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Citizen of Paris (French: Citoyens de Paris) can refer to a number of things:
An honorary title bestowed by the King of France upon a citizen for services rendered
An anonymous burgher of Paris about 1393, who wrote a book of instruction to his wife giving a rare lively account of the age (The Goodman of Paris/Le Ménagier de Paris)
Memoirs by Doctor Louis Désiré Véron from 1815 to 1852 (Mémoires d'un Bourgeois de Paris)
"Les dimanches d'un bourgeois de Paris", a story by Guy de Maupassant
See also
List of honorary citizens of Paris
Citizen (disambiguation)
Citizen X (disambiguation) | wiki |
In the earth sciences, parent rock, also sometimes substratum, is the original rock from which younger rock or soil is formed. In soil formation the parent rock (or parent material) normally has a large influence on the nature of the resulting soil; for example, clay soil is derived from mudstone while sandy soil comes from the weathering of sandstones. Parent rock can be sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic. In the context of metamorphic rocks, the parent rock (or protolith) is the original rock before metamorphism occurred.
See also
Bedrock
Regolith
References
Petrology
Regolith | wiki |
The sixth and final season of Netflix's animated comedy-drama television series BoJack Horseman consists of sixteen episodes and is divided into two parts of eight episodes each. The first part was entirely released into Netflix's streaming service on October 25, 2019. The second part was released on January 31, 2020.
Cast and characters
Main
Will Arnett as BoJack Horseman, Butterscotch Horseman, and Secretariat
Amy Sedaris as Princess Carolyn and Sharona
Alison Brie as Diane Nguyen
Paul F. Tompkins as Mr. Peanutbutter
Aaron Paul as Todd Chavez
Recurring
Guest
Episodes
Critical response
The final season received near universal acclaim with critics and viewers considering it a poignant end to the series. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the sixth season has an approval rating of 96%, based on 51 reviews. The website's critical consensus states, "Bittersweet and brilliant to the very end, BoJack Horsemans final season manages to keep surprising viewers with its empathy and depth, solidifying its place as one of TV's greatest offerings." On Metacritic, the first part of the sixth season received a score of 93 out of 100 based on 6 critics; the second part received a score of 91 out of 100, based on 8 critics, both indicating "universal acclaim".
"Xerox of a Xerox" won the Writers Guild of America Award for Television: Animation at the 73rd Writers Guild of America Awards.
References
2019 American television seasons
2020 American television seasons
BoJack Horseman seasons
Split television seasons | wiki |
Chine-collé or chine collé () is a printmaking technique in which the image is transferred onto a surface that is bonded onto a heavier support in the printing process. One purpose is to allow the printmaker to print on a much more delicate surface, such as Japanese paper or linen, that pulls finer details off the plate. Another purpose is to provide a background colour behind the image that is different from the surrounding backing sheet.
The final image will depend on the design and ink color of the printed image, the color and opacity of the paper to which the image is directly printed (plus any inclusions such as petals or fibers in that paper), and the color of the backing sheet.
Etymology and history
Chine-collé roughly translates from French chine = China, and collé, meaning glued or pasted. The word chine is used because the thin paper traditionally used in the process was imported to Europe from China, India and/or Japan.
Chine-collé is sometimes mistakenly used to refer to any type of collage.
Methods
In the typical "direct print" method, the plate is inked; thin paper (such as rice paper) is dampened, placed on the inked plate and trimmed to size; paste is applied to the thin paper; and the ensemble (plate plus thin paper with paste) is placed on a dampened backing sheet. This is then run through a printing press. In the pressure of the press, the ink is transferred to the thin paper, and the thin paper is simultaneously adhered to the backing paper. An advantage of this method is that the thin paper will be exactly the desired size, since it is trimmed to size and then quickly affixed in place.
Another way of printing the direct method is to have the thin paper already cut to size before preparing the plate to print. The heavier print paper has been put in the bath and dampened according to the printmaker's preference, then set aside. If the thin paper was painted on, it has been dried and is also set aside, ready. The plate is inked and wiped then placed on the press face up. Thin paste is brushed on the back of the rice paper and it is placed face down on the plate and registered. The paste is put on just enough to coat but not saturate, which dampens the thin paper appropriately. If one tries to brush paste on a damp piece of rice paper, it will tear. The print paper is then placed on top of the pasted side of the thin paper, a sheet of newsprint added on top of the stack, and the felts then covering the stack. It is then run through the press. This process is less tricky to maneuver than the first method, is cleaner, and more accurate in registration.
In the typical "pre-pasted" method, the thin paper (dry) is trimmed to the size of the plate, then paste is applied and allowed to dry. When the printmaker is ready to print, the paper is dampened to activate the paste and placed, paste-side up, on an inked plate. Then, the ensemble (plate plus thin paper with paste) is placed on a dampened backing sheet and run through a press as described above. An advantage of the pre-pasted method is that once dried, the paste-applied papers can be stored indefinitely, just like a lick-and-stick postage stamp. A disadvantage of this method is that because the paper is trimmed dry, the artist must take into account how much in each direction the paper will expand when it is dampened prior to printing.
Paper
Some artists have moved away from precise trimming of a single sheet of paper to the size of the printing plate when using this method. For example, some experiment with pre-cut shapes for a collage effect, or simultaneously adhere multiple overlapping pieces of paper under the printed image.
A more traditional paper choice would be a fine paper made from gampi fiber. Some artists experiment with non-traditional papers, using such things as newspaper, ephemera, dress patterns, and book pages as the sheet to be printed on.
Glue
There is some variation in adhesives used for chine collé. Some artists are reported to use a dusting of flour right before pressing rather than paste. Some have tried using no adhesive at all, simply relying on the high pressure of the printing press and properties of the paper (fibers, sizing) to fuse the papers together similar to paper-making; however, this method may be variable and unreliable. More recently, some artists have turned to adhesives such as PVA glue or gel medium, rather than paste.
In traditional paste-making for Chine-collé, wheat or rice starch is separated from gluten and other elements of wheat or rice flour. Pure starch is then cooked with distilled water to form a congealed gel. Finally the gel is passed through a fine sieve such as a piece of silk to form the paste. Starch-based pastes are considered archival, and are sometimes used in other paper-based applications, such as book binding, book repair and collage.
References
Shure, Brian (2000). Chine Colle: A Printer's Handbook. San Francisco; Crown Point Press
Printmaking | wiki |
Drypoint is a printmaking technique of the intaglio family, in which an image is incised into a plate (or "matrix") with a hard-pointed "needle" of sharp metal or diamond point. In principle, the method is practically identical to engraving. The difference is in the use of tools, and that the raised ridge along the furrow is not scraped or filed away as in engraving. Traditionally the plate was copper, but now acetate, zinc, or plexiglas are also commonly used. Like etching, drypoint is easier to master than engraving for an artist trained in drawing because the technique of using the needle is closer to using a pencil than the engraver's burin.
The term is also used for inkless scratched inscriptions, such as glosses in manuscripts.
Lines and burrs
The lines produced by printing a drypoint are formed by the burr thrown up at the edge of the incised lines, in addition to the depressions formed in the surface of the plate. A larger burr, formed by a steep angle of the tool, will hold a lot of ink, producing a characteristically soft, dense line that differentiates drypoint from other intaglio methods such as etching or engraving which produce a smooth, hard-edged line. The size or characteristics of the burr usually depend not on how much pressure is applied, but on the angle of the needle. A perpendicular angle will leave little to no burr, while the smaller the angle gets to either side, the larger the burr pileup. The deepest drypoint lines leave enough burr on either side of them that they prevent the paper from pushing down into the center of the stroke, creating a feathery black line with a fine, white center. A lighter line may have no burr at all, creating a very fine line in the final print by holding very little ink. This technique is different from engraving, in which the incisions are made by removing metal to form depressions in the plate surface which hold ink, although the two methods can easily be combined, as Rembrandt often did. Because the recurring pressure of printing soon destroys the burr, drypoint is useful only for comparatively small editions; as few as ten or twenty impressions with burr can be made, and after the burr has gone, the comparatively shallow lines will wear out relatively quickly. Most impressions of Rembrandt prints on which drypoint was used show no burr, and often the drypoint lines are very weak, leaving the etched portions still strong. To counter this and allow for longer print runs, electroplating (called steelfacing by printmakers) can harden the surface of a plate and allow the same edition size as produced by etchings and engravings.
History
The technique appears to have been invented by the Housebook Master, a south German 15th-century artist, all of whose prints are in drypoint only. Among the most famous artists of the old master print, Albrecht Dürer produced 3 drypoints before abandoning the technique; Rembrandt used it frequently, but usually in conjunction with etching and engraving. As intaglio techniques, they can all be used on the same plate. Alex Katz used this process to create several of his famous works, such as "Sunny" and "The Swimmer".
In the 20th century many artists produced drypoints, including Max Beckmann, Milton Avery, and Hermann-Paul. By adding aquatint work on the plate and inking with various colours, artists such as Mary Cassatt have produced colour drypoints. Canadian artist David Brown Milne is credited as the first to produce coloured drypoints by the use of multiple plates, one for each colour. On the West Coast of the United States the respected printmaker Pedro Joseph de Lemos simplified the methods for producing drypoints in art schools.
Contemporary artists who have extensively used drypoint include Louise Bourgeois, Vija Celmins, William Kentridge and Richard Spare.
Types of needles
Any sharp object can theoretically be used to make a drypoint, as long as it can be used to carve lines into metal. Dentistry tools, nails, and metal files can all be used to produce drypoints. However, certain types of needles are created specifically for drypoints:
Diamond-tipped needles carve easily through any metal and never need sharpening, but they are expensive.
Carbide-tipped steel needles can also be used to great effect, and are cheaper than diamond-tipped needles, but they need frequent sharpening to maintain a sharp point. Steel needles were traditionally used.
Printing processes
Printing is essentially the same as for the other intaglio techniques, but extra care is taken to preserve the burr. After the image is finished, or at least ready to proof, the artist applies ink to the plate with a dauber. Too much pressure will flatten the burrs and ruin the image. Once the plate is completely covered with a thin layer, a tarlatan cloth is used to wipe away excess ink, and paper (typically pages from old phone books) may be used for a final wipe of the lightest areas of the image. Some printmakers will use their bare hand instead to wipe these areas. Once the desired amount of ink is removed, the plate is run through an etching press along with a piece of dampened paper to produce a print.
Hand-wiping techniques
Drypoint wiping techniques vary slightly from other intaglio techniques. Less pressure is applied to achieve desirable lines, because the burrs forming the image are more fragile than etched or engraved lines, but also because the ink rests on the plate surface, instead of pressed down into indentations. Also, because of the characteristics of the way the burrs catch ink, the direction of the wiping matters. Ink tends to pile up in the lee of the burr during the application of the ink and wiping with the tarlatan, so if the printer wipes in the direction of the lines with their hand, they may remove most of the ink, leaving a light gray line. However, if they wipe perpendicularly to the line, they can actually increase the pile of ink on the other side of the line, darkening the printed line.
References
John Ross, The Complete Printmaker, (Free Press, 1990), 82–88.
Carol Wax, The Mezzotint: History and Technique (Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1990)
External links
Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on drypoint
Arne Bendik Sjur, one of the greatest drypoint printmakers from Europe. Visit http://drypoint.no
or http://drypoint.art
Printmaking | wiki |
Vinyl resin may refer to:
Polyvinyl chloride, a synthetic plastic polymer
Vinyl ester resin, also known as just "vinyl ester" | wiki |
Aquatint is an intaglio printmaking technique, a variant of etching that produces areas of tone rather than lines. For this reason it has mostly been used in conjunction with etching, to give both lines and shaded tone. It has also been used historically to print in colour, both by printing with multiple plates in different colours, and by making monochrome prints that were then hand-coloured with watercolour.
It has been in regular use since the later 18th century, and was most widely used between about 1770 and 1830, when it was used both for artistic prints and decorative ones. After about 1830 it lost ground to lithography and other techniques. There have been periodic revivals among artists since then. An aquatint plate wears out relatively quickly, and is less easily reworked than other intaglio plates. Many of Goya's plates were reprinted too often posthumously, giving very poor impressions.
Among the most famous prints using the aquatint technique are the major series by Goya, many of The Birds of America by John James Audubon (with the colour added by hand), and prints by Mary Cassatt printed in colour using several plates.
Technique
In intaglio printmaking techniques such as engraving and etching, the artist makes marks into the surface of the plate (in the case of aquatint, a copper or zinc plate) that are capable of holding ink. The plate is inked all over then wiped clean to leave ink only in the marks. The plate is passed through a printing press together with a sheet of paper, and strong pressure applied pushing the paper into the marks, so that a transfer of the ink to the paper occurs. This is repeated many times.
Like etching, aquatint uses the application of a mordant (acid) to etch into the metal plate. Where etching uses a needle to scratch through an acid-proof resist and make lines, aquatint uses powdered rosin (resin) to create a tonal effect. The rosin is acid resistant and typically adhered to the plate by controlled heating; where the grains are will print white, with black areas around. The tonal variation is controlled by the level of mordant exposure over large areas, and thus the image is shaped by large sections at a time. The rosin is then washed off the plate before printing.
Another tonal technique, mezzotint, begins with a plate surface that is evenly indented and roughened so that it will print as an even and fairly dark tone of ink. The mezzotint plate is then smoothed and polished to make areas carry less ink and thus print a lighter shade. Alternatively, beginning with a smooth plate, areas are roughened to make them darker. Occasionally the two techniques of aquatint and mezzotint are combined.
History
Early history
A variety of early experiments aimed to add tonal effects to etching included the first use of a resin dust ground by the painter and printmaker Jan van de Velde IV in Amsterdam, around 1650. However none of these developed a technique that caught on with other printmakers. Experimentation by several artists with somewhat different techniques reached a peak after about 1750, and as they were initially very secretive, the history of the emergence of the standard technique remains unclear.
Various claimants include the Swede Per Floding working with the Frenchman François-Philippe Charpentier in 1761, J. B. Delafosse in 1766, working with the amateur Jean-Claude Richard (often rather misleadingly known as the Abbé de Saint-Non) in 1766, and Jean-Baptiste Le Prince in 1768–69. Le Prince was more effective than the others in publicizing his technique, publishing Découverte du procédé de graver au lavis in 1780, though he failed to sell his secret in his lifetime. It was bought posthumously by the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture in 1782, who released it on an open basis.
Though England was to become one of the countries using the technique most, the earliest English aquatints were not exhibited until 1772, by the cartographer Peter Perez Burdett. It was taken up by the watercolourist Paul Sandby, who also seems to have introduced technical refinements as well as inventing the name "aquatint". In England artists such as Sandby and Thomas Gainsborough were attracted by the suitability of etched outlines with aquatint for reproducing the popular English landscape watercolours, which at this period usually also had been given an initial outline drawing in ink. Publishers of prints and illustrations for expensive books, both important British markets at the time, also adopted the technique. In all these areas, a print with etching and aquatint gave very satisfactory results when watercolour was added by relatively low-skilled painters copying a model, with a flat wash of colour on top of the varied tones of the aquatint. After the French Revolution, one of the most successful publishers in London, the German Rudolf Ackermann, had numbers of French refugees working on the floor above his shop in The Strand in London, each brushing a single colour and then passing the sheet down a long table.
Over the same period in France there was sustained interest in techniques for true colour printing using multiple plates, which used multiple printmaking techniques which often included aquatint (or mezzotint) for tone. Artists included Jean-François Janinet and Philibert-Louis Debucourt, whose La Promenade Publique is often thought the masterpiece of the style. Another branch of this French movement mostly used mezzotint for tone and came to specialize in illustrating medical textbooks. This was at first led by Jacob Christoph Le Blon (1667–1741), who very nearly anticipated modern CMYK colour separation and then carried on by his pupil Jacques Fabien Gautier d'Agoty and later members of the d'Agoty family until around 1800.
Goya, maker of incontestably the greatest prints using aquatint, probably learned of the technique through Giovanni David from Genoa, the first significant Italian to use it. Goya used it, normally with etching and often burnishing and other techniques, in his great print series Los Caprichos (1799), Los Desastres de la Guerra (1810–1819), La Tauromaquia (1816) and Los disparates (c. 1816–1823).
Revival
After a period of several decades in the central 19th century when the technique was little used, and definitively superseded for commercial uses, it was revived near the end of the century in France, by Édouard Manet, Félicien Rops, Degas, Pissarro, Jacques Villon and other artists. In 1891, Mary Cassatt, based in Paris, exhibited a series of highly original coloured drypoint and aquatint prints, including Woman Bathing and The Coiffure, inspired by an exhibition of Japanese woodblock prints shown there the year before. These used multiple blocks for the different colours. Cassatt was attracted to the simplicity and clarity of Japanese design, and the skillful use of blocks of colour. In her interpretation, she used primarily light, delicate pastel colours and avoided black (a "forbidden" colour among the Impressionists).
It continued to be used in the 20th century, with the Czech T. F. Šimon and the German Johnny Friedlaender notably frequent users. In the United States the printmaker Pedro Joseph de Lemos popularized aquatints in art schools with his publications (1919–1940), which simplified the cumbersome techniques, and with traveling exhibitions of his award-winning prints.
Modern process
An aquatint requires a metal plate, an acid, and something to resist the acid. Traditionally copper or zinc plates were used. The artist applies a ground that will resist acid. Ground is applied by dissolving powdered resin in spirits, by applying the powder directly to the surface of the plate, or by using a liquid acrylic resist. In all forms of etching the acid resist is commonly referred to as "the ground."
An aquatint box is used to apply resin powder. The powder is at the bottom of the box, a crank or a bellows is used to blow the powder up into the air of the box. A window allows the engraver to see the density of flowing powder and to place his plate in the box using a drawer. When the powder covers the plate, it can be extracted from the box for the next operations.
The plate is then heated; if the plate is covered with powder, the resin melts forming a fine and even coat; if it is in spirits, the spirits evaporate and the result is essentially the same. Now the plate is dipped in acid, producing an even and fine level of corrosion (the "bite") sufficient to hold ink. At this point, the plate is said to carry about a 50% halftone. This means that, were the plate printed with no further biting, the paper would display a gray color more or less directly in between white (no ink) and black (full ink).
At some point the artist will then etch an outline of any aspects of the drawing they wish to establish with line; this provides the basis and guide for the later tone work. They may also have applied (at the very start, before any biting occurs) an acid-resistant "stop out" (also called an asphaltum or hard ground) if they intend to keep any areas totally white and free of ink, such as highlights.
The artist then begins immersing the plate in the acid bath, progressively stopping out (protecting from acid) any areas that have achieved the designed tonality. These tones, combined with the limited line elements, give aquatints a distinctive, watery look. Also, aquatints, like mezzotints, provide ease in creating large areas of tone without laborious cross-hatching; but aquatint plates, it is noted, are generally more durable than mezzotint plates.
The first etch should be for a short period (30 seconds to 1 minute, with a wide variation depending on how light the lightest tones are meant to be). A test piece may be made with etching times noted, as the strength of the etchant will vary. More than thirty minutes should produce a very dark area. Etching for many hours (up to 24) will be as dark as etching for one hour, but the deep etch would produce raised ink on the paper.
Contemporary printmakers often use spraypaint instead of a powder, particularly when using the technique known as sugar-lift. To produce a printing surface using sugar-lift, the artist makes a solution of India ink and sugar by melting sugar into heated ink. This mixture is then applied to a prepared plate with a brush, allowing for a bold expression not possible with the most etching techniques. When the ink/sugar mixture is dry the plate is coated with asphaltum (liquid ground); the plate is then submerged in warm water which dissolves the sugar so that the image "lifts off" the plate. The exposed areas are then aquatinted to hold ink and the plate is ready to be printed from.
Famous examples
Francisco Goya famously took great advantage of aquatint printmaking, in his Los Caprichos series (1799); Los Desastres de la Guerra (1810–1819); La Tauromaquia (1816); and Los disparates (c. 1816–1823).
Master engraver Robert Havell used aquatint for John James Audubon's Birds of America (1826–1838).
David Hockney, known for his many paintings of the Los Angeles lifestyle in the 1960s, has created a number of aquatints and etchings used with color in his "The Blue Guitar" series of prints.
La Belle Assemblée, a British women's magazine published from 1806 to 1837 had many aquatint colored plates.
Notes
References
Gascoigne, Bamber. How to Identify Prints: A Complete Guide to Manual and Mechanical Processes from Woodcut to Inkjet, 1986 (2nd Edition, 2004), Thames & Hudson, , (sections instead of numbered pages)
Griffiths, Antony, Prints and Printmaking, 1996, British Museum Press (in UK), 2nd edn
Ives, Colta Felle (1974), The Great Wave: The Influence of Japanese Woodcuts on French Prints, 1974, The Metropolitan Museum of Art,
Ives, Colta (MMA). "The Printed Image in the West: Aquatint". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. accessed January 2019
Mayor, Hyatt A., Prints and People, Metropolitan Museum of Art/Princeton, 1971, fully available online as PDF,
Further reading
Prideaux, S. T. Aquatint engraving; a chapter in the history of book illustration (London : Duckworth & Co., 1909).
Etching
Printmaking
Dutch inventions
Science and technology in the Dutch Republic | wiki |
Five-pins (or fivepins, 5-pins and other spellings) may refer to:
Five-pin billiards, which may more specifically refer to:
Danish pin billiards
Italian five-pin billiards
Five-pin bowling | wiki |
Party of Venetians might refer to:
Party of Venetians (2010), political party in Veneto
Party of Venetians (2019), coalition of parties in Veneto | wiki |
At the end of 2017, there were total 7,450 breweries in the United States, including 7,346 craft breweries subdivided into 2,594 brewpubs, 4,522 microbreweries, 230 regional craft breweries and 104 large/non-craft breweries. From 2017 data, according to the Beer Institute, the beer industry generated a nearly 2.33 million jobs in brewing, distribution and supply which had a combined economic impact of more than $350 billion. , the U.S. state with the highest number of craft breweries per capita was Vermont, with 1 brewery for every 24,067 people.
Breweries by state
List of breweries in Alabama
List of breweries in Alaska
List of breweries in Arizona
List of breweries in Arkansas
List of breweries in California
List of breweries in San Diego County, California
List of breweries in Colorado
List of breweries in Connecticut
List of breweries in Delaware
List of breweries in Florida
List of breweries in Georgia
List of breweries in Hawaii
List of breweries in Idaho
List of breweries in Illinois
List of breweries in Indiana
List of breweries in Iowa
List of breweries in Kansas
List of breweries in Kentucky
List of breweries in Louisiana
List of breweries in Maine
List of breweries in Maryland
List of breweries in Massachusetts
List of breweries in Michigan
List of breweries in Minnesota
List of breweries in Mississippi
List of breweries in Missouri
List of breweries in Montana
List of breweries in Nebraska
List of breweries in Nevada
List of breweries in New Hampshire
List of breweries in New Jersey
List of breweries in New Mexico
List of breweries in New York
List of breweries in North Carolina
List of breweries in North Dakota
List of breweries in Ohio
List of breweries in Oklahoma
List of breweries in Oregon
List of breweries in Pennsylvania
List of breweries in Rhode Island
List of breweries in South Carolina
List of breweries in South Dakota
List of breweries in Tennessee
List of breweries in Texas
List of breweries in Utah
List of breweries in Vermont
List of breweries in Virginia
List of breweries in Washington
List of breweries in Washington, D.C.
List of breweries in West Virginia
List of breweries in Wisconsin
List of brewers in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin
List of breweries in Wyoming
See also
Beer and breweries by region
Beer in the United States
List of microbreweries
List of defunct breweries in the United States
Notes
American cuisine-related lists
Lists of companies of the United States by industry | wiki |
A tonneau is an area of a car or truck open at the top, when first instituted the tonneau was a pair of high-sided barrel-shaped seats, usually detachable additions to a roadster.
Tonneau may also refer to:
Tonneau (wine barrel), oak barrels for winemaking
Tonneau (unit), a former unit of mass in the US | wiki |
Evoked activity is brain activity that is the result of a task, sensory input or motor output. It is opposed to spontaneous brain activity during the absence of any explicit task.
Most experimental studies in neuroscience investigate brain functioning by administering a task or stimulus and measure the resulting changes in neuronal activity and behavior. In electroencephalography (EEG) research, evoked activity or evoked responses specifically refers to activity that is phase-locked to the stimulus onset and is opposed to induced activity, which is a stimulus-related change in (the amplitude of) oscillatory activity.
See also
Event-related potential
Spontaneous activity
Evoked potential
Ongoing brain activity
Evoked field
Electroencephalography | wiki |
Metagaming is a strategic approach to a game which transcends its prescribed rules, environment or in-game information.
Metagaming or Metagame may also refer to:
Metagaming (role-playing games), use of facts about a game not known to one's character
Metagaming Concepts, a publisher of board and role-playing games (1974–1983)
Metagame, a docufilm spinoff of The Smash Brothers | wiki |
Melon soup is a soup prepared with melon as a primary ingredient. Melons such as bitter melon, cantaloupe, crenshaw melon, honeydew (casaba melon) and winter melon may be used, among others. Some melon soups are prepared with whole pieces of melon, and others use puréed melon. Some are served hot, while others are served chilled. Some cold varieties are prepared without any cooking involved. Several styles and varieties of melon soups exist, including bitter melon soup, cantaloupe soup and winter melon soup, among others. The origin of some melon soup recipes may cross international boundaries.
Varieties
Bitter melon soup
Bitter melon soup is prepared using bitter melon as a primary ingredient, and is a part of Chinese cuisine. In Cantonese, bitter melon is referred to as "the cooling melon," using the term leung gwa. In the region of China's Pearl River Delta, bitter melon soup is prepared from fresh melons during the summer, and also from dried bitter melon powder during other seasons. It may be prepared including fish such as bass or carp.
Cantaloupe soup
Cantaloupe soup is prepared with cantaloupe as a primary ingredient. It may be prepared in puréed form and is typically served chilled. It is sometimes referred to as muskmelon soup. Cantaloupe soup may be served as a first course or starter dish prior to a main course. The use of well-ripened cantaloupe can create an optimal texture and enhance the sweet flavor of the soup. Additional ingredients can include lime juice, lemon juice, apple juice, orange juice, salt, pepper, herbs such as mint or basil, cayenne pepper and balsamic vinegar. Spicy versions may be prepared using chili peppers. A cantaloupe soup recipe using one large cantaloupe melon, one-half cup orange juice and one-quarter cup of honey has 147 calories per one-cup serving.
Watermelon soup
Watermelon soup is prepared with watermelon as a primary ingredient, and may be served chilled. The seeds of the watermelon may be removed, or seedless watermelon may be used, and additional ingredients can include additional fruits, ginger, chili pepper and sugar.
Winter melon soup
Winter melon soup is prepared with winter melon as a primary ingredient and is a part of Chinese cuisine and the cuisine of Hong Kong. It is served often at Chinese banquets. Winter melon soup may have a slightly sweet flavor. Some recipes may use several ingredients in addition to winter melon, which may include ham, carrot, mushrooms and chicken. Winter melon soup may be served hot, yet has been described as having a cooling effect upon the body when consumed.
The soup was recorded in the volume thirty-four of Sheng Ji Zong Lu()
See also
Fruit soup
Pumpkin soup
List of melon dishes
List of soups
References
Fruit soups
Melon dishes | wiki |
A mill pond is any body of water used as a reservoir for a water-powered mill.
Mill Pond may also refer to:
Places in the United States
Mill Pond (Barnstable, Massachusetts), source of the Bass River
Mill Pond (Duxbury, Massachusetts)
Mill Pond (Littleton, Massachusetts), in Littleton, Massachusetts
Mill Pond (Wareham, Massachusetts)
Mill Pond (Grandin, Missouri), listed on the National Register of Historic Places
Other uses
Mill Pond (Milton, Ontario)
The Mill Pond, a 1997 EP by John Fahey
See also
Waddells Mill Pond Site, an archaeological site located seven miles northwest of Marianna, Florida
Sloat's Dam and Mill Pond, a dam and mill pond between Waldron Terrace and Ballard Avenue in Sloatsburg, New York
Cooksville Mill and Mill Pond Site, Evansville, Wisconsin, listed on the NRHP in Wisconsin | wiki |
The terms equal housing lender and equal opportunity lender are synonymous and refer to all banks insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in the United States. Such banks are prohibited from discriminating on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, handicap, or familial status. They are required, in all advertisements of home loan related services, to explicitly use one of these two terms in describing themselves, or to use one of several approved logos.
This rule was introduced in the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 which amended the Fair Housing Act of 1968.
References
Housing in the United States | wiki |
North Polar Basin may refer to:
North Polar Basin (Mars)
Arctic Basin, abyssal features within the Arctic Ocean | wiki |
United Artists Corporation (UA), doing business as United Artists Digital Studios, was an American production and distribution company. Founded in 1919 by D. W. Griffith, Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks, the studio was premised on allowing actors to control their own interests, rather than being dependent upon commercial studios. UA was repeatedly bought, sold, and restructured over the ensuing century. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) acquired the studio in 1981 for a reported $350 million ($ billion today).
On September 22, 2014, MGM acquired a controlling interest in entertainment companies One Three Media and Lightworkers Media, then merged them to revive United Artists' television production unit as United Artists Media Group (UAMG). However, on December 14 of the following year, MGM wholly acquired UAMG and folded it into MGM Television.
United Artists was briefly revived again in 2018 as United Artists Digital Studios, being launched along with the Stargate Origins web series and the Stargate Command streaming service. In December 2019 following the closure of Stargate Command, by early 2020 the original UA incarnation was folded, this time permanently, into MGM.
Mirror, the joint distribution venture between MGM and Annapurna Pictures, was subsequently rebranded as United Artists Releasing in early February 2019, in honor of its 100th anniversary, and the UA name lived on in that company for 4 years, until 2023 when it was folded again into MGM, effectively ending United Artists as a functioning company.
History
Early years
In 1918, Charlie Chaplin could not get his parent company First National Pictures to increase his production budget despite being one of their top producers. Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks had their own contracts, with First National and Famous Players-Lasky respectively, but these were due to run out with no clear offers forthcoming. Sydney Chaplin, brother and business manager for Charlie, deduced something was going wrong, and contacted Pickford and Fairbanks. Together they hired a private detective, who discovered a plan to merge all production companies and to lock in "exhibition companies" to a series of five-year contracts.
Chaplin, Pickford, Fairbanks, and D. W. Griffith incorporated United Artists as a joint venture company on February 5, 1919. Each held a 25 percent stake in the preferred shares and a 20 percent stake in the common shares of the joint venture, with the remaining 20 percent of common shares held by lawyer and advisor William Gibbs McAdoo. The idea for the venture originated with Fairbanks, Chaplin, Pickford and cowboy star William S. Hart a year earlier. Already Hollywood veterans, the four stars talked of forming their own company to better control their own work.
They were spurred on by established Hollywood producers and distributors who were tightening their control over actor salaries and creative decisions, a process that evolved into the studio system. With the addition of Griffith, planning began, but Hart bowed out before anything was formalized. When he heard about their scheme, Richard A. Rowland, head of Metro Pictures, apparently said, "The inmates are taking over the asylum." The four partners, with advice from McAdoo (son-in-law and former Treasury Secretary of then-President Woodrow Wilson), formed their distribution company. Hiram Abrams was its first managing director, and the company established its headquarters at 729 Seventh Avenue in New York City.
The original terms called for each star to produce five pictures a year. By the time the company was operational in 1921, feature films were becoming more expensive and polished, and running times had settled at around ninety minutes (eight reels). The original goal was thus abandoned.
UA's first production, His Majesty, the American, written by and starring Fairbanks, was a success. Funding for movies was limited. Without selling stock to the public like other studios, all United had for finance was weekly prepayment installments from theater owners for upcoming movies. As a result, production was slow, and the company distributed an average of only five films a year in its first five years.
By 1924, Griffith had dropped out, and the company was facing a crisis. Veteran producer Joseph Schenck was hired as president. He had produced pictures for a decade, and brought commitments for films starring his wife, Norma Talmadge, his sister-in-law, Constance Talmadge, and his brother-in-law, Buster Keaton. Contracts were signed with independent producers, including Samuel Goldwyn, and Howard Hughes. In 1933, Schenck organized a new company with Darryl F. Zanuck, called Twentieth Century Pictures, which soon provided four pictures a year, forming half of UA's schedule.
Schenck formed a separate partnership with Pickford and Chaplin to buy and build theaters under the United Artists name. They began international operations, first in Canada, and then in Mexico. By the end of the 1930s, United Artists was represented in over 40 countries.
When he was denied an ownership share in 1935, Schenck resigned. He set up 20th Century Pictures' merger with Fox Film Corporation to form 20th Century Fox. Al Lichtman succeeded Schenck as company president. Other independent producers distributed through United Artists in the 1930s including Walt Disney Productions, Alexander Korda, Hal Roach, David O. Selznick, and Walter Wanger. As the years passed, and the dynamics of the business changed, these "producing partners" drifted away. Samuel Goldwyn Productions and Disney went to RKO and Wanger to Universal Pictures.
In the late 1930s, UA turned a profit. Goldwyn was providing most of the output for distribution. He sued United several times for disputed compensation leading him to leave. MGM's 1939 hit Gone with the Wind was supposed to be a UA release except that Selznick wanted Clark Gable, who was under contract to MGM, to play Rhett Butler. Also that year, Fairbanks died.
UA became embroiled in lawsuits with Selznick over his distribution of some films through RKO. Selznick considered UA's operation sloppy, and left to start his own distribution arm.
In the 1940s, United Artists was losing money because of poorly received pictures. Cinema attendance continued to decline as television became more popular. The company sold its Mexican releasing division to Crédito Cinematográfico Mexicano, a local company.
Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers (1940s and 1950s)
In 1941, Pickford, Chaplin, Disney, Orson Welles, Goldwyn, Selznick, Alexander Korda, and Wanger—many of whom were members of United Artists—formed the Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers (SIMPP). Later members included Hunt Stromberg, William Cagney, Sol Lesser, and Hal Roach.
The Society aimed to advance the interests of independent producers in an industry controlled by the studio system. SIMPP fought to end ostensibly anti-competitive practices by the seven major film studios—Loew's (MGM), Columbia Pictures, Paramount Pictures, Universal Pictures, RKO Radio Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Bros./First National—that controlled the production, distribution, and exhibition of motion pictures.
In 1942, SIMPP filed an antitrust suit against Paramount's United Detroit Theatres. The complaint accused Paramount of conspiracy to control first-and subsequent-run theaters in Detroit. This was the first antitrust suit brought by producers against exhibitors that alleged monopoly and restraint of trade. In 1948, the U.S. Supreme Court Paramount Decision ordered the major Hollywood movie studios to sell their theater chains and to end certain anti-competitive practices. This court ruling ended the studio system.
By 1958, SIMPP achieved many of the goals that led to its creation, and the group ceased operations.
Krim and Benjamin
Needing a turnaround, Pickford and Chaplin hired Paul V. McNutt in 1950, a former governor of Indiana, as chairman and Frank L. McNamee as president. McNutt did not have the skill to solve UA's financial problems and the pair was replaced after only a few months.
On February 15, 1951, lawyers-turned-producers Arthur B. Krim (of Eagle-Lion Films), Robert Benjamin and Matty Fox approached Pickford and Chaplin with a wild idea: let them take over United Artists for ten years. If UA was profitable in one of the next three years, they would have the option to acquire half the company by the end of the ten years and take full control. Fox Film Corporation president Spyros Skouras extended United Artists a $3 million loan through Krim and Benjamin's efforts.
In taking over UA, Krim and Benjamin created the first studio without an actual "studio". Primarily acting as bankers, they offered money to independent producers. UA leased space at the Pickford/Fairbanks Studio but did not own a studio lot. Thus UA did not have the overhead, the maintenance, or the expensive production staff at other studios.
Among their first clients were Sam Spiegel and John Huston, whose Horizon Productions gave UA one major hit, The African Queen (1951) and a substantial success, Moulin Rouge (1952). As well as The African Queen UA also had success with High Noon in their first year, earning a profit of $313,000 compared to a loss of $871,000 the previous year. Others clients followed, among them Stanley Kramer, Otto Preminger, Hecht-Hill-Lancaster Productions, and actors newly freed from studio contracts and seeking to produce or direct their own films.
With the instability in the film industry due to theater divestment, the business was considered risky. In 1955, movie attendance reached its lowest level since 1923. Chaplin sold his 25 percent share during this crisis to Krim and Benjamin for $1.1 million, followed a year later by Pickford who sold her share for $3 million.
In the late 1950s, United Artists produced two modest films that became financial and critical successes for the company. The company made Marty which won 1955's Palme d'Or and Best Picture Oscar. 12 Angry Men (1957) which according to Krim before home video, was being seen on TV 24 hours a day, 365 days a year some place in the world. By 1958, UA was making annual profits of $3 million a year.
Public company
United Artists went public in 1957 with a $17 million stock and debenture offering. The company was averaging 50 films a year. In 1958, UA acquired Ilya Lopert's Lopert Pictures Corporation, which released foreign films that attracted criticism or had censorship problems.
In 1957, UA created United Artists Records Corporation and United Artists Music Corporation after an unsuccessful attempt to buy a record company. In 1968, UA Records merged with Liberty Records, along with its many subsidiary labels such as Imperial Records and Dolton Records. In 1972, the group was consolidated into one entity as United Artists Records and in 1979, EMI acquired the division which included Blue Note Records.
In 1959, after failing to sell several pilots, United Artists offered its first ever television series, The Troubleshooters, and later released its first sitcom, The Dennis O'Keefe Show.
In the 1960s, mainstream studios fell into decline and some were acquired or diversified. UA prospered while winning 11 Academy Awards, including five for Best Picture, adding relationships with the Mirisch brothers, Billy Wilder, Joseph E. Levine and others. In 1961, United Artists released West Side Story, which won a record ten Academy Awards (including Best Picture).
In 1960, UA purchased Ziv Television Programs. UA's television division was responsible for shows such as Gilligan's Island, The Fugitive, Outer Limits, and The Patty Duke Show. The television unit had begun to build up a profitable rental library, including Associated Artists Productions, owners of Warner Bros. pre-1950 features, shorts and cartoons and 231 Popeye cartoon shorts purchased from Paramount Pictures in 1958, becoming United Artists Associated, its distribution division.
In 1963, UA released two Stanley Kramer films, It's A Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World and A Child Is Waiting. In 1964, UA introduced U.S. film audiences to the Beatles by releasing A Hard Day's Night (1964) and Help! (1965).
At the same time, it backed two expatriate North Americans in Britain, who had acquired screen rights to Ian Fleming's James Bond novels. For $1 million, UA backed Harry Saltzman and Albert Broccoli's Dr. No in 1963 and launched the James Bond franchise. The franchise outlived UA's time as a major studio, continuing half a century later. Other successful projects backed in this period included the Pink Panther series, which began in 1964, and Spaghetti Westerns, which made a star of Clint Eastwood in the films of A Fistful of Dollars, For a Few Dollars More and The Good, The Bad and The Ugly.
In 1964, the French subsidiary, Les Productions Artistes Associés, released its first production That Man from Rio.
In 1965, UA released the anticipated George Stevens' production of The Greatest Story Ever Told and was at the time, the most expensive film which was budgeted at $20 million. Max Von Sydow, in the role of Jesus Christ, led an all-star cast which included Charlton Heston, Roddy McDowell, Martin Landau, Dorothy McGuire, Sal Mineo, Ina Balin, Joanna Dunham, David McCallum, Nehemiah Persoff, Donald Pleasence, José Ferrer and Ed Wynn. The film did not make back its budget and was released to mixed critical receptions. But it has since been acclaimed as a classic by audiences around the world for being admirably inspired in its attempt to be faithful to the four books of the New Testament in the Holy Bible as well as the book of the same name by Fulton Oursler and the radio program which ran from 1947 to 1956. The Greatest Story Ever Told received five Academy Award nominations in 1965 and was also listed among the “Top 10 Films of the Year” by the National Board of Review.
Transamerica subsidiary
On the basis of its film and television hits, in 1967, Transamerica Corporation purchased 98 percent of UA's stock. Transamerica selected David and Arnold Picker to lead its studio. UA debuted a new logo incorporating the parent company's striped T emblem and the tagline "Entertainment from Transamerica Corporation". This wording was later shortened to "A Transamerica Company". The following year, in 1968, United Artists Associated was reincorporated as United Artists Television Distribution.
UA released another Best Picture Oscar winner in 1967, In the Heat of the Night and a nominee for Best Picture, The Graduate, an Embassy production that UA distributed overseas.
In 1970, UA lost $35 million, and the Pickers were pushed aside for the return of Krim and Benjamin.
Other successful pictures included the 1971 screen version of Fiddler on the Roof. However, the 1972 film version of Man of La Mancha was a failure. New talent was encouraged, including Woody Allen, Robert Altman, Sylvester Stallone, Saul Zaentz, Miloš Forman, and Brian De Palma.
In 1973, United Artists took over the sales and distribution of MGM's films in Anglo-America. Cinema International Corporation assumed international distribution rights for MGM's films and carried on to United International Pictures (made from CIC and UA's International assets being owned by partner MGM) in the 1980s. As part of the deal, UA acquired MGM's music publishing operation, Robbins, Feist, Miller.
In 1975, Harry Saltzman sold UA his 50 percent stake in Danjaq, the holding-company for the Bond films.
UA released One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest in 1975, which won the Best Picture Academy Award and was UA's highest-grossing film, with a gross of $163 million. UA followed with the next two years' Best Picture Oscar winners, Rocky and Annie Hall, becoming the first studio to win the award for three years running and also to become the studio with the most Best Picture winners at that time, with 11.
However, Transamerica was not pleased with UA's releases such as Midnight Cowboy and Last Tango in Paris that were rated X by the Motion Picture Association of America. In these instances, Transamerica demanded the byline "A Transamerica Company" be removed on the prints and in all advertising. At one point, the parent company expressed its desire to phase out the UA name and replace it with Transamerica Films. Krim tried to convince Transamerica to spin off United Artists, but he and Transamerica's chairman could not come to an agreement. Finally in 1978, following a dispute with Transamerica chief John R. Beckett over administrative expenses, UA's top executives, including chairman Krim, president Eric Pleskow, Benjamin and other key officers walked out. Within days they announced the formation of Orion Pictures, with backing from Warner Bros. The departures concerned several Hollywood figures enough that they took out an ad in a trade paper warning Transamerica that it had made a fatal mistake in letting them go.
Transamerica inserted Andy Albeck as UA's president. United had its most successful year with four hits in 1979: Rocky II, Manhattan, Moonraker, and The Black Stallion.
The new leadership agreed to back Heaven's Gate, a project of director Michael Cimino, which vastly overran its budget and cost $44 million. This led to the resignation of Albeck who was replaced by Norbert Auerbach. United Artists recorded a major loss for the year due almost entirely to the box-office failure of Heaven's Gate. It destroyed UA's reputation with Transamerica and the greater Hollywood community. However, it may have saved the United Artists name, as UA's final head before the sale, Steven Bach, wrote in his book Final Cut that there was talk about renaming United Artists to Transamerica Pictures.
In 1980, Transamerica decided to exit the film making business, and put United Artists on the market. Kirk Kerkorian's Tracinda Corp. purchased the company in 1981. Tracinda also owned Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
United Artists Classics
In 1981, United Artists Classics, which formerly re-released library titles, was turned into a first-run art film distributor by Nathaniel T. Kwit, Jr. Tom Bernard was hired as the division director, as well as handling theatrical sales, and Ira Deutchman was hired as head of marketing. Later the division added Michael Barker and Donna Gigliotti. Deutchman left to form Cinecom, and Barker and Bernard formed Orion Classics and Sony Pictures Classics. The label mostly released foreign and independent films such as Ticket to Heaven and The Grey Fox, and occasional first-run reissues from the UA library, such as director's cuts of Head Over Heels and Cutter's Way. When Barker and Bernard left to form Orion Classics, the label was briefly rechristened in 1984 as MGM/UA Classics before it ceased operating in the late 1980s.
MGM/UA Entertainment Company
The merged companies became MGM/UA Entertainment Company and in 1982 began launching new subsidiaries: the MGM/UA Home Entertainment Group, MGM/UA Classics and MGM/UA Television Group. Kerkorian also bid for the remaining, outstanding public stock, but dropped his bid, facing lawsuits and vocal opposition.
In 1981, Fred Silverman and George Reeves via InterMedia Entertainment struck a deal with the studio to produce films and TV shows.
After the purchase, David Begelman's duties were transferred from MGM to MGM/UA. Under Begelman, MGM/UA produced unsuccessful films and he was fired in July 1982. Of the 11 films he put into production, by the time of his termination only Poltergeist proved to be a hit.
As part of the consolidation, in 1983, MGM closed United Artists' long time headquarters at 729 Seventh Avenue in New York City. MGM/UA sold the former UA music publishing division to CBS Songs in 1983.
On March 1, 1983, United Artists filed a lawsuit against EMI Films whereas EMI claimed they got financing and would receive international distribution rights to the film WarGames, and paid $4.5 million delivery to the film.
WarGames and Octopussy made substantial profits for the new MGM/UA in 1983, but were not sufficient for Kerkorian. A 1985-restructuring led to independent MGM and UA production units with the combined studio leaders each placed in charge of a single unit. Speculation from analysts was that one of the studios, most likely UA, would be sold to fund the other's (MGM) stock buy-back to take that studio private. However, soon afterwards, one unit's chief was fired and the remaining executive, Alan Ladd, Jr., took charge of both.
Turner
On August 7, 1985, Ted Turner announced that his Turner Broadcasting System would buy MGM/UA. As film licensing to television became more complicated, Turner saw the value of acquiring MGM's film library for his superstation WTBS. Under the terms of the deal, Turner would immediately sell United Artists back to Kerkorian.
In anticipation, Kerkorian installed film producer Jerry Weintraub as the chairman and chief executive of United Artists Corporation in November 1985. Former ABC executive Anthony Thomopoulos was recruited as UA's president Weintraub's tenure at UA was brief; he left the studio in April 1986, replaced by former Lorimar executive Lee Rich. In anticipation, during the split, SLM moved its distribution deal to United Artists, after leaving MGM/UA for a brief period of year.
On March 25, 1986, Turner finalized his acquisition of MGM/UA in a cash-stock deal for $1.5 billion and renamed it MGM Entertainment Co. Kerkorian then repurchased most of United Artists' assets for roughly $480 million. As a result of this transaction, the original United Artists ceased to exist. Kerkorian, for all intents and purposes, created an entirely new company implementing the inherited assets; thus, the present day UA is not the legal successor to the original incarnation, though it shares similar assets. United Artists has plans to launch its new headquarters on Beverly Hills, which was set to take effect on November 1, 1985, shortly before the Turner deal was finalized. On April 23, 1986, United Artists and Hoyts, the Australian cinema chain and distribution company, inked a three-picture deal in order to co-produce films, in order to serve as equal partners of the upcoming United Artists motion pictures.
MGM/UA Communications Company
Due to financial community concerns over his debt load, Ted Turner was forced to sell MGM's production and distribution assets to United Artists for $300 million on August 26, 1986. The MGM lot and lab facilities were sold to Lorimar-Telepictures. Turner kept the pre-May 1986 MGM film and television library, along with the Associated Artists Productions library, and the RKO Pictures films that United Artists had previously purchased. On August 21, 1986, United Artists announced its re-entry to film production; Baby Boom and Real Men were the first new films to commence production, with a slate of 26 films to follow in development.
United Artists was renamed MGM/UA Communications Company and organized into three main units: one television production and two film units. David Gerber headed up the television unit with Anthony Thomopoulous at United Artists, and Alan Ladd, Jr. at MGM. Despite a resurgence at the box office in 1987 with Spaceballs, The Living Daylights, and Moonstruck, MGM/UA lost $88 million. That November, Hoyts and United Artists decided to pull their co-production partnership, with a majority of the films will be now heralded directly to United Artists, which was confirmed by Hoyts executive Jonathan Chissick.
In April 1988, Kerkorian's 82 percent of MGM/UA was up for sale; MGM and UA were split by July. Eventually, 25 percent of MGM was offered to Burt Sugarman, and producers Jon Peters and Peter Guber, but the plan later fell through. Rich, Ladd, Thomopoulous and other executives grew tired of Kerkorian's antics and began to leave. By summer 1988, the mass exodus of executives started to affect productions, with many film cancellations. The 1989 sale of MGM/UA to the Australian company Qintex/Australian Television Network (owners of the Hal Roach library, which both MGM and United Artists had distributed in the 1930s) also fell through, due to the company's bankruptcy later that year. On November 29, 1989, Turner Broadcasting System (the owners of the pre-May 1986 MGM library) attempted to buy entertainment assets from Tracinda Corporation, including MGM/UA Communications Co. (which also included United Artists, MGM/UA Home Video, and MGM/UA Television Productions), but failed. UA was essentially dormant after 1990 and released no films for several years.
The 1990s
Eventually, in 1990, Italian promoter Giancarlo Parretti purchased UA. He purchased a small company and renamed it Pathé Communications anticipating a successful purchase of Pathé, the original French company. But his attempt failed and instead he merged MGM/UA with his former company, resulting in MGM-Pathé Communications Co. During the transaction, Parretti overstated his own financial condition and within a year defaulted to his primary lender, Crédit Lyonnais, which foreclosed on the studio in 1992. This resulted in the sale or closure of MGM/UA's string of US theaters. On July 2, 1992, MGM-Pathé Communications was again named Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. In an effort to make MGM/UA saleable, Credit Lyonnais ramped up production and convinced John Calley to run UA. Under his supervision, Calley revived the Pink Panther and James Bond franchises and highlighted UA's past by giving the widest release ever to a film with an NC-17 rating, Showgirls. Credit Lyonnais sold MGM in 1996, again to Kirk Kerkorian's Tracinda, leading to Calley's departure.
In 1999, filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola attempted to buy UA from Kerkorian who rejected the offer. Coppola signed a production deal with the studio instead.
The 2000s to the 2020s
In 1999, UA was re-positioned as a specialty studio. MGM had just acquired The Samuel Goldwyn Company, which had been a leading distributor of arthouse films. After that name was retired, MGM folded UA into Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures. G2 Films, the renamed Goldwyn Company and MGM's specialty London operations, was renamed United Artists International. The distributorship, branding, and copyrights for two of UA's main franchises (Pink Panther, and Rocky) were moved to MGM, although select MGM releases (notably the James Bond franchise co-held with Danjaq, LLC and the Amityville Horror remake) carry a United Artists copyright. The first arthouse film to bear the UA name was Things You Can Tell Just by Looking at Her.
United Artists hired Bingham Ray to run the company on September 1, 2001. Under his supervision, the company produced and distributed many art films, including Bowling for Columbine, 2002's Nicholas Nickleby, and the winner of that year's Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, No Man's Land; and 2004's Undertow, and Hotel Rwanda, a co-production of UA and Lions Gate Entertainment, and made deals with companies like American Zoetrope and Revolution Films. Ray stepped down from the company in 2004.
In 2005, a partnership of Comcast, Sony and several merchant banks bought United Artists and its parent, MGM, for $4.8 billion. Though only a minority investor, Sony closed MGM's distribution system and folded most of its staff into its own studio. The movies UA had completed and planned for release—Capote, Art School Confidential, The Woods, and Romance and Cigarettes —were reassigned to Sony Pictures Classics.
In March 2006, MGM announced that it would return again as a domestic distribution company. Striking distribution deals with The Weinstein Company, Lakeshore Entertainment, Bauer Martinez Entertainment, and other independent studios, MGM distributed films from these companies. MGM continued funding and co-producing projects released in conjunction with Sony's Columbia TriStar Motion Picture Group on a limited basis and produced tent-poles for its own distribution company, MGM Distribution.
Sony had a minority stake in MGM, but otherwise MGM and UA operated under the direction of Stephen Cooper (CEO and minority owner of MGM).
United Artists Entertainment
On November 2, 2006, MGM announced that Tom Cruise and his long-time production partner Paula Wagner were resurrecting UA. This announcement came after the duo were released from a fourteen-year production relationship at Viacom-owned Paramount Pictures. Cruise, Wagner and MGM Studios created United Artists Entertainment LLC and the producer/actor and his partner owned a 30 percent stake in the studio, with the approval by MGM's consortium of owners. The deal gave them control over production and development. Wagner was named CEO, and was allotted an annual slate of four films with varying budget ranges, while Cruise served as a producer for the revamped studio and the occasional star.
UA became the first motion picture studio granted a Writers Guild of America, West (WGA) waiver in January 2008 during the Writers' Strike.
On August 14, 2008, MGM announced that Wagner would leave UA to produce films independently. Her output as head of UA was two films, both starring Cruise, Lions for Lambs and Valkyrie. Wagner's departure led to speculation that a UA overhaul was imminent.
Since then, UA has served as a co-producer with MGM for two releases: the 2009 remake of Fame and Hot Tub Time Machine—these are the last original films to date to bear the UA banner.
A 2011 financial report revealed that MGM reacquired its 100 percent stake in United Artists. MGM stated that it might continue to make new films under the UA brand. Currently, however, UA itself functions in-name-only.
United Artists Media Group
On September 22, 2014, MGM acquired a 55 percent interest in One Three Media and Lightworkers Media, both operated by Mark Burnett and Roma Downey and partly owned by Hearst Entertainment. The two companies were consolidated into a new television company, United Artists Media Group (UAMG), a revival of the UA brand. Burnett became UAMG's CEO and Downey became president of Lightworkers Media, the UAMG family and faith division. UAMG became the distributing studio for Mark Burnett Productions programming such as Survivor. UAMG was to form an over-the-top faith-based channel.
On December 14, 2015, MGM announced that it had acquired the remaining 45 percent stake of UAMG it did not already own and folded UAMG into MGM Television. Hearst, Downey, and Burnett received stakes in MGM collectively valued at $233 million. Additionally, Burnett was promoted to CEO of MGM Television, replacing the outgoing Roma Khanna. The planned over-the-top faith service (later to be branded as a combined OTT/digital subchannel service known as Light TV) became a separate entity owned by MGM, Burnett, Downey and Hearst.
United Artists Digital Studios
By August 2018, MGM relaunched the United Artists brand as a digital production and distribution company aimed at creating original motion pictures, television programs, short-form content and digital series as well as building upon MGM's existing IP for distribution across digital platforms. Known as United Artists Digital Studios, the company's projects include mid-form original series Stargate Origins, interactive digital series #WarGames, and scripted series The Baxters (which is also the first for LightWorkers Media) and Weekend at Bernie's. In early October 2018, MGM and Walmart agreed to a partnership for MGM Digital to create exclusive content for Walmart's Vudu and Movies On Us service to begin showing in the first quarter 2019.
By early 2020, following the end of Stargate Origins and the closure of the Stargate Command streaming service, UADS became defunct, and it was once again folded into MGM, with the UA brand name having returned to theatres the previous year, when both MGM and Annapurna Pictures' Mirror distribution joint-venture was rebranded as United Artists Releasing on February 5, 2019, 100 years to the day of United Artists' founding.
Film library
A majority of UA's post-1952 library is now owned by MGM, while the pre-1952 films (with few exceptions) were either sold to other companies such as National Telefilm Associates (now a part of the Melange Pictures holdings owned by Paramount Global, with Paramount Pictures handling their distribution) or are in the public domain. However, throughout the studio's history, UA acted more as a distributor than a film studio, crediting the copyright to the production company responsible. This explains why certain UA releases, such as High Noon (1952) and The Final Countdown (1980), are still under copyright but not owned by MGM. The MGM titles which UA distributed from 1973 to 1982 are now owned by Turner (under Warner Bros.).
UA films on video
UA originally leased the home video rights to its films to Magnetic Video, the first home video company. Fox purchased Magnetic in 1981 and renamed it 20th Century-Fox Video that year. In 1982, 20th Century-Fox Video merged with CBS Video Enterprises (which earlier split from MGM/CBS Home Video after MGM merged with UA) giving birth to CBS/Fox Video. Although MGM owned UA around this time, UA's licensing deal with CBS/Fox was still in effect. However, the newly renamed MGM/UA Home Video started releasing some UA product, including UA films originally released in the mid-80s. Prior to MGM's purchase, UA licensed foreign video rights to Warner Bros. through Warner Home Video, in a deal that was set to expire in 1991. In 1986, the pre-1950 WB and the pre-May 1986 MGM film and television libraries were purchased by Ted Turner after his short-lived ownership of MGM/UA, and as a result CBS/Fox lost home video rights to the pre-1950 WB films to MGM/UA Home Video. When the deal with CBS/Fox (inherited from Magnetic Video) expired in 1989, the UA released films were released through MGM/UA Home Video.
Before the Magnetic Video and Warner Home Video deals in 1980, United Artists had exclusive rental contacts with a small video label called VidAmerica in the US, and another small label called Intervision Video in the UK. for the home video release of 20 titles from the UA library (e.g. The Great Escape, Some Like It Hot, and Hair, along with a few pre-1950 WB titles).
United Artists Broadcasting
United Artists owned and operated two television stations under the "United Artists Broadcasting" name: WUAB in Cleveland, Ohio (nominally licensed to Lorain, Ohio) which the studio built and sign on in 1968, WRIK-TV in San Juan, Puerto Rico, which was purchased in 1969, and held a construction permit for a station in Houston, Texas. In 1970, United Artists purchased radio station WWSH in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
United Artists left the broadcasting business starting in 1977 by selling WUAB to the Gaylord Broadcasting Company and WWSH to Cox Enterprises, followed by WRIK-TV's sale to Tommy Muñiz in 1979.
United Artists Releasing
United Artists Releasing, LLC (UAR), formerly Mirror Releasing, was a film distribution joint venture between Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Annapurna Pictures and MGM's Orion Pictures unit with offices in West Hollywood and Annapurna's offices in New York City's Soho neighborhood. It was the successor to the original UA. The distributor also offered alternative services to the major studios and streaming companies with 10–14 films released each year.
An unnamed joint-venture was founded by former MGM CEO Gary Barber, businessman Eric Hohl and Annapurna founder Megan Ellison in early December 2017. This marks MGM's return to domestic distribution seven years after they closed their in-house distribution operations following the bankruptcy, in which they expect to have approximately six to eight releases per year starting in March 2018. Annapurna's existing distribution staff would be the initial staff of the joint venture. Films issued by MGM and Annapurna would be distributed respectively under their own names, while films released for third parties would use the Mirror releasing label. Death Wish was MGM's first release through the joint venture on March 2, 2018. By the end of January 2019, the venture released eight titles total (none were released under the Mirror entity).
The joint venture was reworked and rebranded as United Artists Releasing on February 5, 2019, 100 years to the day of the original United Artists' company founding. The rationale for the move is to better compete against the major studios, especially with respect to their tentpole films that dictate the release calendar. Orion Pictures, another MGM company added its distribution staff and films to the venture as part of the change. Pam Kunath, a former Screen Gems executive, was appointed chief operating officer. A board of directors consisting of executives from the partner firms would oversee the three executives running UAR; Kunath, David Kaminow and Erik Lomis, Annapurna's president of marketing and president of distribution, respectively. The animated film Missing Link was the first release under the UAR banner, which also win the company its first Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film.
On October 7, 2020, it was announced that MGM relaunched American International Pictures as a label for films it will acquire for digital and limited theatrical releases. UAR will handle the U.S. theatrical distribution for those titles, beginning with Breaking News in Yuba County, which was released on February 12, 2021.
On May 17, 2021, online retail and technology company Amazon entered negotiations to acquire MGM. The negotiations were made directly with MGM board chairman Kevin Ulrich, whose Anchorage Capital is a major MGM shareholder. On May 26, 2021, it was officially announced that the studio would be acquired by Amazon, subject to regulatory approval, for $8.45 billion, and continue to operate as a label under the new parent company with the fate of UAR to be determined. The merger was finalized on March 17, 2022. Later that day, Amazon Studios and Prime Video SVP Mike Hopkins emphasized that Amazon will continue to partner with UAR, which will remain in operation post-merger. Meanwhile, while the original UA ceased to exist as a label in early-2020, the United Artists name itself its still being active, being used by UAR.
On March 2, 2023, it was revealed that Amazon had shut down UAR's operations and folded it into MGM. This made Creed III the first film released and distributed by MGM itself under the new parent company instead of UAR.
Releases
See also
List of United Artists films
Notes
References
Further reading
Bach, Steven. Final Cut. New York: Morrow, 1985.
Balio, Tino. United Artists: The Company Built by the Stars. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976.
Balio, Tino. United Artists: The Company That Changed the Film Industry. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987.
Berg, A. Scott. Goldwyn. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.
Gabler, Neal. An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood. New York: Crown Publishers, 1988.
Schickel, Richard. D.W. Griffith: An American Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983.
Thomson, David. Showman: The Life of David O. Selznick. New York: Alfred A, Knopf, 1992.
External links
United Artists Corporation Records 1919–1965 — at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research.
1919 establishments in California
2023 disestablishments in California
American film studios
Charlie Chaplin
Cinema of Southern California
Companies based in Beverly Hills, California
D. W. Griffith
Entertainment companies based in California
Entertainment companies established in 1919
Entertainment companies disestablished in 2023
Film distributors of the United States
Film production companies of the United States
Culture of Hollywood, Los Angeles
Mary Pickford
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer subsidiaries
Mass media companies established in 1919
Mass media companies disestablished in 2023
1981 mergers and acquisitions
Academy Award for Technical Achievement winners
1950s initial public offerings | wiki |
The Acton Peninsula is located on the northern shore of Lake Burley Griffin, in the centre of Canberra, the capital of Australia.
It was created when the lake was artificially built by damming the Molonglo River and excavating around it to create the desired shape.
The Royal Canberra Hospital used to be prominently located there, jutting out prominently into the lake. The hospital was demolished in 1997, and replaced by the National Museum of Australia in 2001.
References
Geography of Canberra
Peninsulas of the Australian Capital Territory | wiki |
A root name server is a name server for the root zone of the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. It directly answers requests for records in the root zone and answers other requests by returning a list of the authoritative name servers for the appropriate top-level domain (TLD). The root name servers are a critical part of the Internet infrastructure because they are the first step in resolving human-readable host names into IP addresses that are used in communication between Internet hosts.
A combination of limits in the DNS and certain protocols, namely the practical size of unfragmented User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packets, resulted in a decision to limit the number of root servers to thirteen server addresses. The use of anycast addressing permits the actual number of root server instances to be much larger, and is 1,553 .
Root domain
The DNS is a hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or any resource participating in the Internet. The top of that hierarchy is the root domain. The root domain does not have a formal name and its label in the DNS hierarchy is an empty string. All fully qualified domain names (FQDNs) on the Internet can be regarded as ending with this empty string for the root domain, and therefore ending in a full stop character (the label delimiter), e.g., "". This is generally implied rather than explicit, as modern DNS software does not actually require that the terminating dot be included when attempting to translate a domain name to an IP address.
The root domain contains all top-level domains of the Internet. , it contained 1058 TLDs, including 730 generic top-level domains (gTLDs) and 301 country code top-level domains (ccTLDs) in the root domain. In addition, the domain is used for technical name spaces in the management of Internet addressing and other resources. A domain is used for testing internationalized domain names.
Resolver operation
When a computer on the Internet needs to resolve a domain name, it uses resolver software to perform the lookup. A resolver breaks the name up into its labels from right to left. The first component (TLD) is queried using a root server to obtain the responsible authoritative server. Queries for each label return more specific name servers until a name server returns the answer of the original query.
In practice, most of this information does not change very often over a period of hours and therefore it is cached by intermediate name servers or by a name cache built into the user's application. DNS lookups to the root name servers may therefore be relatively infrequent. A survey in 2003 reported that only 2% of all queries to the root servers were legitimate. Incorrect or non-existent caching was responsible for 75% of the queries, 12.5% were for unknown TLDs, 7% were for lookups using IP addresses as if they were domain names, etc. Some misconfigured desktop computers even tried to update the root server records for the TLDs. A similar list of observed problems and recommended fixes has been published in RFC 4697.
Although any local implementation of DNS can implement its own private root name servers, the term "root name server" is generally used to describe the thirteen well-known root name servers that implement the root name space domain for the Internet's official global implementation of the Domain Name System. Resolvers use a small 3 KB root.hints file published by Internic to bootstrap this initial list of root server addresses.
Root server addresses
There are 13 logical root name servers specified, with logical names in the form , where ranges from a to m. The choice of thirteen name servers was made because of limitations in the original DNS specification, which specifies a maximum packet size of 512 bytes when using the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Technically however, fourteen name servers fit into an IPv4 packet. The addition of IPv6 addresses for the root name servers requires more than 512 bytes, which is facilitated by the EDNS0 extension to the DNS standard.
This does not mean that there are only 13 physical servers; each operator uses redundant computer equipment to provide reliable service even if failure of hardware or software occurs. Additionally, all operate in multiple geographical locations using a routing technique called anycast addressing, providing increased performance and even more fault tolerance. An informational homepage exists for every logical server (except G-Root) under the Root Server Technical Operations Association domain with web address in the form , where ranges from a to m.
Ten servers were originally in the United States; all are now operated using anycast addressing. Three servers were originally located in Stockholm (I-Root), Amsterdam (K-Root), and Tokyo (M-Root) respectively.
Older servers had their own name before the policy of using similar names was established. With anycast, most of the physical root servers are now outside the United States, allowing for high performance worldwide.
There are also several alternative namespace systems with an alternative DNS root using their own set of root name servers that exist in parallel to the mainstream name servers. The first, AlterNIC, generated a substantial amount of press.
The function of a root name server may also be implemented locally, or on a provider network. Such servers are synchronized with the official root zone file as published by ICANN, and do not constitute an alternate root.
As the root name servers are an important part of the Internet, they have come under attack several times, although none of the attacks have ever been serious enough to severely affect the performance of the Internet.
Root server supervision
The DNS Root Server System Advisory Committee is an ICANN committee. ICANN's bylaws assign authority over the operation of the root name servers of the Domain Name System to the DNS Root Server System Advisory Committee.
Root zone file
The root zone file is a small (about 2 MB) data set whose publication is the primary purpose of root name servers. This is not to be confused with the root.hints file used to bootstrap a resolver.
The root zone file is at the apex of a hierarchical distributed database called the Domain Name System (DNS). This database is used by almost all Internet applications to translate worldwide unique names such as www.wikipedia.org into other identifiers such as IP addresses.
The contents of the root zone file is a list of names and numeric IP addresses of the root domain authoritative DNS servers for all top-level domains (TLDs) such as com, org, edu, and the country code top-level domains (it also includes that info for root domain, the dot). On 12 December 2004, 773 different authoritative servers for the TLDs were listed. Later the number of TLDs increased greatly. , the root zone consisted of 1511 useful TLDs (excluded are: 55 domains that are not assigned, 8 that are retired, and 11 test domains). Other name servers forward queries for which they do not have any information about authoritative servers to a root name server. The root name server, using its root zone file, answers with a referral to the authoritative servers for the appropriate TLD or with an indication that no such TLD exists.
See also
Blackhole server
Distributed denial-of-service attacks on root nameservers
Extension Mechanisms for DNS (Extended DNS, version 0)
Internet backbone
Open Root Server Network
.root
Notes
References
Further reading
Root Server Technical Operations Association
List of Root Servers, IANA
Root Servers' Geographical Locations on Google Maps
DNS Root Server System Advisory Committee
DNS Root Name Servers Explained For Non-Experts
DNS Root Name Servers Frequently Asked Questions
Location of Root servers in Asia-Pacific
Bogus Queries received at the Root Servers
– IAB Technical Comment on the Unique DNS Root
– Root Name Server Operational Requirements
– Observed DNS Resolution Misbehavior (from observations on the Root Servers)
ORSN, Open Root Server Network – an unrelated, competing DNS-based name infrastructure
RSSAC023, about the origins
External links
Root Server Technical Operations Association
Root Files, IANA
orsn.org Open Root Server Network
root-servers.net.zone
Root Server response times
DNS root nameservers explained for non-experts
Domain Name System | wiki |
Long Arm of the Law may refer to:
"The Long Arm of the Law", a song by Kenny Rogers
Long Arm of the Law (film), a 1984 Hong Kong film directed by Johnny Mak | wiki |
Michelle Jones may refer to:
Michelle Jones (Brookside)
MJ (Marvel Cinematic Universe), full name Michelle Jones-Watson
Michelle Jones (actress) in Corazón valiente
Michele S. Jones, United States Army Reserve officer | wiki |
Elizabeth Patterson may refer to:
Elizabeth Patterson Bonaparte (1785–1879), first wife of Jérôme Bonaparte, and sister-in-law of Emperor Napoleon I of France
Liz J. Patterson (1939–2018), U.S. Representative from South Carolina
Elizabeth Patterson (actress) (1874–1966), American actress
Elizabeth Gregg Patterson (1904–1987), American short story writer
Elizabeth Patterson, a fictional character from Lynn Johnston's For Better or For Worse comic strip
Elizabeth Patterson, mayor of Benicia, California
Beth Patterson, Irish musician
Elizabeth Patterson (artist) (born 1954), American artist
Elizabeth Akua Nyarko Patterson (born 1985), Ghanaian social entrepreneur | wiki |
Heading is a metalworking process which incorporates the forging, extruding and upsetting process. It is often performed in the cold state, resulting in cold working. This process typically produces a near net shape workpiece, which means the final product is almost finished although it can sometimes create the final product less plating or heat treating.
An important consideration in heading is the tendency for the wire to buckle if its unsupported length to diameter ratio is too high. This ratio usually is limited to less than 3:1 but with appropriate dies, it can be higher.
There are a variety of cold heading machines but typically for fastener manufacturing you will see one die two blow up to five die six blow and beyond. Multi-die headers allow for more complex parts to be formed as part of one process due to the above limitations of diameter ratio reductions.
Some advantages of cold heading a part over using a CNC lathe or Swiss screw machine include reduced part cost both through production speed (60-400 parts per minute) and the minimal scrap generated from a cold headed part. Also, because the part is formed rather than cut, the grain flow stays intact and creates a much stronger part for its size.
References
Metal forming | wiki |
Computer addiction is a form of behavioral addiction that can be described as the excessive or compulsive use of the computer, which persists despite serious negative consequences for personal, social, or occupational function. Another clear conceptualization is made by Block, who stated that "Conceptually, the diagnosis is a compulsive-impulsive spectrum disorder that involves online and/or offline computer usage and consists of at least three subtypes: excessive gaming, sexual preoccupations, and e-mail/text messaging". Computer addiction is not currently included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as an official disorder. The concept of computer addiction is broadly divided into two types, namely offline computer addiction, and online computer addiction. Offline computer addiction is normally used when speaking about excessive gaming behavior, which can be practiced both offline and online. Online computer addiction, also known as Internet addiction, gets more attention in general from scientific research than offline computer addiction, mainly because most cases of computer addiction are related to the excessive use of the Internet.
Experts on Internet addiction have described this syndrome as an individual working intensely on the Internet, prolonged use of the Internet, uncontrollable use of the Internet, unable to use the Internet in an efficient, timely matter, not being interested in the outside world, not spending time with people from the outside world, and an increase in their loneliness and dejection.
Symptoms
Being drawn by the computer as soon as one wakes up and before one goes to bed
Replacing old hobbies with excessive use of the computer and using the computer as one's primary source of entertainment and procrastination
Lacking physical exercise and/or outdoor exposure because of constant use of the computer, which could contribute to many health problems such as obesity
Backache
Headaches
Weight gain or loss
Disturbances in sleep
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Blurred or strained vision
Depression and marital infidelity
Effects
Excessive computer use may result in, or occur with:
Lack of face to face social interaction
Computer vision syndrome
Causes
Kimberly Young indicates that previous research links internet/computer addiction with existing mental health issues, most notably depression. She states that computer addiction has significant effects socially, such as low self-esteem, psychologically and occupationally, which led many subjects to academic failure.
According to a Korean study on internet/computer addiction, pathological use of the internet results in negative life impacts such as job loss, marriage breakdown, financial debt, and academic failure. 70% of internet users in Korea are reported to play online games, 18% of whom are diagnosed as game addicts, which relates to internet/computer addiction. The authors of the article conducted a study using Kimberly Young's questionnaire. The study showed that the majority of those who met the requirements of internet/computer addiction experienced interpersonal difficulties and stress and that those addicted to online games specifically responded that they hoped to avoid reality.
Types
Computers nowadays rely almost entirely on the internet, and thus relevant research articles relating to internet addiction may also be relevant to computer addiction.
Gaming addiction: a hypothetical behavioral addiction characterized by excessive or compulsive use of computer games or video games, which interferes with a person's everyday life. Video game addiction may present itself as compulsive gaming, social isolation, mood swings, diminished imagination, and hyper-focus on in-game achievements, to the exclusion of other events in life.
Social media addiction: Data suggest that participants use social media to fulfill their social needs but are typically dissatisfied. Lonely individuals are drawn to the Internet for emotional support. This could interfere with "real-life socializing" by reducing face-to-face relationships. Some of these views are summed up in an Atlantic article by Stephen Marche entitled Is Facebook Making Us Lonely?, in which the author argues that social media provides more breadth, but not the depth of relationships that humans require and that users begin to find it difficult to distinguish between the meaningful relationships which we foster in the real world and the numerous casual relationships that are formed through social media.>
Cyberstalking
According to Prof. Jordana N. Navarro et al. Cyberstalking is known as a behavior that includes but not limited to internet or technology use to stalk or harass an individual over time and in a menacing fashion. Cyberstalking has been on the rise since the 1990s. These cryptic behaviors are also noticeable. Many of the cyberstalking cases are from people that do not know each other. Cyberstalkers are not limited to geographical boundaries, research has suggested various impulses in cyberstalking aside from excreting power and control over the target. Internet addiction and cyberstalking share several key traits that should lend support to new investigations to further scrutinize the relationship between the two disorders. Studies have shown that cyberstalkers can have different motives, but these results are not necessarily indicative of mental health issues. A cyberstalker is usually an emotionally damaged individual, a loner who seeks attention, gratification, and connection and in the process becomes infatuated with someone (Navarro et al. 2015)
Diagnostic Test
Many studies and surveys are being conducted to measure the extent of this type of addiction. Kimberly Young has created a questionnaire based on other disorders to assess the level of addiction. It is called the Internet Addict Diagnostic Questionnaire or IADQ. The questionnaire asks users about their online usage habits as well as their feelings about their internet usage. According to the IADQ sample, Internet Addiction resembles that of a Gambling disorder. Answering positively to five out of the eight questions on the IADQ may be indicative of online addiction.
According to the article "Validating the Distinction between Computer Addiction and Engagement: Online Game Playing and Personality", the authors introduced a test to help identify the differences between addiction and engagement. Based on similar ideas, here are some ways to distinguish between computer engagement and addiction.
Origin of the term and history
Observations about the addictiveness of computers, and more specifically, computer games date back at least to the mid-1970s. Addiction and addictive behavior were common among the users of the PLATO system at the University of Illinois. British e-learning academic Nicholas Rushby suggested in his 1979 book, An Introduction to Educational Computing, that people can be addicted to computers and experience withdrawal symptoms. The term was also used by M. Shotton in 1989 in her book Computer Addiction. However, Shotton concludes that the 'addicts' are not truly addicted. Dependency on computers, she argues, is better understood as a challenging and exciting pastime that can also lead to a professional career in the field. Computers do not turn gregarious, extroverted people into recluses; instead, they offer introverts a source of inspiration, excitement, and intellectual stimulation. Shotton's work seriously questions the legitimacy of the claim that computers cause addiction.
The term became more widespread with the explosive growth of the Internet, as well the availability of the personal computer. Computers and the Internet both started to take shape as a personal and comfortable medium that could be used by anyone who wanted to make use of it. With that explosive growth of individuals making use of PCs and the Internet, the question started to arise whether or not misuse or excessive use of these new technologies could be possible as well. It was hypothesized that, like any technology aimed specifically at human consumption and use, abuse could have severe consequences for the individual in the short term and the society in the long term. In the late nineties people who made use of PCs and the internet were already referred to the term webaholics or cyberholics. Pratarelli et al. suggested at that point already to label "a cluster of behaviors potentially causing problems" as a computer or Internet addiction.
There are other examples of computer overuse that date back to the earliest computer games. Press reports have furthermore noted that some Finnish Defence Forces conscripts were not mature enough to meet the demands of military life and were required to interrupt or postpone military service for a year. One reported source of the lack of needed social skills is an overuse of computer games or the Internet. Forbes termed this overuse "Web fixations", and stated that they were responsible for 12 such interruptions or deferrals over the 5 years from 2000 to 2005.
See also
Computer rage
Digital media use and mental health
Underearners Anonymous
Video game addiction
References
Works cited
Dawn Heron. "Time To Log Off: New Diagnostic Criteria For Problematic Internet Use", University of Florida, Gainesville, published in Current Psychology, April 2003 (Identifies incessant posting in chat rooms as a form of emotional disorder).
Orzack, Maressa H. Dr. (1998). "Computer Addiction: What Is It?" Psychiatric Times XV(8).
Shotton, MA (1989), Computer Addiction? A study of computer dependency. New York: Taylor & Francis.
Cromie, William J. Computer Addiction Is Coming On-line. HPAC - Harvard Public Affairs & Communications. Web. 20 Oct. 2010. Computer Addiction Is Coming On-line (Explains symptoms and other various attributes of the new disease).
UTD Counseling Center: Self-Help:Computer Addiction. Home Page - The University of Texas at Dallas. Web. 20 Oct. 2010. UTD Counseling Center: Self-Help:Computer Addiction.
Addictions.com. (n.d.). Computer Addiction. Retrieved December 5, 2013, from Computer Addiction - Signs, Symptoms, Support & Treatment
Navarro, Jordana N., et al. "Addicted to the Thrill of the Virtual Hunt: Examining the Effects of Internet Addiction on the Cyberstalking Behaviors of Juveniles." www.tandfonline.com, Taylor & Francis Group, 4 Apr. 2016, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01639625.2016.1153366
Digital media use and mental health
Behavioral addiction
Computers | wiki |
Windows Movie Maker (cunoscut anterior drept Windows Live Movie Maker, cu nume de cod Sundance) este un program freeware dezvoltat de Microsoft pentru crearea sau editarea filmelor, precum și publicarea lor pe SkyDrive, Facebook, YouTube sau Flickr. Conține generic, încetinitor, vedere alb-negru, derulare rapidă a cadrelor etc. În Windows Movie Maker filmele se pot salva și pe CD. Înregistrarea se efectueaza cu ajutorul camerei video, iar înregistrarea sunetelor este efectuată cu ajutorul microfonului.
Note
Legături externe
Sit oficial
Software pentru editare video
Componente Windows
Windows Live | wiki |
Halah may refer to:
Given name
Halah (name), in Arabic and Hebrew
Hala (given name)
Persons
Halah binte Wahab, one of Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim's wives
Halah bint Khuwailid, the sister of Muhammad's first wife
Locations
Halah, a city mentioned in the bible
Halah Gheralta, a village in Addi Walka municipality in Ethiopia
Halah, a village in Ayninbirkekin municipality in Ethiopia
Halah Qush, a village in Iran
See also
Hala (disambiguation) | wiki |
Treehouse is a game in which players try to get their configuration of Icehouse pieces to match the central configuration, shared by all players. The rolling of the special "Treehouse Die" tells the player what kind of move to make to change his own or the central configuration, and then he does so to best move towards the goal.
Treehouse was invented by Andrew Looney in 2006 and is sold by Looney Labs. It reflects a change in marketing of Icehouse pieces by Looney Labs, in order to try to improve sales and has become the basis for further marketing of the product. It is sold in two color variants: Rainbow (consisting of black (opaque), blue, red, green, yellow) and Xeno (consisting of white (opaque), purple, cyan, orange, clear).
Play
To start, each player is assigned three pyramids, one of each size, stacked on top of one another, in a configuration commonly called a "tree". Another trio of neutral pyramids (called the "House") is placed in the center of the table, in a different arrangement. The objective is to arrange your three pyramids to match the house. However, you are only allowed to maneuver your pyramids as dictated by the roll of a special die.
Reception
The reviewer from the online second volume of Pyramid stated that "Looney Labs is re-launching the Icehouse family with a new game called Treehouse, which is best described as an Icehouse starter set. Available in two different sets -- Xeno and Rainbow -- both consist of a tube containing 15 pyramids divided into five differently colored stacking sets and a Treehouse die marked TIP, SWAP, DIG, AIM, HOP, or WILD. The rules for the game itself are printed on the outside of the tube, which both indicates the simplicity of the game and the ease of reference for the rules."
In 2007, Treehouse won the Origins Award for best boardgame of 2006.
References
External links
Treehouse product page at Looney Labs
Icehouse games
Origins Award winners | wiki |
"Goodbye Amor" is the first CD-single by Annet Artani, released in summer 2005. The single includes three versions of "Goodbye Amor".
Track listing
"Goodbye Amor" (Album version)
"Goodbye Amor" (Instrumental)
"Goodbye Amor" (Kostas L.Sub Remix)
Charts
References
2005 singles
2005 songs
Annet Artani songs
Song articles with missing songwriters | wiki |
Through the Storm è un album della cantante soul statunitense Aretha Franklin, registrato nel 1989 per la Arista Records.
Tracce
Collegamenti esterni | wiki |
Tomme (), occasionally spelled Tome, is a type of cheese and is a generic name given to a class of cheese produced mainly in the French Alps and in Switzerland. It can be made from cow's, ewe's, or goat's milk. Tommes are normally produced from the skimmed milk left over after the cream has been removed to produce butter and richer cheeses, or when there is too little milk to produce a full cheese. As a result, they are generally low in fat. However, Tomme de Boudane and Tomme de Revard can contain as much as 20–40% fat. Tomme cheeses date back to ancient history.
There are many varieties of Tommes, which are usually identified by their place of origin. The most famous of these is Tomme de Savoie. Other Tommes include Tomme Boudane, Tomme au Fenouil, Tomme de Crayeuse, Tomme d'Aydius, Tomme de Grandmère, Tomme Affinée and Tomme du Revard. Tomme de Montagne is a collective term for the upland varieties, e.g., Tomme de Savoie but not Tomme de Beaujolais. An Italian product spelled Toma or Tuma originates from the area between Val d'Aoste and Ventimiglia, and is usually made from cow's milk.
Tomme is traditionally used to make aligot, an Auvergnat dish combining melted cheese and mashed potatoes.
References
See also
Swiss cheeses and dairy products
Toma (Italy)
French cheeses
Ancient dishes | wiki |
Aretha è un album della cantante soul statunitense Aretha Franklin, registrato nel 1986 per la Arista Records.
Tracce
Collegamenti esterni | wiki |
Papa er flertydigt:
Pápa – en by i Ungarn
Papa Roach – rockband, forkortes nogen gange af fans til "Papa"
Papa (film) – dansk kortfilm fra 2007 instrueret af Samanou Acheche Sahlstrøm
Papa (film fra 2004) – russisk spillefilm fra 2004 af Vladimir Masjkov
Synonymer
Far – "Papa" som slang
Se også
NATO's fonetiske alfabet – hvor "papa" er navnet på bogstavet 'P' | wiki |
Sharon Dorson (born 9 March 1994) is a Congolese handball player for Le Havre AC and the Congolese national team.
She participated at the 2021 World Women's Handball Championship in Spain.
References
1994 births
Living people
Congolese female handball players | wiki |
The term tonpilz or "acoustic mushroom" may refer to a certain type of underwater electro-acoustic transducer. By sandwiching active (i.e. piezoelectric or magnetostrictive) materials between a light, stiff radiating head mass and a heavy tail mass, the transducer can effectively operate as either a projector (source) or a hydrophone (underwater acoustic receiver). The transducer's size, odd shape, and acoustic projection capabilities have earned it the moniker "tonpilz", from the German words Ton (tone) and Pilz (mushroom) and from the figurative similarity.
Typically, tonpilz transducers are used in sonar applications. To maximize efficiency, transducers are often placed in arrays: a grid of sometimes hundreds of transducers. This arrangement also allows beamforming and steering.
Transducers of this form also lend themselves to compensation against the hydrostatic pressures encountered in sonar, particularly for submarine applications.
"Acoustic mushroom" may also refer to a passive ceiling or wall treatment applied to the insides of concert auditoria, such as the Royal Albert Hall.
References
Bibliography
Sonar | wiki |
The subiculum (Latin for "support") is the most inferior component of the hippocampal formation. It lies between the entorhinal cortex and the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus proper.
The subicular complex comprises a set of related structures including (as well as subiculum proper) prosubiculum, presubiculum, postsubiculum and parasubiculum.
Name
The subiculum got its name from Karl Friedrich Burdach in his three-volume work Vom Bau und Leben des Gehirns (Vol. 2, §199). He originally named it subiculum cornu ammonis and so associated it with the rest of the hippocampal subfields.
Structure
It receives input from CA1 and entorhinal cortical layer III pyramidal neurons and is the main output of the hippocampus. The pyramidal neurons send projections to the nucleus accumbens, septal nuclei, prefrontal cortex, lateral hypothalamus, nucleus reuniens, mammillary nuclei, entorhinal cortex and amygdala.
The pyramidal neurons in the subiculum exhibit transitions between two modes of action potential output: bursting and single spiking. The transitions between these two modes is thought to be important for routing information out of the hippocampus.
Four component areas have been described: parasubiculum (adjacent to the parahippocampal gyrus), presubiculum, postsubiculum, and prosubiculum.
Parasubiculum
The parasubiculum contains grid cells, which are neurons responsive to movements in particular directions over particular distances.
Presubiculum
The presubiculum is part of the posterior cortex corresponding to Brodmann area 27, and forms part of the cortical input to the entorhinal-hippocampal spatial/memory system.
Postsubiculum
The dorsal part of the presubiculum is more commonly known as the postsubiculum and is of interest because it contains head direction cells, which are responsive to the facing direction of the head.
Prosubiculum
Prosubiculum is a term often used in reference to monkey anatomy but rarely in rodents, referring to a region located between the CA1 region of the hippocampus and the subiculum, and distinguished by higher cell density and smaller cell sizes.
Function
It is believed to play a role in some cases of human epilepsy.
It has also been implicated in working memory and drug addiction.
It has been suggested that the dorsal subiculum is involved in spatial relations, and the ventral subiculum regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Clinical significance
Potential role in Alzheimer's disease
Rat studies indicate that lesioning of the subiculum decreases the spread of amyloid-beta in rat models of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease pathology is thought to have prion-like properties. The disease tends to spread in characteristic sequence from the entorhinal cortex through the subiculum.
Additional images
References
External links
Photo
Photo
Hippocampus (brain) | wiki |
Princess Sofia may refer to:
Sofia Balthazar, protagonist of the Disney Junior series Sofia the First
Princess Sofia, Duchess of Värmland, a member of the Swedish royal family
Infanta Sofia of Spain | wiki |
In statistics, the explained sum of squares (ESS), alternatively known as the model sum of squares or sum of squares due to regression (SSR – not to be confused with the residual sum of squares (RSS) or sum of squares of errors), is a quantity used in describing how well a model, often a regression model, represents the data being modelled. In particular, the explained sum of squares measures how much variation there is in the modelled values and this is compared to the total sum of squares (TSS), which measures how much variation there is in the observed data, and to the residual sum of squares, which measures the variation in the error between the observed data and modelled values.
Definition
The explained sum of squares (ESS) is the sum of the squares of the deviations of the predicted values from the mean value of a response variable, in a standard regression model — for example, , where yi is the i th observation of the response variable, xji is the i th observation of the j th explanatory variable, a and bj are coefficients, i indexes the observations from 1 to n, and εi is the i th value of the error term. In general, the greater the ESS, the better the estimated model performs.
If and are the estimated coefficients, then
is the i th predicted value of the response variable. The ESS is then:
where the value estimated by the regression line .
In some cases (see below): total sum of squares (TSS) = explained sum of squares (ESS) + residual sum of squares (RSS).
Partitioning in simple linear regression
The following equality, stating that the total sum of squares (TSS) equals the residual sum of squares (=SSE : the sum of squared errors of prediction) plus the explained sum of squares (SSR :the sum of squares due to regression or explained sum of squares), is generally true in simple linear regression:
Simple derivation
Square both sides and sum over all i:
Here is how the last term above is zero from simple linear regression
So,
Therefore,
Partitioning in the general ordinary least squares model
The general regression model with n observations and k explanators, the first of which is a constant unit vector whose coefficient is the regression intercept, is
where y is an n × 1 vector of dependent variable observations, each column of the n × k matrix X is a vector of observations on one of the k explanators, is a k × 1 vector of true coefficients, and e is an n × 1 vector of the true underlying errors. The ordinary least squares estimator for is
The residual vector is , so the residual sum of squares is, after simplification,
Denote as the constant vector all of whose elements are the sample mean of the dependent variable values in the vector y. Then the total sum of squares is
The explained sum of squares, defined as the sum of squared deviations of the predicted values from the observed mean of y, is
Using in this, and simplifying to obtain , gives the result that TSS = ESS + RSS if and only if . The left side of this is times the sum of the elements of y, and the right side is times the sum of the elements of , so the condition is that the sum of the elements of y equals the sum of the elements of , or equivalently that the sum of the prediction errors (residuals) is zero. This can be seen to be true by noting the well-known OLS property that the k × 1 vector : since the first column of X is a vector of ones, the first element of this vector is the sum of the residuals and is equal to zero. This proves that the condition holds for the result that TSS = ESS + RSS.
In linear algebra terms, we have , , .
The proof can be simplified by noting that . The proof is as follows:
Thus,
which again gives the result that TSS = ESS + RSS, since .
See also
Sum of squares (statistics)
Lack-of-fit sum of squares
Fraction of variance unexplained
Notes
References
S. E. Maxwell and H. D. Delaney (1990), "Designing experiments and analyzing data: A model comparison perspective". Wadsworth. pp. 289–290.
G. A. Milliken and D. E. Johnson (1984), "Analysis of messy data", Vol. I: Designed experiments. Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 146–151.
B. G. Tabachnick and L. S. Fidell (2007), "Experimental design using ANOVA". Duxbury. p. 220.
B. G. Tabachnick and L. S. Fidell (2007), "Using multivariate statistics", 5th ed. Pearson Education. pp. 217–218.
Least squares | wiki |
Carnival Breeze je brod u vlasništvu Carnival Cruise Line. Treći i posljednji brod u Dream klasi koju djeli s Carnival Dream, Carnival Magic, Costa Diadema.
Kuma broda je Tracy Wilson Mourning. Kada je izgrađen u brodogradilištu Fincantieri bio je najveći brod ikada izgrađen u tom brodogradilištu dok se nije Carnival Vista izgradila.
Brodovi | wiki |
This is a list of all lighthouses in the U.S. state of New York as identified by the United States Coast Guard.
References
New York
New York (state) transportation-related lists
Lighthouses | wiki |
Nettie may refer to:
Literature
The Nettie Palmer Prize for Non-fiction, an Australian literary award offered for a published work of non-fiction and a component of the annual Victorian Premier's Literary Award
Medicine
Nettie pot, also neti pot, a device used for nasal irrigation
Music
"Nettie", a song by Type O Negative's on the album Life Is Killing Me
"Nettie Moore", a song on the album Modern Times (Bob Dylan album)
People
Nettie (name)
Places
Nettie, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Nicholas County, West Virginia, in the United States
Lake Nettie National Wildlife Refuge in North Dakota in the United States
Ships
USS Nettie (SP-1436), a United States Navy patrol boat in commission from 1917 to 1918
See also
Neti (disambiguation)
Netti (disambiguation)
Netty (disambiguation) | wiki |
Snipe, in woodworking, is a noticeably deeper cut on the leading and/or trailing end of a board after having passed through a thickness planer or jointer. Its cause, in a jointer, is an out-feed table which is set too low relative to the cutter head, or in a thickness planer, an unnecessarily high setting of the Bed rollers of the in-feed table or a pressure bar which is set too high. The term has its origin in forestry where it is applied to a sloping surface or bevel cut on the fore end of a log to ease dragging. (OED)
References
External links
Fencing
Woodworking | wiki |
A buttonhole is a hole in a fabric that is paired with a functional button that serves as a fastener.
Buttonhole may also refer to:
Buttonhole (floral), a flower or floral decoration worn by men
Buttonhole (knitting), a buttonhole in a knitted fabric
See also
Buttonholer | wiki |
WWWOFFLE is a proxy server and web caching software, allowing dial-up or broadband users to cache data for offline use. It can handle HTTP, FTP, and finger protocol, and operates on IPv4 and IPv6. Version builds are Unix-based: ports are available for Linux, and Win32 support is provided via Cygwin.
References
External links
Free proxy servers
Unix network-related software | wiki |
A transform boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move past one another. Shear stress operates at transform boundaries, which involves sliding motion. No lithosphere is destroyed or created, and mountain chains are not built at transform boundaries. They accommodate the lateral offset between segments of divergent boundaries, forming a zigzag pattern. This is a result of oblique seafloor spreading where the direction of motion is not perpendicular to the trend of the overall divergent boundary. A smaller number of such faults are found on land, although these are generally better-known, such as the San Andreas Fault and North Anatolian Fault.
Nomenclature
Transform boundaries are also known as conservative plate boundaries because they involve no addition or loss of lithosphere at the Earth's surface.
Background
Geophysicist and geologist John Tuzo Wilson recognized that the offsets of oceanic ridges by faults do not follow the classical pattern of an offset fence or geological marker in Reid's rebound theory of faulting, from which the sense of slip is derived. The new class of faults, called transform faults, produce slip in the opposite direction from what one would surmise from the standard interpretation of an offset geological feature. Slip along transform faults does not increase the distance between the ridges it separates; the distance remains constant in earthquakes because the ridges are spreading centers. This hypothesis was confirmed in a study of the fault plane solutions that showed the slip on transform faults points in the opposite direction than classical interpretation would suggest.
Difference between transform and transcurrent faults
Transform faults are closely related to transcurrent faults and are commonly confused. Both types of fault are strike-slip or side-to-side in movement; nevertheless, transform faults always end at a junction with another plate boundary, while transcurrent faults may die out without a junction with another fault. Finally, transform faults form a tectonic plate boundary, while transcurrent faults do not.
Mechanics
Faults in general are focused areas of deformation or strain, which are the response of built-up stresses in the form of compression, tension, or shear stress in rock at the surface or deep in the Earth's subsurface. Transform faults specifically accommodate lateral strain by transferring displacement between mid-ocean ridges or subduction zones. They also act as the plane of weakness, which may result in splitting in rift zones.
Transform faults and divergent boundaries
Transform faults are commonly found linking segments of divergent boundaries (mid-oceanic ridges or spreading centres). These mid-oceanic ridges are where new seafloor is constantly created through the upwelling of new basaltic magma. With new seafloor being pushed and pulled out, the older seafloor slowly slides away from the mid-oceanic ridges toward the continents. Although separated only by tens of kilometers, this separation between segments of the ridges causes portions of the seafloor to push past each other in opposing directions. This lateral movement of seafloors past each other is where transform faults are currently active.
Transform faults move differently from a strike-slip fault at the mid-oceanic ridge. Instead of the ridges moving away from each other, as they do in other strike-slip faults, transform-fault ridges remain in the same, fixed locations, and the new ocean seafloor created at the ridges is pushed away from the ridge. Evidence of this motion can be found in paleomagnetic striping on the seafloor.
A paper written by geophysicist Taras Gerya theorizes that the creation of the transform faults between the ridges of the mid-oceanic ridge is attributed to rotated and stretched sections of the mid-oceanic ridge. This occurs over a long period of time with the spreading center or ridge slowly deforming from a straight line to a curved line. Finally, fracturing along these planes forms transform faults. As this takes place, the fault changes from a normal fault with extensional stress to a strike-slip fault with lateral stress. In the study done by Bonatti and Crane, peridotite and gabbro rocks were discovered in the edges of the transform ridges. These rocks are created deep inside the Earth's mantle and then rapidly exhumed to the surface. This evidence helps to prove that new seafloor is being created at the mid-oceanic ridges and further supports the theory of plate tectonics.
Active transform faults are between two tectonic structures or faults. Fracture zones represent the previously active transform-fault lines, which have since passed the active transform zone and are being pushed toward the continents. These elevated ridges on the ocean floor can be traced for hundreds of miles and in some cases even from one continent across an ocean to the other continent.
Types
In his work on transform-fault systems, geologist Tuzo Wilson said that transform faults must be connected to other faults or tectonic-plate boundaries on both ends; because of that requirement, transform faults can grow in length, keep a constant length, or decrease in length. These length changes are dependent on which type of fault or tectonic structure connect with the transform fault. Wilson described six types of transform faults:
Growing length: In situations where a transform fault links a spreading center and the upper block of a subduction zone or where two upper blocks of subduction zones are linked, the transform fault itself will grow in length.
Constant length: In other cases, transform faults will remain at a constant length. This steadiness can be attributed to many different causes. In the case of ridge-to-ridge transforms, the constancy is caused by the continuous growth by both ridges outward, canceling any change in length. The opposite occurs when a ridge linked to a subducting plate, where all the lithosphere (new seafloor) being created by the ridge is subducted, or swallowed up, by the subduction zone. Finally, when two upper subduction plates are linked there is no change in length. This is due to the plates moving parallel with each other and no new lithosphere is being created to change that length.
Decreasing length faults: In rare cases, transform faults can shrink in length. These occur when two descending subduction plates are linked by a transform fault. In time as the plates are subducted, the transform fault will decrease in length until the transform fault disappears completely, leaving only two subduction zones facing in opposite directions.
Examples
The most prominent examples of the mid-oceanic ridge transform zones are in the Atlantic Ocean between South America and Africa. Known as the St. Paul, Romanche, Chain, and Ascension fracture zones, these areas have deep, easily identifiable transform faults and ridges. Other locations include: the East Pacific Ridge located in the South Eastern Pacific Ocean, which meets up with San Andreas Fault to the North.
Transform faults are not limited to oceanic crust and spreading centers; many of them are on continental margins. The best example is the San Andreas Fault on the Pacific coast of the United States. The San Andreas Fault links the East Pacific Rise off the West coast of Mexico (Gulf of California) to the Mendocino Triple Junction (Part of the Juan de Fuca plate) off the coast of the Northwestern United States, making it a ridge-to-transform-style fault. The formation of the San Andreas Fault system occurred fairly recently during the Oligocene Period between 34 million and 24 million years ago. During this period, the Farallon plate, followed by the Pacific plate, collided into the North American plate. The collision led to the subduction of the Farallon plate underneath the North American plate. Once the spreading center separating the Pacific and the Farallon plates was subducted beneath the North American plate, the San Andreas Continental Transform-Fault system was created.
In New Zealand, the South Island's alpine fault is a transform fault for much of its length. This has resulted in the folded land of the Southland Syncline being split into an eastern and western section several hundred kilometres apart. The majority of the syncline is found in Southland and The Catlins in the island's southeast, but a smaller section is also present in the Tasman District in the island's northwest.
Other examples include:
Middle East's Dead Sea Transform fault
Pakistan's Chaman Fault
Turkey's North Anatolian Fault
North America's Queen Charlotte Fault
Myanmar's Sagaing Fault
See also
References
International Tectonic Dictionary – AAPG Memoir 7, 1967
The Encyclopedia of Structural Geology and Plate Tectonics – Ed. by Carl K. Seyfert, 1987
Structural geology
Plate tectonics
Faults (geology)
Strike-slip earthquakes | wiki |
The A-League Men Goalkeeper of the Year is an annual soccer award presented to the best goalkeeper in the A-League Men. The award is determined by a panel of experts.
The A-League was founded in 2005 to replace the semi-professional National Soccer League. The number of teams in the league has ranged from eight to twelve and there are currently twelve clubs in the league. The Goalkeeper of the Year award has been given out since the league's inaugural season.
Eugene Galekovic has won the award four times, the most times out of all keepers. Michael Theo is the next-most successful, with three awards.
Winners
Awards won by nationality
Awards won by club
References
General
External links
A-League official website
A-League Men trophies and awards
Australian soccer trophies and awards | wiki |
MISG may refer to:
The Mathematics in Industry Study Group, an annual workshop now held in Australia, under the wing of Australian and NZ Industrial Applied Maths ANZIAM
Malaysian Islamic Study Group, a U.S.-based student organization
Military Intelligence and Security Group, the former secret police agency of the Philippines | wiki |
Breathing system may refer to:
Respiratory system, the biological system in the bodies of animals
Artificial respiration, several systems to breath artificially
Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation, a technique/system to maintain breathing when autonomic breathing fails
Ventilator
Breathing circuit, a medical device, to breathe and introduce anesthesia
Breathing set (disambiguation), equipment systems used to breath in hostile environments
See also
Breathing | wiki |
Galina Mitrokhina may refer to
Galina Mitrokhina (rowing) (born 1940), Russian rower
Galina Mitrokhina (track athlete) (born 1944), Russian track and field athlete | wiki |
{{DISPLAYTITLE:N4-Méthylcytosine}}
La N4-méthylcytosine est une base nucléique pyrimidique dérivée de la cytosine par méthylation. Elle est présente naturellement sous forme de N4-méthylcytidine dans certains ARN ribosomiques sous forme de 1-méthylguanosine, ainsi que dans l'ADN de certaines bactéries.
Notes et références
Base nucléique
Pyrimidine | wiki |
{{DISPLAYTITLE:N4-Méthylcytidine}}
La N4-méthylcytidine (m4C) est un nucléoside dont la base nucléique est la N4-méthylcytosine, un dérivé méthylé de la cytosine, l'ose étant le β-D-ribofuranose. Elle est présente naturellement dans certains ARN ribosomiques.
Notes et références
Nucléoside
Pyrimidine | wiki |
Mashed potato is a common way of serving potato, made by mashing boiled potatoes.
Mashed potato or mashed potatoes may also refer to:
Mashed Potato (dance), a dance move that was popular during the early 1960s
"(Do the) Mashed Potatoes", a 1960 single by Nat Kendrick and the Swans featuring James Brown
Mashed Potatoes (album), a 1962 album by Steve Alaimo
Instant mashed potatoes, a convenience food
Alu Bharta (roughly translated to "mashed potatoes"), a Bengali dish
See also
"Mashed Potatoes U.S.A.", a 1962 single by James Brown
"Mashed Potato Time", a 1962 song by Dee Dee Sharp
Mashed (disambiguation)
Potato (disambiguation) | wiki |
Washington, D.C. (officially the District of Columbia), is the capital city and federal district of the United States. Below is a list of Washington, D.C.-related articles.
0–9
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G
H
I
J
K
L
M
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See also
Outline of Washington, D.C.
District of Columbia | wiki |
A fraternity is an organisation of men.
Fraternity may also refer to:
Associations
Benefit society
Chivalric order
Fraternal order
Friendly society
Honor society, an organization which recognizes achievement
Religious order
Secret society
Social club
Trade union
Academic and student fraternities
Europe
Corporation (university), college fraternity; for example German Student Corps
Nation (university), student organization
Studentenverbindung, student organizations in Germany
Student society
Students' union
North America
College fraternities and sororities, also called Greek letter organizations or social fraternities, initiatory organizations which unite students through the undergraduate college course
Collegiate secret societies in North America, organizations in which membership is limited by year of study
Literary society, an organization formed as a student-directed supplement to the academic curriculum
Professional fraternities and sororities, organizations which promote fellowship among those in a particular academic discipline or career field
Service fraternities and sororities, organizations whose primary purpose is community service
Sociology
Fraternity (philosophy), a type of relationship between people
Other uses
Fraternity (band), an Australian rock group from the early 1970s, featuring AC/DC's Bon Scott
Fraternity Records, a record label
See also
List of general fraternities
List of social fraternities and sororities
North American fraternity and sorority housing, large group housing for members of a fraternity or sorority
Brotherhood (disambiguation) | wiki |
The landforms of Earth are generally divided into physiographic divisions, consisting of physiographic provinces, which in turn consist of physiographic sections, though some others use different terminology, such as realms, regions and subregions. Some areas have further categorized their respective areas into more detailed subsections.
References
Geomorphology
Earth sciences
Geography-related lists | wiki |
Yellow Men Sleep is a lost world novel by the American writer Jeremy Lane. It was originally serialized in the magazine All-Story Weekly beginning on May 3, 1919, and was first published in book form in 1919 by The Century Company.
Plot
The novel concerns the adventures of Con Levington, a Secret Service agent, who travels to the Gobi Desert searching for the source of the drug Koresh. There he discovers an ancient civilization.
Sources
1919 American novels
Lost world novels
Novels first published in serial form
American fantasy novels
Works originally published in Argosy (magazine)
The Century Company books | wiki |
Court Street was a former Rochester Industrial and Rapid Transit Railway station located in Rochester, New York. It was closed in 1956 along with the rest of the line.
The remains of the station were located in a cutting that had once been the bed of the Erie Canal, immediately south of the mouth of the tunnel under Court Street on the west side of South Avenue. This site is adjacent to the historic Lehigh Valley Railroad Station building and south of the Rundel Memorial Library. Above the station was a former access road that went from Court Street to the Lehigh Valley Railroad yard that was mostly demolished in the 1960s. Alongside the station was the Johnson and Seymour Millrace. Just past the station was an elevated loop intended to connect to a streetcar line on South Avenue. There was also an electrified connection to the Lehigh Valley Railroad. The station site was destroyed in 2017 when the City of Rochester began redevelopment of the site in preparation for a luxury highrise.
References
Railway stations in Rochester, New York
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1918
Railway stations closed in 1956
1918 establishments in New York (state)
1956 disestablishments in New York (state) | wiki |
100th Regiment or 100th Infantry Regiment may refer to:
100th Regiment of Foot (disambiguation), several units of the British Army
100th Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery (The Gordon Highlanders)
100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery
100th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment
100th Independent Shipborne Fighter Aviation Regiment
Union Army (American Civil War):
100th Illinois Infantry Regiment
100th Indiana Infantry Regiment
100th New York Volunteer Infantry
100th Ohio Infantry
100th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment | wiki |
The following is a list of telenovelas and television series produced by Caracol Televisión.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
Notes
References
Caracol
Caracol telenovelas | wiki |
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Quitman, település Georgia államban
Quitman, település Mississippi államban
Quitman, település Texas államban | wiki |
Atmel Software Framework (ASF) è una libreria software per i microcontrollori Atmel.
È integrata nell'ambiente Atmel Studio con un'interfaccia grafica o disponibile separatamente per GCC ed i compilatori IAR.
Supporta i microcontrollori: megaAVR, AVR XMEGA, AVR UC3 e SAM.
Collegamenti esterni
Librerie software | wiki |
Grad or grads may refer to:
Places
Grad (toponymy) (Cyrillic: Град) is a Slavic word meaning "town", "city", "castle" or "fortified settlement" that appears in numerous Slavic toponyms
Specific places named Grad
Grad, Visoko, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Grad, Delčevo, North Macedonia
Grąd, Podlaskie Voivodeship, Poland
Grąd, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland
Grad, Cerklje na Gorenjskem, Slovenia
Municipality of Grad, Slovenia
Grad, Grad, a village, the seat of the municipality
People
Grad (surname)
Arts, entertainment, and media
Grad (EP), a Cactus Jack EP
Grad, the dragon in Ral Grad
Education
Grad, short for a graduate, one who has graduated from an education program, also known as an alumnus
Grad school, short for graduate school
Geometry and measurement
Gradian, a unit of angular measurement
Gradient of a scalar field, a differential operator in mathematics
Grad, a small unit in tuning very close to the schisma, which it is also called
Other uses
BM-21 Grad, a Soviet multiple-launch rocket system and an associated series of artillery rockets
Grad Associates, an architectural firm based in Newark, New Jersey
GrADS, a free software for geophysical data visualization | wiki |
Huntingtin Interacting Protein (HIP) may refer to:
HIP1 (Huntingtin-interacting protein 1)
HIP1R (Huntingtin-interacting protein 1 related protein)
HIP2 (Huntingtin-interacting protein 2) a.k.a. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 K
See also
Huntingtin
Human proteins | wiki |
A saddle chair uses the same principles in its design as an equestrian saddle. It is equipped with a chair base on casters and a gas cylinder for adjusting the correct sitting height. The casters enable moving around and reaching out for objects while sitting. Some saddle chairs have backrests, but most do not. Some models also have a swing mechanism in the seat, which increases small movement mobility to the low back and stomach for the goal of better circulation in soft tissues.
Riding-like sitting on a saddle chair differs from sitting on a conventional chair. Saddle chair users sit 20–30 cm higher, which puts the hips and the knees into a 135° angle, compared to the 90° angle typically associated with sitting on a traditional chair.
Because the saddle chair is higher than a normal office chair, the desk has to be higher as well. For this purpose there are desks that can be electronically or mechanically adjusted to fit the user. A saddle chair can also be used with a normal office desk, but then the desk has to be lifted up with height extension pieces or most practically with electric or gas spring mechanisms.
The saddle chair seat is either solid or divided. A divided seat reduces pressure on the perineum, but also on the coccyx and the genitals on the pubic bone, and lowers the temperature in the genital area. A divided seat is thought to be healthier than a solid seat, for women but even more so for men, who´s genitals are all outside the body and easily to be pressed by the furniture.
Saddle chairs usually have height adjustments but also a tilt mechanism. There are divided saddle chair models with adjustable gap between the two seat parts and also swing mechanism, which increases the small movements of the pelvic and stomach. The goal of this is to increase circulation in the soft tissues for better tissue metabolism. Accessories, such as elbow and wrist supports, are available for saddle chairs to make different work tasks easier.
Benefits and adjustments
A side-saddle chair can benefit men by decreasing the testicular temperature, and may help both men and women with lumbar posture to be the naturel "standing posture", which helps the hole spine to reach the natural posture.. Bloomberg Businessweek endorsed the saddle chair, noting while there is no medical evidence it helps increase sperm production, it "tips your pelvis and spine into the right position and un-squishes your genitals.
Adapting to a saddle chair takes time 0 day (if you are horse back rider or cyclist)up to 2-3 weeks, and requires a new kind of attitude towards sitting. The most common reason for using a saddle chair is that the users feel it is healthier for the back and legs than a standard chair. Many also feel, that the inhaling /oxygen intake is deeper in the good posture, and the shoulder tension gradually relieves . An intervention study on schoolchildren found that initially saddle chairs were liked better, but the difference leveled off over time.
References
Reijo Koskelo, Risto Pohjolainen, Osmo Hänninen: The function responses of upper secondary school students considering the saddle chair and the adjustable table. University of Kuopio. 1999-2000.
See also
Riding-like sitting
Sitting
Ergonomics
Ergonomics
Chairs | wiki |
Poke may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Poke (Ender's Game), a fictional character
Poke (game), a two-player card game
Poke, a fictional bar owner in the television series Treme
The Poke, a British satirical website
Food
Poke (confectionery), a dry, cone-shaped pastry
Poke (Hawaiian dish), originating in Hawaii
Poke (pudding), originating in the Cook Islands
Other uses
PEEK and POKE, BASIC commands
Poke bonnet, a type of headwear
Poke (Facebook), a Facebook feature
Poke (Oklahoma State University), a nickname for an Oklahoma State Cowboys athlete
Poke (surname)
Poke language, a Soko–Kele language spoken by the Topoke people
Virginia poke or pokeweed, a herbaceous perennial plant
See also
Pig in a poke
Poke salad (disambiguation) | wiki |
Birch (bark) tar or birch pitch is a substance (liquid when heated) derived from the dry distillation of the bark of the birch tree.
Chemical composition
Birch tar/pitch is mainly composed of triterpenoid compounds of the lupane and oleanane family, which can be used as biomarkers to identify birch tar in the archaeological record. The most characteristic molecules are betulin and lupeol which are also present in birch bark. Some of these molecules degrade into other lupane and oleanane skeleton triperpenes. The most commonly found additional molecules are lupenone, betulone, lupa-2,20(29)-dien-28-ol, lupa-2,20(29)-diene and allobetulin.
Ancient and modern uses
Birch tar was used widely as an adhesive as early as the Middle Paleolithic to early Mesolithic era. Neanderthals produced tar through the dry distillation of birch bark as early as 200,000 years ago. A study from 2019 showed that birch tar production can be a very simple process, merely involving the burning of birch bark near smooth vertical surfaces in open air conditions. A rare find from the Dutch North Sea shows that Neanderthals used birch bark tar as a backing on small 'domestic' stone tools.
Birch tar also has been used as a disinfectant, in leather dressing, and in medicine.
A piece of 5,000-year-old chewing gum made from birch bark tar and still bearing tooth imprints, has been found in Kierikki in Finland. Genetic material retained in the gum has enabled novel research regarding population movements, the types of foods consumed, and the types of bacteria found on their teeth.
A different chewing gum sample, dated to 5,700 years old, was found in southern Denmark. A complete human genome and oral microbiome was sequenced from the chewed birch pitch. Researchers identified that the individual who chewed the pitch was a female closely related genetically to hunter-gatherers from mainland Europe.
Ends of fletching of arrows were fastened with birch-tar and birch-tar-and-rawhide lashings were used to fix the blade of axes in the Mesolithic period.
Birch tar was more frequently discovered in archaeological contexts dating from the Neolithic to the Iron Age. For example, birch tar was identified to serve as an adhesive to repair and decorate/paint ceramic vessels, as a sealing/waterproofing agent. A well-known example of birch tar hafting during the copper age is Ötzi’s hafted arrow points and copper axe. Multiple discoveries show that birch tar was also used to assemble metal artefacts, such as pendants and other ornaments, on both a functional and decorative level. During the Roman Era, birch tar is mostly replaced by wood tar, but birch tar is still used, for example, to decorate hinges and other bone objects.
Russia leather is a water-resistant leather, oiled with birch oil after tanning. This leather was a major export good from seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Russia, as the availability of birch oil limited its geographical production. The oil impregnation also deterred insect attack and gave a distinctive and pleasant aroma that was seen as a mark of quality in leather.
Birch tar is also one of the components of Vishnevsky liniment.
Birch tar oil is an effective repellent of gastropods. The repellent effect lasts about two weeks. The repellent effect of birch tar oil mixed with petroleum jelly applied to a fence lasts up to several months.
Birch tar oil has strong antiseptic properties owing to a large amount of phenol derivatives and terpenoid derivatives.
Birch tar oil was used in the eighteenth century alongside civet and castoreum and many other aromatic substances to scent the fine Spanish leather Peau d'Espagne. At the turn of the twentieth century, birch tar has become a specialty fragrance material in perfumery as a base note to impart a leathery, smoky note in fragrances, especially from the leather and tobacco genre, and to a lesser extent in Chypres, especially Cuir de Russie perfumes and fragrance bases, typically together with castoreum and isobutyl quinoline. It is used as an ingredient in some soaps, i.e. the scent of Imperial Leather soap, though other tars (i.e. from pine, coal) with an equally phenolic and smoky odour are more commonly used in soaps as a medicating agent.
References
External links
Non-video demonstration
Treating Leather With Birch Tar
Adhesives
Non-timber forest products | wiki |
Lake Gregory is a salt lake located in the Far North region of South Australia. The lake lies to the west of Lake Blanche; to the east the Birdsville Track runs in between it and Lake Eyre.
Hydrology
Lake Gregory is fed by local rainfall and by overflows from Lake Blanche to its east. It was filled in 1974, 1984 and 1990.
Natural history
The lake is located within the boundaries of the 'Strzelecki Creek Wetland System', a DIWA wetland, and the Strzelecki Desert Lakes Important Bird Area.
History
It is named after the explorer Augustus Charles Gregory, who first passed by it in 1858. Originally Lake Eyre was named Lake Gregory by B. H. Babbage, but the names were modified by Governor Richard Graves MacDonnell, who preferred to name the former after the famous explorer who first investigated the region twenty years prior, Edward John Eyre.
Economy
The lands around the lake are used for pastoralism, with both sheep and cattle grazing the surrounding plains. Dulkaninna Station is located near the south west corner of the lake.
See also
List of lakes of South Australia
References
Gregory
Far North (South Australia) | wiki |
"The Art of Letting Go" is a 2013 song by American singer-songwriter Mariah Carey.
The Art of Letting Go may also refer to:
"The Art of Letting Go", a song by Pat Benatar from Seven the Hard Way
"The Art of Letting Go", a song by Mikaila from Mikaila
"The Art of Letting Go", a song by the Stone Temple Pilots from Stone Temple Pilots (2018) | wiki |
The following is a list of Chile national football team managers.
Managers
This is the statistical table of Chile national football team managers and all matches against National Teams.
* To obtain the performance percentage (%), it is considered 3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 points for a loss.
* Honours from friendly tournaments are shown in cursive.
* Coaches at the FIFA World Cup are shown in bold.
Notes
References
Chile
Football
Managers | wiki |
Zealandia is a nearly submerged continental mass.
Zealandia may also refer to:
Places
Zealandia Bank, a submarine volcano in the Marianas archipelago
Zealandia, Saskatchewan, Canada
Ships
, a British Royal Navy battleship renamed HMS Zealandia in 1911
SS Zealandia (1875), an American sail-steamer wrecked off Southport, England in 1917
, an Australian cargo and passenger ship that served as a troopship in both World War I and World War II
ST Zealandia, a British tugboat
Other uses
Zealandia (newspaper), a New Zealand Catholic newspaper published weekly from 1934 to 1989
Zealandia (personification), a female personification of New Zealand
Zealandia (plant), a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae
Zealandia (wildlife sanctuary), Wellington, New Zealand
Zealandia (Asheville, North Carolina), a mansion on the National Register of Historic Places in the United States
See also
Zeelandia (disambiguation)
Zealand (disambiguation) | wiki |
Peterhouse, Marondera may refer to
Peterhouse Boys' School
Peterhouse Girls' School | wiki |
Peterhouse School may be referring to
Peterhouse Boys' School, in Mashonaland East, Zimbabwe
Peterhouse Girls' School, in Mashonaland East, Zimbabwe
Peterhouse school of history | wiki |
This is a list of chicken breeds usually considered to originate in Canada and the United States. Some may have complex or obscure histories, so inclusion here does not necessarily imply that a breed is predominantly or exclusively from those countries.
References
Lists of North American domestic animal breeds
Chicken | wiki |
Verona Joseph (born 23 April 1974) is a British actress. She played the role of Jess Griffin in the BBC drama series Holby City between 2002 and 2007 and continued to appear as a recurring character from time to time. In 2004, she appeared in the first series of the BBC dancing competition Strictly Come Dancing with her professional dance partner Paul Killick. She appeared in the first episode of series four of Doctor Who as Penny, a journalist.
Joseph married director Farren Blackburn in 2004. She has a son Terrell and two daughters Elsie-Mae and Ruby Rose.
References
External links
1974 births
Living people
British actresses | wiki |
The 2008–09 Nashville Predators season began on October 10, 2008. It was the Nashville Predators' 11th season in the National Hockey League. The Predators ended up missing the playoffs for the first time since 2002-03 season
Pre-season
Regular season
Divisional standings
Conference standings
Game log
Playoffs
The Nashville Predators failed to qualify for the 2009 Stanley Cup playoffs, making it the first time that the Predators missed the playoffs since 2003.
Player stats
Skaters
Goaltenders
†Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Predators. Stats reflect time with the Predators only.
‡Traded mid-season
Bold/italics denotes franchise record
Awards and records
Records
Milestones
Transactions
Trades
Free agents
Claimed via waivers
Draft picks
Nashville's picks at the 2008 NHL Entry Draft in Ottawa, Ontario.
See also
2008–09 NHL season
Farm teams
References
Nashville Predators seasons
N
N | wiki |
Wood gas is a fuel gas that can be used for furnaces, stoves, and vehicles. During the production process, biomass or related carbon-containing materials are gasified within the oxygen-limited environment of a wood gas generator to produce a combustible mixture. In some gasifiers this process is preceded by pyrolysis, where the biomass or coal is first converted to char, releasing methane and tar rich in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
In stark contrast with synthesis gas, which is almost pure H2/CO mixture, wood gas also contains a variety of organic compound ("distillates") that require scrubbing for use in other applications. Depending on the kind of biomass, a variety of contaminants are produced that will condense out as the gas cools. When producer gas is used to power cars and boats or distributed to remote locations it is necessary to scrub the gas to remove the materials that can condense and clog carburetors and gas lines. Anthracite and coke are preferred for automotive use because they produce the smallest amount of contamination, allowing smaller, lighter scrubbers to be used.
History
The first wood gasifier was apparently built by Gustav Bischof in 1839. The first vehicle powered by wood gas was built by Thomas Hugh Parker in 1901. Around 1900, many cities delivered fuel gases (centrally produced, typically from coal) to residences. Natural gas came into use only in the 1930s.
Wood gas vehicles were used during World War II as a consequence of the rationing of fossil fuels. In Germany alone, around 500,000 "producer gas" vehicles were in use at the end of the war. Trucks, buses, tractors, motorcycles, ships and trains were equipped with a wood gasification unit. In 1942, when wood gas had not yet reached the height of its popularity, there were about 73,000 wood gas vehicles in Sweden, 65,000 in France, 10,000 in Denmark, and almost 8,000 in Switzerland. In 1944, Finland had 43,000 "woodmobiles", of which 30,000 were buses and trucks, 7,000 private vehicles, 4,000 tractors and 600 boats.
Wood gasifiers are still manufactured in China and Russia for automobiles and as power generators for industrial applications. Trucks retrofitted with wood gasifiers are used in North Korea in rural areas, particularly on the roads of the east coast.
Production
A wood gasifier takes wood chips, sawdust, charcoal, coal, rubber or similar materials as fuel and burns these incompletely in a fire box, producing wood gas, solid ash and soot, the latter of which have to be removed periodically from the gasifier. The wood gas can then be filtered for tars and soot/ash particles, cooled and directed to an engine or fuel cell. Most of these engines have strict purity requirements of the wood gas, so the gas often has to pass through extensive gas cleaning in order to remove or convert, i.e., "crack", tars and particles. The removal of tar is often accomplished by using a water scrubber. Running wood gas in an unmodified gasoline-burning internal combustion engine may lead to problematic accumulation of unburned compounds.
The quality of the gas from different gasifiers varies a great deal. Staged gasifiers, where pyrolysis and gasification occur separately instead of in the same reaction zone as was the case in the World War II gasifiers, can be engineered to produce essentially tar-free gas (less than 1 mg/m3), while single-reactor fluidized bed gasifiers may exceed 50,000 mg/m3 tar. The fluidized bed reactors have the advantage of being much more compact, with more capacity per unit volume and price. Depending on the intended use of the gas, tar can be beneficial, as well by increasing the heating value of the gas.
The heat of combustion of "producer gas"—a term used in the United States meaning wood gas produced for use in a combustion engine—is rather low compared to other fuels. Taylor reports that producer gas has a lower heat of combustion of 5.7 MJ/kg versus 55.9 MJ/kg for natural gas and 44.1 MJ/kg for gasoline. The heat of combustion of wood is typically 15-18 MJ/kg. Presumably, these values can vary somewhat from sample to sample. The same source reports the following chemical composition by volume which most likely is also variable:
Nitrogen N2: 50.9%
Carbon monoxide CO: 27.0%
Hydrogen H2: 14.0%
Carbon dioxide CO2: 4.5%
Methane CH4: 3.0%
Oxygen O2: 0.6%.
The composition of the gas is strongly dependent on the gasification process, the gasification medium (air, oxygen or steam), and the fuel moisture. Steam-gasification processes typically yield high hydrogen contents, downdraft fixed bed gasifiers yield high nitrogen concentrations and low tar loads, while updraft fixed bed gasifiers yield high tar loads.
During the production of charcoal for blackpowder, the volatile wood gas is vented. Extremely-high-surface-area carbon results, suitable for use as a fuel in black powder.
See also
Biogas
Biochar - charcoal from biomass
Combined wood gas and biochar production
Gasification
Gasification Outdoor Wood Boilers
Producer gas
Rocket stove
Water gas
References
External links
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Wood Gas as Engine Fuel, 1986
Synthetic fuels
Fuel gas
Biofuels
Automotive engine technologies
Pyrolysis
Wood products
Industrial gases
Synthetic fuel technologies | wiki |
The pound per square inch or, more accurately, pound-force per square inch (symbol: lbf/in2; abbreviation: psi) is a unit of pressure or of stress based on avoirdupois units. It is the pressure resulting from a force of one pound-force applied to an area of one square inch. In SI units, 1 psi is approximately equal to 6895 Pa.
The pound per square inch absolute (psia) is used to make it clear that the pressure is relative to a vacuum rather than the ambient atmospheric pressure. Since atmospheric pressure at sea level is around , this will be added to any pressure reading made in air at sea level. The converse is pound per square inch gauge (psig), indicating that the pressure is relative to atmospheric pressure. For example, a bicycle tire pumped up to 65 psig in a local atmospheric pressure at sea level (14.7 psi) will have a pressure of 79.7 psia (14.7 psi + 65 psi). When gauge pressure is referenced to something other than ambient atmospheric pressure, then the unit would be pound per square inch differential (psid).
Multiples
The kilopound per square inch (ksi) is a scaled unit derived from psi, equivalent to a thousand psi (1000 lbf/in2).
ksi are not widely used for gas pressures. They are mostly used in materials science, where the tensile strength of a material is measured as a large number of psi.
The conversion in SI units is 1 ksi = 6.895 MPa, or 1 MPa = 0.145 ksi.
The megapound per square inch (Mpsi) is another multiple equal to a million psi. It is used in mechanics for the elastic modulus of materials, especially for metals.
The conversion in SI units is 1 Mpsi = 6.895 GPa, or 1 GPa = 0.145 Mpsi.
Magnitude
Inch of water: 0.036 psid
Blood pressure – clinically normal human blood pressure (120/80 mmHg): 2.32 psig/1.55 psig
Natural gas residential piped in for consumer appliance; 4–6 psig.
Boost pressure provided by an automotive turbocharger (common): 6–15 psig
NFL football: 12.5–13.5 psig
Atmospheric pressure at sea level (standard): 14.7 psia
Automobile tire overpressure (common): 32 psig
Bicycle tire overpressure (common): 65 psig
Workshop or garage air tools: 90 psig
Air brake (rail) or air brake (road vehicle) reservoir overpressure (common): 90–120 psig
Road racing bicycle tire overpressure: 120 psig
Steam locomotive fire tube boiler (UK, 20th century): 150–280 psig
Union Pacific Big Boy steam locomotive boiler: 300 psig
US Navy steam boiler pressure: 800 psi
Natural gas pipelines: 800–1000 psig
Full SCBA (self-contained breathing apparatus) for IDLH (non-fire) atmospheres: 2216 psig
Nuclear reactor primary loop: 2300 psi
Full SCUBA (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) tank overpressure (common): 3000 psig
Full SCBA (self-contained breathing apparatus) for interior firefighting operations: 4500 psig
Airbus A380 hydraulic system: 5000 psig
Land Rover Td5 diesel engine fuel injection pressure: 22,500 psi
Ultimate strength of ASTM A36 steel: 58,000 psi
Water jet cutter: 40,000–100,000 psig
Conversions
The conversions to and from SI are computed from exact definitions but result in a repeating decimal.
As the pascal is a very small unit relative to industrial pressures, the kilopascal is commonly used. 1000 kPa ≈ 145 lbf/in2.
Approximate conversions (rounded to some arbitrary number of digits, except when denoted by "≡") are shown in the following table.
See also
Conversion of units: Pressure or mechanical stress
Pressure: Units
References
External links
Pressure measurement primer
Online pressure conversions
Units of pressure
Customary units of measurement in the United States
Imperial units | wiki |
Phlebothrombosis occurs when a blood clot (thrombosis) in a vein (phlebo) forms independently from the presence of inflammation of the vein (phlebitis). Thrombophlebitis is phlebitis (vein inflammation) related to a thrombus (blood clot). These conditions are usually of the superficial veins and are generally mild and uncomplicated as opposed to deep vein thromboses, which can be life-threatening.
References
Coagulopathies | wiki |
Caesarius may refer to:
Caesarius (consul) (fl. 386-403), Eastern-Roman politician
Caesarius of Africa (died c. 3rd century), a Christian martyr
Caesarius of Alagno (died 1263), a Roman Catholic priest, bishop and royal counsellor
Caesarius of Arles (468/470 – 542), ecclesiastic in Gaul
Caesarius of Heisterbach, 13th-century Christian
Caesarius of Nazianzus ((c. 1180 – c. 1240), physician and politician
Owain Caesarius, possibly Owain ap Dyfnwal (fl. 934)
See also | wiki |
I Still Do is a 2016 album by Eric Clapton.
I Still Do may also refer to:
"I Still Do" (song), a 1984 song by Bill Medley
"I Still Do", a song by The Cranberries from Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We?
"I Still Do", a song by I Am Kloot from Sky at Night
"I Still Do", a song by Paul Brandt from This Time Around
"I Still Do", a song by Reckless Kelly from Millican
"I Still Do", a song by Wade Hayes from On a Good Night
I Still Do: Loving and Living with Alzheimer’s, a book by Judith Fox | wiki |
Non-revenue track (or trackage), or a non-revenue route, is a section of track or transport route that is not used to carry revenue-earning freight or goods nor for scheduled passenger services. The term is used to refer mainly to sections of track or routes in public transport systems, such as rapid transit and tramway networks, but non-revenue track or routes can also be found in other transport systems. Non-revenue tracks may be used for revenue service during temporary reroutings.
See also
Dead mileage
Network length (transport)
References
Public transport | wiki |
Total cost of acquisition (TCA) is a managerial accounting concept that includes all the costs associated with buying goods, services, or assets.
Generally, it is the net price plus other costs needed to purchase the item and get it to the point of use. These other costs can include: the item's purchasing costs (closing, research, accounting, commissions, legal fees), transportation, preparation and installation costs.
Typically they do not include training, system integration costs that might be considered operational costs.
See also
Total cost
Total cost of ownership
Procurement
References
External links
Business Dictionary
The Sourcing Solution, (Google books)
Example of application of acquisition costs
Management accounting
Costs | wiki |
Indie sleaze was a fashion aesthetic popular in the United States and United Kingdom from approximately 2006 to 2012. Often called equivalent to the hipster, indie sleaze has been described by some as an optimistic response to the Great Recession. It was defined by affordable clothing, amateur flash photography, and hedonism, among other things.
It experienced a resurgence in the early 2020s, when the style was first named and became popular on social media platforms such as Instagram and TikTok.
Style
Described by Daniel Rodgers of Dazed as "grubby, maximalist, and performatively vintage", indie sleaze was inspired both by 1980s fashion and grunge fashion. Indie sleaze has been called equivalent to the hipster aesthetic. Vices Arielle Richards described indie sleaze as a combination of other trends and styles, such as twee, scene, and electropop; NMEs El Hunt wrote that indie sleaze was defined by a sense of "chaotic spontaneity".
Clothes including metallic bodysuits, studded "Lita" boots manufactured by shoe company Jeffrey Campbell, lamé leggings, chokers, shutter shades, ballet flats, Keffiyeh, chunky gold jewelry, striped shirts, lensless glasses, sheer tops, big belts, plaid pants, cardigans, A-line skirts, tennis skirts, high-top Converse sneakers, long or layered necklaces, cropped leather jackets, fedoras, the Balenciaga Motorcycle Bag, stockings with shorts, wired headphones, band T-shirts, and skinny jeans, as well as other elements such as galaxy prints, "Aztec" prints, side-swept bangs, "waif-thin" bodies, "recession roots", smudged eyeliner and mascara, amateur flash photography, torn clothing, Polaroid cameras, cigarettes, and drug use have all been listed as hallmarks of indie sleaze. American Apparel was influential on the development of indie sleaze.
Music
Musical acts like Sky Ferreira, the Libertines, Digitalism, Arctic Monkeys, Hot Chip, Ariel Pink's Haunted Graffiti, Cut Copy, Pnau, Justice, Klaxons, Late of the Pier, MGMT, Yeah Yeah Yeahs, The Rapture, Peaches, LCD Soundsystem, Crystal Castles, Paolo Nutini, Franz Ferdinand, The Walkmen, Razorlight, The Kooks, The Noisettes, The Faint, Kings of Leon, and The Strokes, and genres like electroclash and post-punk revival are considered key musical aspects of the indie sleaze era. Indie Sleaze was also largely inspired by music produced and developed in Australia, such as Bang Gang Deejays, Muscles and Mercy Arms, and through large-scale music festivals with headline acts, such as Parklife.
History
The term "indie sleaze" was coined in 2021, the same year that the style became popular again through TikTok, by an Instagram account dedicated to the aesthetic, @indiesleaze, launched by a woman named Olivia V. The term was inspired by indie music, the 2000s magazine Sleaze, and the Uffie lyric "I'll make your sleazy dreams come true." Indie sleaze's popularity coincided with the rise and peak of MySpace and the early days of Tumblr, from about 2006 to 2012. Samantha Maxwell of Paste wrote that indie sleaze "feels like a reaction to the early years of Obama's presidency: The economy may have crashed, but there was still a sense of sparkling optimism in the air." Olivia V similarly stated that indie sleaze began before the Great Recession, allowing for a sense of optimism. Welsh singer Gwenno stated that the indie sleaze period was "very debauched, and probably the last moment where kids had been able to do whatever they want."
Various celebrities and public figures, including singers Pete Doherty, M.I.A., Sky Ferreira, and Beth Ditto; photographers The Cobrasnake and Terry Richardson, blogger Alexa Chung; actresses Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen; designers Henry Holland and Jeremy Scott; and models Cory Kennedy, Agyness Deyn, Pixie Geldof have been called progenitors of indie sleaze. L'Officiel USA named the character Effy Stonem from the British television series Skins "the perfect representative for [indie sleaze]."
Searches on Google for "indie sleaze" spiked in early 2022. The resurgence of indie sleaze in the early 2020s has been attributed to its affordability, its carefree nature, and post-pandemic partying.
Criticism
Arielle Richards of Vice criticized the alleged resurgence of indie sleaze as fake, writing that it was "created by a bunch of overworked millennials trawling Instagram, TikTok, and Google, in a bid to provide the winning take on something that isn't really happening." Stylists Naomi May similarly wrote in 2022 that indie sleaze as a trend was a "myth", pointing to the retirement of key figures of indie sleaze, such as Deyn, Holland, Chung, and Doherty, and the body positivity movement as evidence. Daniel Dylan Wray of The Quietus wrote that indie sleaze itself was "contrived into existence as a genre/label" despite having "never existed to begin with", adding, "With indie sleaze, there appears to be little else going on other than some people wallowing in the past while trying to convince themselves that it, or maybe even them, possesses some sort of contemporary relevance."
See also
Scene kids
Hipster subculture
References
2000s fashion
2010s fashion
2000s fads and trends
2010s fads and trends
2020s fashion
2020s fads and trends | wiki |
Green Spring – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Wirginia Zachodnia, w hrabstwie Hampshire.
CDP w stanie Wirginia Zachodnia | wiki |
A waterway is any navigable body of water. Broad distinctions are useful to avoid ambiguity, and disambiguation will be of varying importance depending on the nuance of the equivalent word in other languages. A first distinction is necessary between maritime shipping routes and waterways used by inland water craft. Maritime shipping routes cross oceans and seas, and some lakes, where navigability is assumed, and no engineering is required, except to provide the draft for deep-sea shipping to approach seaports (channels), or to provide a short cut across an isthmus; this is the function of ship canals. Dredged channels in the sea are not usually described as waterways. There is an exception to this initial distinction, essentially for legal purposes, see under international waters.
Where seaports are located inland, they are approached through a waterway that could be termed "inland" but in practice is generally referred to as a "maritime waterway" (examples Seine Maritime, Loire Maritime, Seeschiffahrtsstraße Elbe). The term "inland waterway" refers to navigable rivers and canals designed to be used by inland waterway craft only, implicitly of much smaller dimensions than seagoing ships.
In order for a waterway to be navigable, it must meet several criteria:
it must be deep enough to accommodate vessels loading to the design draft;
it must be wide enough to allow passage of the vessels with the design width or beam;
it must be free of obstacles to navigation such as waterfalls and rapids, or offer a way around them (such as canal locks or boat lifts);
its current must be mild enough to allow vessels to make headway upstream without undue difficulty;
the wave height (on lakes) must not exceed the value for which the class of vessel is designed.
Vessels using waterways vary from small animal-drawn barges to immense ocean tankers and ocean liners, such as cruise ships.
History
Waterways have been an important part of human activity since prehistoric times and navigability has allowed watercraft and canals to pass through every body of water. The Grand Canal (China), a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the oldest known waterway system in the world, is considered to be one of the world's largest and most extensive project of engineering.
Example of classification of inland waterways
The European Conference of Ministers of Transport established in 1953 a classification of waterways that was later expanded to take into account the development of push-towing. Europe is a continent with a great variety of waterway characteristics, which makes this classification valuable to appreciate the different classes in waterway. There is also a remarkable variety of waterway characteristics in many countries of Asia, but there has not been any equivalent international drive for uniformity. This classification is provided by the UN Economic Commission for Europe, Inland Transport Committee, Working Party on Inland Water Transport. A low resolution version of that map is shown here.
Major waterways
Suez Canal
Panama Canal
Great Lakes Waterway
Saint Lawrence Seaway
See also
Air draft
Flume
Inland waterways of the United States
International waters
List of canals in France
List of countries by waterways length
List of waterways
Mill race
Salish Sea
Strait of Magellan
Water trail
References
External links
Blue Book on European inland waterways - access to the Blue Book database.
Waterscape - Britain's official guide to canals, rivers and lakes
Bodies of water | wiki |
Gnarr is a 2010 Icelandic documentary film directed by Gaukur Úlfarsson. The film follows the political campaign of Jón Gnarr, a former punk rocker with no background in politics that formed his own party – the Best Party – and became the mayor of Reykjavík.
Cast
Jón Gnarr as Gnarr
References
External links
2010 films
2010 documentary films
Icelandic documentary films
2010s Icelandic-language films
Politics of Reykjavík
Documentary films about elections
Documentary films about punk music and musicians | wiki |
The term forehand refers to the front half of a horse's body.
Balance
A horse's "motor" is located in his hindquarters, and a horse that is heavy on the forehand (weight primarily on the forehand) is not able to properly move forward with impulsion. For good impulsion, a horse must either be balanced or have most of its weight tilted back toward its hindquarters.
Good riding aims to help transfer some of the animal's body weight back, getting the horse "off the forehand," but some riding disciplines require a greater amount of this transfer of weight (or "collection") than others. Sports such as dressage and show jumping require some of the greatest transfers of weight, while others, such as western pleasure, require a great deal less. However, it is beneficial for all horses to not travel "on the forehand," as this decreases the concussion placed on the front legs and their joints, thereby decreasing the risk of concussion-related lamenesses such as sidebone, ringbone, and others.
Certain conformational faults will encourage a horse to travel on the forehand, thereby making it more difficult for a rider to attain the shift in weight (although talented riders can usually train any horse to travel better with enough time). Horses that are built "downhill," with their hindquarters especially high, will be harder to collect.
Anatomy of the forehand
Muscles, tendons, and ligaments
The masseter, or cheek muscle, opens and closes the jaw and allows chewing. The Brachiocephalicus is a wide strap-like muscle that begins at the base of the skull behind the jaw and ends below the point of the shoulder to the humerus. This muscle moves the head from side to side, pulls the scapula forward, raises it in collection, and swings the foreleg forward. It is well developed for good movement, and too strong a rein contact inhibits free forward movement. The Sternocephalic begins at the jowl and ends at the sternum. This muscle moves the head and neck. In ewe-necked or bull-necked horses, this muscle is overdeveloped, and is difficult to get into a relaxed shape. The Rhomboideus begins at the Nuchal ligament and ends at the scapula. It lifts the shoulder and forehand, and pulls the scapula forward. The Splenius begins behind the poll and ends at the beginning of the Trapezius. This muscle turns and extends the neck, and makes up the topline if well developed. The Trapezius is a flat, sheet-like muscle that begins at the Occipital bone and ends at the spines of the 7th cervical and all the thoracic vertebrae. It lifts the shoulder and forehand, and if this muscle is well developed, the horse will work in a good outline. The Nuchal ligament begins at the poll and ends at the withers, and helps the muscles in the neck support the head. The deltoid begins at the scapula and ends at the humerus. The deltoid flexes the shoulder joint, and will load the shoulder if overdeveloped. The Supraspinatus begins below the trapezius and ends at the point of the shoulder; it maintains the shoulder in extension. The Latissimus dorsi begins at the lower thoracic vertebrae and ends at the back of the humerus; it flexes the shoulder and pulls the foreleg back. The Triceps flex the shoulder and extend the elbow; the Biceps flex the elbow and extend the shoulder. The pectoral muscles help pull the foreleg forward. The Triceps Brachii extend the elbow joint; the Biceps Brachii flex the elbow joint. The Extensor carpus extends the knee. The Flexor carpus flexes the knee. The Digital extensor extends the toe and knee. The digital flexor flexes the toe and knee and extends the elbow.
See also
Muscular system of the horse
Equine forelimb anatomy
Reference Links
Rara Equus
Equiworld
Horse anatomy | wiki |
Rosalie may refer to:
People
Rosalie (given name)
Rosalie Levasseur (1749-1826), French soprano billed as Mademoiselle Rosalie
Rosalie Rendu or Sr. Rosalie (1786–1856), venerated by the Roman Catholic Church
Film and theater
Rosalie (musical), a 1928 musical by the Gershwins and others
Rosalie (film), a 1937 film version of the musical
Rosalie, an award-winning 1966 short film by Polish director Walerian Borowczyk
Places
Rosalie, a locality of Paddington, Queensland, Australia
Rosalie, Dominica, a town
Rosalie, Nebraska, United States, a village
Songs
"Rosalie" (song), a 2008 song by Swiss Rapper Bligg from 0816
"Rosalie", a song by Bob Seger from Back in '72, also covered by Thin Lizzy about Rosalie Trombley
"Rosalie", a 1978 song by Carlos
"Rosalie", a 2012 song by Concrete Blonde
Other uses
Tropical Storm Rosalie (disambiguation)
Rosalie Mansion, a National Historic Landmark in Natchez, Mississippi, USA
Citroën Rosalie, a light-weight racing car manufactured in the 1930s
See also
Rosalia (disambiguation)
Rosella (disambiguation)
Plague Chapel of St. Rosalie, a one-nave chapel in Košice, eastern Slovakia
pl:Rozalia | wiki |
By the Sea may refer to:
By the Sea (1915 film), a 1915 American silent film by Charlie Chaplin
By the Sea (1982 film), a 1982 British TV film by Bill Wilson
By the Sea (2015 film), a 2015 American film by Angelina Jolie
By the Sea (novel), a 2001 novel by Abdulrazak Gurnah
By-the-Sea, home of August Belmont in Newport, Rhode Island
"By the Sea", a song by Suede on their 1996 album Coming Up
"By the Sea", a song by Euphoria on their 2001 album Beautiful My Child
See also
By the Beautiful Sea (song), lyrics include "By the Sea, By the Sea, By the Beautiful Sea"
By the Sea, By the Sea, By the Beautiful Sea, a 1995 trilogy of three short plays by Terrence McNally, Lanford Wilson, and Joe Pintauro | wiki |
The Lie (expression anglaise signifiant « Le Mensonge ») est le titre de plusieurs films ou téléfilms :
Cinéma
The Lie, un film américain d'un réalisateur inconnu, avec William Russell, sorti en 1911
The Lie, un film américain réalisé par Allan Dwan, sorti en 1914
The Lie, un film américain réalisé par J. Searle Dawley, sorti en 1918
, un film américain réalisé par Joshua Leonard, sorti en 2011
Télévision
The Lie, un téléfilm germano-américain réalisé par Harold Young diffusé en 1954
The Lie, un téléfilm américain réalisé par Alex Segal, diffusé en 1973 | wiki |
The Canon PowerShot G9 X is a digital compacted camera announced by Canon Inc. on October 13 2015. The G9 X replaces the older Canon PowerShot S120 compact camera. With a reduced zoom range and larger sensor, the camera was the smallest and lightest compact camera since the Canon PowerShot G7 X.
In January 2017 Canon announced the upcoming release of the PowerShot G9 X Mark II.
References
http://www.dpreview.com/products/canon/compacts/canon_g9x/specifications
http://www.popphoto.com/ces-2017-canon-announces-powershot-g9-x-mark-ii-advanced-compact-camera
G9 X
Canon PowerShot G9 X | wiki |
The Canon PowerShot G5 X is a compact digital camera announced by Canon Inc. on October 13, 2015. It replaced the older G16.
The G5 X is a new design replacing the optical viewfinder with an electronic one and the 1/1.7" sensor by a one-inch one. The camera has a DSLR-like form factor with the viewfinder in the center.
References
External links
G5 X
Canon PowerShot G5 X | wiki |
BiFi is a brand of meat snacks owned by the American snack company Jack Link's. BiFi Roll (introduced in 1987) and BiFi Carazza (introduced in 1994) are the most popular BiFi products besides BiFi Original. Up to this day, the meat snacks are still manufactured in the original facilities of "Schafft Fleischwerke" in Ansbach, Germany.
History
The brand BiFi was introduced in 1972. Originally, the name BiFi was only used for the first product of today's product range, a small salami. The name BiFi derived from the English adjective "beefy" (meaty). Currently more than ten products are distributed under the brand.
After "Schafft Fleischwerke" became part of the "Union Deutsche Lebensmittelwerke GmbH" (Union of German Food factories Ltd.), BiFi was included in the Unilever product range.
In February 2014, Unilever sold their meat snacks brands BiFi and Peperami to the largest meat snack producer worldwide, Jack Link's.
In 2017, the brand's logo and packaging design was revised. The new look of the brand was introduced in the context by a large-scale TV and online campaign under the claim "It's right when it feels right".
Advertising & Varieties
Like Peperami, BiFi's television advertising is humorous.
In the 1990s, BiFi used the advertisements at the time for Peperami, featuring the "Animal". However, Julien Haggége's German voice (for the Animal) was overdubbed with the German translations for the words, and the ending consequently features a BiFi packet, not a Peperami packet.
In 2001, BiFi "debuted" an advertising campaign featuring a supermarket/office area called Zomtec. There were ten adverts in the series, lasting even into 2003. They feature numerous characters and their "mishaps" with BiFi. One of the more famous ones (in English-language) featured a man "reach" for a BiFi, but someone else reaches for it first. Upset, other people offer him a BiFi, but it turns out to be a joke as one of the people offering him a BiFi licks the BiFi.
The following varieties are, or have been available: Original, XXL, Minis, Thin Sticks, Salamibrot, Beef, Wrapped in Dough (Turkey, Hot, Original, Veggie), Bierwurst, Turkey, Veggie Carazza.
See also
Peperami (a similar snack also made by Jack Link's)
References
External links
BiFi official website
Jack Link's website
Brand name snack foods
Brand name meats
Former Unilever brands
Products introduced in 1972 | wiki |
The Pink Squirrel is a cocktail made of
1 oz crème de Noyaux
1 oz crème de cacao
1 oz heavy cream
Shake with ice, strain into a cocktail glass and serve.
The drink was invented at Bryant's Cocktail Lounge in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The Pink Squirrel was invented as an ice cream drink. In fact, it is still served as an ice cream drink both in Milwaukee and in many other parts of the upper Midwest. The Pink Squirrel is one of 3 typical ice cream drinks commonly served in Wisconsin Supper Clubs; with the others being a Brandy Alexander and Grasshopper.
Reference List
Cocktails with liqueur
Cocktails with chocolate liqueur
Cocktails with ice cream
Creamy cocktails | wiki |
The Trier Imperial Baths (German: Kaiserthermen) are a large Roman bath complex in Trier, Germany. The complex was constructed in the early 4th century AD, during the reign of Constantine I. During that time, Trier was a major imperial hub, being a primary residence for Constantine's son Crispus. The baths were built around hot water pools reaching 40°C. Underneath the complex was a network of underground passageways used by the staff which can still be seen today, along with the remains of the sewer system. However, the baths were never completed and were made into a castle in the Middle Ages.
History
Roman Period
Constantius Chlorus initiated construction of the baths shortly before 300 C.E. and construction ceased around 316 C.E. with the baths still incomplete. Like Imperial baths found in Rome, such as the Baths of Caracalla or the Baths of Trajan, the Trier Imperial Baths were divided into two parts, the thermae and the palaestra. The palaestra measures 160 by 130 meters, while the main bath building is west of these exercise grounds.
Later Uses
Current Remains
Gallery
See also
Forum baths
Barbara Baths
List of Roman public baths
External links
References
Ancient Roman baths
Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Germany
Buildings and structures in Trier
History of Trier
World Heritage Sites in Germany | wiki |
Movies & TV may refer to:
Microsoft Movies & TV
Google TV (service), formerly known as Google Play Movies & TV | wiki |
The hartree (symbol: Eh or Ha), also known as the Hartree energy, is the unit of energy in the Hartree atomic units system, named after the British physicist Douglas Hartree. Its CODATA recommended value is =
The hartree energy is approximately the electric potential energy of the hydrogen atom in its ground state and, by the virial theorem, approximately twice its ionization energy; the relationships are not exact because of the finite mass of the nucleus of the hydrogen atom and relativistic corrections.
The hartree is usually used as a unit of energy in atomic physics and computational chemistry: for experimental measurements at the atomic scale, the electronvolt (eV) or the reciprocal centimetre (cm−1) are much more widely used.
Other relationships
= 2 Ry = 2 R∞hc
≜
≜
≜
≜
≜
≜
≜
≜
where:
ħ is the reduced Planck constant,
me is the electron rest mass,
e is the elementary charge,
a0 is the Bohr radius,
ε0 is the electric constant,
c is the speed of light in vacuum, and
α is the fine-structure constant.
Note that since the Bohr radius is defined as one may write the Hartree energy as in Gaussian units where .
Effective hartree units are used in semiconductor physics where is replaced by and is the static dielectric constant. Also, the electron mass is replaced by the effective band mass . The effective hartree in semiconductors becomes small enough to be measured in millielectronvolts (meV).
References
Units of energy
Physical constants | wiki |
The Story of Us may refer to:
The Story of Us (film), 1999 U.S. film
"The Story of Us" (song), 2010 song by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift
The Story of Us (TV series), 2016 Filipino television series
America: The Story of Us, 2010 U.S. documentary-drama television miniseries
Australia: The Story of Us, 2015 Australian documentary-drama television miniseries
Canada: The Story of Us, 2017 Canadian documentary-drama television miniseries
The Story of Us with Morgan Freeman, 2017 documentary television series
"The Story of Us", song by Charlotte Church from Back to Scratch
"The Story of Us", an album by Quinn XCII
"Story of Us", song by Tinashe from Songs for You | wiki |
A cracker is a flat, dry baked biscuit typically made with flour. Flavorings or seasonings, such as salt, herbs, seeds, or cheese, may be added to the dough or sprinkled on top before baking. Crackers are often branded as a nutritious and convenient way to consume a staple food or cereal grain.
Crackers can be eaten on their own, but can also accompany other food items such as cheese or meat slices, fruits, dips, or soft spreads such as jam, butter, peanut butter, pâté, or mousse. Bland or mild crackers are sometimes used as a palate cleanser in food product testing or flavor testing, between samples. Crackers may also be crumbled and added to soup. The modern cracker is somewhat similar to nautical ship's biscuits, military hardtack, chacknels, and sacramental bread. Other early versions of the cracker can be found in ancient flatbreads, such as lavash, pita, matzo, flatbrød, and crispbread. Asian analogues include papadum and senbei.
The characteristic holes found in many crackers are called "docking" holes. The holes are poked in the dough to stop overly large air pockets from forming in the cracker while baking.
Names
In American English, the name "cracker" usually refers to savory or salty flat biscuits, whereas the term "cookie" is used for sweet items. Crackers are also generally made differently: crackers are made by layering dough, while cookies, besides the addition of sugar, usually use a chemical leavening agent, may contain eggs, and in other ways are made more like a cake. In British English, crackers are sometimes called water biscuits, or savory biscuits.
Types
Crackers come in many shapes and sizes, such as round, rectangular, triangular, or irregular. Crackers sometimes have cheese or spices as ingredients, or even chicken stock, such as In a Biskit, which is sold internationally with various flavors.
Saltines and oyster crackers are often used in or served with soup. Similar crackers include cream crackers and water biscuits.
Cheese crackers are prepared using cheese as a main ingredient. Commercial examples include Cheez-It, Cheese Nips and Goldfish.
Graham crackers and digestive biscuits are also treated more like cookies than crackers, although they were both invented for their supposed health benefits, and modern graham crackers are sweet.
Brands
Cracker brands include Bremner Wafers, Captain's Wafers, Cheese Nips, Club Crackers, Goldfish crackers, In a Biskit, Jacob's, Ritz Crackers, Town House crackers, Triscuit, TUC, and Wheat Thins, among others.
Gallery
See also
Cheese and crackers
Kerupuk
Matzo
Pretzel
Saltine cracker challenge
Tortilla
List of crackers
References
External links
Website of Bent's Cookie Factory in Milton, MA, purveyors of "water crackers" and hardtack during the American Civil War
Make your own cheddar crackers
Make your own thin wheat crackers
Snack foods
Wheat dishes | wiki |
Celebrity Big Brother 2017 may refer to:
Celebrity Big Brother 19
Celebrity Big Brother 20 | wiki |
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