text stringlengths 16 352k | source stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|
Boston University Terriers ice hockey may refer to either of the ice hockey teams that represent Boston University:
Boston University Terriers men's ice hockey
Boston University Terriers women's ice hockey | wiki |
is a Japanese animation studio established by ex-Kinema Citrus animators. Yuichiro Matsuka founded the studio in March 2013. The company is referred to as Studio 3Hz on anime staff credits.
Works
Television series
Original video animations
Films
Video games
References
External links
Japanese animation studios
Japanese companies established in 2013
Mass media companies established in 2013
Suginami
Animation studios in Tokyo | wiki |
Providence Friars ice hockey may refer to either of the ice hockey teams that represent Providence College:
Providence Friars men's ice hockey
Providence Friars women's ice hockey | wiki |
RS5 may refer to:
Audi RS5, a 2010–present German compact executive performance car
Audi RS5 DTM, a 2013–2018 German race car
Audi RS5 Turbo DTM, a 2019–present German race car
Baojun RS-5, a 2018–present Chinese compact SUV | wiki |
Twin Earth may refer to:
Earth analog or Twin Earth, a theoretical other planet with conditions similar to Earth
Twin Earth thought experiment by philosopher Hilary Putnam, in defense of meaning externalism.
Twin Earths, a comic strip
Twin and earth, a type of electricity cable
See also
Counter-Earth | wiki |
The Somdet Phra Pinklao Bridge (, , ) is a bridge near the Grand Palace over the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok, Thailand. It links Rattanakosin Island with Thonburi.
Background
The bridge is named after Pinklao, vice-king of Siam, 1851–1866. In the project phase, the bridge was referred to as the Tha Chang Wang Na Bridge (Thai: สะพานท่าช้างวังหน้า). In June 1973, it was renamed the Somdej Phra Pinklao Bridge in honour of Prince Pinklao.
The Chalerm Sawan 58 Bridge (Thai: สะพานเฉลิมสวรรค์ ๕๘) along two pedestrian bridges crossing the northern part of Khlong Khu Mueang Doem (Thai: คลองคูเมืองเดิม) had to be dismantled to make way for the new bridge and its access road.
Construction of the bridge started on 4 August 1971. It was opened to traffic on 24 September 1973 by Prime Minister Thanom Kittikachorn. The bridge was built by the joint company Obayashi Gumi Ltd. and Sumitomo Construction Co. Ltd under the supervision of Swiss Engineering Project (SEP) which acted as trustee for the Department of Public and Municipal Works (DPMW).
The main drivers behind the construction of the bridge were:
To alleviate the traffic congestion over and around the Memorial Bridge and to shorten travel time and cut costs
To foster inter-city relations between Bangkok and Thonburi
To facilitate the development in the vicinity of the bridge
The Sa-nga Phanit Co., Ltd. (Thai: บริษัท สง่าพานิช จำกัด) was the main contractor for the Phan Phiphop Lila Bridge (Thai: สะพานผ่านพิภพลีลา) extension over Khlong Khu Mueang Doem (Thai: คลองคูเมืองเดิม) to match the new bridge system at a cost of 6,880,000 baht.
It is feared that the heavy traffic crossing Pinklao Bridge could cause structural damage to the old buildings on Ratchadamnoen Avenue. Some residents expressed their desire in 2010 to have the bridge dismantled mainly due to the air and noise pollution it brings to the old district of Bangkok. The Cheonggyecheon project in Seoul is given as an example of the positive effects the dismantlement could have.
Notes
The northern part of "Khlong Khu Mueang Doem" was formerly known as "Khlong Rongmai" (). "Khlong Khu Mueang Doem" is also called popularly "Khlong Lord" ().
References
External links
YouTube video of the construction of the Phra Pinklao Bridge circa 1972
Road bridges in Bangkok
Bridges completed in 1973
Crossings of the Chao Phraya River
Unregistered ancient monuments in Bangkok | wiki |
The collared sprite or collared pipistrelle (Thainycteris aureocollaris) is a species of vesper bat found in Laos and Thailand.
References
Thainycteris
Mammals described in 1996
Bats of Southeast Asia
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
Chips is a historic coffee shop in Los Angeles, California. It is an example of the Googie Architecture style of Modern Architecture. It was designed by Harry Harrison (architect). It features a jutting roof, large glass windows, tropical plants and a steel-beam pylon sign and is located at 11908 Hawthorne Boulevard (California).
References
Googie architecture in California
Restaurants in Los Angeles | wiki |
Tecmo Koei peut évoquer :
Tecmo Koei Holdings, une entreprise de jeux vidéo ;
Tecmo Koei Games, une de ses filiales. | wiki |
Steve Kirit (born 1972) is an American professional strongman competitor. Steve is a 2-time winner of America's Strongest Man. Steve competed twice in the Arnold Strongman Classic, finishing 5th in 2003 and 9th in 2004. Steve competed in the World's Strongest Man in 2002, 2003 and 2004. Steve trained with fellow strongman competitor Steve MacDonald. Steve finished 7th in the first IFSA World Cup Championships in 2004. Had nine 1st place victories and five 2nd-place finishes as a pro, and finished in the top 5 in the USA in 3 of the 4 U.S. Nationals he appeared in. Steve retired from professional competition in 2006.
References
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| America's Strongest Man
|-
| style="width:30%; text-align:center;"| Preceded by:Brian Schoonveld
| style="width:40%; text-align:center;"| First (2002–03)
| style="width:30%; text-align:center;"| Succeeded by:Van Hatfield
American strength athletes
1971 births
Living people | wiki |
A pinafore is a sleeveless garment worn as an apron.
Pinafore may also refer to:
Pinafore dress, sleeveless, collarless dress intended to be worn over a blouse, shirt or sweater
Pinafore eroticism, forced cross-dressing for erotic purposes
H.M.S. Pinafore, Gilbert and Sullivan opera
USS Pinafore (SP-450), United States Navy launch in commission from 1902 to 1920
Pinafore (software), a web client for Mastodon (software) designed for speed and simplicity | wiki |
Mikado may refer to:
Emperor of Japan or
Arts and entertainment
The Mikado, an 1885 comic opera by Gilbert and Sullivan
The Mikado (1939 film), an adaptation of the opera, directed by Victor Schertzinger
The Mikado (1967 film), an adaptation of the opera, directed by Stuart Burge
"The Mikado" (Millennium), a 1998 television episode
Mikado (game), a pick-up sticks game
"Mikado" (song), by Simone Drexel, the Swiss entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1975
Mikado, a DC Comics character
Biology
Mikado pheasant (Syrmaticus mikado)
Mikado, a genus of beetles in family Ptiliidae
'Mikado', a cultivar of Syngonanthus chrysanthus
Forficula mikado, a species of earwig in the family Forficulidae
Kempina mikado, a species of mantis shrimp in the family Squillidae
Places
Mikado Glacier, a glacier in Alexander Island, Antarctica
Mikado, Saskatchewan, a hamlet in Canada
Mikado station (Saskatchewan), a flag stop in Mikado, Saskatchewan, Canada
Mikado Station, a railway station in Isumi, Chiba Prefecture, Japan
Mikado Township, Michigan, a civil township in the U.S.
Mikado, Michigan, an unincorporated community
Other uses
Mikado (biscuit), a European marketing name for Pocky
Mikado (locomotive), any steam locomotive using the 2-8-2 wheel arrangement.
Mikado yellow, a color
Operation Mikado, a military plan by the United Kingdom in the Falklands War
Michel Warschawski or Mikado (born 1949), Israeli activist
See also
Shiina "Misha" Mikado, a character in the visual novel Katawa Shoujo
Mikado Sanzenin, a character in Ranma ½
Mikado Ryūgamine, a character in Durarara!! | wiki |
The Greek Senate (, Gerousia) was the upper chamber of the parliament in Greece, extant several times in the country's history.
Local senates during the War of Independence
During the early stages of the Greek War of Independence, prior to the establishment of a centralized administration, a number of regional councils were established, most of which were termed "senate", but which were unicameral bodies: the Senate of Western Continental Greece, the Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece (sometimes referred to as "senate"), and the Peloponnesian Senate.
1829–1833
A unicameral body with purely advisory functions, the Senate was established in 1829 by the Fourth National Assembly at Argos in replacement of the Panellinion, established the previous year. It had 27 members, 21 of whom were chosen by the Governor (Ioannis Kapodistrias) from 63 candidates nominated by the Assembly, and further six who were appointed directly by the Governor. Georgios Sisinis was elected as its president. After Kapodistrias' murder in 1831, the Senate appointed a series of governing councils to lead the state. In 1832, the Fifth National Assembly at Nafplion abolished the Senate, but the Senate refused to recognize the act, and survived until the arrival of King Otto in February 1833.
1844–1864
The Senate as an upper chamber was established by the Greek Constitution of 1844. The Senate had 27 members, appointed for life by the King, who in addition could appoint further members up to one half of the statutory number. The Senate, seen as a reactionary body and essentially dependent upon the King, was abolished by the Greek Constitution of 1864.
1927–1935
On 2 January 1924, the Fourth National Assembly convened and decided the abrogation of the dynasty as well as the abolition of the crowned democracy (a decision which was ratified by referendum on 13 April 1924), establishing the Second Hellenic Republic.
Whilst the Fourth Constitutional Assembly was working towards the completion of the new Constitution, the coup d'état of General Theodoros Pangalos took place. After the fall of his dictatorship in 1926, the "Parliament of the First Term" was elected, which, finally, voted through the Constitution of 1927.
Legislative power was exercised by the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The Chamber was made up of 200-300 members elected for a four-year term by direct, secret and universal ballot. The Senate was composed of 120 members elected for a nine-year term, but its synthesis was renewed every three years by 1/3. At least 9/12 of the senators were elected by the people, 1/12 by the Chamber and the Senate in a common session at the onset of each parliamentary term, whereas the remaining 2/12 were elected on the basis of a principle of representation of the professions.
In the event of disagreement between the two houses in the voting of a law, the Constitution established the supremacy of the Chamber's vote.
Another significant element was the explicit institution of the parliamentary system. For the first time, the Greek Constitution included a clause stating that the Cabinet must "enjoy the confidence of the Parliament".
The Second Hellenic Republic lasted until 1935. That year, as a result of a failed coup by the supporters of Venizelos, the military was purged, and the royalists, led by Georgios Kondylis, launched a . The Constitution of 1927 was abolished, the Constitution of 1911 was re-instated, and King George II came back to the throne by a referendum.
Ionian Senate
Although not a part of the Kingdom of Greece, there was also an upper house called the Ionian Senate in the Septinsular Republic (1800-1815) and United States of the Ionian Islands (1815-1864), under Russian, French and British Protectorates. During most of its history it was housed at the Palace of St. Michael and St. George in Corfu, where its meeting room can still be seen with the original furniture. The six chairs are for its six members:
the President of the Senate
one delegate for each of the major four islands (Corfu, Lefkada, Kefalonia and Zakynthos)
one delegate rotating between the minor three (Paxi, Ithaca and Kythira)
References
1829 establishments in Greece
1832 disestablishments
1844 establishments in Greece
1864 disestablishments
1927 establishments in Greece
1935 disestablishments
Greece
Political history of Greece
Defunct upper houses
Ioannis Kapodistrias | wiki |
Dear Sing Sing is a popular song, words by William Jerome, music by Jean Schwartz, first published in 1903. A popular singer of the time named Billy Murray recorded at least two versions in 1904, one for Edison Records and another for Victor Records. Both of these recordings are now public domain, and can be downloaded at several websites.
See also
Billy Murray (singer)
1903 in music
1904 in music
References
External links
Website with two public domain versions by Billy Murray
1903 songs
Billy Murray (singer) songs
Songs with lyrics by William Jerome
Songs with music by Jean Schwartz | wiki |
Heterotis is the scientific name of two genera of organisms and may refer to:
Heterotis (fish), a genus of fishes in the family Osteoglossidae
Heterotis (plant), a genus of plants in the family Melastomataceae | wiki |
The red-brown pipistrelle (Hypsugo kitcheneri) is a species of vesper bat in the family Vespertilionidae. It is found in Indonesia and possibly Malaysia.
References
Hypsugo
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Mammals described in 1915
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas | wiki |
The Burma pipistrelle (Hypsugo lophurus) is a species of vesper bat in the family Vespertilionidae found in Myanmar. It is known only from Maliwun in Tanintharyi Region.
Sources
Hypsugo
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
Bats of Southeast Asia
Mammals described in 1915 | wiki |
The Briarcliffe is a 13-story, 35-unit residence at 171 West 57th Street, at the northeastern corner with Seventh Avenue, in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Located just north of Carnegie Hall, the property was built as a hotel in 1922, designed by architects Warren and Wetmore, and converted to its current purpose as condominiums in 1999. The Briarcliffe is part of Billionaires' Row and shares a city block with the Alwyn Court to the north and 165 West 57th Street, One57, the Nippon Club Tower, the Calvary Baptist Church, and 111 West 57th Street to the east.
In 1998, the owner of the building hired architect Richard Rice to ready the deteriorating property to be placed on the market. The building's murals had been damaged by water, and Rice was prepared to restore them; however, the following year, the building was converted to a condominium, and the murals were destroyed in the reconstruction work.
Penthouse
Charles K. Eagle, who moved to the property in October 1923 from the Rodin Studios diagonally across Seventh Avenue and 57th Street, built himself a 5,573-square-foot penthouse apartment, with a 1,847-square-foot terrace that wraps around the southwestern corner of the building.
During its construction in 1921, and at a cost of $8,000, Eagle had extra steel beams included in the terrace's construction to support extensive garden plantings. "My wife and I have always loved the country and growing things, flowers and birds. Why should we have to leave town in search of the things that made us happy?" As such, the terrace featured flower beds, Japanese pines, a fountain with speckled trout, birdhouses and pheasants and squirrels.
Eagle's wife, Tecla, suffered a nervous breakdown during their time at the Briarcliffe. In the summer of 1928, Eagle, who had been battling a three-week attack of insomnia, committed suicide at the apartment. He had sold the property one month earlier. When his will was probated, his estate had been hit by the Wall Street Crash of 1929, for what was once worth $3.9 million was now worth $141,000. At the time of his death, he owed $3 million to Chase Bank, due in two months.
After work was undertaken on it by interior designer Mario Buatta, the penthouse was sold again in 2007. Having been a five-bedroom apartment in Charles Eagle's day, the introduction of an office, an exercise room, and a media room, it was considered one-bedroom.
Former Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross bought the penthouse for $18 million in 2007. He put it up for sale in October 2015 for $21 million; by March 2017 it had dropped to $16.5 million, which was less than he bought it for. It was listed as having fourteen rooms,"Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross Won’t Profit From Briarcliff Penthouse" – Observer, March 3, 2017 including four bedrooms and five-and-a-half bathrooms."171 West 57th Street, PH" – Corcoran It sold, at a loss, in October 2017, two years after it was first listed. Its price tag was $15.95 million.
References
External links
Information on Charles K. Eagle – Dayton in Manhattan
Condominiums and housing cooperatives in Manhattan
Residential skyscrapers in Manhattan
Midtown Manhattan
1922 establishments in New York City
Hotels established in 1922
Hotel buildings completed in 1922
Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)
Defunct hotels in Manhattan | wiki |
Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc. Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood and did rougher work such as framing, but today many other materials are also used and sometimes the finer trades of cabinetmaking and furniture building are considered carpentry. In the United States, 98.5% of carpenters are male, and it was the fourth most male-dominated occupation in the country in 1999. In 2006 in the United States, there were about 1.5 million carpentry positions. Carpenters are usually the first tradesmen on a job and the last to leave. Carpenters normally framed post-and-beam buildings until the end of the 19th century; now this old-fashioned carpentry is called timber framing. Carpenters learn this trade by being employed through an apprenticeship training—normally 4 years—and qualify by successfully completing that country's competence test in places such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and South Africa. It is also common that the skill can be learned by gaining work experience other than a formal training program, which may be the case in many places.
Etymology
The word “carpenter” is the English rendering of the Old French word carpentier (later, charpentier) which is derived from the Latin carpentarius [artifex], “(maker) of a carriage.” The Middle English and Scots word (in the sense of “builder”) was wright (from the Old English wryhta, cognate with work), which could be used in compound forms such as wheelwright or boatwright.
In the United Kingdom
In the UK, carpentry is used to describe the skill involved in first fixing of timber items such as construction of roofs, floors and timber framed buildings, i.e. those areas of construction that are normally hidden in a finished building. An easy way to envisage this is that first fix work is all that is done before plastering takes place. The second fix is done after plastering takes place. Second fix work, the installation of items such as skirting boards, architraves, doors, and windows are generally regarded as carpentry, however, the off-site manufacture and pre-finishing of the items is regarded as joinery. Carpentry is also used to construct the formwork into which concrete is poured during the building of structures such as roads and highway overpasses. In the UK, the skill of making timber formwork for poured or in situ concrete is referred to as shuttering.
In the United States
Carpentry in the United States is historically defined similarly to the United Kingdom as the “heavier and stronger” work distinguished from a joiner “...who does lighter and more ornamental work than that of a carpenter...” although the “...work of a carpenter and joiner are often combined.” Joiner is less common than the terms finish carpenter or cabinetmaker. The terms housewright and barnwright were used historically and are now occasionally used by carpenters who work using traditional methods and materials. Someone who builds custom concrete formwork is a form carpenter.
History
Along with stone, wood is among the oldest building materials. The ability to shape it into tools, shelter, and weapons improved with technological advances from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. Some of the oldest archaeological evidence of carpentry are water well casings. These include an oak and hazel structure dating from 5256 BC, found in Ostrov, Czech Republic, and one built using split oak timbers with mortise and tenon and notched corners excavated in eastern Germany, dating from about 7,000 years ago in the early Neolithic period.
Relatively little history of carpentry was preserved before written language. Knowledge and skills were simply passed down over the generations. Even the advent of cave painting and writing recorded little. The oldest surviving complete architectural text is Vitruvius' ten books collectively titled De architectura, which discuss some carpentry. It was only with the invention of the printing press in the 15th century that this began to change, albeit slowly, with builders finally beginning to regularly publish guides and pattern books in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Some of the oldest surviving wooden buildings in the world are temples in China such as the Nanchan Temple built-in 782, Greensted Church in England, parts of which are from the 11th century, and the stave churches in Norway from the 12th and 13th centuries.
Europe
By the 16th century, sawmills were coming into use in Europe. The founding of America was partly based on a desire to extract resources from the new continent including wood for use in ships and buildings in Europe. In the 18th century part of the Industrial Revolution was the invention of the steam engine and cut nails. These technologies combined with the invention of the circular saw led to the development of balloon framing which was the beginning of the decline of traditional timber framing.
The 19th century saw the development of electrical engineering and distribution which allowed the development of hand-held power tools, wire nails, and machines to mass-produce screws. In the 20th century, portland cement came into common use and concrete foundations allowed carpenters to do away with heavy timber sills. Also, drywall (plasterboard) came into common use replacing lime plaster on wooden lath. Plywood, engineered lumber, and chemically treated lumber also came into use.
For types of carpentry used in America see American historic carpentry.
Training
Carpentry requires training which involves both acquiring knowledge and physical practice. In formal training a carpenter begins as an apprentice, then becomes a journeyperson, and with enough experience and competency can eventually attain the status of a master carpenter. Today pre-apprenticeship training may be gained through non-union vocational programs such as high school shop classes and community colleges.
Informally a laborer may simply work alongside carpenters for years learning skills by observation and peripheral assistance. While such an individual may obtain journeyperson status by paying the union entry fee and obtaining a journeyperson's card (which provides the right to work on a union carpentry crew) the carpenter foreperson will, by necessity, dismiss any worker who presents the card but does not demonstrate the expected skill level.
Carpenters may work for an employer or be self-employed. No matter what kind of training a carpenter has had, some U.S. states require contractors to be licensed which requires passing a written test and having minimum levels of insurance.
Schools and programs
Formal training in the carpentry trade is available in seminars, certificate programs, high-school programs, online classes, in the new construction, restoration, and preservation carpentry fields. Sometimes these programs are called pre-apprenticeship training.
In the modern British construction industry, carpenters are trained through apprenticeship schemes where general certificates of secondary education (GCSE) in Mathematics, English, and Technology help but are not essential. However, this is deemed the preferred route, as young people can earn and gain field experience whilst training towards a nationally recognized qualification.
There are two main divisions of training: construction-carpentry and cabinetmaking. During pre-apprenticeship, trainees in each of these divisions spend 30 hours a week for 12 weeks in classrooms and indoor workshops learning mathematics, trade terminology, and skill in the use of hand and power tools. Construction-carpentry trainees also participate in calisthenics to prepare for the physical aspect of the work.
Upon completion of pre-apprenticeship, trainees who have successfully passed the graded curriculum (taught by highly experienced journeyperson carpenters) are assigned to a local union and to union carpentry crews at work on construction sites or in cabinet shops as First Year Apprentices. Over the next four years, as they progress in status to Second Year, Third Year, and Fourth Year Apprentice, apprentices periodically return to the training facility every three months for a week of more detailed training in specific aspects of the trade.
In the United States, fewer than 5% of carpenters identify as female. A number of schools in the U.S.
appeal to non-traditional tradespeople by offering carpentry classes for and taught by women, including Hammerstone: Carpentry for Women in Ithaca, NY, Yestermorrow in Waitsfield, VT and Oregon Tradeswomen in Portland, OR.
Apprenticeships and journeyperson
Tradesmen in countries such as Germany and Australia are required to fulfill formal apprenticeships (usually three to four years) to work as professional carpenters. Upon graduation from the apprenticeship, they are known as journeyperson carpenters.
Up through the 19th and even the early 20th century, the journeyperson traveled to another region of the country to learn the building styles and techniques of that area before (usually) returning home. In modern times, journeypeople are not required to travel, and the term now refers to a level of proficiency and skill. Union carpenters in the United States, that is, members of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, are required to pass a skills test to be granted official journeyperson status, but uncertified professional carpenters may also be known as journeypersons based on their skill level, years of experience, or simply because they support themselves in the trade and not due to any certification or formal woodworking education.
Professional status as a journeyperson carpenter in the United States may be obtained in a number of ways. Formal training is acquired in a four-year apprenticeship program administered by the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, in which journeyperson status is obtained after successful completion of twelve weeks of pre-apprenticeship training, followed by four years of on-the-job field training working alongside journeyperson carpenters. The Timber Framers Guild also has a formal apprenticeship program for traditional timber framing. Training is also available in groups like the Kim Bồng woodworking village in Vietnam where apprentices live and work to learn woodworking and carpentry skills.
In Canada, each province sets its own standards for apprenticeship. The average length of time is four years and includes a minimum number of hours of both on-the-job training and technical instruction at a college or other institution. Depending on the number of hours of instruction an apprentice receives, they can earn a Certificate of Proficiency, making them a journeyperson, or a Certificate of Qualification, which allows them to practice a more limited amount of carpentry. Canadian carpenters also have the option of acquiring an additional Interprovincial Red Seal that allows them to practice anywhere in Canada. The Red Seal requires the completion of an apprenticeship and an additional examination.
Master carpenter
After working as a journeyperson for a while, a carpenter may go on to study or test as a master carpenter. In some countries, such as Germany, Iceland and Japan, this is an arduous and expensive process, requiring extensive knowledge (including economic and legal knowledge) and skill to achieve master certification; these countries generally require master status for anyone employing and teaching apprentices in the craft. In others, like the United States, 'master carpenter' can be a loosely used term to describe any skilled carpenter.
Fully trained carpenters and joiners will often move into related trades such as shop fitting, scaffolding, bench joinery, maintenance and system installation.
Materials
Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood which has been prepared by splitting (riving), hewing, or sawing with a pit saw or sawmill called lumber (American English) or timber (British English). Today natural and engineered lumber and many other building materials carpenters may use are typically prepared by others and delivered to the job site. In 2013 the carpenters union in America used the term carpenter for a catch-all position. Tasks performed by union carpenters include installing "...flooring, windows, doors, interior trim, cabinetry, solid surface, roofing, framing, siding, flooring, insulation, ...acoustical ceilings, computer-access flooring, metal framing, wall partitions, office furniture systems, and both custom or factory-produced materials, ...trim and molding,... ceiling treatments, ... exposed columns and beams, displays, mantels, staircases...metal studs, metal lath, and drywall..."
Health and safety
United States
Carpentry is often hazardous work. Types of woodworking and carpentry hazards include: machine hazards, flying materials, tool projection, fire and explosion, electrocution, noise, vibration, dust, and chemicals.
In the United States the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) tries to prevent illness, injury, and fire through regulations. However, self-employed workers are not covered by the OSHA act. OSHA claims that "Since 1970, workplace fatalities have been reduced by more than 65 percent and occupational injury and illness rates have declined by 67 percent. At the same time, U.S. employment has almost doubled." The leading cause of overall fatalities, called the "fatal four," are falls, followed by struck by object, electrocution, and caught-in/between. In general construction "employers must provide working conditions that are free of known dangers. Keep floors in work areas in a clean and, so far as possible, dry condition. Select and provide required personal protective equipment at no cost to workers. Train workers about job hazards in a language that they can understand." Examples of how to prevent falls includes placing railings and toe-boards at any floor opening which cannot be well covered and elevated platforms and safety harness and lines, safety nets, stair railings, and handrails.
Safety is not just about the workers on the job site. Carpenters' work needs to meet the requirements in the Life Safety Code such as in stair building and building codes to promote long-term quality and safety for the building occupants.
Types
Cabinetmaker is a carpenter who does fine and detailed work specializing in the making of cabinets made from wood, wardrobes, dressers, storage chests, and other furniture designed for storage.
Carpenter and joiner has broad skill sets ranging from joinery, finish carpentry, framing, and formwork.
Conservation carpenter works in architectural conservation, known in the U.S. as a "preservation" or "restoration"; a carpenter who works in historic preservation, maintaining structures as they were built or restoring them to that condition.
Cooper, a barrel maker.
Finish carpenter (North America), also trim carpenter, specializes in installing molding and trim, such as door and window casings, mantels, crown mouldings, baseboards, and other types of ornamental work. Finish carpenters pick up where framing ends off, including hanging doors and installing cabinets.
Formwork carpenter creates the shuttering and falsework used in concrete construction, and reshores as necessary.
Framer is a carpenter who builds the skeletal structure or wooden framework of buildings, most often in the platform framing method. A framer who specializes in building with timbers and traditional joints rather than studs is known as a timber framer.
Log builder builds structures of stacked horizontal logs with limited joints.
Joiner (a traditional name now rare in North America), is one who does cabinetry, furniture making, fine woodworking, model building, instrument making, parquetry, joinery, or other carpentry where exact joints and minimal margins of error are important.
Luthier is someone who makes or repairs stringed instruments. The word luthier comes from the French word for lute, "luth".
Restoration carpenter (see conservation carpenter)
Set carpenter builds and dismantles temporary scenery and sets in film-making, television, and the theater.
Ship's carpenter specializes in maintenance, repair techniques, and carpentry specific to vessels afloat. Such a carpenter patrols the vessel's carpenter's walk to examine the hull for leaks.
Shipwright builds wooden ships on land.
Trim carpenter (see finish carpenter).
Other
Japanese carpentry, daiku is the simple term for carpenter, a Miya-daiku (temple carpenter) performs the work of both architect and builder of shrines and temples, and a sukiya-daiku works on teahouse construction and houses. Sashimono-shi build furniture and tateguya do interior finishing work.
Green carpentry specializes in the use of environmentally friendly, energy-efficient and sustainable sources of building materials for use in construction projects. They also practice building methods that require using less material and material that has the same structural soundness.
Recycled (reclaimed, repurposed) carpentry is carpentry that uses scrap wood and parts of discarded or broken furniture to build new wood products.
See also
Traditional trades
Woodworking
Worshipful Company of Carpenters
References
External links
The Institute of Carpenters (England)
Carpenters entry in the Occupational Outlook Handbook of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor
Scoutcraft
Woodworking
ta:தச்சர் | wiki |
The Boeing 747-400 Large Cargo Freighter (LCF) is a wide-body cargo aircraft modified extensively from the Boeing 747-400 airliner. With a volume of it can hold three times that of a 747-400F freighter. The outsized aircraft, known as the Dreamlifter, was designed to transport Boeing 787 Dreamliner parts between Italy, Japan, and the U.S., but has also flown medical supplies during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Development
Boeing Commercial Airplanes announced on October 13, 2003, that, due to the length of time required by land and marine shipping, air transport would be the primary method of transporting parts for the assembly of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner (then known as the 7E7). Boeing 787 parts were deemed too large for standard marine shipping containers as well as the Boeing 747-400F, Antonov An-124 and An-225. Initially, three used passenger 747-400 aircraft were to be converted into an outsize configuration in order to ferry sub-assemblies from Japan and Italy to North Charleston, South Carolina, and then to Washington state for final assembly, but a fourth was subsequently added to the program. The Large Cargo Freighter has a bulging fuselage similar in concept to the Super Guppy and the Airbus Beluga and BelugaXL outsize cargo aircraft, which are also used for transporting wings and fuselage sections.
The LCF conversion was partially designed by Boeing's Moscow bureau and Boeing Rocketdyne with the swing tail designed in partnership with Gamesa Aeronáutica of Spain. The cargo portion of the aircraft is unpressurized. Unlike the hydraulically supported nose section on a 747 Freighter, the tail is opened and closed by a modified shipping container handling truck, and locked to the rear fuselage with 21 electronic actuators.
Modifications were carried out in Taiwan by Evergreen Aviation Technologies Corporation, a joint venture of Evergreen Group's EVA Air and General Electric. Boeing reacquired the four 747-400s; one former Air China aircraft, two former China Airlines aircraft, and one former Malaysia Airlines aircraft.
The first 747 Large Cargo Freighter (LCF) was rolled out of the hangar at Taipei Taoyuan International Airport on August 17, 2006. It successfully completed its first test flight on September 9, 2006, from this airport.
The 787 Dreamliner parts are placed in the aircraft by the DBL-100 cargo loader, the world's longest cargo loader. In June 2006, the first DBL-100 cargo loader was completed.
The 747 LCF's unusual appearance has drawn comparisons to the Oscar Mayer Wienermobile and the Hughes H-4 Hercules ("Spruce Goose"). Due to its ungainly form—exacerbated in that the first airplane remained unpainted for some time, due to the need for immediate testing—Boeing Commercial Airplanes president Scott Carson jokingly apologized to 747 designer Joe Sutter that he was "sorry for what we did to your plane."
Operational history
Flight testing
On September 16, 2006, N747BC arrived at Boeing Field, Seattle to complete the flight test program. Swing-tail testing was done at the Boeing factory in Everett. The second airplane, N780BA, made its inaugural test flight on February 16, 2007. The third began modification in 2007. The first two LCFs entered service in 2007 to support the final assembly of the first 787s.
Delivery times for the 787's wings, built in Japan, was reduced from around 30 days to just over eight hours with the Dreamlifter. Evergreen International Airlines (unrelated to EVA Air or EGAT), a U.S. air freight operator based in McMinnville, Oregon, operated the LCF fleet until August 2010. Then Atlas Air, which was awarded a nine-year contract for the operation of the aircraft in March 2010, took over LCF operation. Evergreen had achieved a 93% on flight schedule performance with the LCF, and sued Boeing for $175 million, which the court mostly dismissed.
Into service
In December 2006, Boeing announced the 747 LCF would be named Dreamlifter, a reference to the 787's name, Dreamliner. It unveiled a standard livery for the aircraft that included a logo reminiscent of the 787's Dreamliner logo.
Certification was initially planned for early 2007, but was pushed back to June 2007. The aircraft's winglets were removed to resolve excess vibration and other handling characteristics prior to final certification. In the meantime, as part of the flight test program, LCF delivered major sections of the 787 from partner sites around the world to the Boeing factory in Everett, Washington for final assembly. The 747 LCF was granted FAA type certification on June 2, 2007. From its first flight in 2006 until certification in 2007, the Dreamlifter completed 437 hours of flight testing along with 639 hours of ground testing.
Of the four 747 Dreamlifters Boeing acquired, three were complete and operational by June 2008, and the fourth became operational in February 2010.
On July 1, 2020, a Dreamlifter arrived at Salt Lake City International Airport, carrying 500,000 face masks to be used by Utah school children and teachers as part of the state's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The flight was a joint effort between Boeing, Atlas Air, H.M. Cole, Cotopaxi, Flexport, UPS and the state of Utah.
Incidents
On November 20, 2013, Dreamlifter N780BA operated by Atlas Air inadvertently landed at Colonel James Jabara Airport, a small general aviation airport in Wichita, Kansas. Its intended destination was McConnell Air Force Base, 9 miles (14 km) past Jabara Airport on the same heading. The aircraft was able to successfully take off again from Jabara's runway the following day and landed at McConnell without incident.
On October 11, 2022, Dreamlifter N718BA operated by Atlas Air lost a wheel from its main landing gear while taking off from Taranto, Italy. The wheel bounced outside the airport perimeter and ended up in a vineyard. The plane continued on to Charleston, South Carolina and made a safe landing.
Specifications
The 747 LCF main cargo compartment has a volume of and the maximum payload capacity is .
Sources: Boeing 747-400 specifications, Boeing 747 Airport Report, 747 LCF fact sheet
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Boeing fact sheet
2000s United States cargo aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2006
Boeing 747
Quadjets | wiki |
De Chicago Marathon 2003 vond plaats op 12 oktober 2003.
Uitslagen
Mannen
Vrouwen
Marathon van Chicago
Chicago | wiki |
The Russian desman (Desmana moschata) ( vykhukhol) is a small semiaquatic mammal that inhabits the Volga, Don and Ural River basins in Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. It constructs burrows into the banks of ponds and slow-moving streams, but prefers small, overgrown ponds with abundance of insects, crayfish and amphibians. The Russian desman often lives in small groups of two to five animals, that are usually not related, and appears to have a complex (but largely unstudied) communication and social system.
Taxonomy
The Russian desman is one of two surviving species of the tribe Desmanini, the other being the Pyrenean desman. Despite its outward similarity to muskrats (a rodent), the Russian desman is actually part of the mole family Talpidae in the order Eulipotyphla. Like other moles, it is functionally blind and obtains much of its sensory input from the touch-sensitive Eimer's organs at the end of its long, bilobed snout. However, the hind feet are webbed and the tail is laterally flattened —specializations for its aquatic habitat. The body is long while the tail is in length. Easily the largest species of mole, it weighs .
Decidedly rich and thick in nature, desman fur used to be highly sought after by the fur trade. Consequently, the Russian desman is now a protected species under Russian law. However, due to loss of habitat (farming), water pollution, illegal fishing nets, and the introduction of non-native species like muskrat, population levels continue to decline. In the mid-1970s, an estimated 70,000 desmans were left in the wild; by 2004, the figure was only 35,000. However, in some Russian regions, the number of desmans appears to be increasing.
Distribution and habitat
From 2009 to 2011, the Don Basin rivers were searched for Russian desman to evaluate if this environment was sustainable for the species. No evidence was found that the species lives in this area but if so, the population was very small. The limiting factors consist of global factors, interspecific processes, and new immigrating species in the river ecosystem.
Characteristics
Russian desman provide comfort to themselves by grooming. More specifically, scratching with hind feet, washing, biting out of nails, and biting out of fur. The main reasons for these actions are supporting the air layer and heat-insulating properties of fur.
References
External links
ARKive - images and movies of the Russian desman (Desmana moschata)
Talpidae
Mammals of Asia
Desman, Russian
Mammals of Central Asia
Mammals of Russia
Fauna of Ukraine
Desman, Russian
Endangered biota of Europe
Endangered biota of Asia
Mammals described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Semiaquatic mammals | wiki |
Rosario Tijeras is a Spanish-language telenovela produced by Teleset for Sony Pictures Television and TV Azteca.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2016–17)
Season 2 (2018)
Season 3 (2019)
References
Lists of Mexican drama television series episodes
Lists of soap opera episodes | wiki |
Kentucky supplemental roads and rural secondary highways are the lesser two of the four functional classes of highways constructed and maintained by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, the state-level agency that constructs and maintains highways in Kentucky. The agency splits its inventory of state highway mileage into four categories:
The State Primary System includes Interstate Highways, Parkways, and other long-distance highways of statewide importance that connect the state's major cities, including much of the courses of Kentucky's U.S. Highways.
The State Secondary System includes highways of regional importance that connect the state's smaller urban centers, including those county seats not served by the state primary system.
The Rural Secondary System includes highways of local importance, such as farm-to-market roads and urban collectors.
Supplemental Roads are the set of highways not in the first three systems, including frontage roads, bypassed portions of other state highways, and rural roads that only serve their immediate area.
The same-numbered highway can comprise sections of road under different categories.
Descriptions of Supplemental Roads and highways in the Rural Secondary System numbered 400 and greater are split by number ranges:
List of Kentucky supplemental roads and rural secondary highways (400–499)
List of Kentucky supplemental roads and rural secondary highways (500–999)
List of Kentucky supplemental roads and rural secondary highways (1000–1499)
List of Kentucky supplemental roads and rural secondary highways (1500–1999)
List of Kentucky supplemental roads and rural secondary highways (2000–2499)
List of Kentucky supplemental roads and rural secondary highways (2500–2999)
List of Kentucky supplemental roads and rural secondary highways (3000–3499)
List of Kentucky supplemental roads and rural secondary highways (3500–6999)
Supplemental Roads and highways in the Rural Secondary System numbered 499 and less currently have their own articles.
References
Supplemental 0000
Supplemental 0000 | wiki |
Lithospermum bolivariensis is a flowering plant of the family Boraginaceae found in Peru, particularly in Amotape District and Huancabamba Province.
References
bolivariensis
Flora of Peru | wiki |
The 23rd season of Arthur started airing on PBS Kids in the United States on October 14, 2019. R.L. Stine guest starred on the episode "Fright Night" as Buster's Uncle Bob. This is the only season not to include Mr. Ratburn as part of the main cast. This season is the shortest season of the show tied with (Season 24), containing 3 episodes with 5 segments.
Episodes
Production
Oasis Animation produced the 23rd season of Arthur. Oasis Animation started producing Arthur episodes from Season 20.
References
2019 American television seasons
2019 Canadian television seasons
Arthur (TV series) seasons | wiki |
This list of current cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.
F | wiki |
The Oxford Inter-Collegiate Christian Union, usually known as OICCU ( ), is the world's second oldest university Christian Union and is the University of Oxford's most prominent student Christian organisation. It was formed in 1879.
Due to the strength of the Oxford Movement and later the Oxford Groups (alternative Christian movements), evangelical Christians in Oxford have generally faced a more pluriform environment than in Cambridge, and OICCU has tended to follow the general lead of its Cambridge counterpart, the Cambridge Inter-Collegiate Christian Union (CICCU).
OICCU admits postgraduate students as well as undergraduates, although postgraduates are eligible only for associate membership, and their needs may be better served by the Oxford Graduate Christian Forum.
Aims and purpose
The OICCU vision is:
Giving every student in Oxford University the chance to hear and respond to the Gospel of Jesus Christ
The three aims of OICCU are:
Presenting the claims of Jesus Christ to the University
Uniting in fellowship those who desire to witness for Christ, and to deepen their spiritual life
Promoting involvement in God's work worldwide
Relationship to the local church
The local church is a biblical principle which OICCU does not try to replace in the Christian's life: OICCU encourages all its members to also be part of a local church and to contribute to that family of believers.
OICCU has the opportunity as a student run organisation to put on events uniquely geared to what its members think its fellow-students want.
OICCU also has the opportunity to be prominent in the college communities in a way that churches cannot do.
OICCU is inter-denominational, so its declaration of belief reflects what its members believe to be central to the gospel, and not secondary issues which Christians differ on.
Activities and organisation
Personal Evangelism is key to what OICCU does - its members want to get alongside non-Christians and tell them about Christ.
College Groups enable OICCU to put on events geared towards evangelising the individual college communities. There is a college Christian Union group in almost every undergraduate college in the University. Text-a-toastie is a popular college outreach event. The collegiate structure also enables students to have fellowship with a small group of believers, which helps in reaching out to the rest of the college. OICCU believes that when non-Christians see the Christian Union's members acting like a family and supporting one another it helps with evangelism.
Central meetings mean that members of OICCU can be encouraged by seeing that there are many people who also want to witness for Christ in Oxford. OICCU has speakers, music and opportunities to hear about God's work in Oxford and further abroad.
Monday Morning Prayer: The members of OICCU pray together regularly, recognising their belief that everything they do is useless if God is not at work. Central events are a resource to back up personal evangelism; OICCU has weekly events like 'Friday Lunchtime Talks' and bigger events like the Carol Services.
Events Week: Since 1940, OICCU has held weeks of evangelistic events including apologetics talks and a summary of the gospel. This now happens annually, with a larger series of evangelistic events organised every three years.
Residentials: OICCU hosts several annual residentials for its members, in particular the "Freshaway" event, which was first held in September 2016, and aims to help new students ("freshers") make Christian friends in the university, alongside seminars and talks to train and equip Christians for evangelism.
The Search is an event which aims to provide opportunities for open discussion between Christians and non-Christians on a variety of topics, and to allow Christians to share their beliefs with their friends. This event usually takes place in a local Oxford café.
Beliefs and affiliation
OICCU adopts the doctrinal basis of UCCF (Universities and Colleges Christian Fellowship), an evangelical Christian organisation with which OICCU is affiliated. The doctrinal basis contains what evangelicals perceive as the biblical foundations of Christianity. UCCF is in turn affiliated with the International Fellowship of Evangelical Students (IFES).
History
Foundation
OICCU was modelled after the Cambridge Inter-Collegiate Christian Union (CICCU), founded two years earlier, but later incorporated a Daily Prayer Meeting established in Brasenose College in 1867. Like Wycliffe Hall (also 1877), it could be seen as a response to the University's abandonment of its previous officially Protestant position. The initial members included Francis Chavasse, subsequently Bishop of Liverpool and founder of St Peter's College.
Relations with the SCM
OICCU was a founder member of the Student Christian Movement and followed its lead in liberalizing its doctrine. In 1914 OICCU, along with the rest of the University, suspended its activities.
After World War I, the Oxford SCM was reestablished under that name, but those who held OICCU's original doctrinal position established a separate Oxford University Bible Union. In 1925 the two agreed to merge, and the OUBU became the Devotional Union of the Student Christian Movement in Oxford. However, the merger was not successful and in Michaelmas 1927, the Devotional Union committee voted to secede. The SCM gave them permission to use the old (1879) name and so OICCU was born anew, adopting the Doctrinal Basis of the new Inter-Varsity Fellowship of Evangelical Unions (now UCCF) in 1928.
During much of this period, OICCU used some of the buildings later incorporated into St Peter's College. However, after 1933 it had the use of the Northgate Hall (just opposite the Oxford Union on St Michael's Street).
The Oxford Groups
During the 1920s and 1930s, an American preacher named Frank N. D. Buchman drew a considerable following at Oxford. He emphasized the use of small groups (with Buchman-appointed leaders) where sins were publicly confessed and repented of. The movement taught that the Holy Spirit was to directly guide Christians. These small groups became known as Oxford Groups and later Moral Re-Armament. The emphasis on small groups and personal belief was inherited by Alcoholics Anonymous.
Buchman was appealing directly to the OICCU constituency, and Julian Thornton-Duesbury (one of OICCU's supervising university teachers) became a noted Buchmanite. However, OICCU's student leadership distanced themselves from Buchman.
1940s: Problems and Packer
The International Fellowship of Evangelical Students, the worldwide body to which OICCU belongs, was planned at a conference in Oxford in the late 1930s.
World War II forced those plans to be delayed. The greatly reduced number of students in Oxford obviously interfered with OICCU itself; one medical student had to serve as President for much more than the customary one year of office. However, the Union maintained daily prayer meetings (in termtime) throughout the War. Afterwards, a Standing Committee of prominent past members was established to ensure the Union's long-term continuity in such circumstances and in 1948 they became trustees of the Northgate Hall. The Standing Committee also has some reserve powers regarding the Doctrinal Basis, although they have never been used.
More positively, the prominent evangelical theologian J. I. Packer was converted to evangelical Christianity at an OICCU meeting in the 1940s, during his first week at the university. While a student member he was not regarded as doctrinally sound enough to join the Executive Committee. However, he was appointed Librarian, taking a particular interest in OICCU's selection of out-of-print Puritan books. In the following decade Packer, along with Martyn Lloyd-Jones, led a revival of Puritan studies amongst British pastors. He returned to Oxford in 2004 as the guest of honour at the 125th Anniversary celebrations.
Post-war era
The 1950s saw OICCU at perhaps its greatest numerical strength, while the SCM was seen to have moved towards Marxism. One leading figure at this time was Michael Green (President in 1952), who has been a leading evangelical in the Church of England and then the Anglican Communion since the 1960s. Green has taken a particular interest in promoting the Charismatic Movement, including within OICCU.
In a slightly later generation, Tom Wright was the OICCU President (1970–71) and published his first book together with other members of his year's Executive Committee. The book was a plea for a conservative Calvinist doctrinal position, a position he has since modified.
A feature of the post-war years has been the custom of triennial missions which attempt to explain the gospel to every undergraduate. These missions can trace their history back to the visit of Dwight Moody and Ira D. Sankey in 1882, but the current model began with a 1940 mission led by Lloyd-Jones. Subsequent main speakers have included Michael Green, Dick Lucas (long-time rector of St Helen's Bishopsgate), John Stott; one of Stott's series of talks was subsequently published as Basic Christianity, and Tim Keller.
OICCU membership has diminished since the middle part of the century, and now usually stands in the low hundreds — however formal membership is not needed to participate, and as of March 2006 OICCU's group membership on Facebook exceeded its official membership. The lease on the Northgate Hall was given up in the 1980s, and the Union has returned to the peripatetic existence of its earliest years, meeting in various church and public buildings around the city. Its archives are now held in the Bodleian Library and it has the use of a small store room at St Ebbe's church and New Road Baptist Church.
OICCU Presidents
See also
Holy Club
Oxford University Newman Society
References
Bibliography
Born Anew John S. Reynolds : Oxford, OICCU Centenary & Executive Committees, 1979.
Meeting Jesus at University: Rites of Passage and Student Evangelicals Edward Dutton: 2008. Ashgate.
Christ and the Colleges F. Donald Coggan : London, Inter-Varsity Fellowship, 1934.
The Evangelicals at Oxford, 1735-1871 : a record of an unchronicled movement, with the record extended to 1905, and an essay on Oxford evangelical theology John S. Reynolds with J. I. Packer : Abingdon, Marcham Manor Press, 1975.
The Evangelicals at Oxford, 1735-1871 : a record of an unchronicled movement John S. Reynolds : Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1953.
From Cambridge to the world: 125 years of student witness / Oliver R. Barclay and Robert M. Horn : Leicester, Inter-Varsity Press, 2002, .
External links
Oxford Inter-Collegiate Christian Union website
Oxford University Graduate Christian Forum website
A brief history of the OICCU by Liam Beadle, from the May 2004 edition of Evangelicals Now
Religious organizations established in 1879
Evangelicalism in the United Kingdom
Christian Union, Inter-Collegiate
Christian student societies in the United Kingdom | wiki |
The Arabian Mau is a formal breed of domestic cat, originated from the early African wildcat, a short-haired landrace native to the Arabian Peninsula. It lives in the streets of the Arabian Peninsula and has adapted very well to its extreme climate. The Arabian Mau is recognized as a formal breed by few fancier and breeder organization and cat registry, World Cat Federation (WCF) and Emirates Feline Federation (EFF). Based on one landrace, the Arabian Mau is a natural breed.
It is medium in size, with a body structure that is rather large and firm, not particularly slender, and with well-developed musculature. The legs are comparatively long, with oval paws.
The head appears round but is slightly longer than broad. The nose is slightly concave curved when viewed in profile. The whisker pads are clearly pronounced, with a slight pinch. The chin is very firm. The eyes are slightly oval, large and slightly slanted. The cat may have any normal cat eye color. There is no relation between the eye and coat colors. Usually, Arabian Maus have bright green eyes. The ears are large, slightly forward and sideward-placed, a little long, and high-set on the skull.
While Arabian Maus are not technically hypoallergenic, its low propensity for shedding and dander production may cause lesser reactions in those with mild allergies.
History
The breed has been a landrace native to the Arabian peninsula in countries such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates for more than 1,000 years. Desert cats are well adapted to the hot environment of parts of Arabia.
Grooming
Arabian Mau have short fur without an undercoat and as such, are not high shedders. They are very capable of keeping themselves neatly groomed. This makes grooming for the owner quite easy. While not always necessary, brushing will remove dead hairs and intensify the beautiful gloss of the coat.
Standard Arabian Mau
Females are medium-sized and elegant; however, males can be much larger and have muscular bodies. Their legs are long with perfectly oval paws. The tail has medium length with tapering toward the tip. The head appears to be round, but it is slightly longer than broad with well-defined whisker pads. Ears are large and well set. Their eyes are oval and match the coat color. The fur is short and has no undercoat, besides it lying close to the body. The coat should not be silky. The colors can be different but the most recognized are red, white, black, and brown tabby.
The Arabian Mau cat breed is a natural breed, so it must reflect the morphology and behavioral features of the cats living on the Arabian Peninsula. The standard has been drafted on the observation and the description of physical characteristics, which have been found in the cats of this area average population, originating from the Middle East and in its descendants. No prefixed model has been followed.
The Arabian Mau cats were approved by the WCF during the Annual General Meeting held on August 2–3, 2008 in Germany. The Arabian Mau cats have been able to participate in international shows since January 1, 2009.
See also
Egyptian Mau
References
Arabian Peninsula
Cat breeds
Natural cat breeds
Mammals of the Arabian Peninsula | wiki |
Burn up or Burn Up may refer to:
Burnup, a measure of the neutron irradiation of the fuel in nuclear power technology
Burn-Up!, a 1991 original video animation with several spinoffs:
Burn-Up W, a 4-part OVA series from 1996
Burn-Up Excess, a 13-part TV series from 1997 to 1998
Burn-Up Scramble, a 12-part TV series from 2004
Burn Up (TV series), a 2008 British/Canadian two-part drama serial
Burnup may also refer to:
Cuthbert Burnup, English amateur cricketer and footballer, born 1975 | wiki |
The impossible wheel, also known as the BC wheel (after the comic strip B.C.), represents the most basic type of unicycle, consisting of a single, spoked wheel with pegs extending from the axle. The rider mounts the wheel by jumping onto the pegs while in motion or by putting one foot onto one plate or peg and pushing along like a skateboard.
This device has no drivetrain, so when forward inertia runs out due to gravity and friction, the ride ends. Newer BC wheels use plates which hang below the axle instead of pegs in line with the axle. This makes them easier to ride since the center of gravity is lower.
The unicycling community favors the term BC wheel because the device is not actually impossible to ride; proficiency can be gained with a few hours of practice. Tricks, such as hopping, drops, grinds, and spins, are possible.
Ultimate wheel
An ultimate wheel is a wheel with two pedals directly connected – similar to a unicycle and impossible wheel. It has no seat or frame but offset and functional pedals. There are several different designs: the most popular involves a solid or semi-solid disk inside a regular small bicycle wheel rim with the pedals attached directly to the disk. A less common style uses metal cross braces instead of wood.
Some mounting and riding techniques include:
Regular mount – have one pedal lower than the other and step up to the other pedal
Free jump mount – release the wheel then jump onto the pedals
Standard riding – simply being able to ride without falling off
Turning – turning by twisting your body and the wheel
Bunny hop – grabbing on the wheel and hopping off the ground
Idling – remaining in one place with one pedal down and one pedal up, rocking the wheel back and forth to keep balance
Reverse – riding the wheel backwards
See also
Monowheel
References
External links
Impossible wheel
BC Wheel on Wikibooks Unicyclopedia (Encyclopedia of Unicycling)
BC Wheel videos at unicyclist.org
Riding the Impossible Wheel including photos
BC Wheel video on YouTube
Ultimate wheel
Ultimate Wheel Tricks page in the Unicyclopedia.
Ultimate Wheel page on unicycling.org
Ultimate Wheels on unicycling.com
Unicycling
Wheels | wiki |
Sourdough or sourdough bread is a bread made by the fermentation of dough using wild lactobacillaceae and yeast. Lactic acid from fermentation imparts a sour taste and improves keeping qualities.
History
In the Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, Michael Gaenzle writes: "The origins of bread-making are so ancient that everything said about them must be pure speculation. One of the oldest sourdough breads dates from 3700 BCE and was excavated in Switzerland, but the origin of sourdough fermentation likely relates to the origin of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent and Egypt several thousand years earlier", which was confirmed a few years later by archeological evidence. ... "Bread production relied on the use of sourdough as a leavening agent for most of human history; the use of baker's yeast as a leavening agent dates back less than 150 years."
Pliny the Elder described the sourdough method in his Natural History:
Sourdough remained the usual form of leavening down into the European Middle Ages until being replaced by barm from the beer brewing process, and after 1871 by purpose-cultured yeast.
Bread made from 100% rye flour, popular in the northern half of Europe, is usually leavened with sourdough. Baker's yeast is not useful as a leavening agent for rye bread, as rye does not contain enough gluten. The structure of rye bread is based primarily on the starch in the flour as well as other carbohydrates known as pentosans; however, rye amylase is active at substantially higher temperatures than wheat amylase, causing the structure of the bread to disintegrate as the starches are broken down during baking. The lowered pH of a sourdough starter, therefore, inactivates the amylases when heat cannot, allowing the carbohydrates in the bread to gel and set properly. In the southern part of Europe, where panettone is still made with sourdough as leavening, sourdough has become less common in the 20th century; it has been replaced by the faster-growing baker's yeast, sometimes supplemented with longer fermentation rests to allow for some bacterial activity to build flavor. Sourdough fermentation re-emerged as a major fermentation process in bread production during the 2010s, although it is commonly used in conjunction with baker's yeast as leavening agent.
French bakers brought sourdough techniques to Northern California during the California Gold Rush, and it remains a part of the culture of San Francisco today. (The nickname remains in "Sourdough Sam", the mascot of the San Francisco 49ers.) Sourdough has long been associated with the 1849 gold prospectors, though they were more likely to make bread with commercial yeast or baking soda. The "celebrated" San Francisco sourdough is a white bread characterized by a pronounced sourness, and indeed the strain of Lactobacillus in sourdough starters is named Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis (previously Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis), alongside the sourdough yeast Kasachstania humilis (previously Candida milleri) found in the same cultures.
The sourdough tradition was carried into Department of Alaska in the United States and the Yukon territory in Canada during the Klondike Gold Rush of 1898. Conventional leavenings such as yeast and baking soda were much less reliable in the conditions faced by the prospectors. Experienced miners and other settlers frequently carried a pouch of starter either around their neck or on a belt; these were fiercely guarded to keep from freezing. However, freezing does not kill a sourdough starter; excessive heat does. Old hands came to be called "sourdoughs", a term that is still applied to any Alaskan or Klondike old-timer. The significance of the nickname's association with Yukon culture was immortalized in the writings of Robert Service, particularly his collection of "Songs of a Sourdough".
In English-speaking countries, where wheat-based breads predominate, sourdough is no longer the standard method for bread leavening. It was gradually replaced, first by the use of barm from beer making, then, after the confirmation of germ theory by Louis Pasteur, by cultured yeasts. Although sourdough bread was superseded in commercial bakeries in the 20th century, it has undergone a revival among artisan bakers and, more recently, in industrial bakeries. In countries where there is no legal definition of sourdough bread, the dough for some products named or marketed as such is leavened using baker's yeast or chemical raising agents as well as, or instead of, a live sourdough starter culture. The Real Bread Campaign calls these products sourfaux.
Manufacturers of non-sourdough breads make up for the lack of yeast and bacterial culture by introducing into their dough an artificially-made mix known as bread improver or flour improver.
Modern culture
Sourdough baking has a devoted community today. Many devotees share starters and tips via the Internet. Hobbyists often proudly share their work on social media. Sourdough cultures contain communities of living organisms, with a history unique to each individual starter, and bakers can feel an obligation to maintain them. "Many like to think that their sourdough is unique, or their creation, or one that’s been handed down for generations, or been over the Chilkoot Pass, et cetera. Because [starter] is 'alive' some tender hearts feel an obligation to its permanent health and survival." The different yeasts present in the air in any region also enter sourdough, causing starters to change depending on location.
Some devotees find interest in history. Sourdough expert Ed Wood isolated millennia-old yeast from an ancient Egyptian bakery near the pyramids of Giza, and many individual starters, such as Carl Griffith's 1847 starter, have been passed down through generations. "I like the throwback of traditional bread, the things our great grandmothers ate," writes professional baker Stacie Kearney. Some bakers describe starters generations old, though Griffith's seems exceptional.
Sourdough baking became more popular during the COVID-19 pandemic, as increased interest in home baking caused shortages of baker's yeast in stores, whereas sourdough can be propagated at home.
Sourdough baking requires minimal equipment and simple ingredients – flour, salt, and water – but invites practice. Purism is a part of the appeal. As described by one enthusiast, "If you take flour, water, (wild) yeast and salt, and play around with time and temperature, what comes out of the oven is something utterly transformed." Many bakers feed their starters on elaborate schedules, and many name them. Some approach sourdough as science, attempting to optimize flavor and acidity with careful measurements, experimentation, and correspondence with professional microbiologists. Some lineages of starter are freely shared, and others can be purchased, but many prefer to cultivate their own. Some techniques for doing so are fiercely debated, such as the use of commercial yeast to jump-start a culture while capturing wild yeasts, or adding grapes or milk.
Preparation
Starter
The preparation of sourdough begins with a pre-ferment (the "starter" or "leaven", also known as the "chief", "chef", "head", "mother" or "sponge"), a fermented mixture of flour and water, containing a colony of microorganisms including wild yeast and lactobacilli. The purpose of the starter is to produce a vigorous leaven and to develop the flavour of the bread. In practice there are several kinds of starters, as the ratio of water to flour in the starter (hydration) varies. A starter may be a liquid batter or a stiff dough.
Flour naturally contains a variety of yeasts and bacteria. When wheat flour comes into contact with water, the naturally occurring enzyme amylase breaks down the starch into the sugars glucose and maltose, which sourdough's natural yeast can metabolize. With sufficient time, temperature, and refreshments with new or fresh dough, the mixture develops a stable culture. This culture will cause a dough to rise. The bacteria ferment starches that the yeast cannot metabolise, and the by-products, chiefly maltose, are metabolised by the yeast, which produces carbon dioxide gas, leavening the dough.
Obtaining a satisfactory rise from sourdough takes longer than a dough leavened with baker's yeast because the yeast in a sourdough is less vigorous. In the presence of lactic acid bacteria, however, some sourdough yeasts have been observed to produce twice the gas of baker's yeast. The acidic conditions in sourdough, along with the bacteria also producing enzymes that break down proteins, result in weaker gluten and may produce a denser finished product.
Refreshment of the starter
As it ferments, sometimes for several days, the volume of the starter is increased by periodic additions of flour and water, called "refreshments". As long as this starter culture is fed flour and water regularly, it will remain active.
The ratio of fermented starter to fresh flour and water is critical in the development and maintenance of a starter. This ratio is called the refreshment ratio. Higher refreshment ratios are associated with greater microbial stability in the sourdough. In San Francisco sourdough, the ratio is 40% of the total weight, which is roughly equivalent to 67% of the new-dough's weight. A high refreshment ratio keeps acidity of the refreshed dough relatively low. Acidity levels of below pH 4.0 inhibit lactobacilli and favour acid-tolerant yeasts.
A starter prepared from scratch with a salted wheat-rye dough takes about 54 hours at to stabilise at a pH between 4.4 and 4.6. 4% salt inhibits L. sanfranciscensis, while C. milleri can withstand 8%.
A drier and cooler starter has less bacterial activity and more yeast growth, which results in the bacterial production of more acetic acid relative to lactic acid. Conversely, a wetter and warmer starter has more bacterial activity and less yeast growth, with more lactic acid relative to acetic acid. The yeasts produce mainly CO2 and ethanol. High amounts of lactic acid are desired in rye and mixed-rye fermentations, while relatively higher amounts of acetic acid are desired in wheat fermentations. A dry, cool starter produces a sourer loaf than a wet, warm one. Firm starters (such as the Flemish Desem starter, which may be buried in a large container of flour to prevent drying out) tend to be more resource-intensive than wet ones.
Intervals between refreshments
A stable culture in which F. sanfranciscensis is the dominant bacterium requires a temperature between and refreshments every 24 hours for about two weeks. Refreshment intervals of longer than three days acidify the dough and may change the microbial ecosystem.
The intervals between refreshments of the starter may be reduced in order to increase the rate of gas (CO2) production, a process described as "acceleration." In this process, the ratio of yeasts to lactobacilli may be altered. Generally, if once-daily refreshment-intervals have not been reduced to several hours, the percentage amount of starter in the final dough should be reduced to obtain a satisfactory rise during proof.
Faster starter processes, requiring fewer refreshments, have been devised, sometimes using commercial sourdough starters as inoculants. These starters generally fall into two types. One is made from traditionally maintained and stable starter doughs, often dried, in which the ratios of microorganisms are uncertain. Another is made from microorganisms carefully isolated from Petri dishes, grown into large, homogeneous populations in fermentors, and processed into combined baker's products with numerically defined ratios and known quantities of microorganisms well suited to particular bread styles.
Maintaining metabolically active sourdough with high leavening activity typically requires several refreshments per day, which is achieved in bakeries that use sourdough as sole leavening agents but not by amateur bakers that use the sourdough only weekly or even less frequently.
Local methods
Bakers have devised several ways of encouraging a stable culture of micro-organisms in the starter. Unbleached, unbromated flour contains more micro-organisms than more processed flours. Bran-containing (wholemeal) flour provides the greatest variety of organisms and additional minerals, though some cultures use an initial mixture of white flour and rye or whole wheat flour or "seed" the culture using unwashed organic grapes (for the wild yeasts on their skins). Grapes and grape must are also sources of lactic acid bacteria, as are many other edible plants. Basil leaves are soaked in room-temperature water for an hour to seed traditional Greek sourdough. Using water from boiled potatoes is said to increase the activity of the bacteria by providing additional starch.
The piped drinking water supplied in most urban areas is treated by chlorination or chloramination, adding small amounts of substances that inhibit potentially dangerous micro-organisms but are harmless to animals. Some bakers recommend unchlorinated water for feeding cultures. Because a sourdough fermentation relies on microorganisms, using water without these agents may produce better results. Bottled drinking water is suitable; chlorine, but not chloramines, can be removed from tap water by boiling it for a time, or simply by leaving it uncovered for at least 24 hours. Chlorine and chloramines can both be removed by activated carbon filters.
Adding a small quantity of diastatic malt provides maltase and simple sugars to support the yeasts initially.
Bakers often make loaves with fermented dough from a previous batch (which they call "mother dough", "mother sponge", "chef", or "seed sour") rather than making a new starter every time they bake. The original starter culture may be many years old. Because of their pH level and the presence of antibacterial agents, such cultures are stable and able to prevent colonization by unwanted yeasts and bacteria. For this reason, sourdough products inherently keep fresh for a longer time than other breads, and are good at resisting spoilage and mold without the additives required to retard spoiling of other types of bread.
The flavour of sourdough bread varies from place to place according to the method used, the hydration of the starter and the final dough, the refreshment ratio, the length of the fermentation periods, ambient temperature, humidity, and elevation, all of which contribute to the microbiology of the sourdough.
Baking
The starter must be fed 4 to 12 hours prior to being added to dough, by mixing flour and water to the starter. This creates an active leaven, which should grow in size and is ready to use when it is bubbly and floats in water. The leaven is mixed with flour and water to make a final dough of the desired consistency. The starter weight is usually 13% to 25% of the total flour weight, though formulas may vary. The dough is shaped into loaves, left to rise, and then baked. A number of 'no knead' methods are available for sourdough bread. Due to the length of time sourdough bread takes to proof, many bakers may refrigerate their loaves prior to baking. This process is known as 'retardation' to slow down the proofing process. This process has the added benefit of developing a richer flavoured bread.
Because the rise time of most sourdough starters is longer than that of breads made with baker's yeasts, sourdough starters are generally unsuitable for use in a bread machine. However, sourdough that has been proved over many hours, using a sourdough starter or mother dough, can then be transferred to the machine, utilizing only the baking segment of the bread-making program, bypassing timed mechanical kneading by the machine's paddle. This may be convenient for single loaf production, but the complex blistered and slashed crust characteristics of oven-baked sourdough bread cannot be achieved in a bread making machine, as this usually requires the use of a baking stone in the oven and misting of the dough to produce steam. Furthermore, ideal crust development requires loaves of shapes not achievable in a machine's loaf tin.
Biology and chemistry of sourdough
Sourdough is a stable culture of lactic acid bacteria and yeast in a mixture of flour and water. Broadly speaking, the yeast produces gas (carbon dioxide) which leavens the dough, and the lactic acid bacteria produce lactic acid, which contributes flavor in the form of sourness. The lactic acid bacteria metabolize sugars that the yeast cannot, while the yeast metabolizes the by-products of lactic acid fermentation. During sourdough fermentation, many cereal enzymes, particularly phytases, proteases and pentosanases, are activated through acidification and contribute to biochemical changes during sourdough fermentation.
Lactic acid bacteria
Every starter consists of different lactic acid bacteria which is introduced to the starter through the environment, water, and flour used to create the starter. The lactic acid bacteria are a group of gram-positive bacteria capable of converting carbohydrate substrates into organic acids and producing a wide range of metabolites. Organic acids, including propionic, formic, acetic acid, and lactic acid, create an unfavorable environment for the growth of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms.
Lactic acid bacteria commonly found in sourdough is Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Weissella and other genera. But by far, the most prevalent species belong to the very large and diverse genus, Lactobacillus
Lactic acid bacteria are aerotolerant anaerobes, which means that though they are anaerobes, they can multiply in the presence of oxygen.
Major lactic acid bacteria in sourdough are heterofermentative (producing more than one product) organisms and convert hexoses by the phosphoketolase pathway to lactate, CO2 and acetate or ethanol; heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria are usually associated with homofermentative (producing mainly one product) lactobacilli, particularly Lactobacillus and Companilactobacillus species.
Yeasts
The most common yeast species in sourdough are Kazachstania exigua (Saccharomyces exiguous), Saccharomyces cerevisiae, K. exiguus and K. humilis (previously Candida milleri or Candida humilis).
Type I sourdough
Traditional sourdoughs used as sole leavening agent are referred to as Type I sourdough; examples include sourdoughs used for San Francisco Sourdough Bread, Panettone, and rye bread. Type I sourdoughs are generally firm doughs, have a pH range of 3.8 to 4.5, and are fermented in a temperature range of . Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis was named for its discovery in San Francisco sourdough starters, though it is not endemic to San Francisco. F. sanfranciscensis and Limosilactobacillus pontis often highlight a lactic-acid bacterial flora that includes Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Fructilactobacillus fructivorans, Levilactobacillus brevis, and Companilactobacillus paralimentarius. The yeasts Saccharomyces exiguus, Kasachstania humilis, or Candida holmii usually populate sourdough cultures symbiotically with Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis. The perfect yeast S. exiguus is related to the imperfect yeasts C. milleri and C. holmii. Torulopsis holmii, Torula holmii, and S. rosei are synonyms used prior to 1978. C. milleri and C. holmii are physiologically similar, but DNA testing established them as distinct. Other yeasts reported found include C. humilis, C. krusei, Pichia anomaola, C. peliculosa, P. membranifaciens, and C. valida. There have been changes in the taxonomy of yeasts in recent decades. F. sanfranciscensis requires maltose, while C. milleri is maltase negative and thus cannot consume maltose. C. milleri can grow under conditions of low pH and relatively high acetate levels, a factor contributing to sourdough flora's stability.
In order to produce acetic acid, F. sanfrancisensis needs maltose and fructose. Wheat dough contains abundant starch and some polyfructosanes, which enzymes degrade to "maltose, fructose and little glucose." The terms "fructosan, glucofructan, sucrosyl fructan, polyfructan, and polyfructosan" are all used to describe a class of compounds that are "structurally and metabolically" related to sucrose, where "carbon is stored as sucrose and polymers of fructose (fructans)." Yeasts have the ability to free fructose from glucofructans which compose about 1–2% of the dough. Glucofructans are long strings of fructose molecules attached to a single glucose molecule. Sucrose can be considered the shortest glucofructan, with only a single fructose molecule attached. When L. sanfrancisensis reduces all available fructose, it stops producing acetic acid and begins producing ethanol. If the fermenting dough gets too warm, the yeasts slow down, producing less fructose. Fructose depletion is more of a concern in doughs with lower enzymatic activities.
A Belgian study of wheat and spelt doughs refreshed once every 24 hours and fermented at in a laboratory environment provides insight into the three-phase evolution of first-generation-to-stable sourdough ecosystems. In the first two days of refreshment, atypical genera Enterococcus and Lactococcus bacteria highlighted the doughs. During days 2–5, sourdough-specific bacteria belonging to the genera Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, and Weissella outcompete earlier strains. Yeasts grew more slowly and reached population peaks near days 4–5. By days 5–7, "well-adapted" Lactobacillus strains such as L. fermentum and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum had emerged. At their peaks, yeast populations were in the range of about 1–10% of the lactobacilli populations or 1:10–1:100. One characteristic of a stable dough is that the heterofermentative have outcompeted homofermentative lactobacilli. F. sanfranciscensis has typically not been identified in spontaneous sourdoughs, even after multiple cycles of back-slopping; it was rapidly introduced in wheat sourdoughs, however, when plant materials were used to start the fermentation.
Investigations of wheat sourdough found that S. cerevisiae died off after two refreshment cycles. S. cerevisiae has less tolerance to acetic acid than other sourdough yeasts. Continuously maintained, stable sourdough cannot be unintentionally contaminated by S. cerevisiae.
Type II sourdough
In Type II sourdoughs, baker's yeast or Saccharomyces cerevisiae is added to leaven the dough; L. pontis and Limosilactobacillus panis in association with Lactobacillus species are dominant members of type II sourdoughs. They have a pH less than 3.5, and are fermented within a temperature range of for several days without feedings, which reduces the flora's activity. This process was adopted by some in industry, in part, due to simplification of the multiple-step build typical of Type I sourdoughs.
In Type II sourdoughs, yeast growth is slowed or stopped due to higher fermentation temperatures. These doughs are more liquid and once fermented may be chilled and stored for up to a week. They are pumpable and used in continuous bread production systems.
Type III sourdough
Type III sourdoughs are Type II sourdoughs subjected to a drying process, usually either spray or drum drying, and are mainly used at an industrial level as flavoring agents. They are dominated by "drying-resistant [lactic acid bacteria] such as Pediococcus pentosaceus, L. plantarum, and L. brevis." The drying conditions, time and heat applied, may be varied in order to influence caramelization and produce desired characteristics in the baked product.
Types of bread
There are many breads that use techniques similar to that used in the making of sourdough bread. Danish rugbrød (rye bread) is a dense, dark bread best known from its use in the Danish smørrebrød (open-faced sandwiches). The Mexican birote salado started out in the city of Guadalajara as a short French baguette that replaces the yeast with a sourdough fermentation process, yielding a bread that is crunchy outside but soft and savory inside. Amish friendship bread uses a sourdough starter that includes sugar and milk. It is also leavened with baking powder and baking soda. An Amish sourdough is fed with sugar and potato flakes every 3–5 days. German pumpernickel is traditionally made from a sourdough starter, although modern pumpernickel loaves often use commercial yeasts, sometimes spiked with citric acid or lactic acid to inactivate the amylases in the rye flour. Flemish desem bread (the word means 'starter') is a whole-wheat sourdough. In Azerbaijan, whole-wheat sourdough flatbreads are traditionally eaten. In Ethiopia, teff flour is fermented to make injera. A similar variant is eaten in Somalia, Djibouti, and Yemen (where it is known as lahoh). In India, idlis and dosa are made from a sourdough fermentation of rice and Vigna mungo.
Possible fermentation effects
Sourdough bread has a relatively low glycemic index compared with other types of bread. The activity of cereal enzymes during sourdough fermentation hydrolyses phytates, which improves the absorption of some dietary minerals and vitamins, most of which are found in the bran.
Sourdough fermentation reduces wheat components that may contribute to non-celiac wheat sensitivity and irritable bowel syndrome. Sourdough fermentation and lactic acid bacteria may be useful to improve the quality of gluten-free breads, such as by enhancing texture, aroma, and shelf life.
See also
List of sourdough breads
Biga, a pre-fermentation technique in Italian baking
Herman cake
History of California bread
Kyselo, Czech soup made from sourdough
List of microorganisms found in sourdough
Salt-rising bread
Sour mash
Sour rye soup, Polish soup (zurek) made with rye flour soured in the same process that occurs in the forming of sourdough
Injera
Notes
References
External links
Doughs
Fermented foods | wiki |
The Z9/10 Beijing-Hangzhou Through Train () is Chinese railway running between the capital Beijing to Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang express passenger trains by the Beijing Railway Bureau, Hangzhou passenger segment responsible for passenger transport task, Hangzhou originating on the Beijing train. 25T Type Passenger trains running along the Hukun Railway and Jinghu Railway across Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing and other provinces and cities, the entire 1633 km. Beijing railway station to Hangzhou railway station running 13 hours and 53 minutes, use trips for Z9; Hangzhou railway station to Beijing railway station to run 13 hours and 40 minutes, use trips for Z10.
Carriages
Locomotives
Timetable
References
Passenger rail transport in China
Rail transport in Beijing
Rail transport in Zhejiang | wiki |
No Ordinary Baby, also known as After Amy, is a 2001 television film starring Bridget Fonda. The film revolves around a reporter played by Fonda covering the birth of the first cloned human and the public furor that ensues, along with reputation troubles faced by the doctor involved. Fonda was nominated for the best actress (miniseries or TV film) award at the 2002 Golden Globes for her role in the film.
The film is based on the short story "Carbon Copy", by Richard Kadrey.
References
External links
2001 television films
2001 films
2001 drama films
Films about cloning
Films directed by Peter Werner
American drama television films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | wiki |
Gorkoye () is a salt lake on the border between Bagansky and Kupinsky districts of Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia, which is almost round in shape. Its area is 741.7 hectares.
Description
The lake is located 47 kilometers from Kupino near the village of Novoklyuchi, about 500 (or 416) kilometers from Novosibirsk.
The lake contains a high concentration of salt.
In winter the lake does not freeze, and in autumn it forms a large amount of saltpeter.
Fauna
The lake is inhabited by orange-coloured crustaceans from the genus Artemia with a length of about 7 mm.
Tourism
Along the coast of the lake, about 60 small wooden houses have been built for tourists. The curative mud from the lake is popular among visitors.
References
Gorkoye
Gorkoye | wiki |
Mental examination or mental exam may refer to:
Psychological evaluation
Mental status examination | wiki |
Cereal Food Fines are a byproduct or left-over of breakfast cereal food processing. Usually the source is unknown and sometimes this product is used in low quality dog food. The quality is unknown and fines may contain artificial sweeteners or other additives. A patent definition states that they "often will contain a significant quantity of sugar. Generally, the total sugar content of the deformable core will be in the range of about 15% to about 27%, preferably about 18% to about 20%"
AAFCO defines cereal food fines as "particles of breakfast cereals obtained as a byproduct of their processing."
See also
Distillers grains
Sources
Pet foods | wiki |
Four in the Morning may refer to:
Songs
"[It's] Four in the Morning" (1971), by Faron Young
"Four in the Morning" (1985), by Night Ranger on album 7 Wishes
"4 in the Morning" (2006), by Gwen Stefani
Other media
"Four in the Morning" (1965), film
Four in the Morning, a Canadian TV series
Poet John Rives's TED talk "The 4 a.m. mystery" | wiki |
In heraldry, tenné (; sometimes termed tenny or tawny) is a "stain", or non-standard tincture, of orange (in English blazonry), light brown (in French heraldry) or orange-tawny (in continental heraldry) colour.
Tenné, however, is not to be confused with Brunâtre ("brownish") of French and German blazons. Tenné is used for the depiction of leather colour, while the much darker Brunâtre is used for the depiction of bear hide colour.
Etymology
In the Oxford English Dictionary, tenné is described as "orange-brown, as a stain used in blazoning", and as a mid-16th-century variant of Old French tané. The origin of both tenné and tawny is the Medieval Latin word tannare, meaning "to tan leather". As such, in French (and most of continental) heraldry, tenné is the light-brownish colour that leather is supposed to have once tanned. Used primarily for depicting wood and skin in proper charges, it then slowly became its own tincture.
Hatchings
Perhaps as a symptom of the theoretical nature of heraldic stains, the hatchings assigned to these have been inconsistent among sources. The hatching for tenné has been given variously as a combination of vertical lines (as gules) and dexter to sinister lines (as vert), or as a combination of horizontal lines (as azure) and sinister to dexter lines (as purpure), (and other combinations may be found in other sources) though both these sources provide the same hatching of alternating vertical dots and dashes for "orange".
In theory and in practice
While tenné is frequently mentioned in books about heraldry, it is not among the basic heraldic colours and its appearance in practice is quite rare. Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, in his Complete Guide to Heraldry, asserted that both tenné and murrey were probably inventions of the theoretical (though never shown in actual practice) system of abatements, further commenting that he knew of only one instance of tenné to date (as of 1909), and that was in an estate livery rather than coat armory. The Oxford Guide to Heraldry cites a late-14th century English treatise as stating that in addition to the two metals and five colours, a colour called tawny was "borne only in the Empire and France," the Oxford Guide also citing Gerard Leigh's The Accendance of Armory (1562) as rejecting tenné or tawny as non-existent and sanguine or murrey as mistaken purpure.
In Britain
Despite its role in the system of theoretical abatements of honour introduced in the 16th century, tenné is quite rare in British armory, appearing only occasionally in liveries and never as a colour upon the escutcheon. The Oxford Guide to Heraldry notes that the "stains" (tenné, murrey and sanguine) "occur occasionally in the twentieth century but have never been spotted in a Visitation record." Fox-Davies named the estate livery of Lord Fitzhardinge, worn by the lord's hunt servants, as the only known occurrence of "orange-tawny" in British armory. To this, Woodward was able to add the standards of both the Earl of Derby, bearing the Stanley crest upon a field of tawny and vert, and the Earl of Northumberland, bearing "four horizontal bands, the upper being russet, the two central ones yellow, and the lowest tawny." The Coat of arms of West Yorkshire (1975–1986) was supported on the sinister side by a lion per fess tenne and vert, with a lion per fess gules and tenne in crest.
According to the Heraldry Society of Scotland, the team colours of the Dundee United Football Club should be called "tenny and argent". Dundee United calls the colours tangerine and white, and the team is referred to as "the tangerines."
In continental Europe
According to the Oxford Guide to Heraldry, a late-14th century English treatise on heraldry stated that a colour called tawny was "borne only in the Empire and France." Fox-Davies suggested that orange, as it appears in German heraldry, may be a different colour than tenné, noting that a different hatching is associated with German orange than that of British tenné. German heraldic author Ottfried Neubecker also noted a distinction between orange and brown or tenné, showing the usual hatching for tenné but a distinctive hatching of alternating vertical dots and dashes for orange. Orangé, tanné and tenné appear in the civic arms of several communes in the Department of Oise in France.
In French heraldry, tanné (same as tenné) is traditionally a light brown. It is to be a light brown colour, bright enough to be distinguished from the darkest heraldic colour, sable (black), as well as the darker brown color brunâtre, used for bear hide fur. It should also be a distinctive brown, and be clearly different than both flesh-color carnation and orangé, used per example as the field color for the arms of the French commune of Lamorlaye. Tenné takes its name from the colour of tanned leather, and occurs in the field of the arms of a few French communes, including Maruéjols-lès-Gardon. Tanné colour also occurs in the dexter chief quarter of the arms of La Neuville-Roy, where it notably replaces azure as the field for a semy of fleurs-de-lys very reminiscent of the ancient arms of France.
In English heraldry, all these colours are sometimes—yet mistakenly—confused as tenné.
In Australia
Granted in 1978, the Coat of arms of the Northern Territory has a tenny field, with a design inspired by Aboriginal paintings.
In South Africa
Orange is a common colour in South African heraldry, because of the history of South Africa as a Dutch colony, and the fact that royal house of the Netherlands is the House of Orange. The Dutch Prince's Flag was an orange white and blue tricolour, and this was the basis of the flags of the Orange Free State (1857-1902) and the Union of South Africa (1928-1994).
In the United States
Tenné (so blazoned) is found in the arms and colours of some U.S. military units, particularly in the Signal Corps, where the colour is shown as a bright shade of orange, and the Cavalry, where tenné is sometimes called "dragoon yellow".
The coat of arms of the 1st Signal Battalion, designed in 1932 by the U.S. Army Heraldic Program Office (since 1960 called the Institute of Heraldry) is per bend argent and tenné, since orange and white are the traditional colours of the Signal Corps. These colours are repeated in the arms of virtually every battalion in the Signal Corps.
The 1st Cavalry Regiment (also known as the 1st Regiment of Dragoons) was assigned a coat of arms by the Heraldic Program Office in 1921 featuring a gold dragon on a field of tenné. The 1st Cavalry was founded as the Regiment of United States Dragoons in 1833, and at the time the dragoon units wore a cord of tenné (which they called "dragoon yellow") and Or (gold). These are also the colours of the torse in the coat of arms of the unit.
In popular culture
The Star Trek Star Fleet Technical Manual describes the official tunic color of Star Fleet Command Section standard issue uniforms, such as those worn by James Kirk and Hikaru Sulu, as "tenne." These are the tunics depicted on the actual show as yellow-gold fabric. Separate from this, officers of Captain's rank or higher may optionally wear tunics and dress uniforms greenish in hue; the Manual specifies this color as "olive."
Examples
See also
Tawny (colour)
Tawny port
References
Stains
Shades of brown
Shades of orange | wiki |
William Dillard may refer to:
William T. Dillard, American businessman, founder of the Dillard's Department Stores chain
William T. Dillard II, American heir and businessman
Bill Dillard, American jazz trumpeter, actor and singer
Harrison Dillard (William Harrison Dillard), American track and field athlete
See also
William Dillard Homestead, Stone County, Arkansas | wiki |
Rhode Island Reds has been the name of three sports teams from Rhode Island:
RI Reds, a current team in the National Premier Soccer League
Providence Reds, a former team of the Canadian-American Hockey League and American Hockey League which later changed its name to Rhode Island Reds
Riverpoint Royals, a former team of the New England Collegiate Baseball League which used Rhode Island Reds as its original name
See also
Rhode Island Red, a breed of domestic chicken
Rhode Island Red Monument, a historic commemorative sculpture in Little Compton, Rhode Island | wiki |
This list of cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.
D | wiki |
Fort Church may refer to:
Fort Church (Rhode Island), a World War II US coast defense fort
Fort Church, Bangalore, a fortified church 1808-1933
Fort Church, Curaçao, a church inside Fort Amsterdam in Willemstad | wiki |
General Burnett may refer to:
Charles Burnett (British Army officer) (1843–1915), British Army general
Charles Burnett (RAF officer) (1882–1945), Royal Air Force general
Henry Lawrence Burnett (1838–1916), Union Army brevet brigadier general
Sir James Burnett, 13th Baronet (1880–1953), British Army major general
See also
John Burnett-Stuart (1875–1958), British Army general | wiki |
The is an inactive professional wrestling mixed tag team championship co-promoted by the Wrestling of Darkness 666 (Triple Six) and Ice Ribbon promotions. The title was established in 2011. There have been two reigns among two teams. Yuko Miyamoto and Risa Sera are the current champions in their first reign.
History
On July 18, 2011, Team Phoenix (Hikari Minami and Dynasty) defeated Team Yankee Ribbon (Yuko Miyamoto and Chii Tomiya) in the final of a 4-team "Mixed Tag Team 1-Day tournament". Following their victory, they were awarded the inaugural title on September 9.
After two successful defenses, the title was vacated in March 2013 due to a lack of defenses. On March 24, Yuko Miyamoto and Risa Sera defeated Taro Yamada and Tsukushi to win the vacant title. The title has not been defended since, nor has it been officially deactivated.
Inaugural tournament
Reigns
See also
Professional wrestling in Japan
References
Notes
Footnotes
External links
Young Ribbon Mixed Tag Team Championship (in Japanese)
Tag team wrestling championships | wiki |
In banking, a minimum daily balance is the minimum balance that a banking institution requires account holders to have in their accounts each day in order to waive maintenance fees. This is not to be confused with the average daily balance, which is computed as the sum of daily balances in a billing period divided by the number of days.
This is how most checking account balances are measured. An account balance may drop below the required amount throughout a given day as long as the balance requirement is met at the end of the business day. For example: Joan has a checking account with a "$1,600 minimum daily balance." One day she makes purchases that drop her balance down to $1,300 but then deposits a $400 paycheck before the end of the day. The bank won’t charge her the service fee because her final balance that day is $1,700.
References
Banking | wiki |
Haverschmidt ist der Familienname folgender Personen: | wiki |
Brian Dinkelman (10 de noviembre de 1983) es un jugador de las Grandes Ligas de Béisbol. Juega de segunda base para el Minnesota Twins.
Referencias
Beisbolistas de Estados Unidos
Beisbolistas de Minnesota Twins | wiki |
El estudiante puede referirse a:
Luis Gómez Calleja, El Estudiante (1911-1995), un torero español;
El estudiante (1894), relato de Antón Chéjov;
El estudiante, canción de la banda argentina Los Twist;
El estudiante, película mexicana de 2009;
El estudiante, película argentina de 2011;
El estudiante de Salamanca, poema de José de Espronceda. | wiki |
This list of cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.
La | wiki |
Here are the results for USA Masters diving meets from 2010 to 2019.
Return to USA Masters Diving
Diving competitions in the United States | wiki |
Play with Fire är en singel av Hilary Duff. Den släpptes den 21 augusti 2006.
Videon regisserades av duon Alex and Martin.
Låtförteckning
CD-singel
"Play with Fire" – 3:00
"Play with Fire" (instrumental) – 3:01
Richard Vission remixar
"Play with Fire" (Richard Vission remix radio edit) – 3:12
"Play with Fire" (Richard Vission Mix Show edit) – 4:55
"Play with Fire" (Richard Vission club mix) – 6:10
"Play with Fire" (Richard Vission dub mix) – 5:55
"Play with Fire" (original) – 3:01
Musiksinglar 2006 | wiki |
Subtropical Storm Ubá was the fourth tropical or subtropical cyclone to form in the South Atlantic Ocean in 2021. Ubá originated from an area of low pressure that formed off the coast of Rio de Janeiro and evolved into a subtropical cyclone on 10 December. The cyclone lingered for two days, before weakening back to a low-pressure area and dissipating on 13 December. Together with the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ), Ubá caused heavy rains in Minas Gerais, in Espírito Santo and mainly in Bahia. The storm became the deadliest South Atlantic (sub)tropical cyclone, with a death toll of 15.
Meteorological history
The low-pressure system formed off the coast of Rio de Janeiro and evolved into a subtropical cyclone. The low caused, along with the South Atlantic Convergence Zone, heavy rains in Minas Gerais, in Espírito Santo and mainly in Bahia where very high volumes of precipitation were recorded in the city of Itamaraju, measuring . More than 30 municipalities in Bahia decreed state of emergency because of heavy rains and ten people died in the state.
On 10 December, the cyclone evolved and gave rise to a subtropical depression on the coast of southern Brazil, according to a synoptic chart from the Brazilian Navy. In the morning of the same day, according to the CHM, the system evolved into a subtropical storm and was named Ubá.
On 12 December, the system was lowered to a subtropical depression upon exiting METAREA V and a day later, encountering cooler waters and of wind shear, it was lowered again to a low pressure common at sea.
Impact
Floods in Minas Gerais
In the Jequitinhonha Valley, in Minas Gerais, the rain caused by ZCAS and this subtropical cyclone caused flooding, with the Jucuruçu River overflowing. Another 5 deaths from these systems were reported., a dam overflowed in Crisólita and in the city of Monte Formoso, were registered . 31 cities in Minas Gerais were in a state of emergency.
Floods in southern Bahia
The floods in southern Bahia began on 7 December 2021, with heavy rains that hit the region. Among the most affected cities in south of the state are Itamaraju, Eunápolis and Itabela, where a strong rise in river levels and slides of land. Other cities are also being affected, requiring air assistance to rescue and supply basic items. In Ilhéus, the pool of a luxury resort overflowed, and some guests had to be transferred to another hotel The government of Bahia decreed an emergency situation in 24 municipalities on the 9th. News of deaths and disappearances circulated in the media, more than a thousand displaced people are estimated.
See also
Weather of 2021
Tropical cyclones of 2021
References
External links
2021 meteorology
Ubá
Ubá
South Atlantic tropical cyclones
Tropical cyclones in Brazil | wiki |
Perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory information.
It can also be explained as how a person feels towards something.
Perception or Perceptions may also refer to:
Music
Perception (Art Farmer album), a 1961 jazz album
Perception (Blessid Union of Souls album), a 2005 alternative rock album
Perception (Connie Crothers album), a 1974 jazz album
Perception (The Doors album), a 2006 box set
Perceptions (Dizzy Gillespie album), a 1962 jazz album
Perceptions (EP), an experimental album by VersaEmerge
Perceptions (This Beautiful Republic album), a 2008 Christian rock album
Perception (NF album), a 2017 rap album
Perceptual (album), a Brian Blade album
Television
Perception (American TV series), an American crime drama starring Eric McCormack
Other
Machine perception, the capability of a computer system to interpret data in a manner that is similar to humans
Perception (journal), a UK scientific journal investigating perception
Perception (company), a media entertainment company
Perception (video game), a 2017 adventure video game | wiki |
People in Need is a Czech humanitarian organization.
People in Need may also refer to:
People in Need, RTE telethon, which created The People in Need Trust, a charity in Ireland
People in Need, charity created by the Hearst family in response to kidnapping; Sara Jane Moore
People in Need (film), a 1925 German film
See also
Children in Need | wiki |
Autobiography of a Family Photo is a 1995 book by Jacqueline Woodson. The book covers childhood, the growth of dark emotional and sexual tension, and the terrors of war.
References
1995 American novels
Novels by Jacqueline Woodson | wiki |
This list of cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.
N | wiki |
This list of cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.
O | wiki |
A subscription period service is a system of periods of consumers on a time determined basis for products or services that they receive. An example is a recurring monthly period for access to nothingsuch as newspaper archives. Other common uses are for downloadable software, games, e-books, and digital downloads. Subscription billing service is also utilized by mobile app providers such as Apple's App Store.
See also
LEC billing
Software as a service
References
Personal finance
Retail financial services | wiki |
Denio can refer to:
People
Amy Denio (born 1961), soundtrack composer and songwriter
Elizabeth Denio (1842–1922), American teacher, first woman to teach at the University of Rochester
Hiram Denio (1799–1871), American lawyer and politician, Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals
Dênio Martins (born 1977), Brazilian footballer
See also
Samfundet De Nio, Swedish literary society | wiki |
The name Man-yi has been used to name four tropical cyclones in the western north Pacific Ocean. The name was contributed by Hong Kong and refers to High Island Reservoir (Man-yi Reservoir) in Sai Kung Peninsula, New Territories, Hong Kong, which was originally a strait that separated the peninsula to High Island.
Typhoon Man-yi (2001) (T0109, 12W)
Typhoon Man-yi (2007) (T0704, 04W, Bebeng) – struck Japan during July 2007.
Typhoon Man-yi (2013) (T1318, 16W) – struck Japan during September 2013.
Typhoon Man-yi (2018) (T1828, 34W, Tomas) – November typhoon that stayed out to sea.
Pacific typhoon set index articles | wiki |
Signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease are varied. Parkinson's disease affects movement, producing motor symptoms. Non-motor symptoms, which include dysautonomia, cognitive and neurobehavioral problems, and sensory and sleep difficulties, are also common. When other diseases mimic Parkinson's disease, they are categorized as parkinsonism.
Motor signs and symptoms
Four motor symptoms are considered cardinal signs in PD: slowness of movement (bradykinesia), tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. Typical for PD is an initial asymmetric distribution of these symptoms, where in the course of the disease, a gradual progression to bilateral symptoms develops, although some asymmetry usually persists. Other motor symptoms include gait and posture disturbances such as decreased arm swing, a forward-flexed posture, and the use of small steps when walking; speech and swallowing disturbances; and other symptoms such as a mask-like facial expression or small handwriting are examples of the range of common motor problems that can appear.
Cardinal signs
Four motor signs are considered cardinal in PD: tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability (also referred to as parkinsonism).
Tremor is the most apparent and well-known sign. It is also the most common; though around 30% of individuals with PD do not have tremor at disease onset, most develop it as the disease progresses. It is usually a rest tremor, maximal when the limb is at rest and disappearing with voluntary movement and sleep. It affects to a greater extent the most distal part of the limb, and at onset typically appears in only a single arm or leg, becoming bilateral later during the course of the disease. Frequency of PD tremor is between 4 and 6 hertz (cycles per second). It is a pronation-supination tremor that is described as "pill-rolling", that is the index finger of the hand tends to get into contact with the thumb, and they perform a circular movement together. Such term was given due to the similarity of the movement in PD patients with the former pharmaceutical technique of manually making pills. PD tremor is not improved with alcohol intake, as opposed to essential tremor.
Rigidity is characterized by an increased muscle tone (an excessive and continuous contraction of the muscles) which produces stiffness and resistance to movement in joints. Rigidity may be associated with joint pain, with such pain being a frequent initial manifestation of the disease. When limbs of the person with PD are passively moved by others, a "cogwheel rigidity" is commonly seen. Cogwheel-like or ratchety jerks are characterized by the articulation moving as opposed to the normal fluid movement; when a muscle is externally tried to move, it resists at first, but with enough force, it is partially moved until it resists again, and only with further force, will it be moved. The combination of tremor and increased tone is considered to be at the origin of cogwheel rigidity.
Bradykinesia and akinesia: the former is slowness of movement, while the latter is the absence of it. It is the most characteristic clinical feature of PD, and is associated with difficulties along the whole course of the movement process, from planning to initiation and finally execution of a movement. The performance of sequential and simultaneous movements is also hindered. Bradykinesia is the most disabling symptom in the early stages of the disease. Initial manifestations of bradykinesia are problems when performing daily life tasks requiring fine motor control such as writing, sewing, or getting dressed. Clinical evaluation is based in similar tasks consisting such as alternating movements between both hands or feet. Bradykinesia is not equal for all movements or times. It is modified by the activity or emotional state of the subject to the point of some patients who are barely able to walk being capable of riding a bicycle. Generally, patients have less difficulties when some sort of external cue is provided.
Postural instability: In the late stages, postural instability is typical, which leads to impaired balance and frequent falls, and secondarily to bone fractures. Instability is often absent in the initial stages, especially in younger people. Up to 40% of the patients may experience falls and around 10% may have falls weekly, with the number of falls being related to the severity of PD. It is produced by a failure of postural reflexes, along other disease-related factors such as orthostatic hypotension or cognitive and sensory changes.
Other motor symptoms
Other motor symptoms include:
Gait and posture disturbances:
Shuffling gait is characterized by short steps, with feet barely leaving the ground. Small obstacles tend to cause the patient to trip.
Decreased arm-swing
Turning 'en bloc, rather than the usual twisting of the neck and trunk and pivoting on the toes, is when PD patients keep their necks and trunks rigid, requiring multiple small steps to accomplish a turn.
Camptocormia is a stooped, forward-flexed posture. In severe forms, the head and upper shoulders may be bent at a right angle relative to the trunk.
Festination is a combination of stooped posture, imbalance, and short steps. It leads to a gait that gets progressively faster and faster, often ending in a fall.
Gait freezing, also called motor blocks, is a manifestation of akinesia. Gait freezing is characterized by a sudden inability to move the lower extremities which usually lasts less than 10 seconds. It may worsen in tight, cluttered spaces, when attempting to initiate gait or turning around, or when approaching a destination. Freezing improves with treatment and also with behavioral techniques such as marching to command or following a given rhythm.
Dystonia is abnormal, sustained, sometimes painful twisting muscle contractions, often affecting the foot and ankle (mainly toe flexion and foot inversion), which often interferes with gait.
Scoliosis is abnormal curvature of the spine.
Speech and swallowing disturbances:
Hypophonia (soft speech).
Monotonic speech - quality tends to be soft, hoarse, and monotonous.
Festinating speech - excessively rapid, soft, poorly intelligible speech.
Drooling is most likely caused by a weak, infrequent swallow.
Dysphagia is an impaired ability to swallow, which in the case of PD is probably related to an inability to initiate the swallowing reflex or by a too long laryngeal or oesophageal movement. It can lead to aspiration pneumonia.
Dysarthria is a form of speech disorder.
Other motor symptoms and signs:
Fatigue
Hypomimia (a mask-like face).
Difficulty rolling in bed or rising from a seated position.
Micrographia (small, cramped handwriting).
Impaired fine-motor dexterity and motor coordination
Impaired gross-motor coordination.
Akathisia (an unpleasant desire to move, often related to medication).
Reemergence of primitive reflexes.
Glabellar reflex
Neuropsychiatric
Parkinson's disease causes neuropsychiatric disturbances, which mainly include cognitive disorders, mood disorders, and behavior problems, and can be as disabling as motor symptoms.
Since L-Dopa, the widely used drug in Parkinson's disease treatment, is decarboxylated by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), which is found in both dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons, it is possible for serotonergic neurons to convert L-Dopa into dopamine and generate excessive neuronal death by creating reactive oxygen species and quinoproteins. The association of serotonin with mood and cognition may explain some of the side-effects observed in patients treated with L-Dopa due to serotonin deficit.
In most cases, motor symptoms predominate at early PD stages, while cognitive disturbances (such as mild cognitive impairment or dementia) emerge later. The onset of parkinsonism in PD relative to dementia is used as an arbitrary criterion to clinically distinguish Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) using a 'one-year rule'. Dementia onset within 12-months of or at the same time as motor dysfunctions qualified as DLB, whereas in PDD, parkinsonism had to precede dementia by at least one year.
Cognitive disturbances occur even in the initial stages of the disease in some cases. A very high proportion of patients have mild cognitive impairment as the disease advances. Most common deficits in nondemented patients are:
Executive dysfunction, which translates into impaired set shifting, poor problem solving, and fluctuations in attention among other difficulties
Slowed cognitive speed (bradyphrenia)
Memory problems can occur, specifically in recalling learned information, with an important improvement with cues. Recognition memory is less impaired than free recall, pointing towards a retrieving more than to an encoding problem.
Regarding language, patients are found to have problems in verbal fluency tests.
Visuospatial skills difficulties, which are seen when the person with PD is for example asked to perform tests of face perception and perception of line orientation.
Deficits tend to aggravate with time, developing in many cases into dementia. A person with PD has a six-fold increased risk of developing it, and the overall rate in people with the disease is around 30%. Moreover, prevalence of dementia increases in relation to disease duration, going up to 80%. Dementia has been associated with a reduced quality of life in patients and caregivers, increased mortality, and a higher probability of moving to a nursing home.
Cognitive problems and dementia are usually accompanied by behavior and mood alterations, although these kinds of changes are also more common in those patients without cognitive impairment than in the general population. Most frequent mood difficulties include:
Depression is well recognized in PD, having been identified as "melancholia" by James Parkinson in his original report of the disease in 1817. Estimated prevalence rates of depression vary widely according to the population sampled and methodology used, although depressive symptoms, irrespective of classically defined DSM criteria for depression, are present in 35% of patients There is an increased risk for any individual with depression to go on to develop Parkinson's disease at a later date. It is increasingly thought to be a consequence of the disease rather than an emotional reaction to disability, although ample evidence shows that the relationship between depression and PD is bidirectional. General risk factors for depression are actually stronger markers for depression in PD patients than PD specific factors. Since Parkinson's affects many areas of the brain that control mood (specifically the frontal lobe as well as those areas that produce serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine), depression may result. Depression is one of the most common neuropsychiatric conditions found in patients who have PD, and it is associated with more rapid progression of physical symptoms and a greater decline in cognitive skills. Depression in patients with PD was found to be more predictive of overall disability than was the motor disability from the PD. An interesting finding is that although a high rate of depression is seen in patients with PD, the incidence of suicide is lower in this group of patients. Many of the symptoms of PD may overlap with those of depression, making diagnosis a difficult issue.
Apathy
Anxiety is seen; 70% of individuals with PD diagnosed with pre-existing depression go on to develop anxiety. About 90% of PD patients with pre-existing anxiety subsequently develop depression, apathy, or abulia.
Obsessive–compulsive behaviors (also known as Impulse-control disorders) such as craving, binge eating, hypersexuality, pathological gambling, punding, or others, can also appear in PD, and have been related to a dopamine dysregulation syndrome associated with the medications for the disease.
Psychotic symptoms are common in PD, generally associated with dopamine therapy. Symptoms of psychosis, or impaired reality testing, are either hallucinations, typically visual, less commonly auditory, and rarely in other domains including tactile, gustatory, or olfactory, or delusions, that is, irrational beliefs. Hallucinations are generally stereotyped and without emotional content. Initially, patients usually have insight so that the hallucinations are benign in terms of their immediate impact, but have poor prognostic implications, with increased risk of dementia, worsened psychotic symptoms, and mortality. Delusions occur in about 5-10% of treated patients, and are considerably more disruptive, being paranoid in nature, of spousal infidelity or family abandonment. Psychosis is an independent risk factor for nursing-home placement.
Hallucinations can occur in parkinsonian syndromes for a variety of reasons. An overlap exists between PD and dementia with Lewy bodies, so that where Lewy bodies are present in the visual cortex, hallucinations may result. Hallucinations can also be brought about by excessive dopaminergic stimulation. Most hallucinations are visual in nature, often formed as familiar people or animals, and are generally not threatening in nature. Some patients find them comforting; however, their caregivers often find this part of the disease most disturbing, and the occurrence of hallucinations is a major risk factor for hospitalisation. Treatment options consist of modifying the dosage of dopaminergic drugs taken each day, adding an antipsychotic drug such as quetiapine, or offering caregivers a psychosocial intervention to help them cope with the hallucinations.
Sleep
Sleep problems can be worsened by medications for PD, but they are a core feature of the disease. Sleep dysfunction in PD has significant negative impacts on both patient and carer quality of life. Some common symptoms are:
Excessive daytime somnolence
Insomnia, characterized mostly by sleep fragmentation
Disturbances in rapid eye movement sleep: disturbingly vivid dreams, and rapid eye movement behavior disorder, characterized by acting out of dream content: It appears in a third of the patients and it is a risk factor for PD in the overall population.
Perception
Impaired proprioception (the awareness of bodily position in three-dimensional space)
Reduction or loss of sense of smell (hyposmia or anosmia) may be an early marker of the disease.
Paresthesias
Autonomic
Orthostatic hypotension leading to dizziness and fainting
Oily skin
Urinary incontinence (typically in later disease progression) and nocturia (getting up in the night to pass urine)
Altered sexual function is characterized by profound impairment of sexual arousal, behavior, orgasm, and drive, and is found in mid- and late PD.
Excessive sweating
Gastrointestinal
Parkinson's Disease causes constipation and gastric dysmotility that is severe enough to endanger comfort and even health. A factor in this is the appearance of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites even before these affect the functioning of the substantia nigra in the neurons in the enteric nervous system that control gut functions.
Neuro-ophthalmological
PD is related to different ophthalmological abnormalities produced by the neurological changes. Among them are:
Decreased blink rate
Irritation of the eye surface
Alteration in the tear film
Visual hallucinations
Decreased eye convergence
Blepharospasm
Abnormalities in ocular pursuit, ocular fixation and saccadic movements
Difficulties opening the eyelids This can have particular relevance when driving. People with Parkinson's have been shown to be less accurate in spotting landmarks and roadsigns whilst driving.
Limitations in upward gaze
Blurred vision
Diplopia (double vision), produced by a reduced eye convergence.
References
Parkinson's disease | wiki |
Step is an open source two-dimensional physics simulation engine that is included in the KDE SC as a part of KDE Education Project. It includes StepCore, a physical simulation library.
History
The program was developed by Vladimir Kuznetsov and introduced in February 2007. It was released along with KDE 4.1.
Licensing
The program is licensed under the terms of GNU General Public License, making it free software.
Description
Step is based on bodies and forces placed by the user:
Bodies range from tiny particles to huge polygons, and each body has unique properties that influence the outcome of the simulation, such as mass and velocity, and their derivations such as kinetic energy.
Forces can be either placed directly by the user or produced by adding gravitation, Coulomb force or other effects.
The program also features springs and soft bodies.
Step allows reverting after simulation, so the user can modify the bodies and forces and see how the outcome of the simulation is affected. All the bodies and forces can also be modified in real time.
The software allows users to add graphs and meters and configure them to any property of any body. This allows, for example, graphing speed or acceleration against time.
References
External links
Step handbook
KDE software
Free physics software
Software that uses Qt
KDE Education Project
Science education software
Free educational software | wiki |
This list of cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.
Pl | wiki |
Monosemy means 'one-meaning' and is a methodology primarily for lexical semantic analysis, but which has widespread applicability throughout the various strata of language.
Originator
Despite several precursors, monosemy as a theoretical model was developed most prominently by the transformational-generative linguist, Charles Ruhl.
Principles
Monosemy as a methodology for analysis is based on the recognition that almost all cases of polysemy (where a word is understood to have multiple meanings) require context in order to differentiate these supposed meanings.
Since context is an indispensable part of any polysemous meaning, Ruhl argues that it is better to locate the variation in meaning where it actually resides: in the context and not in the word itself. Wallis Reid has demonstrated that a polysemous definition does not actually add any additional information that is not already located in the context, such that a polysemous definition is exactly as informative as a monosemous definition when the effects of context are "controlled" for (i.e. systematically factored out of a definition).
A monosemous analysis assumes that any sign in a sign system signals one value within its paradigm, with a substance that arises out of its diachronic history.
There are some cases where a word genuinely has two meanings that cannot be brought under a singular, more abstract sense, but these are better understood as instances of homonymy.
Recent Applications
Monosemy has been used in work by the Columbia School of Linguistics, in areas of cognitive linguistics, and in linguistic research into Ancient Greek.
Other Understandings of Monosemy
Monosemy can also be understood as an attribute of a language (though this is not precisely what Charles Ruhl's theory articulates), namely the absence of semantic ambiguity in language. The artificial language Lojban and its predecessor Loglan represent attempts at creating monosemous languages. Monosemy is important for translation and semantic computing.
See also
Aberrant decoding
Polysemy
Syntactic ambiguity
References
External links
A theoretical sketch of monosemy
Lexical semantics | wiki |
The National Inventory of Dams (NID) is a congressionally authorized database documenting dams in the United States and its territories. It is maintained and published by the US Army Corps of Engineers. It contains information about each dam's location, size, purpose, type, last inspection and regulatory facts.
References
External links
Government-owned websites of the United States
United States Army Corps of Engineers | wiki |
The following is a list of devices running the Android TV operating system developed by Google.
Commercial devices
Chromecast with Google TV
Nexus Player (discontinued)
Nvidia Shield TV
Mediabox Maverick (South Africa)
Razer Forge TV (discontinued)
Xiaomi TV, Xiaomi Mi Box, Mi Box S, Mi TV Stick, and Xiaomi TV Stick 4K
Nokia Streaming Box, and Nokia Media Streamer (Europe)
Walmart Onn Android TV Box
Realme 4K Smart Google TV Stick and 1080p Smart Android TV Stick (India)
Akari SMARTBOX (Indonesia)
Dynalink Android TV Box
Devices provided by pay TV operators
TVB MyTV SUPER Box (Hong Kong)
TVB Anywhere Android TV Box
Polytron Mola Streaming, and PLAY 2 4K Smart Android TV Box (Indonesia)
IndiHome (Indonesia)
First Media (Indonesia)
MNC Play Vision+ TV (Indonesia)
Nex Parabola NexVidio (Indonesia)
StarHub Go Streaming Box, and StarHub TV+ Box (Singapore)
Verizon Stream TV
TiVo Stream 4K
Foxtel Now Box (Australia)
Vodafone TV (Australia) (discontinued)
Tata Play binge+ (India)
Airtel Xstream Box, Xstream Stick, and Internet TV (India)
DishSMRT Hub (India)
d2h Stream (India)
Globe Streamwatch 2-in-1 Entertainment Box, and Globe Xtreme Prepaid (Philippines)
Sky EVO (Philippines)
Converge VISION Xperience Box (Philippines)
Proximus Android TV Box (Belgium)
unifi Plus Box (Malaysia)
Notes
References
Android (operating system) devices | wiki |
L'Ordre de Jamaïque (Order of Jamaica en anglais) est un ordre honorifique civil de Jamaïque. Il est le quatrième ordre le plus élevé dans le système honorifique jamaïcain, et correspond au titre de chevalier dans le système des titres et honneurs britanniques. Il a été introduit en 1969.
Sources
Liens externes
Décorations nationales de Jamaïque
Ordre honorifique de Jamaïque
Décoration civile jamaïcaine
Fondation en 1969 | wiki |
This list of cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.
R
Unprintworthy redirects | wiki |
Paper Houses may refer to:
Paper Houses, album by The Bollands
"Paper Houses", song by Mull Historical Society from Loss (Mull Historical Society album)
"Paper Houses", song by Bert Jansch from Toy Balloon (album)
"Paper Houses", song by Niall Horan from Flicker (album)
Paper House, a structure in Rockport, Massachusetts | wiki |
{{DISPLAYTITLE:C2H3ClO2}}
The molecular formula C2H3ClO2 may refer to:
Chloroacetic acid, organochlorine carboxylic acid and building-block in organic synthesis
Methyl chloroformate, the methyl ester of chloroformic acid | wiki |
est un single d'Ozzy Osbourne sorti en 1987, à la suite de la sortie de The Ultimate Sin.
Titres
Lightning Strikes
Lightning Strikes
Chanson interprétée par Ozzy Osbourne | wiki |
The development of the nervous system, or neural development (neurodevelopment), refers to the processes that generate, shape, and reshape the nervous system of animals, from the earliest stages of embryonic development to adulthood. The field of neural development draws on both neuroscience and developmental biology to describe and provide insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which complex nervous systems develop, from nematodes and fruit flies to mammals.
Defects in neural development can lead to malformations such as holoprosencephaly, and a wide variety of neurological disorders including limb paresis and paralysis, balance and vision disorders, and seizures, and in humans other disorders such as Rett syndrome, Down syndrome and intellectual disability.
Overview of vertebrate brain development
The vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) is derived from the ectoderm—the outermost germ layer of the embryo. A part of the dorsal ectoderm becomes specified to neural ectoderm – neuroectoderm that forms the neural plate along the dorsal side of the embryo. This is a part of the early patterning of the embryo (including the invertebrate embryo) that also establishes an anterior-posterior axis. The neural plate is the source of the majority of neurons and glial cells of the CNS. The neural groove forms along the long axis of the neural plate, and the neural plate folds to give rise to the neural tube. When the tube is closed at both ends it is filled with embryonic cerebrospinal fluid. As the embryo develops, the anterior part of the neural tube expands and forms three primary brain vesicles, which become the forebrain (prosencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon), and hindbrain (rhombencephalon). These simple, early vesicles enlarge and further divide into the telencephalon (future cerebral cortex and basal ganglia), diencephalon (future thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (future colliculi), metencephalon (future pons and cerebellum), and myelencephalon (future medulla). The CSF-filled central chamber is continuous from the telencephalon to the central canal of the spinal cord, and constitutes the developing ventricular system of the CNS. Embryonic cerebrospinal fluid differs from that formed in later developmental stages, and from adult CSF; it influences the behavior of neural precursors. Because the neural tube gives rise to the brain and spinal cord any mutations at this stage in development can lead to fatal deformities like anencephaly or lifelong disabilities like spina bifida. During this time, the walls of the neural tube contain neural stem cells, which drive brain growth as they divide many times. Gradually some of the cells stop dividing and differentiate into neurons and glial cells, which are the main cellular components of the CNS. The newly generated neurons migrate to different parts of the developing brain to self-organize into different brain structures. Once the neurons have reached their regional positions, they extend axons and dendrites, which allow them to communicate with other neurons via synapses. Synaptic communication between neurons leads to the establishment of functional neural circuits that mediate sensory and motor processing, and underlie behavior.
Aspects
Some landmarks of neural development include the birth and differentiation of neurons from stem cell precursors, the migration of immature neurons from their birthplaces in the embryo to their final positions, outgrowth of axons and dendrites from neurons, guidance of the motile growth cone through the embryo towards postsynaptic partners, the generation of synapses between these axons and their postsynaptic partners, and finally the lifelong changes in synapses, which are thought to underlie learning and memory.
Typically, these neurodevelopmental processes can be broadly divided into two classes: activity-independent mechanisms and activity-dependent mechanisms. Activity-independent mechanisms are generally believed to occur as hardwired processes determined by genetic programs played out within individual neurons. These include differentiation, migration and axon guidance to their initial target areas. These processes are thought of as being independent of neural activity and sensory experience. Once axons reach their target areas, activity-dependent mechanisms come into play. Although synapse formation is an activity-independent event, modification of synapses and synapse elimination requires neural activity.
Developmental neuroscience uses a variety of animal models including the mouse Mus musculus, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, the zebrafish Danio rerio, the frog Xenopus laevis, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans.
Myelination, formation of the lipid myelin sheath around neuronal axons, is a process that is essential for normal brain function. The myelin sheath provides insulation for the nerve impulse when communicating between neural systems. Without it, the impulse would be disrupted and the signal would not reach its target, thus impairing normal functioning. Because so much of brain development occurs in the prenatal stage and infancy, it is crucial that myelination, along with cortical development occur properly. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive technique used to investigate myelination and cortical maturation (the cortex is the outer layer of the brain composed of gray matter). Rather than showing the actual myelin, the MRI picks up on the myelin water fraction, a measure of myelin content. Multicomponent relaxometry (MCR) allow visualization and quantification of myelin content. MCR is also useful for tracking white matter maturation, which plays an important role in cognitive development. It has been discovered that in infancy, myelination occurs in a caudal–cranial, posterior-to-anterior pattern. Because there is little evidence of a relationship between myelination and cortical thickness, it was revealed that cortical thickness is independent of white matter. This allows various aspects of the brain to grow simultaneously, leading to a more fully developed brain.
Neural induction
During early embryonic development of the vertebrate, the dorsal ectoderm becomes specified to give rise to the epidermis and the nervous system; a part of the dorsal ectoderm becomes specified to neural ectoderm to form the neural plate which gives rise to the nervous system. The conversion of undifferentiated ectoderm to neuroectoderm requires signals from the mesoderm. At the onset of gastrulation presumptive mesodermal cells move through the dorsal blastopore lip and form a layer of mesoderm in between the endoderm and the ectoderm. Mesodermal cells migrate along the dorsal midline to give rise to the notochord that develops into the vertebral column. Neuroectoderm overlying the notochord develops into the neural plate in response to a diffusible signal produced by the notochord. The remainder of the ectoderm gives rise to the epidermis. The ability of the mesoderm to convert the overlying ectoderm into neural tissue is called neural induction.
In the early embryo, the neural plate folds outwards to form the neural groove. Beginning in the future neck region, the neural folds of this groove close to create the neural tube. The formation of the neural tube from the ectoderm is called neurulation. The ventral part of the neural tube is called the basal plate; the dorsal part is called the alar plate. The hollow interior is called the neural canal, and the open ends of the neural tube, called the neuropores, close off.
A transplanted blastopore lip can convert ectoderm into neural tissue and is said to have an inductive effect. Neural inducers are molecules that can induce the expression of neural genes in ectoderm explants without inducing mesodermal genes as well. Neural induction is often studied in Xenopus embryos since they have a simple body plan and there are good markers to distinguish between neural and non-neural tissue. Examples of neural inducers are the molecules noggin and chordin.
When embryonic ectodermal cells are cultured at low density in the absence of mesodermal cells they undergo neural differentiation (express neural genes), suggesting that neural differentiation is the default fate of ectodermal cells. In explant cultures (which allow direct cell-cell interactions) the same cells differentiate into epidermis. This is due to the action of BMP4 (a TGF-β family protein) that induces ectodermal cultures to differentiate into epidermis. During neural induction, noggin and chordin are produced by the dorsal mesoderm (notochord) and diffuse into the overlying ectoderm to inhibit the activity of BMP4. This inhibition of BMP4 causes the cells to differentiate into neural cells. Inhibition of TGF-β and BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signaling can efficiently induce neural tissue from pluripotent stem cells.
Regionalization
In a later stage of development the superior part of the neural tube flexes at the level of the future midbrain—the mesencephalon, at the mesencephalic flexure or cephalic flexure. Above the mesencephalon is the prosencephalon (future forebrain) and beneath it is the rhombencephalon (future hindbrain).
The alar plate of the prosencephalon expands to form the telencephalon which gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres, whilst its basal plate becomes the diencephalon. The optical vesicle (which eventually become the optic nerve, retina and iris) forms at the basal plate of the prosencephalon.
Patterning of the nervous system
In chordates, dorsal ectoderm forms all neural tissue and the nervous system. Patterning occurs due to specific environmental conditions - different concentrations of signaling molecules
Dorsoventral axis
The ventral half of the neural plate is controlled by the notochord, which acts as the 'organiser'. The dorsal half is controlled by the ectoderm plate, which flanks either side of the neural plate.
Ectoderm follows a default pathway to become neural tissue. Evidence for this comes from single, cultured cells of ectoderm, which go on to form neural tissue. This is postulated to be because of a lack of BMPs, which are blocked by the organiser. The organiser may produce molecules such as follistatin, noggin and chordin that inhibit BMPs.
The ventral neural tube is patterned by sonic hedgehog (Shh) from the notochord, which acts as the inducing tissue. Notochord-derived Shh signals to the floor plate, and induces Shh expression in the floor plate. Floor plate-derived Shh subsequently signals to other cells in the neural tube, and is essential for proper specification of ventral neuron progenitor domains. Loss of Shh from the notochord and/or floor plate prevents proper specification of these progenitor domains. Shh binds Patched1, relieving Patched-mediated inhibition of Smoothened, leading to activation of the Gli family of transcription factors (GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3).
In this context Shh acts as a morphogen - it induces cell differentiation dependent on its concentration. At low concentrations it forms ventral interneurons, at higher concentrations it induces motor neuron development, and at highest concentrations it induces floor plate differentiation. Failure of Shh-modulated differentiation causes holoprosencephaly.
The dorsal neural tube is patterned by BMPs from the epidermal ectoderm flanking the neural plate. These induce sensory interneurons by activating Sr/Thr kinases and altering SMAD transcription factor levels.
Rostrocaudal (Anteroposterior) axis
Signals that control anteroposterior neural development include FGF and retinoic acid, which act in the hindbrain and spinal cord. The hindbrain, for example, is patterned by Hox genes, which are expressed in overlapping domains along the anteroposterior axis under the control of retinoic acid. The 3′ (3 prime end) genes in the Hox cluster are induced by retinoic acid in the hindbrain, whereas the 5′ (5 prime end) Hox genes are not induced by retinoic acid and are expressed more posteriorly in the spinal cord. Hoxb-1 is expressed in rhombomere 4 and gives rise to the facial nerve. Without this Hoxb-1 expression, a nerve similar to the trigeminal nerve arises.
Neurogenesis
Neurogenesis is the process by which neurons are generated from neural stem cells and progenitor cells. Neurons are 'post-mitotic', meaning that they will never divide again for the lifetime of the organism.
Epigenetic modifications play a key role in regulating gene expression in differentiating neural stem cells and are critical for cell fate determination in the developing and adult mammalian brain. Epigenetic modifications include DNA cytosine methylation to form 5-methylcytosine and 5-methylcytosine demethylation. DNA cytosine methylation is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). Methylcytosine demethylation is catalyzed in several sequential steps by TET enzymes that carry out oxidative reactions (e.g. 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine) and enzymes of the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway.
Neuronal migration
Neuronal migration is the method by which neurons travel from their origin or birthplace to their final position in the brain. There are several ways they can do this, e.g. by radial migration or tangential migration. Sequences of radial migration (also known as glial guidance) and somal translocation have been captured by time-lapse microscopy.
Radial migration
Neuronal precursor cells proliferate in the ventricular zone of the developing neocortex, where the principal neural stem cell is the radial glial cell. The first postmitotic cells must leave the stem cell niche and migrate outward to form the preplate, which is destined to become Cajal-Retzius cells and subplate neurons. These cells do so by somal translocation. Neurons migrating with this mode of locomotion are bipolar and attach the leading edge of the process to the pia. The soma is then transported to the pial surface by nucleokinesis, a process by which a microtubule "cage" around the nucleus elongates and contracts in association with the centrosome to guide the nucleus to its final destination. Radial glial cells, whose fibers serve as a scaffolding for migrating cells and a means of radial communication mediated by calcium dynamic activity, act as the main excitatory neuronal stem cell of the cerebral cortex or translocate to the cortical plate and differentiate either into astrocytes or neurons. Somal translocation can occur at any time during development.
Subsequent waves of neurons split the preplate by migrating along radial glial fibres to form the cortical plate. Each wave of migrating cells travel past their predecessors forming layers in an inside-out manner, meaning that the youngest neurons are the closest to the surface. It is estimated that glial guided migration represents 90% of migrating neurons in human and about 75% in rodents.
Tangential migration
Most interneurons migrate tangentially through multiple modes of migration to reach their appropriate location in the cortex. An example of tangential migration is the movement of interneurons from the ganglionic eminence to the cerebral cortex. One example of ongoing tangential migration in a mature organism, observed in some animals, is the rostral migratory stream connecting subventricular zone and olfactory bulb.
Axophilic migration
Many neurons migrating along the anterior-posterior axis of the body use existing axon tracts to migrate along; this is called axophilic migration. An example of this mode of migration is in GnRH-expressing neurons, which make a long journey from their birthplace in the nose, through the forebrain, and into the hypothalamus. Many of the mechanisms of this migration have been worked out, starting with the extracellular guidance cues that trigger intracellular signaling. These intracellular signals, such as calcium signaling, lead to actin and microtubule cytoskeletal dynamics, which produce cellular forces that interact with the extracellular environment through cell adhesion proteins to cause the movement of these cells.
Multipolar migration
There is also a method of neuronal migration called multipolar migration. This is seen in multipolar cells, which in the human, are abundantly present in the cortical intermediate zone. They do not resemble the cells migrating by locomotion or somal translocation. Instead these multipolar cells express neuronal markers and extend multiple thin processes in various directions independently of the radial glial fibers.
Neurotrophic factors
The survival of neurons is regulated by survival factors, called trophic factors. The neurotrophic hypothesis was formulated by Victor Hamburger and Rita Levi Montalcini based on studies of the developing nervous system. Victor Hamburger discovered that implanting an extra limb in the developing chick led to an increase in the number of spinal motor neurons. Initially he thought that the extra limb was inducing proliferation of motor neurons, but he and his colleagues later showed that there was a great deal of motor neuron death during normal development, and the extra limb prevented this cell death. According to the neurotrophic hypothesis, growing axons compete for limiting amounts of target-derived trophic factors and axons that fail to receive sufficient trophic support die by apoptosis. It is now clear that factors produced by a number of sources contribute to neuronal survival.
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF): Rita Levi Montalcini and Stanley Cohen purified the first trophic factor, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), for which they received the Nobel Prize. There are three NGF-related trophic factors: BDNF, NT3, and NT4, which regulate survival of various neuronal populations. The Trk proteins act as receptors for NGF and related factors. Trk is a receptor tyrosine kinase. Trk dimerization and phosphorylation leads to activation of various intracellular signaling pathways including the MAP kinase, Akt, and PKC pathways.
CNTF: Ciliary neurotrophic factor is another protein that acts as a survival factor for motor neurons. CNTF acts via a receptor complex that includes CNTFRα, GP130, and LIFRβ. Activation of the receptor leads to phosphorylation and recruitment of the JAK kinase, which in turn phosphorylates LIFRβ. LIFRβ acts as a docking site for the STAT transcription factors. JAK kinase phosphorylates STAT proteins, which dissociate from the receptor and translocate to the nucleus to regulate gene expression.
GDNF: Glial derived neurotrophic factor is a member of the TGFb family of proteins, and is a potent trophic factor for striatal neurons. The functional receptor is a heterodimer, composed of type 1 and type 2 receptors. Activation of the type 1 receptor leads to phosphorylation of Smad proteins, which translocate to the nucleus to activate gene expression.
Synapse formation
Neuromuscular junction
Much of our understanding of synapse formation comes from studies at the neuromuscular junction. The transmitter at this synapse is acetylcholine. The acetylcholine receptor (AchR) is present at the surface of muscle cells before synapse formation. The arrival of the nerve induces clustering of the receptors at the synapse. McMahan and Sanes showed that the synaptogenic signal is concentrated at the basal lamina. They also showed that the synaptogenic signal is produced by the nerve, and they identified the factor as Agrin. Agrin induces clustering of AchRs on the muscle surface and synapse formation is disrupted in agrin knockout mice. Agrin transduces the signal via MuSK receptor to rapsyn. Fischbach and colleagues showed that receptor subunits are selectively transcribed from nuclei next to the synaptic site. This is mediated by neuregulins.
In the mature synapse each muscle fiber is innervated by one motor neuron. However, during development, many of the fibers are innervated by multiple axons. Lichtman and colleagues have studied the process of synapses elimination. This is an activity-dependent event. Partial blockage of the receptor leads to retraction of corresponding presynaptic terminals. Later they used a connectomic approach, i.e., tracing out all the connections between motor neurons and muscle fibers, to characterize developmental synapse elimination on the level of a full circuit. Analysis confirmed the massive rewiring, 10-fold decrease in the number of synapses, that takes place as axons prune their motor units but add more synaptic areas at the NMJs with which they remain in contact.
CNS synapses
Agrin appears not to be a central mediator of CNS synapse formation and there is active interest in identifying signals that mediate CNS synaptogenesis. Neurons in culture develop synapses that are similar to those that form in vivo, suggesting that synaptogenic signals can function properly in vitro. CNS synaptogenesis studies have focused mainly on glutamatergic synapses. Imaging experiments show that dendrites are highly dynamic during development and often initiate contact with axons. This is followed by recruitment of postsynaptic proteins to the site of contact. Stephen Smith and colleagues have shown that contact initiated by dendritic filopodia can develop into synapses.
Induction of synapse formation by glial factors: Barres and colleagues made the observation that factors in glial conditioned media induce synapse formation in retinal ganglion cell cultures. Synapse formation in the CNS is correlated with astrocyte differentiation suggesting that astrocytes might provide a synaptogenic factor. The identity of the astrocytic factors is not yet known.
Neuroligins and SynCAM as synaptogenic signals: Sudhof, Serafini, Scheiffele and colleagues have shown that neuroligins and SynCAM can act as factors that induce presynaptic differentiation. Neuroligins are concentrated at the postsynaptic site and act via neurexins concentrated in the presynaptic axons. SynCAM is a cell adhesion molecule that is present in both pre- and post-synaptic membranes.
Activity dependent mechanisms in the assembly of neural circuits
The processes of neuronal migration, differentiation and axon guidance are generally believed to be activity-independent mechanisms and rely on hard-wired genetic programs in the neurons themselves. Research findings however have implicated a role for activity-dependent mechanisms in mediating some aspects of these processes such as the rate of neuronal migration, aspects of neuronal differentiation and axon pathfinding. Activity-dependent mechanisms influence neural circuit development and are crucial for laying out early connectivity maps and the continued refinement of synapses which occurs during development. There are two distinct types of neural activity we observe in developing circuits -early spontaneous activity and sensory-evoked activity. Spontaneous activity occurs early during neural circuit development even when sensory input is absent and is observed in many systems such as the developing visual system, auditory system, motor system, hippocampus, cerebellum and neocortex.
Experimental techniques such as direct electrophysiological recording, fluorescence imaging using calcium indicators and optogenetic techniques have shed light on the nature and function of these early bursts of activity. They have distinct spatial and temporal patterns during development and their ablation during development has been known to result in deficits in network refinement in the visual system. In the immature retina, waves of spontaneous action potentials arise from the retinal ganglion cells and sweep across the retinal surface in the first few postnatal weeks. These waves are mediated by neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the initial phase and later on by glutamate. They are thought to instruct the formation of two sensory maps- the retinotopic map and eye-specific segregation. Retinotopic map refinement occurs in downstream visual targets in the brain-the superior colliculus (SC) and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Pharmacological disruption and mouse models lacking the β2 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor has shown that the lack of spontaneous activity leads to marked defects in retinotopy and eye-specific segregation.
Recent studies confirm that microglia, the resident immune cell of the brain, establish direct contacts with the cell bodies of developing neurons, and through these connections, regulate neurogenesis, migration, integration and the formation of neuronal networks in an activity-dependent manner.
In the developing auditory system, developing cochlea generate bursts of activity which spreads across the inner hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons which relay auditory information to the brain. ATP release from supporting cells triggers action potentials in inner hair cells. In the auditory system, spontaneous activity is thought to be involved in tonotopic map formation by segregating cochlear neuron axons tuned to high and low frequencies. In the motor system, periodic bursts of spontaneous activity are driven by excitatory GABA and glutamate during the early stages and by acetylcholine and glutamate at later stages. In the developing zebrafish spinal cord, early spontaneous activity is required for the formation of increasingly synchronous alternating bursts between ipsilateral and contralateral regions of the spinal cord and for the integration of new cells into the circuit. Motor neurons innervating the same twitch muscle fibers are thought to maintain synchronous activity which allows both neurons to remain in contact with the muscle fiber in adulthood. In the cortex, early waves of activity have been observed in the cerebellum and cortical slices. Once sensory stimulus becomes available, final fine-tuning of sensory-coding maps and circuit refinement begins to rely more and more on sensory-evoked activity as demonstrated by classic experiments about the effects of sensory deprivation during critical periods.
Contemporary diffusion-weighted MRI techniques may also uncover the macroscopic process of axonal development. The connectome can be constructed from diffusion MRI data: the vertices of the graph correspond to anatomically labelled gray matter areas, and two such vertices, say u and v, are connected by an edge if the tractography phase of the data processing finds an axonal fiber that connects the two areas, corresponding to u and v. Numerous braingraphs, computed from the Human Connectome Project can be downloaded from the http://braingraph.org site. The Consensus Connectome Dynamics (CCD) is a remarkable phenomenon that was discovered by continuously decreasing the minimum confidence-parameter at the graphical interface of the Budapest Reference Connectome Server. The Budapest Reference Connectome Server (http://connectome.pitgroup.org) depicts the cerebral connections of n=418 subjects with a frequency-parameter k: For any k=1,2,...,n one can view the graph of the edges that are present in at least k connectomes. If parameter k is decreased one-by-one from k=n through k=1 then more and more edges appear in the graph, since the inclusion condition is relaxed. The surprising observation is that the appearance of the edges is far from random: it resembles a growing, complex structure, like a tree or a shrub (visualized on the animation on the left).
It is hypothesized in that the growing structure copies the axonal development of the human brain: the earliest developing connections (axonal fibers) are common at most of the subjects, and the subsequently developing connections have larger and larger variance, because their variances are accumulated in the process of axonal development.
Synapse elimination
Several motorneurons compete for each neuromuscular junction, but only one survives until adulthood. Competition in vitro has been shown to involve a limited neurotrophic substance that is released, or that neural activity infers advantage to strong post-synaptic connections by giving resistance to a toxin also released upon nerve stimulation. In vivo, it is suggested that muscle fibres select the strongest neuron through a retrograde signal or that activity-dependent synapse elimination mechanisms determine the identity of the "winning" axon at a motor endplate.
Mapping
Brain mapping can show how an animal's brain changes throughout its lifetime. As of 2021, scientists mapped and compared the whole brains of eight C. elegans worms across their development on the neuronal level and the complete wiring of a single mammalian muscle from birth to adulthood.
Adult neurogenesis
Neurogenesis also occurs in specific parts of the adult brain.
See also
References
External links
Neural Development (peer-reviewed open access journal).
Translating Neurodevelopmental Time Across Mammalian Species
The Child’s Developing Brain
Brain Development
How poverty might change the brain
The Teenage Brain
Animal developmental biology
Embryology of nervous system | wiki |
Big Jay is one of the costume mascots of the Kansas Jayhawks. Together, Big Jay and Baby Jay are Jayhawks and are the mascots used by the University of Kansas. Another mascot named Centennial Jay was temporarily used in 2012.
See also
List of U.S. college mascots
References
Big 12 Conference mascots
Kansas Jayhawks | wiki |
Final Fantasy Gaiden may refer to either of the two following video games:
Final Fantasy Adventure, a 1991 Game Boy game released in Japan as Seiken Densetsu: Final Fantasy Gaiden
Final Fantasy: The 4 Heroes of Light, a 2009 Nintendo DS game released in Japan as Hikari no 4 Senshi: Final Fantasy Gaiden | wiki |
This list of cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.
V | wiki |
The Treasurer of the State of Colorado is one of the five elected officials of the U.S. state of Colorado, the other four being the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State and Attorney General. The State Treasurer is responsible for managing the Colorado State Treasury and the Colorado Department of the Treasury, a principal department of the Colorado state government. The Colorado State Treasury currently manages a pool of investments worth about $6,000,000,000.
The current Colorado State Treasurer, Dave Young, was elected on November 8, 2018, for a four-year term beginning on January 8, 2019.
List of Colorado Treasurers
See also
State of Colorado
Law and Government of Colorado
External links
Colorado Department of the Treasury
Treasurer of the State of Colorado | wiki |
Enarmes are the leather gripping straps attached to the back of shields throughout the Medieval period.
Enarmes were held in place by riveting through the leather and the facing of the shield, and reinforced with small, square-cut washers. Enarmes are visible on shields in the Bayeux Tapestry.
See also
Guige
References
Medieval shields | wiki |
The hairy-faced bat (Myotis annectans) is a species of vesper bat.
It can be found in the following countries: India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand.
References
Mouse-eared bats
Bats of South Asia
Bats of Southeast Asia
Mammals of India
Mammals of Laos
Vertebrates of Myanmar
Mammals of Thailand
Mammals of Vietnam
Taxa named by George Edward Dobson
Mammals described in 1871
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
The San Jacinto Ordnance Depot was a World War II facility built on an almost site located on the Houston Ship Channel, approximately southeast of downtown Houston, Texas. The job of the depot was to support the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy by storing and inspecting ammunition received from manufacturers that was being shipped through the Port of Houston docks, and storing and inspecting ammunition received from domestic U.S. military bases and areas of overseas operations.
The depot also supported army and navy operations for a short while after World War II, but plans were made to gradually phase out the depot's mission. Before the depot could be shut down, the United States became involved in the Korean War, and plans to cease operations were postponed. The depot was finally determined to be unnecessary in 1959, and the United States Army Corps of Engineers was given control and responsibility of the site. The land and facilities of the depot were sold to the Houston Channel Industrial Corporation in October 1964.
References
United States Army in World War II
United States Navy in World War II
United States Army logistics installations
Buildings and structures in Harris County, Texas
Military installations in Texas
Historic American Engineering Record in Texas
United States Army arsenals during World War II
1964 disestablishments in Texas
Military installations closed in 1964 | wiki |
Punchdance (also stylized punch dance and punch-dance) refers to a form of street dance involving punching in the form of shadowboxing as well as other combat maneuvers to a rhythm.
Notable performances in film include Kevin Bacon's, as Ren McCormack, in 1984's Footloose, and the parody of it performed by Andy Samberg, as Rod Kimble, in 2007's Hot Rod. Both performances were accompanied by the same song, "Never," by Moving Pictures, written by Michael Gore and Dean Pitchford. Hot Rod also included a performance accompanied by Two of Hearts by Stacey Q. Hot Rod's use of the term by its protagonist was followed by popular usage.
Ring of Honor celebrity, Dalton Caroline Castle, has referenced it as being both part of his beauty regime and how he plans to defeat Silas Young.
See also
Tricking (acrobatics)
Breakdance
Capoeira
Parkour
References
Street dance | wiki |
The 1946 Dominican Republic earthquake occurred on August 4 at 17:51 UTC near Samaná, Dominican Republic. The mainshock measured 7.8 on the moment magnitude scale and 8.1 on the surface wave magnitude scale. An aftershock occurred four days later on August 8 at 13:28 UTC with a moment magnitude of 7.0. A tsunami was generated by the initial earthquake and caused widespread devastation across Hispaniola. The tsunami was observed in much of the Caribbean and the northwestern Atlantic Ocean.
A small tsunami was also recorded by tide gauges at San Juan in Puerto Rico, Bermuda and in the United States at Daytona Beach, Florida and Atlantic City, New Jersey.
See also
List of earthquakes in 1946
List of earthquakes in the Dominican Republic
List of earthquakes in the Caribbean
References
Further reading
External links
Dominican Republic Earthquake, 1946
Earthquakes in the Dominican Republic
Earthquake
1946 tsunamis
Tsunamis in the Dominican Republic | wiki |
Zapateado may refer to:
Zapateado (Spain), traditional dance and music of Spain
Zapateado, a work for violin and piano by Pablo de Sarasate, part of the Spanish Dances, Op. 23
Zapateado (Mexico), traditional dances of Mexico | wiki |
This list of cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.
Y | wiki |
This is a list of Presbyterian and Reformed denominations in North America. There are more than 6 million Presbyterians in North America.
Presbyterian denominations
Larger Presbyterian denominations
Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church - around 22,459 members (2018) - Orthodox, Presbyterian, Calvinist, Covenanter & Seceder
Bible Presbyterian Church - around 3,500 members - Orthodox, Presbyterian, Calvinist
partially: Communion of Reformed Evangelical Churches - around 15,000 members - Evangelical/Orthodox, Dutch Reformed/Presbyterian, Calvinist
Cumberland Presbyterian Church - around 65,087 members (2019) - Liberal, Presbyterian, Arminian
Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America - around 6,500 members - Liberal, Presbyterian, Arminian
Evangelical Assembly of Presbyterian Churches in America- 73 churches in the USA
ECO (Covenant Order of Evangelical Presbyterians) - more than 129,765 members, 320 churches and 500 Pastors (2018) - Evangelical, Presbyterian
Evangelical Presbyterian Church - around 122,216 members (2018) - Evangelical, Presbyterian, Charismatic
Korean-American Presbyterian Church - around 53,000 members - Conservative Evangelical, Korean-Presbyterian, Calvinist
National Presbyterian Church in Mexico - around 2,800,000 members - Conservative Calvinist
Korean Presbyterian Church Abroad - around 55,000 members - Progressive Evangelical, Korean-Presbyterian
Orthodox Presbyterian Church - around 31,472 members (2019)- Orthodox, Presbyterian, Calvinist
Presbyterian Church in America - around 383,338 members (2020) - Evangelical, Presbyterian, Calvinist
Presbyterian Church in Canada - around 225,000 members - Presbyterian
Presbyterian Church (USA) - around 1,193,770 members (2021) - Liberal, Presbyterian
Presbyterian Reformed Church of Mexico - 26,000 members - Orthodox, Presbyterian, Calvinist
Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America - around 7,800 members - Orthodox, Exclusive Psalmody, A cappella, Covenanter, Presbyterian, Calvinist
partially: United Church of Canada - around 388,000 members (as of 12/31/2018) - Liberal, Presbyterian & Congregational & Methodist
World Korean Presbyterian Church - around 300 churches - Conservative Fundamentalist, Korean-Presbyterian, Calvinist
Smaller Presbyterian denominations
American Presbyterian Church - Orthodox, Presbyterian, Calvinist
Covenant Presbyterian Church - Orthodox, Presbyterian, Calvinist
Covenant Reformed Presbyterian Church - Orthodox, 1646 Westminster Confession, Presbyterian, Calvinist
Covenanting Association of Reformed and Presbyterian Churches
Evangel Presbytery - Orthodox, Presbyterian, Calvinist
Faith Presbytery, Bible Presbyterian Church
Federation of Reformed Churches - Orthodox, Presbyterian, Calvinist, Paedocommunion
Free Presbyterian Church - Orthodox, Presbyterian, Calvinist
Independent Presbyterian Church in Mexico - 2,500 members and 35 congregations - Orthodox, Presbyterian, Calvinist
National Conservative Presbyterian Church in Mexico - Orthodox, Presbyterian, Calvinist
Presbyterian Reformed Church - Orthodox, Presbyterian, Calvinist
Puritan Reformed Church
Reformed Presbyterian Church - Hanover Presbytery - Orthodox, Presbyterian, Calvinist
Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly - Orthodox, Presbyterian, Calvinist
Reformed Presbytery in North America - Orthodox, Covenanter Presbyterian, Calvinist
Upper Cumberland Presbyterian Church - less than 1000 members - Conservative, Presbyterian, Four-Point Calvinist
Vanguard Presbytery - Orthodox, Presbyterian, Calvinist
Korean Presbyterian denominations
Korean-American Presbyterian Church
Korean Presbyterian Church in America (Kosin)
Korean Presbyterian Church Abroad
Korean Evangelical Presbyterian Church in America
World Korean Presbyterian Church
Scottish Presbyterian denominations
Free Church of Scotland - has 9 congregations in North America
Free Church of Scotland (Continuing) - has 8 congregations in the USA
Associated Presbyterian Churches - has 1 congregation in Vancouver
Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland - has 3 congregations in the US and Canada
Chart of splits and mergers of North American Presbyterian churches
Congregational denominations
partially: United Church of Canada - around 2,800,000 members - Liberal, Presbyterian & Congregational & Methodist
partially: United Church of Christ - around 802,356 members - Liberal, German Reformed & Congregational
National Association of Congregational Christian Churches - 70,000 members and 400 churches
Conservative Congregational Christian Conference - around 41,000 members - Evangelical, Congregational
Congregational Christian Churches in Canada - around 7,000 members - Evangelical, Congregational
Reformed Bible Church
Evangelical Association of Reformed and Congregational Christian Churches
Reformed Congregational Fellowship
European Reformed denominations
Episcopal/Anglican Reformed denominations
Reformed Episcopal Church - around 13,000 members - Orthodox, Episcopal/Anglican, Calvinistic
Traditional Protestant Episcopal Church - Orthodox, Episcopal/Anglican
Anglican Mission in the Americas
Anglican Church in North America
Reformed Anglican Church
United Episcopal Church of North America
Dutch Reformed denominations
Alliance of Reformed Churches - 125 churches - Evangelical, Conservative, Dutch Reformed, Calvinistic
Christian Reformed Church in North America - around 245,217 members - Evangelical, Conservative, Dutch Reformed, Calvinistic, Egalitarian (women can assume any church office)
Evangelical Reformed Church in America - Conservative, Evangelical, Calvinist, Orthodox, Dutch Reformed
Kingdom Network - 5 churches - Evangelical, Conservative, Dutch Reformed, Calvinistic
Reformed Church in America - around 240,000 members - Liberal & Conservative, Dutch Reformed
United Reformed Churches in North America - around 23,302 members - Orthodox, Dutch Reformed, Calvinistic
Canadian and American Reformed Churches - around 17,729 members - Orthodox, Dutch Reformed, Calvinistic
partially: Communion of Reformed Evangelical Churches - around 15,000 members - Evangelical/Orthodox, Dutch Reformed/Presbyterian, Calvinistic
Netherlands Reformed Congregations - around 10,790 members - Puritan, Dutch Reformed, Calvinistic
Reformed Congregations in North America
Protestant Reformed Churches in America - around 8,055 members - Orthodox, Dutch Reformed, strictly Calvinistic
Free Reformed Churches in North America - around 4,689 members - Orthodox, Dutch Reformed, Calvinistic
Heritage Reformed Congregations - around 2,000 members - Puritan, Dutch Reformed, Calvinistic
Orthodox Christian Reformed Church - around 1,500 members - Orthodox, Dutch Reformed, Calvinistic
German and French Reformed denominations
partially: United Church of Christ - around 1,100,000 members - Liberal, German Reformed & Congregational
French Protestant (Huguenot) Church, Charleston, SC——The only French Calvinist or Huguenot congregation still existing in the United States.
Reformed Church in the United States - around 5,000 members - Orthodox, German Reformed, Calvinistic
L'Église réformée du Québec (Reformed Church of Quebec) - around 500 members - Orthodox, French Reformed, Calvinistic
Other European Reformed denominations
Hungarian Reformed Church of America - around 10,500 members - Conservative, Hungarian Reformed
Calvin Synod - United Church of Christ - around 3,500 members - Conservative, Hungarian Reformed
Lithuanian Evangelical Reformed Church - Liberal, Lithuanian Reformed
Reformed Baptist
Reformed Baptist
Association of Reformed Baptist Churches of America www.arbca.com
Fellowship of Independent Reformed Evangelicals www.firefellowship.org
Primitive Baptists
Reformed Charismatic
Sovereign Grace Churches
Newfrontiers in the United States
Uniting and United denominations
United Church of Canada - around 2,800,000 members - Liberal, Presbyterian & Congregational & Methodist
United Church of Christ - around 802,356 members - Liberal, German Reformed & Congregational
Communion of Reformed Evangelical Churches - around 15,000 members - Evangelical/Orthodox, Dutch Reformed/Presbyterian, Calvinistic
Other
New Calvinism
See also
American Presbyterianism
List of Reformed churches
References
External links
Reformed-Online
http://naparc.org/
https://web.archive.org/web/20141111183209/http://www.tateville.com/churches.html
http://reformednet.us
Reformed | wiki |
Single-occupant vehicle may refer to:
Single-occupant vehicle, a vehicle designed to accommodate only one person (the driver) - for very small cars, see Microcar, Bubblecar, and Cyclecar
Single-occupancy vehicle, a vehicle designed to accommodate more than one person, but being used to transport only one person (the driver)
Single-seater car, an open-wheel (i.e. wheels are outside the main body) car, usually built specifically for racing and having only one seat | wiki |
In welding, undercutting is when the weld reduces the cross-sectional thickness of the base metal. This type of defect reduces the strength of the weld and workpieces. One reason for this defect is excessive current, causing the edges of the joint to melt and drain into the weld; this leaves a drain-like impression along the length of the weld. Another reason is if a poor technique is used that does not deposit enough filler metal along the edges of the weld. A third reason is using an incorrect filler metal, because it will create greater temperature gradients between the center of the weld and the edges. Other causes include too small of an electrode angle, a dampened electrode, excessive arc length, and slow speed.
References
Welding | wiki |
General Hope may refer to:
Alexander Hope (British Army officer) (1769–1837), British Army general
Charles Hope (British Army officer) (1768–1828), British Army general
James Archibald Hope (1786–1871), British Army general
John Hope (British Army officer, born 1765) (1765–1836), British Army lieutenant general
John Bruce Hope (c. 1684–1766), British Army lieutenant general
John Hope, 4th Earl of Hopetoun (1765–1823), British Army general
Sir William Hope, 14th Baronet (1819–1898), British Army general | wiki |
Horsfield's bat (Myotis horsfieldii) is a species of vesper bat. It is found in China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam.
References
Mouse-eared bats
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Taxa named by Coenraad Jacob Temminck
Mammals described in 1840
Bats of Asia | wiki |
General Houghton may refer to:
Kenneth J. Houghton (1920–2006), U.S. Marine Corps major general
Nick Houghton (born 1954), British Army general
Robert Houghton (1912–2011), Royal Marines major general | wiki |
Randia — родовое название нескольких таксонов:
Randia — рандия, род растений семейства Мареновые;
Randia — рандии, род птиц семейства Bernieridae. | wiki |
De roodbandpriemkever (Bembidion modestum) is een keversoort uit de familie van de loopkevers (Carabidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd in 1801 gepubliceerd door Johann Christian Fabricius.
Bembidion | wiki |
Covarianza – in teoria della probabilità e statistica
Covarianza – modo in cui la descrizione di una data entità geometrica o fisica varia quando si effettua un cambiamento di base | wiki |
The World Energy Engineering Congress (WEEC) is an international energy industry conference and exposition hosted annually by the Association of Energy Engineers.
Professionals in the field of energy engineering from around the world convene annually at the WEEC to discuss energy-related issues and technology such as:
Energy efficiency and energy management
Renewable, green, and alternative energy
Combined heat and power, cogeneration, and distributed generation
Integrated building automation and energy management
Lighting efficiency
HVAC systems and controls
Thermal storage and load management
Boilers and combustion controls
Geoexchange technologies
Solar and fuel cell technologies
Applications specific to federal emergency management programs
Energy services and project financing
References
External links
energy.gov
aeecenter.org
Engineering organizations | wiki |
Wang Chau (橫洲) is the name of two places in Hong Kong:
Wang Chau (Sai Kung), an island of Sai Kung District
Wang Chau (Yuen Long), an area of Yuen Long District
See also
Wang Chao (disambiguation) | wiki |
A New Concordance of the Bible (full title A New Concordance of the Bible: Thesaurus of the Language of the Bible, Hebrew and Aramaic, Roots, Words, Proper Names Phrases and Synonyms) by Avraham Even-Shoshan is a concordance of the Hebrew text of the Hebrew Bible, first published in 1977. The source text used is that of the Koren edition of 1958.
References
Avraham Even-Shoshan. A New Concordance of the Bible: Thesaurus of the Language of the Bible, Hebrew and Aramaic, Roots, Words, Proper Names Phrases and Synonyms. Board of Jewish Education (April 1, 1984)
Bible concordances
Hebrew Bible studies
Books about the Bible | wiki |
A philanthropist is a person who actively promotes human welfare; a person who practices philanthropy.
Philanthropist may also refer to:
Philanthropist (award), to recognize achievements of people with disabilities in culture and the arts
The Philanthropist (journal), a Canadian academic journal
The Philanthropist (play), by Christopher Hampton (1971)
The Philanthropist (Cincinnati, Ohio), an American abolitionist newspaper
The Philanthropist (TV series), a 2009 American action series
See also
List of philanthropists
:Category:Philanthropists | wiki |
Square One: Michael Jackson is a 2019 investigative documentary directed by Danny Wu. It focuses on the 1993 case in which Michael Jackson was accused of molesting a 13-year-old boy. Through interviews with people closest to the case, the film makes a case for Jackson's innocence. The interviews showcase statements from trial witnesses, Jackson's nephew, and legal assistant to the prosecutor in 1993.
Synopsis
Square One is an independent investigative documentary that examines the original child sexual abuse allegations by Evan Chandler and his son, 13-year-old Jordan Chandler, against pop star Michael Jackson. Evan Chandler initially asked for $20 million in exchange for not accusing Jackson publicly, but later was willing to accept $1 million. After Jackson refused to pay this sum, on August 17, 1993, Chandler took his son to psychiatrist Mathis Abrams, and Jordan told Abrams that Jackson had molested him. Abrams reported the allegations to the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services, and the Los Angeles Police Department initiated an investigation shortly afterward. In September, Jordan Chandler filed a lawsuit through his parents.
The film explains how, after a failed attempt to postpone the civil trial until the criminal case was resolved, which would have been necessary for Jackson to protect his rights for a fair criminal trial, on January 25, 1994, Jackson agreed to pay $15,331,250 to settle the Chandlers' civil lawsuit. That agreement ended the civil case but not the criminal investigation. It went on until September 21, 1994, when the district attorneys announced that they declined to file charges against Jackson because Jordan was unwilling to testify. They also revealed the boy only informed them of that decision on July 6, 1994, many months after the civil settlement. The district attorneys did not explain why they did not charge Jackson while Jordan was still willing to testify.
The film features interviews with Jackson's nephew Taj Jackson, three women who were on the 2003 witness list in People v. Jackson, and short-lived legal secretary to Barry Rothman, Geraldine Hughes, and journalist Charles Thomson. The film makes a case for Jackson's innocence, portraying him as a victim of tabloid journalism.
Release
Square One was first released at TCL Chinese Theater on September 28, 2019, with people close to Jackson and others in attendance. On October 5, 2019, the film premiered in London as well as launched on YouTube. In early November 2019, Danny Wu embarked on a multi-city tour in China, premiering the film in Beijing, Zhengzhou, Shenzhen, Kumming, Wunan, Shanghai, and Wu's birthplace of Chengdu. The film had its European premiere in Amsterdam on January 18, 2020. The European premiere was covered by multiple outlets including Algemeen Dagblad, RTL Boulevard, SBS6 Shownieuws, De Telegraaf, Trouw, and Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau.
Square One was made available in an enhanced version on Amazon Prime Video on May 7, 2020, in the US and the UK and worldwide on June 12.
Reception
Josiah Teal from Film Threat said of the documentary, "I found this film very insightful, opening new perspectives on the entire legacy of Michael Jackson." UK Film Review gave the documentary 4/4 stars, stating, "It seems that there have been several counter-arguments raised against the revelations found in Leaving Neverland, but Wu's film manages to stand tallest amongst them all."
See also
1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson
Leaving Neverland
Michael Jackson: Chase the Truth
Neverland Firsthand: Investigating the Michael Jackson Documentary
References
External links
Square One on Top Documentary Films
2019 documentary films
2019 films
Canadian documentary films
Chinese documentary films
American documentary films
British documentary films
Documentary films about child abuse
Documentary films about pedophilia
English-language Canadian films
Films about child sexual abuse
Works about the Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations
Documentary films about Michael Jackson
2010s Canadian films
2010s American films
2010s British films | wiki |
A minder is a person who is assigned to watch over another person.
Minder may also refer to:
Minder (surname)
Minder (TV series), a 1979-1994 British television series and a 2009 revival of the original
Minder (video game), a 1985 video game created by Don Priestley, based on the British television series of the same name
Minder the Golem, a female character in DC Comics' Forgotten Realms comic book series
The Minder, a 2006 Argentine film
The Minders, an American rock band | wiki |
Freebase may refer to:
Free base or freebase, the pure basic form of an amine, as opposed to its salt form
Freebase (database), a former online database service
Freebase (mixtape), 2014 mixtape by 2 Chainz
An original song by the Mike Flowers Pops on their 1996 LP "A Groovy Place"
See also
Freebass, a musical supergroup
Free-bass accordion, a bellows instrument | wiki |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.