide treatment plans and improve outpatient compliance.
Price inflation controversies
By 2010 Alexion Pharmaceuticals's Soliris, was considered to be the most expensive drug in the world.
In a 2012 article in the New York Times, journalist Andrew Pollack described how Don M. Bailey, a mechanical engineer by training who became interim president of Questcor Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Questcor) in May 2007, initiated a new pricing model for Acthar in August 2007 when it was classified by FDA as an orphan drug and a specialty drug to treat infantile spasms. Questcor, a biopharmaceutical company, focuses on the treatment of patients with "serious, difficult-to-treat autoimmune and inflammatory disorders". Its primary product is FDA-approved Acthar, an injectable drug that is used for the treatment of 19 indications. At the same time Questcor created "an expanded safety net for patients using Acthar", provided a "group of Medical Science Liaisons to work with health care providers who are administering Acthar" and limited distribution to its sole specialty distributor, Curascript. The 2007 pricing model brought "Acthar in line with the cost of treatments for other very rare diseases". The cost for a course of treatment in 2007 was estimated at about "$80,000–$100,000". Acthar is now manufactured through a contractor on Prince Edward Island, Canada. The price increased from $40 a vial to $700 and continued to increase. By 2012 the price of a vial of Acthar was $28,400. and was considered to be one of the world's most expensive drugs in 2013.
By 2014 the price of Gilead's specialty drug for hepatitis C, Sovaldi or sofosbuvir, was $84,000 to $168,000 for a course of treatment in the U.S., £35,000 in the UK for 12 weeks. Sovaldi is on the World Health Organization's most important medications needed in a basic health system and the steep price is highly controversial. In 2014 the U.S. spent 742.6% more on hepatitis C medications than it did in 2013.
In September 2015, Martin Shkreli was criticized by several health organizations for obtaining manufacturing licenses on old, out-of-patent, life-saving medicines including pyrimethamine (brand name Daraprim), which is used to treat patients with toxoplasmosis, malaria, some cancers, and AIDS, and then increasing the price of the drug in the US from $13.50 to $750 per pill, a 5,455% increase. In an interview with Bloomberg News, Shkreli claimed that despite the price increase, patient co-pays would be lower, that many patients would get the drug at no cost, that the company has expanded its free drug program, and that it sells half of the drugs for one dollar.
Captive pharmacies
In 2015 Bloomberg News used the term 'captive pharmacies' to describe the alleged exclusive agreements such as that between the specialty mail-order pharmacy Philodor and Valeant, mail-order pharmacy Linden Care and Horizon Pharma Plc. In November 2015 Express Scripts Holding Co.—the largest U.S. manager of prescription drug benefits—"removed the mail-order pharmacy Linden Care LLC from its network after concluding it dispensed a large portion of its medications from Horizon Pharma Plc and didn't fulfill its contractual agreements". Express Scripts was "evaluating other 'captive pharmacies' that it said are mostly distributing Horizon drugs". In 2015 specialty pharmacies like "Philidor drew attention for the lengths they went to fill prescriptions with brand-name drugs and then secure insurance reimbursement.
Trans-Pacific Partnership
According to Pfenex, a clinical-stage biotechnology company, the proposed terms in the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a trade agreement between twelve Pacific Rim countries, meant that all participating countries had to adopt the United States' lengthy drug patent exclusivity protection period of 12 years for biologics and specialty drugs.
Popular culture
In 1981 an episode of the television series Quincy, M.E. starring star, Jack Klugman as Quincy, entitled "Seldom Silent, Never Heard" brought the plight of children with orphan diseases to public attention. In the episode, Jeffrey, a young boy with Tourette syndrome, died after falling from a building. Dr. Arthur Ciotti (Michael Constantine), a medical doctor who had been researching Tourette syndrome for years wanted to study Jeffrey's brain to discover the cause and cure for the rare disease. He explained to Quincy that drug companies, like the one where he worked, were not interested in doing the research because so few people were afflicted with them that it was not financially viable. In 1982 another episode "Give Me Your Weak" Klugman as Quincy testified before Congress in an effort to get the Orphan Drug Act passed. He was moved by the dilemma of a young mother with myoclonus.
Further reading
"Prices for and Spending on Specialty Drugs in Medicare Part D and Medicaid". Report from the Congressional Budget Office. March 18, 2019.
References
Biotechnology
Biotechnology products
Biopharmaceuticals
Pharmaceutical industry
Life sciences industry | wiki |
Remedy was a Canadian medical drama series which premiered on Global on February 24, 2014. It ran for two seasons.
The series starred Dillon Casey as Griffin Conner, a medical school dropout working as an orderly at the fictional Bethune General Hospital in Toronto, where his father Allen (Enrico Colantoni) is the chief of medical staff. The cast also included Genelle Williams, Sara Canning, Sarah Allen, Patrick McKenna, Catherine Disher, Matt Ward, Martha Burns and Niall Matter.
The series was produced by Indian Grove Productions. Production and casting were announced in fall 2013. On May 1, 2014, Global announced that Remedy had been renewed for a 10 episode second season. On May 22, 2015, show creator, Greg Spottiswood, tweeted that Global had cancelled Remedy.
Plot
The series follows Griffin Conner (Dillon Casey), son of the Chief of Staff (Enrico Colantoni), brother to both a surgeon (Sara Canning) and a nurse (Sarah Allen), and now—medical school dropout. Having been kicked out in a haze of disgrace, Griffin is forced to return to Bethune General Hospital as its newest porter, where he gets a new perspective on a world he thought he knew through a colourful cast of cleaners, project aides, transport workers, and more.
Season two kicks off nine months after the finale with each member of the Conner family pulled out of their comfort zones and Bethune Hospital in the midst of a colossal shake up. Griffin Conner seems to finally be getting his life on track with plans to return to medical school and a serious girlfriend, but his dark and troubled past continues to haunt him. Meanwhile, Allen must re-adjust following his demotion from Chief-of-Staff, while his daughters –surgeon Mel and new mom Sandy – search to balance co-parenting baby Maya with work and play. This season also sees the introduction of new ER Resident Dr Cutler (played by Niall Matter), who is set to stir things up for the Conners.
Cast and characters
Main
Dillon Casey as Griffin Conner
Sara Canning as Dr. Melissa Conner
Enrico Colantoni as Dr. Allen Conner, acting chief of staff and father of the Conner family
Sarah Allen as Sandy Conner
Matt Ward as Dr. Brian Decker, doctor and former fiancé of Sandy Conner (season 1)
Martha Burns as Rebecca Baker, a lawyer and matriarch of the Conner family
Genelle Williams as Zoe Rivera
Diego Fuentes as Bruno Dias
Stephanie Belding as Lonnie Masterson
Patrick McKenna as Frank Kanaskie
Niall Matter as Dr. Peter Cutler, heartthrob ER resident who shamelessly ruffles feathers and turns heads throughout the halls of Beth-H (season 2)
Recurring
Catherine Disher as Linda Tuttle, an ICU doctor who is promoted to Chief of Staff when Allen loses the position.
Brendan Gall as Jerry, an anesthetist and Melissa's brief love interest.
Laara Sadiq as Dr. Summers, the lead ER doctor.
Anusree Roy as Nurse Patel, an ER nurse.
Ann Pirvu as Josey the Therapeutic Clown.
Series overview
Season 1
Season 2
Broadcast
International
The American network Ovation began to air the series on January 11, 2021.
Awards and nominations
Canadian Screen Awards
Directors Guild of Canada Awards
Young Entertainer Awards
References
External links
2014 Canadian television series debuts
2015 Canadian television series endings
2010s Canadian drama television series
2010s Canadian medical television series
Global Television Network original programming
Television shows filmed in Toronto
Television shows set in Toronto
Television series by Corus Entertainment | wiki |
Lustig is a surname, and may refer to:
Aaron Lustig (born 1956), American film and television actor
Alessandro Lustig (1857–1937), Austro-Italian pathologist
Alvin Lustig (1915–1955), American designer
Arnošt Lustig (1926–2011), Czech Jewish author
Billy Lustig (died 1913), American gang leader
Bob Lustig, General Manager of the Buffalo Bills
Branko Lustig (1932–2019), Croatian film producer
main character in the fairy tale Brother Lustig
Eugenia Sacerdote de Lustig (1910–2011), Argentine physician
Fritz Lustig (1919–2017), German-Jewish emigrant to England during the Nazi era)
Jo Lustig (1925–1999), American music entrepreneur
John Lustig (born 1953), American comics writer
Mikael Lustig (born 1986), Swedish footballer
Nora Lustig, Argentinian professor of Latin American economics
Peter Lustig (1937–2016), German television presenter and author of children's books
Robin Lustig (born 1948), British radio broadcaster
Robert H. Lustig, American professor of clinical pediatrics, expert on obesity and sugar
Victor Lustig (1890–1947), Czech-born con artist
William Lustig (born 1955), also known as Bill Lustig, American film director and producer
See also
Lustick | wiki |
Cantos nacionales ("national songs" or "Nationalist songs" were three songs of the Spanish Civil War recognized by Francoist Spain as honoring their fallen.
The Decree 226/1937 of the Burgos Junta declared the Marcha Granadera as the Spanish anthem.
It also recognizes as cantos nacionales the anthems of Falange Española (Cara al Sol), Carlism (Oriamendi) and the Spanish Legion (Novio de la muerte) ordering that they should be listened to standing in homage to the Fatherland and the fallen.
A decree from 1942 reinstates the songs and orders that, in official events, the playing of the anthem and the songs must be saluted with a "national salute" (Roman salute), or a military salute if the event is exclusively military.
References | wiki |
Shark chutney is a dish eaten in the Seychelles. It typically consists of 2 lbs (907.2 grams) of boiled skinned shark, finely mashed, and cooked with squeezed bilimbi juice and lime. This in turn is mixed with onion, pepper, salt and turmeric. The onion is fried and it is cooked in oil.
See also
Cuisine of Seychelles
References
Seychellois cuisine
Fish dishes | wiki |
The Cat is a 1966 American adventure film directed by Ellis Kadison and written by Laird Koenig and William Redlin. The film stars Roger Perry, Peggy Ann Garner, Barry Coe, Dwayne Redlin, Ted Derby and Shug Fisher. The film was released in June 1966, by Embassy Pictures.
Plot
Cast
Roger Perry as Pete Kilby
Peggy Ann Garner as Susan Kilby
Barry Coe as Walt Kilby
Dwayne Redlin as Toby
Ted Derby as Art
Shug Fisher as Bill Krim
Richard Webb as Sheriff Vern
Leslie Bradley as Deputy Mike
John Todd Roberts as Jesse
References
External links
1966 films
American adventure films
1966 adventure films
Embassy Pictures films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films | wiki |
The fast track is an informal English term meaning "the quickest and most direct route to achievement of a goal, as in competing for professional advancement". By definition, it implies that a less direct, slower route also exists.
Fast track or Fast Track may also refer to:
FDA Fast Track Development Program, FDA granted Fast Track Designation for investigational drugs
Fast Track, a FoxBusiness.com show hosted by Anna Gilligan
Fast Track (UK TV series), a travel programme
Fast Track (U.S. TV series), a 1997 U.S. TV series that aired on Showtime
"Fast Track", a song by Radiohead, it features as a b-side to the "Pyramid Song" single
Fast Track, a common term for a HyperLink
Fast Track, the working title of The Ex (2007 film)
Dedicated security and immigration lines at some British airports; see Business Class or First class (aviation)
Fast Track (company), an American device management company
Fast Track (magazine), an Indian information technology monthly
Fast track (trade), the authority of the President of the United States to negotiate agreements with the Congress
Fast Track, a defunct drive-through hamburger chain formerly located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Fast Track (Warner Bros. Movie World), a virtual queuing system in seasonal operation at Warner Bros. Movie World
Fast Track (Wet'n'Wild Water World), a virtual queuing system in seasonal operation at Wet'n'Wild Water World
Fast Track, a sports sponsorship agency that is part of Chime Communications plc.
Fast Track, the UK-based research company that produces the Sunday Times Fast Track 100 list.
Fast-track construction, a scheduling technique
FastTrack, a peer-to-peer protocol
Fasttrack (Transformers), a fictional character
FastTrack Schedule, a project management software program that is used for planning, tracking, and reporting project goals
FastTrack Scripting Host, a software product (Windows operating systems)
Fast Track, the alter ego of Meena Dhawan, a DC Comics character
Other uses
Fastrack (bus), A bus rapid transit scheme operating in the Thames Gateway area of Kent. operated by Arriva Southern Counties.
Fastrack (fashion accessories), a brand of watches and accessories by Titan Company.
On the Fastrack, a comic strip by Bill Holbrook
FasTrak, an electronic toll collection system in California
Fasttrack, a Ben 10 alien who makes his debut in Ultimate Alien
JCB Fastrac, type of JCB tractor that will travel up to 60 mph.
FASTRACK, a maintenance program in the New York City Subway
FasTracks, an expansion plan for public transportation in Denver
See also
Fastrac (disambiguation)
Fastrack (disambiguation) | wiki |
Long-tailed bat may refer to:
New Zealand long-tailed bat (Chalinolobus tuberculatus)
Myotis frater from Central and East Asia
Choeroniscus (several species) from Central and South America
Rhinopoma (several species) from Africa and Asia
Animal common name disambiguation pages | wiki |
Patola may refer to:
Patola cloth, a double ikat, usually silk, from Gujarat, western India
Patola (1973 film), an Indian Punjabi language film
Patola (1987 film), an Indian Punjabi language film
Luffa species (Philippine usage)
Trichosanthes cucumerina (Sinhalese usage)
Trichosanthes dioica (Portuguese usage)
Patola, Helsinki, a district of Helsinki, Finland
Patola, an Indian Punjabi language track sung by Bohemia and Guru Randhawa | wiki |
Sheet pizza (also called sheet pan pizza) is any thin-crust style pizza baked on a baking sheet. It is typically rectangular (like the sheet), cut in square or rectangular slices, and served for a family meal or at an event with a large number of people.
References
Pizza styles | wiki |
A knitting needle or knitting pin is a tool in hand-knitting to produce knitted fabrics. They generally have a long shaft and taper at their end, but they are not nearly as sharp as sewing needles. Their purpose is two-fold. The long shaft holds the active (unsecured) stitches of the fabric, to prevent them from unravelling, whereas the tapered ends are used to form new stitches. Most commonly, a new stitch is formed by inserting the tapered end through an active stitch, catching a loop (also called a bight) of fresh yarn and drawing it through the stitch; this secures the initial stitch and forms a new active stitch in its place. In specialized forms of knitting the needle may be passed between active stitches being held on another needle, or indeed between/through inactive stitches that have been knit previously.
The size of a needle is described first by its diameter and secondly by its length. The size of the new stitch is determined in large part by the diameter of the knitting needle used to form it, because that affects the length of the yarn-loop drawn through the previous stitch. Thus, large stitches can be made with large needles, whereas fine knitting requires fine needles. In most cases, the knitting needles being used in hand-knitting are of the same diameter; however, in uneven knitting, needles of different sizes may be used. Larger stitches may also be made by wrapping the yarn more than once around the needles with every stitch. The length of a needle determines how many stitches it can hold at once; for example, very large projects such as a shawl with hundreds of stitches might require a longer needle than a small project such as a scarf or bootie. Various sizing systems for needles are in common use.
Types
Single-pointed needles
The most widely recognized form of needle is the single-pointed needle. It is a slender, straight stick tapered to a point at one end, with a knob at the other end to prevent stitches from slipping off. Such needles are always used in pairs and are usually 10-16 inches (25.4–40.6 cm) long but, due to the compressibility of knitted fabrics, may be used to knit pieces significantly wider. The knitting of new stitches occurs only at the tapered ends. Fictional depictions of knitting in movies, television programs, animation, and comic strips almost always show knitting done on straight needles. Both Wallace and Gromit and Monty Python, for example, show this type of knitting.
Double-pointed needles
The oldest type of needle is the straight double-pointed needle. Double-pointed needles are tapered at both ends, which allows them to be knit from either end. They are typically used (and sold) in sets of four and five, and are commonly used for circular knitting. Since the invention of the circular needle, they have been most commonly used to knit smaller tube-shaped pieces such as sleeves, collars, and socks. Usually two needles are active while the others hold the remaining stitches. Double-pointed needles are somewhat shorter than single-pointed or circular needles, and are usually used in the 13–20 cm length range, although they are also made longer.
Double-pointed needles are depicted in a number of 14th-century oil paintings, typically called Knitting Madonnas, depicting Mary knitting with double-pointed needles (Rutt, 2003).
A cable needle is a special type of double-pointed needle that is typically very short and used to hold a very small number of stitches temporarily while the knitter is forming a cable pattern. They are often U-shaped, or have a U-shaped bend, to keep the held stitches from falling off while the primary needle is being used.
Circular needles
The first US patent for a circular needle was issued in 1918, although in Europe they may have been used a little earlier. Circulars are composed of two pointed, straight tips connected by a flexible cable and may be used for both knitting flat or knitting in the round. The two tapered ends, typically 4–5 inches (10.5–13 cm) long, are rigid, allowing for easy knitting, and are connected by the flexible strand (usually made of nylon or coated wire). The tips may be permanently connected to the cable and made in overall lengths from to or composed of cables and interchangeable tips. This allows various lengths and diameters to be combined into many different sizes of needles, allowing for a great variety of needs to be met by a relatively few component pieces. The ability to work from either end of one needle is convenient in several types of knitting, such as slip-stitch versions of double knitting.
In using circulars to knit flat pieces of fabric the two ends are used just as two separate needles would be. The knitter holds one tip in each hand and knits straight across the width of the fabric, turns the work, and knits or purls back the other way. Using circular needles has some advantages, for example, the weight of the fabric is more evenly distributed, therefore less taxing, on the arms and wrists of the knitter and, the length of the cable may be longer than would be practical with rigid needles since the cable and fabric rest in the lap of the knitter rather than extending straight out past the arms.
The lack of a purl row in stockinette stitch, since in the round (commonly referred to as ITR) knitting is all done using the knit stitch, is often perceived to be one of the greatest benefits of ITR. Knitting ITR with circulars is done in a spiral, the same way as using double-pointed needles (usually called DPNs). Additionally, circulars eliminate the need to continually switch from one needle to the next, and there is no possibility of stitches falling off the back end of the needles, as may happen when using DPNs. Much larger tubes may be knit ITR, too, helping items to be completed more quickly. Construction of garments such as sweaters may be greatly simplified when knitting ITR, since the finishing steps of sewing a back, two fronts, and two sleeves of a sweater together may be almost entirely eliminated in neck down ITR knitting.
Knitting educator and authority Elizabeth Zimmermann helped popularize knitting ITR specifically with circular needles.
Numerous techniques have been devised for the production of narrow tubular knitting on circular needles. One common method is to use two needles in place of the four or five double-pointed needles traditionally used, while a newer technique is to use one circular needle that is significantly longer than the circumference of the item being knitted. This technique is known as Magic Loop and has recently become a popular method of producing tubular knitting, as only one needle is required.
The Guinness World Record for knitting with the largest knitting needles
The current holder of this title is Elizabeth "Betsy" Bond who is a British art student and creator of the world's largest knitting needles, which are 14 feet long. To achieve the world record in 2018, Bond needed to knit at least 10 stitches and 10 rows of yarn with her needles. The yarn she used for the feat was made of 35 pounds of machine knitted, hand-twisted cotton material.
She beats Julia Hopson of Penzance in Cornwall. Julia had knitted a tension square of ten stitches and ten rows in stocking stitch using knitting needles that were 6.5 cm in diameter and 3.5 metres long.
Needle materials
In addition to common wood and metal needles, antique knitting needles were sometimes made from tortoiseshell, ivory and walrus tusks; these materials are now banned due to their impact on endangered species, and needles made from them are virtually impossible to find.
There are, however, a now vintage style of needle which appears to be tortoiseshell, but is actually made from a celluloid, sometimes known as shellonite. These needles were made in Australia, but are no longer manufactured.
Modern knitting needles are made of bamboo, aluminium, steel, wood, plastic, glass, casein and carbon fibers.
Needle storage
A tall, cylindrical container with padding on the bottom to keep the points sharp can store straight needles neatly. Fabric or plastic cases similar to cosmetic bags or a chef's knife bag allow straight needles to be stored together yet separated by size, then rolled to maximize space. Circular needles may be stored with the cables coiled in cases made specifically for this purpose or hung dangling from a hanger device with cables straight. If older circulars with the nylon or plastic cables are coiled for storage it may be necessary to soak them in hot water for a few minutes to get them to uncoil and relax for ease of use. Most recently manufactured cables eliminate this problem and may be stored coiled without any difficulty. Care must be taken not to kink the metal cables of older circulars, as these kinks will not come out and may damage or snag yarn as it is knit.
Needle gauge
A needle gauge makes it possible to determine the size of a knitting needle. Some may also be used to gauge the size of crochet hooks. Most needles come with the size written on them, but with use and time, the label often wears off, and many needles (like double-pointed needles) tend not to be labelled.
Needle gauges can be made of any material, but are often made of metal and plastic. They tend to be about 3 by 5 inches. There are holes of various sizes through which the needles are passed to determine which hole they fit best, and often a ruler along the edge for determining the tension (also called gauge) of a sample.
Needle sizes and conversions
In the UK, the metric system is used. Previously, needles 'numbers' were the Standard Wire Gauge designation of the wire from which metal needles were made. The origin of the numbering system is uncertain but it is thought that needle numbers were based on the number of increasingly fine dies that the wire had to be drawn through. This meant thinner needles had a larger number.
In the current US system, things are opposite, that is, smaller numbers indicate smaller needles. There is an "old US system" that is divided into standard and steel needles, the latter being fine lace needles. Occasionally, older lace patterns will refer to these smaller needles in the old measurement system. Finally, there was a system used in continental Europe that predated the metric system. It is largely obsolete, but some older or reprinted patterns call for pins in these sizes.
See also
Crochet hook
Knitting needle cap
Needle card
References
Further reading
Thomas, Mary. (1938). Mary Thomas's Knitting Book. Dover Publications. New York. (1972 Reprint Edition )
Rutt, Richard (2003). A history of handknitting. Interweave Press, Loveland, CO. (Reprint Edition )
Hiatt, June Hemmons. (1988). The principles of knitting: Methods and techniques of hand knitting. Simon and Schuster, New York.
Knitting tools and materials
Customary units of measurement in the United States
de:Nadel#Stricknadel | wiki |
This is a list of pay-per-view (PPV) events held by the American professional wrestling promotion Impact Wrestling.
From its inception, Impact Wrestling's main output was a two-hour weekly program broadcast exclusively on pay-per-view. Their first event was held on June 19, 2002 in Huntsville, Alabama; the last of these shows aired on September 8, 2004. Soon after the launch of its flagship, weekly television program, Impact!, on June 4, 2004, the promotion began producing monthly, live, three-hour pay-per-view events; the first of these events, Victory Road aired on November 7, 2004. These events were initially held at the Impact Zone in Orlando, Florida.
In January 2013, Impact's monthly event schedule was revamped to focus on four, quarterly-held, PPV cards (later reduced to two events per year, from 2015 to 2017). In place of monthly events, Impact began producing the TNA One Night Only series of taped specials that aired via pay-per-view providers. These in-turn would be succeeded from 2019 onwards by the Impact Plus Monthly Specials, which are directly tied to storylines leading into the promotion's PPV events.
Weekly pay-per-view events (2002–2004)
NWA: Total Nonstop Action (NWA-TNA) events
2002
2003
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) events
2004
Note – In November 2004, TNA discontinued their weekly pay-per-views and began promoting monthly pay-per-view events.
Monthly pay-per-view events (2004–present)
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) events
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Impact Wrestling events
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
One Night Only pay-per-view events (2013–2017)
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) events
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Impact Wrestling events
2017
Note – In 2018, Impact ceased offering their One Night Only events via pay-per-view providers and the events became exclusive to the Global Wrestling Network.
Number of monthly events by year
2004 – 2
2005 – 12
2006 – 12
2007 – 12
2008 – 12
2009 – 12
2010 – 12
2011 – 12
2012 – 12
2013 – 4
2014 – 4
2015 – 2
2016 – 2
2017 – 2
2018 – 3
2019 – 6
2020 – 3
2021 - 4
2022 - 5
2023 - 1
Total – 131
See also
List of Impact Wrestling programming
Impact Plus Monthly Specials
Impact One Night Only
List of All Elite Wrestling pay-per-view events
List of ECW supercards and pay-per-view events
List of FMW supercards and pay-per-view events
List of Global Force Wrestling events and specials
List of Major League Wrestling events
List of National Wrestling Alliance pay-per-view events
List of NJPW pay-per-view events
List of NWA pay-per-view events
List of Ring of Honor pay-per-view events
List of Smokey Mountain Wrestling supercard events
List of WWA pay-per-view events
List of WCW closed-circuit events and ppv events
List of WCW Clash of the Champions shows
List of World Class Championship Wrestling Supercard events
List of WWE pay-per-view and WWE Network events
List of WWE Saturday Night Main Event shows
List of WWE Tribute to the Troops shows
References
External links
Professional wrestling-related lists
Impact Wrestling | wiki |
A Lommel polynomial Rm,ν(z), introduced by , is a polynomial in 1/z giving the recurrence relation
where Jν(z) is a Bessel function of the first kind.
They are given explicitly by
See also
Lommel function
Neumann polynomial
References
Polynomials
Special functions | wiki |
Events in 1932 in animation.
Films released
4 January:
Any Rags? (United States)
Chinatown Mystery (United States)
Piano Mover (United States)
9 January:
Bosko at the Zoo (United States)
Sweet Jennie Lee (United States)
10 January - The Villain's Curse (United States)
16 January:
The Bird Store (United States)
Boop-Oop-a-Doop (United States)
24 January – Noah's Outing (United States)
30 January:
Love Krazy (United States)
Rocketeers (United States)
Show Me the Way to Go Home (United States)
31 January – Pagan Moon (United States)
6 February – Battling Bosko (United States)
7 February - The Spider Talks (United States)
13 February – Hollywood Goes Krazy (United States)
19 February – When the Red, Red Robin Comes Bob, Bob, Bobbin' Along (United States)
20 February:
Freddy the Freshman (United States)
The Milkman (United States)
21 February - Peg Leg Pete (United States)
25 February – Treasure Runt (United States)
26 February – Minnie the Moocher (United States)
27 February – Rabid Hunters (United States)
4 March – Wait Till the Sun Shines, Nellie (United States)
5 March:
Big-Hearted Bosko (United States)
Fire-Fire (United States)
6 March - Play Ball (United States)
11 March – Swim or Sink (United States)
14 March – What a Knight (United States)
19 March – Crosby, Columbo, and Vallee (United States)
20 March – Ye Olde Songs (United States)
25 March – Crazy Town (United States)
26 March:
In the Bag (United States)
What A Life (United States)
31 March – Railroad Wretch (United States)
1 April – Just One More Chance (United States)
2 April – Soldier Old Man (United States)
3 April - Bull-ero (United States)
8 April – The Dancing Fool (United States)
13 April:
Birth of Jazz (United States)
Chess-Nuts (United States)
16 April – Goopy Geer (United States)
17 April - Radio Girl (United States)
22 April – Oh! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning (United States)
23 April – Joint Wipers (United States)
28 April – The Pet Shop (United States)
30 April – Puppy Love (United States)
1 May – Woodland (United States)
6 May – Shine On Harvest Moon (United States)
9 May – Ritzy Hotel (United States)
14 May:
It's Got Me Again! (United States)
Pots and Pans (United States)
School Days (United States)
15 May - Romance (United States)
17 May – Stepping Stones (United States)
20 May – Let Me Call You Sweetheart (United States)
27 May – Mickey's Revue (United States)
28 May – Hic-Cups the Champ (United States)
29 May - Bluebeard's Brother (United States)
31 May – Battle of the Barn (United States)
4 June:
Plane Dumb (United States)
The Tuba Tooter (United States)
11 June – Moonlight for Two (United States)
12 June – Farmer Al Falfa's Bedtime Story (United States)
17 June – I Ain't Got Nobody (United States)
18 June – The Bully (United States)
21 June – Paper Hanger (United States)
26 June - The Mad King (United States)
2 July – Fare-Play (United States)
9 July – The Bears and the Bees (United States)
10 July - Cocky Cock Roach (United States)
16 July – The Office Boy (United States)
18 July – Mickey in Arabia (United States)
23 July – Redskin Blues (United States)
24 July – Spring Is Here (United States)
29 July – You Try Somebody Else (United States)
30 July:
Flowers and Trees (United States)
Just Dogs (United States)
5 August – Rudy Vallee Melodies (United States)
7 August – Farmer Al Falfa's Ape Girl (United States)
10 August – Camping Out (United States)
12 August – Stopping the Show (United States)
13 August:
Bosko's Store (United States)
Mickey's Nightmare (United States)
Room Runners (United States)
15 August – Lighthouse Keeping (United States)
19 August:
Betty Boop's Bizzy Bee (United States)
Jolly Fish (United States)
21 August - Sherman Was Right (United States)
22 August - Stormy Seas (United States)
26 August – Down Among the Sugar Cane (United States)
27 August – Circus (United States)
2 September – Betty Boop, M.D. (United States)
3 September – Bosko the Lumberjack (United States)
4 September - Burlesque (United States)
9 September – Just a Gigolo (United States)
10 September:
King Neptune (United States)
Southern Rhythm (United States)
12 September – Seeing Stars (United States)
16 September – Barnyard Bunk (United States)
17 September:
Ride Him, Bosko! (United States)
The Black Sheep (United States)
The Whoopee Party (United States)
23 September – Betty Boop's Bamboo Isle (United States)
30 September – School Days (United States)
1 October – Bugs in Love (United States)
2 October – Farmer Al Falfa's Birthday Party (United States)
3 October – The Goal Rush (United States)
7 October – A Spanish Twist (United States)
8 October – Prosperity Blues (United States)
14 October – Betty Boop's Ups and Downs (United States)
16 October - College Spirit (United States)
20 October – The Great Bird Mystery (United States)
21 October – Romantic Melodies (United States)
27 October – The Pony Express (United States)
29 October – The Music Lesson (United States)
30 October - Hook and Ladder No. 1 (United States)
4 November – Betty Boop for President (United States)
7 November – The Crystal Gazebo (United States)
9 November – Flop House (United States)
11 November:
Piano Tooners (United States)
Sleepy Time Down South (United States)
12 November – A Great Big Bunch of You (United States)
13 November - The Forty Thieves (United States)
18 November – Parade of the Award Nominees (United States)
19 November – Babes in the Woods (United States)
21 November – The Minstrel Show (United States)
25 November – I'll Be Glad When You're Dead You Rascal You (United States)
26 November – Nurse Maid (United States)
27 November - Toyland (United States)
30 November – Snow Time (United States)
1 December – The Bad Genius (United States)
2 December – Sing a Song (United States)
9 December – Pencil Mania (United States)
10 December:
Santa's Workshop (United States)
Three's a Crowd (United States)
11 December - Hollywood Diet (United States)
16 December – Betty Boop's Museum (United States)
17 December – Mickey's Good Deed (United States)
23 December – Time on My Hands (United States)
24 December – Funny Face (United States)
25 December - Ireland Or Bust (United States)
29 December - The Wolf at the Door (United States)
Events
May
May 27: Wilfred Jackson's Mickey Mouse cartoon Mickey's Revue, premieres, where Goofy makes his debut.
Births
January
January 3: Dabney Coleman, American actor (voice of Principal Prickly in Recess, Ashton Phillips in Jumanji, Horace Scope in The Magic School Bus episode "Sees Stars", Thomas Boyle in The Zeta Project episode "Hunt in the Hub").
January 11:
Tadanari Okamoto, Japanese film director and producer (Echo Incorporated), (d. 1990).
Alfonso Arau, Mexican filmmaker, actor, and singer (voice of Papa Julio in Coco).
January 13: Jon Cypher, American actor (voice of Ira Billings / Spellbinder in Batman Beyond, Administrator in the Pinky and the Brain episode "Bah, Wilderness").
January 24: Julie Bennett, American voice actress (voice of Penelope Pussycat in Louvre Come Back to Me!, Cindy Bear in Yogi Bear, Aunt May in seasons 4 and 5 of Spider-Man), (d. 2020).
February
February 10: Barrie Ingham, English actor (voice of Basil in The Great Mouse Detective), (d. 2015).
February 16: Harry Goz, American actor (voice of Mayor Huffenmeier in Buster & Chauncey's Silent Night, Captain Hazel "Hank" Murphy in Sealab 2021), (d. 2003).
February 22: Ted Kennedy, American lawyer and politician (guest starred in the Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman episode "Mr. Ruffman Goes to Washington"), (d. 2009).
February 23:
Majel Barrett, American actress (voice of Christine Chapel and Lt. M'Ress in Star Trek: The Animated Series, Anna Watson in Spider-Man), (d. 2008).
Gerrianne Raphael, American former actress (voice of Pumyra, Jagara, Chilla, Soundora, Snake, Octapus, Pilot and Thunderean in ThunderCats, Pad in the A Little Curious episode "Push Pull Rock", additional voices in The Comic Strip, Courage the Cowardly Dog and Kenny the Shark).
February 24:
Michel Legrand, French composer (The Smurfs and the Magic Flute), (d. 2019).
John Vernon, Canadian actor (voice of Rupert Thorne in Batman: The Animated Series, Iron Man and Namor in The Marvel Super Heroes, Thunderbolt Ross in The Incredible Hulk, Shao Kahn in Mortal Kombat: Defenders of the Realm, Prosecutor in Heavy Metal, the title character in Wildfire, Warden Toadblatt in The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy, Nohrin Judge in Delgo, Doctor Strange in the Spider-Man episode of the same name, Principal Dinkler in the Duckman episode "From Brad to Worse"), (d. 2005).
February 26: Johnny Cash, American country singer (voice of the Space Coyote in The Simpsons episode "El Viaje Misterioso de Nuestro Jomer") (d. 2003).
February 27: Elizabeth Taylor, English-American actress (voice of Maggie Simpson in The Simpsons episode "Lisa's First Word", Mrs. Andrews in the Captain Planet and the Planeteers episode "A Formula for Hate", Sarah in the God, the Devil and Bob episode "God's Girlfriend", voiced herself in The Simpsons episode "Krusty Gets Kancelled"), (d. 2011).
February 28: Don Francks, Canadian actor (voice of Mok in Rock & Rule, Boba Fett in Star Wars: Droids, Sabretooth in X-Men, second voice of Dr. Claw in Inspector Gadget), (d. 2016).
March
March 6: Tatsuo Yoshida, Japanese manga artist and animator (Speed Racer), (d. 1977).
March 14: Claude T. Smith, American composer (John Henry and the Inky-Poo), (d. 1987).
March 18: John Updike, American novelist, poet, short-story writer, art critic and literary critic (voiced himself in The Simpsons episode "Insane Clown Poppy"), (d. 2009).
March 20: Tod Dockstader, American composer (Terrytoons, Kim Deitch) and sound effects artist (Tom and Jerry), (d. 2015).
April
April 1: Debbie Reynolds, American actress and singer (voice of Charlotte in Charlotte's Web, Mitzi, Mrs. Claus, and Mrs. Prancer in Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie, Lulu Pickles in Rugrats, Nana Possible in Kim Possible), (d. 2016).
April 12: Tiny Tim, American singer, ukulele player and musical archivist (performed the song "Livin' in the Sunlight, Lovin' in the Moonlight" which was used in the SpongeBob SquarePants episode "Help Wanted"), (d. 1996).
April 14: Loretta Lynn, American singer and songwriter (voice of Deli Porkchop in the Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child episode "The Three Little Pigs"), (d. 2022).
April 18: Nic Broca, Belgian animator and comics artist (Ovide and the Gang, The Snorks), (d. 1993).
April 25: Yoshiko Ota, Japanese voice actress (voice of Nobita in Doraemon, Urasae in Inuyasha, Peebo in Choudenshi Bioman, Akko Kagami in Akko's Secret), (d. 2021).
April 27: Casey Kasem, American actor (voice of Shaggy Rogers in the Scooby-Doo franchise, Robin in Super Friends, Cliffjumper in The Transformers), (d. 2014).
May
May 16: Brian Trueman, English broadcaster, writer and voice actor (Cosgrove Hall).
May 27: Steve Franken, American actor (voice of Eugene Atwater in Road Rovers, Mr. Beal in Detention, Mr. Janus in the Static Shock episode "Grounded", Rundle in the Batman: The Animated Series episode "The Mechanic", President Generic in The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries episode "Spooker of the House"), (d. 2012).
June
June 18: Dudley R. Herschbach, American chemist (voiced himself in The Simpsons episode "Treehouse of Horror XIV").
June 28: Pat Morita, Japanese-American actor and comedian (voice of Mr. Miyagi in the opening narration of The Karate Kid, The Emperor of China in Mulan and Mulan II, King Makahana in the Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child episode "Puss in Boots", Mr. Straw in the Adventures from the Book of Virtues episode "Charity", Master Udon in the SpongeBob SquarePants episode "Karate Island", himself in the Robot Chicken episode "S&M Present"), (d. 2005).
June 29: Soon-Tek Oh, Korean actor (voice of Zhou in Mulan), (d. 2018).
July
July 23: Jorge Arvizu, Mexican actor (Spanish dub voice of Bugs Bunny, Popeye, Fred Flintstone, Magilla Gorilla, Benny the Ball, and Choo-Choo in Top Cat: The Movie), (d. 2014).
July 31: Ted Cassidy, American actor (voice of Lurch in The New Scooby-Doo Movies episode "Wednesday is Missing", and The Addams Family, Frankenstein Jr. in Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles Brainiac and Black Manta in Challenge of the Superfriends, Galactus in Fantastic Four, The Thing in The New Fantastic Four), (d. 1979).
August
August 1: Ron Friedman, American television producer and screenwriter (Marvel Productions, The Romance of Betty Boop, Bionic Six, Taz-Mania).
August 2:
Dennis Marks, American screenwriter, producer and voice actor (Batfink, Dungeons and Dragons, shows for Hanna-Barbera, DC, and Marvel Comics), (d. 2006).
Peter O'Toole, English actor (voice of Sherlock Holmes in Sherlock Holmes and the Baskerville Curse, Pantaloon in The Nutcracker Prince, Anton Ego in Ratatouille), (d. 2013).
August 4: Guillermo Mordillo, Argentine cartoonist and animator (Estudios Galas, produced animated shorts based on his cartoons), (d. 2019).
August 5: Ja'Net DuBois, American actress and singer (voice of Mrs. Avery in The PJs, Mrs. Patterson in As Told by Ginger, Grams Hinton in the G.I. Joe: Renegades episode "Cousins"), (d. 2020).
August 30: Shichirō Kobayashi, Japanese background artist (Toei Animation, Andersen Monogatari, Jungle Kurobe, Treasure Island, Phoenix 2772, The Fantastic Adventures of Unico, Rainbow Brite, Angel's Egg, The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, Simoun), storyboard artist (Urusei Yatsura, Here Is Greenwood, Simoun) and art director (TMS Entertainment, Tomorrow's Joe 2, The Wizard of Oz, Urusei Yatsura, Pierrot, Touch, The Littles, Angel's Egg, Venus Wars, Sohryuden: Legend of the Dragon Kings, Nurse Angel Ririka SOS, OLM, Inc., J.C.Staff, Basara, Otogi Zoshi, Simoun, Tokyo Marble Chocolate, Umi Monogatari), (d. 2022).
September
September 9: Mitzi McCall, American actress and comedian (voice of Mother Goose in Mother Goose and Grimm, Penny Pillar in The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show, Ammonia Pine in Darkwing Duck, Auntie Marina in Snorks).
September 10: Yasuo Yamada, Japanese voice actor (voice of the title character in Lupin III), (d. 1995).
September 13: Fred Wolf, American animator (The Box, The Point!, Free to Be... You and Me, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles).
September 15: Olga Orlova, Russian animator (Soyuzmultfilm, Angelina Ballerina), (d. 2022).
September 27: Roger C. Carmel, American actor (voice of Cyclonus and Unicron in The Transformers, Harry Mudd in the Star Trek: The Animated Series episode "Mudd's Passion", Sultan in the DuckTales episode "Master of the Djinni", continued voice of Sir Tuxford in Adventures of the Gummi Bears, additional voices in The Berenstain Bears and The New Adventures of Jonny Quest), (d. 1986).
November
November 13: Richard Mulligan, American actor (voice of Einstein in Oliver & Company, Old Gramps in The Angry Beavers episode "Fish and Dips", Jimmy Kafka in the Hey Arnold! episode "Old Iron Man"), (d. 2000).
November 25: Takayo Fischer, American actress (voice of Miss Bisby in Mister T, Lo and Li in Avatar: The Last Airbender, Kairi Tanaga in the Batman Beyond episode "Curse of the Kobra", Chu-Hui in the Teen Titans episode "The Quest", Red Panda in The Wild Thornberrys episode "Happy Campers", Kazuko in the Capitol Critters episode "A Little Romance", additional voices in Battle of the Planets, The Plastic Man Comedy/Adventure Show, Battle of the Planets, Saturday Supercade, Rubik, the Amazing Cube, The Flintstone Kids, and A Pup Named Scooby-Doo).
October
October 10: Ron Feinberg, American voice actor (voice of Titanus in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Ming the Merciless in Defenders of the Earth, Vladimir Goudenov Grizzlikof in Darkwing Duck) (d. 2005).
December
December 4: Tommy Morgan, American harmonicist and session musician (Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales, Batman: The Animated Series, The Simpsons, Family Guy, Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas, Pixar, Shark Tale, Bambi 2, Barnyard, Open Season, The Fox and the Hound 2), (d. 2022).
December 5: Little Richard, American rock musician (voiced himself in The Simpsons episode "Special Edna", performed The Magic School Bus theme song), (d. 2020).
December 28: Nichelle Nichols, American actress, singer and dancer (voice of Uhura in Star Trek: The Animated Series, Diane Maza in Gargoyles, Miriam in Spider-Man, Thoth Khepera in the Batman: The Animated Series episode "Avatar", Chief in the Buzz Lightyear of Star Command episode "The Yukari Imprint", herself in the Futurama episodes "Anthology of Interest I" and "Where No Fan Has Gone Before", and The Simpsons episode "Simple Simpson"), (d. 2022).
Specific date unknown
Laurie Hanson, American animation checker (He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, BraveStarr, The Simpsons), (d. 2022).
Deaths
May
May 21: Raoul Barre, Canadian-American cartoonist, dies at age 58.
December
December 8: Carl Edouarde, American composer (Steamboat Willie), dies at age 57.
References
External links
Animated works of the year, listed in the IMDb | wiki |
Roller Life is a 2016 American documentary film executive produced and directed by Michael Brown. The film's story follows the Brewcity Bruisers, a flat track roller derby league that belongs to the Women's Flat Track Derby Association, for a full season. The film follows around eight roller derby athletes and captures the essence of their lives both on and off the track. The documentary looks into misconceptions of the sport and covers the full action of the roller derby season. Roller Life premiered at the historic Oriental Theatre on October 19, 2016. It was chosen as an official selection to the 2017 Milwaukee film festival. It was added to Amazon Prime's Video streaming service on November 21, 2017.
Cast
(All as themselves)
Sara Hackbarth
Shannon Huot
Rebecca Berkshire
Patrice Roder
Maggie Benavides
Patricia Frank
Cara Wisth
Angela Johnstad
Deanna Danger
Michael Brown
Film Festivals
References
External links
2016 films
Films about competitions
Films about women's sports
Films shot in Wisconsin
Roller derby films
Roller skating films
American sports documentary films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films | wiki |
oEmbed is an open format designed to allow embedding content from a website into another page. The specification was created by Cal Henderson, Leah Culver, Mike Malone, and Richard Crowley in 2008. It is used by companies like Twitter to make tweets embeddable in blog posts and by blogging platforms like Medium to allow content authors to include those snippets.
An oEmbed exchange occurs between a consumer and a provider. A consumer wishes to show an embedded representation of a third-party resource on their own website, such as a photo or an embedded video. A provider implements the oEmbed API to allow consumers to fetch that representation.
The following software is able to embed content from websites that support oEmbed:
Squarespace
WordPress
Drupal
LinkedIn
References
External links
Official website
Web standards
Application programming interfaces | wiki |
Corleggy Cheeses is an Irish cheese producer in County Cavan. It was started by Silke Cropp in 1985 using milk from her own goat herd. Today Corleggy make a variety of different cheese from goat's milk, sheep's milk and cow's milk sourced from local farmers.
Varieties
Corleggy make two varieties of goat's cheese, one variety of sheep's cheese and five varieties of cow's cheese marketed under the "Drumlin" brand. The herds graze on neighbouring farms on drumlin pastures along the River Erne. The goat's cheese is made from pasteurised milk while the range of cow's cheese is made with raw milk. Vegetarian rennet is used, and for some varieties seawater is used to wash the cheese in salt water and helps form the edible rind.
Corleggy
Corleggy is a hard cheese handmade from raw goat's milk. Every individual cheese is matured from eight weeks to four months, depending on the season, weather, and humidity, and the seasonality of the grass and herbs available to the goats at the time of making the cheese. The rind of Corleggy is natural, formed by bathing the cheeses in sea salt brine. On occasion, a smoked version of Corleggy is available.
Quivvy
This is a soft goat's cheese preserved in Greek kalamata olive oil along with sun-dried tomatoes. It is only available from April to October.
Creeny
Creeny is a hard cheese handmade from raw sheep's milk. On occasion, a smoked version of Creeny is available.
Drumlin
Drumlin cheese is a hard cheese made from raw cow's milk and matured for a minimum of six weeks. Young cheeses have a mild taste, getting stronger as the cheese matures. The rind is edible.
Drumlin Traditional - This is the traditional unflavoured variety of Drumlin.
Drumlin Garlic and Red Pepper - This cheese is flavoured with garlic and red pepper.
Drumlin Cumin Seed - This cheese is flavoured with whole cumin seeds.
Drumlin Smoked - This cheese is smoked with beechwood.
Drumlin Peppercorn - This cheese is flavoured with whole green peppercorns.
Awards
2016 - Super Gold award at the World Cheese Awards for "Best Irish Cheese"
2011 - Gold star award at the Great Taste Awards for Creeny, two Gold star award for Corleggy hard goats' milk cheese and Gold star award for Corleggy Kid
2010 - Silver medal at the World Cheese Awards for Creeny, in the Hard ewes' milk cheese plain category
2007 - gold medal at the British Cheese Awards for Creeny
See also
References
External links
Goat's-milk cheeses
Irish cheeses
Cow's-milk cheeses
Sheep's-milk cheeses | wiki |
Net News Daily (NND) is a British news website. The site covers a range of topics, such as technology and entertainment and includes a prominent interviews section. Net News Daily was launched on 8 January 2009 as a simple news blog, but has grown since then.
Site popularity
The site's creators have claimed in interviews that NND receives up to 5000 visitors per day.
Interviews
The site has conducted interviews with YouTube stars and people involved in breaking news stories.
Michael Mooney
Michael Mooney was the creator of Mikeyy, a malicious worm on Twitter. He was interviewed by NND, during which Mooney revealed information that other media outlets did not already know. The interview was cited by Sky News and Computerworld.
References
External links
Mass media in Aberdeen
Internet properties established in 2009
2009 establishments in Scotland | wiki |
Maroon is a dark reddish purple or dark brownish red colour.
Maroon may also refer to:
Marooning, the intentional act of abandoning someone in an uninhabited area
Maroons, descendants of enslaved Africans in the Americas who escaped and formed free settlements
Music
Maroon (band), a German band
Maroon (Barenaked Ladies album) (2000)
Maroon (The Webb Brothers album) (2000)
"Maroon" (song), a 2022 song by Taylor Swift
Places
Maroon Dam, Queensland, Australia
Maroon Town, Jamaica
Maroon Town, Sierra Leone
Mount Maroon, Queensland, Australia
Other uses
Maroon (rocket), a loud rocket used for signalling
Maroon (surname)
The Chicago Maroon, a student newspaper of the University of Chicago
Maroon Cartoons, a fictional studio in Who Framed Roger Rabbit
See also
Maroon 5, an American pop rock band
Marooned (disambiguation)
Marooning (disambiguation)
Maroons (disambiguation) | wiki |
Smallville is an American television series developed by writer/producers Alfred Gough and Miles Millar, and was initially broadcast by The WB. After its fifth season, the WB and UPN merged to form The CW, which was the second broadcaster for the show in the United States. The series features a regular cast of characters, which began with eight main characters in its first season. Since then, characters from that first season have left the series, with new main characters having been both written in and out of the series. In addition, Smallville features guest stars each week, as well as recurring guests that take part in mini story arcs that span a portion of a season. Occasionally, the recurring guest storylines will span multiple seasons.
The plot follows a young Clark Kent, in the fictional town of Smallville, Kansas, as he journeys toward becoming Superman. Additionally, the series chronicles Lex Luthor's path to the dark side, and his metamorphosis from Clark's best friend to greatest enemy. Smallville depicts the relationship between Clark and his first love interest, Lana Lang, as well as his relationship with Lois Lane, the woman he ultimately marries in the comic books. The series also features recurring appearances from other DC Universe characters, such as Arthur Curry and John Jones.
With five months devoted to casting for the pilot, Gough and Miller cast ultimately hired eight actors to take on the role of series regulars for the first season. Since then, only two characters from the first season have remained regulars through to the tenth season, with eight new actors taking on lead roles from seasons two through nine. Four of those new actors began as recurring guests in their first seasonal appearance, but were given top billing the following season. As the series progresses, recurring guests appear at various times to help move the overall storyline of the show or just provide a side-story arc for one of the main characters, such as Brainiac or Adam Knight. Other recurring guests appear as background characters, showing up for only a few scenes, which includes characters like Sheriff Nancy Adams or Dr. Virgil Swann.
Main characters
According to co-creator Miles Millar, "unlike most shows, which pick up in January and you've got four weeks [...] to do your casting", Millar and co-creator Al Gough had five months to cast their lead characters. In October 2000, the two producers began their search for the three lead roles, and had casting directors in ten different cities. The following is a list of all the characters that are, or at one time were, a main character in the show. During its first season, Smallville had eight regular characters. Six characters from the original cast left the show, with eight new characters coming in over the course of nine seasons.
The following is a list of series regulars who appear in one or more of the series' ten seasons. The characters are listed in the order they were first credited in the series.
= Main cast (credited)
= Recurring cast (4+)
= Guest cast (1–3)
Clark Kent
Portrayed by Tom Welling, Clark Kent is an alien being from a planet called Krypton with superhuman abilities, which he uses to help others in danger. Clark is adopted by Jonathan and Martha Kent in the series pilot, when he crash lands to Earth as a three-year-old child. Twelve years later, he tries to find his place in life after being told he is an alien by his adoptive father. For most of the series, Clark spends his time running from his Kryptonian heritage, going as far as leaving Smallville, abandoning a quest his biological father Jor-El sends him on in search of three Kryptonian stones of knowledge, continuing his training at the Fortress of Solitude, and unwittingly unleashing a Kryptonian criminal from the Phantom Zone when he refuses to kill Lex.
Lana Lang
Portrayed by Kristin Kreuk, Lana Lang is one of Clark Kent's friends and on-again-off-again girlfriend. In the first season, Lana and Clark's friendship is just beginning, as she is dating Whitney Fordman during this time. After Whitney leaves for the Marines in the season one finale, Lana and Clark slowly begin to try to start a romantic relationship. In season seven, Lana leaves Smallville, leaving behind a DVD explaining to Clark that, even though she loves him, the only way for him to help the world to the best of his ability would be if she left him and Smallville for good.
Lex Luthor
Michael Rosenbaum portrays Lex Luthor, the son of billionaire Lionel Luthor, who is sent to Smallville to run the local fertilizer plant. After Clark saves his life in the pilot episode, the two become quick friends. Over the course of seven seasons—beginning on the day Clark rescues him from drowning—Lex tries to uncover the secrets that Clark keeps. Lex's curiosity eventually leads to a blowout between him and Clark in the season three finale. Lex's investigations ultimately lead to him discovering the truth about Clark's alien heritage in the season seven finale.
Chloe Sullivan
Allison Mack portrays one of Clark's best friends, Chloe Sullivan. Editor of the school newspaper, her journalistic curiosity—always wanting to "expose falsehoods" and "know the truth"—causes tension with her friends, especially when she is digging into Clark's past. She discovers Clark's secret in the fourth-season episode "Pariah".
Pete Ross
Sam Jones III plays Pete Ross, another of Clark's best friends. He hates the Luthors for what he sees as their thievery of his family's creamed corn business, and is the first person Clark voluntarily informs of his secret. It is established in season three's "Truth", that Pete is in love with Chloe. He kept this truth to himself because of the Clark–Lana–Chloe love triangle already taking place. In season three's "Velocity", Pete, feeling alienated by Clark, begins hanging around a group of street racers. When Pete refuses to throw a race, his life is put in jeopardy, and he forces Clark to abuse his powers to help Pete win a race. This leads to a falling out between the two friends. The character was written out of the series at the end of season three, citing the trouble keeping Clark's secret was causing him. Pete returns to Smallville in season seven's "Hero", after gaining superhuman abilities from kryptonite-enhanced chewing gum, which allow him to stretch his body to extreme lengths. It is revealed that Pete initially blames Clark for his life not turning out the way he intended. Lex learns about Pete's powers and blackmails him into abusing his powers for Lex's personal gain. Clark steps in and saves Pete, and the pair mend their relationship before Pete leaves Smallville again, setting out to get his life in order.
Sam Jones III was the last of the season one series regulars to be cast–being hired just four days before filming for the pilot episode began. Jones, who is African American, was also cast against the Superman mythology where Pete Ross is Caucasian. Jones has stated that he would have understood if the producers had simply created a black character for him to portray, but the fact that they chose to go with him, even though the character has always been white, gave him more honor to be a part of the show. During the first season, Jones felt like he should have more screen time, but later conceded that the show was about Clark's journey and that the other characters are there to help his story move along.
Jones was not alone in his wish to get more screen time; the writers, who were reading Internet forums and receiving mail from the audience that requested the same thing, decided that Pete would learn Clark's secret in season two. The creative team hoped that knowing Clark's secret would allow the character to be written into more scenes, and become involved on a daily basis with the Kent family. Ultimately, Pete's primary story arc in season three became the character's inability to deal with knowing Clark's secret, and his growing feeling of abandonment from Clark, who was spending more time with Chloe, Lana and Lex. Millar explains that they felt that the character was being wasted on Smallville, and that led to the decision of writing the character off the show with the hope that he could come back in future episodes. There was dissension between the cast and crew over Jones's departure. According to Annette O'Toole (Martha Kent), Clark needs a guy friend in his life, and she feels that the Kents would have taken Pete in when his parents left Smallville. Though Gough does not disagree that writing out Pete Ross was the best thing, he does feel that his exit could have gone better. According to Gough, Pete's departure felt rushed, and seemed to lack the importance that it should have had.
Jonathan Kent
John Schneider portrays Jonathan Kent, Martha's husband and Clark's adopted father. He goes to great lengths to protect his son's secret, which includes: almost killing a reporter, in the season two premiere, who was going to expose Clark's secret to the world, and making a deal to allow Clark's biological father, Jor-El, to take Clark to fulfill his destiny if Jor-El gave Jonathan the power to bring Clark home—Clark had run away after believing his parents blamed him for Martha's miscarriage. As a result, season three's "Hereafter" explains that Jonathan's heart was strained while he was imbued with all of Clark's powers. In season five, Jonathan decides to run for a seat in the Kansas Senate against Lex Luthor. In the season five episode "Reckoning", Jonathan wins the senatorial seat, but after a physical altercation with Lionel Luthor, who he believed was trying to exploit Clark's abilities, Jonathan suffers a fatal heart attack.
Millar and Gough loved the idea of casting John Schneider as Jonathan Kent, as they felt he gave the show a recognizable face from his days as Bo Duke from The Dukes of Hazzard. Gough felt that Schneider's experience portraying Bo Duke added belief that he could have grown up running a farm. Schneider was initially uninterested, but after reading the pilot script he saw the potential for bringing back "real parenting" to television. Schneider particularly saw his character as a means to replace the "goof" father-figures that had become prevalent on television. He also saw his character as a means to keep the show grounded in reality, specifically by making sure that Jonathan's life is clearly displayed for the audience, by performing a daily routine on the farm.
According to Schneider, Jonathan is "perfectly willing to go to jail, or worse, to protect his son". The actor characterizes Jonathan as fast to lose his temper, which Schneider views as being a development of his protective nature over his family. Schneider believes that the season two episode "Suspect"—where Jonathan is arrested, but his sole concern is protecting Clark's secret—summarizes the character well, and shows that the "least important person in Jonathan's life is Jonathan". Schneider admits that occasionally he and Annette O'Toole have to "police" the creative team when it comes to the relationship between Martha, Jonathan, and Clark. According to Schneider, there are moments where they have to make sure that the characters are not taken to a place they would not normally go, specifically where the parents are useless without the "innate intelligence of [their] teenager".
Tom Welling feels that the deal Jonathan made with Jor-El at the beginning of season three made Jonathan realize that he will not always be around to protect Clark. Welling believes that it is the repercussions of that deal that allow Jonathan to give Clark more freedom in the choices that he makes during season three. Jonathan realizes that he must help Clark find the confidence in his ability to survive on his own, so that he can leave home one day. One scene that Schneider specifically remembers was at the end of season three's "Forsaken". Here, Jonathan admits to not trusting his own instincts anymore and allowing Clark to rely on his. This "admission of fallibility", but faith in his son's ability to make the right choices, is what Schneider sees as the growing of the family dynamic.
For season three, Jonathan also has to deal with his emerging heart problems. For Schneider, the "treatments" and "cures" that his character underwent were all for nothing, as the actor believes that Jonathan's heart attack at the end of "Hereafter" was less of a real heart attack and more of Jor-El trying to get Jonathan's attention. A heart condition is not new to the character, as it has been used in previous incarnations, like Glenn Ford's portrayal of Jonathan Kent in Richard Donner's Superman, as well as the comic books. In contrast to those versions, it was Smallville that tied his heart condition to a deal that he makes with Jor-El. When the moment came for his character to die, Schneider considers the event an "empowering death", which he likens to John Wayne's character death as Wil Andersen in The Cowboys.
Martha Kent
Martha Kent, Clark's adopted mother, is portrayed by Annette O'Toole. Martha, along with her husband Jonathan, gives Clark sage advice about how to cope with his growing abilities. In season two, Martha becomes pregnant with her first child—in the season two episode "Fever", Clark's spaceship heals her body and allows her to have children, something she physically could not do when she adopted Clark—but in season two's finale she suffers a miscarriage after an automobile accident. To help the family financially, Martha takes a job as Lionel Luthor's assistant in season two, but quits her job the same season in the episode "Suspect" for undisclosed reasons. She eventually takes over management duties at the local coffee shop, the Talon, in season four. She continues to manage the Talon into season five until Jonathan dies from a heart attack, which ultimately leads to her taking his state senate seat at the request of the Kansas Governor in season five's "Tomb". This eventually paves the way to a job in Washington, D.C. in season six's "Prototype", and the character's exit from the show. Martha would return in the season nine episode "Hostage", where it is revealed that she has been going under the code name "Red Queen" of Checkmate while she attempts to keep Clark off of the government agency Checkmate's radar. She ultimately leaves Clark with a means to send the season's threat, cloned Kryptonians, to another plane of existence. In the season nine finale, it is revealed that before Martha traveled back to Washington, D.C. that she left Clark a new costume to wear while he defends Earth.
The role of Martha Kent was originally given to Cynthia Ettinger, but during filming everyone, including Ettinger, realized that she was not right for the role. O'Toole was committed to the television series The Huntress when Ettinger was filming her scenes for the pilot. Around the time the creators were looking to recast the role of Martha Kent The Huntress was canceled, which allowed O'Toole the chance to join the cast of Smallville. Coincidentally, the actress had previously portrayed Lana Lang in Superman III. O'Toole thinks that the producers wanted someone older for the role of Martha, and when she came in to talk to the producers everyone appeared to be on the same page with what the character and the show should be about. O'Toole characterizes Martha as really intelligent, but believes the character has to hide her intelligence at times "to keep the peace".
Feeling like her character was wasting her college degree O'Toole suggested to the producers that Martha go to work for Lex during the second season. The producers agreed, but altered the concept so that Martha went to work for Lionel, and that she would use this new position to spy on Lionel and find out what he knows about Clark. Disappointed when the storyline ended quickly into the second season, O'Toole hoped that the secret her character was holding in "Ryan" was that Martha was going to run for Mayor. In O'Toole's opinion, Martha needs some form of outlet for intelligence. To the chagrin of O'Toole, Martha's next storyline—the expectation of a new child—tied the character to the farm in a way the actress did not agree with. O'Toole wanted to perform as if the pregnancy was fake—something mentally created by Clark's ship—but the producers insisted that she wear the pregnancy pads to indicate that she was indeed pregnant. Ultimately, that storyline ended with Martha losing the baby to a miscarriage. Before season four began, O'Toole suggested again to the producers that Martha go to work for Lex. O'Toole had enjoyed the moments in the show when she was working for Lionel, because it gave her character something more to do, and she wanted to do that again for season four. The producers took her suggestion and had Martha take a job at the Talon, which was owned by Lex, and which O'Toole felt allowed Martha to interact more with the other characters in Clark's life.
O'Toole relished the opportunity that came with Jonathan's passing, even though she was saddened to see a friend leave the show. Martha taking the senate seat was a chance to explore more adult stories with her character beginning midway through season five, which was important for the actress since Clark was becoming an adult on the show. It also allowed for O'Toole the chance to depict "strong emotions" over Jonathan's death. Al Gough feels that Jonathan's passing allowed for them to explore more of Martha's smart and strong side, as well as her relationship with Lionel. The idea was to show that there was some form of attraction between Martha and Lionel, but that Martha would never have any romantic relationship with the billionaire, especially after all that he had done to her family. O'Toole likens Martha's interest in Lionel with that of watching a dangerous animal: "It's that attraction you have for a very beautiful, dangerous animal. You know you can't stop watching it, but at the same time you feel, 'Oh my God, he's going to kill me'". The actress believes that Martha's ultimate motivation was to get close enough to Lionel to know what he is planning to do to Clark. When it came time for Martha to leave the show, writer Todd Slavkin contends that they wanted to give the character "more of a send-off" than they achieved on film. Slavkin explains that they could not do anything equivalent to what they gave John Schneider, as there were already so many storylines going on by the season six finale that they could not fit anything else in. The writers also realized that they could not kill off the character, and so chose to send her to the US Senate, creating a parallel to Clark where Martha fights injustice on the political stage.
Whitney Fordman
Eric Johnson appears as Whitney Fordman, Lana's boyfriend, in season one. While initially friendly to Clark, he soon makes fun of Clark and Lana's budding friendship, going so far as to bully Clark in the series pilot. Whitney is forced to run the family business when his father is stricken with a heart disease in the episode "Shimmer". He ultimately loses his football scholarship, and in the episode "Kinetic" he starts ignoring Lana, and begins hanging around with past high school football stars, who recruit him for their illegal endeavors. He eventually reconciles with Clark and Lana before joining the Marines in the season one finale and leaving the show. Whitney has made a guest appearance in the season two episode "Visage", where it is revealed he died in combat overseas, and the season four episode "Façade", during a flashback of Clark's freshman year.
Eric Johnson auditioned for the roles of Lex and Clark, before finally being cast as Whitney Fordman. When the producers called him in for a third audition, Johnson informed them that if they wanted him then they would bring him in for a screen-test. After the screen-test, Johnson was cast and spent only one day filming his scenes for the pilot. The producers, along with Johnson, wanted to portray Whitney as more than just the "stereotypical jock" that he could have easily become, in an effort to make sure Lana did not look stupid for going out with him. Whitney was given multiple storylines in season one in an effort to get audiences to view the character in a more pleasant light, but Kristin Kreuk felt that it was all for naught, as the audience only sees him through Clark's eyes.
Johnson realized after reading the script for the pilot episode that his character was not going to be around for the entirety of the series. This became even clearer when his character's storylines began to develop quickly. While filming "Obscura", Johnson was informed that his character would not be returning as a series regular for season two. Initially fearing that he had made some mistake and that they were going to kill his character off, Johnson learned that Whitney would be enlisting into the Marines. The actor has expressed his pleasure in the way the writers handled Whitney's departure, by giving the character the exit of a hero.
Lionel Luthor
John Glover portrays Lex's father, Lionel Luthor. Lionel initially sends his son to Smallville to run the local fertilizer plant, as a test. When Lex succeeds in making a profit for the first time in years, Lionel closes the plant down completely and blames it on Lex's poor managerial skills. As the series progresses, Lionel becomes interested in the Kawatche caves, which have Kryptonian symbols painted on their walls; his interests also extend to the secrets Clark keeps. After being possessed by Jor-El in the season five episode "Hidden", Lionel begins assisting Clark in keeping his secret hidden from Lex. In season seven, Lionel is murdered by Lex, who realizes that his father has been covering up the truth about an alien visitor.
Jason Teague
Jensen Ackles appears in season four as Jason Teague, a love interest for Lana. The pair meet in Paris, while Lana is studying abroad. When she leaves unexpectedly in the season four episode "Gone", Jason follows Lana back to Smallville and takes a position as the school's assistant football coach. In season four's "Transference", Jason is fired from the school when his relationship with Lana comes to light. By the end of the fourth season, it is revealed that he has been working with his mother Genevieve (Jane Seymour) to locate the three stones of knowledge — three Kryptonian stones that when united form a single crystal that creates Clark's Fortress of Solitude. The Teagues kidnap Lex and Lionel in an effort to discover the location of one of the stones in the episode "Forever", with Lionel claiming that Lana has one of the stones. In the season four finale, Genevieve confronts Lana, and the two women get into a struggle with Genevieve dying by Lana's hand. Jason, who believes that the secret of the stones lies with Clark, heads to the Kent farm where he holds Jonathan and Martha hostage. He is killed during the second meteor shower, when a meteor falls through the Kent home and lands on him.
The creation of Jason Teague was something handed down by the network, who wanted Lana to have a new boyfriend—one who was "different from Clark". Gough and Millar were apprehensive because they were already introducing Lois Lane into the series, and introducing two new characters would be difficult. The pair thought about where the relationship between Clark and Lana had left off at the end of season three, and they realized that Clark had turned his back on Lana. Gough and Millar began to like the idea of bringing in a new character, one that would create a new love triangle; eventually they tied him into the larger storyline involving the three Kryptonian stones of knowledge.
According to writer Brian Peterson, where Clark brings "angst" and "depth" to his relationship with Lana, Jason is designed to bring "joy", "levity", and "fun". On the topic of Jason's relationship with Lana, Ackles believes the character did love Lana, because he saw an innocence in her that had not been able to experience growing up in the upper class society; Jason grew up having to question the actions of his mother, and with Lana he had the opportunity to experience an honest relationship. Ackles was Gough and Millar's first choice to play Jason Teague, as the actor had been the runner up for the role of Clark Kent when they were casting for the pilot. Ackles was contracted to remain through season five, but was written out of the show in the season four finale, which, according to Ackles, was due to his commitments to the WB's new series Supernatural. Gough contends that Supernatural did not alter any of their plans, and that Jason Teague was intended to be a single season character.
Lois Lane
Erica Durance first appears in season four as Chloe's cousin, Lois Lane. Lois comes to Smallville investigating the supposed death of Chloe, staying with the Kents while she is in town. In season five's "Fanatic", Lois takes a job as Jonathan's Chief of Staff when he runs for state senate; she continues these duties when Martha takes Jonathan's place following his death. After some reservation, Lois decides that she is interested in journalism and takes a job at a tabloid newspaper called The Inquisitor. This eventually lands her a position at the Daily Planet.
Jimmy Olsen
Jimmy Olsen is first mentioned in season four as the person Chloe lost her virginity to while interning at the Daily Planet. He makes his official appearance, portrayed by Aaron Ashmore, in the season six opener. Working as a photographer for the Daily Planet, Jimmy rekindles his relationship with Chloe in the season six episode "Wither". In the episode "Hydro", Jimmy works with Lois to uncover the true identity of Green Arrow, and in season seven, when Lois is hired by the Daily Planet, the pair work together on finding stories for the paper. In the season seven episode "Sleeper", Jimmy falls into Lex's debt when Lex, at Jimmy's request, keeps Chloe from being arrested by the Department of Domestic Security for hacking into their government files. In the season seven finale, Lex goes back on his word and has Chloe arrested, just as Jimmy proposes marriage.
After being saved by Oliver Queen and Clark in the season eight premiere, Chloe is reunited with Jimmy and accepts his marriage proposal. In "Committed", a deranged jeweler kidnaps Jimmy and Chloe after their engagement party and subjects them to a torturous test to see if they truly love each other—they both pass and are allowed to return to their normal lives. In the season eight episode "Identity", Jimmy begins to suspect that Clark is the "Good Samaritan", an individual who has been stopping crimes and saving people's lives around Metropolis, until Oliver Queen dresses up as the "Good Samaritan" to help Clark trick Jimmy into believing he was mistaken. In the eighth-season episode "Bride", Jimmy and Chloe are officially married, but Doomsday crashes their wedding and kidnaps Chloe, leaving Jimmy in the hospital because of injuries sustained from Doomsday. In "Turbulence", Jimmy witnesses Davis Bloome murdering someone, but when he tries to warn people Davis drugs him and makes it appear as though he is hallucinating. Eventually, Jimmy ends his marriage to Chloe after getting fed up with her always taking Davis's side. In the season eight finale, Davis murders Jimmy after learning that Chloe is still in love with her ex-husband, and was never in love with him.
Ashmore indicates that his casting was both a surprise and what he wanted. The actor states: "I auditioned for [the role] and I put myself on tape. I hadn't heard anything, and a couple of weeks later, all of the sudden, I got the call saying, 'You're going to Vancouver to start shooting Smallville.' It's a dream come true, really". Aaron Ashmore's twin, Shawn, who is better known as Bobby "Iceman" Drake in the X-Men film series, appeared in two episodes of Smallville as the power leeching Eric Summers and had been considered for the part of Jimmy Olsen in Superman Returns. After three seasons with the show, two as a series regular, Ashmore was written out of the series. According to Ashmore, when the producers were first trying to get permission to use the character on Smallville, DC Comics had qualms over how close Jimmy was in age to Clark and Lois, as the character was supposed to be at least ten years younger. The producers guaranteed the department they would eventually reveal the Jimmy Olsen who appeared on the show was not the Jimmy Olsen who would one day work alongside Clark and Lois. At the character's funeral, his full name is shown to be "Henry James Olsen", and it is alluded that Jimmy's younger brother, who is given a brief appearance at the funeral, is the DC Comics version of Jimmy Olsen who will one day work at the Daily Planet with Clark and Lois. Although Ashmore was sad to leave the show, he feels that the redemptive story that was given to Jimmy in the finale, through the self-sacrifice he makes for Chloe, makes a good send off for his character.
Kara
Laura Vandervoort joined the cast in season seven as Kara, Clark's Kryptonian cousin. She arrived on Earth at the same time as Clark, with the mission to protect her cousin, but was stuck in suspended animation for eighteen years. In the season seven premiere, Kara is released from suspended animation and saves Lex from drowning. A brief glimpse of Kara flying into the sky results in Lex's new obsession with finding the "angel" that saved his life. Kara eventually finds Clark, in the episode "Kara", who informs her that Krypton was destroyed when the two of them were sent to Earth, and everyone there is dead. Clark teaches Kara to control some of her abilities, and at the same time blend into society while building a familial relationship with her. In season seven's "Lara", Kara is captured by the Department of Domestic Security and tortured, where she relives one of her early memories of visiting Earth with Clark's mother, Lara. She realizes that her perceptions of her father were wrong and that he was as evil as Clark said. Kara and Clark work together to fight her father, Zor-El, who was unwittingly released when Clark attempted to create a clone of his biological mother in the episode "Blue". When Zor-El is destroyed at the end of the battle, Kara disappears from the Fortress of Solitude. She awakens in Detroit with amnesia and none of her abilities.
In the episode "Fracture", Kara is discovered and brought home by Lex, who wants to exploit her amnesia to his benefit, with the intent of discovering the truth about Clark. In season seven's "Traveler", Chloe convinces Jor-El to return Kara's memory and powers before Lex can learn her and Clark's secret. When Lana is placed in a catatonic state by Brainiac in the episode "Veritas", Kara agrees to cooperate with him in the hope that he will not kill Lana. In "Apocalypse", Kara is taken through time to Krypton, just before it explodes, so that Brainiac can kill the infant Clark. With Jor-El's help, Clark manages to arrive on Krypton and stop Brainiac. Unknown to Clark, Brainiac is not killed in their fight on Krypton, and he manages to place Kara in the Phantom Zone, while he assumes her identity back on Earth. In the season eight episode "Bloodline", Clark is transported to the Phantom Zone, where he finds Kara. Working together they escape, and Kara leaves Earth to search for Kandor, a city rumored to hold surviving citizens of Krypton.
Vandervoort does not return as a series regular for the eighth season, but returns as a guest star in the season eight episode "Bloodline", and season ten episodes "Supergirl" and "Prophecy".
Oliver Queen
Justin Hartley portrays Oliver Queen, a billionaire who left Star City to live in Metropolis. While in Metropolis, Oliver masquerades at night as a costumed vigilante, named "Green Arrow" by Lois. He later formed the Justice League. Oliver leaves Metropolis in season six, after destroying one of Lex's secret 33.1 facilities, where Lex experiments on meteor-infected individuals against their will, but he returns in season eight where he and the other Justice League members search for Clark, after the latter goes missing when his Fortress of Solitude is destroyed. Hartley was a recurring guest in the sixth and seventh seasons, but became a series regular in season eight.
Tess Mercer
Cassidy Freeman portrays Tess Mercer, the acting CEO of LuthorCorp, who is Lex Luthor's protégé tasked to run the company should something ever happen to him. The character is loosely based on Lena Luthor from the comics, and the name "Tess Mercer" is a homage to two female characters from Superman lore, Eve Teschmacher and Mercy Graves, who are both Lex's henchwomen. As Freeman describes her character, Tess Mercer is Lex's handpicked successor; she is "fierce", "fun" and "intelligent".
Debuting in season eight, Tess Mercer's primary goal is finding the missing Lex, which draws her inquisitively to Clark, who she believes will be able to help her find Lex. Tess's first contact with Clark is when he pulls her from a wrecked city bus in the episode "Plastique"; she immediately suspects that Clark is not telling her all that he knows about Lex's disappearance. That same episode reveals that Tess is bringing together a group of meteor-infected individuals, and in "Plastique" she recruits Bette, a young girl with the power to create combustion and explosion remotely. In the episode "Prey", Tess enlists a young man who can turn himself into a shadow. In "Toxic", it is revealed that Tess had a prior romantic relationship with Oliver Queen after she saved his life while he was stranded on an island, but broke up bitterly when he cheated on her.
In the season eight episodes "Instinct" and "Bloodline", Tess learns about Krypton and the name "Kal-El", though she does not attribute any of the information directly to Clark. In "Bulletproof", it is revealed that Tess knows where Lex is. Here, Lana informs Tess that Lex surgically implanted a nano-transmitter into Tess's optic nerve so that he could keep an eye on everything she is doing. Visibly upset by this, Tess places a jamming device into her necklace to disrupt the signal, but not before telling Lex that she will cut him off from the outside world and sell off everything that he owns. In the episode "Requiem", Tess sold controlling interest in LuthorCorp to Queen Industries. In "Turbulence", Tess tries to get Clark to reveal his powers after she read one of Lionel Luthor's journals that identified Clark as "The Traveler", but her effort failed. In the episode "Eternal", it is shown that Tess has the Kryptonian orb that brought down the Fortress of Solitude, and in "Injustice" a disembodied voice emanates from the orb revealing that Tess's recent actions to get Clark to reveal his powers and kill Doomsday are because the voice was instructing her to do so. In the season eight finale, the orb activates itself and transports Zod to Smallville.
After having her face burned in the season nine finale, Tess wakes up in the season ten premiere, with her face healed, in a secret lab surrounded by clones of Lex. In the tenth-season episode "Abandoned", it is revealed that Tess was born Lutessa Lena Luthor and is the illegitimate daughter of Lionel Luthor, conceived with Lex's nanny, Pamela Jenkins. She was brought, by Lionel, to an orphanage run by Granny Goodness when she was 5 years old. Shortly after Tess arrived at the orphanage, Lionel returned and removed Tess from Granny Goodness's guardianship. Granny Goodness wiped most of Tess's memories before Lionel put Tess up for adoption with the Mercer family. In the series finale, Tess is killed by the revived Lex Luthor after she administers a neurotoxin that removes all of the clone's memories in an effort to protect Clark's secret identity. In the season eleven comic, the neurotoxin caused a psychic link between the two, which caused her consciousness to leave her body and enter Lex's brain, when her body passed away. Eventually, Tess's friends discover this and have her consciousness uploaded into the computer system at Watchtower. At the conclusion of season 11, Tess downloads herself into an android body and becomes Red Tornado.
Davis Bloome
Sam Witwer portrays Davis Bloome, a paramedic for Metropolis General Hospital. He first appears in the season eight episode "Plastique", assisting Chloe with helping an injured person after a bomb explosion. In the episode "Toxic", Chloe calls on his help when Oliver is poisoned and refuses to be taken to a hospital. In "Prey", Clark begins to suspect that Davis is a serial killer after he finds Davis unconscious at one of the murder scenes, and learns later that Davis is usually the first paramedic to arrive on similar scenes. Davis starts to suspect the same thing himself when he begins to lose track of large portions of time, and finds himself covered in blood, but with no wounds on his own body. Davis is informed by Faora, the wife of General Zod, that after the pair learned they could not have children that he was genetically created to adapt to any injury and to be Earth's ultimate destroyer. In "Abyss", Davis confesses to Chloe that he is in love with her, and believes that she is marrying the wrong man; as a result she asks him to not see her again. On Chloe's wedding day, in the episode "Bride", Davis transforms into the hulking monster called Doomsday, and travels to Smallville where he injures Jimmy and kidnaps Chloe. In the episode "Infamous", Davis discovers that he can keep Doomsday from emerging if he kills, and subsequently begins choosing criminals as his victims. He subsequently learns that Chloe's presence will also keep the monster at bay in the episode "Turbulence", and in "Beast" Davis and Chloe leave town together so that Davis can keep Doomsday from coming out. In the season eight finale, Chloe uses black kryptonite to separate Davis from Doomsday, leaving him human; when Davis discovers that Chloe does not love him he stabs Jimmy with a pipe. Before Davis can attack Chloe, Jimmy pushes him into a metal rod, which results in Davis's death before Jimmy himself dies.
Davis is actually Smallvilles interpretation of the comic book character Doomsday, the only character to have succeeded at killing Superman. In Smallville, Doomsday is represented as a "nice guy" paramedic, who grew up moving from foster home to foster home. His storyline is considered "very dark" in that the character uncovers horrible truths about himself as season eight progresses. Brian Peterson explained that he, and the rest of the new executive producers, were looking for a villainous character that was "as great as Lex", with Michael Rosenbaum's departure at the end of the seventh season, and Doomsday fit what they were looking for. Although Witwer portrays Davis Bloome, who becomes the creature known as Doomsday, he does not actually wear the prosthetic body suit that was created for when Davis transforms into his monstrous counterpart. Instead Dario Delacio, a stunt double who stands at , performs the role of "Doomsday" when the creature's monster form appears throughout the season.
Zod
Callum Blue portrays Zod in season nine. Zod is first mentioned in season five's "Arrival", when two of his disciples arrive on Earth attempting to turn the planet into Kryptonian utopia. In the episode "Solitude", Brainiac attempts to release him from the Phantom Zone where it is revealed that Clark's biological father Jor-El placed Zod's spirit after destroying his physical form. In the season five finale, Zod is successfully transferred into Lex Luthor's body, after Clark unknowingly releases him from the Phantom Zone. Clark eventually pulls Zod's spirit out of Lex's body using a Kryptonian crystal of his father's in the season six premiere.
In the season eight finale, the Kryptonian purple orb, which was used in the season seven finale to destroy the Fortress of Solitude and remove Clark's powers, appears at the Luthor Mansion and releases Zod in physical form. In the season nine premiere, it is revealed that when Zod was released from the orb, he was also accompanied by hundreds of other Kryptonians, many of which were scattered across the globe. In addition, none of them were given the powers that typically accompany Kryptonians under the yellow Sun. Season nine episode "Kandor" reveals that the Kandorians are in fact clones created by Jor-El—at the orders of the Kryptonian Council—who also corrupted their DNA to prevent them from having powers and subsequently enslaving Earth. Eventually, Zod acquires his abilities when Clark saves Zod's life by healing a gunshot wound with his own blood in the episode "Conspiracy". Zod subsequently gives the rest of the Kandorians powers, using his blood to renew their lifeforce, and then wages a war on Earth in the season nine finale. Reluctant at first, Clark uses the Book of Rao to send all Kryptonians on Earth to another plane of existence where they can live in peace.
In an interview, executive producers Brian Peterson and Kelly Souders explained that this version of Zod is different from the one who appeared in prior seasons. The executives classified this incarnation as "Major Zod", as opposed to his typical "General Zod" identifier, and explained that throughout season nine "the venomous side of Zod rises because he experiences a few key betrayals with our beloved characters".
Recurring characters
The following is a list of characters that are recurring on the series; they are listed in the order that they first appeared on the show. Seventeen characters have had storylines that have spanned multiple seasons, while the others are restricted to arcs that occurred during a single season of the show.
Sheriff Ethan
Sheriff Ethan is portrayed by Mitchell Kosterman in seventeen episodes spanning seasons one and two. Kosterman's first scene as Ethan came in "Jitters", which was originally scheduled to be the third episode of season one but was pushed back to eighth. Season one's "Rogue" introduced the idea Sheriff Ethan had a history with Jonathan, and it was that moment that Kosterman felt like he was more than a background image for the show. That history was used against Jonathan in season two's "Suspect", when Ethan framed him for the attempted murder of Lionel Luthor. Ethan's subterfuge was discovered by Clark and Pete, who set up a scheme of their own to bring Ethan's action to light, which resulted in Ethan's surrender and arrest.
Kosterman, who has played law enforcement officials before, initially turned down the role. After his agent informed him it would be a recurring role, and the producers were willing to pay him more than he made on any previous show, Kosterman decided to take the job. To executive producers Mark Verheiden and Greg Beeman, making Ethan the villain in "Suspect" was the ultimate "red herring" for audiences. Sheriff Ethan was originally going to take a nurse hostage, but the ending was rewritten to leave Ethan as more of a sympathetic character. Mitchell prefers the filmed ending, as he could not see any reason why his character would suddenly become evil. The actor believes his character fell into the established theme of "good people being pushed to do the wrong thing by bad people like Lionel Luthor".
Dr. Helen Bryce
Dr. Helen Bryce, portrayed by Emmanuelle Vaugier in nine episodes between seasons two and three, is a Smallville medical doctor who first appears in an anger management class Lex is sentenced to attend in the season two episode "Dichotic". She and Lex begin a romantic relationship which eventually turns into an engagement in season two's "Precipice". Her relationship with Lex concerns Jonathan when Helen—after taking a sample of blood from Clark during a period when he was infected by kryptonite—discovers Clark is not human in the episode "Fever". Helen promises Jonathan she will keep Clark's secret, but at the same time she does not destroy the vial of blood she took from Clark. As a result, the blood is stolen from her office in season two's "Calling", though it did not have Clark's name on it. Lex confesses he stole the vial of blood, which causes Helen to break up with him. Helen returns in the season two finale, where she forgives Lex and goes through with the marriage. Helen then drugs Lex on the way to their honeymoon, and leaves him to die in his LuthorCorp jet. When Lex returns in the season three episode "Phoenix", he orchestrates his own plan for revenge resulting in Helen's own disappearance while the two go on their second honeymoon.
By the time of season two's nineteenth episode, the writers had decided Helen's fate. Originally, the character was going to die on her wedding night, but the creative team felt they could use her more in the mythology. Gough explains the idea Helen still had Clark's blood, she knew his secret, and her relationship with Lex was too good to write off. The creative team kept Helen's true motivations a secret to Vaugier, which the actress enjoyed because it allowed her to play the character as if there were no ulterior motives.
Dr. Virgil Swann
Christopher Reeve appears twice as Virgil Swann, a scientist who was able to translate the Kryptonian language. Swann first meets Clark in the season two episode "Rosetta", where he explains his team of scientists intercepted a message from space and were able to translate it based on a mathematical key which accompanied the transmission. Swann informs Clark his birth name is Kal-El, and that he comes from a planet called Krypton, destroyed just after he was sent to Earth. When Lionel begins piecing together the alien language on the Kawatche cave walls, and Clark's constant presence at the caves, he seeks out Swann for the answers in the season three episode "Legacy". Swann, though he denies knowing how to read the symbols in the caves, agrees to help Lionel when he correctly guesses Lionel is dying; how Swann helps Lionel is not made clear. In season four's "Sacred", it is revealed Swann died, but not before sending Clark the octagonal disk from Clark's ship, which had been missing since season three's "Legacy".
Gough and Millar always had intentions of bringing Christopher Reeve onto the show. When the pair learned Reeve enjoyed watching Smallville, Gough and Millar decided they were going to bring him on for season two. They had already crafted a character, Dr. Virgil Swann, they knew would reveal the truth about Krypton to Clark, and they decided Reeve would be perfect for the part. According to Gough and Millar, it was "natural" for Reeve to be the one to educate Clark about his past, and help him see his future. As Gough describes it, the scene between Clark and Dr. Swann is a "passing of the torch" moment for the series. Gough and Millar explain the importance of the character: "Dr. Swann provided the first tantalizing answers to the quest plaguing Clark for all of his young life. 'Where am I from?' 'What happened to my parents?' 'Am I truly alone?" The creative team flew to New York to film Reeve's scenes since he used a wheelchair and required additional assistance when travelling. Although James Marshall directed the episode, for Reeve's scenes in New York the Smallville crew sent Greg Beeman as a stand-in director. Gough, Welling and Mat Beck travelled alongside Beeman to New York, where John Wells, who had previously lent his White House office on The West Wing to the Smallville crew for season one's "Hourglass", allowed the team to use the production offices from Third Watch for Reeve's scenes.
There was initial concern over Reeve's stamina for shooting the scenes, as his particular scene with Welling was six pages long, which translated to approximately twelve hours of work day. Beeman tried to design everything so it was as simple as possible, but Reeve quickly readjusted the scene. Beeman originally had Welling walk into frame and stand in front of Reeve, and then make a single move behind Reeve. Beeman was told, by Reeve, the scene needed more dynamic between the characters, and if Welling only made a single move, the dynamic would be lost. According to Reeve, "Tom moving around me will hide the fact that I'm unable to move". Beeman's fear of overstretching Reeve's stamina, because of the added shots to the scene, were put to rest when Reeve himself stated it did not matter how long it took to finish the scene, as long as it turned out great. Reeve was directing Yankee Irving when Smallville was gearing up to film the fourth season opener. As a result, Reeve could not reprise his role as Dr. Swann, which was the intention.
Sheriff Nancy Adams
Camille Mitchell appears as Sheriff Nancy Adams in twenty-two episodes of Smallville, spanning the course of four seasons. Sheriff Adams makes her first appearance in the season two episode "Precipice", when she arrests Clark for getting into a fight with another patron of the Talon coffee shop. In the season five episode "Lockdown", Adams is killed by two rogue police officers looking for the black, alien ship which landed during the second meteor shower. Mitchell makes a guest appearance as Nancy Adams in season seven's "Apocalypse". In this episode, Clark is taken to an alternate reality where Adams, an agent for the Department of Domestic Security, is providing Lois with inside information on President Lex Luthor's operations.
Camille Mitchell had auditioned for the role of Byron's mother in season two's "Nocturne"; Greg Beeman had remembered the audition and had the actress come in to read for the role of Sheriff Adams. Mitchell did some research for the role, talking with female law enforcement officers to gain an understanding of how they evaluate situations. Mitchell views her character as a "down-to-earth sheriff" that carries with her a "farmer's common sense". The actress believes a character like Nancy Adams lends to the realism the show tries to portray within its comic book environment. Gough describes Sheriff Adams as "a cross between Holly Hunter and the sheriff in Fargo".
Jor-El
Terence Stamp has voiced the disembodied spirit of Jor-El, Clark's biological father, in nineteen episodes from season two through season nine. Jor-El first appears to Clark as a voice emanating from the spaceship that brought Clark to Earth, informing him it is time to leave Smallville and fulfill his destiny. In season three's "Relic", it is revealed Jor-El came to Smallville as a "rite of passage" by his own father. It is deduced by Clark that Jor-El chose the Kent family to be Clark's adoptive family after having a positive experience with Jonathan's father. In the season three finale, Jor-El tricks Clark into leaving Smallville. Jor-El returns Clark three months later, reprogrammed as "Kal-El" to seek out the three stones of knowledge so he can fulfill his destiny, but Clark regains his memories and stops looking for the three stones.
Eventually, Clark is forced to find all three stones, which results in the creation of the Fortress of Solitude in the season five premiere. There, Jor-El informs Clark he needs to begin his training to complete his destiny, but Clark interrupts the training to go back to Smallville, which forces Jor-El to strip Clark of his powers. When Clark is killed in his mortal body in season five's "Hidden", Jor-El resurrects Clark with his powers; as a result, Jonathan's life is traded for Clark's in the episode "Reckoning". Clark's consistent disobedience forces Jor-El to imprison his son in a block of ice in the season seven episode "Blue", but after learning a clone of Clark has returned to Smallville in "Persona", Jor-El frees his son so he can take care of the creature. When Clark thinks a world without him would be better, Jor-El sends Clark to an alternate reality to show him the world would be worse if he did not exist in it. By the start of season nine, Jor-El begins fully training Clark for his ultimate destiny. As part of that training, Jor-El informs Clark he needs to tune his Kryptonian intuition. To do so, Jor-El gives Clark the ability to read people's thoughts, only to take it away at an important moment and force Clark to apply what he has learned about human behavior. A clone of Jor-El is released on Earth in the episode "Kandor", but he is murdered before he can fully reunite with Clark and is only able to share a single moment with his son before dying.
Terence Stamp's name was deliberately kept out of the opening credits to keep his character secret. Stamp originally portrayed General Zod in the first two Superman films, starring Christopher Reeve. Gough and Millar wanted to provide answers for certain aspects of the Superman mythology, so at the start of season three they tied Jonathan's heart condition to Jor-El, where Jonathan makes a deal with Jor-El to be given the power to bring Clark back. This power ultimately puts a strain on Jonathan's heart. The refusal by the film department to allow Smallville to cast a body as a physical representation of Jor-El forced the special effects crew to come up with a creative way to display some sort of aid to help the audience visualize this disembodied voice which was supposed to be talking to Jonathan in season three's "Exile". They decided to create a force field around whoever was speaking to Jor-El, which acted as Jor-El's voice, rippling as he spoke. To save money on this effect, the crew filmed John Schneider on a black backdrop, and Entity FX digitally added the force field around him. Wind machines and a spot light were added to help synthesize the atmosphere in the force field. At the time of season three's "Memoria", where a scene depicting Jor-El and Lara placing baby Kal-El into his ship before the destruction of Krypton was scripted, Warner Bros. was working on a new Superman film, and it was going to be an origin story, and as a result was still banning Smallville from showing Jor-El. Millar was forced to take inspiration from comic book scribe Jeph Loeb. In one of Loeb's book, Jor-El and Lara are depicted as just a pair of hands holding on to each other after they place Kal-El into his spaceship. In season nine, the producers were able to provide the character with a physical appearance, and Julian Sands was cast for the role.
Adam Knight
Adam Knight appears in six episodes of season three; he is portrayed by Ian Somerhalder. Adam is first seen as a fellow patient of Lana's at the Smallville Medical Center in the episode "Asylum"; he helps Lana get through her physical therapy after she was trampled by a horse. The two develop a friendship, which starts to grow deeper in the episode "Delete" when Lana offers to rent Adam the apartment above the coffee shop. In "Hereafter", Adam's actions—specifically his injection of an unidentified drug—begin to arouse suspicion in Lana and her friends. It is revealed Adam died of a rare liver disease, and the injection of a drug given to him by LuthorCorp resurrected him and is only thing keeping him alive. Lana discovers Adam has been keeping a journal of all her actions, as well as all of Clark's, so she tries, and fails, to evict him. Lana asks Lex for help in getting rid of Adam, but he disappears before Lex can find him. In "Obsession", Lex tracks Adam's whereabouts to a LuthorCorp lab run by Dr. Tang, where Dr. Tang has been keeping Adam alive against the orders of Lionel Luthor, who cut off his supply when he failed to uncover any new information on Clark. Adam eventually breaks out of his confinement in the episode "Crisis", killing Dr. Tang and the rest of the lab technicians. He kidnaps Lana and attempts to kill her, but Clark arrives in time to stop him. Without his serum, Adam's body rapidly deteriorates until he finally dies.
When Adam Knight first appeared, there was internet speculation he was really Smallville'''s version of Bruce Wayne, based on the combination of the name of one of the actors to portray Bruce Wayne/Batman, Adam West, and one of Batman's nicknames, "Dark Knight". The crew stated it was never their intention to reveal Adam Knight to be a young version of Bruce Wayne. The actual intention was for Adam to be Lana's new boyfriend—a legitimate relationship—but the chemistry between Ian Somerhalder and Kristin Kreuk was not working. The creative team decided to bring the character's storyline out of the romantic path and into a "thriller Pacific Heights direction". According to Gough, the character's storyline degenerated into a science fiction story, and when that occurred, they decided they had to wrap it up quickly.
Brainiac
James Marsters appears in eight episodes of season five, as well as four episodes of season seven, as the Kryptonian artificial intelligence known as Brainiac, referred to on the series as the "Brain InterActive Construct". Brainiac first appears in the season five episode "Arrival", and in the episode "Splinter" he assumes the identity of Central Kansas A&M professor Milton Fine, a fellow Kryptonian, to befriend Clark. His ultimate plan is revealed in the episode "Solitude" when he attempts to use Clark's Fortress of Solitude to release General Zod from the Phantom Zone; Clark stops Zod from being released. In the season five finale, Brainiac unleashes a computer virus that cripples the world's cyber infrastructure. He then transplants Zod's spirit into Lex when he tricks Clark into stabbing him with a Kryptonian dagger, providing Brainiac with a link to the Fortress so he can release Zod.
In season seven, Brainiac is revealed to be alive, and is slowly regaining strength by draining people of their natural metal content. Brainiac re-forms into Milton Fine in the season seven episode "Persona", and learns that his creator, Dax-Ur, is on Earth. Brainiac kills Dax-Ur, downloading the Kryptonian's knowledge so that he can completely repair himself. In season seven's "Apocalypse", Brainiac attempts to go back to Krypton just before it is destroyed and kill the infant Kal-El—he ultimately fails. In the season seven finale, Chloe discovers Brainiac has been impersonating Kara since she and Clark returned from Krypton. Brainiac attacks Chloe and puts her in a coma, but Clark destroys Brainiac before he can locate a device hidden on Earth which would allow him to control Clark. In season eight, Chloe is infected by Brainiac, who attempts to use her as a vessel while trying to take over Earth. In "Legion", he is subsequently exorcised from Chloe's body by the Legion of Super-Heroes, and taken back to the 31st century to be reprogrammed. The reprogrammed Brainiac returns in the season ten episode "Homecoming" to show Clark his past, present, and future and help him find confidence in becoming the hero the world needs.
Gough and Millar had always wanted Marsters for the role of Milton Fine/Brainiac. The pair wrote a draft for the major story arc of season five, knowing they wanted a new villain on the show to fight Clark. With the arrival of the black ship at the end of season four, Gough and Millar decided to introduce Brainiac. To them, Marsters was the only actor they could envision that could fit the "menace, intelligence, and sexiness" Brainiac was going to embody. Had Marsters declined the role, Gough and Millar would have rethought introducing Brainiac, as they could not think of any other actor who could fill those shoes. Marsters felt excited playing a character that was completely intentional; he likened the intention to that of a shark. As Marsters explains, "[Fine] was just composed of his intent. And that's exciting—it's like watching a shark. You don't really ask how a shark is feeling—it's pure".
Writer Steven DeKnight, who wrote for Marsters when he was portraying Spike on Buffy the Vampire Slayer, used a different approach for Marsters when writing for him as Brainiac. Spike is more "snarky", and DeKnight felt Fine is more sincere, and a "straight-ahead classic villain". This different approach to villainy worked well for Marsters, who wanted to show people he could portray characters who were not just another "Spike". Marsters describes Brainiac as "a murderous robot" with no remorse over his actions. According to Marsters, the character is an "intellectual" who is focused on what he wants. The actor was drawn to the series because of the "refreshing" take the producers had, as well as an appreciation for the idea of a show about Clark's journey toward becoming Superman.
Though the actor enjoyed playing the part of Brainiac, Marsters did have an initial apprehension about taking the role. As he is familiar with Brainiac from the comics, Marsters did not wish to be turned green and wear the character's traditional pink outfit. The actor had to do little research on his character, as Brainiac's original back story only consisted of a few comic book panels. Marsters believes his character wants to get rid of the humans because they are doing nothing but destroying their own planet, and Brainiac sees it as his duty to perform "pest control" on the species. The actor was going to appear in season six, but because his scheduled filled, the producers wanted to "close the door" on this storyline, so they "killed" his character. Later, Marsters was approached by Gough and Millar about returning to the show for its seventh season; this time Marsters had free time in his schedule, and was able to return for four episodes.
Grant Gabriel
Michael Cassidy appears in seven episodes of season seven as the Daily Planets newest editor, Grant Gabriel, and the love interest for Lois this season. Shortly after hiring Lois, which he did in part to inspire better stories out of Chloe, Grant begins a romantic relationship with Lois in the episode "Wrath". The couple's secret is discovered by Chloe and Lex in "Blue", who both insist Lois and Grant break up to prevent questions about how Lois actually got her job. The two stay together, working harder to keep their relationship a secret. After Lex buys the Daily Planet in season seven's "Gemini", it is revealed Grant is actually a clone of Lex's baby brother Julian, who died as an infant. When Grant discovers this information, he attempts to connect with Lionel in the episode "Persona", to keep Lex from controlling his life. When Lex cannot control Grant, he has him murdered, staging it as a failed mugging.
Other characters
The following is a supplementary list of recurring guest stars, which includes characters that appear briefly in multiple episodes, like a regularly appearing doctor, but have little to no real world content to justify an entire section covering their in-universe histories. The characters are listed in the order in which they first appeared on Smallville''.
Season 1
Sarah-Jane Redmond as Nell Potter
Jason Connery as Dominic Santori
Tom O'Brien as Roger Nixon
Hiro Kanagawa as Principal Kwan
Robert Wisden as Gabe Sullivan
Joe Morton as Dr. Steven Hamilton
Kelly Brook as Victoria Hardwick
Rekha Sharma as Dr. Harden
Julian Christopher as Dr. MacIntyre
Season 2
Jerry Wasserman as Dr. Yaeger Scanlan
Patrick Cassidy as Henry Small
Martin Cummins as Dr. Garner
Jill Teed as Maggie Sawyer
Rob LaBelle as Dr. Walden
Season 3
Françoise Yip as Dr. Tang
Lorena Gale as Dr. Claire Foster
Sarah Carter as Alicia Baker
Alisen Down as Lillian Luthor
Gary Hudson as Frank Loder
Season 4
Kyle Gallner as Bart Allen/Impulse
Jane Seymour as Genevieve Teague
Season 5
Alan Ritchson as Arthur Curry/Aquaman
Lee Thompson Young as Victor Stone/Cyborg
Season 6
Fred Henderson as Dr. Langston
Ben Ayres as Bartlett
Phil Morris as John Jones
Season 7
Kim Coates as Federal Agent Carter
Don Broatch as Shaw Madson
Alaina Huffman as Dinah Lance/Black Canary
Season 8
Anna Williams as Eva
Alessandro Juliani as Dr. Emil Hamilton
Serinda Swan as Zatanna Zatara
Season 9
Adrian Holmes as Basqat
Sharon Taylor as Faora
Monique Ganderton as Alia
Ryan McDonell as Stuart Campbell
Pam Grier as Agent Amanda Waller
Crystal Lowe as Vala
Michael Shanks as Carter Hall/Hawkman
Britt Irvin as Courtney Whitmore/Stargirl
Season 10
Ted Whittall as Rick Flag
Keri Lynn Pratt as Cat Grant
References
Smallville
Superman in other media
Smallville
Smallville
Smallville
Smallville | wiki |
Davis Films is a French independent film production company founded by Samuel Hadida in 1990. It is best known for producing the Resident Evil and Silent Hill film series adapted from video games.
It has been acting since the 1990s in partnership with other independent film companies in Hollywood, including Lionsgate, New Line Cinema and Screen Gems.
References
External links
on Facebook
Film production companies of France
Metropolitan Filmexport films
Davis Films films | wiki |
In chemistry, molecular autoionization (or self-ionization) is a chemical reaction between molecules of the same substance to produce ions. If a pure liquid partially dissociates into ions, it is said to be self-ionizing. In most cases the oxidation number on all atoms in such a reaction remains unchanged. Such autoionization can be protic ( transfer), or non-protic.
Examples
Protic solvents
Protic solvents often undergo some autoionization (in this case autoprotolysis):
2 H2O <=> H3O+ + OH-
The self-ionization of water is particularly well studied, due to its implications for acid-base chemistry of aqueous solutions.
2 NH3 <=> NH4+ + NH2-
2 H2SO4 <=> H3SO4+ + HSO4-
3 HF <=> H2F+ + HF2-
Here proton transfer between two HF combines with homoassociation of and a third HF to form
Non-protic solvents
2 PF5 <=> PF6- + PF4+
N2O4 <=> NO+ + NO3-
Here the nitrogen oxidation numbers change from (+4 and +4) to (+3 and +5).
2 BrF3 <=> BrF2+ + BrF4-
These solvents all possess atoms with odd atomic numbers, either nitrogen or a halogen. Such atoms enable the formation of singly charged, nonradical ions (which must have at least one odd atomic number atom), which are the most favorable autoionization products. Protic solvents, mentioned previously, use hydrogen for this role. Autoionization would be much less favorable in solvents such as sulfur dioxide or carbon dioxide, which have only even atomic number atoms.
Coordination chemistry
Autoionization is not restricted to neat liquids or solids. Solutions of metal complexes exhibit this property. For example, compounds of the type are unstable with respect to autoionization .
See also
Ionization
Ion association
References
Molecular physics | wiki |
The following is an overview of 1956 in film, including significant events, a list of films released and notable births and deaths.
Top-grossing films (U.S.)
The top ten 1956 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:
Events
February 5 – First showing of documentary films by the Free Cinema movement, at the National Film Theatre, London.
February 16 – Carousel is the first film released that was shot in CinemaScope 55.
February 23 – Arthur B. Krim and Robert Benjamin acquire Mary Pickford's interest in United Artists for $3 million giving them full ownership of UA.
February – Warner Bros. sells much of its pre-1950 library to Associated Artists Productions (a.a.p.); after a series of mergers the films return to WB 40 years later.
February – Darryl F. Zanuck announces his resignation as head of production of 20th Century Fox after 20 years as the studio head. He is later replaced by Buddy Adler.
April 18 – Grace Kelly marries Prince Rainier III and becomes Princess consort of Monaco. She stops acting. Her last feature film, High Society, is released in July.
May 30 – United Artists release Trapeze which becomes their highest-grosser until surpassed by Around the World in 80 Days the following year.
July – Harry and Albert Warner sell their stock in Warner Bros. Jack L. Warner retains his and becomes president.
July 25 – The comedy partnership between Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis ends. Their last film together, Hollywood or Bust, is released later in the year.
August 4 – The last film serial, Blazing the Overland Trail from Columbia Pictures, is released.
October 5 – The Ten Commandments opens in cinemas. It was the most expensive film of all time with a cost of $13 million and becomes one of the most successful and popular films of all time, currently ranking 6th on the list of all time moneymakers (when adjusted for inflation). It was director Cecil B. DeMille's last film.
October 17 – Mike Todd's Around the World in 80 Days is released and goes on to become United Artists' highest-grossing film.
October 18 – Joseph Vogel becomes president of MGM.
November 1 – The film Oklahoma!, released in 1955 to select cities in Todd-AO, now receives a U.S. national release in CinemaScope, since not all theatres are yet equipped for Todd-AO. To accomplish this, the film has actually been shot twice, rather than printing one version in two different film processes, as is later done.
November 15 – Elvis Presley's first film, Love Me Tender, opens.
November 28
And God Created Woman opens in France making Brigitte Bardot an international star.
It is announced that production head Dore Schary will leave MGM at the end of the year.
December 14 – Dance with Me, Henry is the last film featuring the comedy duo Abbott and Costello.
Awards
Top ten money making stars
1956 film releases
January–March
January 1956
11 January
The Lieutenant Wore Skirts
12 January
Diane
26 January
Helen of Troy
29 January
Warning from Space (Japan)
February 1956
5 February
Invasion of the Body Snatchers
16 February
Carousel
25 February
The Lone Ranger
March 1956
3 March
Forbidden Planet
6 March
1984 (U.K.)
9 March
Come Next Spring
Meet Me in Las Vegas
10 March
Never Say Goodbye
21 March
Rock Around the Clock
23 March
Serenade
24 March
Raw Edge
25 March
Indestructible Man
World Without End
28 March
The Conqueror
April–June
April 1956
4 April
The Maverick Queen
6 April
Jubal
10 April
Seven Wonders of the World
11 April
Backlash
24 April
Our Miss Brooks
26 April
The Creature Walks Among Us
27 April
Godzilla, King of the Monsters!
May 1956
8 May
The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit
9 May
The Harder They Fall
15 May
Invitation to the Dance
26 May
The Searchers
30 May
Trapeze
While the City Sleeps
The Animal World
June 1956
1 June
The Man Who Knew Too Much
6 June
The Killing
10 June
Crime in the Streets
12 June
A Kiss Before Dying
13 June
Earth vs. the Flying Saucers
Star in the Dust
15 June
Gunslinger
20 June
Safari
21 June
The Eddy Duchin Story
22 June
The Catered Affair
27 June
Moby Dick
29 June
The King and I
July–September
July 1956
6 July
The Fastest Gun Alive
12 July
Foreign Intrigue
15 July
It Conquered the World
17 July
High Society
18 July
Davy Crockett and the River Pirates
23 July
Dakota Incident
25 July
Pardners
29 July
Hold Back the Night
30 July
Run for the Sun
August 1956
The Beast of Hollow Mountain
1 August
Autumn Leaves
17 August
A Cry in the Night
These Wilder Years
21 August
War and Peace
24 August
A Strange Adventure
26 August
The Swan
29 August
The First Traveling Saleslady
The Vagabond King
September 1956
12 September
The Bad Seed
15 September
Lust for Life
21 September
The Last Wagon
28 September
The Best Things in Life Are Free
October–December
October 1956
5 October
The Ten Commandments
17 October
Around the World in 80 Days
Attack
Julie
26 October
The Opposite Sex
31 October
Death of a Scoundrel
You Can't Run Away from It
November 1956
1 November
Naked Gun
The White Squaw
15 November
Love Me Tender
Gun the Man Down
18 November
Yield to the Night (U.K.)
24 November
Giant
25 November
Friendly Persuasion
29 November
The Teahouse of the August Moon
December 1956
1 December
The Mole People
The Girl Can't Help It
Curucu, Beast of the Amazon
5 December
Man Beast
6 December
Hollywood or Bust
Nightfall
12 December
Bundle of Joy
13 December
Anastasia
The Rainmaker
21 December
The King and Four Queens
25 December
Written on the Wind
26 December
Rodan (Japan)
Zarak
29 December
Baby Doll
The Great Man
Notable films released in 1956
United States unless stated
#
7th Cavalry, starring Randolph Scott and Barbara Hale
23 Paces to Baker Street, starring Van Johnson and Vera Miles
1984, directed by Michael Anderson, starring Edmond O'Brien and Michael Redgrave – (GB)
A
Accused of Murder, starring Vera Ralston
Alexander the Great, starring Richard Burton
Ali Baba and the 40 Thieves (Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum) – (India)
The Ambassador's Daughter, starring Olivia de Havilland, Myrna Loy, John Forsythe
Anastasia, starring Ingrid Bergman and Yul Brynner
And God Created Woman, directed by Roger Vadim, starring Brigitte Bardot – (France)
Aparajito (The Unvanquished), directed by Satyajit Ray – (India)
Around the World in 80 Days, directed by Michael Anderson, starring David Niven, Cantinflas, Shirley MacLaine – Academy Award for Best Picture
At Gunpoint, starring Fred MacMurray, Walter Brennan, Dorothy Malone
Attack, a.k.a. Attack!, directed by Robert Aldrich, starring Jack Palance, Eddie Albert, Lee Marvin
Autumn Leaves, starring Joan Crawford and Cliff Robertson
Away All Boats, starring Jeff Chandler
B
Baby Doll, directed by Elia Kazan, starring Carroll Baker, Karl Malden, Eli Wallach
Back from Eternity, starring Robert Ryan, Anita Ekberg, Rod Steiger
Backlash, starring Richard Widmark and Donna Reed
The Bad Seed, starring Nancy Kelly and Patty McCormack
Bandido, starring Robert Mitchum
The Battle of the River Plate, a.k.a. Pursuit of the Graf Spee, written and directed by Powell and Pressburger, starring John Gregson and Peter Finch – (GB)
Before Sundown (Vor Sonnenuntergang) – (West Germany)
Behind the Headlines, starring Paul Carpenter and Hazel Court
The Benny Goodman Story, starring Steve Allen and Donna Reed
The Best Things in Life Are Free, starring Gordon MacRae, Dan Dailey, Sheree North
Between Heaven and Hell, directed by Richard Fleischer, starring Robert Wagner and Buddy Ebsen
Beyond a Reasonable Doubt, directed by Fritz Lang, starring Dana Andrews and Joan Fontaine
Bhowani Junction, starring Ava Gardner and Stewart Granger – (GB/United States)
Bigger Than Life, directed by Nicholas Ray, starring James Mason, Barbara Rush, Walter Matthau
The Birds and the Bees, starring George Gobel and Mitzi Gaynor
The Black Tent, directed by Brian Desmond Hurst, starring Donald Sinden, Anthony Steel, Anna Maria Sandri & André Morell – (U.K.)
Bob le flambeur (Bob the Gambler), directed by Jean-Pierre Melville – (France)
The Bold and the Brave, starring Wendell Corey and Mickey Rooney
The Boss, starring John Payne and Doe Avedon
The Bottom of the Bottle, directed by Henry Hathaway, starring Van Johnson, Joseph Cotten, Ruth Roman
The Brave One, directed by Irving Rapper
The Burmese Harp (Biruma no tategoto), directed by Kon Ichikawa – (Japan)
The Burning Hills, starring Natalie Wood and Tab Hunter
Bus Stop, starring Marilyn Monroe and Don Murray
C
C.I.D., starring Dev Anand – (India)
Calabuch (a.k.a. The Rocket from Calabuch), directed by Luis García Berlanga, starring Edmund Gwenn and Valentina Cortese – (Spain)
Calle Mayor (Main Street), directed by Juan Antonio Bardem, starring Betsy Blair – (Spain)
Carnival Night (Karnavalnaya noch) – (USSR)
Carousel, directed by Henry King, starring Shirley Jones and Gordon MacRae
The Case of the Mukkinese Battle Horn, comedy short starring Peter Sellers, Spike Milligan, Dick Emery – (GB)
The Catered Affair, starring Bette Davis, Ernest Borgnine, Debbie Reynolds
Checkpoint (1956 film), directed by Ralph Thomas, starring Anthony Steel, Odile Versois, Stanley Baker & James Robertson Justice – (U.K.)
Child of Sorrow (Anak dalita) – (Philippines)
Chori Chori, starring Nargis and Raj Kapoor – (India)
Comanche, starring Dana Andrews and Linda Cristal
Come Next Spring, starring Ann Sheridan and Steve Cochran
Congo Crossing, starring Virginia Mayo and Peter Lorre
The Conqueror, directed by Dick Powell, starring John Wayne (as Genghis Khan)
The Court Jester, starring Danny Kaye
Crazed Fruit (Kurutta kajitsu), directed by Kō Nakahira – (Japan)
Crime Against Joe, starring Julie London
Crime in the Streets, directed by Don Siegel, starring James Whitmore and John Cassavetes
A Cry in the Night, starring Edmond O'Brien, Natalie Wood, Raymond Burr
D
D-Day the Sixth of June, starring Robert Taylor
Dakota Incident, starring Dale Robertson
Dance with Me, Henry, starring Bud Abbott and Lou Costello
Death in the Garden (La mort en ce jardin), directed by Luis Buñuel, starring Simone Signoret and Charles Vanel – (France)
Death of a Scoundrel, starring George Sanders and Zsa Zsa Gabor
Diane, starring Lana Turner in her final MGM film after nearly 20 years with the studio
Donatella, directed by Mario Monicelli, starring Elsa Martinelli – (Italy)
Don't Look Back, My Son (Ne okreći se sine) – (Yugoslavia)
The Dragon (O Drakos) – (Greece)
E
Early Spring (Soshun), directed by Yasujirō Ozu – (Japan)
Earth vs. the Flying Saucers, starring Hugh Marlowe
The Eddy Duchin Story, starring Tyrone Power and Kim Novak
Elena and Her Men, starring Ingrid Bergman – (France/Italy)
F
The Fastest Gun Alive, starring Glenn Ford and Broderick Crawford
The First Texan, starring Joel McCrea
The First Traveling Saleslady, starring Ginger Rogers, Barry Nelson, Carol Channing
Forbidden Planet, starring Walter Pidgeon, Leslie Nielsen, Anne Francis
Forever, Darling, starring Desi Arnaz, Lucille Ball, James Mason
Friendly Persuasion, directed by William Wyler, starring Gary Cooper, Dorothy McGuire, Anthony Perkins
Funtoosh (Funny Man), starring Dev Anand – (India)
G
Gaby, starring Leslie Caron
Gervaise, directed by René Clément, starring Maria Schell – (France)
Giant, directed by George Stevens, starring Elizabeth Taylor, Rock Hudson and James Dean in his final film
The Girl Can't Help It, starring Tom Ewell and Jayne Mansfield in her first starring role
The Girl He Left Behind, starring Tab Hunter and Natalie Wood
A Girl in Black, directed by Michael Cacoyannis – winner of Golden Globe – (Greece)
Godzilla, King of the Monsters! directed by Terry Morse and Ishirō Honda, starring Raymond Burr and Takashi Shimura – (Japan/United States)
Good-bye, My Lady, directed by William A. Wellman, starring Brandon deWilde, Walter Brennan, Phil Harris
Great Day in the Morning, directed by Jacques Tourneur, starring Robert Stack and Virginia Mayo
The Great Locomotive Chase, starring Fess Parker and Jeffrey Hunter
The Great Man, directed by and starring José Ferrer, with Julie London, Keenan Wynn, Ed Wynn
The Green Man, starring Alastair Sim, George Cole, Terry-Thomas – (GB)
Gun the Man Down, starring James Arness and Angie Dickinson in her film debut
Gunslinger, directed by Roger Corman, starring John Ireland and Beverly Garland
H
The Harder They Fall, starring Humphrey Bogart in his final film
The Harvest Month (Elokuu) – (Finland)
Helen of Troy, starring Rossana Podestà, Stanley Baker
High Society, starring Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra and Grace Kelly in her final film
Hilda Crane, starring Jean Simmons
Hold Back the Night, starring John Payne
Hollywood or Bust, starring Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis, with Anita Ekberg, in the final Martin and Lewis film
Hot Blood, starring Jane Russell and Cornel Wilde
The Houston Story, starring Barbara Hale and Gene Barry
The Hunchback of Notre Dame, starring Gina Lollobrigida and Anthony Quinn – (France/Italy)
I
Ich suche Dich (I Seek You), starring O. W. Fischer and Anouk Aimée – (West Germany)
The Indian Fighter, starring Kirk Douglas and Walter Matthau
Invasion of the Body Snatchers, directed by Don Siegel, starring Kevin McCarthy
Invitation to the Dance, directed by and starring Gene Kelly
It Conquered the World, directed by Roger Corman, starring Peter Graves and Beverly Garland
J
Jagte Raho (Stay Awake), starring Raj Kapoor – (India)
Johnny Concho, starring Frank Sinatra
Jubal, starring Glenn Ford, Rod Steiger, Ernest Borgnine, Felicia Farr, Charles Bronson
Julie, starring Doris Day and Louis Jourdan
K
Kanal, directed by Andrzej Wajda – (Poland)
The Killer Is Loose, directed by Budd Boetticher, starring Joseph Cotten, Rhonda Fleming, Wendell Corey
The Killers, a short film directed by Andrei Tarkovsky – (U.S.S.R.)
The Killing, directed by Stanley Kubrick, starring Sterling Hayden, Coleen Gray, Marie Windsor, Vince Edwards
The King and Four Queens, starring Clark Gable
The King and I, starring Deborah Kerr and Yul Brynner
A Kiss Before Dying, starring Robert Wagner and Joanne Woodward
L
The Last Hunt, directed by Richard Brooks, starring Robert Taylor and Stewart Granger
The Last Wagon, starring Richard Widmark
The Leech (Shabab emraa) – (Egypt)
The Lieutenant Wore Skirts, directed by Frank Tashlin, starring Tom Ewell and Sheree North
Lisbon, directed by and starring Ray Milland, with Maureen O'Hara and Claude Rains
The Lone Ranger, starring Clayton Moore and Jay Silverheels
The Long Arm, starring Jack Hawkins – (GB)
Love Me Tender, starring Elvis Presley in his film debut
Lust for Life, starring Kirk Douglas (as Vincent van Gogh) and Anthony Quinn
M
A Man Escaped (Un condamné à mort s'est échappé ou Le vent souffle où il veut), directed by Robert Bresson – (France)
The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit, starring Gregory Peck, Jennifer Jones, Fredric March, Keenan Wynn, Lee J. Cobb
Man on the Tracks (Człowiek na torze) – (Poland)
The Man Who Knew Too Much, directed by Alfred Hitchcock (a remake of his own 1934 British film), starring James Stewart and Doris Day
The Man Who Never Was, starring Clifton Webb and Gloria Grahame – (GB)
Marie Antoinette Queen of Francem directed by Jean Delannoy, starring Michèle Morgan and Richard Todd – (France)
The Maverick Queen, starring Barbara Stanwyck and Barry Sullivan
Meet Me in Las Vegas, starring Cyd Charisse
Merry-Go-Round (Körhinta) – (Hungary)
Michel Strogoff
Miracle in the Rain, starring Jane Wyman
Moby Dick, directed by John Huston, starring Gregory Peck, Richard Basehart, Leo Genn
Mukh O Mukhosh (The Face and the Mask) – (East Pakistan)
N
Naked Gun starring Mara Corday and Willard Parker
Nagareru (Flowing), directed by Mikio Naruse – (Japan)
Never Say Goodbye, starring Rock Hudson, David Janssen, Cornell Borchers
New Delhi – (India)
O
Old Khottabych (Starik Khottabych) – (U.S.S.R.)
On the Threshold of Space, starring Guy Madison
The Opposite Sex, starring June Allyson, Leslie Nielsen, Joan Collins
Othello, starring Sergei Bondarchuk – (U.S.S.R.)
Over-Exposed, starring Cleo Moore
P
Pardners, starring Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis
Patterns, starring Van Heflin and Ed Begley
Pillars of the Sky, starring Jeff Chandler and Dorothy Malone
Please Murder Me, starring Angela Lansbury and Raymond Burr
Poor but Handsome (Poveri ma belli) – (Italy)
The Power and the Prize, starring Robert Taylor, Burl Ives, Mary Astor, Cedric Hardwicke, Elisabeth Müller
Private's Progress, a Boulting Brothers film starring Ian Carmichael and Richard Attenborough – (GB)
Professor Hannibal (Hannibál tanár úr), directed by Zoltán Fábri (Hungary)
The Proud and Profane, starring William Holden and Deborah Kerr
The Proud Ones, starring Robert Ryan and Virginia Mayo
Q
Qivitoq – (Denmark)
R
The Rack, starring Paul Newman, Edmond O'Brien, Walter Pidgeon, Anne Francis, Lee Marvin, and Cloris Leachman
The Railroad Man (Il Ferroviere), directed by and starring Pietro Germi – (Italy)
The Rainmaker, starring Burt Lancaster, Katharine Hepburn, Lloyd Bridges and Wendell Corey
Raj Hath, starring Madhubala – (India)
Ransom!, starring Glenn Ford and Donna Reed
Reach for the Sky, a biopic of Douglas Bader starring Kenneth More – (GB)
The Red Balloon (Le Ballon rouge) – (France)
The Road of Life (El camino de la vida) – (Mexico)
Rock Around the Clock, featuring Bill Haley and His Comets
Rodan, directed by Ishirō Honda – (Japan)
The Roof (Il Tetto), directed by Vittorio De Sica – (Italy)
Run for the Sun, starring Richard Widmark, Trevor Howard, Jane Greer
S
Samurai III: Duel at Ganryu Island, directed by Hiroshi Inagaki, starring Toshiro Mifune – (Japan)
The Searchers, directed by John Ford, starring John Wayne, Jeffrey Hunter, Vera Miles, Ward Bond, Ken Curtis, Natalie Wood
Serenade, directed by Anthony Mann, starring Mario Lanza and Joan Fontaine
Seven Men from Now, directed by Budd Boetticher, starring Randolph Scott and Lee Marvin
Seven Wonders of the World, a documentary film directed by Tay Garnett and others
Seven Years in Tibet – (GB)
The She-Creature, starring Marla English
The Silent World, a marine documentary by Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Louis Malle – (France)
Sira` Fi al-Mina (a.k.a. Dark Water), directed by Youssef Chahine, starring Omar Sharif – (Egypt)
Slightly Scarlet, starring John Payne and Rhonda Fleming
The Solid Gold Cadillac, starring Judy Holliday
Somebody Up There Likes Me, starring Paul Newman
The Spanish Gardener, starring Dirk Bogarde – (GB)
The Square Jungle, starring Tony Curtis and Patricia Crowley
Star in the Dust, starring John Agar and Mamie Van Doren
Stars in Your Eyes – (GB)
Storm Center, starring Bette Davis and Kim Hunter
Street of Shame (Akasen chitai), directed by Kenji Mizoguchi – (Japan)
T
Tea and Sympathy, directed by Vincente Minnelli, starring Deborah Kerr and John Kerr
The Teahouse of the August Moon, starring Marlon Brando and Glenn Ford
The Ten Commandments, directed by Cecil B. DeMille, starring Charlton Heston, Yul Brynner, Anne Baxter, Yvonne De Carlo, Edward G. Robinson
There's Always Tomorrow, starring Barbara Stanwyck, Fred MacMurray, Joan Bennett
Three Brave Men, starring Ray Milland
Time Table, directed by and starring Mark Stevens, with Felicia Farr
Toward the Unknown, starring William Holden and Virginia Leith
A Town Like Alice, starring Virginia McKenna and Peter Finch – (GB)
Trapeze, directed by Carol Reed, starring Burt Lancaster, Tony Curtis, Gina Lollobrigida
Tribute to a Bad Man, directed by Robert Wise, starring James Cagney, Irene Papas, Stephen McNally, Don Dubbins, Vic Morrow
The Twelve Months (Dvenadtsat mesyatsev) – (USSR)
U
Uncle Hyacynth (Mi tío Jacinto) – (Spain)
V
Valley of Peace (Dolina miru) – (Yugoslavia)
I Vampiri (The Vampire) – (Italy)
W
War and Peace, directed by King Vidor, starring Audrey Hepburn, Henry Fonda, Mel Ferrer, Anita Ekberg
Wakeful Eyes, directed by Ezz El-Dine Zulficar, starring Salah Zulfikar and Shadia – (Egypt)
What a Woman!, starring Sophia Loren, Charles Boyer and Marcello Mastroianni – (Italy)
While the City Sleeps, starring Dana Andrews, Ida Lupino, Rhonda Fleming, George Sanders, Vincent Price
Who Done It?, starring Benny Hill – (GB)
A Woman's Devotion, starring Ralph Meeker and Janice Rule
Written on the Wind, directed by Douglas Sirk, starring Rock Hudson, Lauren Bacall, Robert Stack, Dorothy Malone
The Wrong Man, directed by Alfred Hitchcock, starring Henry Fonda and Vera Miles
X
X the Unknown, starring Dean Jagger and Leo McKern – (GB)
Y
Yield to the Night, starring Diana Dors – (GB)
You Can't Run Away from It, directed by Dick Powell, starring June Allyson and Jack Lemmon
Z
Zarak, starring Victor Mature – (GB)
Serials
Blazing the Overland Trail, starring Lee Roberts and Dennis Moore
Perils of the Wilderness
Short film series
Looney Tunes (1930–1969)
Terrytoons (1930–1964)
Merrie Melodies (1931–1969)
Popeye (1933–1957)
The Three Stooges (1934–1959)
Bugs Bunny (1940–1962)
Tom and Jerry (1940–1958)
Droopy (1943–1958)
Yosemite Sam (1945–1963)
Speedy Gonzales (1953–1968)
Ending this year
Donald Duck (1934-1956)
Chip 'n' Dale (1943-1956)
Births
January 1 - Sheila McCarthy, Canadian actress and singer
January 3 – Mel Gibson, American Irish actor and director
January 7 – David Caruso, American actor
January 9
Imelda Staunton, English actress
Kimberly Beck, American actress
January 13 - Janet Hubert, American actress
January 21
Geena Davis, American actress
Robby Benson, American actor
January 22 - Michael Kopsa, Canadian actor (d. 2022)
January 25 – Dinah Manoff, American actress and director
January 27
Susan Blakeslee, American voice actress and musical theatre actress
Mimi Rogers, American actress
January 30 - Ann Dowd, American actress
February 3 – Nathan Lane, American actor
February 13 - Jimmy Yuill, Scottish actor
February 14 - Tom Burlinson, Canadian-Australian actor and singer
February 17 – Richard Karn, American actor
February 19 – Kathleen Beller, American actress
February 26 - Jonathan Schmock, American actor, director, producer and writer
February 28 – Lloyd Sherr, American voice actor
March 1 – Tim Daly, American actor
March 7 – Bryan Cranston, American actor and director
March 8 - John Kapelos, Canadian actor
March 11 – Rob Paulsen, American voice actor
March 12 – Lesley Manville, English Actress
March 13 – Dana Delany, American actress
March 16 - Clifton Powell, American actor
March 25 - Matthew Garber, British actor and filmmaker (d. 1977)
March 26 – Erika Kaljusaar, Estonian actress
March 30 - Paul Reiser, American comedian, actor and musician
April 8 - Jim Piddock, English actor, producer and writer
April 12 – Andy García, Cuban-American actor
April 14 - Chris Ellis (actor), American character actor
April 17 - Vyto Ruginis, English actor and producer
April 18 – Eric Roberts, American actor
April 22 - Bruce A. Young, American actor, writer and screenwriter
April 27 - Kevin McNally, English actor and writer
April 30 – Lars von Trier, Danish director
May 5 – Lisa Eilbacher, American actress
May 7 – S. Scott Bullock, American voice actor
May 9 – Wendy Crewson, Canadian actress
May 10
Paige O'Hara, American actress, voice actress, singer and painter
Jonathan Roberts, American screenwriter, producer and author
May 12 – Kimiko Yo, Japanese actress
May 13 - Fred Melamed, American actor, comedian and writer
May 17 - Bob Saget, American stand-up comedian, actor and television host (d. 2022)
May 19 - Steven Ford, American actor
June 4 – Keith David, American actor
June 5 - Roger Michell, British director (d. 2021)
June 11 - Tim Russ, American actor, director, screenwriter and musician
June 25 - Chloe Webb, American actress
June 30 - David Alan Grier, American actor, singer and comedian
July 1 – Alan Ruck, American actor
July 2 - Jerry Hall, American actress and model
July 9 – Tom Hanks, American actor and director
July 11 – Sela Ward, American actress
July 19 - Peter Barton (actor), American retired actor
July 25 - Roger Clinton Jr., American actor and musician
July 31
Michael Biehn, American actor
R. A. Mihailoff, American actor
August 10 - Peter Robbins (actor), American child actor (d. 2022)
August 12 – Bruce Greenwood, Canadian actor
August 20 – Joan Allen, American actress
August 21 – Kim Cattrall, English-born Canadian actress
August 24 - Kevin Dunn, American actor
August 28 – Luis Guzman, Puerto Rican character actor
September 5 - Debbie Turner, American actress
September 7 - Michael Beattie (actor), Canadian-American actor
September 11 - Tony Gilroy, American filmmaker
September 16 - Jimmy Chisholm, Scottish actor
September 18 - Tim McInnerny, English actor
September 20 – Gary Cole, American actor
September 26 – Linda Hamilton, American actress
September 28 - Kiran Shah, Kenyan-Indian actor and stunt double
September 29 - Stuart Charno, American actor
October 2 - Charlie Adler, American voice actor and voice director
October 3 - Hart Bochner, Canadian actor, director, screenwriter and producer
October 4 – Christoph Waltz, Austrian-German actor
October 10 - Amanda Burton, Northern Irish actress
October 14 - Bruce MacVittie, American actor (d. 2022)
October 20 – Danny Boyle, English director and producer
October 21 – Carrie Fisher, American actress (d. 2016)
October 26 – Rita Wilson, American actress and producer
October 30 - Juliet Stevenson, English actress
November 3 - Gary Ross, American director, writer and producer
November 8 – Richard Curtis, New Zealand-born British director and screenwriter
November 10
Matt Craven, Canadian character actor
Sinbad (comedian), American stand-up comedian and actor
November 13 - Rex Linn, American actor
November 17 - Kelly Ward, American actor and voice director
November 20 – Bo Derek, American actress and model
November 22 – Richard Kind, American actor and voice actor
November 26 - Don Lake, Canadian actor and writer
November 27 - William Fichtner, American actor
December 2 - Steven Bauer, Cuban-born American actor
December 7 - Mark Rolston, American character actor
December 10 - Catherine Parks, American actress
December 17 – Peter Farrelly, American film director
December 20 - Blanche Baker, American actress and filmmaker
Deaths
January 9 – Marion Leonard, 74, American early silent actress, The Prussian Spy, The Gibson Goddess
January 12 – Norman Kerry, 61, American actor, The Phantom of the Opera, The Unknown
January 19 – Charles Dingle, 68, American actor, Call Me Madam, State of the Union
January 23 – Alexander Korda, 62, Hungarian film director, the founder of London Films, That Hamilton Woman, The Private Life of Henry VIII
February 2
Bob Burns, 65, American actor, Waikiki Wedding, Belle of the Yukon
Charley Grapewin, 86, American actor, The Wizard of Oz, The Grapes of Wrath
February 26 – Elsie Janis, 66, American actress and screenwriter, A Regular Girl, Women in War
March 17 – Fred Allen, 61, American actor, It's in the Bag!, O. Henry's Full House
March 25 – Robert Newton, 50, English actor, Oliver Twist, Odd Man Out
April 4 – Lloyd Ingraham, 81, American actor and director, Scaramouche, West of the Rio Grande
April 14 – Christian Rub, 70, Austrian actor, Father's Son, Something for the Birds
April 15 – Kathleen Howard, 71, Canadian-American opera singer and actress, It's a Gift, Ball of Fire
April 21 – Charles MacArthur, 60, American screenwriter and playwright, Wuthering Heights, His Girl Friday
April 24 – Henry Stephenson, 85, British actor, Mutiny on the Bounty, Oliver Twist
April 26 – Edward Arnold, 66, American actor, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, Diamond Jim
May 12 – Louis Calhern, 61, American actor, Duck Soup, Notorious, The Asphalt Jungle, High Society
June 2 – Jean Hersholt, 69, Danish-American actor, Heidi
June 6 – Margaret Wycherly, 74, English-American actress, White Heat, Sergeant York
June 30 – Thorleif Lund, 76, Norwegian actor, Skibsrotten, Republikaneren
July 8 – Mona Mårtenson, 54, Swedish actress, Pippi Longstocking, The Saga of Gosta Berling
July 16 – Olof Winnerstrand, 80, Swedish actor, Torment, A Lesson in Love
August 16 – Bela Lugosi, 73, Hungarian-born American actor, Dracula, White Zombie, The Black Cat
August 23 – Kenji Mizoguchi, 58, Japanese director, The Life of Oharu, A Geisha
October 2 – George Bancroft, 74, American actor, Stagecoach, Mr. Deeds Goes to Town
October 9 – Marie Doro, 74, American actress, Oliver Twist, Sally Bishop
October 17 – Anne Crawford, 35, British actress, Knights of the Round Table, Night Beat
November 6 – Paul Kelly, 57, American actor, Juvenile Court, Adventure in Sahara
November 10 – Victor Young, 56, American composer, Around the World in 80 Days, For Whom the Bell Tolls
November 26 – Tommy Dorsey, 56, American musician, The Fabulous Dorseys, DuBarry Was a Lady, Ship Ahoy
November 30 – Viggo Wiehe, 81, Danish actor, Doctor Nicholson and the Blue Diamond, Røverne fra Rold
December 8 – Jack Cohn, 67, co-founder of Columbia Pictures
December 12 – E. A. Dupont, 64, German writer, director, Jealousy, The Scarf
December 26 – Holmes Herbert, 74, British actor, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, The Invisible Man
Film Debuts
Jean-Paul Belmondo – Molière
Michael Caine – Panic in the Parlor
Frank Campanella – Somebody Up There Likes Me
James Garner – Toward the Unknown
Rance Howard – Frontier Woman
Ron Howard – Frontier Woman
Glenda Jackson – The Extra Day
Dean Jones – Somebody Up There Likes Me
Robert Loggia – Somebody Up There Likes Me
Michael Lonsdale – It Happened in Aden
Donald Moffat – The Battle of the River Plate
Robert Morse – The Proud and Profane
Leslie Nielsen – Ransom!
Joan Plowright – Moby Dick
Elvis Presley – Love Me Tender
Salah Zulfikar – Wakeful Eyes
Maggie Smith – Child in the House
Harry Dean Stanton – The Wrong Man
Rip Torn – Baby Doll
Cicely Tyson – Carib Gold
Robert Vaughn – The Ten Commandments
John Vernon – 1984
Eli Wallach – Baby Doll
Tuesday Weld – Rock, Rock, Rock
Notes
References
Film by year | wiki |
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