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Power Move may refer to:
The procedure by which a railroad, airline, trucking, or other transportation company relocates powered fleet vehicles such as locomotives, airliners, and/or tractor units by sending them on scheduled trips which would otherwise be unnecessary. This might include low-demand short-haul trips between a smaller site and busier one in order to pick up freight or passengers at the busier site, or trips intended for redistribution of “power” (vehicles) from sites which have high inbound traffic volumes but low outbound traffic volumes to those with the inverse traffic characteristics.
Power move, in breakdancing
Power Move (album), a 2009 album by Screaming Females
Power Move Pro Wrestling, a 1995 video game
Power Moves, a 1992 video game
Power Moves: The Table, a 1998 album by SPM | wiki |
"Daisy" is the twentieth episode of the ninth season of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother, and the 204th episode overall. It was written by Carter Bays and Craig Thomas, directed by Pamela Fryman, and aired on March 10, 2014.
The episode centers around the guys searching for Lily (Alyson Hannigan), who is missing after a fight with her husband Marshall (Jason Segel), as they try to figure out why she changed her mind about going to Italy. At the same time, Robin (Cobie Smulders), who is engaged to marry Barney (Neil Patrick Harris), is worried she is marrying her someone just like her father. This episode contains a deleted scene that reveals the genesis of the pineapple from "The Pineapple Incident," a long-running gag on the show. "Daisy" received mostly positive critical reception.
Plot
Four hours before the wedding, Robin asks her mother how she made it despite a fear of flying. Genevieve says she somehow got over the fear despite panicking on board and accidentally opening the exit door, resulting in her being restrained to her seat by duct tape. Genevieve asks Robin more about Barney and immediately makes comparisons to Robin Sr. Genevieve's various descriptions of Robin Sr. rankle Robin and Lily because the similarities with Barney make Robin think she is about to marry someone like him.
Marshall discusses his upcoming judgeship with Ted, Barney, Ranjit and Billy Zabka. He admits he feels guilty due to Lily's desire to move to Italy and confused at her changing her mind while she was gone. Zabka claims he saw Lily leaving a nearby convenience store in a car owned by the Captain. The men go to the Captain's estate to confront him and discover he is engaged to Robin's old colleague Becky. The Captain insists that nothing happened between him and Lily, who came to use the powder room. When the Captain brings Ted a daisy from the powder room, Ted analyzes Lily's actions over the past several days.
Ted states his theory that Marshall's recent absence prompted Lily to smoke, and that the fight with Marshall made Lily smoke one last cigarette in the Captain's powder room. After deducing that the cigarette butt was in the daisy's vase, Ted searches for it. Instead, he uncovers a positive pregnancy test. A flashback shows what really happened: after getting sick on the train to Farhampton, Lily paid Linus to serve her non-alcoholic drinks because she suspected she might be pregnant, later buying the test kit at the store.
The men return to the Farhampton Inn, where Marshall reconciles with Lily over her pregnancy and tells her they are moving to Italy to let her pursue her dream. Barney is introduced to his soon-to-be mother-in-law, whom he embraces. Noting that Barney is a hugger unlike Robin Sr., Genevieve brings Robin to the balcony and tries to ease her wedding jitters. A year later in Rome, it is revealed that Marshall and Lily's second child is a girl named Daisy.
Deleted scene
A scene cut from this episode explains where the pineapple, one of the show's running gags from "The Pineapple Incident", came from. The scene was released online by BuzzFeed. In the clip, The Captain has a pineapple on his porch, and explains to the gang that he practices the tradition of putting one outside as a "symbol of hospitality". This leads Ted to remember stealing an identical pineapple from The Captain's house in New York when he was very drunk.
Critical reception
Bill Kuchman of Popculturology raised the theory that based on the reveal that Lily and Marshall had a daughter, the ending of Vesuvius could be foreshadowing something happening to Lily, saying, "Maybe Ted isn't broken up in 2024 over the thought of his wife missing the future wedding of his daughter, Penny—maybe Ted is broken up over the thought of Lily missing the future wedding of her daughter, Daisy. ... We won't know for sure what the ending of 'Vesuvius' really meant, but if this theory is right, HIMYM once again outwitted one of the biggest fan theories surrounding the show." Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club graded the episode a B+. Max Nicholson of IGN gave the episode 7.3/10, saying it was saved by an interesting shake-up for Marshall and Lily. Kaitlin Thomas of TV.com said the Marshall and Lily plot did not hit all of the "right emotional beats."
References
External links
How I Met Your Mother (season 9) episodes
2014 American television episodes | wiki |
A backpack—also called knapsack, schoolbag, rucksack, rucksac, pack, sackpack, booksack, bookbag or backsack—is, in its simplest frameless form, a fabric sack carried on one's back and secured with two straps that go over the shoulders, but it can have an external frame, internal frame, and there are bodypacks.
Backpacks are commonly used by hikers and students, and are often preferred to handbags for carrying heavy loads or carrying any sort of equipment, because of the limited capacity to carry heavy weights for long periods of time in the hands.
Large backpacks, used to carry loads over , as well as smaller sports backpacks (e.g. running, cycling, hiking and hydration), usually offload the largest part (up to about 90%) of their weight onto padded hip belts, leaving the shoulder straps mainly for stabilising the load. This improves the potential to carry heavy loads, as the hips are stronger than the shoulders, and also increases agility and balance, since the load rides nearer the wearer's own center of mass.
Terminology
The word backpack was coined in the United States in the 1910s. Moneybag and packsack were used prior, and now occur mainly as regionalisms.
The word rucksack is a German loanword mainly used in the UK, US and in other Western military forces. In Middle High German ruck(e) means "back" (dorsum), which led to the Upper German word ruggsack. In modern German the word "der Rucksack" is commonly used. The name rucksack is cognate with the Danish rygsæk, Norwegian ryggsekk, Dutch rugzak, Afrikaans rugsak, Swedish ryggsäck, and Russian рюкзак (rjukzak).
The word knapsack was the usual name for a rucksack or backpack up until the middle of the 20th century. This is commonly used in Canada.
Alternative names include haversack from the German Hafersack meaning "oat sack" (which more properly describes a small cloth bag on a strap worn over one shoulder and originally referred to the bag of oats carried as horse fodder), Kraxe (a German rucksack with a rigid framework), and bergen (a large load-carrying rucksack, from a design issued by the British Army during the Second World War). In fact, Britons used to call Alpine-style backpacks "Bergen rucksacks", maybe from the name of their creator, Norwegian Ole F. Bergan, combined with the name of the Norwegian city of Bergen.
Backpacks can often simply be referred to as "packs", especially in outdoors contexts; though sometimes ambiguous compared to other bags such as saddlebags and duffel bags, context is generally sufficient for identification. They are also used in recreational activities, and have long since been used to carry sports equipment and other materials.
Long before its various terminologies began appearing in print, evidence of early backpacks was scarce. A contender for the earliest was found within the mummified remains of Ötzi in 3300BC.
Designs
Backpacks in general fall into one of four categories: frameless, external frame, internal frame, and bodypack. A pack frame, when present, serves to support the pack and distribute the weight of its contents across the body more appropriately, by transferring much of the weight to the hips and legs. Most of the weight is therefore taken off the shoulders, reducing the chance of injury from shoulder strap pressure (many backpacks equipped solely with shoulder straps can affect the posture of a person carrying more than 14 kg (30 lbs)), as well as being less restrictive of the upper body range of motion. Most backpacks are capable of being closed with either a buckle mechanism, a zipper, or a dry-bag type closure, though a few models use a drawstring fitted with a cord lock for the main compartment.
A bodypack is a backpack fitted with one or more pockets that are suspended on the wearer's chest and loaded in such a way that the load in the front and the load in the back are close to equal. The majority of the load in a bodypack is carried by the hips. The ideal load carrying system should not disturb the wearer's natural posture, balance and maneuverability. The load must be dispersed onto the skeletal structure in an even manner, and should not produce unbalanced forces on the body.
Frameless
The simplest backpack design is a bag attached to a set of shoulder straps. Such packs are used for general transportation of goods, and have variable capacity. The simplest designs consist of one main pocket. This may be combined with webbing or cordage straps, while more sophisticated models add extra pockets, waist straps, chest straps, padded shoulder straps, padded backs, and sometimes reflective materials for added safety at night. These packs are generally produced inexpensively.
Some outdoor packs, particularly those sold for day hikes, ultralight backpacking and mountaineering are sometimes frameless as well.
Sports
Sports and hydration backpacks are smaller with a profile closer to the body, wider straps and can come with water bladders and hip belts for running, cycling or hiking. Running hydration packs are the smallest and lightest, many under 2 litres and most under six litres. Compression straps across the top of one's body are common as are hip belts. Cycling hydration packs are six to ten litres sitting high on the back. Although daypacks are small averaging ten to thirty litres, all Trekking and Hiking hydration packs are generally the largest and heaviest. Thirty five up to sixty five litres and above are common.
External frame packs
External frame packs were designed to carry heavy loads (>20 kg or 40 lb), giving the wearer more support and protection and better weight distribution than a simple, frameless strapped bag. Wooden pack frames were used for centuries around the world. Ötzi the Iceman may have used one in Copper Age Alpine Italy, though some archaeologists believe the frame found with the body was part of a snowshoe. Such packs are common in military and mountaineering applications; metal versions first appeared in the mid-20th century.
The external frame is typically made from aluminum, other lightweight metal alloy, and recently reinforced synthetic polymers or plastic and is equipped with a system of straps and tautly-stretched netting which prevents contact between the metal frame and user's back. In addition to comfort, this "stand-off" provides the additional benefit of creating air circulation between the frame and the wearer's back. For this reason, external frame packs are generally considered to be a "cooler load" than internal frame designs. External frame packs have a fabric "sack" portion which is usually smaller than that of internal frame packs, but have exposed frame portions above and below the sack to accommodate attachment of larger items. In addition, the sack can often be removed entirely, permitting the user to customize the configuration of their load, or to transport a non-conventional load such as a quartered game animal. Military packs are often external frame designs due to their ability to carry loads of different shapes, sizes and weights.
A recently proposed type of external frame would be made from composite plastic, which is not flexible like current backpack straps are, and can be shaped like human spine curvature. In this type of backpack, the load would directly transfer to the shoulders through the non-flexible straps, helpful in preventing damage of long term backpack carrying. This non-flexible structure also diminishes the momentum at the lumbar region of the back. The strap curvature would be shaped closely to normal spine curvature, with two flexible drawstrings to minimize backpack movement along the transverse plane. The straps of this backpack would be wide enough to distribute the pressure on the shoulders, with an internal white glass wool layer to absorb dynamic forces from movement. This backpack type is experimental, needing further development before usage.
Internal frame packs
The internal frame backpack is a recent innovation, invented in 1967 by Greg Lowe, who went on to found Lowe Alpine and Lowepro, companies specializing in backpacks and other forms of carrying bags for various equipment. An internal-frame pack has a large fabric section around an internal frame composed of strips of either aluminum, titanium or plastic, sometimes with additional metal stays to reinforce the frame. A complex series of straps works with the frame to distribute the weight and hold it in place. The internal frame permits the pack to fit closely to the wearer's back and minimizes shifting of the load, which is desirable when participating in activities that involve upper-body movement such as scrambling over rocky surfaces and skiing. However, the tight fit reduces ventilation, so these type of packs tend to be more sweaty than external frame packs. The internal construction also allows for a large storage compartment; a few lash points (including webbing loops and straps for sleeping bags and other large items) may be present, but as the frame is completely integrated, it is difficult to securely lash larger and heavier items which do not fit inside the compartment to the outside of the pack. Internal frame packs originally suffered from smaller load capacity and less comfortable fit during steady walking, but newer models have improved greatly in these respects. In addition, because of their snug fit, the improved internal frame models have largely replaced external frame backpacks for many activities.
Daily use
A daypack is a smaller, frameless backpack that can hold enough contents for a day hike, or a day's worth of other activities. They are not large enough for average wilderness backpacking that use full-sized sleeping bags and backpacking tents, but may be large enough for ultralight backpacking. Padded or unpadded waist straps may be provided to distribute weight across the body.
In many countries, backpacks are heavily identified with students, and are a primary means of transporting educational materials to and from school. In this context they are sometimes known as bookbags or schoolbags. The purchase of a suitably fashionable, attractive, and useful backpack is a crucial back-to-school ritual for many students.
Typical school backpacks generally lack the rigid frame of an outdoor-style backpack and include only a few pockets in the front in addition to the main storage compartment. While traditionally very simple in design, school backpacks are often made with padded shoulder straps and backs as well as additional reinforcement to hold large numbers of heavy textbooks, as well as safety features such as reflective panels to make the wearer of the pack more visible at night.
Backpacks are sometimes worn as fashion accessories, in which they perform the same function as a purse. Some such backpacks designed specifically for women are no larger than a typical purse, and are generally associated with younger women.
Special-purpose
Some backpacks are specifically designed to carry certain items. Common examples include backpacks for small valuable items such as laptops and cameras; backpacks designed to hold laptop computers in particular generally have a padded compartment to hold the computer and medium-sized pockets and flaps to accommodate accessories such as charger cables and mice. These are especially common in college and university settings. In order to supply these devices with electricity, a few high-end backpacks are equipped with solar panels.
Rolling backpacks are backpacks with wheels on the bottom and an extending handle. Because of their design, rolling backpacks reduce the strain on the user, though the shoulder straps may be used to carry the pack for short distances when the terrain is not suitable for wheels. Rolling backpacks are most commonly used while traveling by airplane or train.
Hydration backpacks are also available. These light daypacks are specifically designed to hold water in a special water bladder (also known as reservoir), and their purpose is to allow the carrier constant fluid hydration handsfree, so that the carrier can focus on their task without having to stop to get a water bottle out.
Professional use
Backpacks are a standard part of the load-bearing equipment of soldiers, especially infantry, in most countries, and military-style packs are regularly available to civilians in military surplus stores. Well-known examples include the United States ALICE field pack and the British Army PLCE rucksack attachment, both of which are widely available to civilian markets both as actual military surplus (new or used) and as replicas. Such packs are often, though not always (e.g. the USMC's ILBE pack), external-frame packs, with the pack itself lashed or pinned to a metal or plastic carrying frame. For units that are entering combat situations, packs may be loaded heavily and can weigh in excess of . Each soldier may carry extra weapons, ammunition, rations, medical supplies, tents or other shelter material, and extra clothing.
Many police tactical units, as well as players of military-style combat games such as paintball and airsoft, use these military-style tactical backpacks and webbing for storing gear and ammunition. There is also a small but thriving industry devoted to creating historical reproductions of military gear; such companies generally produce period-appropriate uniforms and other gear in addition to backpacks.
Some more recent military/tactical designs, especially the MOLLE and ILBE packs used by the United States armed forces, are covered with webbing loop attachment points for increased carrying capacity.
Recently, at least one brand of backpack has been specially designed for professional cooks and culinary students. This sort of backpack is meant to safely carry knives, cooking tools, and other miscellaneous equipment such as notebooks, towels, and uniforms.
Specialist backpacks are used by fire services for wildfire fighting, as well as by rescue services for Search and Rescue. These backpacks are generally very modular, allowing the pack to be reconfigured to the users wishes and are designed to load around the wearers hips. They may include features such as sections for water bladders and specially designed pouches, such as those used to carry personal fire shelters.
Image gallery
Backpacks for travel
Backpacks are sometimes used as luggage, particularly as carry-on bags for airplane travel.
In addition to their use in outdoors pursuits, backpacks are sometimes used in other sports as well. Hydration packs, sometimes used by athletes and military personnel, carry water (in either a bladder or a rigid bottle) and have a tube connected to them from which the wearer can drink without removing the pack; this feature is also included in some more general-purpose hiking backpacks. Backpacks that carry skateboards have also become more popular in the youth culture.
See also
Backpack palsy
Bindle
Duffel bag
Fanny pack
Hydration pack
Messenger bag
Papoose
Pasiking
Satchel
Shoulder strap
References
External links
Bags
Camping equipment
Domestic implements
Hiking equipment
Luggage | wiki |
The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Chemical Society. The editor-in-chief is Gregory D. Scholes at Princeton University. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters covers research on all aspects of physical chemistry. George C. Schatz was editor-in-chief from 2010 to 2019.
Scope
The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters publishes letters, perspectives on emerging topics, editorials and viewpoints. Specific materials of interest will include, but are not limited to:
Physical Insights into Quantum Phenomena and Function
Physical Insights into Materials and Molecular Properties
Physical Insights into Light Interacting with Matter
Physical Insights into the Biosphere, Atmosphere, and Space
Physical Insights into Chemistry, Catalysis, and Interfaces
Physical Insights into Energy Science
Abstracting, indexing, and impact factor
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal had an impact factor of 6.88 for 2021.
It is indexed in the following bibliographic databases:
Cambridge Structural Database (Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre)
Chemical Abstracts Service/SciFinder (ACS)
ChemWeb (ChemIndustry.com)
Chimica Database (Elsevier)
Current Contents: Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences (Thomson Reuters)
INSPEC (IET)
Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition (Thomson Reuters)
Nature Index (Springer Nature)
PASCAL Database (INIST/CNRS)
Science Citation Index (Thomson Reuters)
Science Citation Index Expanded (Thomson Reuters)
SCOPUS (Elsevier)
VINITI (All-Russian Institute of Science & Technological Information)
Web of Science (Thomson Reuters)
See also
The Journal of Physical Chemistry A
The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
References
External links
American Chemical Society academic journals
Biweekly journals
Physical chemistry journals
Publications established in 2010
English-language journals | wiki |
Aircar oder Air car steht für:
KleinVision Aircar, Flugauto der Firma KleinVision
Compressed air car, mit Druckluft angetriebenes Auto, siehe Druckluftauto | wiki |
Primary and secondary brain injury are ways to classify the injury processes that occur in brain injury. In traumatic brain injury (TBI), primary brain injury occurs during the initial insult, and results from displacement of the physical structures of the brain. Secondary brain injury occurs gradually and may involve an array of cellular processes. Secondary injury, which is not caused by mechanical damage, can result from the primary injury or be independent of it. The fact that people sometimes deteriorate after brain injury was originally taken to mean that secondary injury was occurring. It is not well understood how much of a contribution primary and secondary injuries respectively have to the clinical manifestations of TBI.
Primary and secondary injuries occur in instances other than a TBI, such as spinal cord injury and stroke.
Primary
In TBI, primary injuries result immediately from the initial trauma. Primary injury occurs at the moment of trauma and includes contusion, damage to blood vessels, and axonal shearing, in which the axons of neurons are stretched and torn. The blood brain barrier and meninges may be damaged in the primary injury, and neurons may die. Cells are killed in a nonspecific manner in primary injury. Tissues have a deformation threshold: if they are deformed past this threshold they are injured. Different regions in the brain may be more sensitive to mechanical loading due to differences in their properties that result from differences in their makeup; for example, myelinated tissues may have different properties than other tissues. Thus some tissues may experience more force and be more injured in the primary injury. The primary injury leads to the secondary injury.
Secondary
Secondary injury is an indirect result of the injury. It results from processes initiated by the trauma. It occurs in the hours and days following the primary injury and plays a large role in the brain damage and death that results from TBI. Unlike in most forms of trauma a large percentage of the people killed by brain trauma do not die right away but rather days to weeks after the event. In addition, rather than improving after being hospitalized as most patients with other types of injuries do, about 40% of people with TBI deteriorate. This is often a result of secondary injury, which can damage neurons that were unharmed in the primary injury. It occurs after a variety of brain injury including subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, and traumatic brain injury and involves metabolic cascades.
Secondary injury can result from complications of the injury. These include ischemia (insufficient blood flow); cerebral hypoxia (insufficient oxygen in the brain); hypotension (low blood pressure); cerebral edema (swelling of the brain); changes in the blood flow to the brain; and raised intracranial pressure (the pressure within the skull). If intracranial pressure gets too high, it can lead to deadly brain herniation, in which parts of the brain are squeezed past structures in the skull.
Other secondary injury include hypercapnia (excessive carbon dioxide levels in the blood), acidosis (excessively acidic blood), meningitis, and brain abscess. In addition, alterations in the release of neurotransmitters (the chemicals used by brain cells to communicate) can cause secondary injury. Imbalances in some neurotransmitters can lead to excitotoxicity, damage to brain cells that results from overactivation of biochemical receptors for excitatory neurotransmitters (those that increase the likelihood that a neuron will fire). Excitotoxicity can cause a variety of negative effects, including damage to cells by free radicals, potentially leading to neurodegeneration. Another factor in secondary injury is loss of cerebral autoregulation, the ability of the brain's blood vessels to regulate cerebral blood flow. Other factors in secondary damage are breakdown of the blood–brain barrier, edema, ischemia and hypoxia. Ischemia is one of the leading causes of secondary brain damage after head trauma. Similar mechanisms are involved in secondary injury after ischemia, trauma, and injuries resulting when a person does not get enough oxygen. After stroke, an ischemic cascade, a set of biochemical cascades takes place.
Prevention
Since primary injury occurs at the moment of trauma and is over so rapidly, little can be done to interfere with it other than prevention of the trauma itself. However, since secondary injury occurs over time, it can be prevented in part by taking measures to prevent complications such as hypoxia (oxygen deficiency). Furthermore, secondary injury presents opportunities for researchers to find drug therapies to limit or prevent the damage. Since a variety of processes occur in secondary injury, any treatments that are developed to halt or mitigate it will need to address more than one of these mechanisms.
Thus efforts to reduce disability and death from TBI are thought to be best aimed at secondary injury, because the primary injury is thought to be irreversible.
See also
Wallerian degeneration
References
Neurotrauma
Brain disorders | wiki |
Audiobrain is a sonic branding firm based in New York City.
History
Audiobrain was founded in 2003.
Audrey Arbeeny, Audiobrain's Owner, Founder and Executive Producer, currently teaches Sonic Branding at New York's Pratt Institute.
Projects
Notable projects of Audiobrain's include the sonic branding for Microsoft's Xbox 360 (including the sound logo and user interface sounds), sonic branding for author David Meerman Scott’s World Wide Rave, Virgin Mobile USA’s product sonification, and Major League Soccer's Official Anthem.
Audiobrain also serves as Music Supervisors for NBC Sports and Olympics, and received an Emmy Award for their work on the NBC Beijing Olympics Broadcast.
References
External links
Audiobrain home page
Audiobrain YouTube page
Audio branding | wiki |
Concerto No. 2 may refer to:
Cello Concerto No. 2 (disambiguation), several concertos
Clarinet Concerto No. 2 (disambiguation), two concertos
Horn Concerto No. 2 (disambiguation), two concertos
Piano Concerto No. 2 (disambiguation), several concertos
Violin Concerto No. 2 (disambiguation), several concertos
Flute Concerto No. 2 (Mozart), an adaptation of the 1777 oboe concerto by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Concerto for Orchestra No. 2 (Stucky), a 2003 concerto by Steven Stucky
Tschaikovsky Piano Concerto No. 2 (ballet), a 1941 ballet by George Balanchine | wiki |
Lawrence W. Beil (October 25, 1923 – October 25, 1986) was an American football tackle who played one season with the New York Giants of the National Football League. He played college football at the University of Portland and attended Franklin High School in Portland, Oregon.
References
External links
Just Sports Stats
1923 births
1986 deaths
Players of American football from Portland, Oregon
American football tackles
Jefferson High School (Portland, Oregon) alumni
Portland Pilots football players
New York Giants players | wiki |
Reel People may refer to:
Reel people, an ethnic group of South Sudan
Reel People (film), a 1984 pornographic movie directed by Anthony Spinelli | wiki |
The Heath Bar Shake is a milkshake drink sold at Baskin-Robbins, based on the Heath candy bar. It is notable for its high calorie count and was dubbed "The Unhealthiest Drink in America" by Men's Health Magazine. The shake contains 2,310 calories.
73 different ingredients go into make the shake. The shake was introduced on February 19, 2008 as part of a special limited offer. The shake is mentioned in the book Eat This, Not That.
References
External links
Baskin Robbins Nutritional Information
Products introduced in 2008 | wiki |
C-myc mRNA is a type of mRNA that serves as a template for the MYC protein which is implicated in the rapid growth of cancer cells. This mRNA is a topic of ongoing research to investigate the viability of preventing cancer growth by cleaving or degrading the c-myc mRNA.
See also
C-myc
References
RNA
Molecular biology | wiki |
In paper testing, folding endurance is defined as the logarithm (to the base of ten) of the number of double folds that are required to make a test piece break under standardized conditions:
F = log10 d,
where F is the folding endurance and d the number of double folds.
Folding endurance is especially applicable for papers used for maps, bank notes, archival documents, etc. The direction of the grain in relation to the folding line, the type of fibres used, the fibre contents, the calliper of the test piece, etc., as well as which type of folding tester that is used affect how many double folds a test piece can take.
Folding endurance must not be confused with the related term fold number.
Standards on folding endurance
ISO 5626: Paper – Determination of folding endurance.
TAPPI Test Method T 511: Folding endurance of paper (MIT tester).
TAPPI Test Method T 423: Folding endurance of paper (Schopper type tester).
See also
Fold number
Double fold
References
Paper
Materials testing | wiki |
Parc des Expositions is a station on the RER B's Airport branch. It is in the town of Villepinte in the Seine-Saint-Denis department and serves the Parc des Expositions de Villepinte convention centre. The station is at kilometre 21.01 of the airport branch of the RER B (branch B3). As part of the RER B upgrade, an additional platform is due to be built.
The station sees services between Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport and Robinson or Saint-Rémy-lès-Chevreuse via Gare du Nord in Paris. Also, it will be served by the Paris Metro Line 17 from Saint-Denis Pleyel to Le Mesnil-Amelot as part of Grand Paris Express. Trains run every 15 minutes throughout the day, with additional services during the peak hours.
References
The information in this article is based on that in its French equivalent.
External links
Réseau Express Régional stations
Buildings and structures in Seine-Saint-Denis
Railway stations in France opened in 1983 | wiki |
Lot and His Daughters is a c.1520 oil on panel painting. It was produced by an unknown artist working in Leyden or Antwerp, though it was long attributed to Lucas van Leyden. It is now in the Louvre, having entered its collection in 1900.
Similar works
References
1520s paintings
Anonymous
Paintings in the Louvre by Dutch, Flemish and German artists | wiki |
The New Adventures of Zorro can refer to:
The New Adventures of Zorro (1981 TV series)
The New Adventures of Zorro (1997 TV series) | wiki |
Kauffman Vodka is a Russian brand of vodka produced in Moscow, Russia by the WH Import Company, an import and wholesale company of alcohol in Russia. Introduced in 2000 by Dr. Mark Kauffman, Kauffman Vodka is produced in limited quantities.
Overview
Production
Kauffman Vodka is produced from the wheat of a single harvest; thus, it has a specific vintage.
Availability
Currently Kauffman Vodka is available in Germany, and in California, Arizona, Nevada, Montana, New York and Florida, in the United States.
Varieties
Kauffman Vodka is available in many varieties. To date, the only variety available in the United States is the Kauffman Vodka Luxury Collection 80 Proof.
References
Russian vodkas | wiki |
Hajji is an honorific title given to a Muslim person who has successfully completed the Hajj to Mecca.
Hajji or Haji may also refer to:
People
Haji (actress), a movie actress who starred in several Russ Meyer films
Hajji (name)
Other uses
Hajji, Iran, a village in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran
Haji Ali Dargah, a mosque off the coast of Worli in Southern Mumbai
Hajji Firuz Tepe, a neolithic complex
Haji, a character in the anime series Blood+
Haji, a character in the 1960s television series I Dream of Jeannie
Haji, the Japanese word for shame
Haji pilgrimage to the Holy Kabah
See also
Hagi (disambiguation)
Hadji (disambiguation)
Hajj (disambiguation) | wiki |
Lamentation of Christ is a c. 1455–1460 painting by Flemish painter Dirk Bouts of the Lamentation of Christ. It was left to the Louvre Museum by Constant Mongé-Misbach in 1871, at which time it was misattributed to Rogier van der Weyden. It is still in that collection as RF 1.
References
1450s paintings
Paintings by Dieric Bouts
Paintings in the Louvre by Dutch, Flemish and German artists
Paintings of the Lamentation of Christ | wiki |
The term three-day fever may refer to
Pappataci fever, a vector-borne arboviral infection
Exanthema subitum, or the sixth disease, a childhood illness | wiki |
The M17 Protective Mask is a series of gas masks that were designed and produced in 1959 (as a replacement of the M-9 gas mask) to provide protection from all types of known chemical and biological agents present. The M-17 was issued to troops in the Vietnam War, and was standard issue for the U.S. Military until it was replaced by the M40 Field Protective Mask for the U.S. Army and USMC in the mid 1990s while the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy replaced it for the MCU-2/P Gas Mask in the mid-1980s.
Features
The mask has different components including a filter, a face piece and outserts. Filter elements in the face piece prevent harmful agents from entering the mask. The M17 series includes three types of masks, the M17, M17A1 and M17A2. An experimental transparent-silicone model called the XM27 was designed in late 1966, but was turned down in favor of the XM28E4. Many countries have copied the M17 design. Notable copies include the Bulgarian PDE-1, Japanese Type-3, the Polish Mp-4 and the Czech OM10 or M10M.
These protective masks have inbuilt voice emitter systems that facilitate communication, a tube for drinking water from the M1 canteen cap (A1 & A2), and a pair of outserts to protect eye lenses and an air pathway that reduced fogging. Three varieties of outserts were available for the mask; clear for general operations, gray tinted for bright environments, and green tinted to protect the wearer from battlefield lasers. Old, clear outserts tended to yellow with time and was considered a deadlining condition for the mask since accurate color vision was required to assess sometimes subtle color changes on the M256A1 chemical detection kit required for unmasking procedures. The mask is packed in a carrier that also contains other items like a nerve agent antidote kit (NAAK), a convulsive antidote for nerve agents (CANA) and an M-258A1 decontamination kit. It also contains a M1 waterproof bag to protect filter elements from water damage. Other components attached are mask hoods to protect the head and neck area, a winterization kit to prevent frost accumulation during cold weather conditions and optical inserts for soldiers with vision defects. The M17A1 was designed with intent to allow a masked soldier to provide artificial respiration to an unmasked casualty, the resuscitation tube was a noble idea gone wrong. The problem with it being the exposure of both soldiers to contamination, the soldier giving aid ran the risk of encountering resistance from the airway of the casualty, pushing air back into his mask and breaking the seal on it. The casualty would remain unmasked, and would continue absorbing the contaminated environment. It was for this reason that the resuscitation tube system was no longer issued for the A1 and was dropped on the M17A2.
The design of the mask with its internal cheek filters means that it must be removed by the wearer to change the filters once they are expired or clogged, thus compromising its protective capabilities in a contaminated environment. The US armed forces henceforth returned to 'traditional' designs of mask where filter canisters are mounted externally and thus can be changed if needed without the wearer having to remove the mask.
The mask offers protection from chemical and biological warfare agents, but does not function properly in places where oxygen content is low. The mask is not meant to be used for firefighting and does not provide protection from radiation, however the filters will stop irradiated particles from entering the respiratory system of the wearer. It is recommended that users continue wearing it until the biological or chemical agent is identified and verified cleared from the area using standardized unmasking procedures.
Users
: Adopted by the Australian Army.
: Adopted by the Hellenic Army.
: Used by Malaysian riot police.
: Adopted by the Royal Thai Army.
: Formerly used by all branches of the U.S. military.
References
External links
Gas masks of the United States
Military equipment introduced in the 1950s | wiki |
Commercial waste consists of waste from premises used mainly for the purposes of a trade or business or for the purpose of sport, recreation, education or entertainment, but excluding household, agricultural or industrial waste.
See also
Business waste
List of solid waste treatment technologies
List of Superfund sites in the United States
List of topics dealing with environmental issues
List of waste management companies
List of waste management topics
List of waste types
Pollution
Superfund
References
Waste | wiki |
Princewill Anthony Chike (born 28 June ?) is a Nigerian physician and professor of medicine. He was chairman of the Rivers State Primary Health Care Management Board. On 31 August 2017, he was sworn in as a member of second Wike Executive Council. He was chosen to head the Ministry of Health as Commissioner in September 2017.
References
Living people
Medical doctors from Rivers State
Commissioners of ministries of Rivers State
Health ministers of Nigeria
Year of birth missing (living people) | wiki |
Curtiss Helldiver may refer to the following aircraft
Curtiss F8C Helldiver, biplane reconnaissance bomber of the 1920s
Curtiss SBC Helldiver, biplane scout bomber of the 1930s.
Curtiss SB2C Helldiver, monoplane dive bomber of the 1940s, known as the Curtiss Helldiver in the Royal Navy | wiki |
Orchid Digest is a grower's magazine about orchidology.
References
Publications about orchids | wiki |
The Synechococcales are an order of cyanobacteria, with over 70 genera. It includes both filamentous and single-celled types.
References
Bacteria orders | wiki |
Oem (geslacht)
Original equipment manufacturer | wiki |
If You Give a Dance You Gotta Pay the Band is a 1972 American TV movie. It was the first program shown under the umbrella ABC Theater.
The production (at the time referred to as a "dramatic special" or "teleplay" rather than a made-for-TV movie) was the first screen credit for Laurence Fishburne and led to him getting a role later on in the soap opera One Life to Live.
The teleplay first aired on ABC at 8:30pm ET on Tuesday, December 19, 1972 and was rerun on Wednesday, June 6, 1973 at 9:00pm ET. In TV listings of the era, the title was generally given as If You Give a Dance You Gotta Pay the Band without a comma.
Plot
The story of ghetto boy and girl trying to raise money for the girl to visit her father in prison. It was shot on videotape in November 1972.
References
External links
1972 television films
1972 films
American drama television films
1970s English-language films
1970s American films | wiki |
Watcher or Watchers may refer to:
In print
Watcher (angel) or Grigori, a class of fallen angels in Biblical apocrypha
Watcher (comics), an extraterrestrial species who watches the universe in Marvel Comics
Uatu, the Watcher
The Watcher and Other Weird Stories, a collection of short stories by Sheridan Le Fanu
The Watcher, a 1981 novel written by Kay Nolte Smith
Watchers (novel), a 1987 novel written by Dean Koontz
The Watchers (Caiseal Mór), a series of novels from 2002 to 2003 written by Caiseal Mór
The Watchers: The Rise of America's Surveillance State, a 2010 book by Shane Harris
The Watcher, a 1986 speculative fiction novel by Jane Palmer
In television
The Watcher (1995 TV series), a UPN TV series starring Sir Mix-a-Lot
Watcher (2019 TV series), a South Korean TV series
The Watcher (2022 TV series), a Netflix original limited series
TV elements
"The Watcher", first episode of the 1965 Doctor Who serial The Time Meddler
Watcher (Doctor Who), a character in the 1981 Doctor Who serial Logopolis
Watcher (Buffy the Vampire Slayer), a member of the Watcher's Council in the Buffy and Angel television series
Watcher (Highlander), a secret organization that watches the Immortals in the Highlander series
Film
Watchers (1988 film), directed by Jon Hess based on the novel by Koontz
The Watcher (2000 film), a film directed by Joe Charbanic
The Watcher (2016 film), an American horror film directed by Ryan Rothmaier
Watcher (2022 film), Emirati-American-Romanian psychological thriller film directed by Chloe Okuno
In music
"The Watcher", a song by Enslaved from their 2008 album Vertebrae
"The Watcher", a song by Hawkwind from their 1972 album Doremi Fasol Latido
"The//Watcher", a song by Lorna Shore from their 2017 album Flesh Coffin
"The Watcher" (song), a song by Dr. Dre on his 1999 album The Chronic 2001
The Watchers (album), a 2001 album by Royal Hunt
Other
Watcher (presence), a subscriber for presence information
In the video game, Dark Void the Watchers appear as reptilians or the Annunaki
Watch (disambiguation)
Watching (disambiguation) | wiki |
HTC One — серия смартфонов производства HTC, которое начато с начала выхода 2012 года вместе с моделями HTC One V, HTC One S, HTC One X и HTC One XL на базе Sense 4.0. В конце концов последним поколением линейки One есть модель HTC One (ME) с Sense 7.0 на борту.
Модельный ряд в настоящее время представлен несколькими такими представителями:
HTC One V
HTC One S в обычной и азиатской версиях
HTC One X: HTC One XL, HTC Evo 4G LTE и североамериканская версия,
HTC One X+
HTC One (M7)
HTC One (M7c)
HTC One SV
Для китайского рынка SC, VC и XC с одновременной поддержкой GSM и CDMA
HTC One (M7) Dualsim
HTC One Mini (M4
HTC One Max
HTC One (M8)
HTC One (M8) Dualsim
HTC One (M8) for Windows
HTC One (M8) Harman Cardon Edition
HTC One (M8i)
HTC One (M8t)
HTC One (M8s)
HTC One Mini 2 (M5)
HTC One (E8)
HTC One (M9)
HTC One (M9+)
HTC One (E9)
HTC One (E9+)
HTC One (ME)
HTC One A9
Сравнение
В этой таблице показаны различия пяти моделей «One»:
Примечания
Ссылки
Полный обзор HTC One на antidroid.net
Обзор HTC One - адаптированный перевод обзора от Engadget.
Сравнительный обзор HTC One X и Samsung Galaxy Note
Обзор HTC One V
Видеообзор HTC One на https://www.youtube.com/
Полноценный и концептуальный рассказ о смартфоне HTC One M8 на https://www.youtube.com/
Клуб владельцев HTC One (m8)
One | wiki |
The cottage garden is a distinct style that uses informal design, traditional materials, dense plantings, and a mixture of ornamental and edible plants. English in origin, it depends on grace and charm rather than grandeur and formal structure. Homely and functional gardens connected to cottages go back centuries, but their stylized reinvention occurred in 1870s England, as a reaction to the more structured, rigorously maintained estate gardens with their formal designs and mass plantings of greenhouse annuals.
The earliest cottage gardens were more practical than today's, with emphasis on vegetables and herbs, fruit trees, perhaps a beehive, and even livestock. Flowers, used to fill spaces, gradually became more dominant. The traditional cottage garden was usually enclosed, perhaps with a rose-bowered gateway. Flowers common to early cottage gardens included traditional florists' flowers such as primroses and violets, along with flowers with household use such as calendula and various herbs. Others were the richly scented old-fashioned roses that bloomed once a year, and simple flowers like daisies. In time, cottage-garden sections were added to some large estate gardens as well.
Modern cottage gardens include countless regional and personal variations and embrace plant materials, such as ornamental grasses or native plants not seen in the rural gardens of cottagers. Traditional roses, with their full fragrance and lush foliage, continue to be a cottage-garden mainstay—along with modern disease-resistant varieties that retain traditional attributes. Informal climbing plants, whether traditional or modern hybrids, are also common, as are the self-sowing annuals and freely spreading perennials favoured in traditional cottagers' gardens.
History
Origins
Cottage gardens, which emerged in Elizabethan times, appear to have originated as a local source for herbs and fruits. One theory is that they arose out of the Black Death of the 1340s, when the death of so many laborers made land available for small cottages with personal gardens. According to the late 19th-century legend of origin, these gardens were originally created by the workers that lived in the cottages of the villages, to provide them with food and herbs, with flowers planted in for decoration. Helen Leach analysed the historical origins of the romanticised cottage garden, subjecting the garden style to rigorous historical analysis, along with the ornamental potager and the herb garden. She concluded that their origins were less in workingmen's gardens in the 19th century and more in the leisured classes' discovery of simple hardy plants, in part through the writings of John Claudius Loudon. Loudon helped to design the estate at Great Tew, Oxfordshire, where farm workers were provided with cottages that had architectural quality set in a smallholding or large garden—about an acre—where they could grow food and keep pigs and chickens.
Authentic gardens of the yeoman cottager would have included a beehive and livestock, and frequently a pig and sty, along with a well. The peasant cottager of medieval times was more interested in meat than flowers, with herbs grown for medicinal use and cooking, rather than for their beauty. By Elizabethan times there was more prosperity, and thus more room to grow flowers. Even the early cottage garden flowers typically had their practical use—violets were spread on the floor (for their pleasant scent and keeping out vermin); calendulas and primroses were both attractive and used in cooking. Others, such as sweet william and hollyhocks, were grown entirely for their beauty.
Development
The "naturalness" of informal design began to be noticed and developed by the British leisured class. Alexander Pope was an early proponent of less formal gardens, calling in a 1713 article for gardens with the "amiable simplicity of unadorned nature". Other writers in the 18th century who encouraged less formal, and more natural, gardens included Joseph Addison and Lord Shaftesbury. The evolution of cottage gardens can be followed in the issues of The Cottage Gardener (1848–61), edited by George William Johnson, where the emphasis is squarely on the "florist's flowers", carnations and auriculas in fancy varieties that were originally cultivated as a highly competitive blue-collar hobby.
William Robinson and Gertrude Jekyll helped to popularise less formal gardens in their many books and magazine articles. Robinson's The Wild Garden, published in 1870, contained in the first edition an essay on "The Garden of British Wild Flowers", which was eliminated from later editions. In his The English Flower Garden, illustrated with cottage gardens from Somerset, Kent and Surrey, he remarked, "One lesson of these little gardens, that are so pretty, is that one can get good effects from simple materials." From the 1890s his lifelong friend Jekyll applied cottage garden principles to more structured designs in even quite large country houses. Her Colour in the Flower Garden (1908) is still in print today.
Robinson and Jekyll were part of the Arts and Crafts Movement, a broader movement in art, architecture, and crafts during the late 19th century which advocated a return to the informal planting style derived as much from the Romantic tradition as from the actual English cottage garden. The Arts and Crafts Exhibition of 1888 began a movement toward an idealised natural country garden style. The garden designs of Robinson and Jekyll were often associated with Arts and Crafts style houses. Both were influenced by William Morris, one of the leaders of the Arts and Crafts Movement—Robinson quoted Morris's views condemning carpet bedding; Jekyll shared Morris's mystical view of nature and drew on the floral designs in his textiles for her gardening style. When Morris built his Red House in Kent, it influenced new ideas in architecture and gardening—the "old-fashioned" garden suddenly became a fashion accessory among the British artistic middle class, and the cottage garden esthetic began to emigrate to America.
In the early 20th century the term "cottage garden" might be applied even to as large and sophisticated a garden as Hidcote Manor, which Vita Sackville-West described as "a cottage garden on the most glorified scale" but where the colour harmonies were carefully contrived and controlled, as in the famous "Red Borders". Sackville-West had taken similar models for her own "cottage garden", one of many "garden rooms" at Sissinghurst Castle—her idea of a cottage garden was a place where "the plants grow in a jumble, flowering shrubs mingled with Roses, herbaceous plants with bulbous subjects, climbers scrambling over hedges, seedlings coming up wherever they have chosen to sow themselves". The cottage garden ideal was also spread by artists such as water-colourist Helen Allingham (1848–1926). Another influence was Margery Fish (1892–1969), whose garden survives at East Lambrook Manor.
The cottage garden in France is a development of the early 20th century. Monet's garden at Giverny is a prominent example, a sprawling garden full of varied plantings, rich colors, and water gardens. In modern times, the term 'cottage garden' is used to describe any number of informal garden styles, using design and plants very different from their traditional English cottage garden origins. Examples include regional variations using a grass prairie scheme (in the American midwest) and California chaparral cottage gardens.
Design
While the classic cottage garden is built around a cottage, many cottage-style gardens are created around houses and even estates such as Hidcote Manor, with its more intimate "garden rooms". The cottage garden design is based more on principles than formulae: it has an informal look, with a seemingly casual mixture of flowers, herbs, and vegetables often packed into a small area. In spite of their appearances, cottage gardens have a design and formality that help give them their grace and charm. Due to space limitations, they are often in small rectangular plots, with practical functioning paths and hedges or fences. The plants, layout, and materials are chosen to give the impression of casualness and a country feel. Modern cottage gardens frequently use local flowers and materials, rather than those of the traditional cottage garden. What they share with the tradition is the unstudied look, the use of every square inch, and a rich variety of flowers, herbs, and vegetables.
The cottage garden is designed to appear artless, rather than contrived or pretentious. Instead of artistic curves, or grand geometry, there is an artfully designed irregularity. Borders can go right up to the house, lawns are replaced with tufts of grass or flowers, and beds can be as wide as needed. Instead of the discipline of large scale color schemes, there is the simplicity of harmonious color combinations between neighbouring plants. The overall appearance can be of "a vegetable garden that has been taken over by flowers." The method of planting closely packed plants was supposed to reduce the amount of weeding and watering required. But some features, such as planted stone paths, turf pathways, or clipped hedges overgrown with wayward vines, still need well-timed maintenance.
Materials
Paths, arbors, and fences use traditional or antique looking materials. Wooden fences and gates, paths covered with locally made bricks or stone, and arbors using natural materials all give a more casual—and less formal—look and feel to a cottage garden. Pots, ornaments, and furniture also use natural looking materials with traditional finishes—everything is chosen to give the impression of an old-fashioned country garden.
Plants
Overview
Until the late 19th century, cottage gardens mainly grew vegetables for household consumption. Typically half the garden would be used for cultivating potatoes and half for a mix of other vegetables plus some culinary and medicinal herbs. John Claudius Loudon wrote extensively on cottage gardens in his book An Encyclopædia of Gardening (1822) and in Gardener's Magazine from 1826. In 1838 he wrote "I seldom observe any thing in a cottage garden but potatoes, cabbages, beans, and French beans; in a few instances onions and parsneps, and very seldom a few peas". An 1865 issue of The Farmer's Magazine noted that in "Ireland and much of the Highlands of Scotland, potatoes are the only thing grown in the cottage-garden".
Modern cottage garden plants are typically flowers chosen for their old-fashioned and informal appeal. Many modern day gardeners use heirloom or 'old-fashioned' plants and varieties—even though these may not have been authentic or traditional cottage garden plants. In addition, there are modern varieties of flowers that fit into the cottage garden look. For example, modern roses developed by David Austin have been chosen for cottage gardens because of their old-fashioned look (multi-petaled form and rosette-shaped flowers) and fragrance—combined with modern virtues of hardiness, repeat blooming, and disease-resistance. Modern cottage gardens often use native plants and those adapted to the local climate, rather than trying to force traditional English plants to grow in an incompatible environment—though many of the old favorites thrive in cottage gardens throughout the world.
Roses
Cottage gardens are always associated with roses: shrub roses, climbing roses, and old garden roses with lush foliage, in contrast to the gangly modern hybrid tea roses. Old cottage garden roses include cultivated forms of Rosa gallica, which form dense mounded shrubs 3–4 ft high and wide, with pale pink to purple flowers—with single form to full double form blooms. They are also very fragrant, and include the ancient Apothecary's rose (R. gallica 'Officinalis'), whose magenta flowers were preserved solely for their fragrance. Another old fragrant cottage garden rose is the Damask rose, which is still grown in Europe for use in perfumes. Cultivated forms of this grow 4 to 6 ft or higher, with gently arching canes that help give an informal look to a garden. Even taller generally are the Alba roses, which are not always white, and which bloom well even in partial shade.
The Provence rose or Rosa centifolia is the full and fat "cabbage rose" made famous by Dutch masters in their 17th-century paintings. These very fragrant shrub roses grow 5 ft tall and wide, with a floppy habit that is aided by training on an arch or pillar. The centifolia roses have produced many descendants that are also cottage garden favorites, including varieties of moss rose (roses with attractive 'mossy' growth on their flower stalks and flower buds). Unlike most modern hybrids, the older roses bloom on the previous year's wood, so they aren't pruned back severely each year. Also as they don't bloom continuously, they can share their branches with later-flowering climbers such as Clematis vines, which use the rose branches for support. A rose in the cottage garden is not segregated with other roses, with bare earth or mulch underneath', but is casually blended with other flowers, vines, and groundcover.
With the introduction of China roses (derived from Rosa chinensis) late in the 18th century, many hybrids were introduced that had the remontant (repeat-blooming) nature of the China roses, but maintained the informal old rose shape and flower. These included the Bourbon rose and the Noisette rose, which were added to the rose repertoire of the cottage garden, and, more recently, hybrid "English" roses introduced by David Austin.
Climbing plants
Many of the old roses had cultivars that grew very long canes, which could be tied to trellises or against walls. These older varieties are called "ramblers", rather than "climbers". Climbing plants in the traditional cottage garden included European honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum) and Traveller's Joy (Clematis vitalba). The modern cottage garden includes many Clematis hybrids that have the old appeal, with sparse foliage that allows them to grow through roses and trees, and along fences and arbors. There are also many Clematis species used in the modern cottage garden, including Clematis armandii, Clematis chrysocoma, and Clematis flammula. Popular honeysuckles for cottage gardens include Japanese honeysuckle and Lonicera tragophylla.
Hedging plants
In the traditional cottage garden, hedges served as fences on the perimeter to keep out marauding livestock and for privacy, along with other practical uses. Hawthorn leaves made a tasty snack or tea, while the flowers were used for making wine. The fast-growing Elderberry, in addition to creating a hedge, provided berries for food and wine, with the flowers being fried in batter or made into lotions and ointments. The wood had many uses, including toys, pegs, skewers, and fishing poles. Holly was another hedge plant, useful because it quickly spread and self-seeded. Privet was also a convenient and fast-growing hedge. Over time, more ornamental and less utilitarian plants became popular cottage garden hedges, including laurel, lilac, snowberry, japonica, and others.
Flowers and herbs
Popular flowers in the traditional cottage garden included florist's flowers which were grown by enthusiasts—such as violets, pinks, and primroses—and those grown with a more practical purpose. For example, the calendula, grown today almost entirely for its bright orange flowers, was primarily valued for eating, for adding color to butter and cheese, for adding smoothness to soups and stews, and for all kinds of healing salves and preparations. Like many old cottage garden annuals and herbs, it freely self-sowed, making it easier to grow and share. Other popular cottage garden annuals included violets, pansies, stocks, and mignonette.
Perennials were the largest group of traditional cottage garden flowers—those with a long cottage garden history include hollyhocks, carnations, sweet williams, marguerites, marigolds, lilies, peonies, tulips, crocus, daisies, foxglove, monkshood, lavender, campanulas, Solomon's seal, evening primrose, lily-of-the-valley, primrose, cowslips, and many varieties of roses.
Today herbs are typically thought of as culinary plants, but in the traditional cottage garden they were considered to be any plant with household uses. Herbs were used for medicine, toiletries, and cleaning products. Scented herbs would be spread on the floor along with rushes to cover odors. Some herbs were used for dyeing fabrics. Traditional cottage garden herbs included sage, thyme, southernwood, wormwood, catmint, feverfew, lungwort, soapwort, hyssop, sweet woodruff, and lavender.
Fruits
Fruit in the traditional cottage garden would have included an apple and a pear, for cider and perry, gooseberries and raspberries. The modern cottage garden includes many varieties of ornamental fruit and nut trees, such as crabapple and hazel, along with non-traditional trees like dogwood.
See also
Garden design
History of landscape architecture
Landscape architecture
References
Bibliography
Sackville-West, "Hidcote Manor", Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 74 (1949:476-81), noted by Brent Elliott, "Historical Revivalism in the Twentieth Century: A Brief Introduction" Garden History 28.1, Reviewing the 20th-century Landscape (Summer 2000:17–31)
External links
Royal Horticultural Society British gardening charity
The Cottage Garden Society British Gardening society
Types of garden
Landscape
Gardens in England | wiki |
Claressa Maria Shields (born March 17, 1995) is an American professional boxer and mixed martial artist. She has held multiple world championships in three weight classes, including the undisputed female light middleweight title since March 2021; the undisputed female middleweight title from 2019 to 2020; and the unified WBC and IBF female super middleweight titles from 2017 to 2018. Shields currently holds the record for becoming a two and three-weight world champion in the fewest professional fights. As of October 2022, she is ranked as the world's best active female middleweight by BoxRec, as well as the best active female boxer, pound for pound, by ESPN and The Ring.
Shields is the only boxer in history, female or male, to hold all four major world titles in boxing—WBA, WBC, IBF and WBO—simultaneously, in two weight classes.
In a decorated amateur career, Shields won gold medals in the women's middleweight division at the 2012 and 2016 Olympics, making her the first American boxer to win consecutive Olympic medals. Shields was the youngest boxer at the February 2012 U.S. Olympic Trials, winning the event in the middleweight division. In May, she qualified for the 2012 games, the first year in which women's boxing was an Olympic event, and went on to become the first American woman to win an Olympic gold medal in boxing. Her only loss professional or amateur comes from British fighter Savannah Marshall. In 2018, the Boxing Writers Association of America named her the Female Fighter of the Year.
Early life
Shields was born and raised in Flint, Michigan, where she was a high school junior in May 2012. She was introduced to boxing by her father, Bo Shields, who had boxed in underground leagues. Bo was in prison from the time Shields was two years old, and released when she was nine. After his release, he talked to her about boxer Laila Ali, piquing her interest in the sport. Bo, however, believed that boxing was a men's sport and refused to allow Shields to pursue it until she was eleven. At that time she began boxing at Berston Field House in Flint, where she met her coach and trainer, Jason Crutchfield. Shields credits her grandmother with encouraging her to not accept restrictions based on her gender.
Amateur career
After winning two Junior Olympic championships, Shields competed in her first open-division tournament, the National Police Athletic League Championships 2011; she won the middleweight title and was named top overall fighter and also qualified for the U.S. Olympic Trials. At the 2012 Olympic Trials, she defeated the reigning national champion, Franchón Crews-Dezurn, the 2010 world champion, Andrecia Wasson, and Pittsburgh's Tika Hemingway to win the middleweight class. In April 2011, she won her weight class at the Women's Elite Continental Championships in Cornwall, Ontario against three-time defending world champion Mary Spencer of Canada; she held an undefeated record of 25 wins and 0 losses at that point.
Following Shields' victory at the U.S. Olympic Trials, it was initially reported that she would need only a top-8 finish at the 2012 AIBA Women's World Boxing Championships in Qinhuangdao, China, in order to qualify for the 2012 Olympics. On May 10, the day after the contest began but before Shields' first bout, a change to the rules was announced that meant Shields would need to place in the top two from the (North, Central, and South) American Boxing Confederation region of AIBA (AMBC).
Shields won her first round but was beaten in the second round on May 13 to Savannah Marshall of England, bringing Shields' record to 26–1.
Her chances for qualification thus depended on Marshall's subsequent performance; after Marshall advanced to the middleweight finals on May 18, it was announced that Shields had earned an Olympic berth. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, aged 17, she won the gold medal in the women's middleweight division after beating veteran Russian boxer Nadezda Torlopova 19–12.
In 2014, Shields won the World Championship gold medal, and the following year, she became the first American to win titles in women's boxing at the Olympics and Pan American Games. As a result of her performance in the Pan American Games, she was given the honour of serving as Team USA’s flag bearer at the closing ceremony.
Shields won the gold medal at the 2016 AMBC Olympic Qualifying tournament in Argentina defeating Dominican Republic's Yenebier Guillen in her final bout on her 21st birthday. Later that year at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio, she won the gold medal in the women's middleweight division by defeating Nouchka Fontijn of the Netherlands. She was awarded the inaugural women's division of the Val Barker Trophy at the competition. Her back-to-back Olympic gold medal wins made her the first American boxer to win consecutive Olympic titles.
Her amateur boxing record was 64 wins (5 by knockout) and 1 loss.
Professional boxing career
In November 2016, Shields officially went pro. She won her first match, against Franchón Crews-Dezurn, by unanimous decision.
On March 10, 2017, she faced Szilvia Szabados for the North American Boxing Federation middleweight title, and won by TKO. This was the main event on ShoBox, with a regional title fight between Antonio Nieves and Nikolai Potapov serving as the co-main event. It was the first time a women's boxing bout was the main event on a United States premium network card.
On June 16, 2017, Shields headlined the "Detroit Brawl," facing Sydney LeBlanc in her first scheduled eight-round bout. LeBlanc signed on with three days notice, after Mery Rancier dropped out due to visa issues. Shields won the bout by decision after all eight rounds.
On August 4, 2017, Shields defeated defending champ Nikki Adler in Detroit for the WBC super-middleweight belt and the vacant IBF super-middleweight belt. By 5th Rd TKO the ref had to jump in to protect The undefeated Nikki Adler. The fight was on Showtime.
On January 12, 2018, Shields retained her WBC and IBF female super middleweight titles, and won the WBAN super-middleweight title by defeating 17-0 Tori Nelson. It was Shields' first time going all 10 rounds in her professional career.
On June 22, 2018, in just her sixth professional fight, Shields defeated Hanna Gabriel by unanimous decision, winning the vacant WBA and inaugural IBF middleweight belts, breaking the record for becoming a two-weight world champion in the fewest professional fights, a record previously held by Vasyl Lomachenko. During Round 1, she experienced the first knock down of her professional career. She dropped down from 168 pounds to 160 for the fight. This was her first fight with trainer John David Jackson, having worked with Jason Crutchfield for the previous 5.
On December 8, 2018, Shields' fight aired on HBO, her first appearance on the network, a fight which was a part of the last boxing card to occur on HBO. She faced Femke Herman's outboxing her all 10 rounds for a unanimous decision.
On April 13, 2019, Shields became the undisputed women's middleweight world champion, unifying the WBA, WBC, IBF and WBO middleweight titles, along with The Ring magazine's inaugural middleweight belt, after defeating Christina Hammer by unanimous decision. The victory was a near shutout with two judges scoring the bout 98–91 while a third judge scored it 98–92.
Shields was scheduled to fight Ivana Habazin for the vacant WBO junior middleweight title in Flint, Michigan, on October 5, 2019. However, the fight was postponed due to Habazin's trainer being attacked at the weigh in.
On January 10, 2020, the battle between Shields and Habazin took place with an all female ring (referee). The Atlantic boardwalk hall had a sold out Venue as Claressa won by unanimous decision, 99–89, 100–90 and 100–89, and became the fastest ever to win titles in 3 divisions male or female in history.
On March 5, 2021, Shields defeated Marie-Eve Dicaire by unanimous decision to retain her WBC and WBO super welterweight titles, claim IBF 154-pound belt, and vacant WBA light middleweight strap. With the win she has become the first world champion boxer in four-belt era to hold undisputed titles in two different weight divisions. This Fight took place in Shields hometown with limited crowd due to COVID-19 pandemic.
Shields then faced Ema Kozin on February 5, 2022. She captured an unanimous decision with all referees scoring every round for her, and retained her WBA, WBC, IBF, and The Ring female middleweight titles meanwhile winning the WBF female middleweight title also.
Shields was initially scheduled to face reigning WBO Middleweight Champion Savannah Marshall in a title unification bout on September 10, 2022. However, due to the death of Queen Elizabeth II the bout was postponed to take place on October 15, 2022.
On the night of the fight, Shields went the full 10 round distance against Marshall. According to CompuBox stats, Shields outlanded Marshall 175 to 136; landed significantly more jabs, 44 to 14; and landed more power, 131 to 122. Shields won via unanimous decision with two judges scoring the fight 97–93 and one scoring it 96–94, all in favor of Shields to become the undisputed middleweight world champion. This fight occurred at the O2 Arena and was the first time two female boxers headlined at a major venue in the United Kingdom. As well, the fight headlined the first all-female boxing card in the United Kingdom.
Professional mixed martial arts career
In November 2020, Shields had signed a three-year contract with Professional Fighters League and was expected to make her mixed martial arts debut in 2021. Since Shields first announced that her MMA debut, she has also begun training in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and has gone to train under IBJJF no gi World Champion Roberto Alencar, alongside Holly Holm. She also started training at JacksonWink MMA in late 2020.
Shields made her MMA debut at PFL 4 on June 10, 2021, against Brittney Elkin. She won the fight via technical knockout in round three.
Her second bout was initially scheduled to take place on the PFL 9 event on August 27, 2021, against an opponent yet to be named. However, on July 12, 2021, news surfaced that her bout was rescheduled to take place on August 19, 2021, in order to garner more exposure at an ESPN-aired PFL 8 event. It was eventually rescheduled for PFL 10 on October 27, 2021, with Shields facing Abigail Montes. Shields lost the bout via split decision.
Personal life
Shields is from Flint, Michigan. Shields was baptized at age 13 (two years after she began boxing) and began attending a local church. She found strength in her Christian faith and eventually left home.
Shields attempted to adopt her cousin's daughter in 2014.
Shields is an ambassador for Up2Us Sports, a national non-profit organization dedicated to supporting underserved youth by providing them with coaches trained in positive youth development.
Shields is also an ambassador for gender equality in sports, particularly boxing, which she insists is under-covered by the media.
Shields is a pescatarian.
Filmography
Shields is the subject of the 2015 documentary T-Rex: Her Fight for Gold. In 2016 Universal Pictures, a division of Comcast, which holds Olympic broadcast rights in the United States, acquired the rights to produce a film about her life story. Barry Jenkins is the screenwriter. Entitled Flint Strong, Rachel Morrison will be directing, with actress Ryan Destiny portraying Shields.
Shields will be acting in the Susan Seidelman-directed film Punch Me.
In 2018, Shields acted in a Walmart ad directed by Dee Rees.
Awards
In 2017, Shields won the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Sports Award for "Biggest Powerhouse." In 2018, Shields was inducted into the USA Boxing Alumni Association's Hall of Fame. The Boxing Writers Association of America gave her the 2018 Christy Martin Award - Female Fighter of the Year.
Professional boxing record
Mixed martial arts record
|-
| Loss
|align=center|1–1
|Abigail Montes
|Decision (split)
|PFL 10
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Hollywood, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Win
|align=center|1–0
|Brittney Elkin
|TKO (punches)
|PFL 4
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|1:44
|Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
References
Further reading
External links
Claressa Shields at PFL
America's Boxing Women Aim for the Olympics at The New York Times
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1995 births
Living people
American women boxers
African-American boxers
Boxers from Michigan
Sportspeople from Flint, Michigan
African-American mixed martial artists
African-American sportswomen
American female mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing boxing
Boxers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers of the United States
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in boxing
Boxers at the 2015 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in boxing
AIBA Women's World Boxing Championships medalists
World light-middleweight boxing champions
World middleweight boxing champions
World super-middleweight boxing champions
World Boxing Council champions
International Boxing Federation champions
World Boxing Association champions
World Boxing Organization champions
The Ring (magazine) champions
Olivet College alumni
21st-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American women | wiki |
Cobitis minamorii is a species of fish in the family Cobitidae found in the rivers flowing into Seto Inland Sea, San'yō district, western Honshu: Okayama and Hiroshima Prefectures in Japan.
Subspecies
There are currently 5 recognized subspecies:
Cobitis minamorii minamorii Nakajima, 2012
Cobitis minamorii oumiensis Nakajima, 2012
Cobitis minamorii saninensis Nakajima, 2012
Cobitis minamorii tokaiensis Nakajima, 2012
Cobitis minamorii yodoensis Nakajima, 2012
References
Fish described in 2012
Endemic fauna of Japan
minamorii | wiki |
Return to sender may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
"Return to Sender" (song), a 1962 Elvis Presley song
Return to Sender (1963 British film), a 1963 British film, part of the Edgar Wallace Mysteries
Sin Remitente (also known as 'Return to Sender' and 'Sender Unknown'), a 1995 Mexican drama film written and directed by Carlos Carrera
Return to Sender (2004 film), a 2004 film, starring Aidan Quinn, Connie Nielsen, Tim Daly and Kelly Preston
"Return to Sender" (Dexter), a 2006 episode of the television series Dexter
Return to Sender (2015 film), a 2015 film, starring Rosamund Pike, Shiloh Fernandez, and Nick Nolte
Return to Sender, a webcomic by Vera Brosgol
Other uses
"Return to sender", a phrase used when undeliverable mail is processed to be sent back to the indicated return address
Operation Return to Sender, a 2006 sweep of illegal immigrants by the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
See also
RTS (disambiguation) | wiki |
Titanic acid is a general name for a family of chemical compounds of the elements titanium, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the general formula . Various simple titanic acids have been claimed, mainly in the older literature. No crystallographic and little spectroscopic support exists for these materials. Some older literature including Brauer's Handbook refers to as titanic acid.
Metatitanic acid (),
Orthotitanic acid () or . It is described as a white salt-like powder under "".
Peroxotitanic acid () has also been described as resulting from the treatment of titanium dioxide in sulfuric acid with hydrogen peroxide. The resulting yellow solid decomposes with loss of .
Pertitanic acid ()
Pertitanic acid ()
References
Further reading
Titanium(IV) compounds
Hydroxides
Transition metal oxoacids
he:חומצה טיטנית
ru:Титанаты | wiki |
Planeta Extremo (English: Extreme Planet) is a Brazilian television program. It was produced and aired by Rede Globo.
Synopsis
A team of Brazilian journalists travel across four continents and face challenges and danger, yet encounter beauty and success.
References
Brazilian television series
Rede Globo original programming
Brazilian action television series
2015 Brazilian television series debuts
2015 Brazilian television series endings
Brazilian reality television series
Brazilian television news shows
Portuguese-language television shows | wiki |
Purification of water may refer to any of the following.
Water purification, the large scale production of clean water for supply to consumer taps and industry.
Distilled water, the use of distillation to remove contaminants from water
Portable water purification, techniques for use in emergencies or away from conventional sources of clean water
Water filter, devices used for small scale quality improvement, often in domestic situations
Deionized water, industrial production of ultra pure water
Reverse osmosis, a technique for producing potable water from highly contaminated sources.
Sewage treatment, treatment of sewage to remove contaminants | wiki |
La marque x souscrite est un signe diacritique utilisée dans l’alphabet phonétique ouralien.
Bibliographie
Articles connexes
Marque x (diacritique)
Diacritique
Diacritiques de l'alphabet latin
Diacritique | wiki |
Ahmed Khader A. Al-Muwallad (born 16 February 1988) is a Saudi Arabian athlete specialising in the high hurdles. He won a gold medal at the 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games and a bronze at the 2017 Asian Championships.
His personal bests are 13.36 seconds in the 110 metres hurdles (+0.9 m/s, Prague 2018) and 7.57 seconds in the 60 metres hurdles (Mondeville 2018). The latter is the current national record.
International competitions
1Disqualified in the final
References
1988 births
Living people
Saudi Arabian male hurdlers
Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Asian Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for Saudi Arabia
Islamic Solidarity Games competitors for Saudi Arabia
Islamic Solidarity Games medalists in athletics
21st-century Saudi Arabian people
20th-century Saudi Arabian people | wiki |
Metal Bridge – miejscowość w Anglii, w hrabstwie Durham
Metal Bridge – miejscowość w Anglii, w hrabstwie Kumbria | wiki |
"Let's Get Loud" is a song recorded by Jennifer Lopez.
Let's Get Loud may also refer to:
Let's Get Loud (concerts), a set of 2001 concerts by Jennifer Lopez
Jennifer Lopez: Let's Get Loud, a 2003 DVD by Jennifer Lopez
"Let's Get Loud" (Suntribe song), a song by Suntribe, representing Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 | wiki |
The 2009 Okayama GT 300 km was the first round of the 2009 Super GT season. It took place on March 22, 2009.
Race
Okayama GT 300km
Okayama | wiki |
ACOS or Acos may refer to:
Arccosine, an inverse trigonometric function
The Advanced Comprehensive Operating System mainframe computer operating system
Acos District in Peru
Acos Vinchos District in Peru
A Crown of Swords novel
See also
Aco (disambiguation)
Cos (disambiguation) | wiki |
The euro area, commonly called eurozone (EZ), is a currency union of 20 member states of the European Union (EU) that have adopted the euro (€) as their primary currency and sole legal tender, and have thus fully implemented EMU policies.
The 20 eurozone members are Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. The seven non-eurozone members of the EU are Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Sweden. They continue to use their own national currencies, although all but Denmark are obliged to join once they meet the euro convergence criteria. Among non-EU member states, Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City have formal agreements with the EU to use the euro as their official currency and issue their own coins. In addition, Kosovo and Montenegro have adopted the euro unilaterally. These countries, however, have no representation in any eurozone institution.
The Eurosystem is the monetary authority of the eurozone, the Eurogroup is an informal body of finance ministers that makes fiscal policy for the currency union, and the European System of Central Banks is responsible for fiscal and monetary cooperation between eurozone and non-eurozone EU members. The European Central Bank (ECB) makes monetary policy for the eurozone, sets its base interest rate, and issues euro banknotes and coins.
Since the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the eurozone has established and used provisions for granting emergency loans to member states in return for enacting economic reforms. The eurozone has also enacted some limited fiscal integration; for example, in peer review of each other's national budgets. The issue is political and in a state of flux in terms of what further provisions will be agreed for eurozone change. No eurozone member state has left, and there are no provisions to do so or to be expelled.
Territory
Eurozone
In 1998, eleven member states of the European Union had met the euro convergence criteria, and the eurozone came into existence with the official launch of the euro (alongside national currencies) on 1 January 1999 in those countries: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Greece qualified in 2000 and was admitted on 1 January 2001.
The preceding twelve members introduced physical euro banknotes and euro coins on 1 January 2002. After a short transition period, they took out of circulation and rendered invalid their pre-euro national coins and notes.
Between 2007 and 2023, eight new states have acceded: Croatia, Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Slovakia, and Slovenia.
Dependent territories of EU member states not part of the EU
Three of the dependent territories of EU member states not part of the EU have adopted the euro:
Territorial collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (French territory, with France ensuring eurozone laws are implemented)
Overseas Collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (French territory, with France ensuring eurozone laws are implemented)
French Southern and Antarctic Lands (French territory, with France ensuring eurozone laws are implemented)
Non-member usage
With formal agreement
The euro is also used in countries outside the EU. Four states (Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City) have signed formal agreements with the EU to use the euro and issue their own coins. Nevertheless, they are not considered part of the eurozone by the ECB and do not have a seat in the ECB or Euro Group.
Akrotiri and Dhekelia (located on the island of Cyprus) belong to the United Kingdom, but there are agreements between the UK and Cyprus and between UK and EU about their partial integration with Cyprus and partial adoption of Cypriot law, including the usage of euro in Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
Several currencies are pegged to the euro, some of them with a fluctuation band and others with an exact rate. The Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark was once pegged to the Deutsche mark at par, and continues to be pegged to the euro today at the Deutsch mark's old rate (1.95583 per euro). The West African and Central African CFA francs are pegged exactly at 655.957 CFA to 1 EUR. In 1998, in anticipation of Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union, the Council of the European Union addressed the monetary agreements France had with the CFA Zone and Comoros, and ruled that the ECB had no obligation towards the convertibility of the CFA and Comorian francs. The responsibility of the free convertibility remained in the French Treasury.
Without formal agreement
Kosovo and Montenegro officially adopted the euro as their sole currency without an agreement and, therefore, have no issuing rights. These states are not considered part of the eurozone by the ECB. However, sometimes the term eurozone is applied to all territories that have adopted the euro as their sole currency. Further unilateral adoption of the euro (euroisation), by both non-euro EU and non-EU members, is opposed by the ECB and EU.
Historical eurozone enlargements and exchange-rate regimes for EU members
The chart below provides a full summary of all applying exchange-rate regimes for EU members, since the birth, on 13 March 1979, of the European Monetary System with its Exchange Rate Mechanism and the related new common currency ECU. On 1 January 1999, the euro replaced the ECU 1:1 at the exchange rate markets. During 1979–1999, the D-Mark functioned as a de facto anchor for the ECU, meaning there was only a minor difference between pegging a currency against the ECU and pegging it against the D-Mark.
The eurozone was born with its first 11 member states on 1 January 1999. The first enlargement of the eurozone, to Greece, took place on 1 January 2001, one year before the euro physically entered into circulation. The next enlargements were to states which joined the EU in 2004, and then joined the eurozone on 1 January of the year noted: Slovenia in 2007, Cyprus in 2008, Malta in 2008, Slovakia in 2009, Estonia in 2011, Latvia in 2014, and Lithuania in 2015. Croatia, which acceded to the EU in 2013, adopted the euro in 2023.
All new EU members joining the bloc after the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 are obliged to adopt the euro under the terms of their accession treaties. However, the last of the five economic convergence criteria which need first to be complied with in order to qualify for euro adoption, is the exchange rate stability criterion, which requires having been an ERM-member for a minimum of two years without the presence of "severe tensions" for the currency exchange rate.
In September 2011, a diplomatic source close to the euro adoption preparation talks with the seven remaining new member states who had yet to adopt the euro at that time (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Romania), claimed that the monetary union (eurozone) they had thought they were going to join upon their signing of the accession treaty may very well end up being a very different union, entailing a much closer fiscal, economic, and political convergence than originally anticipated. This changed legal status of the eurozone could potentially cause them to conclude that the conditions for their promise to join were no longer valid, which "could force them to stage new referendums" on euro adoption.
Future enlargement
Seven countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Sweden) are EU members but do not use the euro.
Before joining the eurozone, a state must spend at least two years in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II). , the Danish central bank and the Bulgarian central bank participate in ERM II.
Denmark obtained a special opt-out in the original Maastricht Treaty, and thus is legally exempt from joining the eurozone unless its government decides otherwise, either by parliamentary vote or referendum. The United Kingdom likewise had an opt-out prior to withdrawing from the EU in 2020.
The remaining six countries are obliged to adopt the euro in future, although the EU has so far not tried to enforce any time plan. They should join as soon as they fulfill the convergence criteria, which include being part of ERM II for two years. Sweden, which joined the EU in 1995 after the Maastricht Treaty was signed, is required to join the eurozone. However, the Swedish people turned down euro adoption in a 2003 referendum and since then the country has intentionally avoided fulfilling the adoption requirements by not joining ERM II, which is voluntary. Bulgaria joined ERM II on 10 July 2020.
Interest in joining the eurozone increased in Denmark, and initially in Poland, as a result of the financial crisis of 2007–2008. In Iceland, there was an increase in interest in joining the European Union, a pre-condition for adopting the euro. However, by 2010 the debt crisis in the eurozone caused interest from Poland, as well as the Czech Republic, Denmark and Sweden to cool.
Expulsion and withdrawal
In the opinion of journalist Leigh Phillips and Locke Lord's Charles Proctor, there is no provision in any European Union treaty for an exit from the eurozone. In fact, they argued, the Treaties make it clear that the process of monetary union was intended to be "irreversible" and "irrevocable". However, in 2009, a European Central Bank legal study argued that, while voluntary withdrawal is legally not possible, expulsion remains "conceivable". Although an explicit provision for an exit option does not exist, many experts and politicians in Europe have suggested an option to leave the eurozone should be included in the relevant treaties.
On the issue of leaving the eurozone, the European Commission has stated that "[t]he irrevocability of membership in the euro area is an integral part of the Treaty framework and the Commission, as a guardian of the EU Treaties, intends to fully respect [that irrevocability]." It added that it "does not intend to propose [any] amendment" to the relevant Treaties, the current status being "the best way going forward to increase the resilience of euro area Member States to potential economic and financial crises. The European Central Bank, responding to a question by a Member of the European Parliament, has stated that an exit is not allowed under the Treaties.
Likewise there is no provision for a state to be expelled from the euro. Some, however, including the Dutch government, favour the creation of an expulsion provision for the case whereby a heavily indebted state in the eurozone refuses to comply with an EU economic reform policy.
In a Texas law journal, University of Texas at Austin law professor Jens Dammann has argued that even now EU law contains an implicit right for member states to leave the eurozone if they no longer meet the criteria that they had to meet in order to join it. Furthermore, he has suggested that, under narrow circumstances, the European Union can expel member states from the eurozone.
Administration and representation
The monetary policy of all countries in the eurozone is managed by the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Eurosystem which comprises the ECB and the central banks of the EU states who have joined the eurozone. Countries outside the eurozone are not represented in these institutions. Whereas all EU member states are part of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB), non EU member states have no say in all three institutions, even those with monetary agreements such as Monaco. The ECB is entitled to authorise the design and printing of euro banknotes and the volume of euro coins minted, and its president is currently Christine Lagarde.
The eurozone is represented politically by its finance ministers, known collectively as the Eurogroup, and is presided over by a president, currently Paschal Donohoe. The finance ministers of the EU member states that use the euro meet a day before a meeting of the Economic and Financial Affairs Council (Ecofin) of the Council of the European Union. The Group is not an official Council formation but when the full EcoFin council votes on matters only affecting the eurozone, only Euro Group members are permitted to vote on it.
Since the global financial crisis of 2007–2008, the Euro Group has met irregularly not as finance ministers, but as heads of state and government (like the European Council). It is in this forum, the Euro summit, that many eurozone reforms have been decided upon. In 2011, former French President Nicolas Sarkozy pushed for these summits to become regular and twice a year in order for it to be a 'true economic government'.
Reform
In April 2008 in Brussels, future European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker suggested that the eurozone should be represented at the IMF as a bloc, rather than each member state separately: "It is absurd for those 15 countries not to agree to have a single representation at the IMF. It makes us look absolutely ridiculous. We are regarded as buffoons on the international scene". In 2017 Juncker stated that he aims to have this agreed by the end of his mandate in 2019. However, Finance Commissioner Joaquín Almunia stated that before there is common representation, a common political agenda should be agreed upon.
Leading EU figures including the commission and national governments have proposed a variety of reforms to the eurozone's architecture; notably the creation of a Finance Minister, a larger eurozone budget, and reform of the current bailout mechanisms into either a "European Monetary Fund" or a eurozone Treasury. While many have similar themes, details vary greatly.
Economy
Comparison table
Inflation
HICP figures from the ECB, overall index:
Interest rates
Interest rates for the eurozone, set by the ECB since 1999. Levels are in percentages per annum. Between June 2000 and October 2008, the main refinancing operations were variable rate tenders, as opposed to fixed rate tenders. The figures indicated in the table from 2000 to 2008 refer to the minimum interest rate at which counterparties may place their bids.
Public debt
The following table states the ratio of public debt to GDP in percent for eurozone countries given by EuroStat. The euro convergence criterion is 60%.
Fiscal policies
The primary means for fiscal coordination within the EU lies in the Broad Economic Policy Guidelines which are written for every member state, but with particular reference to the 20 current members of the eurozone. These guidelines are not binding, but are intended to represent policy coordination among the EU member states, so as to take into account the linked structures of their economies.
For their mutual assurance and stability of the currency, members of the eurozone have to respect the Stability and Growth Pact, which sets agreed limits on deficits and national debt, with associated sanctions for deviation. The Pact originally set a limit of 3% of GDP for the yearly deficit of all eurozone member states; with fines for any state which exceeded this amount. In 2005, Portugal, Germany, and France had all exceeded this amount, but the Council of Ministers had not voted to fine those states. Subsequently, reforms were adopted to provide more flexibility and ensure that the deficit criteria took into account the economic conditions of the member states, and additional factors.
The Fiscal Compact (formally, the Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union), is an intergovernmental treaty introduced as a new stricter version of the Stability and Growth Pact, signed on 2 March 2012 by all member states of the European Union (EU), except the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, and Croatia (subsequently acceding the EU in July 2013). The treaty entered into force on 1 January 2013 for the 16 states which completed ratification prior of this date. As of 1 April 2014, it had been ratified and entered into force for all 25 signatories.
Olivier Blanchard suggests that a fiscal union in the eurozone can mitigate devastating effects of the single currency on the eurozone peripheral countries. But he adds that the currency bloc will not work perfectly even if a fiscal transfer system is built, because, he argues, the fundamental issue about competitiveness adjustment is not tackled. The problem is, since the eurozone peripheral countries do not have their own currencies, they are forced to adjust their economies by decreasing their wages instead of devaluation.
Bailout provisions
The financial crisis of 2007–2008 prompted a number of reforms in the eurozone. One was a U-turn on the eurozone's bailout policy that led to the creation of a specific fund to assist eurozone states in trouble. The European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) and the European Financial Stability Mechanism (EFSM) were created in 2010 to provide, alongside the International Monetary Fund (IMF), a system and fund to bail out members. However, the EFSF and EFSM were temporary, small and lacked a basis in the EU treaties. Therefore, it was agreed in 2011 to establish a European Stability Mechanism (ESM) which would be much larger, funded only by eurozone states (not the EU as a whole as the EFSF/EFSM were) and would have a permanent treaty basis. As a result of that its creation involved agreeing an amendment to TEFU Article 136 allowing for the ESM and a new ESM treaty to detail how the ESM would operate. If both are successfully ratified according to schedule, the ESM would be operational by the time the EFSF/EFSM expire in mid-2013.
In February 2016, the UK secured further confirmation that countries that do not use the Euro would not be required to contribute to bailouts for eurozone countries.
Peer review
In June 2010, a broad agreement was finally reached on a controversial proposal for member states to peer review each other's budgets prior to their presentation to national parliaments. Although showing the entire budget to each other was opposed by Germany, Sweden and the UK, each government would present to their peers and the Commission their estimates for growth, inflation, revenue and expenditure levels six months before they go to national parliaments. If a country was to run a deficit, they would have to justify it to the rest of the EU while countries with a debt more than 60% of GDP would face greater scrutiny.
The plans would apply to all EU members, not just the eurozone, and have to be approved by EU leaders along with proposals for states to face sanctions before they reach the 3% limit in the Stability and Growth Pact. Poland has criticised the idea of withholding regional funding for those who break the deficit limits, as that would only impact the poorer states. In June 2010 France agreed to back Germany's plan for suspending the voting rights of members who breach the rules. In March 2011 was initiated a new reform of the Stability and Growth Pact aiming at straightening the rules by adopting an automatic procedure for imposing of penalties in case of breaches of either the deficit or the debt rules.
Criticism
In 1997, Arnulf Baring expressed concern that the European Monetary Union would make Germans the most hated people in Europe. Baring suspected the possibility that the people in Mediterranean countries would regard Germans and the currency bloc as economic policemen.
In 2001, James Tobin thought that the euro project would not succeed without making drastic changes to European institutions, pointing out the difference between the US and the eurozone. Concerning monetary policies, the system of Federal Reserve banks in the US aims at both growth and reducing unemployment, while the ECB tends to give its first priority to price stability under the Bundesbank's supervision. As the price level of the currency bloc is kept low, the unemployment level of the region has become higher than that of the US since 1982. Concerning fiscal policies, 12% of the US federal budget is used for transfers to states and local governments. The US government does not impose restrictions on state budget policies, whereas the Treaty of Maastricht requires each eurozone member country to keep its budget deficit below 3% of its GDP.
In 2008, a study by Alberto Alesina and Vincenzo Galasso found that the adoption of euro promoted market deregulation and market liberalization. Furthermore, the euro was also linked to wage moderation, as wage growth slowed down in countries that adopted the new currency. Oliver Hart, who received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2016, criticized the euro, calling it a "mistake" and emphasising his opposition to monetary union since its inception. He also expressed opposition to European integration, arguing that the European Union should instead focus on decentralisation as it has “gone too far in centralising power”. In 2018, a study based on DiD methodology found that the adoption of euro produced no systematic growth effects, as no growth-enhancing effects were found when compared to European economies outside the eurozone.
The eurozone has also been criticized for deepening inequality in Europe, particularly between the richest and poorest countries. According to a study by Bertelsmann Stiftung, countries such as Austria and the Netherlands benefited significantly from the common currency, while southern and eastern European members of the eurozone gained very little, and some countries are considered to have suffered adverse effects from adopting the euro. In an article for the Politico, Joseph Stiglitz argues: "The result for the eurozone has been slower growth, and especially for the weaker countries within it. The euro was supposed to usher in greater prosperity, which in turn would lead to renewed commitment to European integration. It has done just the opposite — increasing divisions within the EU, especially between creditor and debtor countries." Matthias Matthijs believes that the euro resulted in a "winner-take-all" economy, as national income differences between eurozone members have widened further. He argues that countries such as Austria and Germany have gained from the eurozone at the expense of southern countries like Italy and Spain.
By adopting the euro and abandoning their national currencies, eurozone countries gave up their ability to conduct independent monetary policy; as such, monetary policies used to combat recession, such as monetary stimulus or currency devaluation, are no longer available. During the European debt crisis, several eurozone countries (Greece, Italy, Portugal, Ireland, Spain, and Cyprus) were unable to repay their debt without third-party intervention by the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund. In order to grant the bailout, the ECB and the IMF forced the affected countries to adopt strict austerity measures. The European bailouts were largely about shifting exposure from banks onto European taxpayers, and exacerbated issues such as high unemployment and poverty.
In 2019, a study from the Centre for European Policy concluded that while some countries had gained from adopting the euro, several countries were poorer than they would have been had they not adopted it, with France and Italy being particularly affected. The publication prompted a large number of reactions, pushing its authors to put out a statement clarifying some points. In 2020, a study from the University of Bonn reached a different conclusion: the adoption of the euro made “some mild losers (France, Germany, Italy, and Portugal) and a clear winner (Ireland)”. Both studies used the synthetic control method to estimate what might have happened if the euro hadn't been adopted.
See also
Capital Markets Union
Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union
European banking union
List of acronyms associated with the eurozone crisis
List of people associated with the eurozone crisis
Sixpack (European Union law)
Special territories of members of the European Economic Area
Notes
References
External links
Eurozone official portal
European Central Bank
European Commission – Economic and Financial Affairs – Eurozone
Multi-speed Europe | wiki |
Laxta friedmani, the flat cockroach, is a species of Blaberidae occurring in Australia. The habitat is under loose back of eucalyptus trees, and fallen leaf litter on the ground. Length is up to 25 mm, a flattened creature, resembling a trilobite, sometimes found in small groups. Females are wingless, adult males with wings.
References
Blaberidae
Insects of Australia
Insects described in 1992 | wiki |
Blitzkrieg 3 () was an online massively multiplayer online real-time strategy computer game, based on the events of World War II, a sequel to Blitzkrieg 2 and is the third and latest title in the Blitzkrieg series. Nival published the first trailer for the game on YouTube on August 13, 2013, featuring live action footage mixed with concept artwork and actual in-game footage and renders. Blitzkrieg's pre-order campaign was launched in November 2014. Blitzkrieg 3 hit Steam Early Access in May 2015, and was released on June 2, 2017, and shut down on December 14, 2022.
Gameplay
Neural Network AI
Blitzkrieg 3 features the world's first Neural Network AI for RTS. Machine named Boris plays at the top player's level while not using any hidden information about the enemy. General Boris regularly analyzes the gaming session and makes Neural Network-based predictions of the enemy behavior. This approach allows him to think up sophisticated counter-strategies and bring them to life, a feature that makes Boris tough and unpredictable.
Single-player campaign
Blitzkrieg 3's campaign covers the main period of World War II; from the invasion of Poland in 1939 to the capture of Berlin in 1945. Each of three campaigns provides a unique blend of PvE, PvP and PvAI missions. In total, the game features 60+ historical missions with 200+ authentic combat units. Each unit has performance characteristics reconstructed in detail, such as fire rate, armored capture, field of vision, and other factors that immerse the player in the commanding experience. The PvE part of the game features 3 campaigns:
Axis
Western Allies
USSR
Features
In addition to classic Skirmish 1x1, 2x2, and 3x3 modes, Blitzkrieg 3 features an asymmetric Assault mode, wherein one player attacks and the other defends their fortifications. Additionally, 20+ historical commanders with their own specialization and favorite combat tactics, combined with a dynamic weather system, make every game even more diverse.
Additionally, the game features no microtransactions, which means that the player only pays the box price of the game, with the possibility of purchasing DLC later on. This lack of microtransactions was decided early during production.
Downloadable content
Deluxe Edition
The Deluxe Edition is available as a downloadable upgrade pack in the Steam store and includes:
Three exclusive single-player missions, one for each faction. The German campaign mission features 'Dora' railway gun.
Exclusive generals, such as Rokossovsky, Manstein, and Montgomery.
Unique tank models that replace standard combat vehicles.
Various in-game rewards, such as the 'Silver' nickname color, and the Great Leader's Statue, which is an authentic monument to an iconic figure, for the army chosen by the player.
References
External links
2017 video games
Early access video games
Games for Windows certified games
Linux games
Massively multiplayer online real-time strategy games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Multiplayer online games
MacOS games
Real-time strategy video games
Video games developed in Russia
Windows games
World War II video games | wiki |
Dominican may refer to:
Someone or something from or related to the Dominican Republic ( , stress on the "mi"), on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles, in the Caribbean
People of the Dominican Republic
Demographics of the Dominican Republic
Culture of the Dominican Republic
Someone or something from or related to the Commonwealth of Dominica ( , stress on the "ni"), an island nation in the Lesser Antilles, in the Caribbean
People of Dominica
Demographics of Dominica
Culture of Dominica
The Dominican Order, a Catholic religious order
Schools
Dominican College (disambiguation), numerous colleges throughout the world
Dominican School of Philosophy and Theology, Berkeley, California, United States
Dominican University (Illinois), River Forest, Illinois, United States
Dominican University of California, San Rafael, California, United States
Dominican University New York, Orangeburg, New York, United States
See also | wiki |
Lestoidea conjuncta is een libellensoort uit de familie van de Lestoideidae, onderorde juffers (Zygoptera).
De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1913 door Tillyard.
Lestoideidae | wiki |
Earling may refer to:
Earling, Iowa, United States
Earling, West Virginia, United States
Debra Magpie Earling (born 1957), Native American author
The Earling, a ceremony to invest a new Earl in the novel Titus Groan by Mervyn Peake
See also
Erlang (programming language)
Earlington (disambiguation) | wiki |
Rollerball may refer to:
Rollerball pen, a type of ballpoint pen and ink
Roller ball (pointing device), a trackball-device invented by Ralph Benjamin
Rollerball (1975 film), a science fiction film based on the short story "Rollerball Murder"
Rollerball (2002 film), a remake of the 1975 film
Rollerball (video game), a 1988 pinball-themed video game for the NES
Rollerball (band), Australian band
Rollerball (chess variant), a chess variant by Jean-Louis Cazaux, inspired by the film
"Rollerball", a song by Scottish band Mogwai from the 1998 EP No Education = No Future (Fuck the Curfew)
Rollerball, a brand of inline skates that have ball-shaped wheels.
Mark "Rollerball" Rocco, English retired professional wrestler
See also
Roller derby | wiki |
A Selva (1970) — filme brasileiro
A Selva (2002) — filme português
A Selva (livro de Ferreira de Castro)
Desambiguações de cinema
Desambiguações de literatura | wiki |
Cascade Investment, L.L.C. ist eine von Bill Gates gegründete Investmentgesellschaft und Holding.
Mehr als die Hälfte des Vermögens von Bill Gates befand sich 2012 in Vermögenswerten außerhalb von Microsoft-Aktien.
Bekannte Investments
Siehe auch
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Weblinks
Cascade Investment, L.L.C.: Private Company Information - Bloomberg
Legal Letter from Mark R. Beatty (General Counsel of Cascade Investment, L.L.C.)
SEC filings of Cascade Investment, L.L.C.
Einzelnachweise
Bill Gates
Unternehmen (Kirkland, Washington)
Gegründet 1995
Investmentgesellschaft
Holdinggesellschaft
Finanzdienstleister (Vereinigte Staaten) | wiki |
The Ghastly Ones can refer to:
Blood Rites (film) (AKA The Ghastly Ones), a 1968 horror film directed by Andy Milligan
Ghastly Ones, a California surf band formed in 1996 | wiki |
General Burton may refer to:
Benjamin Burton (1855–1921), British Army major general
Edmund Burton (born 1943), British Army lieutenant general
Jefferson S. Burton (fl. 1980s–2020s), U.S. Army major general
Napier Christie Burton (1758–1835), British Army general | wiki |
General Busch may refer to:
Andrew E. Busch (1970s–2010s), U.S. Air Force lieutenant general
Ernst Busch (field marshal) (1885–1945), German Wehrmacht general
Everett Busch (1893–1985), U.S. Army brigadier general
Rolland Busch (1920–1985), Australian Defence Force major general | wiki |
A mixed drink is a beverage in which two or more ingredients are mixed.
Types
List of non-alcoholic mixed drinks -- A non-alcoholic mixed drink (also known as virgin cocktail, temperance drink, or mocktail) is a cocktail-style beverage made without alcoholic ingredients.
Soft drink
Caffeinated
Coffee drinks: Iced coffee
List of chocolate drinks — chocolate contains a small amount of caffeine
Energy drink
Teas
Herbal
Kava — not traditionally flavored, however, it is occasionally flavored like alcoholic drinks.
Alcoholic
A "spirit and mixer" is any combination of one alcoholic spirit with one non-alcoholic component, such as gin and tonic, whereas a cocktail generally comprises three or more liquid ingredients, at least one of which is alcoholic.
List of cocktails
List of beer cocktails
List of flaming beverages
List of national drinks
List of wine cocktails
Supplies
List of glassware
List of common edible cocktail garnishes
List of common inedible cocktail garnishes
See also
List of beverages
References
Mixed Drink
Food- and drink-related lists | wiki |
Edgemont Park may refer to:
Edgemont Park, Michigan
Edgemont Park, Montclair, New Jersey
Edgemont Park, Alabama in Jefferson County, Alabama
See also
Edgemont (disambiguation) | wiki |
Edgewater Park can refer to a location in the United States:
The Edgewater Park Site, an archaeology site in Iowa
Edgewater Park, New Jersey, a township
Edgewater Park (Bronx), New York, a neighborhood
Edgewater Park (Cleveland), a portion of the Cleveland Metroparks Lakefront Reservation in Ohio
Edgewater Park, Oklahoma, a census-designated place
See also
Edgewater (disambiguation) | wiki |
Lavanya is an Indian feminine given name of Sanskrit origin in use in India, Bangladesh, parts of Pakistan and Nepal. Notable people with this name include the following:
Lavanya (actress) (born 1979), Indian actress
Lavanya Bhardwaj (born 1984), Indian actor and model
Lavanya Nalli, Indian businesswoman
Lavanya Rajamani (born 1973), Indian lawyer, author and professor
Lavanya Sundararaman, Indian singer
Lavanya Tripathi (born 1990), Indian model, actress and dancer
See also
LaTanya, given name
Lavanda (disambiguation)
Notes | wiki |
Arthur Hesketh Groom (1846–1918) was the founder of the Kobe Golf Club, Japan's first golf club. Groom came to Japan in 1868 and became a long-term resident of Kobe. He was a known outdoorsman and mountaineer, and it is his appreciation for the local mountains near Kobe and a lament that golf was unavailable in Japan that led him and a group of friends to found the Club.
References
See also
Anglo-Japanese relations
List of people with surname Groom
1846 births
1918 deaths
Japan–United Kingdom relations | wiki |
Cancelloxus is a genus of clinids found in the southeastern Atlantic ocean.
Species
There are currently three recognized species in this genus:
Cancelloxus burrelli J. L. B. Smith, 1961 (Slender platanna-klipfish)
Cancelloxus elongatus Heemstra & J. E. Wright, 1986 (Whiteblotched klipfish)
Cancelloxus longior Prochazka & Griffiths, 1991
References
Clinidae | wiki |
Susan Schmidt is a journalist.
Susan Schmidt may also refer to:
Susan Schmidt Bies, member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
Susan Ray Schmidt, memorist and anti-polygamy activist
Susan Schmidt of Chi-Pig | wiki |
El Castillo de los Monstruos may refer to the following films:
El castillo de los monstruos (1958 film), a 1958 horror film
El castillo de los monstruos (1964 film), a 1964 horror film | wiki |
The term cosmotheology, along with the term "ontotheology", was invented by Immanuel Kant "in order to distinguish between two competing types of "transcendental theology".
Kant defined the relationship between ontotheology and cosmostheology as follows:
"Transcendental theology aims either at inferring the existence of a Supreme Being from a general experience, without any closer reference to the world to which this experience belongs, and in this case it is called cosmotheology; or it endeavours to cognize the existence of such a being, through mere conceptions, without the aid of experience, and is then termed ontotheology."
Notes and references
Philosophy of religion
Immanuel Kant
1780s neologisms | wiki |
A common law rule "that a freehold contingent remainder which does not vest at or before the termination of the preceding freehold estate is destroyed. Such termination of the preceding estate might result from the natural expiration of that estate, or from forfeiture, or from merger."
References
Common law | wiki |
Night of Thunder is a 2008 thriller novel, and the fifth in the Bob Lee Swagger series by Stephen Hunter.
Plot
When his daughter Nikki, an investigative reporter, is seriously injured after her car is forced off a mountain road in Tennessee, Bob Lee Swagger hunts down those responsible for the accident. He unravels a criminal organisation disguised as a Baptist prayer camp and, with the help of Nick Memphis, his old pal from the FBI, thwarts their elaborately planned attempt to steal a cash truck right after a NASCAR race at the Bristol Motor Speedway.
References
2008 American novels
American thriller novels
Novels by Stephen Hunter
Sequel novels
Simon & Schuster books | wiki |
Tiny and Toya is an American reality series starring Xscape singer-songwriter and the wife of rapper T.I., Tameka "Tiny" Cottle and rapper Lil Wayne's ex-wife Antonia "Toya" Wright. Upon its debut on June 28, 2009, on BET, the series drew in more than three million viewers, the highest-rated series debut in BET history. In October 2009, a second season of the series was confirmed. The premiere for the second season was broadcast on BET on April 13, 2010.
Episodes
Season 1 (2009)
Season 2 (2010)
References
External links
Tiny and Toya Official Site
The travails of Tiny and Toya
2000s American reality television series
2009 American television series debuts
2010s American reality television series
2010 American television series endings
BET original programming
African-American reality television series
English-language television shows
Television shows set in Atlanta | wiki |
Sales Pitch is a 1983 animated short film created by Aardman Animations. It is one of five films released as part of the Conversation Pieces series. The film was directed and animated by Peter Lord and David Sproxton.
References
External links
Sales Pitch on Youtube
1983 films
1983 animated films
1980s animated short films
British animated short films
Aardman Animations short films
Films directed by Peter Lord
1980s English-language films
1980s British films | wiki |
Amiga Research Operating System (AROS) är ett fritt operativsystem inspirerat av AmigaOS och körs på x86- och PowerPC-datorer.
Externa länkar
AROS webbplats
AROS mjukvaruarkiv
Operativsystem
Fria operativsystem
Amiga-mjukvara | wiki |
The 1681 English general election returned members to the last parliament of Charles II. Dubbed the Oxford Parliament, the body elected sat for one week from 21 March 1681 until 28 March 1681. Party strengths are an approximation, with many MPs' allegiances being unknown.
References
External links
The Commons 1660–1690
Constituencies 1660–1690
17th-century elections in Europe
1681 in politics
1685
General election | wiki |
Pfefferpotthast () is a traditional German stew. It comes from the cuisine of Westphalia.
Preparation
In a traditional Pfefferpotthast, beef seared in lard and sautéed onions are simmered with spices such as bay leaves and cloves until they fall apart. It is seasoned with pepper and sometimes capers and lemon juice. Pfefferpotthast is thickened with pumpernickel bread crumbs instead of flour to make a stew. In the summer, it is served with boiled potatoes and salad. In the winter, it is served with pickled cucumbers and beetroot.
History and customs
The dish was first mentioned in a story on Agnes von der Vierbecke written in 1378 in Dortmund. The name is a combination of the German words for "pepper," "pot," and "boiled meat." The significance of the word "pfeffer" is not clear. It could be an indication that it is seasoned with pepper, but it is more likely that it indicates any heavily seasoned broth or dish.
In some cities, it is customary to serve this dish in autumn. In Dortmund, the Pfefferpotthastfest is celebrated annually in autumn in Alter Markt (). In Westhofen, the Pfefferpotthast is a characteristic part of Sup Peiter, the day that marks the end of winter.
References
Westphalian cuisine
German cuisine
German beef dishes
Dortmund
Culture in Dortmund | wiki |
John Wetzel – ex cestista e allenatore di pallacanestro statunitense
John Wetzel – funzionario statunitense
John Wetzel – giocatore di football americano statunitense | wiki |
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Walnut (Észak-Karolina)
Walnut (Georgia)
Walnut (Illinois)
Walnut (Indiana)
Walnut (Iowa)
Walnut (Kalifornia)
Walnut (Kansas)
Walnut (Mississippi)
Walnut (Missouri)
Walnut (Nebraska)
Walnut (Ohio)
Walnut Springs (Texas) | wiki |
State Route 734 (SR 734) in the U.S. state of Virginia is a secondary route designation applied to multiple discontinuous road segments among the many counties. The list below describes the sections in each county that are designated SR 734.
List
References
External links
734 | wiki |
The Mick is an American sitcom television series created by Dave and John Chernin. The series follows a woman who relocates from Warwick, Rhode Island to Greenwich, Connecticut, to watch her sister's children after her sister and brother-in-law are arrested for tax fraud. The series debuted on January 1, 2017 on Fox.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2017)
Season 2 (2017–18)
Ratings
Season 1 (2017)
Season 2 (2017–18)
References
External links
Lists of American sitcom episodes | wiki |
Andrew Whitehurst – effettista britannico
Charlie Whitehurst – giocatore di football americano statunitense
David Whitehurst – giocatore di football americano statunitense
John Whitehurst – orologiaio e scienziato inglese
Milton Whitehurst – lottatore statunitense | wiki |
Naul or NAUL may refer to:
Naul, Dublin, a village in north County Dublin, Ireland
Naul (singer) (born 1978), South Korean soul singer, member of Brown Eyed Soul
National Amalgamated Union of Labour, in the United Kingdom
See also
Willie Naulls, American basketball player | wiki |
Oleoyl-estrone (OE), or estrone 3-oleate, is a fatty acid ester of estrone. It is a naturally circulating hormone in animals, including humans. It was studied as a potential weight-loss drug, but failed to show benefit in clinical trials. It was first reported in 1996 to cause a body fat loss effect in rats in the International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders. The animal research has all been conducted by the Nitrogen-Obesity Research Group of the University of Barcelona.
The compound was found to potently induce body-fat loss while preserving protein stores in animals which is the ultimate goal of an anti-obesity agent as body protein loss is an undesired but inevitable (to some degree) side effect of fat loss via calorie restriction.
Mechanism of action
Oleoyl-estrone functions by reducing energy-intake without prescribed dietary restriction (forced dietary restriction in addition to OE actually led to protein losses) while maintaining energy expenditure (which normally falls as part of the adaptations to calorie restriction). The partitioning effects of this hormone leads to adipose stores being the source of energy that makes up for the energy deficit rather than protein stores.
Research
The molecule has been widely studied in various strains of animals and shown to be effective in virtually all studies. A surprising result that came out of the animal studies was that OE treated animals maintained their fat loss after treatment was stopped. Weight loss maintenance is one of the most difficult aspects of obesity treatment and so this effect is promising. This led to the postulation that oleoyl-estrone can reduce the body's bodyfat setpoint which would allow the body to maintain a reduced bodyfat without experiencing a hormonal milieu that aims to regain the lost bodyfat by reducing energy expenditure and increasing energy intake.
The research group discovered that oleoyl-estrone levels correlated with bodyfat stores except for obese organisms where there was less oleoyl-estrone circulating than would be predicted based on bodyfat levels. This led to the theory that administering oleoyl-estrone to bring plasma OE levels up to normal would signal to the body that there is an excess amount of bodyfat and therefore there would be a bodyfat loss.
Recent research shows that corticosterone inhibits the fat mobilizing effects of oleoyl-estrone in female rats that had their adrenal glands removed.
The research group set up a company called Oleoyl-Estrone Developments in 2001 which included as a founder Marià Alemany, one of the principal researches, who is also the holder of a 1998 U.S. patent () for fatty acid esters of estrone, including OE, in relation to fat loss.
The group studied the effects of oral OE on Marià Alemany who was morbidly obese. It was shown for the first time to be effective at producing fat loss in a human and also a maintenance (and increase) of weight loss in two-month rest periods in between three-week dosing periods. This was achieved with no prescribed dietary restrictions.
Clinical development
OE was licensed to Manhattan Pharmaceuticals in 2002. An Investigational New Drug application was accepted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2005 and a Phase I trial was conducted in Switzerland. The results showed OE to be safe and to lead to weight loss after just 7 days of dosing, and this weight loss was maintained for three further weeks after treatment had stopped.
In June 2006, a Phase IIa trial of 100 patients began which included two 14-day dosing periods each followed by 28 days of no treatment which was designed to elucidate the best dosing methods and in particular the maintenance of weight loss that had been shown. This trial was originally a single-centre trial in Switzerland, but in November 2006 it was announced that the trial had been expanded to two additional clinical sites in the USA. An additional trial was commenced in October 2006 that is designed to investigate the efficacy of the drug in morbidly obese patients who had been designated as bariatric patient candidates.
This trial which took place in the United States, recruited 24 patients and dosed OE for 30 days, without any break, followed by 30 days of evaluation after dosing completed.
On July 10, 2007 Manhattan Pharmaceuticals announced that its phase 2a studies for oral oleoyl-estrone failed. The two studies demonstrated no clinically meaningful or statistically significant placebo adjusted weight loss.
See also
Lipoidal estradiol
References
Antiobesity drugs
Estranes
Estrogens | wiki |
The 1969 World Field Archery Championships were held in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, United States. This was the inaugural World Field Championships and differed from normal target archery played at Olympic and Commonwealth level. Field archery involved different sized targets, distances and gradients on a field course.
Medal summary (Men's individual)
Medal summary (Women's individual)
Medal summary (team events)
No team event held at this championships.
References
E
1988 in American sports
International archery competitions hosted by the United States
World Field Archery Championships | wiki |
Aeronaut is a person who participates in aeronautics.
Aeronaut may also refer to:
Aeronaut, album by Parralox
"Aeronaut", song by Parralox
"Aeronaut", song from Billy Corgan album Ogilala
See also
Aeronautics (album) | wiki |
State Route 743 (SR 743) in the U.S. state of Virginia is a secondary route designation applied to multiple discontinuous road segments among the many counties. The list below describes the sections in each county that are designated SR 743.
List
References
External links
743 | wiki |
Sara Diamond may refer to:
Sara Diamond (college president) (born 1954), Canadian artist and former university president
Sara Diamond (singer) (born 1995), Canadian singer/songwriter
Sara Diamond (sociologist) (born 1958), American sociologist and attorney
See also
Sarah E. Diamond (living), American biologist
Diamond (surname) | wiki |
Second Harbour Crossing is the name given to the proposed second transport link across the Waitematā Harbour in Auckland, New Zealand. The second link would supplement the Auckland Harbour Bridge which is nearly at capacity and also provide more redundancy and public transport linkages between the Auckland city centre and the North Shore. It is sometimes also called the Third Harbour Crossing, as there is already an Upper Harbour Bridge (or Greenhithe Bridge). More recently, it is named Additional Waitematā Harbour Crossing (AWHC) in planning documents.
Proposals were discussed soon after the Auckland Harbour Bridge was first built, which quickly reached capacity before being widened. By 2008, the proposed crossing was narrowed down from around 160 alignment options to a multi-tunnel link somewhat east of the existing bridge. However, the project was at least a decade away from funding as of the late 2000s. Once started, the project would likely take between 5 and 15 years to complete, according to the NZ Transport Agency. In late 2009, the National government declared it a priority in the new 20-year infrastructure plan. In June 2013, prime minister John Key announced a new Harbour Tunnel to be completed by 2025-2030 and the alignment decided by December 2013.
Background
At the time the clip-on additions to the Auckland Harbour Bridge were being installed in 1969, predictions noted that the increased bridge capacity would last only until about 1985. Even with the clip-on sections and the traffic management in place, the Harbour Bridge was soon experiencing congestion during rush hours again. Various plans were proposed for a second link in the following decades, including one connecting from Meola Reef to Birkenhead, though the idea was abandoned in the 1970s after public outcry.
It was expected that traffic congestion would only get worse as North Shore City grew further and Auckland City became more densely settled. Therefore, there was growing pressure for another harbour crossing. It has also been suggested that reliance on the harbour bridge as a single asset (which might experience failure via an earthquake or other disaster) is not in the interests of either Auckland or New Zealand.
However, a 2007 study by the Auckland Regional Council (ARC) showed that peak hour traffic volumes were actually down compared to the early 1990s. The morning peak (from 7 am – 9 am) dipped from 17,048 vehicles inbound (towards Auckland City) in 1991 to 16,032 vehicles in 2006 (though the opposing traffic climbed from 5,872 to 10,555 vehicles). At the same time, the afternoon peak (from 4 pm – 6 pm) fell from 17,092 vehicles outbound to 16,759 (though again, the opposing traffic rose substantially, from 6,944 to 10,991). This was generally attributed to travel demand management, to drivers avoiding peak hours, and to increased bus usage since the construction of the hugely successful Northern Busway – 40% of peak time passengers across the bridge were being carried by bus rather than cars. By 2017, more than 50% of people travelling across the bridge were travelling by bus. This has raised doubts about whether a second crossing is necessary.
It was considered that the future timing of an additional harbour crossing would be delayed by the completion of the Western Ring Route (a combination of upgraded and new motorway sections skirting the western edge of the harbour and suburbs), which would provide some relief for traffic travelling between the North Shore and West Auckland. This route was completed in 2017 with the opening of the Waterview Connection on 2 July 2017.
The City of Auckland District Plan of 4 October 2011 (updated from 1999) states that a second harbour crossing is to be delayed (district plans are a type of document that is updated at best once or twice every decade):
The Auckland City Council will work with Transit New Zealand, the ARC, and the North Shore City Council to develop and implement measures, designed to optimise the future use of the existing Harbour Bridge and its approaches, for the peak period movement of people. This is to avoid or substantially delay the need to construct a second crossing of the Waitematā Harbour.
Running counter to those delays, pressure for earlier completion of a crossing came from another source. In 2017, Auckland Transport's projections indicated that the North Shore's Northern Busway would reach maximum capacity in 2026, twenty years earlier than originally expected. AT's report said that increased patronage would "manifest in overcapacity conditions and poor operational performances" at Albany, Sunnynook and Akoranga stations. A decision on a timeline for conversion of the busway to a rail link was expected to be announced before the end of 2017, with an AT spokesman saying that conversion to rail could not take place before the second crossing (AWHC) was built.
2019 reappraisal
In 2019, about 170,000 vehicles were crossing the bridge each day, including 11,000 trucks and more than 1,000 buses. The following statistics were for the 7–9am morning peak period:
38% of all bridge users were bus passengers
58% of bridge users bound for Auckland CBD (not to the south or west) were bus passengers
20,000 people travelled in cars to the CBD (unchanged for 25 years)
53% of car users were travelling past the CBD to southern or western destinations
11,000 truck crossings rising rapidly and expected to reach 26,000 in 2046
A paper published by the NZ Transport Agency said that with private vehicle crossings static due to congestion on feeder roads and with the rise in public transport crossings, it would make more sense to drop the road-plus-rail proposal and build a rail crossing only. With freight volume and number of trucks rising, heavy rail might be justifiable, rather than a light rail passenger service.
Discussions
Alignment studies
Several solutions have been proposed in the past, including building another bridge alongside the existing one, a tunnel, or combinations of both. Following a detailed scoping study undertaken in 1996, Transit New Zealand identified its preferred options for a new crossing – either a new bridge approximately 500 m west of the bridge connecting to the North-Western Motorway (SH16) via a tunnel underneath Ponsonby and Grey Lynn, or a tunnel slightly to the east of the bridge connecting to the Central Motorway Junction via twin cut-and-cover tunnels under the western CBD / Victoria Park.
In 2006, Transit New Zealand noted that its 10-year plan, at that time being consulted on, would include funding for another study into a second harbour crossing. This study was declared to include the possibility of landing a future tunnel underneath the Tank Farm, with a connecting tunnel to south of Victoria Park. Costs are estimated at NZ$3 billion. Some commentators like Brian Rudman have noted that it would make the most sense to keep the new crossing for public transport only, possibly to connect with a rail tunnel to Britomart Transport Centre. This statement was largely supported by North Shore City mayor George Wood, who noted that public transport provision on the new crossing (including the possibility for light rail or heavy rail to connect to Britomart) had been part of North Shore City Council's plans for many years.
A possible tunnel between Mechanics Bay and Northcote was also to be considered in the feasibility studies, but faced increasing criticism from local groups, as well as problems due to the denser residential zones and geographic difficulties faced on such an alignment.
In December 2007, Transit New Zealand noted that the more than 160 options had been narrowed down to only two alignments. The first possible alignment (of approximately 4.5 km length) would be a parallel link several hundred meters directly to the east of the existing bridge (either as a bridge or a tunnel), while the second alignment (of approximately 6.5 km length) would start in the same general environs in North Shore City, but travel diagonally southeastwards to link up with the motorway at Grafton Gully, east of the Auckland CBD. The second option, due to the need to cross shipping lanes, would need to be a tunnel. It could also possibly be connected to the CBD via a side branch tunnel (for use by public transport only). North Shore City has noted that it would prefer a tunnel option for aesthetic reasons, and to potentially emplace light rail within the tunnel at a future stage.
A tunnel had been proposed as early as 1920, during discussions about extension of Auckland's rail network.
Recommended option
In mid-2008, the Waitematā Harbour Crossing study group released their recommended option (2C), which would connect from the existing Esmonde and Onewa motorway interchanges on the North Shore City side to Auckland City, reaching land in the southwestern part of the Western Reclamation (though the links may continue as tunnels for some further distance, likely going under Victoria Park). The option selected from several hundred considered alignments foresees four separate tunnels, two for motor vehicles and two for public transport. Due to the reduced costs of narrow-diameter tunnels driven by modern tunneling methods compared to providing similar capacity in one or more large tunnels, this option was considered the most economic. The characteristics of the recommended options are:
two motorway tunnels (three lanes northbound in one tunnel, three lanes southbound in the other), carrying State Highway 1
two public transport tunnels (rail in the recommended option), connecting Britomart with a new North Shore City rail system
demolition of the Victoria Park Viaduct and deemphasising of the Auckland Harbour Bridge for some through routes
provision of a new rail station for the future Wynyard Quarter at the southern edge of the new development
an estimated cost of NZ$3.7 to NZ$4.1 billion, though the links could be built in stages, reducing immediate costs
The study also assumes that by 2041, the volume of trips over the harbour will increase by 80% from current (2000s) levels, and estimate that the public transport share on the link would rise from a current 15% to then 30%.
In mid 2009, NZTA was reported to be preparing land designations for the tunnel option, to safeguard the route and ensure progress on the Western Reclamation did not negatively affect the future tunnel and vice versa. Transport and Associate Infrastructure Minister Steven Joyce also noted that a decision would be made in 2009 as to whether the crossing would be included in NZTA's new 20-year plan. On 2 December 2009, NZTA announced that designations would be protected for the four-tube tunnel option, though funding to build them was not currently allocated in the budgets, and no future date for construction was announced.
Bridge alternative
During the public discussions in 2007, an interest group put forward a proposal to build a new, much larger bridge to the east of the existing harbour bridge, and demolish the latter. They argued that the new bridge, which would be about 50% longer than the existing one, could be constructed to provide for dedicated public transport (including light rail, which they claimed would allow a tripling of the total capacity in people then being moved over the existing bridge), as well as for cyclists and pedestrians. Significantly, they argued that the new bridge would more or less pay for itself, by freeing up new residential land occupied by several kilometres of motorway approaches in some of the most sought-after Auckland locations like Saint Marys Bay. The proponents claimed that the bridge would free up more than 35 hectares and open up 3.3 km of shoreline, a prize which would more than make up for the fact that the plans for the Western Reclamation redevelopment would in this case find themselves partly compromised by a major motorway in its area. The proposed bridge would also be cheaper to operate, and unlike a tunnel, would not need emission vents.
The proposed bridge design, a cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge, was put forward by the Jasmax architectural firm, which noted that the 'Anzac Centenary Bridge' would be buildable in time for the 100-year memorial of the Gallipoli landings in 1915.
Some attendees at a 2009 bridge conference held by the NZ Transport Agency in Auckland remarked that a bridge would be more beneficial to Auckland in some ways, and would have reduced operating costs compared to a tunnel solution.
In October 2009, the bridge option again surfaced in the public eye, with a group of backers again suggesting that a bridge would be a better option from an urban design, and even from a transport point of view. Critics noted that the proposal would delay other transport plans in the region due to the funding required for it, especially for a 2015 target. The then mayor of North Shore City, Andrew Williams, and the then Chairman of the Auckland Regional Council, Mike Lee, both opposed the reconsideration of existing decisions that had been in favour of a tunnel. The then mayor of Auckland City, John Banks, also favoured the tunnel option, though he did not outright oppose the bridge idea, while the then mayor of Manukau City, Len Brown, considered the bridge proposal worthy of consideration.
The more detailed concept the bridge group proposed in late 2009 included eight traffic lanes (including separate truck and bus lanes), two light rail tracks (in the bridge deck) as well as walking and cycling paths, possibly with travelators. Backers claimed that the bridge, estimated by them at NZ$2–3 billion, would be significantly cheaper than a tunnel for approximately NZ$4 billion.
In December 2009, it was announced by NZTA that designations would be sought for the tunnel options, though it was noted that this did not have to preclude a future bridge option, but was solely an exercise to protect the tunnel possibilities against conflict with future development in the Western Reclamation area. The lobby group for the bridge option regarded as a success the fact that the transport minister did not preclude it, though their original timeframe was also modified, now aiming for a construction start by 2015. In March 2010, tendering for a new study was announced, after Minister of Transport Steven Joyce apparently instructed NZTA to reopen the bridge/tunnel debate. The decision of the minister was criticised in an editorial in The New Zealand Herald for wasting time and money, since the previous study had already, at cost of over $1 million, conclusively ruled out a bridge as a good solution.
Other modes
Plans intend that with the construction of the new motorway links via the second crossing, capacity on the existing bridge be freed up for walking and cycling links. However, advocacy groups have noted that any second crossing would not be built for possibly decades to come, if at all, and thus should not detract from providing the links sooner.
See also
General
Public transport in Auckland
Transport in Auckland
North Shore Line, New Zealand
Specific
Central Motorway Junction, the major motorway junction connecting southeast of the bridge
Newmarket Viaduct, similarly important traffic bottleneck on other side of Auckland CBD
Western Reclamation, large industrial area east of the bridge, possible site of 2nd crossing
References
Proposed undersea tunnels in Oceania
Road tunnels in New Zealand
Transport in Auckland
Proposed transport infrastructure in New Zealand
Proposed tunnels in New Zealand
Transport buildings and structures in the Auckland Region
Auckland waterfront
Auckland CBD | wiki |
Event scheduling is the activity of finding a suitable time for an event such as meeting, conference, trip, etc. It is an important part of event planning that is usually carried out at its beginning stage.
In general, event scheduling must take into account what impact particular dates of the event could have on the success of the event. When organizing a scientific conference, for example, organizers might take into account the knowledge in which periods classes are held at universities, since it is expected that many potential participants are university professors. They should also try to check that no other similar conferences are held at the same time, because overlapping would make a problem for those participants who are interested in attending all conferences.
When it is well known who is expected to attend the event (e.g. in the case of a project meeting), organizers usually try to synchronize the time of the event with planned schedules of all participants. This is a difficult task when there are many participants or when the participants are located at distant places. In such cases, the organizers should first define a set of suggested dates and address a query about suitable dates to potential participants. After response is obtained from all participants, the event time suitable for most of participants is selected. This procedure can be alleviated by internet tools.
See also
Event planning
References
Planning
Event management | wiki |
Seña es una localidad del municipio de Limpias (Cantabria, España). En el año 2022 contaba con una población de 313 habitantes (INE). La localidad se encuentra a 220 msnm, y está a 7 km de distancia de la capital municipal, Limpias.
Enlaces externos
Referencias
Localidades de Limpias
Villas de Cantabria | wiki |
Sodom may refer to:
Places
Historic
Sodom and Gomorrah, cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis
United States
Sodom, Kentucky, a ghost town
Sodom, New York, a hamlet
Sodom, Ohio, an unincorporated community
Sodom, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
Adamant, Vermont or Sodom
Revere, North Carolina or Sodom
Sodom, a community within North Canaan, Connecticut
United Kingdom
Sodom, Shetland, Scotland, UK
Sodom, Wiltshire, a community near Dauntsey, Wiltshire, UK
Elsewhere
Sodom, Ontario, Canada
Mount Sodom or Mount Sedom, Israel
Winschoten or Sodom, Netherlands
Entertainment
Sodom (band), a thrash metal band
Sodom (album), an album by Sodom
Sodom, or the Quintessence of Debauchery, a drama
Sodom (Final Fight), a character in Final Fight and Street Fighter series
Other
Sodomy, the sexual practice allegedly common in the Biblical Sodom.
See also
Sodom and Gomorrah (disambiguation) | wiki |
Write-downs on the value of loans, MBS and CDOs due to the subprime mortgage crisis.
Bloomberg, May 19, 2008
Bloomberg, August 12, 2008 (commentary )
References
2008 in economics
Subprime mortgage crisis | wiki |
The 2014 season of the astronomy TV show Star Gazers starring Dean Regas, James Albury, and Marlene Hidalgo started on January 6, 2014. Marlene Hidalgo's final appearance on the show was in episode 14-13 which first aired on March 31, 2014. The show's episode numbering scheme changed several times during its run to coincide with major events in the show's history. The official Star Gazer website hosts the complete scripts for each of the shows.
2014 season
References
External links
Star Gazer official website
Lists of Jack Horkheimer: Star Gazer episodes
2014 American television seasons
2014 in American television | wiki |
A bearing surface in mechanical engineering is the area of contact between two objects. It usually is used in reference to bolted joints and bearings, but can be applied to a wide variety of engineering applications.
On a screw the bearing area loosely refers to the underside of the head. Strictly speaking, the bearing area refers to the area of the screw head that directly bears on the part being fastened.
For a cylindrical bearing it is the projected area perpendicular to the applied force.
On a spring the bearing area refers to the amount of area on the top or bottom surface of the spring in contact with the constraining part.
The ways of machine tools, such as dovetail slides, box ways, prismatic ways, and other types of machine slides are also bearing surfaces.
See also
Babbitt, an alloy that covers a bearing surface
Bridge bearing
Pillow block bearing
Plain bearing
References
Bibliography
.
.
Bearings_(mechanical)
Mechanical engineering | wiki |
Meeli Truu (27 April 1946 — 7 August 2013) was an Estonian architect.
She designed the Swissôtel Tallinn and the Rocca al Mare Shopping Centre.
Gallery
References
Estonian women architects
1946 births
2013 deaths
Architects from Tallinn
Estonian Academy of Arts alumni | wiki |
State Route 766 (SR 766) in the U.S. state of Virginia is a secondary route designation applied to multiple discontinuous road segments among the many counties. The list below describes the sections in each county that are designated SR 766.
List
References
External links
766 | wiki |
Christopher I served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 817 and 841.
References
8th-century births
9th-century deaths
9th-century Patriarchs of Alexandria
9th-century writers | wiki |
Amfepentorex is a stimulant drug derived from methamphetamine which is used as an appetite suppressant for the treatment of obesity. Dosage is 50–100 mg per day. Side effects include insomnia, hypertension and acute glaucoma.
References
Methamphetamines
Anorectics
Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents | wiki |
Erna is an unincorporated community in Menard County, Texas, United States.
References
Unincorporated communities in Menard County, Texas
Unincorporated communities in Texas | wiki |
State Route 780 (SR 780) in the U.S. state of Virginia is a secondary route designation applied to multiple discontinuous road segments among the many counties. The list below describes the sections in each county that are designated SR 780.
List
References
External links
780 | wiki |
The satisfaction theory of atonement is a theory in Catholic theology which holds that Jesus Christ redeemed humanity through making satisfaction for humankind's disobedience through his own supererogatory obedience. The theory draws primarily from the works of Anselm of Canterbury, specifically his Cur Deus Homo ("Why was God a man?"). It has been traditionally taught in the Roman Catholic tradition of Western Christianity. Since one of God's characteristics is justice, affronts to that justice must be atoned for. It is thus connected with the legal concept of balancing out an injustice.
Anselm regarded his satisfaction view of the atonement as a distinct improvement over the older ransom theory of atonement, which he saw as inadequate, due to its notion of a debt being owed to the devil. Anselm's theory was a precursor to the innovations of later theologians like John Calvin, who introduced the idea of Christ suffering the Father's just punishment as a vicarious substitute.
Early development of the theory
The classic Anselmian formulation of the satisfaction view should be distinguished from penal substitution. Both are forms of satisfaction theory in that they speak of how Christ's death was satisfactory, but penal substitution and Anselmian satisfaction offer different understandings of how Christ's death was satisfactory. Anselm speaks of human sin as defrauding God of the honour he is due. Christ's death, the ultimate act of obedience, brings God great honour. As it was beyond the call of duty for Christ, it is more honour than he was obliged to give. Christ's surplus can therefore repay our deficit. Hence Christ's death is substitutionary; he pays the honour to the Father instead of us paying. Penal substitution differs in that it sees Christ's death not as repaying God for lost honour but rather paying the penalty of death that had always been the moral consequence for sin (e.g., ; ). The key difference here is that for Anselm, satisfaction is an alternative to punishment, "it is necessary either that the honor taken away be repaid, or else that punishment follow." By Christ satisfying our debt of honor to God, we avoid punishment. In Calvinist Penal Substitution, it is the punishment which satisfies the demands of justice.
Another distinction must be made between penal substitution (Christ punished instead of us) and substitutionary atonement (Christ suffers for us). Both affirm the substitutionary and vicarious nature of the atonement, but penal substitution offers a specific explanation as to what the suffering is for: punishment.
Augustine teaches substitutionary atonement. However, the specific interpretation differed as to what this suffering for sinners meant. The early Church Fathers, including Athanasius and Augustine, taught that through Christ's suffering in humanity's place, he overcame and liberated us from death and the devil. Thus while the idea of substitutionary atonement is present in nearly all atonement theories, the specific idea of satisfaction and penal substitution are later developments in the Latin church.
Anselm links the atonement and the incarnation
Anselm of Canterbury first articulated the satisfaction view in his Cur Deus Homo?, as a modification to the ransom theory that was postulated at the time in the West. The then-current ransom theory of the atonement held that Jesus' death paid a ransom to Satan, allowing God to rescue those under Satan's bondage. For Anselm, this solution was inadequate. Why should the Son of God have to become a human to pay a ransom? Why should God owe anything at all to Satan?
Instead, Anselm suggested that we owe God a debt of honor: "This is the debt which man and angel owe to God, and no one who pays this debt commits sin; but every one who does not pay it sins. This is justice, or uprightness of will, which makes a being just or upright in heart, that is, in will; and this is the sole and complete debt of honor which we owe to God, and which God requires of us." Having failed to render to God this debt, it is not enough to restore the justice originally owed, but the offense to God's honor must be satisfied, too. "Moreover, so long as he does not restore what he has taken away, he remains in fault; and it will not suffice merely to restore what has been taken away, but, considering the contempt offered, he ought to restore more than he took away." This debt creates an imbalance in the moral universe; God cannot simply ignore it according to Anselm. The only way to satisfy the debt was for a being of infinite greatness, acting as a man on behalf of men, to repay the debt of justice owed to God and satisfy the injury to divine honor. In light of this view, the "ransom" that Jesus mentions in the Gospels would be a sacrifice and a debt paid only to God the Father.
Anselm did not speak directly to the later Calvinist concern for the scope of the satisfaction for sins, whether it was paid for all mankind universally or only for limited individuals, but indirectly his language suggests the former. Thomas Aquinas later specifically attributes a universal scope to this atonement theory in keeping with previous Catholic dogma, as do Lutherans at the time of the Reformation.
Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas considers the atonement in the Summa Theologiae, developing the now-standard Catholic understanding of atonement. For Aquinas, the main obstacle to human salvation lies in sinful human nature, which damns human beings unless it is repaired or restored by the atonement. In his section on man, he considers whether punishment is good and appropriate. He concludes that
punishment is a morally good response to sin: it is a kind of medicine for sin, and aims at the restoration of friendship between the wrongdoer and the one wronged.
"Christ bore a satisfactory punishment, not for His, but for our sins," and
Atonement is possible by metaphysical union, "The head and members are as one mystic person; and therefore Christ's satisfaction belongs to all the faithful as being His members. Also, in so far as any two men are one in charity, the one can atone for the other as shall be shown later" The offender joins himself metaphysically, via baptism, to the one (Christ) undergoing punishment.
In his section on the Incarnation, Aquinas argues that Christ's death satisfies the penalty owed by sin, and that it was Christ's Passion specifically that was needed to pay the debt of man's sin. For Aquinas, the Passion of Jesus provided the merit needed to pay for sin: "Consequently Christ by His Passion merited salvation, not only for Himself, but likewise for all His members," and that the atonement consisted in Christ's giving to God more "than was required to compensate for the offense of the whole human race." So, Aquinas believes that the atonement is God's solution to two problems. Christ's passion and death, insofar as they serve to make satisfaction, are the solution to the problem of past sin; and, insofar as Christ merits grace by his passion and death, they are the solution to the problem of future sin. In this way, Aquinas articulated the formal beginning of the idea of a superabundance of merit, which became the basis for the Catholic concept of the treasury of merit. Aquinas also articulated the ideas of salvation that are now standard within the Catholic Church: that justifying grace is provided through the sacraments; that the condign merit of our actions is matched by Christ's merit from the treasury of merit; and that sins can be classified as mortal or venial.
This sounds like penal substitution, but Aquinas is careful to say that he does not mean this to be taken in legal terms:
What he means by "satisfactory punishment," as opposed to punishment that is "penal," is essentially the Catholic idea of penance. Aquinas refers to the practice saying, "A satisfactory punishment is imposed upon penitents" and defines this idea of "Satisfactory Punishment" (penance) as a compensation of self-inflicted pain in equal measure to the pleasure derived from the sin. "Punishment may equal the pleasure contained in a sin committed."
Aquinas sees penance as having two functions. First to pay a debt, and second "to serve as a remedy for the avoidance of sin". In this later case he says that "as a remedy against future sin, the satisfaction of one does not profit another, for the flesh of one man is not tamed by another's fast" and again "one man is not freed from guilt by another's contrition." According to Aquinas "Christ bore a satisfactory punishment, not for His, but for our sins." The penance Christ did has its effect in paying the "debt of punishment" incurred by our sin.
This is a concept similar to Anselm's that humans owe a debt of honor to God, with a critical difference: While Anselm said we could never pay this because any good we could do was owed to God anyway, Aquinas says that in addition to our due of obedience we can make up for our debt through acts of penance "man owes God all that he is able to give him...over and above which he can offer something by way of satisfaction". Unlike Anselm, Aquinas claims that we can make satisfaction for our own sin, and that our problem is not our personal sin, but original sin. "Original sin...is an infection of human nature itself, so that, unlike actual sin, it could not be expiated by the satisfaction of a mere man." Thus Christ, as the "second Adam," does penance in our place – paying the debt of our original sin.
Calvin attributes atonement to individuals
John Calvin was one of the first systematic theologians of the Reformation. As such, he wanted to solve the problem of Christ's atonement in a way that he saw as just to the Scriptures and Church Fathers, rejecting the need for condign merit. His solution was that Christ's death on the cross paid not a general penalty for humanity's sins, but a specific penalty for the sins of individual people. That is, when Jesus died on the cross, his death paid the penalty at that time for the sins of all those who are saved. One obviously necessary feature of this idea is that Christ's atonement is limited in its effect only to those whom God has chosen to be saved, since the debt for sins was paid at a particular point in time (at the crucifixion).
For Calvin, this also required drawing on Augustine's earlier theory of predestination. Additionally, in rejecting the idea of penance, Calvin shifted from Aquinas' idea that satisfaction was penance (which focused on satisfaction as a change in humanity), to the idea of satisfying God's wrath. This ideological shift places the focus on a change in God, who is propitiated through Christ's death. The Calvinist understanding of the atonement and satisfaction is penal substitution: Christ is a substitute taking our punishment and thus satisfying the demands of justice and appeasing God's wrath so that God can justly show grace.
John Stott has stressed that this must be understood not as the Son placating the Father, but rather in Trinitarian terms of the Godhead initiating and carrying out the atonement, motivated by a desire to save humanity. Thus the key distinction of penal substitution is the idea that restitution is made through punishment.
Hence, for Calvin, one is saved by becoming united to Christ through faith. At the point of becoming united with Christ through faith, one receives all the benefits of the atonement. However, because Christ paid for sins when he died, it is not possible for those for whom he died to fail to receive the benefits: the saved are predestined to believe.
See also
Accord and satisfaction
Christus Victor
Justification (theology)
Moral influence theory of atonement
Soteriology
References
External links
Pro
"The Satisfaction of Christ" from Charles Hodge's Systematic Theology (part 3, chapter 7), describing the Calvinist and Lutheran view
"Theories of the Atonement" from Hodge's Systematic Theology (part 3, chapter 9), discussing other theories of the atonement from the Calvinist/Lutheran perspective
"Christ Our Penal Substitute" by R. L. Dabney
"The Atonement" by John Murray
"The Nature of the Atonement" by John Murray
"Pierced for Our Transgressions" Site dedicated to penal substitution
"Penal Substitution" by Greg Bahnsen (Calvinist view)
"The Judicial and Substitutionary Nature of Salvation" by Greg Bahnsen
"Alma and Anselm: Satisfaction Theory in the Book of Mormon" A detailed overview of Anselm's Satisfaction theory of Atonement with a comparison to Book of Mormon theology
Con
The Cross of Christ and God's Righteousness Article stating that God's righteousness is not an impersonal legal principle which must be fulfilled
Arminianism
Atonement in Christianity
Catholic theology and doctrine
Calvinist theology
Catholic doctrines
Christian terminology
Lutheran theology | wiki |
The Cook Strait ferry may refer to any of several ferries across the Cook Strait in New Zealand:
Interislander
StraitNZ | wiki |
est la formule brute de plusieurs isomères.
Triholoside
erlose, numéro CAS
isokestose, numéro CAS
gentianose, numéro CAS
1-kestose, numéro CAS
6-kestose, numéro CAS
lactosucrose, numéro CAS
maltotriose, numéro CAS
mélézitose, numéro CAS , , &
néokestose, numéro CAS
panose, numéro CAS
raffinose, numéro CAS
theanderose | wiki |
Bunny is a colloquial term for a rabbit.
Bunny may also refer to:
People
Bunny (surname)
Bunny (nickname)
Bunny, pseudonym of Carl E. Schultze (1866–1939), American newspaper cartoonist
Bunny Meyer (born 1985), American YouTube personality
Lady Bunny (born 1962), American drag queen
Goddess Bunny (1960–2021), American drag queen
Bad Bunny (born 1994), Puerto Rican rapper and singer
Characters
Bunny (Harvey Comics), a Harvey Comics character
Barnaby "Bunny" Brooks Jr., a character in the television show Tiger & Bunny
Bugs Bunny, a cartoon character
Bunny (Lexx), a character on the television series Lexx
Bunny (Powerpuff Girls), a one-time character on the TV series Powerpuff Girls
Bunny (Sailor Moon) or Sailor Moon, the main character in Sailor Moon media
Bunny, a character in the comics with Zachary Zatara of the DC Universe
Bunny, a character in the film Platoon
Bunny, a character in the film Toy Story 4
Bunny, a character in the novel series MythAdventures, by Robert Asprin
Bunny, a character in the television series Eldorado
Bunny, a character in the television series As the World Turns
Bunny, the main character in the short film Big Buck Bunny
Bunny, the main character in the television series Untalkative Bunny
Bunny Bravo, a character in the television series Johnny Bravo
Bunny Corcoran (aka Edmund Corcoran), a character in the novel The Secret History
Bunny Halper, a character in the television series The Danny Thomas Show
Bunny Lebowski (aka Bunny LaJoya), a character in the film The Big Lebowski
Bunny Manders, a character in the short stories about A. J. Raffles
Bunny the makeup lady, a character on the American sketch comedy TV series Don't Look Now
Bunny Watson, a protagonist played by Katharine Hepburn in the film Desk Set
Bunny Wigglesworth, a character in the film Zorro, The Gay Blade
Buster Bunny, a character in the animated television series Tiny Toon Adventures
Howard "Bunny" Colvin, a character in the television show The Wire
Bunny Swan, Chinese character on Madtv played by Alex Borstein
Entertainment
Bunny (1998 film), an animated short
Bunny (2005 film), a Telugu-language film
Bunny (play), a play by Norman Krasna
Bunny (Halo Circus album)
Bunny (webcomic)
Bunny (YuiKaori album)
Bunny (Mona Awad novel), a novel by Mona Awad
Place names
Bunny, Nottinghamshire, England, a village and civil parish
Bunny Park, a children's park with rabbits in Benoni, Gauteng, South Africa
Bunny park, the local name for Brent Lodge Park and Animal Centre, in Hanwell, England
Other uses
Bunny, a term used in the sport of cricket, meaning an incompetent batsman
Bunny, a local term for a chine or coastal valley in Hampshire, England
Bunny, or Bunny chow, a fast food dish in South African cuisine
Bunny, or Playboy Bunny, a waitress at a Playboy Club
See also
Easter Bunny, a mythological rabbit or hare bringing Easter eggs in Western culture
Bunnies!!!, a 2015 picture book
Bunney, a surname
Bunnie Holbert, Miss Arkansas 1977
Bunnings | wiki |
The academic and administrative buildings and the residence halls located on the campus of the University of Maryland, College Park. The campus is located in College Park, Maryland.
Academic and administrative buildings
Residence Halls (Dormitories)
References
01
B01
Maryland, College Park Campus
University
Buildings and structures in Prince George's County, Maryland | wiki |
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