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First Commercial Bank may refer to:
First Commercial Bank (Chicago), a subsidiary of Metropolitan Bank Group headquartered in Chicago
First Commercial Bank (Birmingham), a subsidiary of Synovus headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama
First Commercial Bank (Odell, Nebraska), a National Register of Historic Places listing in Gage County, Nebraska
First Commercial Bank, a bank in Taiwan
First Commercial Bank of Florida, Orlando, Florida, U.S., a failed bank in the United States
First Commercial Bank, Bloomington, Minnesota, U.S., with Stu Voigt as chairman of the board
First Commercial Bank, New York, New York, U.S., a tenant in Two World Trade Center
See also
First Bank (disambiguation) | wiki |
Throughout U.S. history, various U.S. states conducted their own censuses. These censuses were often conducted every ten years, in years ending with a five to complement the U.S. federal census (which is carried out in years that end with zero). Also, some of these censuses were conducted in U.S. states while they were still U.S. territories (before they became U.S. states).
⊗ marks the point when statehood was attained.
References
United States census
Census | wiki |
Fixed-width typeface may refer to:
a monospaced typeface with characters of uniform width
a duospaced typeface with characters of full-width and half-width
Typesetting | wiki |
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
New Brighton (Minnesota)
New Brighton (Pennsylvania)
New Brighton (Staten Island), New York City | wiki |
A pit-house (or pit house, pithouse) is a house built in the ground and used for shelter. Besides providing shelter from the most extreme of weather conditions, these structures may also be used to store food (just like a pantry, a larder, or a root cellar) and for cultural activities like the telling of stories, dancing, singing and celebrations. General dictionaries also describe a pit-house as a dugout, and it has similarities to a half-dugout.
In archaeology, a pit-house is frequently called a sunken-featured building and occasionally (grub-)hut or grubhouse, after the German name Grubenhaus They are found in numerous cultures around the world, including the people of the Southwestern United States, the ancestral Pueblo, the ancient Fremont and Mogollon cultures, the Cherokee, the Inuit, the people of the Plateau, and archaic residents of Wyoming (Smith 2003) in North America; Archaic residents of the Lake Titicaca Basin (Craig 2005) in South America; Anglo-Saxons in Europe; and the Jōmon people in Japan. Anglo-Saxon pit-houses may have actually represented buildings for other functions than just dwellings.
Usually, all that remains of the ancient pit-house is a dug-out hollow in the ground and any postholes used to support the roof. In the nineteenth century, it was believed that most prehistoric peoples lived in pit-houses, although it has since been proved that many of the features thought of as houses were in fact food prehistoric storage pits or served another purpose.
Mammoth bone dwellings
The oldest pit dwellings were discovered in Mezhyrich, Central Ukraine. Dating back 15,000 years to the Upper Paleolithic age, the houses were made of mammoth bones. The base is circular or oval in shape, in diameter, with limb bones used for walls and lighter, flat bones used for the roof. Presumably, animal hide was stretched around the exterior for insulation. Each dwelling had a hearth. Groups of houses were arranged around a base camp layout, occupied by families or relatives for weeks or months.
Early medieval Europe
Pit-houses were built in many parts of northern Europe between the 5th and 12th centuries AD. In Germany they are known as Grubenhäuser, and in the United Kingdom, they are also known as grubhuts, grubhouses or sunken featured buildings.
Archaeological evidence indicates they were built in a shallow sub-rectangular pit and vary in depth (often relating to the preservation of the site). Some may measure 0.25m by around 2m by 1.5m, whilst examples from excavations from the 1950s onwards at West Stow in the United Kingdom are 3.7m-4.44m long x 2.72m-3.5m wide x 0.58m-0.97m deep. Within this pit were placed two (but sometimes 0, 4, or 6) substantial wooden posts in postholes at either end of the long axis. Some archaeologists have suggested that a suspended wooden floor lay over the pit and that the cavity beneath was used for storage or to control dampness, although others have disputed this, suggesting that grubenhäuser did not have suspended floors at all. A gabled roof supported by the timber posts covered the hut, which likely had no windows and had a single entrance at one end. Excavations at West Stow (UK) in the 1970s found preserved evidence of charred planks, suggestive of suspended floors. Hearths were also found, which sat partially over the edge of the sunken pits and appeared to have collapsed downwards when the structure supporting their overhanging sections (possibly a suspended floor) was removed.
Grubenhäuser are often understood to have been domestic dwellings. However, their use may have varied, especially on a regional basis. In Western Europe their small size and the fact that they can be found near other buildings and associated finds of loom weights has led to theories that they had a specialised purpose such as for weaving sheds. In the Slavonic regions of Eastern Europe, Grubenhäuser are larger and often have a fireplace. In most settlements there have been no features of buildings at ground level.
There are reconstructions of pit-houses in several open-air museums, e.g. in the Hitzacker Archaeological Centre, the Kalkriese Museum and Park, the Oerlinghausen Archaeological Open Air Museum, and the Hochdorf Chieftain's Grave.
In North America
Throughout the inland Pacific Northwest, indigenous people were nomadic during the summer and gathered resources at different spots according to the season and tradition, but overwintered in permanent semi-subterranean pit houses at lower elevations. The winter was often the only time families saw others—even if they were from the same village and tribe—and congregated in any numbers before the arrival of trading posts. Often these houses were located along major rivers and tributaries like the Columbia and Fraser; were typically round and fairly small, and were covered in layers of tule mats to keep out the weather and keep in the heat. There was a smoke hole in the center, and the interior, though warm in winter, was exceptionally smoky.
In the northwestern Great Plains and the Plateau region located nearby, climate changes and extreme temperature and weather conditions made it difficult to live year-round. Hot summers led to the building of simple tent-like structures that were portable and could be packed up to move. For cold winter months, pit-houses provided the warm, protected shelter necessary for survival.
Cross-cultural patterning
A cross-cultural middle range model of pit-house architecture using George Murdock's 1967 Ethnographic Atlas found that 82 of the 862 societies in the sample occupy pit structures as either their primary or secondary dwellings.
All but six of the 82 societies live above 32° north latitude, and four of the six cases in this sample that are below 32° north latitude are from "high mountain" regions in east Africa, Paraguay, and eastern Brazil. The last example is from the Yami who occupied a small island south of Formosa.
Three conditions were always present among groups in the sample: 1) non-tropical climate during the season of pit structure habitation; 2) minimally a biseasonal settlement pattern; 3) reliance on stored food during the period of pit structure occupation. These conditions may be related to other factors of society and the presence of any or all of these three elements in society does not pre-condition occupation of pit structures. Nonetheless, these three conditions were present in all cases of pit structure occupation present in the Ethnographic Atlas. Other cultural patterns were common, but not universal across the sample. These commonalities include: cold season of occupation, low population estimates, and simple political and economic systems.
The ethnographic sample is based almost entirely on case studies from societies located in northern latitudes. The period of pit structure occupation is generally during the cold season, probably due to their thermal efficiency. Dug into the ground, pit structures take advantage to the insulating properties of soil, as well as having a low profile, protecting them from exposure to wind-induced heat loss. Since less heat is lost by transmission than is in above ground structures, less energy is required to maintain stable temperatures inside the structure.
Out of the 82 ethnographic cases in the Ethnographic Atlas, 50 societies had population estimates. Of these, 64% had fewer than 100 people per settlement. In only 6% of cases were there more than 400 persons per settlement. The cases with the highest population densities were the Arikara and Hidatsa of the North American Great Plains and the Konso of Ethiopia. Gilman attributes high population densities among the Arikara to the availability of buffalo.
Pit structure occupations are generally associated with simple political and economic systems. For 86% of the sample, class stratification or social distinctions based on non-hereditary wealth were reported as absent. However, some pit-dwelling societies are characterized by chiefdom level complexity. In terms of economic organization, 77% of the societies who occupy pit structures had a hunting and gathering economy. This is a large fraction of the sample, but is not considered a universally consistent feature like biseasonal settlement and a reliance on stored foods during pit structure occupation.
During the part of the year when people are not living in pit structures, activities should be focused on acquiring foods to store. Based on the sample from the Ethnographic Atlas, this may be through either hunting and gathering or agricultural activity.
Many different prehistoric groups used pit houses. Although generally associated with the American southwest cultures, such as Fremont, Pueblo, Hohokam, and Mogollon, pit houses were used by a wide variety of people in a wide variety of places over the past 12,000 years. Large pit house formations have been excavated in British Columbia, Canada, such as at Keatley Creek Archaeological Site.
See also
Burdei
Dugout (shelter)
Earth shelter
Earth lodge
Kekuli
Kiva
Larder
Pantry
Quiggly hole
Root cellar
Sinagua
Zemlyanka
Timber framing
Notes
References
External links
Archaeological features
House types
Puebloan architectural elements
Semi-subterranean structures | wiki |
Princess Fitz is a 1945 historical novel by the British writer Winifred Carter. It is based on the life of Maria Fitzherbert, first wife of the future George IV, whose marriage was invalidated by law because she was Catholic.
Film adaptation
In 1947 it was made into a film Mrs. Fitzherbert directed by Montgomery Tully for British National Films and starring Joyce Howard as Fitzherbert and Peter Graves as Prince George.
References
Bibliography
Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.
1945 British novels
Novels by Winifred Carter
British historical novels
Novels set in London
British novels adapted into films | wiki |
Wired to the Moon is an album by Chris Rea.
Wired to the Moon may also refer to:
"Wired to the Moon", a song by Chris Rea from the above album
"Wired to the Moon", a song by Quiet Riot from the album Rehab
Wired to the Moon: Frank Randle - A Life, a biography of comedian Frank Randle | wiki |
Lake Bonny, (sometimes spelled Lake Bonnie) is a lake in Polk County, Florida, in the United States. It has a surface area of , a mean depth of and a maximum depth of . The lake is a part of the Peace River - Saddle Creek Watershed.
Some believe the Bonny Lake derives its name from the bony fish caught in the lake, while others say the lake's name honors a local pioneer with the name Boney. The lake borders the 113 acre Lake Bonny Park, Bonny Shores Mobile Home Park, Southeastern University and the Lake-to-Lake Trail. In 2013, the city of Lakeland opened Lakeland Skatepark, a $1.3 million state-of-the-art skate facility at Lake Bonny Park, which has been used in photo shoots by Nike and other national advertisers. The skate park won the "Build It" award from the American Planning Association's Florida chapter.
Little Lake Bonny
The lake is usually conjoined with Little Lake Bonny on its southeastern corner, except in periods of drought.
Further reading
Kevin Petrus, Nutrient TMDL For Lake Bonny
References
Lakes of Polk County, Florida
Lakes of Florida | wiki |
The 1986 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting was the ninth Meeting of the Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations. It was held in London, the United Kingdom, between 3 August 1986 and 5 August 1986, and was hosted by that country's Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher. This was a special meeting held in between the biennial CHOGMs in order to consider the recommendations of the Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group regarding economic sanctions against South Africa due to its policies of apartheid. British prime minister Margaret Thatcher's refusal to support mandatory sanctions resulted in an acrimonious meeting and almost led to a split in the Commonwealth.
1986
Diplomatic conferences in the United Kingdom
20th-century diplomatic conferences
1986 conferences
1986 in international relations
1986 in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom and the Commonwealth of Nations
August 1986 events in the United Kingdom
1986 in London
Events in London
1980s in the City of Westminster | wiki |
Diver rescue, following an accident, is the process of avoiding or limiting further exposure to diving hazards and bringing a diver to a place of safety. A safe place is often a place where the diver cannot drown, such as a boat or dry land, where first aid can be administered and from which professional medical treatment can be sought. In the context of surface supplied diving, the place of safety for a diver with a decompression obligation is often the diving bell.
Rescue may be needed for various reasons where the diver becomes unable to manage an emergency, and there are several stages to a rescue, starting with recognising that a rescue is needed. In some cases the dive buddy identifies the need by personal observation, but in the more general case identification of the need is followed by locating the casualty. The most common and urgent diving emergencies involve loss of breathing gas, and the provision of emergency gas is the usual response. On other occasions the diver may be trapped and must be released by the rescuer. These first responses are usually followed by recovery of the distressed diver, who may be unconscious, to a place of safety with a secure supply of breathing gas, and following rescue, it may be necessary to evacuate the casualty to a place where further treatment is possible.
Recommended procedures for recovering a disabled or unresponsive scuba diver to the surface have varied over time, and to some extent depend on circumstances and the equipment in use. None are guaranteed to be successful.
In all rescue operations, the rescuer must take care of their own safety and avoid becoming another casualty. In professional diving the supervisor is responsible for initiating rescue procedures, and for ensuring the safety of the dive team. The rescue is generally carried out by the stand-by diver, and for this reason the stand-by diver must be willing and competent to perform any reasonably foreseeable rescue that may be required for a planned diving operation. A similar level of competence is desirable, but not required of recreational divers, who generally have a poorly defined duty of care to other divers, and are usually only trained in rescue and first aid as optional specialties. Nevertheless, recreational divers are usually advised by their training agencies to dive as buddy pairs so they can assist each other if one gets into difficulty.
Reasons for needing rescue
There are many reasons why a diver may need rescue. These generally imply that the diver is no longer capable of managing the situation. Scenarios requiring rescue include:
running out of breathing gas
inability to access the breathing gas due to an equipment failure
unconsciousness
inability to see the depth gauge or diving computer to make a safe ascent, generally because the diving mask is lost, keeps flooding or is damaged
panic
incapacitated due to trauma, diving disorder, or other medical condition
becoming lost or trapped underwater
inability to control buoyancy and/or inability to apply thrust sufficiently to ascend (in Scuba diving without a lifeline)
inability to return to the shore or a boat after a dive
hypothermia
narcosis
exhaustion
The diver may get into a situation requiring rescue through incompetence, unfitness or bad luck.
Rescue activities
The effort and difficulty of a rescue varies widely and depends on many factors such as the nature of the problem, the underwater conditions and the type and depth of the dive site. A simple rescue could be to tow to safety a diver on the surface who is exhausted or suffering from leg cramps. A complex and high-risk rescue would be to locate, free and bring to the surface a lost diver who is trapped underwater in an enclosed space such as a shipwreck or cave with limited breathing gas supplies.
The sequence of potential activities needed in a generic rescue are:
Recognising or identifying the need for a rescue
if the casualty's position underwater is unknown, locate the casualty and, if possible, mark the position
if the casualty is low on breathing gas, provide more gas
if the casualty is trapped, free the casualty
if the casualty is submerged, bring the casualty to the surface
if the casualty has a decompression obligation, decompress if safely possible. The rescuer must also take into account their personal decompression requirements.
if the casualty is not buoyant at the surface, make the casualty buoyant
if help at the surface is available but not at hand, attract help
if the casualty is not breathing, carry out continuous artificial respiration on the surface
if the casualty is on the surface in the water and no help is available, tow the casualty to a boat or to land
if the casualty is beside a boat or the shore, remove the casualty from the water
if necessary, resuscitate, provide first aid and arrange transport to professional medical help
Recognition of an emergency
Before any attempt to perform a rescue can be made, a person or group of people who are in a position to initiate appropriate procedures must be aware of the need. This may seem an obvious requirement, but many diving fatalities occur without anyone knowing that there is a problem, and in many others the problem is initially the loss of information regarding the current status of the diver. This is common in scuba accidents, where separation of the diving team members is often the first indication of a potential problem, and many emergencies are first recognised when a diver fails to surface at the expected time.
Scuba divers generally have no voice communication and are generally restricted to visual signalling. this is limited by line of sight and visibility, which may be poor. In some cases scuba divers may be connected by a tether, or buddy line, which allows communication by line signals, and professional scuba divers often tow a surface marker buoy, which may be used to transmit a very limited range of signals to surface personnel, mainly location of the diver, and if the diver needs help.
Surface supplied divers are less likely to get lost, as they are initially connected to the surface team by at least an airline, and usually also a lifeline which may be used by the line-attendant to communicate with the diver using line signals. Most 21st century surface supplied divers also have voice communication with the surface team, and this allows constant monitoring of the diver's condition by listening to the breathing sounds. Surface supplied divers are therefore able to indicate distress and need for assistance promptly and effectively in almost all cases, and the simple failure to respond appropriately to communications from the surface is also an effective indication of a problem.
Locating the casualty underwater
It may be difficult to locate the diver underwater where dives take place in low visibility conditions, in currents or in enclosed spaces such as caves and shipwrecks or where the diver uses breathing equipment which releases few bubbles, such as a rebreather. Even when open circuit equipment is used it may be difficult to see the bubbles due to surface conditions of wind, waves and spray, fog, or darkness.
Surface supplied divers are usually easy to find, as they are at the far end of the umbilical, and it is extremely rare for the umbilical to be completely severed. The standard procedure for rescue of a surface supplied diver is for the standby diver to follow the umbilical to the diver, reporting back frequently to the supervisor on progress.
Divers often use guidelines, surface marker buoys, diving shots, lightsticks and strobe lights to indicate their position to their surface support team. A standard precaution when entering enclosed spaces is to use a guideline; this marks the exit route, which may be needed after the diver's fins, wash, and bubbles dislodge silt and loose overhead materials such as rust which can reduce visibility to near zero.
Common search techniques such as the circular search or jackstay search, need preparation and practice if they are to be used effectively and safely. The spiral box search and compass grid search require less preparation, but probably greater skill, and may be rendered ineffective by currents.
Searches of enclosed spaces expose the rescuer to danger. The rescuers may need training and experience in cave diving, ice diving or wreck diving to minimise the risks of that type of rescue.
Providing emergency gas
Providing emergency gas to a diver who has run out is the highest priority after finding the diver. Without breathing gas the diver will die in minutes. Running out of gas is a major contributor to diving accidents. Many scuba accidents start in some other way and culminate in running out of gas.
The main reasons for running out of scuba gas are:
failing to monitor consumption of the gas - not watching the contents pressure gauge
underestimating the amount of gas needed for the return and ascent and decompression stops
consuming gas faster than estimated by going too deep, over-exercising or psychological stress
delayed exit or ascent due to other problems, such as getting lost or entrapped
equipment failure, such as a regulator freeze or blown o-ring, in the main breathing set leading to escape of gas.
Even when the prime cause of an underwater emergency is not running out of gas, lack of gas can easily become another problem for the rescuers to overcome because more gas is consumed during the accident and its aftermath. This could be due to the diver remaining at depth for longer than planned or due to increases in the diver's breathing rate, due to exertion, stress or panic.
Common configurations of diving cylinders and diving regulators used as a backup or reserve for emergencies include:
An independent set carried by the diver;
a complete, backup scuba set such as a "pony" (or bailout cylinder), or
the cylinder not currently in use of an independent twin set, or
a cylinder not currently in use of a group of side-mounted cylinders, or
a separate rescue set brought down by the rescuer, or
a "spare air" - a small independent set with integrated regulator and mouthpiece
A potentially independent pair of twins connected by an isolation manifold and carried by the diver. If the diver can isolate them in time, the remaining gas in the uncompromised side is available.
Sharing gas with another diver via an "octopus regulator" - a second, backup regulator or second stage on a scuba set that is in use by the buddy or rescue diver
There are two main ways of delivering breathing gas to the out-of-air scuba diver;
provide the casualty with a separate demand valve, preferably on a long hose or , so that rescuer and casualty can breathe simultaneously, and concentrate their efforts on getting to a safer place, or
share a single demand valve with the casualty by "buddy breathing", which is a more risky procedure, and requires constant attention to breathing and management of the demand valve by both divers. The additional task loading of buddy breathing may reduce the capacity of the divers for other activities required for safe resolution of the emergency.
The gas capacity of the cylinder is important. Divers breathing at depth consume more gas because the gas must be delivered to them at ambient pressure, and volumetric breathing gas consumption is driven by partial pressure of CO2. At the end of a deep dive they will need more gas to breathe during the longer ascent to the surface and during any decompression stops.
The mixture of the breathing gas is important. Hyperoxic gases cannot be breathed safely below their maximum operating depth because of the risk of oxygen toxicity and hypoxic gas cannot be breathed safely in shallow water because the partial pressure of oxygen falls below that needed to sustain consciousness.
A surface supplied diver can provide breathing gas from their pneumofathometer hose, which can be inserted under the neck seal of the helmet and turned on at the gas panel to provide an adequate but noisy free-flow supply. This is normally sufficient to ventilate the casualty for the return to the surface or bell. In some cases it may be necessary to disconnect the casualty from their umbilical, if it is irretrievably trapped. This requires a few minutes work with spanners, and will lose any voice communications that may have remained. It is possible to connect a replacement umbilical if one is available. This is not usually the case from a bell, as the umbilicals occupy too much space to carry a spare.
Freeing the trapped casualty
Divers may become trapped in fishing nets; monofilament is almost invisible underwater. Loose ropes and lines are also an entanglement hazard; normal diving equipment has many inaccessible snag points that can trap the diver, particularly when components are left to dangle, and when clips are used which can hook onto line without active intervention by the diver (known to technical divers as suicide clips).
Another entrapment risk occurs when divers try to squeeze through small gaps where they or their equipment can become wedged or caught.
Old ferrous shipwrecks can be structurally unstable; they may retain their shape but have lost their strength through corrosion and therefore have components or cargos that have high potential energy due to gravity, and may collapse without warning.
Divers routinely carry a knife, line cutter, scissors or shears to free themselves from ropes, lines and nets. Lifting bags can be used to help move heavy objects underwater, but are not carried as standard equipment by most divers.
Taking the casualty to a place of safety
The safest place may be the surface, where the supply of breathing gas is unlimited, or if the diver was diving from a bell, the diving bell. where the gas supply is relatively secure, and some first aid is possible. The procedure for retrieving the casualty to the bell is relatively straightforward. The casualty is simply carried there by the rescuer. A rescue tether may be used to aid this process as it allows the rescuer the use of both hands. Once at the bell the casualty will generally be suspended by the harness using a lifting tackle provided tor this purpose. A closed bell may be partly flooded to aid lifting the casualty through the bottom lock opening, after which it will be blown down with breathing gas to remove the water.
Bringing the casualty to the surface
If a diver is out of gas and is breathing gas supplied by the rescuer, the rescuer and casualty must remain close to one another and ascend together. Starting the ascent may be complicated by the casualty's lack of gas to inflate the buoyancy compensator to become buoyant at the start of the ascent and later, at the surface. At the start of the ascent the casualty may need to fin upwards and keep pace with the rescuer until, with the drop in ambient pressure, the gas already inside buoyancy devices such as the buoyancy compensator or diving suit, expands and provides sufficient buoyancy.
If the casualty is not capable of making an ascent, due to injury or unconsciousness, or the casualty cannot make a safe and controlled ascent, perhaps due to the loss or damage of the diving mask, the rescuer must control the casualty's ascent. This may be done by using the Controlled buoyant lift. As the casualty is totally dependent on the rescuer, it is important if the two were to separate underwater the casualty should continue to ascend to the surface in a failsafe way.
The options for making the casualty buoyant include:
inflate the casualty's buoyancy compensator to lift off the seabed, then vent it to make a controlled ascent. If the casualty's buoyancy is maintained slightly positive and the rescuer remains slightly negative, the casualty will not sink if they must be released.
inflate the casualty's drysuit, if one is worn, to lift off the seabed, then vent it to make a controlled ascent. A drysuit is a less secure buoyancy device than a buoyancy compensator, and more difficult to inflate if the connected hose has no pressure on it.
drop the weights from the casualty's diving weighting system. This may result in a dangerous and rapid ascent.
lift, by finning, the casualty into shallower water, or to a shallower depth, where gas in the casualty's buoyancy devices and diving suit will expand, then vent it to make a controlled ascent.
It is possible to use the rescuer's buoyancy compensator to lift both divers. A technique for this is taught by some agencies, in which the rescuer holds the casualty with their legs wrapped round the torso, freeing the hands for buoyancy control. This technique does not allow the rescuer to provide upward thrust by finning, and all lift must be from buoyancy. A further problem is that if the divers are separated, the rescuer will be considerably positively buoyant, and the victim may well be negative, and sink away before the situation can be corrected.
If there is a surface marker buoy available with sufficient buoyancy, the rescuer can clip the casualty to the reel and use the reel to hoist the casualty to the surface. In this case the casualty will not sink back down if released for any reason. Not all diving reels are suitable for this application. The reel needs a ratchet and a winding knob with a good grip and sufficient leverage. Some reels seize up when wound in under too much tension. If there is a swell running, the line tension will decrease after each wave passes, at which time winding in will be easier.
If the casualty is not breathing, an urgent ascent directly to the surface is needed so that resuscitation can take place there. In this situation and if the rescuer needs to do decompression stops, the rescuer has a dilemma; take the casualty to the surface and increase the risk or severity of decompression sickness, including irreversible injuries or death, or do the stops and risk leaving the casualty to die by asphyxiation or drowning. In these circumstances the value of a surface backup team becomes obvious, as a message or pre-arranged signal to the surface can bring a standby diver down to take over the recovery of the casualty while the initial rescuer attends to his own safety, or the rescuer can send the casualty to the surface by buoyancy, while remaining at the required depth for decompression. If the rescuer chooses to stop for required decompression, the non-breathing casualty may be made positively buoyant and allowed to surface, where there is at least a possibility of assistance from bystanders or surface team members. This strategy has been successfully used in at least one incident.
Active management of the casualty's airway during the ascent is necessary only as far as avoiding or correcting any position that tends to close the airway, such as extreme flexion of the neck. Expanding gases will generally pass passively out of the airway during rescue from depth, and pulmonary barotrauma is rare. A gradual and natural outflow of expanding air during the ascent may help prevent aspiration of water into the lungs. There is no evidence that compressing the chest to promote exhalation is more effective than simply maintaining an open airway.
Managing a convulsing casualty
Convulsions due to acute oxygen toxicity may render a diver unconscious. A common symptom is convulsions similar in appearance to epileptic seizure.
US Navy Diving Manual Revision 6
The US Navy Diving Manual Revision 6 Volume 4 section 17.11.1.4 recommends the following procedure for managing a convulsing casualty at depth. This differs significantly in some details from the procedure recommended by Dr E.D. Thalmann on the Divers Alert Network website.
The rescuer should assume a position behind the convulsing diver.
The casualty's weights should only be dropped if progress to the surface is significantly impeded. (Thalmann recommends releasing the weights unless the diver is wearing a dry suit, as the dry suit without weights may cause the diver to take a face down position on the surface.)
The ascent should not be started until the convulsion subsides (Thalmann makes no recommendation to delay the ascent.)
The rescuer should open the casualty's airway and leave the mouthpiece in their mouth. If it is not in their mouth, the rescuer should not attempt to replace it. A rebreather mouthpiece that is not in the mouth should be switched to "Surface" position, so that the loop does not flood. (Thalman makes no mention of opening the airway, possibly on the assumption that air will escape without this manoeuvre.)
The casualty should be grasped round the chest above the breathing apparatus or between the breathing apparatus and their body. If this is difficult, the best method possible to obtain control should be used.
A rebreather should be flushed with diluent to lower oxygen partial pressure and depth maintained until the convulsion subsides. (This step is significantly omitted by Thalmann.)
The rescuer should make a controlled ascent to the first decompression stop, maintaining a slight pressure on the diver's chest to assist exhalation.
If the casualty regains control, the divers should continue the ascent with appropriate decompression. (omitted by Thalmann)
If the diver remains incapacitated, the rescuer should surface them at a moderate rate, establish an airway and treat for symptomatic decompression illness. (omitted by Thalmann)
If additional buoyancy is required, the rescuer should inflate the casualty's buoyancy compensator. The rescuer should not release their own weight belt or inflate their own buoyancy.
On reaching the surface, the casualty's life jacket should be inflated, if not already done.
When surfaced and buoyant, the casualty's mouthpiece should be removed if still in place, and in the case of a rebreather, the dive/surface valve should be switched to "surface" setting to prevent the loop from flooding and weighing down the casualty.
The rescuer should signal for emergency pickup. (Recreational divers may not have this option.)
he rescuer should check whether the casualty is breathing, and start rescue ventilation if necessary.
If an upward excursion occurred during the actual convulsion, the casualty should be transported to the nearest available chamber and be evaluated by a person competent to recognize and treat diving-related illness.
Thalmann further comments that the decision whether to ascend with a diver who is convulsing is tricky, and cites the US Navy Diving Manual again, specifically:
If a diver convulses, the breathing apparatus should be immediately flushed with a gas of lower oxygen content, if possible. (This is only appropriate with rebreathers, full-face masks with more than one gas supply connected, or with surface supply.)
If depth control is possible, and airway and gas supply is secure (helmet or full face mask), the diver's depth should be kept constant until the convulsion subsides.
If an ascent takes place it should be done as slowly as possible. (To some extent this is incompatible with the need to get the victim to a place where treatment is possible.)
If a diver surfaces unconscious because of an oxygen convulsion or to avoid drowning, the diver must be treated as if suffering from arterial gas embolism.
Thalmann further commented that a full face mask is desirable for use with high oxygen mixes, as it allows the diver to be kept at depth until the convulsion subsides, and that a diver who loses the mouthpiece must be surfaced as they will try to take a breath when the convulsion stops, and on open circuit, that as long as the diver has the mouthpiece in place and is breathing, it should be left until the diver can be removed from the water, but should be removed on the surface if rescue breathing is necessary and possible. Furthermore, the main goal while the diver is in the water is to prevent drowning, and secondarily ensure that the airway is open after the convulsion stops by keeping the neck extended.
2012 UHMS recommendations
The Diving Committee of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society reviewed the procedures for rescuing a submerged unresponsive compressed-gas diver and published their recommendations in 2012.
When an unresponsive diver is found the rescuer should assess the security of the airway by checking if the mouthpiece or full-face mask is in place.
If the mouthpiece is in place, it should be retained in position. If not, it should be replaced if the divers are in an overhead environment and the casualty cannot be surfaced without delay.
If the airway appears secure and the diver is convulsing, the rescuer should wait until the convulsions subside before surfacing the casualty.
The rescuer must decide whether their own ascent would be unacceptably hazardous. If they decide they cannot surface immediately, they should make the casualty buoyant and let them float to the surface, where there may be some chance of rescue.
If the rescuer decides they can surface without excessive risk, they should keep the casualty's head in a neutral position and surface the casualty in the way that is recommended by their training agency.
once surfaced the rescuer should ensure that the casualty is buoyant and face-up.
If immediate assisted removal from the water is possible, this should be done, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) started if indicated.
If immediate removal from the water is not possible, the rescuer should give two rescue breaths, then assess whether surface assistance is less than 5 minutes away.
If surface assistance is within 5 minutes, either by waiting or by towing, the casualty should be towed or given further rescue breaths while waiting.
If surface support is more than 5 minutes away, the rescuer should give rescue breaths foe about a minute, and the tow the casualty without further rescue breaths to the nearest surface support.
The casualty should then be removed from the water and given CPR if indicated.
2019 NATO simplified protocol
The Medical Panel of the NATO Underwater Diving Working Group (UDWG) examined the procedure for management of a convulsing diver using a half-mask and separate mouthpiece at depth. They considered that the guidance for this very rare situation should be simple, clear, and easy to follow. They concluded that the available evidence to support delaying surfacing until the clonic phase of oxygen toxicity convulsions dissipated was insufficient, that the probability of complete airway obstruction during a seizure was low, and that the survivability of pulmonary barotrauma was relatively high. Effective management of the airway would be necessary and difficult underwater, and it would be difficult to train divers sufficiently to reliably manage this type of event. They recommended that military divers should be recovered directly to the surface without delay, and that civilian diver training organisations should consider whether this guidance would also be suitable for their use.
Making the casualty buoyant on the surface
Once the casualty has been brought to the relative safety of the surface, it is important that the casualty does not accidentally sink again. The usual methods of making the diver positively buoyant are to:
inflate the buoyancy compensator. This is a routine surfacing drill in some training schemes.
inflate the drysuit, if one is being worn. The gas in a dry suit is not very secure; it can easily escape from seals and vents. Also, excess gas in the suit tends to make the legs buoyant causing the diver mobility problems.
drop weights.
Divers who are out of air will probably not be able to inflate their buoyancy compensator or drysuit using the normal and simple technique of pressing the direct feed injection valve. If their equipment allows it, and this is almost always the case, they may be able to inflate these devices orally or use an integrated gas cylinder (if fitted).
Attracting help
At this stage in the rescue immediate help is desirable. An immediate call or signal for help may take very little time to get the attention of potential assistance. However, if this fails, the survival of the casualty should be attended to, by artificial ventilation if necessary.
Very often, the only people that can provide that help are nearby boat users and people on the shore. Unless the emergency services are very close by or the rescue is beyond the capability of the local rescuers, they will not be on the scene quick enough to be able to provide help. Often with a small group of rescuers the emergency services can only be contacted after the highest priority job of getting the casualty is out of the water has taken place.
Often the rescue can be quickened if a boat can come to the casualty rather than a rescuer having to tow the casualty to safety. Once at the surface, using many rescuers becomes feasible; they can communicate and co-operate to make the rescue more efficient.
Methods of attracting help include shouting, waving a straight arm, flag or surface marker buoy, blowing a whistle, flashing or swinging a torch/flashlight at night, or using a strobe at night. Cylinder powered, high-pressure gas whistles may be effective even over the sound of engines.
Carrying out artificial ventilation in the water
If the casualty is not breathing, it is possible to sustain respiration or even restart it by artificial ventilation (AV) at the surface of the water.
It may be difficult for the rescuer to assess breathing, but it is more likely that this would fail to indicate shallow breathing than a false positive, and as there is little risk of harm from an attempt to administer rescue breathing when it is not needed, there is no reason to not administer AV if there is any suspicion that the casualty in not breathing.
Methods of in-water AV vary depending on diver training organization:
The BSAC technique works like this:
the casualty and rescuer are buoyant
the rescuer is positioned at the side of the casualty's head facing the ear
the rescuer extends the casualty's neck and closes the mouth by lifting the chin with one hand
the rescuer pushes the casualty's far shoulder upwards with the other hand causing the head to twist towards the rescuer
the rescuer makes a seal over the casualty's nose using the rescuer's mouth and exhales to fill the casualty's lungs
the rescuer aims to do 10 inflations per minute if stationary, 2 inflations every 15 seconds if towing
It is not possible to provide effective cardiac compression in the water, and it is also unlikely to reliably identify cardiac arrest in the water.
Towing the casualty
If the casualty is incapacitated or exhausted, help is needed to move the casualty to safety. Towing is time-consuming and will exhaust the rescuer, especially in rough water, currents, or if the rescuer is wearing high-drag equipment such as a drysuit or carrying bulky equipment.
It may be possible to avoid a tow by using a boat to pick up the casualty and rescuer. Alternatively, ropes thrown to the rescuer can be used to pull the pair towards safety.
Removing the casualty from the water
Urgently lifting an injured or incapacitated casualty from the water is a significant problem especially where there are few rescuers, the sea is rough, the boat has high sides or the rescuers on the shore cannot get in or close to the water to help.
Ropes and webbing can be very useful, but some precautions are need:
avoid looping the rope so that it goes round the chest, preventing breathing, or the neck, causing asphyxia.
when near boats, keep the minimum rope in the water to prevent fouling propellers
the minimum safe diameter is 12 mm, 1/2 inch. The rope should be doubled to increase the area of contact and reduce the lifting pressure on the casualty.
"Purbuckling" (or parbuckling) can be used to lift a casualty from the water up a vertical surface such as a high sided boat, pontoon or a jetty. For a 1.5 metre lift, a length of rope of at least 4 metres / 13 feet is needed. The casualty is brought horizontally alongside. A rescuer in the water with the casualty takes the loop of rope under the casualty and passes it back to two rescuers at the top of the vertical face. The loop of rope is positioned so that in passes outside the arms between the shoulder and elbow and around the outside of the legs between the knee and the hip. The two rescuers on land secure the end of the loop that they control by standing heavily on it with one foot. They both pull on the central part of the loop rolling the casualty up the surface taking care to co-ordinate the tension so that the casualty remains horizontal and that the rope remains in position on the casualty's arms and thighs. A rescuer should take care that the casualty's head and neck are not injured during the lift.
An alternative method of lifting the casualty using a rope is to pass the rope under an arm, around the back and under the other arm. The casualty is lifted vertically. There is a risk of spine damage by bending if the casualty is positioned with their back to the vertical surface and the rescuers pull the casualty's shoulders in board before lifting the lower end of the torso over top of the vertical surface.
Commercial divers generally wear a safety harness with lifting points, which simplifies the attachment of equipment for lifting the casualty, and if they are using a lifeline or umbilical, it would be strong enough to lift the diver out of the water.
Recreational and technical diver harnesses are generally unsuited and unsafe for lifting a casualty.
A proper spine board or rescue stretcher is far more suitable, but not often available.
Providing first aid
If the casualty is not breathing artificial respiration must be provided continuously. It is more likely to succeed if it is started promptly. If the casualty is showing no signs of circulation, chest compression is needed. See main article: cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
If the casualty has injuries the rescuers will need to provide first aid and prepare the casualty to be transported to professional medical help. See main article: first aid.
In the developed world, transporting a diving casualty to hospital or a recompression chamber may be as simple as contacting the marine emergency services, generally by using marine VHF radio, telephone or a distress signal, and arranging a lifeboat or helicopter. If a diving injury such as decompression sickness is suspected, the success of recompression therapy as well as a decrease in the number of recompression treatments required has been shown if first aid oxygen is given within four hours after surfacing. In other parts of the world and particularly in remote locations, it may be difficult to quickly arrange reliable emergency medical transport and treatment; good insurance and self-reliance are needed. In-water recompression is a high-risk alternative that may be useful in locations where the casualty would not survive the journey to the nearest recompression chamber due to its distance.
Rescue involving a decompression obligation
The rescuer is primarily responsible for their own safety, and is expected to complete all personal decompression obligations. This may in some cases involve sending an unresponsive victim to the surface by making them positively buoyant while the rescuer completes their decompression.
Where a decompression chamber is available on site, it may be deemed appropriate to surface the divers and recompress following surface decompression schedules, which can be extended to a treatment schedule if symptoms of decompression sickness manifest. This decision should be made by a diving medical practitioner qualified to advise on hyperbaric treatment. Sometimes this is not practicable and the diving supervisor will make the call guided by the operations manual and relevant code of practice.
Saturation divers cannot be decompressed to surface at acceptable risk, and must remain under pressure during first aid and further medical treatment.
Rescue of divers from a disabled bell
If a closed bell cannot be sealed, it cannot be safely retrieved to the surface. Recovery of saturation divers in such a case can be done by lowering another bell close to the disabled bell and transferring the divers through the water to the rescue bell, which is then sealed and recovered and locked on to the surface chamber in the normal way, after which the empty bell can be lifted by whatever means are available, for repair. A similar procedure may be used if for any reason the bell cannot be lifted.
In the case of an open bell that cannot be raised the divers will abandon the bell by a method which depends on the type of bell. A wet bell which does not have a bell umbilical is the simple case as the divers are supplied direct from the surface through individual umbilicals which pass through the bell. The divers simply pass through the bell following their umbilicals and ascend to the surface assisted by the surface tenders. Any decompression required can be done in the water, or if there is a suitable hoist, surface decompression in a chamber may be practicable. If the divers are using excursion umbilicals supplied from the bell, they may not be long enough to reach the surface, and it may be necessary for the surface standby diver to meet them in the water and switch them over to umbilicals directly supplied from the surface.
Rescue of saturation divers
Rescue of saturation divers may be necessary in several possible scenarios:
A diver working at the bottom may need to be recovered to the bell by the bellman
The divers on a bell run may be stuck at the bottom because it is not possible to lift the bell. This is unlikely as there are usually alternative methods of lifting available.
The divers may be unable to get the bell to seal and hold pressure at the end of the dive.
The divers in the saturation system may be in danger from an uncontrollable hazard such as fire or imminent sinking of the platform
Any rescue of saturation divers is logistically complicated by the absolute barrier that they must remain at or very near their saturation pressure at all times until they can be decompressed according to a suitable saturation decompression schedule. This means that they must transfer from whatever environment they occupy at the time of the emergency, to a place of safety at effectively the same pressure at all stages. First aid and urgent medical treatment must also be done in the hyperbaric environment. It is not practicable to decompress from saturation outside of a hyperbaric chamber, as the decompression generally takes several days.
Rescue of a diver and recovery to the bell by the bellman is relatively straightforward, and much like the case for a wet bell. Hoisting tackle is provided to lift the casualty into the bell through the hatch, using the lifting points on the harness, and the bell can be partially flooded to assist with buoyancy. Once both divers are back in the bell, and the umbilicals stowed, the bell can be sealed and lifted while first aid is administered, and the divers transferred to the accommodation chambers for further treatment by the diving medical technician under instructions from the hyperbaric physician.
Rescue from a disabled bell usually involves another bell capable of the same depth. Divers will generally transfer between bells at or near the bottom at ambient pressure. It is possible in some circumstances to use a bell as a rescue chamber to transport divers from one saturation system to another. This may require temporary modifications to the bell, and is only possible if the mating flanges of the systems are compatible. Rescue from a saturation system in imminent danger is generally known as hyperbaric evacuation, and generally makes use of a hyperbaric lifeboat or rescue chamber to transport the divers and a hyperbaric reception facility where divers can be decompressed and treated in relative comfort.
Evacuation of a single diver who is medically stable, or a single diver with an attendant, may be possible using a hyperbaric stretcher or a small portable chamber if the duration of the trip is short, the pressure is suitable and the mating flanges are compatible.
Precautions during the rescue
Rescuers should not take unacceptable risks; any rescuers who become casualties themselves may jeopardise the rescue of the original casualty particularly as many of the emergency resources available at dive site, such as rescue manpower, first aid oxygen, underwater time and gas are generally in short supply.
Conscious casualties may panic and put the rescuer's safety at risk particularly when the rescuer approaches a casualty in or under the water. It may be possible to avoid contacting a panicked casualty by throwing a rope or buoyancy aid and encouraging the casualty to help themself. If contact must be made, the rescuer should try to approach the casualty from a direction that presents least risk to the rescuer, such as from behind. Alternatively, the rescuer may need to wait until the casualty is incapacitated before approaching.
Incident management
In a professional diving operation, management of any rescue or other emergency is the responsibility of the diving supervisor. In a recreational scenario, it may be the responsibility of the Instructor, dive-master or boat skipper, if professionally involved. In many recreational incidents there is no specific person responsible for the safety of others, and a rescue is often managed by the person best able to deal with the situation on site.
When the rescue involves a group of people, co-ordination is needed to make it quick and effective. This may be carried out by the skipper of the boat, if diving is taking place from a boat, or by a diver. Some training agencies offer courses to prepare divers for such as role, for example BSAC's Practical Rescue Management course.
Equipment
Diver rescue may involve equipment used underwater and equipment used in the recovery of the diver from the water and subsequent first aid and transportation to a suitable medical facility.
Rescue tether Surface supplied standby divers and bellmen may carry a short length of rope with a clip on each end to support a disabled diver from the rescuer's harness, to allow the rescuer the use of both hands during the recovery to the bell or the surface.
Oxygen administration equipmentAdministration of 100% oxygen at the surface is indicated as first aid for a large range of diving related conditions, and is not, as a general rule, contraindicated for any person medically fit to dive. If the diver is conscious and breathing spontaneously without difficulty, a demand regulator supply is convenient and economical of the gas supply. A demand valve can deliver about 95% oxygenWith a well-sealed mask. Non-rebreather masks provide a constant high flow rate of oxygen, usually from 10 to 15 litres per minute, which can be manually set to just sufficient to prevent the reservoir bag from emptying on the average inhalation. For casualties who are not breathing spontaneously, or who are breathing with difficulty, Bag-valve masks and manually triggered ventilators may be used to administer positive-pressure ventilation. Effectiveness of all delivery systems depends on a good seal between the administration mask and the casualty's face. Nasal cannulas provide inspired oxygen fractions only slightly more than air, and are not of much benefit to injured divers. Air breaks are not necessary to avoid oxygen toxicity at surface pressure.
Emergency oxygen supply Sufficient oxygen to provide two divers with 100% oxygen at 15 litres per minute for long enough to reach further supplies of oxygen is standard equipment for commercial diving operations under the Scientific and Inshore codes of Practice in South Africa.
Extrication and transportation equipment An injured diver may need to be removed from the water in an inconvenient place, and special equipment such as a stretcher, spine board, high-angle rescue equipment or recovery slings may be required to get the casualty to a place more suitable for first aid, or to a vehicle for transportation to medical facilities.
Emergency services
Coast guard and sea rescue services, ambulance and paramedic services, mountain rescue services etc. may be involved in the later stages of a diver rescue operation.
Rescuers and training
In recreational diving, the urgency of the rescue and the remoteness of dive sites mean that professional rescuers rarely take part in diver rescues. Other divers at the scene become rescuers.
As the immediate in-water rescuer is often the diver's own buddy, recreational diver training agencies often teach rescue techniques in intermediate-level diver training courses; examples are the PADI Rescue Diver, the BSAC Sport Diver and the DIR Rebreather Rescue courses.
Professional divers are usually trained in diver rescue for the modes of diving they are certified in, as part of the work of a professional diver is as stand-by diver to the working diver. The level and quality of training and required skill for certification may vary depending on the jurisdiction and relevant code of practice. During professional diving operations there will usually be a competent diver on stand-by at the surface control point, or in the water with the working diver, or both. The surface stand-by diver should be ready for immediate deployment for a rescue if this is deemed necessary by the diving supervisor, who is responsible for the safety of the dive team and for managing a rescue. Appropriate equipment based on the operational hazards and risk should be available on site. The bellman is the in-water standby diver in wet and dry bell operations.
See also
References
External links
BSAC Annual Incident Reports
Rubicon Foundation - Diving Accidents and Fatalities
Underwater diving safety
Rescue
Underwater diving emergency procedures | wiki |
Greg Lyman (born March 9, 1950) is an American speed skater. He competed in the men's 500 metres event at the 1972 Winter Olympics.
References
1950 births
Living people
American male speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters of the United States
Speed skaters at the 1972 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Gary, Indiana | wiki |
The 1975 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, officially known as the III Commonwealth Heads Meeting, and commonly known as Kingston 1975, was the third Meeting of the Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations. It was held from 29 April to 6 May 1975 in Kingston, Jamaica, and was hosted by that country's Prime Minister, Michael Manley.
Among the topics discussed were nuclear disarmament, the situation in Rhodesia, South Africa and decolonization in Southern Africa, the Turkish invasion and occupation of northern Cyprus, the end of the Vietnam War, the aftermath of the war between Bangladesh and Pakistan and other regional issues.
References
1975
20th-century diplomatic conferences
1975 in international relations
Jamaica and the Commonwealth of Nations
20th century in Kingston, Jamaica
1975 conferences
April 1975 events in North America
May 1975 events in North America | wiki |
Ergometrinine is an ergot alkaloid.
See also
Ergometrine
References
Lysergamides | wiki |
In algebraic geometry, a Weddle surface, introduced by , is a quartic surface in 3-dimensional projective space, given by the locus of vertices of the family of cones passing through 6 points in general position.
Weddle surfaces have 6 nodes and are birational to Kummer surfaces.
References
Algebraic surfaces
Complex surfaces | wiki |
Sigma level may refer to a:
measurement of defects in the Six Sigma business management strategy
atmospheric pressure measured in a sigma coordinate system | wiki |
Osselet is arthritis in the fetlock joint of a horse, caused by trauma.
Osselets usually occur in the front legs of the horse, because there is more strain and concussion on the fetlock there than in the hind legs. The arthritis will occur at the joint between the cannon bone and large pastern bone, at the front of the fetlock.
Definition
Osselets refers to the inflammation of the connective tissue that is around the cannon bone and the fetlock joint. Inflammation can involve arthritis and can become a degenerative joint disease. The condition is a job risk for young thoroughbreds and is usually caused by stress and due to the trauma of repeated hard training in young horses.
The first thing that appears on a horse with osselets is a swelling in the front part of the fetlock joint, there may be synovial strains on the sides of the joint. It is painful for the horse to flex the joint and usually causes lameness.
Fetlock joint
Definition
Fetlock is the common name for the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints of horses, is a rotatory joint that can exhibit the greatest range of motion of any equine joint.
The fetlock joint is formed between the large metacarpal or metatarsal bone ( in the hindlimb and forelimb) and the proximal sesamoid bones.
Relation with osselet
Osselets is caused by stress on the fetlock, which results in a stretching of the joint capsule.
If the inflammation damages the cartilage of the joint, swelling in that area can become chronic and permanent. The joint capsule can also thicken.
Causes and effects
Osselets is caused by stress on the fetlock, which results in a stretching of the joint capsule. The early stage is called green osselets, and is characterized by a hot, soft swelling at the fetlock. If inflammation damages the cartilage of the joint, the swelling may become chronic and permanent.
Eventually, the bones of the joint will become involved, causing arthritis, pain, stiffness, and periostitis (new bone growth). The fibers of the joint capsule will also increase in size. The long pastern bone may also eventually chip at its front edge, which will leave bone fragments in the joint.
Horses with short, upright pasterns are predisposed to develop osselets, as this conformation promotes concussion of the fetlock joint.
Other contributors to the horse contracting the osselets include uneven tensions in the fetlock joint (usually due to poor or unbalanced footwear), irregular terrain and hasty conditioning. The latter often causes muscle fatigue and does not protect the horse's joints from tripping or "bad steps" while working.
Diagnosis
The horse will suffer pain in flexion, or when the animal presses on the affected front of the fetlock, it is indicative of osselets, as is the short and short march that is the result of when both frontal fetlocks are involved. (Shoulder problems can also cause a horse to move that way, so watch carefully.) The heat and swelling around the fetlock will be obvious when a horse has osselets.
Treatment
When it first appears, it can be cured with rest, which is very important for treatment. To relieve inflammation, it is advisable to apply cold compresses for several days. Anti-inflammatory medications administered orally or by injection may also be used. Another treatment would be to inject corticosteroids into the joint. However, if this kind of medication is used while the horse continues its continuous training or racing, they will inevitably lead to the destruction of joint surfaces.
See also
Equine forelimb anatomy
Equine anatomy
References
Equine injury and lameness | wiki |
A. cornutus may refer to:
Aenictus cornutus, an ant species in the genus Aenictus
Allococalodes cornutus, a jumping spider species
Amphicerus cornutus, a beetle species
Arkys cornutus, an orb-weaver spider species in the genus Arkys
See also
Cornutus (disambiguation) | wiki |
The Sparrows may refer to:
The Sparrows (Military Unit), the 79th Light Anti-Aircraft Battery, a Royal Artillery unit active during World War II
The Sparrows (band), a Canadian 1960s blues rock band
The Sparrows: a Study of the Genus Passer, a 1988 book by J. Denis Summers-Smith
See also
Sparrow (disambiguation) | wiki |
Assisting in activities of daily living (ADL) are skills required in nursing and other professions such as nursing assistants.
Personal assistance is waged support of 20 or more hours a week for people with impairments. A 2008 review reported that personal assistance is possibly beneficial to some older people and their informal carers. Further research is needed to assess which models of personal assistant are more efficient, as well as their relative total costs.
Doctors and nurses need to understand and learn about each patient's character and remember that illness often changes the patient's psyche: reactions to others change, often he or she becomes fussy, capricious, etc. It takes patience, tact, concentration, discipline and care to reach out to the patient, to gain their trust and to maintain their confidence in recovery and success of the treatment. In addition to morale, it is necessary to look after how one looks. Clothes should be clean, ironed, neat, hair tidied, hands clean, nails trimmed, moderate use of cosmetics, perfume and jewellery. In many health care facilities, special uniforms have been introduced. Due to the fact that nursing care requires a lot of attention and energy, nursing staff usually take additional courses based on practical data, such as NCLEX. Nursing care is usually divided into general and special care. Particular difficulties arise when caring for the severely ill.
Mobility
Inactive patients must be turned every two hours, which is the minimum time that a bed sore can develop. To move a bedridden patient to the side, the patient is first pulled closer to the opposite side that they are turning to give room to maneuver. When the patient is turned to the side, a pillow is usually placed to the back to support that position.
A pillow is often placed at the head of the bed to protect the head from any injury when moving a bedridden patient up in bed. Often the patient is turned to one side at a time to place a friction reducing sheet under the patient. When moving up, the patient is asked to bend knees and push with their legs while their chin is to their chest to prevent neck injury. The patient is pulled up either by the friction reducing sheet or draw sheet.
Some of the benefits of mobility among hospitalized patients are - deep vein thrombosis, decreasing pressure ulcers and functional decline.
Hygiene
Bathing
For a bed bath, a bath blanket is put over the patient and only the area washed is exposed at a time for privacy and warmth. To make a mitt out of a washcloth, the fingers and palm of the dominant hand are placed over the washcloth and the washcloth is folded over the fingers and palm. The remaining part of the washcloth not covering the fingers and palms will be folded over and tucked in and the thumb will be out of the mitt.
The eyes are cleaned, usually first, without soap to avoid irritation. The eye is cleaned from the inner side near the nose to the outer edge to avoid carrying debris to the tear duct. The cloth is rinsed or turned before going to the other eye to prevent spreading any organisms. Each area is dried at a time before washing the next area. For perineal care, the perineum is washed from least contaminated to most contaminated to reduce the spread of microorganisms. For females, the labia is spread and washed from the pubic area toward the anal area and not the other way around. For males, the tip of the penis is cleaned first and cleaned away from the meatus. In an uncircumcised penis, the foreskin is retracted and immediately put back in place to avoid compromising circulation and the foreskin is not retracted for children in order to prevent injury.
Toileting
A bedpan is used for bed-bound patients for bowel elimination as well urinary elimination for females. Powder is often placed along the ring of the bedpan to help reduce friction but is avoided if contraindicated by issues like allergies or if a stool sample is needed. Raising the head of the bed assists in voiding or defecating.
Dressing
For those with a weaker side (such as from strokes), the arm on the stronger side is used to dress the weaker side first. When undressing, the arm or leg on the stronger side is pulled out first.
The types of wound dressing are hydrocolloid dressings, hydrogel, alginate,
collagen, foam, transparent and cloth.
Bedmaking
A fitted sheet goes over the mattress. Often a draw sheet, also called lift sheet, is used, where it is placed over the fitted sheet and in the center where it will be under the patient's midsection. By lifting the draw sheet, it is used to help move the patient. The fitted sheet and draw sheet, which are those that go under the patient, are firmly tucked in to prevent wrinkles, which can promote skin breakdown. A top sheet and blanket are often placed over the bed and the corners are mitered.
When making an occupied bed, such as for patients who are unable or have difficulty getting out of bed, one side of the bed is made at a time. Usually, the patient rolls to one side and the old linen under the patient from the opposite side, such as the fitted sheet and draw sheet, is untucked and rolled as close to the patient as possible. The new fitted sheet and draw sheet are then tucked in and also rolled close toward the patient. Then the patient rolls back toward the other side. The old linen that was folded under the patient is removed and the new linen that was also folded under the patient is eased out to make the other side of the bed. For those for whom it is contraindicated to roll to the side, such as those recovering from hip replacement surgery, then the patient sits up in bed while the top half of the bed is made and afterward the bottom half of the bed is made.
Feeding
To maintain self-esteem, the person is involved as much as possible. His or her preferences are asked regarding the order of items eaten. Condiments are added and food cut according to patient preferences. Dentures, hearing aids or glasses are put in place before mealtime.
Some points to remember when feeding a helpless patient are placing the patients in a comfortable position for eating. Oral hygiene is important after eating. Examples of oral hygiene for patients are brushing the teeth, cleaning the dentures and using mouth wash. Allow patients to have sufficient time to swallow food before forcing in another mouthful. Sufficient liquid with the meal can also be provided. Make sure not to leave the patient until their appetite is satisfied. Give patients a choice of food. Wash patient's hands and face after feeding.
Swallowing precautions
For those with dysphagia, the patient has placed on aspiration (choking) precautions. The rate of feeding and size of bites are adjusted to the patient's tolerance. The diet would be modified according to the nutrition consult, such as chopping, mincing, pureeing or thickening liquids because they are easier to swallow than thin liquids. Solids and liquids are alternated to help with swallowing. The patient ideally sits upright and tucks the chin towards the chest during swallowing to help prevent aspiration. Signs of aspiration include coughing, choking, cyanosis, voice changes and regurgitation. A 30-minute rest period prior to mealtime is provided to give less difficulty with swallowing.
Visually impaired
For visually impaired patients, using a clock face analogy to relate the position of items is common. It is recommended to place foods and dishes in a similar location at each meal for familiarity. For a beverage, straws are used when possible, if not contradicted by dysphagia, in order to prevent spilling.
Suicide precautions
For those on suicide precautions, food is served in plastic or paper containers with plastic utensils (no knives) and sharp items should only be used only with continual staff supervision.
See also
Nursing
References
Nursing
Caregiving
Self-care | wiki |
This article presents the discography of The Jackson 5 (currently known as The Jacksons), an American family band from Gary, Indiana.
Founding group members Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon and Michael formed the group after performing in an early incarnation called The Jackson Brothers, which originally consisted of a trio of the three older brothers. In 1975, the youngest brother Randy Jackson replaced Jermaine when the brothers signed with Epic Records and Jermaine stayed with Motown Records. In 1983, Jermaine returned to the group, but by 1989 Marlon and Michael had already left to focus on their solo careers.
Overall, 18 of the group's singles rose within the US Billboard Top 20, with four of them reaching #1.
Albums
Studio albums
As The Jackson 5
As The Jacksons
Live albums
Selected compilation albums
Soundtrack albums
Singles
As The Jackson 5
As The Jacksons
As a collaborating artist
Home video
The Jackson 5
The Jacksons
Music videos
Notes
References
External links
Discography
Rhythm and blues discographies
Discographies of American artists
Pop music group discographies
Disco discographies | wiki |
Marilyn Monroe (1926–1962) was an American actress.
Marilyn Monroe may also refer to:
"Marilyn Monroe" (Nicki Minaj song)
"Marilyn Monroe" (Pharrell Williams song)
"Marilyn Monroe", a 2007 song by Dala from Who Do You Think You Are
"Marilyn Monroe", a 2011 song by Brianna Perry
"Marilyn Monroe", a song by Phoebe Legere
"Marilyn Monroe", a song from Blood Brothers
See also
Marilyn (1963 film) or The Marilyn Monroe Story, a documentary film | wiki |
IFCA may refer to:
Religion
Independent Fundamental Churches of America or IFCA International
International Fellowship of Christian Assemblies, a North American Pentecostal denomination
International Forum of Catholic Action, see Directory of International Associations of the Faithful
Other uses
International Financial Cryptography Association
International Funboard Class Association, a group devoted to windsurfing
Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority, in England
Iran Football Coaches Association, headed by Majid Jalali | wiki |
A curate () is a person who is invested with the care or cure () of souls of a parish. In this sense, "curate" means a parish priest; but in English-speaking countries the term curate is commonly used to describe clergy who are assistants to the parish priest. The duties or office of a curate are called a curacy.
Etymology and other terms
The term is derived from the Latin (compare Curator).
In other languages, derivations from curatus may be used differently. In French, the is the chief priest (assisted by a ) of a parish, as is the Italian , the Spanish , and the Filipino term (which almost always refers to the parish priest), which is derived from Spanish.
Catholic Church
In the Catholic Church, the English word curate is used for a priest assigned to a parish in a position subordinate to that of the parish priest. The parish priest (or often, in the United States, the pastor or minister) is the priest who has canonical responsibility for the parish. He may be assisted by one or more other priests, referred to as curates, assistant priests, parochial vicars, or (in America) associate/assistant pastors.
Anglican Communion
In the Church of England today, "curate" refers to priests (or, in the first year, transitional deacons) who are in their first post after ordination (usually for four years), and are completing their training (not unlike an apprenticeship). The technical term "curate", as found in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer, meant the incumbent of a benefice, that is the person licensed by the diocesan bishop to the "cure of souls", who, depending on how the benefice income was raised and distributed, was a rector, a vicar, or a perpetual curate. A vicar arises when a rectory was sold to lay rectors, which would often be a monastic house (such as abbey) or university college; a perpetual curacy where another priest or senior cleric has long-term control of the parish finances, granting an agreed stipend and general powers to the curate, albeit of theoretically of the same job security, below.
Although the expression "curate-in-charge" was mainly used of an informal arrangement whereby an incumbent gave most responsibility for one of the parish churches to an assistant, in law it denoted a cleric licensed by the bishop to exercise some or all of the cure of souls when the incumbent had failed to make adequate provision for them or was subject to disciplinary measures. Once in possession of their benefices, rectors and vicars enjoyed a somewhat locally varied array of rights, absolutely, a home in which to live without charge, and generally a generous income from the parish especially in the era of tithes, yet could be removed after due legal process and for a restricted number of reasons.
Perpetual curates were placed on a similar footing in 1838 and were commonly styled "vicars", and this practice was legally recognised in 1868. Clergy (both transitional deacons and priests) who assist the "curate" were, and are, properly called assistant curates, but are often referred to as "the curate".
A house provided for an assistant curate is sometimes colloquially called a "curatage". Assistant curates are also licensed by the bishop, but only at the request of the "curate", who had the right of dismissal subject to certain conditions. Although it is customary for a priest to serve as a curate in one or more parishes before becoming an incumbent, it is by no means unknown for priests who have previously been beneficed or consecrated bishop to return to a curacy (as assistant curate), sometimes as a matter of choice. For example, Geoffrey Francis Fisher served as Curate of Trent near Sherborne after retiring as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1961.
With the 1968 Pastoral Measure and subsequent legislation, the Church of England has undergone a major process of reform which still continues today, and much of above no longer holds good. Ministers in the Church of England whose main income comes from sources other than their work as clergy may be termed "self supporting ministers" or "curate (SSM)".
Terms like "rector" and "curate" were carried overseas with the spread of Anglicanism, but their exact meaning depends on local conditions and regulations. In the Church of Ireland some curates are styled "bishop's curates" as they are accountable directly to the diocesan bishop, while sometimes mentored by local parish clergy, and are perceived to have more autonomy than other assistant curates.
In Anglican parishes with a charismatic or evangelical (low church) tradition, the roles of curates are usually seen as being an assistant leader to the overall leader, often in a larger team of pastoral leaders. Many of the larger charismatic and evangelical parishes have larger ministry teams with a number of pastoral leaders, some ordained and others who are not.
In the Episcopal Church of the United States, the curacy may be a temporary place to continue training after ordination, similar to an internship, or it may be a permanent, subordinant position, more akin to a perpetual curate.
Training
In the Church of England, the ongoing training of assistant curates is typically overseen by officers of the bishops called Initial Ministerial Education (IME) or Continuing Ministerial Development (CMD) Advisers.
History
Originally a bishop would entrust a priest with the "cure of souls" (pastoral ministry) of a parish. When, in medieval Europe, this included the legal freehold of church land in the parish, the parish priest was a "perpetual curate" (), an assistant would be a (plain) curate ().
The words and distinguish their appointments but not the length of service, the apparent reference to time is accidental. A curate is appointed by the parish priest and paid from parish funds. A perpetual curate is a priest in charge of a parish who was (usually) appointed and paid by the bishop.
As the church became more embedded into the fabric of feudal Europe, various other titles often supplanted "curate" for the parish priest. "Rector" was the title given to a priest in possession of the tithe income. This right to the income was known as a "living". The title of rector comes from , "to rule".
Those parishes where a monastery had appropriated the rights to the tithe income, a portion of this income was set aside for a priest to occupy the parish, essentially acting on behalf of the monastery, in other words vicariously – hence "vicar". In some cases, a portion of a tithe for a vicar could exceed the income of some rectors, depending on the value of the livings being compared.
Minor canons
Minor canons are those clergy who are members of a cathedral's establishment and take part in the daily services but are not part of the formal chapter. These are generally clergy who are nearer to the beginning than the end of their ministries, who have already served their curacy (title post) in a parish church. They are often selected for their singing and liturgical ability.
See also
Curate's egg
Roman Curia
Notes and references
Further reading
Hart, A. Tindal (1970) The Curate's Lot: the story of the unbeneficed English clergy. London: J. Baker
Lewis, Robert Michael (2016) Curacy Express: A Training Resource for New Clergy. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock
Anglican ecclesiastical offices
Catholic priesthood
Christian terminology | wiki |
Waterbug or water bug can refer to any of several things:
True bugs
The true water bugs (Nepomorpha), including such insects as giant water bugs, creeping water bugs and backswimmers
Various other aquatic true bugs, known collectively as water bugs
Heteroptera
Cockroaches
The American cockroach, Periplaneta americana
The German cockroach, Blattella germanica
The Oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis
Giant Water Bug
Belostomatidae
See also
Waterbug Records, a record label
Animal common name disambiguation pages | wiki |
In construction, cross bracing is a system utilized to reinforce building structures in which diagonal supports intersect. Cross bracing is usually seen with two diagonal supports placed in an X-shaped manner. Under lateral force (such as wind or seismic activity) one brace will be under tension while the other is being compressed. In steel construction, steel cables may be used due to their great resistance to tension (although they cannot take any load in compression). The common uses for cross bracing include bridge (side) supports, along with structural foundations. This method of construction maximizes the weight of the load a structure is able to support. It is a usual application when constructing earthquake-safe buildings.
Cross bracing can be applied to any rectangular frame structure, such as chairs and bookshelves. Its rigidity for two-dimensional grid structures can be analyzed mathematically as an instance of the grid bracing problem.
Cross bracing may employ full diagonals, or corner bracing or knee bracing.
Mining tunnels
To add rigidity to the construction of mining tunnels, the cross-beam connecting between arches is also a type of cross brace. They are often tubular and modified on the ends with clips or apertures for screw fastening. They serve as a stiffening element for the stability of a design. This brace could also be an ordinary cross-section wooden cross-beam, or even a board.
Cross bracing can be seen in situations like flooring, where cross braces are put between floor joists in order to prevent movement. It is also commonly used for ship making in order to stand against heavy winds or extreme weather.
References
Building engineering
Underground mining | wiki |
Comparison of methods for file sharing - The following tables compares the details of the different methods for file sharing.
Security
Anonymity
Availability of sources
veracity
File sharing | wiki |
Taybi syndrome may refer to:
Oto-palato-digital syndrome, formerly known as Taybi syndrome
Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome, a syndrome characterized by unusual facial traits and broad thumbs and toes.
Taybi–Linder syndrome, also known as cephaloskeletal dysplasia | wiki |
Morse is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon and cannot be seen directly from the Earth. It lies about one crater diameter to the southwest of the larger Fitzgerald. To the west-northwest of Morse is Dante.
This is a relatively well-defined crater with features that have not been markedly eroded by subsequent impacts. There is a small crater along the southeastern rim, however, and the southern rim is somewhat disrupted. The rim edge is uneven in places and there are terrace features along the inner walls to the northeast and west. The interior floor, while generally level, has a number of low irregularities forming small hills.
The crater lies at the northeast margin of the Freundlich-Sharonov Basin.
Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Morse.
References
Impact craters on the Moon | wiki |
Brother, Cry for Me is a 1970 adventure film starring Leslie Parrish, Larry Pennell and Richard Davalos.
Three estranged brothers receive a letter from their late father inviting them to collect a large inheritance in an Aztec pyramid. Realizing that they each have a chance at their father's fortune, the brothers become murderously competitive.
References
1970 films
1970s adventure films
American independent films
Troma Entertainment films
1970s crime films
1970s English-language films
1970s American films | wiki |
A hotline is a point-to-point communications link in which a call is automatically directed to the preselected destination.
Hotline or Hot Line may also refer to:
Telephonic services
Helpline, any telephone service which offers help to those who call
Crisis hotline, a telephone service which offers help to those who call
Phone sex services, the business of erotic talks by phone
Moscow–Washington hotline, a system that allows direct communication between the leaders of the United States and Russia
Music
Albums
Hotline (The J. Geils Band album), 1975
Hotline (Nazia and Zohaib Hassan album), 1987
Hotline (White Heart album)
Hot Line (album), a 1964 album by Bill Barron
Songs
"Hot Line" (song), a 1976 disco song performed by the American musical group The Sylvers
"Hotline", a 2004 song recorded by Ciara for her debut album, Goodies
"Hotline", a 2022 song from Hummingbird (Black Party album)
Film
Hot Line (film), a 1968 comedy spy thriller
Hotline (1982 film), a 1982 made-for-TV thriller film
Hotline (2014 film), a 2014 film
The Hotline (film), a 1974 Australian TV film
Other uses
The Hotline, a daily political briefing published in Washington, D.C.
Hot Line (TV series), an American erotic anthology series featured on Cinemax
Hotline Communications, a software company, and their Hotline Connect program suite
See also
Helpline (disambiguation)
Line (disambiguation)
Hot (disambiguation) | wiki |
Coining may refer to:
Coining (metalworking), metalworking process
Solder ball flattening
Coining (mint), production of money
Counterfeiting of coins
The creation of a protologism or neologism
Coining (traditional medicine), dermabrasion practiced in China, Vietnam, and Indonesia
See also
Coin (disambiguation)
Coinage (disambiguation) | wiki |
Coinage may refer to:
Coins, standardized as currency
Neologism, coinage of a new word
COINage, numismatics magazine
Tin coinage, a tax on refined tin
Protologism, coinage of a seldom used new term
See also
Coining (disambiguation)
Coin (disambiguation) | wiki |
Akimbo may refer to:
Akimbo (album), a 2000 album by Friendly
"Arms akimbo" refers to placing hands on hips, arms bent at the elbows which are pointing outward, often in a standing position
Akimbo (band), an American hardcore band
Dual wield, the technique of using two weapons, one in each hand, during combat
Akimbo (on-demand service), a defunct video-on-demand system
Akimbo Systems, Inc., a defunct software company which produced and sold the FullWrite Professional word processor
Akimbo, a podcast by Seth Godin | wiki |
Nannobrachium is a genus of lanternfishes.
Species
There are currently 17 recognized species in this genus:
Nannobrachium achirus (Andriashev, 1962) (Lantern fish)
Nannobrachium atrum (Tåning, 1928) (Dusky lanternfish)
Nannobrachium bristori Zahuranic, 2000
Nannobrachium crypticum Zahuranic, 2000
Nannobrachium cuprarium (Tåning, 1928)
Nannobrachium fernae (Wisner, 1971)
Nannobrachium gibbsi Zahuranic, 2000
Nannobrachium hawaiiensis Zahuranic, 2000
Nannobrachium idostigma (A. E. Parr, 1931)
Nannobrachium indicum Zahuranic, 2000
Nannobrachium isaacsi (Wisner, 1974)
Nannobrachium lineatum (Tåning, 1928)
Nannobrachium nigrum Günther, 1887 (Black lantern fish)
Nannobrachium phyllisae Zahuranic, 2000
Nannobrachium regale (C. H. Gilbert, 1892) (Pinpoint lampfish)
Nannobrachium ritteri (C. H. Gilbert, 1915) (Broadfin lampfish)
Nannobrachium wisneri Zahuranic, 2000
References
Myctophidae
Marine fish genera
Taxa named by Albert Günther | wiki |
The Homeric Hymns () are a collection of thirty-three anonymous ancient Greek hymns celebrating individual gods. The hymns are "Homeric" in the sense that they employ the same epic meter—dactylic hexameter—as the Iliad and Odyssey, use many similar formulas and are couched in the same dialect. While the modern scholarly consensus is that they were not written during the lifetime of Homer himself, they were uncritically attributed to him in antiquity—from the earliest written reference to them, Thucydides (iii.104)—and the label has stuck. "The whole collection, as a collection, is Homeric in the only useful sense that can be put upon the word," A. W. Verrall noted in 1894, "that is to say, it has come down labeled as 'Homer' from the earliest times of Greek book-literature."
History
The oldest of the hymns were probably written in the seventh century BC, somewhat later than Hesiod and the usually accepted date for the writing down of the Homeric epics. This still places the older Homeric Hymns among the oldest monuments of Greek literature; but although most of them were composed in the seventh and sixth centuries, a few may be Hellenistic, and the Hymn to Ares might be a late pagan work, inserted when it was observed that a hymn to Ares was lacking. The hymns to Helios and Selene are also thought to have been composed a bit later than the others, but earlier than the one to Ares. Walter Burkert has suggested that the Hymn to Apollo, attributed by an ancient source to Cynaethus of Chios (a member of the Homeridae), was composed in 522 BC for performance at the unusual double festival held by Polycrates of Samos to honor Apollo of Delos and of Delphi.
The hymns, which must be the remains of a once more strongly represented genre, vary widely in length, some being as brief as three or four lines, while others are in excess of five hundred lines. The long ones comprise an invocation, praise, and narrative, sometimes quite extended. In the briefest ones, the narrative element is lacking. The longer ones show signs of having been assembled from pre-existing disparate materials.
Most surviving Byzantine manuscripts begin with the third Hymn. A chance discovery in Moscow in 1777 recovered the two hymns that open the collection, the fragmentary To Dionysus and To Demeter (complete save some lacunose lines), in a single fifteenth-century manuscript. At least some of the shorter ones may be excerpts that have omitted the narrative central section, preserving only the useful invocation and introduction, which a rhapsode could employ in the manner of a prelude.
The thirty-three hymns praise most of the major gods of Greek religion; at least the shorter ones may have served as preludes to the recitation of epic verse at festivals by professional rhapsodes: often the singer concludes by saying that now he will pass to another song. A thirty-fourth, To Hosts is not a hymn, but a reminder that hospitality is a sacred duty enjoined by the gods, a pointed reminder when coming from a professional rhapsode.
List of the Homeric Hymns
"To Dionysus", 21 lines
"To Demeter", 495 lines
"To Apollo", 546 lines
"To Hermes", 580 lines
"To Aphrodite", 293 lines
"To Aphrodite", 21 lines
"To Dionysus", 59 lines
"To Ares", 17 lines
"To Artemis", 9 lines
"To Aphrodite", 6 lines
"To Athena", 5 lines
"To Hera", 5 lines
"To Demeter", 3 lines
"To the mother of the gods" (Rhea/Cybele), 6 lines
"To Heracles with the heart of a lion", 9 lines
"To Asclepius", 5 lines
"To the Dioscuri", 5 lines
"To Hermes", 12 lines
"To Pan", 49 lines
"To Hephaestus", 8 lines
"To Apollo", 5 lines
"To Poseidon", 7 lines
"To Zeus", 4 lines
"To Hestia", 5 lines
"To the Muses and Apollo", 7 lines
"To Dionysus", 13 lines
"To Artemis", 22 lines
"To Athena", 18 lines
"To Hestia", 13 lines
"To Gaia, mother of all", 19 lines
"To Helios", 19 lines
"To Selene", 20 lines
"To the Dioscuri", 19 lines
Notes
Select translations
The Homeric Hymns, Apostolos N. Athanassakis (translation, introduction and notes) Baltimore, MD; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976. (Updated in 2004.)
The Homeric Hymns: A Translation, with Introduction and Notes, Diane Rayor (2004, updated 2014). This translation sets the hymns in their context of Greek folklore, culture and geography, and offers parallels with Near Eastern texts.
Homeric Hymns, Sarah Ruden, trans. (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2005)
The Homeric Hymns, Works of Hesiod and the Homeric Hymns, Daryl Hine, trans. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008)
To Demeter (Εἲς Δημήτραν):
Gregory Nagy
Hugh Gerard Evelyn-White, Perseus Digital Library
Greek text
Further reading
Allen, Thomas W., William R. Halliday, and Edward E. Sikes, eds. 1936. The Homeric Hymns. 2d ed. Oxford: Clarendon.
Clay, Jenny Strauss. 2006. The Politics of Olympus: Form and Meaning in the Major Homeric Hymns. London: Duckworth.
De Jong, Irene J. F. 2012. "The Homeric Hymns." In Space in Ancient Greek Literature: Studies in Ancient Greek Narrative. Edited by Irene J. F. De Jong, 39-53 Leiden; Boston: Brill.
Depew, Mary. 2001. "Enacted and Represented Dedications: Genre and Greek Hymn." In Matrices of Genre: Authors, Canons, and Society. Edited by Mary Depew and Dirk Obbink, 59–79.
Faulkner, Andrew. 2011. "Modern Scholarship on the Homeric Hymns: Foundational Issues." In The Homeric Hymns: Interpretative Essays. Edited by Andrew Faulkner. 1–25. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
García, J. 2002. "Symbolic Action in the Homeric Hymns: The Theme of Recognition." Classical Antiquity 21.1: 5-39.
Hoekstra, Arie. 1969. The Sub-Epic Stage of the Formulaic Tradition: Studies in the Homeric Hymns to Apollo, to Aphrodite and to Demeter. Amsterdam: Hakkert.
Janko, Richard. 1981. "The Structure of the Homeric Hymns: A Study in Genre." Hermes 109:9–24.
Nagy, Gregory. 2009. "Perfecting the Hymn in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo." In Apolline Politics and Poetics. Edited by Lucia Athanassaki, 17–42. Athens: Hellenic Ministry of Culture: European Cultural Centre of Delphi.
Richardson, Nicholas, ed. 2010. Three Homeric hymns: To Apollo, Hermes, and Aphrodite. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Sowa, Cora A. 1984. Traditional Themes and the Homeric Hymns. Chicago: Blochazy-Carducci.
Webster, T. B. L. 1975. "Homeric Hymns and Society." In Le Monde Grec. Pensée, Littérature, Histoire, Documents. Hommages à Claire Préaux. Edited by Jean Bingen, 86–93. Bruxelles: Éditions de l'Université de Bruxelles
External links
Homeric Hymns at Perseus Digital Library
Scholarly bibliography on the Homeric Hymns
Introduction to the Homeric Hymns A condensed version of the introduction by Diane J. Rayor, The Homeric Hymns : A Translation, with Introduction and Notes (2004)
7th-century BC books
6th-century BC books
Ancient Greek hymns
Homer | wiki |
Coining is a form of precision stamping in which a workpiece is subjected to a sufficiently high stress to induce plastic flow on the surface of the material. A beneficial feature is that in some metals, the plastic flow reduces surface grain size, and work hardens the surface, while the material deeper in the part retains its toughness and ductility. The term comes from the initial use of the process: manufacturing of coins.
Coining is used to manufacture parts for all industries and is commonly used when high relief or very fine features are required. For example, it is used to produce coins, badges, buttons, precision-energy springs and precision parts with small or polished surface features.
Coining is a cold working process similar in other respects to forging, which takes place at elevated temperature; it uses a great deal of force to elastically deform a workpiece, so that it conforms to a die. Coining can be done using a gear driven press, a mechanical press, or more commonly, a hydraulically actuated press. Coining typically requires higher tonnage presses than stamping, because the workpiece is elastically deformed and not actually cut, as in some other forms of stamping. The coining process is preferred when there is a high tonnage.
Coining for currency
Coining in electronic industry
In soldering of electronic components, bumps are formed on bonding pads to enhance adhesion, which are further flattened by the coining process. Unlike typical coining applications, in this case the goal of coining is to create a flat, rather than patterned, surface.
References
Metal forming
Production of coins | wiki |
S. cornutus may refer to:
Saltuarius cornutus, a gecko species in the genus Saltuarius
Syndesus cornutus, a beetle species in the genus Syndesus
Synonyms
Sairocarpus cornutus, a synonym for Antirrhinum cornutum, the spurred snapdragon, a New World flowering plant species
See also
Cornutus (disambiguation) | wiki |
The BIG 25 Berlin () is an annual road running competition over 25 kilometres that takes place in Berlin, Germany in early May.
The competition was created in 1981 by the French Forces in Berlin stationed in West Berlin and was titled the "25 km de Berlin". The soldiers were able to block the roads from traffic for the event and this allowed the race to become Berlin's first ever mass race to be held in the city centre. Under a similar agreement, the Berlin Marathon took place in the city that same year. The course for the BIG 25 Berlin runs on major streets of the city and passes some of the city's most prominent landmarks, including the Berlin Victory Column, the Brandenburg Gate, Potsdamer Platz, Friedrichstraße and Kurfürstendamm. The course begins at Olympischer Platz and the finishing line is placed on the track within the Olympic Stadium.
It is one of the most high profile annual international races to be held over the 25 km distance and has been the site of six world records for the 25 km (five by men and one by a woman). The current course records are both the current world records: Dennis Kimetto set the men's record of 1:11:18 hours in 2012, while Mary Keitany holds the women's record of 1:19:53 hours set in 2010.
In the first edition, 3250 runners started the event and ten years later this had grown to over 14,000 runners, making it the most popular road running event in Germany at that point. In the years since then, the event has expanded its programme and now includes in-line skating races and a half marathon. A total of 10,478 people took part at the 2012 edition of the event. The elite aspect of the main 25 km race has attracted top level national and foreign runners since its inception. On the women's side, past winners include marathon world record breaker Christa Vahlensieck, world road running champion Lornah Kiplagat and 1988 Olympic marathon champion Rosa Mota. Past men's winners include Olympic medalist Markus Ryffel, Boston and New York marathon winner Rodgers Rop, and marathon world record holder Patrick Makau Musyoki.
Originally organised by the Berlin Athletics Association (Berliner Leichtathletik-Verband), the organising duties were passed to Gerhard Janetzky (the Internationales Stadionfest director) and Christoph Kopp (a former association president) in 2007. The competition is colloquially known as "the French course", due to its origins, and has also been named the "Berlin Läuft 25km" and "Run Berlin".
Past winners
Key:
References
List of winners
Berlin 25 km. Association of Road Racing Statisticians (2012-05-05). Retrieved on 2012-05-06.
External links
Official website
Long-distance running competitions
Sports competitions in Berlin
Athletics competitions in Germany
Road running competitions
Recurring sporting events established in 1981
1981 establishments in Germany
Annual events in Berlin
Annual sporting events in Germany
Athletics in Berlin
Inline speed skating competitions
25K runs | wiki |
A sweater (North American English) or pullover, also called a jersey or jumper (British English and Australian English), is a piece of clothing, typically with long sleeves, made of knitted or crocheted material, that covers the upper part of the body. When sleeveless, the garment is often called a slipover, tank top or sweater vest. Sweaters are worn by adults and children, often over a shirt, blouse, T-shirt, or another top, but sometimes next to the skin. Sweaters were traditionally made from wool but can now be made of cotton, synthetic fibers, or any combination of these. There are also seasonal sweaters, which around Christmas are often called "ugly sweaters".
Etymology
According to British dictionaries, "sweater" is used in British English in the same sense as in American English but "jumper" is commonly used instead (though some say that "sweater" is used for heavier ones worn for warmth).sweater in Collins English Dictionary: "a garment made of knitted or crocheted material covering the upper part of the body, esp a heavy one worn for warmth" Oxford University states that in British usage sweaters are always pulled over the head and jumpers are not necessarily, whereas most or all other British dictionaries disagree and say that sweaters are not necessarily pullovers or even say that jumpers are always pullovers, i.e. never open in front.jumper in the Macmillan Dictionary: "BRITISH a warm piece of clothing, usually made of wool, that you pull over your head and that covers your upper body and arms"
The OED gives "sweater" as appearing in 1882 and gives its definition as "A woolen vest or jersey worn in rowing or other athletic exercises, originally... to reduce one's weight; now commonly put on also before or after exercise to prevent taking cold. Hence a similar garment for general informal wear; a jumper or pullover"
According to most British dictionaries, British usage agrees with what American dictionaries describe as American English usage, according to which a sweater is either a pullover or a cardigan (which opens at the front). Almost all British dictionaries include cardigans as a type of sweater but at least one includes cardigans as a type of jumper (i.e. most British dictionaries consider "sweater" – and at least one considers "jumper" – to be a hypernym for both pullovers and cardigans).
Types and design
The term "sweater" is a catch-all for a variety of knit garments. Although the term often refers to a pullover, it can also refer to a cardigan, a garment that opens and fastens down the front. Within either group, there is a great variety of designs. Various necklines are found, although the V-neck, turtleneck, and crew neck are the most popular. The hemline is typically at hip height or slightly longer, just overlapping the waist of one's pants or skirt, but can vary significantly. It can range from just below the bust in women's garments to mid-thigh in either sex or even longer in a knitted variation of the poncho shirtdress. The sleeve length is also variable, ranging from full-length or three-quarters to short-sleeved, cap sleeves or sleeveless. The front seam or opening of a cardigan allows for further different styles, such as a surplice or a bolero jacket. All hems may have various types of borders, such as picots, ribbing, and frills.
Knitted fabrics are generally somewhat elastic and have a softer hand (feel or drape) than woven fabric. Sweaters that are more tightly fitted or have a soft drape may conform well to the body without requiring tailoring necessary in a woven garment such as darts, flares, and gores. Even when such shaping is used, it can be knit into the fabric itself, without requiring seams.
Another type is a sweater vest.
Nomenclature
A sweater with an open front fastened by buttons or a zipper is generally called a cardigan, but the nomenclature for other styles in different dialects can be quite confusing. In British English, a sweater may also be called a pullover, jumper, or jersey. In the United States, however, "jumper" refers to a style of women's sleeveless dress, worn over a blouse or shirt, and "jersey" refers to a knit shirt, especially if part of an athletic uniform. If sleeveless, such a garment may be called a "slipover" or "tank top" in British English, while "tank top" in US English refers to a sleeveless shirt or undershirt.
In the U.S. a sleeveless sweater may also be called a sweater vest, especially if it has a V-neck and somewhat formal appearance resembling a formal vest, a garment known as a waistcoat in the UK. In British English, "vest" refers to an undershirt. In South African English, a knitted sweater is always called a jersey', while sweater, when used, refers to a sweatshirt''. In the sport of ice hockey, the top of a hockey player's uniform had traditionally been a sweater; and even though modern hockey uniform tops are more commonly a jersey they are typically referred to as a "hockey sweater," regardless of the style, but frequently, in the U.S. it is called a hockey "jersey".
See also:
List of American words not widely used in the United Kingdom
List of British words not widely used in the United States
List of words having different meanings in American and British English: A–L
List of words having different meanings in American and British English: M–Z
Customary wear
Thin sweaters may be worn tucked into the waistband of trousers; but otherwise, men's sweaters are worn untucked. Nonetheless, some individuals, including some television and film actors, have been known for wearing tucked-in sweaters.
Sweaters are a versatile item of clothing and can be worn on top of almost any outfit. Sports sweaters are often worn on tops of sports kit while traveling to or from a sports ground. Sweaters can be worn with a dress shirt underneath (and optionally a tie), which has the advantage of allowing the wearer to have the option of removing the sweater when it is uncomfortably warm and still looking presentable in many situations. Layering and the ease with which it allows for temperature regulation is a major benefit of the sweater as an article of clothing. Various methods have evolved for conveniently carrying a sweater, once removed. The three most common approaches are: around the waist (either loin cloth or knotted in front style) and over the shoulder.
In the late 20th century, the sweater increasingly came to be worn as an alternative to a shirt when finer materials made them more comfortable next to the skin.
Some people enjoy wearing Christmas-related sweaters around Christmas time to get into the festive spirit.
Some women's sweaters are meant to be worn belted; a belt or drawstring is sometimes knitted into the sweater itself. Leggings are commonly worn with long sweaters or sweater dresses.
Care
Sweaters are often maintained by washing or dry cleaning and the use of a lint roller or pill razor. But airing (and rinsing in pure water if necessary) is considered better than washing with soap or another detergent, especially when not all of the natural oil (lanolin) has been removed from the wool. The use of detergent is in fact detrimental because it removes the lanolin, which helps the wool to repel and shed dirt as well as water. In fact, sweaters made from unscoured wool, such as some Irish Aran jumpers, remain wearable even when wet.
Ice hockey
The uniforms that present-day ice hockey players wear are referred to as "sweaters". This is because original uniforms were simply sweaters with the team's crest stitched on the front. However, as technology changed, so did the uniforms as actual sweaters absorbed too much moisture and became weighed down and cumbersome throughout the course of a game.
See also
Baja jacket
Jacket
Sweater curse
Sweater design
Sweatshirt
Twinset
References
External links
History of fashion
History of clothing (Western fashion)
Winter clothes | wiki |
T. cornutus may refer to:
Trachinus cornutus, a weever species in the genus Trachinus
Triaenobunus cornutus, a harvestman species in the genus Triaenobunus
Turbo cornutus, a mollusc species
See also
Cornutus (disambiguation) | wiki |
WIENUX is a Debian-based Linux distribution developed by the City of Vienna in Austria. Its main purpose is to replace proprietary operating systems and applications on the municipality's thousands of desktop computers with free and open source alternatives based on KDE, OpenOffice.org and Firefox. WIENUX was released in 2005 under the General Public License and was available for free download from the distribution's web site until 2008 when the download page was taken offline.
In 2009 the migration to Linux as operating system was stopped and most desktop computers were equipped with a Windows operating system again.
See also
Canaima (operating system)
GendBuntu
Inspur
LiMux
Nova (operating system)
Ubuntu Kylin
VIT, C.A.
References
Debian-based distributions
Linux distributions | wiki |
Bleach: Heat the Soul 7 est un jeu vidéo de l'univers de Bleach sorti en 2010.
Système de jeu
Notes et références
Jeu vidéo Bleach
Jeu vidéo de combat
Jeu PlayStation Portable
Jeu vidéo sorti en 2010
Jeu vidéo développé au Japon
Jeu Eighting
Jeu Sony Computer Entertainment | wiki |
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Bradbury, kaliforniai város
Írország
Bradbury, falu Durham megyében | wiki |
Chippin' Away can refer to:
Album
Chippin' Away, a 2011 music album of Kevin Fowler
Songs
"Chippin' Away", a song by Night Ranger from Midnight Madness
"Chippin' Away", a song by Corey Hart from Young Man Running
"Chippin' Away", a song by Graham Nash | wiki |
Hymns and Spiritual Songs may refer to:
Hymns and Spiritual Songs (book), a 1765 book by Christopher Smart
Hymns and Spiritual Songs (album), a 2007 album by Bradley Joseph | wiki |
The name Dr. Nancy may also refer to Dr. Nancy E. Gary.
Dr. Nancy is a program on MSNBC hosted by Dr. Nancy Snyderman. It aired weekdays at noon Eastern Time. The show launched on June 29, 2009, as part of a sweeping revamp of MSNBC's daytime weekday programs along with Morning Meeting with Dylan Ratigan, a revamp of the channel's graphics, and its launch in high definition. Topics on the show generally related to health and/or politics. Monica Novotny served as breaking news anchor during the show.
On December 23, 2009, MSNBC announced that it cancelled the program due to low ratings. Its final broadcast aired on December 17, 2009.
References
External links
MSNBC original programming
2009 American television series debuts
2000s American television news shows
2009 American television series endings
2000s American medical television series
English-language television shows | wiki |
Muhlenbergia dumosa, commonly known as the bamboo muhly, is a species of grass native to Arizona and California.
References
dumosa
Garden plants of North America
Grasses of the United States | wiki |
The first season of 8 Simple Rules aired on ABC between September 17, 2002, and May 20, 2003, and consists of 28 episodes. On August 7, 2007, Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the complete first season on DVD on a 3-disc set.
Guest stars throughout season one include: Cybill Shepherd, Jason Priestley, Terry Bradshaw, Nick Carter, Shelley Long, Patrick Warburton, Thad Luckinbill, Billy Aaron Brown and Larry Miller.
Cast and characters
Main cast
John Ritter as Paul Hennessey
Katey Sagal as Cate Hennessey
Kaley Cuoco as Bridget Hennessey
Amy Davidson as Kerry Hennessey
Martin Spanjers as Rory Hennessey
Guest cast
Billy Aaron Brown as Kyle
Larry Miller as Tommy
Patrick Warburton as Nick Sharpe
Nikki Danielle Moore as Jenna Sharpe
Nicole Mansour as Rachel Sharpe
Cole Williams as Anthony
Brian Sites as Jason
Shelley Long as Mary Ellen Doyle
John Ratzenberger as Fred Doyle
Thad Luckinbill as Donny Doyle
Terry Bradshaw as Steve "Canned Heat" Smith
Matt Funke as Travis "The Rainman" Smith
Jason Priestley as Carter Tibbits
Nick Carter as Ben
Cybill Shepherd as Maggie
Don Knotts as himself
Steven Gilborn as Clerk
Episodes
DVD release
References
External links
2002 American television seasons
2003 American television seasons
8 Simple Rules | wiki |
Kefalograviera (Greek: Κεφαλογραβιέρα) is a hard table cheese produced traditionally from sheep's milk or mixture of sheep's and goat's milk. According to the PDO filing with the EU (see below) the name applies only to cheese produced in Western Macedonia, Epirus, and the regional units of Aetolia-Acarnania and Evrytania.
The cheese has a salty flavour and rich aroma. It is often used in a Greek dish called Saganaki, cut into triangular pieces, rolled in seasoned flour and lightly fried. It is an excellent cheese for grating, and is widely used as a topping for pasta dishes. According to one cookbook, "At its best, it is as good as or better than Romano or aged Asiago." It is very similar to Kefalotyri cheese and sometimes is sold under that name.
Kefalograviera has PDO status.
See also
List of cheeses
References
Greek cheeses
Sheep's-milk cheeses
Greek products with protected designation of origin
Cheeses with designation of origin protected in the European Union
Greek Macedonian cuisine | wiki |
Zinc-aluminium (ZA) alloys are alloys whose main constituents are zinc and aluminium. Other alloying elements include magnesium and copper. This type of alloy was originally developed for gravity casting. Noranda, New Jersey Zinc Co. Ltd., St. Joe Mineral Co. and the International Lead Zinc Research Organization (ILZRO) were the main companies that pioneered the ZA alloys between the 1950s and the 1970s. They were designed to compete with bronze, cast iron and aluminium using sand and permanent mold casting methods. Distinguishing features of ZA alloys include high as-cast strength, excellent bearing properties, as well as low energy requirements (for melting).
ZA alloys make good bearings because their final composition includes hard eutectic zinc-aluminium-copper particles embedded in a softer zinc-aluminium matrix. The hard particles provide a low-friction bearing surface, while the softer material wears back to provide space for lubricant to flow, similar to Babbitt metal.
The numbers associated with the name represent the amount of aluminium in the alloy (i.e. ZA8 has 8% aluminium).
See also
ZAMAK
Zincalume
References
External links
Article on ZA12 and the Permanent Graphite Mold Process
Vendor page of material description
Zinc alloys
Aluminium alloys | wiki |
This is a list of road/highway and rail crossings of the Raritan River from the mouth at Raritan Bay upstream. It also includes crossings of its two branches: the North Branch Raritan River and the South Branch Raritan River.
Crossings
See also
Bridges in New Jersey
R | wiki |
Clark King (born December 1, 1949) is an American speed skater. He competed in three events at the 1972 Winter Olympics.
References
1949 births
Living people
American male speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters of the United States
Speed skaters at the 1972 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Burbank, California | wiki |
In comics, Bloodstone may refer to:
The Bloodstone or the Bloodstone Gem, a Marvel Comics fictional mystical gem from which the Bloodstone family in Marvel derive their name.
Bloodstone (Marvel Cinematic Universe), the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) adaptation
Bloodstone, a fictional family in Marvel Comics:
Ulysses Bloodstone, the patriarch of the Bloodstone family who found the Bloodstone
Ulysses Bloodstone (Marvel Cinematic Universe), the MCU adaptation
Elsa Bloodstone, his daughter
Elsa Bloodstone (Marvel Cinematic Universe), the MCU adaptation
Cullen Bloodstone, his son
Elise Bloodstone, her mother who appeared in her daughter's eponymous series
Verussa Bloodstone, a character created for the MCU
"Hunt for the Bloodstone", a 1989 Captain America storyline where he looks for the Bloodstone and uncovers Ulysses' body. There is also a trade paperback collection of it.
One of the five pentagonal arranged Bloodstones of the Bloodstone amulet created by Belasco, which was used to open a gateway and release the Elder Gods from their imprisonment
See also
Bloodstone (disambiguation)
References | wiki |
The Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Animated Film is one of the annual awards given by the Boston Society of Film Critics since 2008.
Winners
2000s
2008: Wall-E
2009: Up
2010s
2010: Toy Story 3
2011: Rango
2012: Frankenweenie
2013: The Wind Rises
2014: The Tale of the Princess Kaguya
2015: Anomalisa
2016: Tower
2017: Coco
2018: Isle of Dogs
2019: I Lost My Body
2020s
2020: The Wolf House
2021: Flee
2022: Turning Red
See also
Academy Award for Best Animated Feature
References
External links
Official website
Boston Society of Film Critics Awards
Awards established in 2008
Awards for best animated feature film | wiki |
Le fasírt () est un plat hongrois constitué d'une boulette de viande à base de bœuf, de porc ou de poulet mélangée avec de l'œuf, des oignons, de l'ail, du zsemle et du paprika.
Cuisine hongroise
Boulette de viande | wiki |
Antonio Tarver – pugile statunitense
Jason Tarver – allenatore di football americano statunitense
Katelyn Tarver – cantautrice e attrice statunitense
Kenneth Tarver – tenore statunitense
Michael Tarver – wrestler statunitense
Seth Tarver – cestista statunitense | wiki |
A Grand crossing is a bridge or tunnel at a major water body.
Grand Crossing may also refer to a place in the United States:
Grand Crossing, Florida
Greater Grand Crossing, Chicago, Illinois | wiki |
To Mother may refer to:
To Mother (EP), a 1991 EP by Babes in Toyland
To Mother (g.o.d song), 1999
To Mother (Yui song), 2010 | wiki |
Sasha Williams may refer to:
Sasha Williams (actress), played the Yellow Lightspeed Ranger in Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue
Sasha Williams (The Walking Dead), a fictional character in the TV series The Walking Dead | wiki |
The term "Super Outbreak" has been widely used in reference to two extremely violent and deadly tornado outbreaks during 1974 and 2011 in the United States, and to a lesser extent a third outbreak in 1932.
1974 Super Outbreak
2011 Super Outbreak
1932 Deep South tornado outbreak – Referred to as a "Super Outbreak" by the National Weather Service office in Birmingham, Alabama.
See also
Outbreak (disambiguation)
Super (disambiguation)
+ | wiki |
Evaporimetry is medical test to measure the rate of the evaporation of the eye. Individuals with meibomian gland dysfunction will have an increased rate of evaporation because the glands release lower quality (or lower quantity) meibum. This impacts the tear film increasing the evaporation rate and can cause dry eye. The device used to perform an evaporimetry is called evaporimeter.
See also
Meibomian gland
Dry eye
Blepharitis
References
Eye procedures | wiki |
Linda Miller, attrice statunitense
Linda Lael Miller, scrittrice statunitense
Linda Taylor Miller, attrice statunitense | wiki |
The BET Award for Best New Artist is given to an artist who made their debut the previous or same year of the awards ceremony. A former group member can be nominated for the award if they have made their solo debut. Controversy arose when Jennifer Hudson won the award in 2007 even though her only solo release at the time was a single of "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going"; her first album was scheduled for release in October 2007. Sam Smith is so far the only Caucasian artist to have won the award, winning it in 2015.
Winners and nominees
Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold.
Grammy Award for Best New Artist winning artist – †
Grammy Award for Best New Artist nominated artist – ‡
2000s
2010s
2020s
References
BET Awards
Music awards for breakthrough artist | wiki |
A stadium (: stadiums or stadia) is a place or venue for (mostly) outdoor sports, concerts, or other events and consists of a field or stage either partly or completely surrounded by a tiered structure designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event.
Pausanias noted that for about half a century the only event at the ancient Greek Olympic festival was the race that comprised one length of the stadion at Olympia, where the word "stadium" originated.
Most of the stadiums with a capacity of at least 10,000 are used for association football. Other popular stadium sports include gridiron football, baseball, cricket, the various codes of rugby, field lacrosse, bandy, and bullfighting. Many large sports venues are also used for concerts.
Etymology
"Stadium" is the Latin form of the Greek word "stadion" (στάδιον), a measure of length equalling the length of 600 human feet. As feet are of variable length the exact length of a stadion depends on the exact length adopted for 1 foot at a given place and time. Although in modern terms 1 stadion = , in a given historical context it may actually signify a length up to 15% larger or smaller.
The equivalent Roman measure, the stadium, had a similar length – about – but instead of being defined in feet was defined using the Roman standard passus to be a distance of 125 passūs (double-paces).
The English use of stadium comes from the tiered infrastructure surrounding a Roman track of such length.
Most dictionaries provide for both stadiums and stadia as valid English plurals.
History
The oldest known stadium is the Stadium at Olympia in Greece, where the ancient Olympic Games were held from 776 BC. Initially the Games consisted of a single event, a sprint along the length of the stadium.
Greek and Roman stadiums have been found in numerous ancient cities, perhaps the most famous being the Stadium of Domitian, in Rome.
The excavated and refurbished ancient Panathenaic Stadium hosted attempted revivals of the Olympic Games in 1870 and 1875 before hosting the first modern Olympics in 1896, the 1906 Intercalated Games, and some events of the 2004 Summer Olympics. The excavation and refurbishment of the stadium was part of the legacy of the Greek national benefactor Evangelos Zappas, and it was the first ancient stadium to be used in modern times.
Modernity
The first stadiums to be built in the modern era were basic facilities, designed for the single purpose of fitting as many spectators in as possible. With tremendous growth in the popularity of organised sport in the late Victorian era, especially association football in the United Kingdom and baseball in the United States, the first such structures were built. One such early stadium was the Lansdowne Road Stadium, the brainchild of Henry Dunlop, who organised the first All Ireland Athletics Championships. Banned from locating sporting events at Trinity College, Dunlop built the stadium in 1872. "I laid down a cinder running path of a quarter-mile, laid down the present Lansdowne Tennis Club ground with my own theodolite, started a Lansdowne archery club, a Lansdowne cricket club, and last, but not least, the Lansdowne Rugby Football Club – colours red, black and yellow." Some 300 cartloads of soil from a trench beneath the railway were used to raise the ground, allowing Dunlop to use his engineering expertise to create a pitch envied around Ireland.
Other early stadiums from this period in the UK include the Stamford Bridge stadium (opened in 1877 for the London Athletic Club) and Anfield stadium (1884 as a venue for Everton F.C.).
In the U.S., many professional baseball teams built large stadiums mainly out of wood, with the first such venue being the South End Grounds in Boston, opened in 1871 for the team then known as the Boston Beaneaters (now the Atlanta Braves). Many of these parks caught fire, and those that did not proved inadequate for a growing game. All of the 19th-century wooden parks were replaced, some after a few years, and none survive today.
Goodison Park was the first purpose-built association football stadium in the world. Walton-based building firm Kelly brothers were instructed to erect two uncovered stands that could each accommodate 4,000 spectators. A third covered stand accommodating 3,000 spectators was also requested. Everton officials were impressed with the builder's workmanship and agreed two further contracts: exterior hoardings were constructed at a cost of £150 and 12 turnstiles were installed at a cost of £7 each. The stadium was officially opened on 24 August 1892 by Lord Kinnaird and Frederick Wall of the Football Association. No football was played; instead the 12,000 crowd watched a short track and field event followed by music and a fireworks display. Upon its completion the stadium was the first joint purpose-built football stadium in the world.
The architect Archibald Leitch brought his experience with the construction of industrial buildings to bear on the design of functional stadiums up and down the country. His work encompassed the first 40 years of the 20th century. One of his most notable designs was Old Trafford in Manchester. The ground was originally designed with a capacity of 100,000 spectators and featured seating in the south stand under cover, while the remaining three stands were left as terraces and uncovered. It was the first stadium to feature continuous seating along the contours of the stadium.
These early venues, originally designed to host football matches, were adopted for use by the Olympic Games, the first one being held in 1896 in Athens, Greece. The White City Stadium, built for the 1908 Summer Olympics in London is often cited as the first modern seater stadium, at least in the UK. Designed by the engineer J.J. Webster and completed in 10 months by George Wimpey, on the site of the Franco-British Exhibition, this stadium with a seating capacity of 68,000 was opened by King Edward VII on 27 April 1908. Upon completion, the stadium had a running track and three laps to the mile (536 m); outside there was a , cycle track. The infield included a swimming and diving pool. The London Highbury Stadium, built in 1913, was the first stadium in the UK to feature a two-tiered seating arrangement when it was redesigned in the Art Deco style in 1936.
During these decades, parallel stadium developments were taking place in the U.S. The Baker Bowl, a baseball park in Philadelphia that opened in its original form in 1887 but was completely rebuilt in 1895, broke new ground in stadium construction in two major ways. The stadium's second incarnation featured the world's first cantilevered second deck (tier) in a sports venue, and was the first baseball park to use steel and brick for the majority of its construction. Another influential venue was Boston's Harvard Stadium, built in 1903 by Harvard University for its American football team and track and field program. It was the world's first stadium to use concrete-and-steel construction. In 1909, concrete-and-steel construction came to baseball with the opening of Shibe Park in Philadelphia and, a few months later, Forbes Field in Pittsburgh. The latter was the world's first three-tiered sporting venue. The opening of these parks marked the start of the "jewel box" era of park construction. The largest stadium crowd ever was 199,854 people watching the final match of the 1950 World Cup at Rio de Janeiro's Maracanã on 16 July 1950.
Antiquity
Stadiums in ancient Greece and Rome were built for different purposes, and at first only the Greeks built structures called "stadium"; Romans built structures called "circus". Greek stadia were for foot races, whereas the Roman circus was for horse races. Both had similar shapes and bowl-like areas around them for spectators. The Greeks also developed the theatre, with its seating arrangements foreshadowing those of modern stadiums. The Romans copied the theatre, then expanded it to accommodate larger crowds and more elaborate settings. The Romans also developed the double-sized round theatre called amphitheatre, seating crowds in the tens of thousands for gladiatorial combats and beast shows. The Greek stadium and theatre and the Roman circus and amphitheatre are all ancestral to the modern stadium.
Examples
Types
Domed stadiums are distinguished from conventional stadiums by their enclosing roofs. Many of these are not actually domes in the pure architectural sense, some being better described as vaults, some having truss-supported roofs and others having more exotic designs such as a tensegrity structure. But, in the context of sports stadiums, the term "dome" has become standard for all covered stadiums, particularly because the first such enclosed stadium, the Houston Astrodome, was built with an actual dome-shaped roof. Some stadiums have partial roofs, and a few have even been designed to have moveable fields as part of the infrastructure. The Caesars Superdome in New Orleans is a true dome structure made of a lamellar multi-ringed frame and has a diameter of 680 feet (210 m). It is the largest fixed domed structure in the world.
Even though enclosed, dome stadiums are called stadiums because they are large enough for, and designed for, what are generally considered to be outdoor sports such as athletics, American football, association football, rugby, and baseball. Those designed for what are usually indoor sports like basketball, ice hockey and volleyball are generally called arenas. Exceptions include:
Cameron Indoor Stadium, home to Duke University's Blue Devils men's and women's basketball programs.
Red Bull Arena, an open-air venue that is home to Major League Soccer's New York Red Bulls and NJ/NY Gotham FC of the National Women's Soccer League.
Paris La Défense Arena, a domed stadium that is home to the rugby union club Racing 92. It has a movable seating block that allows a configuration appropriate for indoor court sports.
Chicago Stadium (demolished), former home to the National Hockey League's Chicago Blackhawks and the National Basketball Association's Chicago Bulls.
Design issues
Different sports require different playing surfaces of various size and shape. Some stadiums are designed primarily for a single sport while others can accommodate different events, particularly ones with retractable seating. Stadiums built specifically for association football are common in Europe; Gaelic games stadiums, such as Croke Park, are common in Ireland, while stadiums built specifically for baseball or American football are common in the United States. The most common multiple use design combines a football pitch with a running track, although certain compromises must be made. The major drawback is that the stands are necessarily set back a good distance from the pitch, especially at the ends of the pitch. In the case of some smaller stadiums, there are not stands at the ends. When there are stands all the way around, the stadium takes on an oval shape. When one end is open, the stadium has a horseshoe shape. All three configurations (open, oval and horseshoe) are common, especially in the case of American college football stadiums. Rectangular stadiums are more common in Europe, especially for football where many stadiums have four often distinct and very different stands on the four sides of the stadium. These are often all of different sizes and designs and have been erected at different periods in the stadium's history. The vastly differing character of European football stadiums has led to the growing hobby of ground hopping where spectators make a journey to visit the stadium for itself rather than for the event held there. In recent years the trend of building completely new oval stadiums in Europe has led to traditionalists criticising the designs as bland and lacking in the character of the old stadiums they replace.
In North America, where baseball and American football are the two most popular outdoor spectator sports, a number of football/baseball multi-use stadiums were built, especially during the 1960s, and some of them were successful.
Since the requirements for baseball and football are significantly different, the trend has been toward the construction of single-purpose stadiums, beginning with Kansas City in 1972–1973 and accelerating in the 1990s. In several cases, an American football stadium has been constructed adjacent to a baseball park, to allow for the sharing of mutual parking lots and other amenities. With the rise of MLS, the construction of soccer-specific stadiums has also increased since the late 1990s to better fit the needs of that sport. In many cases, earlier baseball stadiums were constructed to fit into a particular land area or city block. This resulted in asymmetrical dimensions for many baseball fields. Yankee Stadium, for example, was built on a triangular city block in The Bronx, New York City. This resulted in a large left field dimension but a small right field dimension.
Before more modern football stadiums were built in the United States, many baseball parks, including Fenway Park, the Polo Grounds, Wrigley Field, Comiskey Park, Tiger Stadium, Griffith Stadium, Milwaukee County Stadium, Shibe Park, Forbes Field, Yankee Stadium, and Sportsman's Park were used by the National Football League or the American Football League. (To a certain extent, this continues in lower football leagues as well, with the venue now known as Charles Schwab Field Omaha being used as the home stadium of the United Football League's Omaha Nighthawks.) Along with today's single use stadiums is the trend for retro-style ballparks closer to downtown areas. Oriole Park at Camden Yards was the first such ballpark for Major League Baseball to be built, using early-20th-century styling with 21st-century amenities.
There is a solar-powered stadium in Taiwan that produces as much energy as it needs to function.
Stadium designers often study acoustics to increase noise caused by fans' voices, aiming to create a lively atmosphere.
Lighting
Until the advent of floodlights, most games played on large areas had to rely on natural lighting.
Bramall Lane was reportedly the first floodlit stadium. Floodlighting in association football dates as far back as 1878, when there were floodlit experimental matches at Bramall Lane, Sheffield during the dark winter afternoons. With no national grid, lights were powered by batteries and dynamoes, and were unreliable.
Since the development of electrical grids, lighting has been an important element in stadium design, allowing games to be played after sundown, and in covered, or partly covered stadiums that allow less natural light, but provide more shelter for the public.
Spectator areas and seating
An "all-seater" stadium has seats for all spectators. Other stadiums are designed so that all or some spectators stand to view the event. The term "all-seater" is not common in the U.S., as very few American stadiums have sizeable standing-only sections. Poor stadium design has contributed to disasters, such as the Hillsborough disaster and the Heysel Stadium disaster. Since these, all Premier League, UEFA European Championship and FIFA World Cup qualifying matches require all spectators to be seated.
Seating areas may be known as terraces, tiers, or decks. Originally set out for standing room only, they are now usually equipped with seating. Another term used in the US is bleachers, which is mostly used for seating areas with bench seats as opposed to individual seats, and which often are uncovered; the name refers to the bleaching effect direct, unshaded sunlight has on the benches and patrons in those sections.
Many stadiums make luxury suites or boxes available to patrons at high prices. These suites can accommodate ten to thirty people, depending on the venue. Luxury suites at events such as the Super Bowl can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars.
Safety and security
Due to the number of people congregating in stadiums and the frequency of events, many notable accidents have occurred in the past, some causing injury and death. For example, the Hillsborough disaster was a human crush at Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield, England on 15 April 1989. The resulting 97 deaths and 765 injuries makes this the worst disaster in British sporting history.
Much effort has been spent to avoid the recurrence of such events, both in design and legislation. Especially where there is a perceived risk of terrorism or violence attention remains high to prevent human death and keep stadiums as places where families can enjoy a public event together.
In Europe and South America, during the twentieth century, it was common for violent bands of supporters to fight inside or close to association football stadiums. In the United Kingdom they are known as hooligans.
Structural features that increase safety include separate entry and exit accesses for each spectator area, especially separating accesses for home and visitor supporters, dividing walls, glass parapets, vibration attenuation and sprinkler systems.
Security features that have been adopted include armed surveillance, Identity document checks, video surveillance, metal detectors and security searches to enforce rules that forbid spectators to carry dangerous or potentially dangerous items.
Political and economic issues
Modern stadiums, especially the largest among them, are megaprojects that can only be afforded by the largest corporations, wealthiest individuals, or government. Sports fans have a deep emotional attachment to their teams. In North America, with its closed-league "franchise" system, there are fewer teams than cities which would like them. This creates tremendous bargaining power for the owners of teams, whereby owners can threaten to relocate teams to other cities unless governments subsidize the construction of new facilities. In Europe and Latin America, where there are multiple association football clubs in any given city, and several leagues in each country, no such monopoly power exists, and stadiums are built primarily with private money. Outside professional sports, governments are also involved through the intense competition for the right to host major sporting events, primarily the Summer Olympics and the FIFA World Cup (of association football), during which cities often pledge to build new stadiums in order to satisfy the International Olympic Committee (IOC) or FIFA.
Corporate naming
In recent decades, to help take the burden of the massive expense of building and maintaining a stadium, many American and European sports teams have sold the rights to the name of the facility. This trend, which began in the 1970s, but accelerated greatly in the 1990s, has led to sponsors' names being affixed to both established stadiums and new ones. In some cases, the corporate name replaces (with varying degrees of success) the name by which the venue has been known for many years. But many of the more recently built stadiums, like the Volkswagen Arena in Wolfsburg, Germany, have never been known by a non-corporate name. The sponsorship phenomenon has since spread worldwide. There remain a few municipally owned stadiums, which are often known by a name that is significant to their area (for example, Boston's Fenway Park). In recent years, some government-owned stadiums have also been subject to naming-rights agreements, with some or all of the revenue often going to the team(s) that play there.
One consequence of corporate naming has been an increase in stadium name changes, when the namesake corporation changes its name, or if it is the naming agreement simply expires. Phoenix's Chase Field, for example, was previously known as Bank One Ballpark, but was renamed to reflect the takeover of the latter corporation. San Francisco's historic Candlestick Park was renamed as 3Com Park for several years, but the name was dropped when the sponsorship agreement expired, and it was another two years before the new name of Monster Cable Products' Monster Park was applied. Local opposition to the corporate naming of that particular stadium led San Francisco's city council to permanently restore the Candlestick Park name once the Monster contract expired. More recently, in Ireland, there has been huge opposition to the renaming of Dublin's historic Lansdowne Road as the Aviva Stadium. Lansdowne was redeveloped as the Aviva, opening in May 2010.
On the other hand, Los Angeles' Great Western Forum, one of the earliest examples of corporate renaming, retained its name for many years, even after the namesake bank no longer existed, the corporate name being dropped only after the building later changed ownership. This practice has typically been less common in countries outside the United States. A notable exception is the Nippon Professional Baseball league of Japan, in which many of the teams are themselves named after their parent corporations. Also, many newer European football stadiums, such as the University of Bolton and Emirates Stadiums in England and Signal Iduna Park and Allianz Arena in Germany have been corporately named.
This new trend in corporate naming (or renaming) is distinguishable from names of some older venues, such as Crosley Field, Wrigley Field, and the first and second Busch Stadiums, in that the parks were named by and for the club's owner, which also happened to be the name of the company owned by those clubowners. (The current Busch Stadium received its name via a modern naming rights agreement.)
During the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany, some stadiums were temporarily renamed because FIFA prohibits sponsorship of stadiums. For example, the Allianz Arena in Munich was called the FIFA World Cup Stadium, Munich during the tournament. Likewise, the same stadium will be known as the "München Arena" during the European Competitions. Similar rules affect the Imtech Arena and Veltins-Arena. This rule applies even if the stadium sponsor is an official FIFA sponsor—the Johannesburg stadium then commercially known as "Coca-Cola Park", bearing the name of one of FIFA's major sponsors, was known by its historic name of Ellis Park Stadium during the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Corporate names are also temporarily replaced during the Olympics.
Environmental issues
Modern stadiums bring several negative environmental issues with their construction. They require thousands of tons of materials to build, they greatly increase traffic in the area around the stadium, as well as maintaining the stadium. The increased traffic around modern stadiums has led to create exposure zones says the Health Effect Institute, exposing 30-40% of people living around the stadium to potential health issues. Many stadiums are attempting to counteract these issues by implementing solar panels, and high efficiency lighting, to reduce their own carbon footprint.
Music venues
Although concerts, such as classical music, had been presented in them for decades, beginning in the 1960s stadiums began to be used as live venues for popular music, giving rise to the term "stadium rock", particularly for forms of hard rock and progressive rock. The origins of stadium rock are sometimes dated to when The Beatles played Shea Stadium in New York in 1965. Also important was the use of large stadiums for American tours by bands in the later 1960s, such as The Rolling Stones, Grand Funk Railroad and Led Zeppelin. The tendency developed in the mid-1970s as the increased power of amplification and sound systems allowed the use of larger and larger venues. Smoke, fireworks and sophisticated lighting shows became staples of arena rock performances. Key acts from this era included Journey, REO Speedwagon, Boston, Foreigner, Styx, Kiss, Peter Frampton and Queen. In the 1980s arena rock became dominated by glam metal bands, following the lead of Aerosmith and including Mötley Crüe, Quiet Riot, W.A.S.P. and Ratt. Since the 1980s, rock, pop and folk stars, including the Grateful Dead, Madonna, Britney Spears, Beyoncé, and Taylor Swift, have undertaken large-scale stadium based concert tours.
See also
Architectural structure
List of nonbuilding structure types
Amphitheatre
Jumbotron
Performing arts center
Sport venue
Sports complex
Theater
List of indoor arenas
List of sports attendance figures
Lists of stadiums
References
External links
Sports venues
Sports venues by type | wiki |
The discography of South Korean singer-songwriter Yesung, consists of a studio album, four extended plays (EPs), and twelve singles.
Albums
Studio albums
Reissues
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
Collaborations
Soundtrack appearances
Other appearances
See also
Super Junior discography
SM the Ballad#Discography
Super Junior-K.R.Y.#Discography
References
Discographies of South Korean artists | wiki |
Chorditis is the inflammation of vocal cords (vocal folds) usually as a result of voice abuse but sometimes because of cancer.
Types
Chorditis fibrinosa
Chorditis nodosa
Chorditis tuberosa
See also
Vocal fold nodule
References
External links
Vocal fold disorders | wiki |
The ten Heavenly Stems or Celestial Stems () are a Chinese system of ordinals that first appear during the Shang dynasty, c. 1250 BCE, as the names of the ten days of the week. They were also used in Shang-period ritual as names for dead family members, who were offered sacrifices on the corresponding day of the Shang week. The Heavenly Stems were used in combination with the Earthly Branches, a similar cycle of twelve days, to produce a compound cycle of sixty days. Subsequently, the Heavenly Stems lost their original function as names for days of the week and dead kin, and acquired many other uses, the most prominent and long lasting of which was their use together with the Earthly Branches as a 60-year calendrical cycle. The system is used throughout East Asia.
Table
The Japanese names of the Heavenly Stems are based on their corresponding Wuxing elements (e.g. ki for "wood", mizu for "water"), followed by the possessive/attributive particle の (no) and the word え (e, "older sibling") or the word と (to, "younger sibling", originally おと oto). The Manchu names are based on their respective elements' colors.
Origin
The Shang people believed that there were ten suns, each of which appeared in order in a ten-day cycle (旬; xún). The Heavenly Stems (tiāngān 天干) were the names of the ten suns, which may have designated world ages as did the Five Suns and the Six Ages of the World of Saint Augustine. They were found in the given names of the kings of the Shang in their Temple Names. These consisted of a relational term (Father, Mother, Grandfather, Grandmother) to which was added one of the ten gān names (e.g. Grandfather Jia). These names are often found on Shang bronzes designating whom the bronze was honoring (and on which day of the week their rites would have been performed, that day matching the day designated by their name). David Keightley, a leading scholar of ancient China and its bronzes, believes that the gān names were chosen posthumously through divination. Some historians think the ruling class of the Shang had ten clans, but it is not clear whether their society reflected the myth or vice versa. The associations with Yin-Yang and the Five Elements developed later, after the collapse of the Shang Dynasty.
Jonathan Smith has proposed that the heavenly stems predate the Shang and originally referred to ten asterisms along the ecliptic, of which their oracle bone script characters were drawings; he identifies similarities between these and asterisms in the later Four Images and Twenty-Eight Mansions systems. These would have been used to track the moon's progression along its monthly circuit, in conjunction with the earthly branches referring to its phase.
The literal meanings of the characters were, and are now, roughly as follows. Among the modern meanings, those deriving from the characters' position in the sequence of Heavenly Stems are in italics.
Current usage
The Stems are still commonly used nowadays in East Asian counting systems similar to the way the alphabet is used in English. For example:
Korea and Japan also use heavenly stems on legal documents in this way. In Korea, letters gap (甲) and eul (乙) are consistently used to denote the larger and the smaller contractor (respectively) in a legal contract, and are sometimes used as synonyms for such; this usage is also common in the Korean IT industry. The 11th to 22nd letters (k to v) are represented by the terrestrial branches, and the final four letters (w to z) are represented by '物', '天', '地', and '人', respectively. In case of upper-case letters, the radical of '口' (the 'mouth' radical) may be added to the corresponding celestial stem, terrestrial branch, or any of '物', '天', '地', and '人' to denote an upper-case letter.
Choices on multiple choice exams, surveys, etc.
Organic chemicals (e.g. methanol: 甲醇 jiǎchún; ethanol: 乙醇 yǐchún). See Organic nomenclature in Chinese.
Diseases (Hepatitis A: 甲型肝炎 jiǎxíng gānyán; Hepatitis B: 乙型肝炎 yǐxíng gānyán)
Sports leagues (Serie A: 意甲 yìjiǎ)
Vitamins (although currently, in this case, the ABC system is more popular)
Characters conversing in a short text (甲 speaks first, 乙 answers)
Students' grades in Taiwan: with an additional Yōu (優 "Excellence") before the first Heavenly Stem Jiǎ. Hence, American grades A, B, C, D and F correspond to 優, 甲, 乙, 丙 and 丁 (yōu, jiǎ, yǐ, bǐng, dīng).
In astrology and Feng Shui. The Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches form the four pillars of Chinese metaphysics in Qi Men Dun Jia and Da Liu Ren.
See also
Earthly Branches (地支)
Sexagesimal cycle (干支)
Chinese numerals
Organic nomenclature in Chinese
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Chinese calendars
Eastern esotericism | wiki |
Voice disorders are medical conditions involving abnormal pitch, loudness or quality of the sound produced by the larynx and thereby affecting speech production. These include:
Vocal fold nodules
Vocal fold cysts
Vocal cord paresis
Reinke's edema
Spasmodic dysphonia
Foreign accent syndrome
Bogart–Bacall syndrome
Laryngeal papillomatosis
Laryngitis
See also
Aphasia
Dysphonia
Human voice
Laryngectomy
Parkinson's disease
Speech disorder
Vocology
Voice changes during puberty
References | wiki |
Coffee substitutes are non-coffee products, usually without caffeine, that are used to imitate coffee. Coffee substitutes can be used for medical, economic and religious reasons, or simply because coffee is not readily available. Roasted grain beverages are common substitutes for coffee.
In World War II, acorns were used to make coffee, as were roasted chicory and grain. Postum, a bran and molasses beverage, also became a popular coffee substitute during this time. During the American Civil War coffee was also scarce in the South:
Coffee substitutes are sometimes used in preparing food and drink served to children, to people who believe that coffee is unhealthy, and to people who avoid caffeine for religious reasons. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) advises its members to refrain from drinking coffee, as church doctrine interprets a prohibition against "hot drinks" to include coffee in all forms. The Seventh-day Adventist Church regards caffeine as an unhealthful substance, and advises its members to avoid all food and drink containing caffeine, including coffee.
Some Asian culinary traditions include beverages made from roasted grain instead of roasted coffee beans (including barley tea, corn tea, and brown rice tea); these do not substitute for coffee but fill a similar niche as a hot aromatic drink (optionally sweetened).
Ingredients
Grain coffee and other substitutes can be made by roasting or decocting various organic substances.
Some ingredients used include almond, acorn, asparagus, malted barley, beechnut, beetroot, carrot, chicory root, corn, soybeans, cottonseed, dandelion root (see dandelion coffee), fig, roasted garbanzo beans, lupinus, boiled-down molasses, okra seed, pea, persimmon seed, potato peel, rye, sassafras pits, sweet potato, wheat bran.
History
The Native American people of what is now the Southeastern United States brewed a ceremonial drink containing caffeine, "asi", or the "black drink", from the roasted leaves and stems of Ilex vomitoria (Yaupon holly). European colonists adopted this beverage as a coffee-substitute, which they called "cassina".
In Quebec, the seeds of the black locust were historically used as a coffee substitute, before the stem borer decimated populations of the tree.
A coffee substitute from ground, roasted chickpeas was mentioned by a German writer in 1793.
Dandelion coffee is attested as early as the 1830s in North America.
The drink brewed from ground, roasted chicory root has no caffeine, but is dark and tastes much like coffee. It was used as a medicinal tea before coffee was introduced to Europe. Use of chicory as a coffee substitute became widespread in France early in the 19th century due to coffee shortages resulting from the Continental Blockade. It was used during the American Civil War in Louisiana, and remains popular in New Orleans. Chicory mixed with coffee is also popular in South India, and is known as Indian filter coffee.
Postum is an instant type of coffee substitute made from roasted wheat bran, wheat and molasses. It reached its height of popularity in the United States during World War II when coffee was sharply rationed.
Examples
Roasted grain drinks are prepared from various cereals:
Barleycup is a brand of instant drink made from barley, rye, and chicory and sold in the UK.
Barley tea is an infusion popular across East Asia and sometimes sold as a coffee substitute.
Caffè d'orzo is an espresso-style preparation of roasted barley made in Italy.
Nestlé Caro is another brand of instant drink made of roasted barley, malted barley, chicory, and rye.
Inka is a Polish drink made of rye, barley, chicory and sugar beet.
Postum is an instant wheat bran and molasses drink invented by C. W. Post.
Infusions or tisanes of other plant material can resemble coffee.
Dandelion coffee is a tisane of dandelion roots.
Qishr is drink of coffee husks and spices from Yemen.
Coffee substitutes can be added to true coffee as an adulterant.
Camp Coffee is a mix of chicory and coffee from the UK, sold since 1876.
Ricoré is a mix of chicory and coffee from France created in 1953, now produced by Nestlé.
Synthetic coffee
In 2021, media outlets reported that the world's first synthetic coffee products have been created by two biotechnology companies, still awaiting regulatory approvals for near-term commercialization. Such products, which can be produced via cellular agriculture in bioreactors and for which multiple companies' R&D have acquired substantial funding, may have equal or similar effects, composition and taste as natural products but use less water, generate less carbon emissions, require less labour and cause no deforestation. Products that are comparable to naturally grown coffee on the chemical molecular level would not be "coffee substitutes" but differ only in their method of production; hence they would be "lab-grown coffee".
Earlier, in 2019, molecular coffee, made from undisclosed plant-based materials and caffeine, was demonstrated after being developed by an American company, Atomo. However, it is unclear how similar the composition is to coffee on a molecular level or in terms of its effects. It was put on a short temporary sale in 2021.
Preparation
Coffee substitutes may be powder, which dissolves in hot water; grounds, which are brewed like coffee; or grains, left whole to be boiled and steeped like tea.
See also
Brewing (disambiguation)
East German coffee crisis
Nechezol
Ersatz good
Herbal tea
List of hot beverages
References
Further reading
[28:30] | wiki |
Now You See It, Now You Don't may refer to:
Now You See It, Now You Don't, a 1968 television movie starring Jonathan Winters
"Now You See It, Now You Don't: Part One," a 1979 episode of The Jeffersons
Now You See It- Now You Don't, a track from the 1981 Frank Zappa album Tinseltown Rebellion
Now You See It (Now You Don't), a track from the 1983 Ozzy Osbourne album Bark at the Moon
Now You See It… (Now You Don't), a 1990 album by Michael Brecker
Love: Now You See It... Now You Don't, a 1992 Hong Kong film directed by Mabel Cheung and Alex Law
See also
Now You See Me (disambiguation)
Now You See Me, Now You Don't (disambiguation)
Now You See It (disambiguation)
Now You See Him, Now You Don't, a 1972 Walt Disney film | wiki |
Daddy, Come Home is a song written by Irving Berlin and first published in 1913. The humorous song begins "Hello Central, dear Central, listen here: please connect me with my father" and tells the story from the point of view of a young boy calling his father on the telephone to ask him to leave work and deal with an assortment of family problems at home.
The song was recorded on December 13, 1913, by Billy Murray for The Victor Talking Machine Company (No. 14167).
References
Songs written by Irving Berlin
1913 songs
Billy Murray (singer) songs
Songs about telephone calls
Songs about fathers
Comedy songs | wiki |
Detroit Panthers may refer to:
Detroit Panthers (NFL), defunct American football team that played in the National Football League.
Detroit Panthers (PBL), defunct basketball team that played in the Premier Basketball League. | wiki |
A coincidence is the occurrence of unrelated events in close proximity of space or time.
Coincidence may also refer to:
Coincidence, mathematics term for a point tow mappings' domains sharing an image point; see Coincidence point
Coincidence, scientific term for an instance of rays of light striking a surface at the same point and at the same time
Coincidence, term for physical road bearing more than one designation; see Concurrency
Films
Coincidence, alternate English title for Blind Chance, the 1987 Polish film Przypadek by Krzysztof Kieślowski
Coincidence, English title for the 1958 film Jogajog, based on the novel Jogajog
Coincidence, English title for the 1969 Bollywood film Ittefaq
Coincidence (1915 film), a short film distributed by General Film Company
Coincidence (1921 film), an American silent film directed by Chet Withey and starring Robert Harron
Coincidences (film), a 1947 French film directed by Serge Debecque
See also
Concurrency (disambiguation) | wiki |
Starsky and Hutch, een televisieserie uit de jaren 70
Starsky & Hutch (film), een film uit 2004
Starsky & Hutch (spel), een Game Boy Advance-spel gebaseerd op de serie en de film | wiki |
Brooklyn Community Board 13 is a New York City community board that encompasses the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Coney Island, Brighton Beach, Bensonhurst, Gravesend, and Seagate. It is delimited by Gravesend Bay on the west, 26th Avenue, 86th Street, Avenue Y on the north, Coney Island Avenue and Corbin Place on the east, as well as by Lower New York Bay on the south.
Its current chair is Lucy Acevedo, and its district manager is Eddie Mark.
As of the United States Census, 2000, the Community Board has a population of 106,120, up from 102,596 in 1990 and 100,030 in 1980.
Of them (as of 2000), 58,684 (55.3%) are White non Hispanic, 16,654 (15.7%) are African-American, 10,079 (9.5%) Asian or Pacific Islander, 191 (0.2%) American Indian or Native Alaskan, 304 (0.3%) of some other race, 2.955 (2.8%) of two or more race, 17,253 (16.3%) of Hispanic origins.
41.0% of the population benefit from public assistance as of 2004, up from 30.0% in 2000.
The land area is .
References
External links
CB 13 Website
Profile of the Community Board (PDF)
Brooklyn neighborhood map
Community boards of Brooklyn
Coney Island
Brighton Beach
Bensonhurst, Brooklyn | wiki |
A Sunday roast or roast dinner is a traditional meal of British and Irish origin. Although it can be consumed throughout the week, it is traditionally consumed on Sunday. It consists of roasted meat, mashed potatoes, roasted potatoes and accompaniments such as Yorkshire pudding, stuffing, gravy, and condiments such as apple sauce, mint sauce, or redcurrant sauce. A wide range of vegetables can be served as part of a roast dinner, such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, parsnips, or peas, which can be boiled, steamed, or roasted alongside the meat and potatoes.
The Sunday roast's prominence in British culture is such that in a UK poll in 2012 it was ranked second in a list of things people love about Britain. Other names for this meal include Sunday lunch, Sunday dinner, roast dinner, and full roast. The meal is often comparable to a less grand version of a traditional Christmas dinner.
Besides being served in its original homelands, the tradition of a Sunday roast lunch or dinner has been a major influence on food cultures in the English-speaking world, particularly in Australia, Canada, South Africa, the United States, and New Zealand. A South African Sunday roast normally comprises roast pork, beef, lamb or chicken, roast potatoes, mashed potatoes, pumpkin fritters, Yorkshire pudding, and various vegetables like cauliflower-broccoli cheese, creamed spinach, mashed or roasted butternut squash, green beans, carrots, peas, fresh corn, beetroot, and sweet potato. It is also fairly common to serve rice and gravy in South Africa instead of Yorkshire pudding.
Origin
The Sunday roast originated in the British Isles particularly Yorkshire as a meal to be eaten after the church service on Sunday. Eating a large meal following church services is common to most of Europe, but the Sunday roast variant developed unique to the British Isles. On Sundays, all types of meat and dairy produce are allowed to be eaten; this is unlike Fridays, where many Christians of the Roman Catholic, Anglican and Methodist denominations traditionally abstain from eating meats, so ate fish instead.<ref name="Wesley1825">{{cite book |author1=John Wesley |title=The Sunday Service of the Methodists |date=1825 |publisher=J. Kershaw |page=145 |language=English |quote=Days of Fasting or Abstinence All the Fridays in the Year, except Christmas-Day}}</ref> Likewise, it is traditional for Anglicans and English Catholics to fast before Sunday services, with a larger meal to break the fast afterwards. These Christian religious rules created several traditional dishes in the United Kingdom.
Only eating fish on Friday resulted in a British tradition of 'fish Fridays' which is still common in fish and chip shops and restaurants across the United Kingdom on Fridays, particularly during Lent.
To mark the end of not being able to eat meat the Sunday roast was created as a mark of celebration.
There are two historical points on the origins of the modern Sunday roast. In the late 1700s, during the industrial revolution in the United Kingdom, families would place a cut of meat into the oven as they got ready for church. They would then add in vegetables such as potatoes, turnips and parsnips before going to church on a Sunday morning. When they returned from the church, the dinner was all but ready. The juices from the meat and vegetables were used to make a stock or gravy to pour on top of the dinner.
The second opinion holds that the Sunday roast dates back to medieval times, when the village serfs served the squire for six days a week. Then, on the Sunday, after the morning church service, serfs would assemble in a field and practise their battle techniques and were rewarded with a feast of oxen roasted on a spit.
Typical elements
Meat
Typical meats used for a Sunday roast are chicken, lamb, pork, or roast beef, although seasonally duck, goose, gammon, turkey, or (rarely) other game birds may be used.
Vegetables
Sunday roasts can be served with a range of boiled, steamed and/or roasted vegetables. The vegetables served vary seasonally and regionally, but will usually include roast potatoes, roasted in meat dripping or vegetable oil, and also gravy made from juices released by the roasting meat, perhaps supplemented by one or more stock cubes, gravy browning/thickening, roux or corn flour.
The potatoes can be cooked around the meat itself, absorbing the juices and fat directly (as in a traditional Cornish under-roast). However, many cooks prefer to cook the potatoes and the Yorkshire pudding in a hotter oven than that used for the joint and so remove the meat beforehand to rest and "settle" in a warm place.
Other vegetable dishes served with roast dinner can include mashed swede or turnips, roast parsnips, boiled or steamed cabbage, broccoli, green beans, and boiled carrots and peas. It is also not uncommon for leftover composite vegetable dishes—such as cauliflower cheese and stewed red cabbage to be served alongside the more usual assortment of plainly-cooked seasonal vegetables.
Accompaniments
Common traditional accompaniments include:
beef: Yorkshire pudding, suet pudding; English mustard, or horseradish sauce. Roast beef with Yorkshire pudding accompanied by "roast potatoes, vegetables, and horseradish sauce" is considered by National Geographic as the national dish of England.
pork: crackling and sage-and-onion stuffing; apple sauce or English mustard.
lamb: mint sauce or jelly or redcurrant jelly.
chicken'': sausages or sausage meat, stuffing, bread sauce, apple sauce, cranberry sauce or redcurrant jelly.
See also
Carvery
Pub grub
References
External links
Baked foods
British cuisine
British chicken dishes
British pork dishes
Beef dishes
Lamb dishes
British-Australian culture
British-New Zealand culture
British-Canadian culture
Canadian cuisine
Australian cuisine
New Zealand cuisine
South African cuisine
Saint Helenian cuisine
Dinner
Food combinations
Irish-American culture
Irish-Canadian culture
Meals
Roast
Yorkshire cuisine
National dishes | wiki |
Pork loin is a cut of meat from a pig, created from the tissue along the dorsal side of the rib cage.
Chops and steaks
Pork loin may be cut into individual servings, as chops (bone in) or steaks (boneless) which are grilled, baked or fried.
Joints or roasts
A pork loin joint or pork loin roast is a larger section of the loin which is roasted. It can take two forms: 'bone in', which still has the loin ribs attached, or 'boneless', which is often tied with butchers' string to prevent the roast from falling apart. Pork rind may be added to the fat side of the joint to give a desirable crackling which the loin otherwise lacks.
Back bacon
Loin can also be cured to make back bacon, which is particularly popular in the United Kingdom and Canada.
Lonzino
Lonzino is a type of salumi made in Italy of cured pork loin. It is distinct from cured pork loin which is known as lonza. In Spain, cured pork loin is known as lomo.
See also
Cuts of pork
References
Cuts of pork | wiki |
Stephen, Steven, or Steve Mellor may refer to:
Stephen J. Mellor (also known as Steve Mellor), computer scientist
Steven Mellor (swimmer) (also known as Steve Mellor), British Olympic swimmer | wiki |
Advertising slogans are short phrases used in advertising campaigns to generate publicity and unify a company's marketing strategy. The phrases may be used to attract attention to a distinctive product feature or reinforce a company's brand.
Etymology and nomenclature
According to the 1913 Webster's Dictionary, a slogan () derives from the Gaelic "sluagh-ghairm" (an army cry). Its contemporary definition denotes a distinctive advertising motto or advertising phrase used by any entity to convey a purpose or ideal. This is also known as a catchphrase. Taglines, or tags, are American terms describing brief public communications to promote certain products and services. In the UK, they are called end lines or straplines. In Japan, advertising slogans are called or .
Format
Most corporate advertisements are short, memorable phrases, often between 3 and 5 words. Slogans adopt different tones to convey different meanings. For example, funny slogans can enliven conversation and increase memorability. Slogans often unify diverse corporate advertising pieces across different mediums. Slogans may be accompanied by logos, brand names, or musical jingles.
History
Beecham's Pills' "Beechams Pills: Worth a guinea a Box" from August 1859, is considered to be the world's first advertising slogan.
Use
Some slogans are created for long term corporate identity process, while others are interested for specific limited-time campaigns. However, since some ideas resonate with the public with persistence, many advertising slogans retain their influence even after general use is discontinued. If an advertising slogan enters into the public vernacular, word-of-mouth communication may increase consumer awareness of the product and extend an ad campaign's lifespan, or cause a company to adopt it for long term advertising and identity.
Slogans that associate emotional responses or evoke recollections of memories increase their likelihood to be adopted by the public and shared. Additionally, by linking a slogan to a commonplace discussion topic (e.g. stress, food, traffic), consumers will recall the slogan more often and associate the corporation with their personal experiences.
If a slogan is adopted by the public, it can have a notable influence in everyday social interaction. Slogans can serve as connection points between community members as individuals share pithy taglines in conversation. In contrast, if an individual is unaware of a popular slogan or tagline, they can be socially excluded from conversation and disengage from the discussion.
Social control
Advertising slogans as a system of social control include devices similar to watchwords, catchwords, and mottoes. The use of slogans may be examined insofar as the slogans elicit unconscious and unintentional responses.
The ongoing argument
Quantifying the effects of an effective, or ineffective, ad campaign can prove challenging to scholars. Critics argue taglines are a self-gratifying, unnecessary form of corporate branding that is neither memorable nor pithy. However, proponents argue if taglines enter everyday public discourse, the company's market influence could exponentially increase.
Functional slogans
A marketing slogan can play a part in the interplay between rival companies. A functional slogan usually:
states product benefits (or brand benefits) for users (or potential buyer)
implies a distinction between it and other firms' products—with constraints
makes a simple, concise, clearly defined, and appropriate statement
is either witty, or has distinct "personality"
gives a credible impression of a brand or product
makes the consumer experience an emotion; Or, creates a need or desire
is hard to forget—it adheres to one's memory
The business sloganeering process communicates the value of a product or service to customers, for the purpose of selling the product or service. It is a business function for attracting customers.
See also
Advertising (Consumerism)
Consumer confusion
Impulse buying (Impulse)
List of slogans
Media manipulation
Political slogan
Promotion (marketing)
Tagline
Visual marketing
Notes
References
Further reading
External articles
The Advertising Slogan Hall of Fame, www.adslogans.co.uk
Advertising Industry Guidelines 2014
Advertising Slogans
Promotion and marketing communications
Advertising techniques
Advertising campaigns
Marketing techniques | wiki |
Quantum decoherence is the loss of quantum coherence, the process in which a system's behaviour changes from that which can be explained by quantum mechanics to that which can be explained by classical mechanics. In quantum mechanics, particles such as electrons are described by a wave function, a mathematical representation of the quantum state of a system; a probabilistic interpretation of the wave function is used to explain various quantum effects. As long as there exists a definite phase relation between different states, the system is said to be coherent. A definite phase relationship is necessary to perform quantum computing on quantum information encoded in quantum states. Coherence is preserved under the laws of quantum physics.
If a quantum system were perfectly isolated, it would maintain coherence indefinitely, but it would be impossible to manipulate or investigate it. If it is not perfectly isolated, for example during a measurement, coherence is shared with the environment and appears to be lost with time; a process called quantum decoherence. As a result of this process, quantum behavior is apparently lost, just as energy appears to be lost by friction in classical mechanics.
Decoherence was first introduced in 1970 by the German physicist H. Dieter Zeh and has been a subject of active research since the 1980s. Decoherence has been developed into a complete framework, but there is controversy as to whether it solves the measurement problem, as the founders of decoherence theory admit in their seminal papers.
Decoherence can be viewed as the loss of information from a system into the environment (often modeled as a heat bath), since every system is loosely coupled with the energetic state of its surroundings. Viewed in isolation, the system's dynamics are non-unitary (although the combined system plus environment evolves in a unitary fashion). Thus the dynamics of the system alone are irreversible. As with any coupling, entanglements are generated between the system and environment. These have the effect of sharing quantum information with—or transferring it to—the surroundings.
Decoherence has been used to understand the possibility of the collapse of the wave function in quantum mechanics. Decoherence does not generate actual wave-function collapse. It only provides a framework for apparent wave-function collapse, as the quantum nature of the system "leaks" into the environment. That is, components of the wave function are decoupled from a coherent system and acquire phases from their immediate surroundings. A total superposition of the global or universal wavefunction still exists (and remains coherent at the global level), but its ultimate fate remains an interpretational issue.
With respect to the measurement problem, decoherence provides an explanation for the transition of the system to a mixture of states that seem to correspond to those states observers perceive. Moreover, observation indicates that this mixture looks like a proper quantum ensemble in a measurement situation, as the measurements lead to the "realization" of precisely one state in the "ensemble".
Decoherence represents a challenge for the practical realization of quantum computers, since such machines are expected to rely heavily on the undisturbed evolution of quantum coherences. Simply put, they require that the coherence of states be preserved and that decoherence be managed, in order to actually perform quantum computation. The preservation of coherence, and mitigation of decoherence effects, are thus related to the concept of quantum error correction.
Mechanisms
To examine how decoherence operates, an "intuitive" model is presented below. The model requires some familiarity with quantum theory basics. Analogies are made between visualizable classical phase spaces and Hilbert spaces. A more rigorous derivation in Dirac notation shows how decoherence destroys interference effects and the "quantum nature" of systems. Next, the density matrix approach is presented for perspective.
Phase-space picture
An N-particle system can be represented in non-relativistic quantum mechanics by a wave function , where each xi is a point in 3-dimensional space. This has analogies with the classical phase space. A classical phase space contains a real-valued function in 6N dimensions (each particle contributes 3 spatial coordinates and 3 momenta). In this case a "quantum" phase space, on the other hand, involves a complex-valued function on a 3N-dimensional space. The position and momenta are represented by operators that do not commute, and lives in the mathematical structure of a Hilbert space. Aside from these differences, however, the rough analogy holds.
Different previously isolated, non-interacting systems occupy different phase spaces. Alternatively we can say that they occupy different lower-dimensional subspaces in the phase space of the joint system. The effective dimensionality of a system's phase space is the number of degrees of freedom present, which—in non-relativistic models—is 6 times the number of a system's free particles. For a macroscopic system this will be a very large dimensionality. When two systems (and the environment would be a system) start to interact, though, their associated state vectors are no longer constrained to the subspaces. Instead the combined state vector time-evolves a path through the "larger volume", whose dimensionality is the sum of the dimensions of the two subspaces. The extent to which two vectors interfere with each other is a measure of how "close" they are to each other (formally, their overlap or Hilbert space multiplies together) in the phase space. When a system couples to an external environment, the dimensionality of, and hence "volume" available to, the joint state vector increases enormously. Each environmental degree of freedom contributes an extra dimension.
The original system's wave function can be expanded in many different ways as a sum of elements in a quantum superposition. Each expansion corresponds to a projection of the wave vector onto a basis. The basis can be chosen at will. Choosing an expansion where the resulting basis elements interact with the environment in an element-specific way, such elements will—with overwhelming probability—be rapidly separated from each other by their natural unitary time evolution along their own independent paths. After a very short interaction, there is almost no chance of further interference. The process is effectively irreversible. The different elements effectively become "lost" from each other in the expanded phase space created by coupling with the environment. In phase space, this decoupling is monitored through the Wigner quasi-probability distribution. The original elements are said to have decohered. The environment has effectively selected out those expansions or decompositions of the original state vector that decohere (or lose phase coherence) with each other. This is called "environmentally-induced superselection", or einselection. The decohered elements of the system no longer exhibit quantum interference between each other, as in a double-slit experiment. Any elements that decohere from each other via environmental interactions are said to be quantum-entangled with the environment. The converse is not true: not all entangled states are decohered from each other.
Any measuring device or apparatus acts as an environment, since at some stage along the measuring chain, it has to be large enough to be read by humans. It must possess a very large number of hidden degrees of freedom. In effect, the interactions may be considered to be quantum measurements. As a result of an interaction, the wave functions of the system and the measuring device become entangled with each other. Decoherence happens when different portions of the system's wave function become entangled in different ways with the measuring device. For two einselected elements of the entangled system's state to interfere, both the original system and the measuring in both elements device must significantly overlap, in the scalar product sense. If the measuring device has many degrees of freedom, it is very unlikely for this to happen.
As a consequence, the system behaves as a classical statistical ensemble of the different elements rather than as a single coherent quantum superposition of them. From the perspective of each ensemble member's measuring device, the system appears to have irreversibly collapsed onto a state with a precise value for the measured attributes, relative to that element. This provides one explanation of how the Born rule coefficients effectively act as probabilities as per the measurement postulate constituting a solution to the quantum measurement problem.
Dirac notation
Using Dirac notation, let the system initially be in the state
where the s form an einselected basis (environmentally induced selected eigenbasis), and let the environment initially be in the state . The vector basis of the combination of the system and the environment consists of the tensor products of the basis vectors of the two subsystems. Thus, before any interaction between the two subsystems, the joint state can be written as
where is shorthand for the tensor product . There are two extremes in the way the system can interact with its environment: either (1) the system loses its distinct identity and merges with the environment (e.g. photons in a cold, dark cavity get converted into molecular excitations within the cavity walls), or (2) the system is not disturbed at all, even though the environment is disturbed (e.g. the idealized non-disturbing measurement). In general, an interaction is a mixture of these two extremes that we examine.
System absorbed by environment
If the environment absorbs the system, each element of the total system's basis interacts with the environment such that
evolves into
and so
evolves into
The unitarity of time evolution demands that the total state basis remains orthonormal, i.e. the scalar or inner products of the basis vectors must vanish, since :
This orthonormality of the environment states is the defining characteristic required for einselection.
System not disturbed by environment
In an idealized measurement, the system disturbs the environment, but is itself undisturbed by the environment. In this case, each element of the basis interacts with the environment such that
evolves into the product
and so
evolves into
In this case, unitarity demands that
where was used. Additionally, decoherence requires, by virtue of the large number of hidden degrees of freedom in the environment, that
As before, this is the defining characteristic for decoherence to become einselection. The approximation becomes more exact as the number of environmental degrees of freedom affected increases.
Note that if the system basis were not an einselected basis, then the last condition is trivial, since the disturbed environment is not a function of , and we have the trivial disturbed environment basis . This would correspond to the system basis being degenerate with respect to the environmentally defined measurement observable. For a complex environmental interaction (which would be expected for a typical macroscale interaction) a non-einselected basis would be hard to define.
Loss of interference and the transition from quantum to classical probabilities
The utility of decoherence lies in its application to the analysis of probabilities, before and after environmental interaction, and in particular to the vanishing of quantum interference terms after decoherence has occurred. If we ask what is the probability of observing the system making a transition from to before has interacted with its environment, then application of the Born probability rule states that the transition probability is the squared modulus of the scalar product of the two states:
where , , and etc.
The above expansion of the transition probability has terms that involve ; these can be thought of as representing interference between the different basis elements or quantum alternatives. This is a purely quantum effect and represents the non-additivity of the probabilities of quantum alternatives.
To calculate the probability of observing the system making a quantum leap from to after has interacted with its environment, then application of the Born probability rule states that we must sum over all the relevant possible states of the environment before squaring the modulus:
The internal summation vanishes when we apply the decoherence/einselection condition , and the formula simplifies to
If we compare this with the formula we derived before the environment introduced decoherence, we can see that the effect of decoherence has been to move the summation sign from inside of the modulus sign to outside. As a result, all the cross- or quantum interference-terms
have vanished from the transition-probability calculation. The decoherence has irreversibly converted quantum behaviour (additive probability amplitudes) to classical behaviour (additive probabilities).
In terms of density matrices, the loss of interference effects corresponds to the diagonalization of the "environmentally traced-over" density matrix.
Density-matrix approach
The effect of decoherence on density matrices is essentially the decay or rapid vanishing of the off-diagonal elements of the partial trace of the joint system's density matrix, i.e. the trace, with respect to any environmental basis, of the density matrix of the combined system and its environment. The decoherence irreversibly converts the "averaged" or "environmentally traced-over" density matrix from a pure state to a reduced mixture; it is this that gives the appearance of wave-function collapse. Again, this is called "environmentally induced superselection", or einselection. The advantage of taking the partial trace is that this procedure is indifferent to the environmental basis chosen.
Initially, the density matrix of the combined system can be denoted as
where is the state of the environment.
Then if the transition happens before any interaction takes place between the system and the environment, the environment subsystem has no part and can be traced out, leaving the reduced density matrix for the system:
Now the transition probability will be given as
where , , and etc.
Now the case when transition takes place after the interaction of the system with the environment. The combined density matrix will be
To get the reduced density matrix of the system, we trace out the environment and employ the decoherence/einselection condition and see that the off-diagonal terms vanish (a result obtained by Erich Joos and H. D. Zeh in 1985):
Similarly, the final reduced density matrix after the transition will be
The transition probability will then be given as
which has no contribution from the interference terms
The density-matrix approach has been combined with the Bohmian approach to yield a reduced-trajectory approach, taking into account the system reduced density matrix and the influence of the environment.
Operator-sum representation
Consider a system S and environment (bath) B, which are closed and can be treated quantum-mechanically. Let and be the system's and bath's Hilbert spaces respectively. Then the Hamiltonian for the combined system is
where are the system and bath Hamiltonians respectively, is the interaction Hamiltonian between the system and bath, and are the identity operators on the system and bath Hilbert spaces respectively. The time-evolution of the density operator of this closed system is unitary and, as such, is given by
where the unitary operator is . If the system and bath are not entangled initially, then we can write . Therefore, the evolution of the system becomes
The system–bath interaction Hamiltonian can be written in a general form as
where is the operator acting on the combined system–bath Hilbert space, and are the operators that act on the system and bath respectively. This coupling of the system and bath is the cause of decoherence in the system alone. To see this, a partial trace is performed over the bath to give a description of the system alone:
is called the reduced density matrix and gives information about the system only. If the bath is written in terms of its set of orthogonal basis kets, that is, if it has been initially diagonalized, then . Computing the partial trace with respect to this (computational) basis gives
where are defined as the Kraus operators and are represented as (the index combines indices and ):
This is known as the operator-sum representation (OSR). A condition on the Kraus operators can be obtained by using the fact that ; this then gives
This restriction determines whether decoherence will occur or not in the OSR. In particular, when there is more than one term present in the sum for , then the dynamics of the system will be non-unitary, and hence decoherence will take place.
Semigroup approach
A more general consideration for the existence of decoherence in a quantum system is given by the master equation, which determines how the density matrix of the system alone evolves in time (see also the Belavkin equation for the evolution under continuous measurement). This uses the Schrödinger picture, where evolution of the state (represented by its density matrix) is considered. The master equation is
where is the system Hamiltonian along with a (possible) unitary contribution from the bath, and is the Lindblad decohering term. The Lindblad decohering term is represented as
The are basis operators for the M-dimensional space of bounded operators that act on the system Hilbert space and are the error generators. The matrix elements represent the elements of a positive semi-definite Hermitian matrix; they characterize the decohering processes and, as such, are called the noise parameters. The semigroup approach is particularly nice, because it distinguishes between the unitary and decohering (non-unitary) processes, which is not the case with the OSR. In particular, the non-unitary dynamics are represented by , whereas the unitary dynamics of the state are represented by the usual Heisenberg commutator. Note that when , the dynamical evolution of the system is unitary. The conditions for the evolution of the system density matrix to be described by the master equation are:
the evolution of the system density matrix is determined by a one-parameter semigroup
the evolution is "completely positive" (i.e. probabilities are preserved)
the system and bath density matrices are initially decoupled
Non-unitary modelling examples
Decoherence can be modelled as a non-unitary process by which a system couples with its environment (although the combined system plus environment evolves in a unitary fashion). Thus the dynamics of the system alone, treated in isolation, are non-unitary and, as such, are represented by irreversible transformations acting on the system's Hilbert space . Since the system's dynamics are represented by irreversible representations, then any information present in the quantum system can be lost to the environment or heat bath. Alternatively, the decay of quantum information caused by the coupling of the system to the environment is referred to as decoherence. Thus decoherence is the process by which information of a quantum system is altered by the system's interaction with its environment (which form a closed system), hence creating an entanglement between the system and heat bath (environment). As such, since the system is entangled with its environment in some unknown way, a description of the system by itself cannot be made without also referring to the environment (i.e. without also describing the state of the environment).
Rotational decoherence
Consider a system of N qubits that is coupled to a bath symmetrically. Suppose this system of N qubits undergoes a rotation around the eigenstates of . Then under such a rotation, a random phase will be created between the eigenstates , of . Thus these basis qubits and will transform in the following way:
This transformation is performed by the rotation operator
Since any qubit in this space can be expressed in terms of the basis qubits, then all such qubits will be transformed under this rotation. Consider the th qubit in a pure state where . Before application of the rotation this state is:
.
This state will decohere, since it is not ‘encoded’ with (dependent upon) the dephasing factor . This can be seen by examining the density matrix averaged over the random phase :
,
where is a probability measure of the random phase, . Although not entirely necessary, let us assume for simplicity that this is given by the Gaussian distribution, i.e. , where represents the spread of the random phase. Then the density matrix computed as above is
.
Observe that the off-diagonal elements—the coherence terms—decay as the spread of the random phase, , increases over time (which is a realistic expectation). Thus the density matrices for each qubit of the system become indistinguishable over time. This means that no measurement can distinguish between the qubits, thus creating decoherence between the various qubit states. In particular, this dephasing process causes the qubits to collapse to one of the pure states in . This is why this type of decoherence process is called collective dephasing, because the mutual phases between all qubits of the N-qubit system are destroyed.
Depolarizing
Depolarizing is a non-unitary transformation on a quantum system which maps pure states to mixed states. This is a non-unitary process because any transformation that reverses this process will map states out of their respective Hilbert space thus not preserving positivity (i.e. the original probabilities are mapped to negative probabilities, which is not allowed). The 2-dimensional case of such a transformation would consist of mapping pure states on the surface of the Bloch sphere to mixed states within the Bloch sphere. This would contract the Bloch sphere by some finite amount and the reverse process would expand the Bloch sphere, which cannot happen.
Dissipation
Dissipation is a decohering process by which the populations of quantum states are changed due to entanglement with a bath. An example of this would be a quantum system that can exchange its energy with a bath through the interaction Hamiltonian. If the system is not in its ground state and the bath is at a temperature lower than that of the system's, then the system will give off energy to the bath, and thus higher-energy eigenstates of the system Hamiltonian will decohere to the ground state after cooling and, as such, will all be non-degenerate. Since the states are no longer degenerate, they are not distinguishable, and thus this process is irreversible (non-unitary).
Timescales
Decoherence represents an extremely fast process for macroscopic objects, since these are interacting with many microscopic objects, with an enormous number of degrees of freedom in their natural environment. The process is needed if we are to understand why we tend not to observe quantum behavior in everyday macroscopic objects and why we do see classical fields emerge from the properties of the interaction between matter and radiation for large amounts of matter. The time taken for off-diagonal components of the density matrix to effectively vanish is called the decoherence time. It is typically extremely short for everyday, macroscale processes. A modern basis-independent definition of the decoherence time relies on the short-time behavior of the fidelity between the initial and the time-dependent state or, equivalently, the decay of the purity.
Mathematical details
Assume for the moment that the system in question consists of a subsystem A being studied and the "environment" , and the total Hilbert space is the tensor product of a Hilbert space describing A and a Hilbert space describing , that is,
This is a reasonably good approximation in the case where A and are relatively independent (e.g. there is nothing like parts of A mixing with parts of or conversely). The point is, the interaction with the environment is for all practical purposes unavoidable (e.g. even a single excited atom in a vacuum would emit a photon, which would then go off). Let's say this interaction is described by a unitary transformation U acting upon . Assume that the initial state of the environment is , and the initial state of A is the superposition state
where and are orthogonal, and there is no entanglement initially. Also, choose an orthonormal basis for . (This could be a "continuously indexed basis" or a mixture of continuous and discrete indexes, in which case we would have to use a rigged Hilbert space and be more careful about what we mean by orthonormal, but that's an inessential detail for expository purposes.) Then, we can expand
and
uniquely as
and
respectively. One thing to realize is that the environment contains a huge number of degrees of freedom, a good number of them interacting with each other all the time. This makes the following assumption reasonable in a handwaving way, which can be shown to be true in some simple toy models. Assume that there exists a basis for such that and are all approximately orthogonal to a good degree if i ≠ j and the same thing for and and also for and for any i and j (the decoherence property).
This often turns out to be true (as a reasonable conjecture) in the position basis because how A interacts with the environment would often depend critically upon the position of the objects in A. Then, if we take the partial trace over the environment, we would find the density state is approximately described by
that is, we have a diagonal mixed state, there is no constructive or destructive interference, and the "probabilities" add up classically. The time it takes for U(t) (the unitary operator as a function of time) to display the decoherence property is called the decoherence time.
Experimental observations
Quantitative measurement
The decoherence rate depends on a number of factors, including temperature or uncertainty in position, and many experiments have tried to measure it depending on the external environment.
The process of a quantum superposition gradually obliterated by decoherence was quantitatively measured for the first time by Serge Haroche and his co-workers at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris in 1996. Their approach involved sending individual rubidium atoms, each in a superposition of two states, through a microwave-filled cavity. The two quantum states both cause shifts in the phase of the microwave field, but by different amounts, so that the field itself is also put into a superposition of two states. Due to photon scattering on cavity-mirror imperfection, the cavity field loses phase coherence to the environment.
Haroche and his colleagues measured the resulting decoherence via correlations between the states of pairs of atoms sent through the cavity with various time delays between the atoms.
Reducing environmental decoherence
In July 2011, researchers from University of British Columbia and University of California, Santa Barbara were able to reduce environmental decoherence rate "to levels far below the threshold necessary for quantum information processing" by applying high magnetic fields in their experiment.
In August 2020 scientists reported that ionizing radiation from environmental radioactive materials and cosmic rays may substantially limit the coherence times of qubits if they aren't shielded adequately which may be critical for realizing fault-tolerant superconducting quantum computers in the future.
Criticism
Criticism of the adequacy of decoherence theory to solve the measurement problem has been expressed by Anthony Leggett.
In interpretations of quantum mechanics
Before an understanding of decoherence was developed, the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics treated wave-function collapse as a fundamental, a priori process. Decoherence as a possible explanatory mechanism for the appearance of wave function collapse was first developed by David Bohm in 1952, who applied it to Louis DeBroglie's pilot-wave theory, producing Bohmian mechanics, the first successful hidden-variables interpretation of quantum mechanics. Decoherence was then used by Hugh Everett in 1957 to form the core of his many-worlds interpretation. However, decoherence was largely ignored for many years (with the exception of Zeh's work), and not until the 1980s did decoherent-based explanations of the appearance of wave-function collapse become popular, with the greater acceptance of the use of reduced density matrices. The range of decoherent interpretations have subsequently been extended around the idea, such as consistent histories. Some versions of the Copenhagen interpretation have been modified to include decoherence.
Decoherence does not claim to provide a mechanism for some actual wave-function collapse; rather it puts forth a reasonable framework for the appearance of wave-function collapse. The quantum nature of the system is simply "leaked" into the environment so that a total superposition of the wave function still exists, but exists – at least for all practical purposes — beyond the realm of measurement. By definition, the claim that a merged but unmeasurable wave function still exists cannot be proven experimentally. Decoherence is needed to understand why a quantum system begins to obey classical probability rules after interacting with its environment (due to the suppression of the interference terms when applying Born's probability rules to the system).
See also
Dephasing
Dephasing rate SP formula
Einselection
Ghirardi–Rimini–Weber theory
H. Dieter Zeh
Interpretations of quantum mechanics
Objective-collapse theory
Partial trace
Photon polarization
Quantum coherence
Quantum Darwinism
Quantum entanglement
Quantum superposition
Quantum Zeno effect
References
Further reading
Zurek, Wojciech H. (2003). "Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical – REVISITED", (An updated version of PHYSICS TODAY, 44:36–44 (1991) article)
J. J. Halliwell, J. Perez-Mercader, Wojciech H. Zurek, eds, The Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry, Part 3: Decoherence,
Berthold-Georg Englert, Marlan O. Scully & Herbert Walther, Quantum Optical Tests of Complementarity, Nature, Vol 351, pp 111–116 (9 May 1991) and (same authors) The Duality in Matter and Light Scientific American, pg 56–61, (December 1994). Demonstrates that complementarity is enforced, and quantum interference effects destroyed, by irreversible object-apparatus correlations, and not, as was previously popularly believed, by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle itself.
Mario Castagnino, Sebastian Fortin, Roberto Laura and Olimpia Lombardi, A general theoretical framework for decoherence in open and closed systems, Classical and Quantum Gravity, 25, pp. 154002–154013, (2008). A general theoretical framework for decoherence is proposed, which encompasses formalisms originally devised to deal just with open or closed systems.
External links
Quantum Bug : Qubits might spontaneously decay in seconds Scientific American (October 2005)
Decoherence
Articles containing video clips
1970 introductions | wiki |
Sugar High may refer to:
Sugar high, a misconception that sugar can cause hyperactivity
Sugar High (album), a 2002 album by Chihiro Onitsuka
"Sugar High", a 2001 song by Jade Anderson
Sugar High, a 2011 TV series on the Food Network hosted by Duff Goldman
Sugar High (film), a 2020 baking competition special | wiki |
Un code d'honneur des cadets est un système d'éthique ou de code de conduite qui s'applique aux cadets militaires qui étudient dans les académies militaires.
Aux États-Unis, ces Cadet Honor Codes existent dans les académies fédérales, telles que l'Académie militaire de West Point et l'United States Air Force Academy et dans les universités et écoles militaires. L'Académie navale d'Annapolis et l'United States Coast Guard Academy ont une norme connexe, connue sous le nom de .
Morale
Code de conduite
Code moral guerrier | wiki |
A grownup is an adult.
Grownup may also refer to:
Grown-Ups, a 1980 British BBC television film
Grown Ups (1997 TV series), a British sitcom
Grown Ups (1999 TV series), an American sitcom
Grownups (2006 TV series), a British sitcom
Grown Up (film), a 1993 short animated film by Joanna Priestley
Grown Ups (film), a 2010 American comedy film
Grown Ups 2, the sequel film
Grown Ups (band), a pop punk band from Chicago
Grown Up (album), a 2010 album by By2
Grown-Up (EP), a 2012 EP by F.T. Island
"Grown Up", a 2012 single by Danny Brown
"Grown Up", a 2016 single by Monni
"The Grown-Ups" (Mad Men) a 2009 episode of the television show | wiki |
Aleksandra Lisowska may refer to:
Aleksandra Lisowska (runner) (born 1990), Polish long-distance runner
See also
Hurrem Sultan | wiki |
Siege of Pamplona may refer to:
Battle of Pampeluna (1521), a battle and siege in which Ignatius of Loyola was wounded
Siege of Pamplona (1813), an operation during the Peninsular War
Siege of Pamplona (1823), an action during the 1823 French invasion of Spain
Siege of Pamplona (1874), an incident near the end of the First Spanish Republic | wiki |
The following is a list of awards and nominations received by Bryan Cranston.
Major associations
Academy Awards
BAFTA Awards
Emmy Awards (Primetime)
Golden Globe Awards
Laurence Olivier Awards
Screen Actors Guild Awards
Tony Awards
Other associations
Annie Awards
The Annie Awards are accolades presented annually by the Los Angeles branch of the International Animated Film Association, ASIFA-Hollywood since 1972, to recognize excellence in animation in film and television. Originally designed to celebrate lifetime or career contributions to animation, since 1992 it has given awards to individual films. Cranston has been awarded once.
Critics' Choice Awards
The Critics' Choice Television Awards and Critics' Choice Movie Awards have been presented annually since 1995 for outstanding achievements in the film, TV and documentary industries. Cranston has received two awards out of four nominations.
Critics' Circle Theatre Awards
The Critics’ Circle Theatre Awards, founded in 1989, are run by the Drama Section of The Critics’ Circle, which has existed since 1913 to 'protect and promote cultural criticism in the UK'. Cranston has been awarded once.
Directors Guild of America
The Directors Guild of America (DGA) is an entertainment guild which represents the interests of film and television directors in the United States motion picture industry and abroad. Founded as the Screen Directors Guild in 1936, the group merged with the Radio and Television Directors Guild in 1960 to become the modern Directors Guild of America. Cranston has received three nominations.
Drama Desk Awards
Hollywood Critics Association
The Hollywood Critics Association (HCA) is a film critic organization in Los Angeles, California. Cranston has received one nomination.
Hollywood Film Awards
The Hollywood Film Awards is an annual film festival which takes place in Los Angeles, California. The Festival was established in 1997 by author producer Carlos de Abreu and his wife, model Janice Pennington. The Hollywood Film Festival was created to make a connection between established Hollywood studios, independent filmmakers and the global creative community. Cranston has been awarded once.
Monte-Carlo Television Festival
The Festival de Télévision de Monte-Carlo is an international festival and competition focusing on productions for television, founded 1961 and based in Monaco. Cranston has been awarded once.
People's Choice Awards
The People's Choice Awards is an American awards show, recognizing the people and the work of popular culture, voted on by the general public. Cranston has received one nomination.
Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards
Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards are film awards given by the Phoenix Film Critics Society (PFCS), an association of publication reviewers based on the city of Phoenix, Arizona. Cranston has received two nominations.
Prism Awards
Satellite Awards
The Satellite Awards are annual awards given by the International Press Academy that are commonly noted in entertainment industry journals and blogs. Cranston has received five awards from eight nominations.
Saturn Awards
The Saturn Award is an award presented annually by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films to honor the top works mainly in science fiction, fantasy, and horror in film, television, and home video. Cranston has received two awards from seven nominations.
San Diego Film Critics Society Awards
The San Diego Film Critics Society, an organization of film reviewers in San Diego, was founded in 1996 to award films. Cranston has received two nomination.
Television Critics Association Awards
The Television Critics Association Awards are awards presented by the Television Critics Association in recognition of excellence in television. Cranston has received one award from seven nominations.
Footnotes
References
External links
Cranston, Bryan | wiki |
Jalamah () is the traditional dish of Asir, native to Bareg and Qunfudhah. Jalamah is made from Lamb (meat), and a mixture of Arabic Spices. The meat used is usually a young and small sized lamb to enhance the taste further.
See also
List of lamb dishes
References
Saudi Arabian cuisine
Yemeni cuisine
Lamb dishes
https://www.tasteatlas.com/jalamah | wiki |
Little Canyon may refer to:
Geography
Little Canyon Rim, Arizona
Little Canyon Loop Trail, Arizona
There are a number of Little Canyons in British Columbia, Canada
Little Canyon (Skeena), a stretch of the Skeena River near Terrace
Little Canyon (Zymoetz), a stretch of the Zymoetz River, a tributary of the Skeena
Little Canyon (Quesnel)
the name Little Canyon was historically applied to the Fraser Canyon between Spuzzum and Yale
Other
Little Canyon Cave, Wyoming
Little Canyon Winery, New Mexico | wiki |
Cannabis tea (also known as weed tea, pot tea, ganja tea or a cannabis decoction) is a cannabis-infused drink prepared by steeping various parts of the cannabis plant in hot or cold water. Cannabis tea is commonly recognized as an alternative form of preparation and consumption of the cannabis plant, more popularly known as marijuana, pot, or weed. This plant has long been recognized as an herbal medicine employed by health professionals worldwide to ease symptoms of disease, as well as a psychoactive drug used recreationally and in spiritual traditions. Though less commonly practiced than popular methods like smoking or consuming edibles, drinking cannabis tea can produce comparable physical and mental therapeutic effects. Such effects are largely attributed to the THC and CBD content of the tea, levels of which are drastically dependent on individual preparation techniques involving volume, amount of cannabis, and boiling time. Also in common with these administration forms of cannabis is the heating component performed before usage. Due to the rather uncommon nature of this particular practice of cannabis consumption in modern times (in contrast to historical use), the research available on the composition of cannabis tea is limited and based broadly around what is known of cannabis as it exists botanically.
Composition
According to a 2007 study published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology, the composition of cannabis tea is affected by criteria including, but not limited to, the duration of time over which the cannabis is steeped, the volume of tea prepared, and the period of time for which the tea is stored before consumption. The study mentions the ways in which levels of THC and THCA impact variability of composition by changing the bioactivity of the beverage. Therefore, cannabis teas that include less bioactive cannabinoids, "based on HPLC peak area" will demonstrate varying compositions.
Preparation
According to a recent study on cannabinoid concentration and stability in preparations of cannabis oil and tea, a boiling period of fifteen minutes was found to be sufficient in order to reach the highest concentrations of cannabinoids in tea solutions. However, preparation of cannabis oil in the study was found to ensure a higher stability of cannabinoids than that which was found in preparation of cannabis tea.
To produce psychoactive effects, cannabis used in tea must first be decarboxylated. As with regular tea, spices are often added. Typically, the tea is allowed to simmer for 5-10 minutes.
Folk medicine
Cannabis tea was used for centuries in folk medicine as it was thought to be a treatment for rheumatism, cystitis, and various urinary diseases.
Legal status
Cannabis tea is controlled as a derivative of cannabis in most countries as is required of countries whose governments are party to the United Nations' Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. However, similar to the regulation surrounding alcohol content of kombucha, there are some forms of cannabis tea with cannabis levels considered to be highly undetectable. These variations of the drink do not contain the psychoactive cannabinoid known as THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) and, instead, contain the non-psychoactive cannabinoids cannabidiol (CBD) or cannabinol (CBN)—both of which tend to go undetected in cannabis use/intoxication drug tests. As such, the legal status of cannabis tea is largely dependent on its composition and preparation.
United States
Cannabis tea is scheduled at the federal level in the United States by nature of being a derivative of Cannabis sativa, and it is therefore illegal to possess, buy, and sell. Due to variances in statewide laws, and the reluctance of the federal government to overrule the states, however, the federal legislation has little impact on nationwide use, and is "generally applied only against persons who possess, cultivate, or distribute large quantities of cannabis". As such, regulation of recreational and/or medicinal growth and use on an individual level is not the responsibility of the federal government.
Colorado law
In Colorado, for medical purposes, cannabis tea is a "Medical Marijuana Infused Product" which is "a product infused with medical marijuana that is intended for use or consumption other than by smoking, including edible products, ointments, and tinctures. These products, when manufactured or sold by a licensed medical marijuana center or a medical marijuana-infused product manufacturer, shall not be considered a food or drug for the purposes of the "Colorado Food and Drug Act", part 4 of article 5 of title 25, C.R.S." Colorado currently stands as one of 33 states that have laws legalizing marijuana as of 2018.
Adverse effects
Although not as widely published as the beneficial, therapeutic effects of cannabis tea, adverse effects of consumption have been found to exist, in addition to known adverse effects of cannabis use in general. Based upon the findings of select studies, it appears as though such effects occur mainly as a result of unconventional methods or dosage used when interacting with the decoction.
Intravenous injection
Possible adverse effects of cannabis tea via intravenous injection have been published via a 1977 study by Dr. Robert B. Mims and Joel H. Lee. The administered solution was one prepared using cannabis seeds (as opposed to the more commonly used female flower head) boiled in tap water with no further filtration. The effects on the four Caucasian youths were said to be immediate and included "nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, watery diarrhea, [and] chills" among others.
Ancient childbirth
According to a short communication published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology, based on the research of Zias et al. regarding cannabis use in ancient childbirth, cannabis is said to have been used to form a decoction with other specific medicinal herbs to terminate a pregnancy in its second to third month. The following is a list of plants used the specific decoction for the termination mentioned by the midwives interviewed for the study: "C. sativa L./Cannabaceae; Atropa baetica Wilk./Solanaceae; Nerium oleander L./Apocynaceae; Ruta montana L./Rutaceae; Peganum harmala L./Zygophyllaceae; Agave americana L./Amaryllidaceae and Urginea maritima L./Liliaceae)".
References
Cannabis culture
Tea
Herbal tea | wiki |
dial tone is a tone on a phone indicating that the line is operational
Dial Tone (G.I. Joe)
Dial Tones, fictional band in Happy Days (musical)
"Dial Tones", song by As It Is from the album Never Happy, Ever After | wiki |
Mary Graham may refer to:
Lady Mary Tudor (1673–1726), married name Mary Graham, daughter of Charles II of Great Britain
Mary Margaret Graham, United States Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Collection, 2005–2008
Mary Lou Graham (born 1936), former batgirl and relief pitcher in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League
Mary Graham (writer), American writer and academic
Mary Henrietta Graham, first black woman to be admitted to, and first black person to graduate from, the University of Michigan
Molly Graham (Mary Allan Graham, 1880–1950), Scottish golfer
Mary Graham (camogie), participated in 1965 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship | wiki |
The Eurosphere or the European Empire is a concept associated with the public intellectual Mark Leonard, Oxford University academic Jan Zielonka, the European Union Director-General for Politico-Military Affairs Robert Cooper and the former European Commission President José Manuel Barroso.
Background
Over the past 50 years, the European Union has expanded from 6 founding members to 27; additionally there are 7 candidate and potential candidate countries waiting to join: Albania, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Ukraine, which are candidates, and Kosovo, which is a potential candidate. A number of European countries are integrated economically, as part of the European Single Market and using its single currency, the euro. Through its High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, the EU has the capability to speak with one voice on the world stage and has established association and free trade agreements with many states. Furthermore, through the European Neighbourhood Policy and Union for the Mediterranean it is creating closer ties with countries on its borders; while developing ties with other former European colonies, the ACP countries.
Countries seeking membership in the EU must undergo a great deal of reform, for example the reforms seen in Turkey, such as the abolition of capital punishment. The emergence of the Union's global influence, and the draw of membership, has been the subject of a number of academic writings. Mark Leonard describes the area of EU influence as the "Eurosphere".
Countries within the Eurosphere
According to Mark Leonard, the Eurosphere includes 109 countries. In Europe, this includes the 27 member states of the EU, applicant countries wishing to join the EU, the Western Balkans and European Commonwealth of Independent States countries (including Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and transcontinental Kazakhstan). Curiously, he does not mention Western European countries such as Norway who are already integrated into the EU's single market. Outside of Europe, he lists every African country and every Middle Eastern country, as well as the countries forming the eastern border of the Eurosphere such as Iran, Azerbaijan and Russia.
Other countries that could be said to be within the Eurosphere include European countries belonging to the European Economic Area, such as Iceland or Liechtenstein, states using the euro as their currency, such as Andorra, Monaco and San Marino, or the EU's Outermost Regions (OMR) in the Caribbean, South America and in the Atlantic, such as French Guiana, Guadeloupe, La Réunion, Martinique and Saint Martin. In addition, the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT) closely associated with the EU in the Atlantic, Caribbean, Pacific and Southern oceans are generally included in the Eurosphere such as Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, French Polynesia, Greenland and Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon.
See also
Council of Europe
Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area
ECHO (European Commission)
ACP-EU Development Cooperation
ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly
EU-ACP Economic Partnership Agreements
Enlargement of the European Union
European Union Association Agreement
European Economic Area
Potential enlargement of the European Union
Eurasian Economic Union
European integration
European Neighbourhood Policy
Eastern Partnership
Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
Barcelona Process
Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly
Mediterranean Union
European Union as a potential superpower
EuroVoc
Foreign relations of the European Union
EU economic relationships
Greater Europe
Multi-speed Europe
Pro-Europeanism
Sphere of influence
United States of Europe
Southeast Europe Transport Community
Notes and references
Further reading
External links
"The EU as a Regional Normative Hegemon: The Case of European Neighbourhood Policy"
Mahony, Honor (2007-07-11) Barroso says EU is an 'empire' EU Observer.
Foreign relations of the European Union
Political neologisms
2000s neologisms
Spheres of influence
Western culture | wiki |
Orihime puede referirse a:
Orihime Inoue, un personaje del manga y anime Bleach.
Orihime, un componente del satélite experimental ETS-7. | wiki |
Junior Robinson may refer to:
Junior Robinson (American football) (1968–1995), American and Canadian football player
Junior Robinson (Canadian football) (born 1961), Canadian football player
Junior Robinson (basketball) (born 1996) American basketball player
Junior Robinson (Musician) (born 2003) British experimental musician. | wiki |
Respiratory failure results from inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system, meaning that the arterial oxygen, carbon dioxide, or both cannot be kept at normal levels. A drop in the oxygen carried in the blood is known as hypoxemia; a rise in arterial carbon dioxide levels is called hypercapnia. Respiratory failure is classified as either Type 1 or Type 2, based on whether there is a high carbon dioxide level, and can be acute or chronic. In clinical trials, the definition of respiratory failure usually includes increased respiratory rate, abnormal blood gases (hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or both), and evidence of increased work of breathing. Respiratory failure causes an altered mental status due to ischemia in the brain.
The typical partial pressure reference values are oxygen Pa more than 80 mmHg (11 kPa) and carbon dioxide Pa less than 45 mmHg (6.0 kPa).
Cause
Several types of conditions can potentially result in respiratory failure:
Conditions that reduce the flow of air into and out of the lungs, including physical obstruction by foreign bodies or masses and reduced breathing due to drugs or changes to the chest.
Conditions that impair the lungs' blood supply. These include thromboembolic conditions and conditions that reduce the output of the right heart, such as right heart failure and some myocardial infarctions.
Conditions that limit the ability of the lung tissue to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the air within the lungs. Any disease which can damage the lung tissue can fit into this category. The most common causes are (in no particular order) infections, interstitial lung disease, and pulmonary oedema.
Diagnosis
Type 1
Type 1 respiratory failure is defined as a low level of oxygen in the blood (hypoxemia) with either a standard (normocapnia) or low (hypocapnia) level of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) but not an increased level (hypercapnia). It is typically caused by a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch; the volume of air flowing in and out of the lungs is not matched with the flow of blood to the lungs. The fundamental defect in type 1 respiratory failure is a failure of oxygenation characterized by:
{| class="wikitable"
|PaO2 || decreased (< )
|-
| PaCO2 || normal or decreased (<)
|-
| PA-aO2 || increased
|}
This type of respiratory failure is caused by conditions that affect oxygenation, such as:
Low ambient oxygen (e.g. at high altitude)
Ventilation-perfusion mismatch (parts of the lung receive oxygen but not enough blood to absorb it, e.g. pulmonary embolism)
Alveolar hypoventilation (decreased minute volume due to reduced respiratory muscle activity, e.g. in acute neuromuscular disease); this form can also cause type 2 respiratory failure if severe.
Diffusion problem (oxygen cannot enter the capillaries due to parenchymal disease, e.g. in pneumonia or ARDS)
Shunt (oxygenated blood mixes with non-oxygenated blood from the venous system, e.g. right to left shunt)
Type 2
Hypoxemia (PaO2 <8kPa or normal) with hypercapnia (PaCO2 >6.0kPa).
The basic defect in type 2 respiratory failure is characterized by:
{| class="wikitable"
|PaO2 || decreased (< )or normal
|-
| PaCO2 || increased (> )
|-
| PA-aO2 || normal
|-
|pH || <7.35
|}
Type 2 respiratory failure is caused by inadequate alveolar ventilation; both oxygen and carbon dioxide are affected. Defined as the buildup of carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2) that has been generated by the body but cannot be eliminated. The underlying causes include:
Increased airways resistance (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, suffocation)
Reduced breathing effort (drug effects, brain stem lesion, extreme obesity)
A decrease in the area of the lung available for gas exchange (such as in chronic bronchitis)
Neuromuscular problems (Guillain–Barré syndrome, motor neuron disease)
Deformed (kyphoscoliosis), rigid (ankylosing spondylitis), or flail chest.
Type 3
Type 3 respiratory failure results from lung atelectasis. Because atelectasis occurs so commonly in the perioperative period, this form is also called perioperative respiratory failure. After general anesthesia, decreases in functional residual capacity leads to collapse of dependent lung units.
Type 4
Type 4 respiratory failure results from hypoperfusion of respiratory muscles as in patients in shock. Patients in shock often experience respiratory distress due to pulmonary edema (e.g., in cardiogenic shock). Lactic acidosis and anemia can also result in type 4 respiratory failure. However, type 1 and 2 are the most widely accepted.
Treatment
Treatment of the underlying cause is required, if possible. The treatment of acute respiratory failure may involve medication such as bronchodilators (for airways disease), antibiotics (for infections), glucocorticoids (for numerous causes), diuretics (for pulmonary oedema), amongst others. Respiratory failure resulting from an overdose of opioids may be treated with the antidote naloxone. In contrast, most benzodiazepine overdose does not benefit from its antidote, flumazenil. Respiratory therapy/respiratory physiotherapy may be beneficial in some cases of respiratory failure.
Type 1 respiratory failure may require oxygen therapy to achieve adequate oxygen saturation. Lack of oxygen response may indicate other modalities such as heated humidified high-flow therapy, continuous positive airway pressure or (if severe) endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. .
Type 2 respiratory failure often requires non-invasive ventilation (NIV) unless medical therapy can improve the situation. Mechanical ventilation is sometimes indicated immediately or otherwise if NIV fails. Respiratory stimulants such as doxapram are now rarely used.
There is tentative evidence that in those with respiratory failure identified before arrival in hospital, continuous positive airway pressure can be helpful when started before conveying to hospital.
See also
Ventilation/perfusion ratio
Pulmonary shunt
References
External links
MedlinePlus: Respiratory Failure
Intensive care medicine
Medical emergencies
Organ failure
Respiratory diseases
Causes of death | wiki |
All Out War may refer to:
All Out War (band), an American hardcore band
All Out War (book), a 2016 book by Tim Shipman
All Out War (album), a 2012 album by Incite
All-Out War, a DC Comics publication
All Out War, the title of the 20th and 21st volumes of The Walking Dead comic book series
All Out War, the 1992 debut EP by Earth Crisis
Total war, a war limitless in its scope
Absolute war, a philosophical construct developed by von Clausewitz | wiki |
In procurement of goods or services, the bid and proposal (B&P) are a firm's plan (proposal) and proposed cost (bid) for fulfilling the conditions outlined in a request for proposal or other information gathering or supplier contact activity. The development of a bid and proposal takes place early in the procurement process, and the resulting proposal will be subject to review by the purchaser and negotiation between the two parties. Developing a bid and proposal takes place before a contract vehicle is in place, meaning that firms undertake the costly tasks of proposal-writing and cost estimation before they are awarded a contract. Often in official use of these two terms, a "bid" supposes the limits or scope of work is similar, and usually the lowest bid is awarded work, especially in government contracts. Proposals mean the entity is fully aware of the details and that the scope of work may vary, and the work is awarded to the best "plan" rather than simply the lowest price. Quality and quantity are more of a consideration when proposals are taken seriously as opposed to the lowest "bid."
References
Procurement | wiki |
The word joy refers to the emotion evoked by well-being, success, or good fortune, and is typically associated with feelings of intense, long lasting happiness.
Dictionary definitions
Dictionary definitions of joy typically include a sense of it being a reaction to an external happening, e.g. a physical sensation experienced, or receiving good news.
Distinction vs similar states
saw a clear distinction between joy, pleasure, and happiness: "I sometimes wonder whether all pleasures are not substitutes for Joy", and "I call it Joy, which is here a technical term and must be sharply distinguished both from Happiness and Pleasure. Joy (in my sense) has indeed one characteristic, and one only, in common with them; the fact that anyone who has experienced it will want it again... I doubt whether anyone who has tasted it would ever, if both were in his power, exchange it for all the pleasures in the world. But then Joy is never in our power and Pleasure often is."
Michela Summa says that the distinction between joy and happiness is that, "Joy accompanies the process through and through, whereas happiness seems to be more strictly tied to the moment of achievement of the process... joy is not only a direct emotional response to an event that is embedded in our life-concerns but is also tightly bound to the present moment, whereas happiness presupposes an evaluative stance concerning one period of one’s life or one’s own life as a whole."
Causes
The causes of joy have been ascribed to various sources.
"When the mind is pure, joy follows like a shadow that never leaves.” - Gautama Buddha,
"[Joy is] the emotional dimension of the good life, of a life that is both going well and is being lived well." - Miroslav Volf
"This is the true joy in life, the being used for a purpose recognized by yourself as a mighty one; the being thoroughly worn out before you are thrown on the scrap heap; the being a force of Nature instead of a feverish selfish little clod of ailments and grievances complaining that the world will not devote itself to making you happy." - George Bernard ShawArianna Huffington an advocate for the things that instigate joy, studied ways that joy can be triggered. In her research, she determined that joy is produced by positive responses that certain neurochemicals in the brain produce during stimulating activities, such as dopamine. According to Huffington, activities that are able to evoke a positive neurochemical response are producers of joy.
Ingrid Fetell Lee has studied the sources of joy. She wrote the book "Joyful: The Surprising Power of Ordinary Things to Create Extraordinary Happiness", and gave a TED talk on the subject, titled "Where joy hides and how to find it."
See also
Joie de vivre
Happiness
Reward system
Pleasure
References
Emotions
Happiness | wiki |
Caulophyllum giganteum, the northern blue cohosh, is a species of flowering plant in the barberry family. It is native primarily to northeastern North America, where it is found in rich forests.
Caulophyllum giganteum produces around four to eighteen purple flowers in early spring. It blooms around 10–15 days earlier than its relative, Caulophyllum thalictroides. C. thalictroides also differs by having more abundant flowers that are yellow or green.
References
Berberidaceae
Flora of the Northeastern United States
Flora of Eastern Canada
Flora without expected TNC conservation status | wiki |
The Documento nacional de identidad (DNI) or carnet de identidad is the Spanish national identity card. It is a laminated card or polycarbonate, which details the full name of the holder, legal ascendant(s), city and province of birth, date of birth, address, and contains a photograph (size , with plain white uniform background, taken from the front with the head completely uncovered and without dark glasses and any items which may prevent or hinder the identification of the person) and an identification number consisting of eight digits plus a control letter. This number is also used for tax purposes, receiving the name of Número de identificación fiscal (NIF).
The DNI is enough to visit and register as a resident in the member countries of the EEA and Switzerland. It can also be used for short-term visits in the rest of Europe (except Belarus, Russia, Ukraine and United Kingdom) as well as Georgia, Montserrat (max. 14 days), Turkey and organized tours to Tunisia.
The ID card is issued at offices of the National Police. To apply for a DNI, it is necessary to have Spanish nationality. Foreigners legally resident in Spain or who intend to purchase property are issued with a Número de identificación de extranjero (NIE) or Foreign Identification Number.
History
In 1824, King Ferdinand VII of Spain founded the first police force in Spain and gave it the exclusive right to create and maintain city registries which would hold information on each resident's age, sex, marital status and profession. This was its first role and something that has continued to today.
The idea to create a new document began by instituting a law on 2 March 1944, with the purpose being to gather census data. The government enlisted the public by making a contest to make the new DNI, which was won by Aquilino Rieusset Planchón.
The initiative to create a new DNI came from Francisco Franco, which got his first DNI in 1951. The first group of people who were required to get a DNI were prisoners and people on bail, house arrest or parole. The next group required were men who had to frequently move houses for their job, then people living in cities of 100,000 people and plus, then people in cities between 25,000 people and 10,000, and so on until everyone in the population had a DNI.
Zaragoza was the first provincial capital to issue a DNI. After the test run in Zaragoza, it was extended to the rest of Valencia and then continued spreading until all of Spain had a DNI.
The first modern DNI included the name(s) of one's legal ascendant(s) and what their jobs were. The card was green in colour and used the San Juan eagle which was a typical emblem of the fascist regime in Spain at the time, and it also included the holder's social status. The second card in 1962 incorporated their marital status and their blood type. The colour of the DNI was changed to blue. This version didn't have the sex of the user. The next card – issued between 1965 and 1980 – was one of the most popular cards. It kept everything the same except for the signature of the Director which was superimposed.
The most significant changes happened between 1981 until 1985. The card now included the new constitutional seal and stopped using the former fascist signs. It also re-introduced the sex of the citizen. In the next model – issued between 1985 and 1991 – the profession, marital status and blood type were removed, which was causing medical issues. In the 1990s, new models were being made with computers, the fingerprint was removed and the Royal Mint began preparing the DNIs.
In 2006, they included a chip inside the DNI, making it an electronic identity card. This card allows the card holder to use the Internet for communications with the government.
In 2015, they launched the DNI 3.0 with NFC technology.
Rules
DNIs are personal documents and are not allowed to be transferred. They are issued by the Ministry of the Interior which regulates their protection and their laws. The cardholder is obligated to hold and maintain the card during its period of validity. Any DNI is sufficient proof of identity and all the personal information in it, and is also a proof of holding Spanish Nationality. On each DNI there is a number which is considered a general personal numerical identifier.
To obtain a DNI it is necessary to have Spanish citizenship, and all Spanish citizens have a right to obtain a DNI. Spanish citizens 14 years or older are required to hold a DNI if residing in Spain and for people who return to Spain for more than six months. People can be fined for not holding a DNI and have a requirement to hold one.
Everyone who is required to have a DNI are obligated to show the card to the authorities if asked. While people aren't required to have the DNI on hand at all times, they are required to identify themselves and give it to the police officer if having it on themselves. If a DNI is required but can not be given, another document can be given in substitution for the document, even if that document is not officially a way to identify themselves. For example, under Spanish law, a driver's license isn't a document to identify a person, but an authority can choose to admit it.
If it is not possible to identify someone because they don't have their DNI at the moment, it is possible that they are required to accompany a police officer to the closest place to identify the person. If someone doesn't present their DNI when they can or don't agree to the police station, it can be considered civil disobedience – which results in a fine – or it can be considered disobedience to an authority which is a felony under section 634 of the penal code.
Validity
DNIs have a validity period of two years for minors less than 5 years old, 5 years for people less than 30 years old, 10 years for people less than 70 years old and does not expire for people who are older than 70 years old.
Number
The number of the National Identity Document includes 8 digits and one letter for security. The letter is found by taking all 8 digits as a number and dividing it by 23. The remainder of this digit, which is between 0 and 22, gives the letter used for security. The letters I, Ñ, O, U are not used. The letters I and O are ommitted to avoid confusions with the numbers 0 and 1. whilst the Ñ is absent to avoid confusion with the letter N.
From the beginning up to the present day, DNIs are assigned to the different police stations. Thus, every police station that issues DNIs do not run out of numbers. If the station runs outs of numbers they are assigned a new lot, which is not necessarily the same as the previous lot. This stops the false belief that low new DNI numbers are actually old DNI numbers of someone who has died.
Number one was given to Francisco Franco, with number two being given to his wife, Carmen Polo, and number three to their daughter, Carmen Franco y Polo. The numbers four through nine are vacant to this day. The numbers 10–99 are reserved for the royal family. Number 10 was given to King Juan Carlos I, number 11 for Queen Sofía of Spain and numbers 12 and 14 for Princesses Elena and Christina, respectively. King Felipe VI of Spain has the number 15, Princess Leonor has the number 16 and Princess Infanta Sofía of Spain has the number 17. The number 13 was left out due to superstition.
There is evidence that there are thousands of people that share their DNI numbers.
Elements
Since December 2015, version 3.0 of the electronic DNI has been issued at all police stations. The card is made of polycarbonate and has an electronic chip with the digital information of the cardholder. The dimensions are identical to a credit card (85.60 mm wide × 53.98 mm tall). This version of the DNI has the following elements:
On the front
The main section indicates last names (all Spanish citizens are required to have two last names), first name, sex, nationality and date of birth. The serial number includes a security feature, expiry date and signature of the cardholder
On the lefthand side of the card there is a photo of the cardholder. The photo is in black and white and is a bigger size than all of the previous cards. Under the photograph is the holders DNI number and security letter.
On the righthand side there is a transparent window with a laser engraved physical support number. Below that there is a changing image made via a laser which consists of the issuing date and a miniature photograph of the cardholder and the Card Access Number to access the RFID chip.
On the back
The top includes the holder's address and country of residence. Under that is where the holder was born and the name(s) of the legal ascendant(s) of the cardholder.
On the left is the issuing code of the DNI and the cryptographic chip with an NFC antenna
On the bottom part there is OCR-B information, compliant with ICAO regulations on travel documents
On the cryptographic chip, in electronic form
Electronic certificate to authenticate the citizen
Electronic certificate to sign electronically, with the same legal power as a handwritten signature
Electronic certificate from the issuing body
Keys of every electronic certificate
The cardholder's fingerprint
The cardholder's photograph
Digitalized image of the cardholder's signature
The electronic chip does not hold personal information that is not on the card, including from other government agencies.
Security methods
In the electronic DNI there have been various security methods implemented to hamper attempts at falsification.
Visible security features to the naked eye include optically variable inks and moving letters
Visible security features to microscopes and electronic systems include ultraviolet light and micro-sculptures.
Electronic security features include encrypting the data on the chip, requiring a PIN to access the card and no connection to the Internet.
Use
To use the electronic DNI it is required to know the personal password. This can be changed at a police station that issues DNIs. It is also required to have a computer and a card-reader. Card-readers come in many different ways, including inside the actual computer or being connected to a USB port, and the card-readers must be able to read an electronic DNI, meaning it must be ISO 7816 compliant. Finally, one must download the software which the police provide.
In October 2011, 5 years after its launch, El País reported that use of the electronic DNI feature was very low, with many people preferring to use a digital certificate.
In 2015 the DNI 3.0 was launched, incorporating NFC technology which can be read by phones.
Vulnerabilities
During the month of November 2017, the National Police Force disabled the digital certificates issued after April 2015 due to a study by Czech researchers at the University of Masaryk. They found that those DNIs were vulnerable to an attack known as ROCA, which allows the hacker to find the passwords of the user. The government informed that they had not detected any DNI to be affected by it, but they decided to take precautions to make sure that it wouldn't happen. While the cards could not be used for electronic usage, they can be used for identification purposes. In December 2017, they informed the public that cardholders could go to a police station to fix the security issues.
This vulnerability not only affected the DNI certificates, but it is a generic vulnerability detected in some cryptographic cards from some manufacturers, among which were the DNI issued after the indicated date. According to the study, the flaw was in a code library used by Infineon, one of the most important providers of smart chips. The ruling implies that it cannot be verified if a digital signature was made by the owner of the DNI or that the encrypted data is exposed to third parties.
For this reason, the validity of the signatures already made with these documents is questioned since it cannot be shown who signed them. Another vulnerability has also been revealed in the issuance of the signature: it does not certify when a signature was made, or the date or time of the operation.
Foreigner Identity Card
To get a DNI it is necessary to have Spanish citizenship. Foreign residents in Spain can get a card similar to the DNI but in blue, called the Tarjeta de Identidad de Extranjero.
This card is the document that proves that the foreigner is legally in Spain. This card shows that the cardholder has been granted permission to stay in Spain for more than 6 months. The card is personal and untransferable.
On the card it also has the Numero de Identification de Extranjero, or NIE.
See also
National identity cards in the European Union
References
Government of Spain
Spain | wiki |
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