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Australian Airlines was a full-service airline based in Australia, servicing Australian and Asian destinations between 2002 and 2006. It was an all-economy, full-service international leisure carrier, and was a wholly owned subsidiary of Qantas (although run independently of the mainline carrier). Its main base was at Cairns International Airport, with a secondary hub at Sydney Airport.
The airline ceased operations under its own livery on 30 June 2006, but continued to operate flights for Qantas under a wet lease agreement. This means Australian Airlines operated flights for Qantas using its own crew/cost base, but under the Qantas brand. Qantas decided to discontinue the public use of the Australian Airlines brand in favour of having Jetstar Airways as its leisure, now low-cost, carrier. Qantas and Jetstar are operating services to replace Australian Airlines' routes, with Jetstar International introduced in late 2006 to help expand the Qantas Group's international presence.
History
The airline was established in 2001 and started operations on 27 October 2002, reusing the name Qantas gained when it acquired former Australian domestic carrier Australian Airlines in September 1992. Its initial network of flights concentrated on leisure tourism between Queensland and Japan. Subsequent expansion brought on other leisure destinations throughout Southeast Asia. On 12 April 2006 Geoff Dixon, CEO of the Qantas Group, announced that the group would be focusing on a two-brand strategy, the Qantas and Jetstar brands, and as such the Australian Airlines brand would cease to exist from July 2006.
The airline's aircraft were re-painted back into the Qantas livery and returned to Qantas short-haul for use on their domestic and trans-Tasman routes. Alternative Boeing 767-300 aircraft (in Qantas two-class configuration) were supplied to Australian Airlines by Qantas, for them to operate under a wet lease agreement in the interim. Australian Airlines continued to operate under this agreement, servicing several routes to Japan including twice-daily flights to Tokyo-Narita Airport, and also flights to Manila-NAIA Airport in the Philippines.
During April 2006, Qantas confirmed that, in order to focus on its two-brand strategy of Qantas and Jetstar, the Group had decided that it would abandon Australian Airlines. On 30 June 2006, Australian Airlines ceased to exist, with the airline's Boeing 767-300s and crew to still provide services from Cairns under the Qantas brand. The following day, the airline's fleet was absorbed into Qantas's mainline fleet. The parent company closed down the Australian Airlines operation completely at the end of August 2007.
Financial performance
Destinations
At the time before it ceased operations, Australian Airlines operated scheduled services to the following destinations:
Australia
Cairns – Cairns International Airport (Main base)
Darwin – Darwin International Airport
Gold Coast – Gold Coast Airport
Melbourne – Melbourne Airport
Perth – Perth Airport
Sydney – Sydney Airport (Secondary hub)
Hong Kong
Hong Kong International Airport
Indonesia
Denpasar, Bali – Ngurah Rai International Airport
Japan
Fukuoka – Fukuoka Airport
Nagoya – Chubu Centrair International Airport
Osaka – Kansai International Airport
Sapporo – New Chitose Airport
Malaysia
Kota Kinabalu – Kota Kinabalu International Airport
Singapore
Singapore – Singapore Changi Airport
Taiwan, Republic of China
Taipei – Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport
Suspended prior to ceasing operations
Fleet
In August 2006, the Australian Airlines fleet consisted of five Boeing 767-300ER aircraft.
See also
List of defunct airlines of Australia
Aviation in Australia
References
External links
Defunct airlines of Australia
Defunct low-cost airlines
Qantas
Airlines established in 2001
Airlines disestablished in 2006 | wiki |
This is a table containing the figures from the WHO Influenza A Situation Updates issued in April 2009 roughly once a day. Where more than one update was issued in a day, the figures are from the last update that day. The table can by sorted by country, date of first confirmed case or date of first confirmed case by continent.
This presentation of the data in these and other tables shows the progression, peaks, and, eventually, decline of the epidemic in each country and continent.
Previous month | Next month
Chart
Confirmed cases
Deaths
Maps
References
April
Articles which contain graphical timelines | wiki |
"Bazinga!" is the catchphrase used by Sheldon Cooper of The Big Bang Theory.
Bazinga may also refer to:
Bazinga rieki, a jellyfish genus
Euglossa bazinga, a species of orchid bee
"Bazinga" (song), a 2021 song by SB19
See also
Behzinga, English YouTuber
BaZnGa, a ternary compound of barium, zinc, and gallium | wiki |
This is a table containing the figures from the WHO Influenza A Situation Updates issued in June 2009 roughly three times a week. The table can by sorted by country, date of first confirmed case or date of first confirmed case by continent.
This presentation of the data in this and other tables shows the progression, peaks, and, eventually, decline of the epidemic in each country and continent.
Summary tables | Previous month | Next month
Confirmed cases
Deaths
References
June 2009 | wiki |
Neoromicia is a genus of vesper bat in the family Vespertilionidae. It contains the following species:
Anchieta's serotine (Neoromicia anchietae)
Kirindy serotine (Neoromicia bemainty)
Yellow serotine (Neoromicia flavescens)
Tiny serotine (Neoromicia guineensis)
Melck's house bat (Neoromicia melckorum)
Somali serotine (Neoromicia somalica)
Zulu serotine (Neoromicia zuluensis)
This genus formerly contained many more species, but most of these were reclassified into Afronycteris, Laephotis, or Pseudoromicia.
References
Bat genera
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
Belarus began using its own country code +375 in 1995, replacing the +7 international country code inherited from the Soviet Union. The local numbering plan was inherited from the Soviet Union and remains with few changes.
Geographic area codes were designed based on previous 3-digit USSR area codes by removing the lead 0. Calling across areas still requires dialing trunk prefix 8 and waiting for dialtone after that. This pause was initially required by the analog trunk switches to identify the caller from PSTN for billing purposes.
When calling within Belarus, the trunk prefix must be followed by 0. In 2003, the abbreviated dialling within a single area code was replaced with a full 9-digit number + 2-digit trunk prefix. Previously it was possible to dial 82RRnn-nnn to reach a number in the same area. Now it is required to dial 80~AARRnn-nnn where AA is the area code, RR is the region code and nn-nnn is the local number.
International calling remains unchanged: 8~10-xxx...xxxx where 8 is a trunk prefix, 10 is the international access code, xxx...xxxx are the digits of the destination country, areas and local number.
New numbering plan
Beltelecom began transition to the international numbering standard similar to the one adapted in many European countries in 2007. March 31, 2007 all short numbers were changed from 2 or 3 digits to 3 digits starting with 1.
Beltelecom plans to change trunk prefix to 0 from current 8~0 and international prefix to 00 from current 8~10.
Structure of international telephone numbers
Allocation of the area codes
13 – Restricted and directory services
14 – Restricted and directory services
15 – Grodno
16 – Brest
17 – Minsk
18 – Restricted and reference services
20 – Digital PSTN 1
21 – Vitebsk
22 – Mogilev
23 – Gomel
24 – Digital PSTN 2
25 – Mobile phone operator life:) Belarus
29 – Mobile phone operators – common code for all mobile phone operators except "Life :)"
33 – Mobile phone operator MTS Belarus
44 – Mobile phone operator A1
List of area codes in Belarus
Special trunk numbers
All special numbers are dialled with a trunk prefix 8.
600 100 – dial-up Internet access billed on local phone bill
601 – Personal radio communications
604 – Network of Presidential Administration
602 – Audiotext services
606 100 1111 – Prepaid card internet service
800 – Toll-free Direct Call
801 – Toll-free directory services "Green number"
803 – Toll-free surveys
805 – Interactive platform services
810 – Toll surveys
820 – International toll-free service IFS
902 – Toll directory assistance
Emergency and special services
The top 4 numbers are available across areas. Following numbers may be valid for Minsk only and may not exist or have a different short number in other areas.
Some of these numbers were formed by changing from old 2-digit codes to 3 by adding leading 1 or by replacing 0 with 1 in the old 3-digit code.
101 and 112 – Fire brigade
102 – Police
103 – Ambulance
104 – Gas leaks
105, 151, 155 – Railroad station
106 – National airport Minsk-2
107, 116 – Towing services
109 – Local toll directory assistance. Full number for dialling outside the local area it is 99-009-11 in the area centres (cities). Regional directory assistance numbers follow patterns RR-22-222 or RR-21-222 or RR-55-222 where RR is the region code within the area.
114 – Bus station
107, 135, 152 – Taxi
150 – A1 call centre
153 – Area code directory
175 – Currency exchange rates
176 – Interactive platform services
177 – Info service
168 – Minsk information service
169 – Pharmacy inventory and directory
185 – Infoline
188 – Time service
191 – Films on show in cinemas
192 – Night club directory
193 – 24 hour grocery store directory
194 – Horoscope
195 – Weather forecast
196 – Recorded fables
197 – Religious birthdays
The following short numbers in Minsk and other areas were discontinued or replaced with full local numbers:
088 – Time service, changed to 188
067 – Taxi, changed to 135
069 – Pharmacy inventory, changed to 169
053 – Area code directory, changed to 153
Digital PSTN exchanges in Minsk utilizing Touch-Tone dialling support some additional codes:
Flash – Three-way calling
*69 – Call return
See also
Telecommunications in Belarus#Telephone system
References
External links
Telephone codes in Belarus
Beltelecom official site
Minsk telephone directory and services
Minsk telephone directory
Belarus
Telecommunications in Belarus
Telephone numbers | wiki |
This is a table containing the figures from the WHO Influenza A Situation Updates issued in July 2009 roughly three times a week, and, since 15 July, figures from ECDC. The table can by sorted by country, date of first confirmed case or date of first confirmed case by continent.
This presentation of the data in this and other tables may show the progression, peaks, and, eventually, decline of the epidemic in each country and continent.
Note that no global report has been issued by WHO since 6 July - the data on 8 July was compiled from the reports of each of WHO's six regions, and since 15 July has been taken from ECDC.
Summary tables | Previous month | Next month
Confirmed cases
Deaths
References
July 2009 | wiki |
The 2020–21 season was the 111th season of competitive football in Germany.
Promotion and relegation
Pre-season
Post-season
National teams
Germany national football team
Kits
2020–21 UEFA Nations League
2020–21 UEFA Nations League A Group 4
2020–21 UEFA Nations League fixtures and results
UEFA Euro 2020
UEFA Euro 2020 Group F
UEFA Euro 2020 fixtures and results
2022 FIFA World Cup qualification
2022 FIFA World Cup qualification Group J
2022 FIFA World Cup qualification fixtures and results
Friendly matches
Germany Olympic football team
Summer Olympics
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the games have been postponed to the summer of 2021, from 22 July to 7 August. However, their official name remains 2020 Summer Olympics.
Germany women's national football team
UEFA Women's Euro 2022 qualifying
UEFA Women's Euro 2022 qualifying Group I
UEFA Women's Euro 2021 qualifying fixtures and results
Friendly matches
League season
Men
Bundesliga
Bundesliga standings
2. Bundesliga
2. Bundesliga standings
3. Liga
3. Liga standings
DFB-Pokal
Final
DFL-Supercup
Women
Frauen-Bundesliga
Frauen-Bundesliga standings
2. Frauen-Bundesliga
2. Frauen-Bundesliga North standings
2. Frauen-Bundesliga South standings
DFB-Pokal Frauen
Final
German clubs in Europe
UEFA Super Cup
UEFA Champions League
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Group F
Group H
Knockout phase
Round of 16
|}
Quarter-finals
|}
UEFA Europa League
Qualifying phase and play-off round
Second qualifying round
|}
Third qualifying round
|}
Play-off round
|}
Group stage
Group C
Group L
Knockout phase
Round of 32
|}
UEFA Women's Champions League
Knockout phase
Round of 32
|}
Round of 16
|}
Quarter-finals
|}
Semi-finals
|}
Notes
References
Seasons in German football | wiki |
Padfoot may refer to:
Black dog (folklore), one of many names for ghostly black dogs reported across the United Kingdom
Nickname of Sirius Black from the Harry Potter series of novels and adaptations whose Animagus form is a Black dog | wiki |
Passing is the ability of a person to be regarded as a member of an identity group or category, such as racial identity, ethnicity, caste, social class, sexual orientation, gender, religion, age and/or disability status, that is often different from their own. Passing may be used to increase social acceptance in order to cope with stigma by removing stigma from the presented self and could result in other social benefits as well. Thus, passing may serve as a form of self-preservation or self-protection in instances where expressing one's true or prior identity may be dangerous. Passing may require acceptance into a community and may also lead to temporary or permanent leave from another community to which an individual previously belonged. Thus, passing can result in separation from one's original self, family, friends, or previous living experiences. While successful passing may contribute to economic security, safety, and avoidance of stigma, it may take an emotional toll as a result of denial of one's previous identity and may lead to depression or self-loathing. When an individual deliberately attempts to 'pass' as a member of an identity group, they may actively engage in performance of behaviors they believe to be associated with membership of that group. Passing practices can also include information management where the passer attempts to control or conceal any stigmatizing information that may reveal disparity from their presumed identity.
Etymologically, the term is simply the nominalisation of the verb pass in its phrasal use with for or as, as in a counterfeit passing for the genuine article or an impostor passing as another person. It has been in popular use since at least the late 1920s.
Academic framework
Passing, as a sociological concept, was first coined by Erving Goffman as a term for one response to possessing some kind of, often less visible, stigma. Stigma, according to Goffman's framework in his work Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (1963), "refer[s] to an attribute that is deeply discrediting" or "an undesired differentness from what [was] anticipated". According to Goffman, "This discrepancy, when known about or apparent, spoils his social identity; it has the effect of cutting him off from society and from himself so that he stands a discredited person facing an unaccepting world". Thus, inhabiting an identity associated with stigma can be particularly dangerous and harmful. According to Link and Phelan, Roschelle and Kaufman, and Marvasti, it can lead to loss of opportunities due to status loss and discrimination, alienation and marginalization, harassment and embarrassment, and social rejection. These can be a persistent source of psychological issues.
To resist, manage, and avoid stigma and its associated consequences, individuals might choose to pass as a non-stigmatized identity. According to Nathan Shippee, "Passing communicates a seemingly "normal" self, one that does not apparently possess the stigma." According to Patrick Kermit, "To be suspected of being "not quite human" is the essence of stigmatisation, and passing is a desperate means to the end of appearing fully human in the sense of being like most other people."
When making the decision of whether to pass or not, there are many factors stigmatized actors may consider. First, there is the notion of visibility. How visible their stigma is may problematize how much ease or difficulty they may face in attempting to pass. However, how visible their stigma is may also determine the intensity and frequency of adversity they may face from others as a result of their stigma. Goffman explains that "Traditionally, the question of passing has raised the issue of the "visibility" of a particular stigma, that is, how well or how badly-the stigma is adapted to provide means of communicating that the individual possesses it." Other scholars further emphasize the cruciality of visibility and conclude that "whether a stigma is evident to the audience can mark the difference between being discredited or merely discreditable". Other factors can include risk, context, and intimacy. Different contexts and situations may make passing more easy or difficult and/or more safe or risky. How well others know the passer may impede their abilities as well. One scholar explains "Individuals may pass in some situations but not others, effectively creating different arenas of life (depending on whether the stigma is known or not). Goffman claimed that actors develop theories about which situations are risky for disclosure, but risk is only one factor: intimacy with the audience can lead actors to disclose, or to feel guilty for not doing so." In addition to guilt, since passing can sometimes involve the fabrication of a false personal history to aid in concealment of their stigma, passing can complicate personal relationships and cause feelings of shame at having to be dishonest about their identity. According to Goffman, "It can be assumed that the possession of a discreditable secret failing takes on a deeper meaning when the persons to whom the individual has not yet revealed himself are not strangers to him but friends. Discovery prejudices not only the current social situation, but established relationships as well; not only the current image others present have of him, but also the one they will have in the future; not only appearances, but also reputation." Relating to this experience of passing, actors may have an ambivalent attachment to their stigma that can cause them to fluctuate between acceptance and rejection of their stigmatized identity. Thus, there may be times when the stigmatized individual will feel more inclined to pass and others when they feel less inclined.
Despite all of the potentially distressing and dangerous parts of passing, some passers have expressed a habituation with it. In one study, Shippee accounts that "participants often portrayed it as a normal or mundane event." For those whose stigma invites particularly hostile responses from majorities of society, passing may become a regular part of everyday life, necessary for survival in that society.
Regardless, the stigma that passers are subject to is not inherent. As Goffman explains, stigma exists not within the person but between an attribute and an audience. As a result, stigma is socially constructed, differing based on the cultural beliefs, social structures, and situational dynamics of various contexts. Thus, passing is also immersed in different contexts of the socially structured meaning and behavior of daily life and passing implies familiarity with that knowledge.
Passing has been interpreted in sociology and cultural studies through different analytical lenses, including as information management per Goffman and as cultural performance per Bryant Keith Alexander.
Passing as information management
Goffman defines passing as 'the management of undisclosed discrediting information about self." Similarly, other scholars add that "Passing is mostly associated with strategies of information management that the discreditable use to pass for normal [in everyday life]". Whereas some individuals' stigma is immediately apparent, passers deal with different problems in that their stigma is not always so obvious. Goffman elaborates "The issue is not that of managing tension generated during social contacts, but rather that of managing information about his failing. To display or not to display; to tell or not to tell; to let on or not to let on; to lie or not to lie; and in each case, to whom, how, when, and where."
In Goffman's understanding, individuals possess various symbols that convey social information about us. There are prestige symbols that convey creditable information and there are stigma symbols that convey discrediting information. By managing the visibility and apparentness of their stigma symbols, passers prevent others from learning of their discredited and stigmatized status and remain discreditable. Passing can also include the adoption of certain prestige symbols as well as a personal history or biography of social information that aids to conceal and draw attention away from their actual stigmatized status.
Goffman also notes offhandedly that "The concealment of creditable facts-reverse passing-of course occurs". Reverse passing, related to terms like "blackfishing", has emerged as a topic of discourse as critics raise concerns over cultural appropriation and accuse nonstigmatized individuals, such as prominent celebrities Kim Kardashian and Ariana Grande, of concealing creditable information about themselves for some social benefit. Notions of cultural appropriation, racial fetishization, and reverse passing particularly entered public debate in 2015 after former college instructor and president of the Spokane, Washington NAACP, Rachel Dolezal, was discovered to be white with no black racial heritage, after presenting herself as black for several years. As many point out, reverse passing crucially differs from passing in that individuals who reverse pass are not stigmatized and therefore are not subject to the harms of stigma that may force stigmatized individuals to pass.
Passing as cultural performance
Bryant Keith Alexander, a professor of Communication, Performance and Cultural Studies at Loyola Marymount University, defines cultural performance as "a process of delineation using performative practices to mark membership and association". Using this definition, passing is reframed as a method to maintain cultural performance and choose both consciously and unconsciously to participate in other performances. Rather than through the management of symbols and the social information they convey, passers assume "the necessary and performative strategies that signal membership". Alexander reiterates "Cultural membership is thus maintained primarily through recognizable performative practices." Hence, to successfully pass is to have your cultural performance assessed and validated by others.
With this interpretation, avoiding stigma by passing necessitates intimate understanding and awareness of social constructions of meaning and expected behaviors that signal membership. Shippee explains that "far from merely appraising situations to determine when concealment is required, passing encompasses active interpretations of several aspects of social life. It requires an understanding of cultural conventions, namely: what is considered "normal" and what is required to maintain it; customs of everyday interaction; and the symbolic character of the stigma itself. . .Passing, then, embodies a creative mobilization of situational and cultural awareness, structural considerations, self-appraisals, and sense-making". Recognizing this, Alexander asserts then that "passing is a product (an assessed state), a process (an active engagement), performative (ritualized repetition of communicative acts), and a reflection of one's positionality (politicized location), knowing that its existential accomplishment always resides in liminality."
Ethnicity and race
Historically and genealogically, the term passing has referred to mixed-race, or biracial Americans identifying as or being perceived as belonging to a different racial group. In Passing and the Fictions of Identity, Elaine Ginsberg cites an ad for escaped slave Edmund Kenney as an example of racial passing; Edmund Kenney, a biracial person, was able to pass as white in the United States in the 1800s. In the entry "Passing" for the GLBTQ Encyclopedia Project, Tina Gianoulis states, "for light-skinned African Americans during the times of slavery and the intense periods of racial resegregation that followed, passing for white was a survival tool that allowed them to gain education and employment that would have been denied them had they been recognized as "colored" people." The term passing has since been expanded to include other ethnicities and identity categories. Discriminated groups in North America and Europe may modify their accents, word choices, manner of dress, grooming habits, and even names in an attempt to appear to be members of a majority group or of a privileged minority group.
Nella Larsen's 1929 novella, Passing, helped to establish the term after several years of prior use. The writer and subject of the novella is a mixed African-American/Caucasian who passes for white. The novella was written during the Harlem Renaissance, when passing was commonly found in both reality and fiction. Since the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, racial pride decreased the weight given to passing as an important issue for black Americans. Still, it is possible and common for biracial people to pass based on appearance or by hiding or omitting their backgrounds.
In "Adjusting the Borders: Bisexual Passing and Queer Theory," Lingel discusses bell hooks' notion of racial passing in conjunction with discussion of bisexual engagement in passing.
Romani people have a history of passing as well, particularly in the United States, often telling outsiders they belong to other ethnicities such as Latino, Greek, Middle Eastern or Native American.
Social class and caste
Class passing, similar to racial and gender passing, is the concealment or misrepresentation of one's social class. In Class-Passing: Social Mobility in Film and Popular Culture, Gwendolyn Audrey Foster suggests racial and gender passing is often stigmatized, while class passing is generally accepted as normative behavior. Class passing is common in the United States and is linked to the notions of the American Dream and of upward class mobility.
Popular culture
English-language novels which feature class passing include The Talented Mr. Ripley, Anne of Green Gables, and Horatio Alger novels. Films featuring class-passing characters include Catch Me If You Can, My Fair Lady, Pinky, ATL, and Andy Hardy Meets Debutante. Class passing also figures into reality television programs such as Joe Millionaire: contestants are often immersed in displays of great material wealth or may have to conceal their class status.
Sexuality and gender
The perception of an individual's sexual orientation is often based on their visual identity. The term visual identity refers to the expression of personal, social, and cultural identities through dress and appearance. In Visible Lesbians and Invisible Bisexuals: Appearance and Visual Identities Among Bisexual Women it is proposed that through the expression of a visual identity, others 'read' a person's appearance and make assumptions about their wider identity. Therefore, visual identity is a prominent tool of non-verbal communication. The concept of passing is showcased in the research done by Jennifer Taub in her work Bisexual Women and Beauty Norms. Some participants in the study stated that they attempted to dress as what they perceived as heterosexual when partnered with a man while others stated that they tried to dress more like a 'lesbian'. This exemplifies how visual identities can greatly alter people's immediate assumptions of sexuality. Therefore, by presenting oneself as 'heterosexual' one is effectively 'passing'.
Passing by sexual orientation occurs when an individual's perceived sexual orientation or sexuality differs from the sexuality or sexual orientation with which they identify. In the entry "Passing" for the glbtq Encyclopedia Project, Tina Gianoulis notes "the presumption of heterosexuality in most modern cultures," which in some parts of the world, such as the United States, may be effectively compulsory, "most gay men and lesbians in fact spend a great deal of their lives passing as straight even when they do not do so intentionally." The phrase "in the closet" may be used to describe an individual who is hiding or concealing their sexual orientation. In Passing: Identity and Interpretation in Sexuality, Race, and Religion, Maria Sanchez and Linda Schlossberg state "the dominant social order often implores gay people to stay in the closet (to pass)." Individuals may choose to remain "in the closet," or pass as heterosexual, for a variety of reasons. Examples of such reasons include a desire to maintain positive relationships with family and policies or requirements associated with employment. "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" was an example of a policy that required passing as heterosexual within the military or armed forces.
Due to bisexual erasure, some bisexual individuals may feel the need to engage in passing within presumed predominantly heterosexual circles as well as even within LGBTQ circles for fear of stigma. In Adjusting the Borders: Bisexual Passing and Queer Theory, Jessica Lingel writes "The ramifications of being denied a public sphere in which to practice a sexual identity that isn't labeled licentious or opportunistic leads some women to resort to manufacturing profiles of gayness or straightness to pledge membership within a community."
Gender passing refers to when an individual is perceived as belonging to a gender identity group that differs from the gender with which they were assigned at birth. In Passing and the Fictions of Identity, Elaine Ginsberg provides the story of Brandon Teena as an example of gender passing in the United States. He was assigned female at birth, but lived as a man. In 1993, Brandon moved to Falls City, Nebraska, where he initially was able to pass as a man; however, when community members discovered that Brandon had been assigned female at birth, two men in the community shot and murdered Brandon. Ginsberg further cites Billy Tipton, a jazz musician who was also assigned female at birth, but lived and performed as a man until his death in 1989, as another example of gender passing. Within the transgender community, passing refers to the perception or recognition of a trans individual as belonging to the gender identity to which they are transitioning rather than the sex or gender they were assigned at birth.
Religion
Passing as a member of a different religion or as not religious at all is not uncommon among minority religious communities. In the entry "Passing" for the GLBTQ Encyclopedia Project, Tina Gianoulis states "at times of rabid anti-Semitism in Europe and the Americas, many Jewish families also either converted to Christianity or passed as Christian" for the sake of survival. Circumcised Jewish males in Germany during World War II attempted to restore their foreskins as part of passing as Gentile. The film Europa, Europa explores this theme. In Shia Islam there is the doctrine of taqiyya, whereby one is lawfully allowed to disavow Islam and profess another faith (whilst secretly remaining a Muslim) if one's life is at risk. The concept has also been practised by various minority faiths in the Middle East such as the Alawites and Druze.
Ability or disability
Disability passing may refer to the intentional concealment of impairment in order to avoid the stigma of disability; however, it may also describe the exaggeration of an ailment or impairment in order to receive some benefit, which may take the form of attention or care. In Disability and Passing: Blurring the Lines of Identity, Jeffrey Brune and Daniel Wilson define passing by ability or disability as "the ways that others impose, intentionally or not, a specific disability or non-disability identity on a person." Similarly, in "Compulsory Able-Bodiedness and Queer/Disabled Existence," Robert McRuer argues that "the system of compulsory able-bodiedness...produces disability."
Passing as disabled
People with disabilities may exaggerate their disabilities when being evaluated for medical care or accommodations, often for fear of being denied support. "There are too many agencies out there with the ostensible purpose of helping us that still believe that as long as we technically can do something, like crab-walking our way into a subway station, we should have to do it," writes Gabe Moses, a wheelchair user who has a limited ability to walk. These pressures can result in disabled people exaggerating symptoms or tiring out their body before an evaluation so that they are seen on a "bad day" instead of a "good day."
In sports, some mobility impaired individuals have been observed strategically exaggerating the extent of their disability in order to pass as more disabled than they are and be placed in divisions where they may be more competitive. In quadriplegic rugby, or wheelchair rugby, some players are described as having 'incomplete' quadriplegia in which they may retain some sensation and function in their lower limbs that can allow them to stand and walk in limited capacities. Based on a rule from the United States Quad Rugby Association predicating that players only need a combination of upper and lower extremity impairment that precludes them from playing able-bodied sports, these incomplete quads can play alongside other quadriplegics who have no sensation or function in their lower limbs. This is justified by classifications the USQRA has developed where certified physical therapists compare arm and muscle flexibility, trunk and torso movement, and ease of chair operation between players and rank them by injury level. Yet, thanks to inconsistencies between medical diagnoses of injury and these classifications, players are able to perform higher levels of impairment for the classifiers and pass as more disabled than they may actually be. As a result, their ranking may underestimate their capacity and they may attain a competitive advantage over teams with players whose capacity is not equivalent. This policy has raised questions from some about the ethics and fairness of comparing disabilities, as well as about how competition, inclusion, and ability should be defined in the world of sports.
Passing as non-disabled
Individuals whose disabilities are "invisible," such as people with mental illness, intellectual or cognitive disabilities, or physical disabilities that are not immediately obvious to others such as IBS, Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, may choose whether or not to reveal their identity or to pass as "normal." While passing as non-disabled may protect against discrimination, it could also result in lack of support or accusations of faking.
Autistic people may employ strategies known as "masking" or "camouflaging" in order to pass as non-disabled. This can involve behavior like suppressing or redirecting repetitive movements, avoiding talking about one's interests, or faking a smile in an environment that feels uncomfortable or distressing. Masking may be done to reduce the risk of ostracism or abuse. Autistic masking is correlated with a higher risk of depression and suicide. It can also lead to exhaustion.
Individuals with visible physical impairments or disabilities, such as people with mobility impairment, including individuals who use wheelchairs or scooters, face greater challenges in concealing their disability.
In a study on individuals' experience with prosthetics, the ability of users to be able to pass as if they were 'like everybody else' with their prosthetic based on the realistic or unrealistic appearance of the prosthetic was one factor in predicting whether patients would accept or reject prosthetic use. Though cosmetic prosthetics that, for example, were skin-colored or had the added appearance of veins, hair, and nails were often harder to adapt to and use, many expressed preference for them over more functional, more conspicuous prosthetics in order to maintain personal conceptions of social and bodily identity. One prosthesis-user characterized her device as one that could "maintain her humanness ('half way human'), which in turn prevented her, quite literally, from being seen to have an 'odd' body". Prosthesis-users also discussed wanting prosthetics that could help them maintain a walking gait that wouldn't attract stares and prosthetics that could be disguised or concealed under clothes in efforts to pass as able-bodied.
Intersectional
Though passing may occur on the basis of a single subordinate identity such as race, often people's intersectional locations involve multiple marginalized identities. Intersectionality provides a framework for seeing the interconnected nature of oppressive systems and how multiple identities interact within them. Gay Asian men possess two key subordinated identities which, in combination, create unique challenges for them when passing. Sometimes these men must pass as straight to avoid stigma but around other gay men they may attempt to pass as a non-racialized person or white to avoid the disinterest or fetishization often encountered upon revealing their Asian identities. By recognizing the hidden intersection of the gendered aspects of gay and Asian male stereotypes, these two distinct experiences make even more sense. Gay men are often stereotyped as effeminate and thereby insufficiently masculine as men. Stereotypes characterizing Asian men as too sexual (overly masculine) or too feminine (hypo-masculine) or even both also exhibit the gendered nature of racial stereotypes. Thus, passing as the dominant racial or sexuality category also often means passing as gender correct. When Black transgender men transition in the workplace from identifying as female to passing as cisgender men, gendered racial stereotypes characterizing Black men as overly masculine and violent can affect how previously acceptable behaviors will be interpreted. As one such Black trans man discovered, he'd gone from "being an obnoxious Black woman to a scary Black man", and therefore had to adapt his behavior to gendered scripts to pass.
See also
Beard (companion)
Closeted
Closet Jew
Dramaturgy (sociology)
Identity politics
Masking (personality)
Minority stress
Model minority
"On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog"
Stigma management
Uncanny valley
Undercover
Footnotes
Sociological terminology | wiki |
Guggenheim may refer to:
Buildings
Guggenheim Building, in Rochester, Minnesota
Guggenheim Museums, global network of museums established by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation
Murry Guggenheim House, also known as the Guggenheim Library of Monmouth University, Monmouth County, New Jersey
People
Charles Guggenheim (1924–2002), American film director and producer
Davis Guggenheim (born 1963), American film director and producer
Edward Guggenheim (1901-1970), English physical chemist
Marc Guggenheim (born 1970), American television writer-producer and writer for Marvel Comics and DC Comics
Peggy Guggenheim (1898-1979), American art collector, founder of the Guggenheim Collection in Venice
Other uses
Guggenheim (surname), including a list of people with the name
Guggenheim Exploration Company, notable for Beatty v. Guggenheim Exploration Co.
Guggenheim family, an American family of Swiss Jewish ancestry
Guggenheim Fellowship, an American grant awarded by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
Guggenheim Partners, a financial services firm
"Guggenheim", a song on the 2012 album Sounds from Nowheresville by The Ting Tings
John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, founded in 1925
Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, founded in 1937
Martin Guggenheim, a character in the Amazon Prime video original Mozart in the Jungle
Guggenheim, a variant of the word game Categories | wiki |
Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the first section under the heading "General" in the Charter, and like other sections within the "General" sphere, it aids in the interpretation of rights elsewhere in the Charter. While section 25 is also the Charter section that deals most directly with Aboriginal peoples in Canada, it does not create or constitutionalize rights for them.
The Charter is a part of the larger Constitution Act, 1982. Aboriginal rights, including treaty rights, receive more direct constitutional protection under section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982.
Text
Under the heading "General," the section reads:
Purpose
In other words, the Charter must be enforced in a way that does not diminish Aboriginal rights. As the Court of Appeal for Ontario held in R. v. Agawa (1988), the section "confers no new rights," but instead "shields" old ones.
This is a stronger recognition for non-Charter rights than section 26's requirement that the Charter cannot be interpreted to deny that non-Charter rights exist, as section 25 specifically states that Aboriginal rights will not only continue to exist but also cannot be derogated by the Charter itself. The distinction came about during the negotiations of the Charter. Section 25's content did not appear in the first version of the Charter, in October 1980, but the original version of what later became section 26 did say that the existence of Aboriginal rights could not be denied. This sparked dramatic protests among Aboriginals, who viewed the proposed constitutional amendments as an insufficient protection of their rights. This persisted until some of their leaders, the National Indian Brotherhood, the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, and the Native Council of Canada (now the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples), were appeased by the addition of sections 25 and 35 to the Constitution Act, 1982.
The rights to which section 25 refers explicitly include those in the Royal Proclamation of 1763. They may also include those created by ordinary legislation, like the Indian Act, and constitutional scholar Peter Hogg has speculated that without this section, section 15 (the equality provision) would have possibly threatened these rights, since they are particular to a race. Nevertheless, in the Supreme Court case Corbiere v. Canada (1999), it was found that not all legislative distinctions relating to Aboriginals are protected by section 25, and section 15 was accordingly used to extend voting rights in Aboriginal reserves to Aboriginals who did not live in those reserves. As Hogg observes, what particular rights section 25 protects was in the meantime left uncertain.
Section 35 of the Constitution Act, which falls outside the Charter, does constitutionalize some aboriginal rights. As Hogg notes, this makes section 25 altogether less important than section 35, but Corbiere leaves open the possibility that rights not constitutionalized by section 35 can have some protection under section 25.
Aboriginal self-government
The question of how the Charter applies to Aboriginals and Aboriginal government has involved section 25. On the one hand, it has been argued that Aboriginal governments are not bound by the Charter. If section 35 includes a right to self-government, and section 25 ensures Aboriginal rights are not limited by the Charter, then section 25 would also guarantee that self-government is not limited by the Charter. On the other hand, the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples once argued that while section 25 guarantees the existence of self-government itself, the powers of such Aboriginal governments will be limited to respect the Charter rights of individual Aboriginals.
Some bands receive a measure of autonomy under the Indian Act, and the consequent powers of the councils would be protected by section 25. Meanwhile, section 32, which bounds the federal and provincial governments to the Charter, may not include the band councils if their authority derives not only from the Indian Act but also tradition.
Amendments to section 25
In 1983, with the passing of the Constitution Amendment Proclamation, 1983, section 25 was amended to expand the protection provided for rights associated with land claims. Whereas the original wording made reference to rights acquired "by way of land claim settlement," the current version refers to rights that "now exist by way of land claims agreements or may be so acquired." While ordinarily, section 25 could have been amended with the standard 7/50 amending formula, this change was also carried out with agreement of aboriginal leaders. At the same time, the Constitution Act, 1982 was amended to add section 35.1. This new section suggests that, before section 25 is amended in the future, consultation with aboriginal leaders will again be requested by the prime minister.
Case law
Scholar Celeste Hutchinson remarks in an article that little has been done with section 25 by the courts. However, she points to the British Columbia Court of Appeal case R. v. Kapp as one that discusses section 25's application. She argues Kapp failed to resolve the issue of whether section 25 is only applied when the Charter is violated, or if applies earlier, when a Charter challenge is raised. Nevertheless, Hutchinson did feel Kapp provided some significant discussion of section 25. In Kapp, Justice Kirkpatrick endorsed the view that section 25 is first considered when a Charter challenge is raised, and made a three-step test asking (1) is the right in question a treaty, Aboriginal or other right related to Aboriginals? (2) if it falls in the "other" category, does it relate to a part of Aboriginal life? (3) would the remedy possibly given by the Charter limit Aboriginal rights?
References
Section 25
Indigenous rights in Canada
Legislation concerning indigenous peoples | wiki |
The groove-toothed bat (Phoniscus atrox) is a species of bat in the family Vespertilionidae, the vesper bats. It is native to Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. It is an uncommon species that depends on forests for survival, and it is threatened by deforestation.
References
Phoniscus
Bats of Southeast Asia
Bats of Indonesia
Bats of Malaysia
Mammals of Thailand
Least concern biota of Asia
Mammals described in 1905
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
Comparative religion is the systematic comparison of the doctrines and practices of the world's religions.
Comparative Religion may also refer to:
Comparative Religion (book), a book by Frank Byron Jevons
"Comparative Religion" (Community), an episode of American comedy television series Community
See also
Studies in Comparative Religion, an academic journal published from 1963 to 1987 | wiki |
ESPN Deportes.com is a Spanish language sports website launched by ESPN in 2000. Currently, it has regional editions for the Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, United States and Venezuela. The website features news, analysis and results of several sports, including association football, American football, baseball, basketball, boxing, motorsport, tennis, rugby union, golf and polo, as well as the Olympic Games and X Games. Some sections are branded, such as ESPN FC (association football) and ESPNscrum (rugby).
Several journalists from ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America also appear on ESPN Deportes.com, including Raúl Allegre, John Sutcliffe, Ciro Procuna, Francisco Alemán, Tito Puccetti, Enrique Sacco and Martín Urruty.
According to Alexa, ESPN Deportes.com is ranked as the 47th most visited website in Mexico, 87th in Venezuela, 130th in Colombia, and 194th in Argentina. Also according to Alexa, 6.1% of the ESPN.com traffic goes to ESPN Deportes.com, and is the 65th most visited Spanish language website.
A SDP Noticias journalist ranked ESPN Deportes.com as the best Spanish-language sports website, beating Fox Sports, Marca and AS.
References
External links
ESPN Deportes.com website
Internet properties established in 2000
Spanish-language websites | wiki |
The Hyundai e-Mighty (hangul:현대 이 마이티, 현대 e-마이티) is a line of light-duty commercial vehicles by Hyundai Motor Company. The range was primarily available in Korea and some other Asian countries. e-Mighty was first manufactured in October 2004 with the first cars going to Korea. Manufacturing began in 2004 with Hyundai in Korea and Asia. Other areas which imported or manufactured the e-Mighty included Europe, the Mid-east and North America. In many markets the e-Mighty was very expensive and was replaced by the Hyundai Truck when that model became available for worldwide markets in early 2004.
The overseas market was also important for the e-Mighty - to the extent that it was manufactured there from the 2000s using many local components.
Most models of the truck are distinguishable by a front 'e-Mighty' badge, but the common Hyundai badge is usually used on the rear.
Japanese and Asian competitors are the Mitsubishi Fuso Canter, Isuzu Elf, UD Atlas, Toyota Dyna, and Hino Dutro.
Models
Hyundai e-Mighty is a truck design by the Hyundai Motor Company Jeonju Design Center, rebadged in Bering MS, Manufacture period: 2004–present.
Model name (South Korea)
Gold
Super
Deluxe
HD78
Lineup
Other special vehicle models in Hyundai Special Vehicles
Standard Cab Low Long Cargo (2.5t)
Standard Cab Shot Cargo (2.5t, 3.5t Chassis Cab)
Standard Cab Long Cargo (2.5t, 3.5t)
Double Crew Cab Long Cargo (2.5t)
Standard Cab Shot Dump (2.5t, 3.5t)
External links
Hyundai e-Mighty Product Homepage (in Korean)
Hyundai e-Mighty Specifications (in Korean, PDF only)
Hyundai e-Mighty Optional List - 1st, 2nd (in Korean, PDF only)
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
E-Mighty | wiki |
Ford Center may refer to:
Ford Center (Evansville) - a multi-purpose arena located in downtown Evansville, Indiana
Ford Center (Oklahoma City), now known as Paycom Center, a multi-purpose arena located in downtown Oklahoma City
Ford Center at The Star, an indoor stadium and practice facility of the Dallas Cowboys
Ford Center for the Performing Arts (disambiguation) | wiki |
Tissimans was a clothing company located in Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire, England founded in 1601
it ceased trading on 28 February 2013.
References
Manufacturing companies of England
Companies established in 1601
British companies disestablished in 2013
Companies based in East Hertfordshire District
1601 establishments in England
2013 disestablishments in England | wiki |
Cinema
Ballata macabra (Burnt Offerings) – film del 1976 diretto da Dan Curtis
Letteratura
Burnt Offerings – romanzo di Robert Marasco del 1973
Dono di cenere (Burnt Offerings) – romanzo di Laurell K. Hamilton del 1998
Musica
Burnt Offerings – traccia dell'album The Legacy dei Testament del 1987
Burnt Offerings – album degli Iced Earth del 1995 | wiki |
Brittany Taylor may refer to:
Brittany Taylor (Daria), a character on the US TV series Daria
Brittany Taylor (soccer) (born 1987), American soccer player | wiki |
Bone Gap – wieś w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Illinois, w hrabstwie Edwards.
Wsie w stanie Illinois | wiki |
ERTA may refer to:
Erta, Italian ski slope
Ertapenem, carbapenem antibiotic medication | wiki |
The Declaration of Independence (, ) was a document adopted by Dáil Éireann, the revolutionary parliament of the Irish Republic, at its first meeting in the Mansion House, Dublin, on 21 January 1919. It followed from the Sinn Féin election manifesto of December 1918. Texts of the declaration were adopted in three languages: Irish, English and French.
Scope
The Irish Republic claimed jurisdiction over the whole island of Ireland. The declaration made no mention of the independence of the 32-county geographic island, just the independence of the "Irish nation" or "Irish people". It was rivalled by the British administration of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, but as the Irish War of Independence went on, it increased its legitimacy in the eyes of most Irish people. It was taken over by the Irish Free State in 1922, after the Anglo-Irish Treaty.
Under international law, the declaration satisfied the principle of the "declarative theory of statehood," but in 1919 almost all states followed the "constitutive theory of statehood" and therefore did not recognise the Irish Republic.
Ratification of 1916 Proclamation
By the Declaration of Independence, the Dáil ratified the earlier Proclamation of the Irish Republic of Easter 1916. This proclamation had not been adopted by an elected body but merely by the Easter rebels claiming to act in the name of the Irish people. Unlike the proclamation, the Declaration of Independence was followed by the establishment of some de facto political organs. In its crucial line the declaration pronounced that:
English garrison
Differing meanings were given to the occupying 'English garrison'. This was the closest that the Irish Republic came to declaring war on Britain in January 1919, arguing that an invasion had taken place, and therefore any military action from then on was to remove the invaders. The government in London refused to take this as a declaration of war, considering that it was worded for an Irish audience. When the Irish War of Independence started with some haphazard shootings on the same day at Soloheadbeg, County Tipperary, it was treated by the British as a police matter. The Dáil had no claim to control the Irish Republican Army (IRA) until they swore an oath of allegiance to it in August 1920.
700 years
This was based on the 'apostolic succession' of revolts against the English and later, British Administrations, placing the last fully free Ireland in the Gaelic world of about the 1160s, before the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland of 1168–71. The declaration saw the wars and revolts of 1594–1603, 1641–50, 1689–91, 1798, 1803, 1848, 1867 and 1916 as a continuing attempt at regaining Irish self-government, with or without links to the crown.
Aim of international recognition
An important element in the 1918 Sinn Féin election manifesto was to secure recognition at the forthcoming peace conference that would end the World War of 1914 to 1918. President Woodrow Wilson of the United States had suggested that the Versailles Peace Conference would be inclusive and even-handed, but his "Fourteen Points" had called for "equal weight" between parties at arbitration in article 5, and not outright declarations of independence.
In June 1920, a "Draft Treaty between the new Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the Republic of Ireland" was circulated in Dublin. E. H. Carr, the historian of early Bolshevism, considered that ".. the negotiations were not taken very seriously on either side." The RSFSR was a pariah state at the time.
See also
On the same day the First Dáil adopted the:
Dáil Constitution
Message to the Free Nations of the World
Democratic Programme
References
External links
Official texts from Wikisource:
Faisnéis Neamhspleádhchuis
Irish Declaration of Independence (in English)
:fr:s:Déclaration d’Indépendance (Irlande)
Ireland
History of the Republic of Ireland
History of Ireland (1801–1923)
1919 in Ireland
1919 documents | wiki |
is a series of role-playing video games, mixed with elements of a visual novel based dating sim. The series is primarily developed by Flight-Plan, published by Banpresto, and owned by Bandai Namco Entertainment. The character designs are by Izuka Takeshi. The series has had six main line entries, and seven spin-off entries, spanning the PlayStation, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Portable, PlayStation Vita, Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS video game consoles.
Until 2015, no main entries to the series had been released outside of Japan. The only titles localized into English were the spinoff games Summon Night: Twin Age, Summon Night: Swordcraft Story and its sequel, Summon Night: Swordcraft Story 2.
In April 2015, it was announced that Gaijinworks would translate and publish the latest entry in the series, Summon Night 5, in North America and Europe. On December 15, 2015, it was released in North America but a European release never came to fruition. The game was considered a success in North America, with its sales being enough to warrant Gaijinworks to translate its sequel Summon Night 6 , which was released in both North America and Europe in late 2017. The Summon Night series has sold a total of 1.904 million copies.
Games
Main series
The games from the main series are all strategy RPGs. They take place on the same world and in the same continuity, but the stories do not have much connection.
Summon Night (January 6, 2000) Released for the PlayStation/remade for Nintendo DS.
Summon Night 2 (August 2, 2001) Released for the PlayStation/remade for Nintendo DS.
Summon Night 3 (August 7, 2003) Released for the PlayStation 2/Remake for the PSP was released on October 4, 2012.
Summon Night 4 (November 30, 2006) Released for the PlayStation 2/Remake for the PSP was released on November 15, 2012.
Summon Night 5 (May 16, 2013) Released for the PSP.
Summon Night 6: Lost Borders (2016)Released for PlayStation Vita and PlayStation 4.
Spin-offs
The following games are action-RPGs in the style of Ys or Seiken Densetsu.
Summon Night EX-These: Yoake no Tsubasa (August 4, 2005) Released for the PlayStation 2.
Summon Night Twin Age: Seireitachi no Kyoumei (Koe) (August 30, 2007; USA: June 3, 2008) Released for the Nintendo DS, localized by Atlus in the US as Summon Night: Twin Age.
Summon Night Gran-These: Horobi no Tsurugi to Yakusoku no Kishi (March 11, 2010) Released for the PlayStation 2.
The following three games are Summon Night games in the action-RPG genre.
Summon Night: Swordcraft Story (Japan: April 25, 2003; USA: July 26, 2006) Released for the Game Boy Advance, localized by Atlus in the USA.
Summon Night: Swordcraft Story 2 (Japan: August 20, 2004; USA: October 17, 2006) Released for the Game Boy Advance; also localized by Atlus.
Summon Night Swordcraft Story 3: Stone of Beginnings (December 8, 2005) Released for the Game Boy Advance.
The following game is an RPG with turn-based battles in the style of the Final Fantasy series.
Summon Night X: Tears Crown (November 5, 2009) Released for the Nintendo DS.
Setting
All of the Summon Night games take place in Lyndbaum, a world similar to medieval Europe with the inclusion of modern factories and railroads, placing Summon Night in a steampunk setting. Lyndbaum is surrounded by four other worlds: Loreilal, the land from where mechanical creatures come; Silturn, the land of yokai; Sapureth, where angels and demons live; and Maetropa, from where half-humans, magical beasts, fairies and other mythical creatures hail. Besides those four there are also countless other worlds, including our world (the "real" world) where the main characters of the first game are transported from. Certain boundaries separate the worlds from each other, making the various summoning techniques the only way to transport things between them.
References
External links
Summon Night Series Official Site (Japanese)
Summon Night 5 Official Site (Japanese)
Hardcore Gaming 101 - Summon Night
Production I.G
Action role-playing video games
Bandai Namco Entertainment franchises
Banpresto games
Tactical role-playing video games
Video game franchises
Video game franchises introduced in 2000 | wiki |
Balantiopteryx is a genus of sac-winged bats. It comprises three species:
Ecuadorian sac-winged bat - B. infusca
Thomas's sac-winged bat - B. io
Gray sac-winged bat - B. plicata
References
External links
IUCN Red List entry
Bat genera
Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters | wiki |
The English-only movement, also known as the Official English movement, is a political movement that advocates for the use of only the English language in official United States government operations through the establishment of English as the only official language in the United States. The United States has never had a legal policy proclaiming an official national language. However, at some times and places, there have been various moves to promote or require the use of English, such as in Native American boarding schools.
Support for the English-only movement began in 1907, under US President Theodore Roosevelt, and continues today as studies prove high percentage in approval ratings. Republican candidates have supported this movement during elections.
The English-only movement has received criticism and rejection within societies and educational systems. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) has stated that English-only laws are inconsistent with both the First Amendment right to communicate with or petition the government, as well as free speech and the right to equality, because they bar government employees from providing non-English language assistance and services. Current law shows that the United States federal government does not specify an official language; however, each state has unique terms they abide by.
Early efforts
Disputes between citizens and immigrants over English have been waged since the 1750s, when street signs were changed in Pennsylvania to include both English and German languages to accommodate the many German immigrants. The German-English debate continued until World War I when international hostility resulted in the rejection of all things German, including the prohibition of the German language and German-language materials, particularly books.
In 1803, as a result of the Louisiana Purchase, the United States acquired French-speaking populations in Louisiana. As a condition to admittance to the Union, Louisiana included in its constitution a provision, which was later repealed, that required all official documents be published in the language "in which the Constitution of the United States is written". Today, Louisiana has no law stating that English is the official language of the State.
After the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), the United States acquired about 75,000 Spanish speakers in addition to several indigenous language-speaking populations.
An 1847 law authorized Anglo-French instruction in public schools in Louisiana. In 1849, the California constitution recognized Spanish language rights. French language rights were abolished after the American Civil War. In 1868, the Indian Peace Commission recommended English-only schooling for the Native Americans. In 1878–79, the California constitution was rewritten to state that "[a]ll laws of the State of California, and all official writings, and the executive, legislative, and judicial proceedings shall be conducted, preserved, and published in no other than the English language."
In the late 1880s, Wisconsin and Illinois passed English-only instruction laws for both public and parochial schools.
In 1896, under the Republic of Hawaii government, English became the primary medium of public schooling for Hawaiian children. After the Spanish–American War, English was declared "the official language of the school room" in Puerto Rico. In the same way, English was declared the official language in the Philippines, after the Philippine–American War.
In 1907, US President Theodore Roosevelt wrote, "We have room for but one language in this country, and that is the English language, for we intend to see that the crucible turns our people out as Americans, of American nationality, and not as dwellers in a polyglot boarding house."
During World War I, there was a widespread campaign against the use of the German language in the US; this included removing books in the German language from libraries. (A related action took place in South Australia as well with the Nomenclature Act of 1917. The legislation renamed 69 towns, suburbs, or areas that had German names.)
In 1923, a bill drafted by Congressman Washington J. McCormick became the first proposed legislation regarding the United States' national language that would have made "American" the national language in order to differentiate the United States's language from that of England. This bill did not pass in Congress despite significant support—especially from Irish immigrants who were resentful of British influence.
Support
U.S. English is an organization that advocates for Official English, founded in the 1980s by former United States Senator S. I. Hayakawa and John Tanton. ProEnglish is another group founded by Tanton that advocates Official English.
In 2018, a Rasmussen poll found that 81% of American adults thought that English should be the official language of the United States, while 12% did not.
In 2021, a Rasmussen poll found that 73% of Americans thought that English should be the official language, only 18% disagreed.
Modern
In 1980, Miami-Dade County, Florida voters approved an "anti-bilingual ordinance". However, this was repealed by the county commission in 1993, after "racially orientated redistricting" led to a change in government.
In 1981, English was declared the official language in the commonwealth of Virginia.
In 1983, John Tanton and U.S. Senator S. I. Hayakawa founded a political lobbying organization, U.S. English. (Tanton was a former head of the Sierra Club's population committee and of Zero Population Growth, and founder of the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR), an immigration reductionist group.) In 1986, Tanton wrote a memo containing remarks about Hispanics claimed by critics to be derogatory, which appeared in the Arizona Republic newspaper, leading to the resignations from U.S. English board member Walter Cronkite and executive director Linda Chavez; Tanton would also sever his ties to the organization as a result. That same year, 1986, Larry Pratt founded English First, while Lou Zaeske, an engineer from Bryan, Texas, established the American Ethnic Coalition. Mauro Mujica, a Chilean immigrant, was later named Chairman and CEO in 1993.
In 1994, John Tanton and other former U.S. English associates founded ProEnglish specifically to defend Arizona's English-only law. ProEnglish rejects the term "English-only movement" and asks its supporters to refer to the movement instead as "Official English".
The U.S. Senate voted on two separate changes to an immigration bill in May 2006. The amended bill recognized English as a "common and unifying language" and gave contradictory instructions to government agencies on their obligations for non-English publications.
In what was essentially a replay of the 2006 actions, on June 6, 2007 the US Senate again voted on two separate amendments to a subsequent immigration reform bill that closely resembled the amendments to the 2006 Senate bill. Ultimately, neither the 2006 nor 2007 immigration reform bill has become law.
On January 22, 2009, voters in Nashville, Tennessee rejected a proposal under a referendum election to make "Nashville the largest city in the United States to prohibit the government from using languages other than English, with exceptions allowed for issues of health and safety." The initiative failed by a vote of 57% to 43%.
In March 2012, Republican presidential candidate Rick Santorum was criticized by some Republican delegates from Puerto Rico when he publicly took the position that Puerto Rico, a Spanish-speaking territory, should be required to make English its primary language as a condition of statehood.
In 2015 during a debate, Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump said, "This is a country where we speak English, not Spanish."
On February 6, 2019, the 116th Congress introduced a bill in House establishing English as the official language of the United States. The House of Representatives named it the English Language Unity Act of 2019. Within this bill, there is a framework for implementation. They strive to enforce the English as the only language by testing it during the naturalization process. This bill has yet to be passed.
Criticism
The modern English-only movement has met with rejection from the Linguistic Society of America, which passed a resolution in 1986–87 opposing "'English only' measures on the grounds that they are based on misconceptions about the role of a common language in establishing political unity, and that they are inconsistent with basic American traditions of linguistic tolerance."
Linguist Geoffrey Pullum, in an essay entitled "Here come the linguistic fascists", charges English First with "hatred and suspicion of aliens and immigrants" and points out that English is far from under threat in the United States, saying "making English the official language of the United States of America is about as urgently called for as making hotdogs the official food at baseball games." Rachele Lawton, applying critical discourse analysis, argues that English-only's rhetoric suggests that the "real motivation is discrimination and disenfranchisement."
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) has stated that English-only laws are inconsistent with both the First Amendment right to communicate with or petition the government, as well as free speech and the right to equality, because they bar government employees from providing non-English language assistance and services. On August 11, 2000, President Bill Clinton signed Executive Order 13166, "Improving Access to Services for Persons with Limited English Proficiency." The Executive Order requires Federal agencies to examine the services they provide, identify any need for services to those with limited English proficiency (LEP), and develop and implement a system to provide those services so LEP persons can have meaningful access to them.
While the judicial system has noted that state English-only laws are largely symbolic and non-prohibitive, supervisors and managers often interpret them to mean English is the mandatory language of daily life. In one instance, an elementary school bus driver prohibited students from speaking Spanish on their way to school after Colorado passed its legislation. In 2004 in Scottsdale, a teacher claimed to be enforcing English immersion policies when she allegedly slapped students for speaking Spanish in class. In 2005 in Kansas City, a student was suspended for speaking Spanish in the school hallways. The written discipline referral explaining the decision of the school to suspend the student for one and a half days, noted: "This is not the first time we have [asked] Zach and others to not speak Spanish at school."
One study both of laws requiring English as the language of instruction and compulsory schooling laws during the Americanization period (1910–1930) found that the policies moderately increased the literacy of some foreign-born children but had no impact on immigrants' eventual labor market outcomes or measures of social integration. The authors concluded that the "very moderate impacts" of the laws were probably because foreign languages were declining naturally, without the help of English-only laws.
Current law
The United States federal government does not specify an official language; however, all official documents in the U.S. are written in English, though some are also published in other languages.
See also
Bilingual education
Council for the Development of French in Louisiana
English language learning and teaching
English Language Unity Act
Languages in the United States
List of countries where English is an official language
Official language
Spanish in the United States
English-medium education
English Plus
References
Further reading
Lynch, William. "A Nation Established by Immigrants Sanctions Employers for Requiring English to be Spoken at Work: English-Only Work Rules and National Origin Discrimination," 16 Temple Political and Civil Rights Law Review 65 (2006).
Olson, Wendy. "The Shame of Spanish: Cultural Bias in English First Legislation," Chicano-Latino Law Review 11 (1991).
External links
U.S. English (advocates for Official English)
Anatomy of the English-Only Movement, by James Crawford
Institute for Language and Education Policy
Lingo Jingo: English Only and the New Nativism, by Geoffrey Nunberg
English-Only Movement: Its Consequences on the Education of Language Minority Children
Language Legislation in the U.S.A.
Statements and legal actions against English-only law by the American Civil Liberties Union
English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress
Linguistic Society of American Statement on Language Rights
Language legislation
Politics of the United States by issue
Conservatism in the United States
Right-wing politics in the United States | wiki |
Conflict resolution is the methods and processes involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of social conflict.
Conflict Resolution may also refer to:
Conflict Resolution (album), a 2008 album by the Passive Aggressives
"Conflict Resolution" (The Office), an episode of The Office
Conflict resolution, dealing with multiple editors simultaneously changing the same source document in Revision control
See also
Journal of Conflict Resolution | wiki |
The Bills–Jets rivalry is a rivalry between the Buffalo Bills and New York Jets in the National Football League. Both of these teams play in the same division (AFC East) and as a result, play two scheduled games each season. Both teams represent New York State, with the Bills having their primary fan base in Western New York, and the Jets in the New York City area.
This rivalry is fueled primarily by the differences between the greater New York City metropolitan area and the rest of New York State, but also by the Bills being the only team physically located in New York due to the Jets and their NFC counterparts the Giants playing their games in the New Jersey suburbs of New York City. However, the two teams have rarely been successful at the same time, and as such, their rivalry usually lacks the intensity that is present in other rivalries, such as the Bills' rivalry with the Dolphins and the Jets' with the Patriots. There have only been four seasons in which both the Bills and Jets finished with winning records. Regardless, the two teams share a bond due to this seeming inability to field winning teams simultaneously, having been the two NFL teams coached by Rex Ryan, and their long histories playing twice yearly against one another going back to the first days of the AFL.
The Bills lead the overall series, 68–57. The Bills also won the only postseason meeting, defeating the Jets 31–27 in the 1981 AFC Wild Card round.
Notable moments
1960–99: Early History
There were a handful of memorable games in the early history of this rivalry. During the Jets' Super Bowl winning year in 1968, the Bills defense intercepted Joe Namath five times, including three pick-sixes, as Buffalo upset the Jets 37–35 for its only win that year. In 1973, O. J. Simpson eclipsed Jim Brown's rushing yards record to surpass 2,000 yards in a 34–6 Bills win. Eight years later, the teams played their only playoff game together. In the 1981 AFC wild card game, the Bills had a 24–0 lead early in the game, but the Jets came back, cutting their deficit to 31–24. A late game interception of Richard Todd sealed the win for the Bills, however.
In the quarterback-rich 1983 NFL draft, the Bills selected quarterback Jim Kelly whereas the Jets famously passed on Dan Marino in favor of Ken O'Brien. This led to a period of dominance by the Kelly-led Bills over the Jets in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
The Jets and Bills played two regular season games with playoff implications in the 1990s. The 1993 season saw the Jets failing to secure a playoff berth by losing a game to the Bills via three missed field goals. In 1998, the Jets secured their first ever AFC East division title by beating the Bills.
2000–17
As the 2000s approached, Buffalo collapsed from a perennial Super Bowl contender to one of the worst teams in the league, while the Jets maintained a level of success, making the playoffs 5 times despite a period of dominance by the Tom Brady-led New England Patriots. However, the Bills finally ended their league-leading playoff drought in 2017, while the Jets have yet to return to the playoffs since last qualifying in 2010.
In 2008, the Bills were coming off a 5–1 start, but lost 8 of their remaining ten games to finish 7–9 and out of the playoffs. Two of those losses came against the Jets; the latter included a J. P. Losman fumble returned for the Jets' game-winning touchdown as the Bills were trying to run out the clock.
2009–2016: the Rex Ryan era
In 2009, the first year of Rex Ryan's six-year tenure as the Jets' head coach, Mark Sanchez threw 5 interceptions to the Bills defense, losing a game in overtime for the Jets in which they rushed for 318 yards. Later that year, the Jets rematched the Bills in Toronto as part of the Bills Toronto Series, in which the Jets avenged their loss with a 19–13 win that kept their playoff hopes alive.
During the 2013 NFL draft, the Bills and Jets once again selected quarterbacks with their early picks. EJ Manuel was picked by Buffalo in the first round while Geno Smith was chosen in the second round by the Jets. Ultimately, neither quarterback panned out and both were gone from their teams after 2016.
In 2014, the second Bills–Jets game was played at Ford Field in Detroit due to a freak snowstorm in Buffalo. The Bills won 38–3.
The 2015 offseason saw some notable personnel swaps between the teams. On January 12, Rex Ryan was hired as the head coach of the Bills shortly after his dismissal by the Jets, serving as Buffalo's head coach for the next two years. In addition, the Jets hired former Bills head coach Chan Gailey as their offensive coordinator and traded for former Bills starting quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick who later became their own starter. The Bills also added former Jets Percy Harvin and IK Enemkpali, the latter one day after he was released for breaking Geno Smith's jaw in a locker room altercation. The Bills won both games in 2015, knocking the Jets out of playoff contention with their second win. Tensions arose during the first game on Thursday Night Football when both teams were still in the hunt for a playoff spot, especially after Ryan made Enemkpali a team captain for that game. Despite Ryan's short tenure as the Bills' coach and firing before the second Bills-Jets matchup of 2016, his presence on the Bills briefly re-energized the rivalry.
2018–present: the Josh Allen era
2018–20: Allen vs. Darnold
In the 2018 NFL Draft, the Bills and Jets each traded up in order to select a highly touted quarterback. This resulted in Sam Darnold landing with the Jets 3rd overall and Josh Allen being selected by the Bills 7th overall. Allen and Darnold met on the field for the first time as rivals on December 9, 2018, with both having missed the first Bills–Jets match-up that year due to injury. The Bills jumped to an early 14–3 lead under Allen, but the Jets fought back with good special teams play to set up short fields and tied the game at 20 by the fourth quarter. After the Bills scored a field goal to retake the lead with just over two minutes to go, Darnold led a game-winning drive for the Jets, including a 37-yard pass to Robby Anderson to set up the go-ahead touchdown run by Elijah McGuire.
On September 8, 2019, the Bills overcame a 16–0 third quarter deficit and four turnovers to beat the Jets 17–16 at MetLife Stadium on opening day of the season. The Jets unraveled after losing linebacker C. J. Mosley to injury and were also hampered by ineffective placekicking from Kaare Vedvik. The momentum would carry over as Buffalo wound up making the playoffs while New York was unable to overcome a 1–7 start, despite both teams being expected to be competitive that year. Having clinched a playoff spot by then, the Bills rested several starters during the week 17 rematch, which the Jets won 13–6.
The second Bills–Jets matchup of the 2020 season was noteworthy as the then-winless Jets held a potent Bills offense out of the endzone, but Buffalo still prevailed 18–10 thanks to six field goals by rookie kicker Tyler Bass. Not only did the Bills sweep the yearly series, but the franchises had nearly exact opposite years with the Bills finishing 13–3 but the Jets just 2–14 to begin the new decade, continuing a long general trend of the two teams being unable to be simultaneously successful. Allen had his best season thus far with a 107.2 passer rating and 37 touchdowns, while Darnold had his worst with a 72.7 rating and just 9 touchdowns in 12 games. The Jets traded Darnold to the Carolina Panthers following the season, drafting Zach Wilson to replace him.
2021–present
After Allen and the Bills swept the Jets in 2021, the Wilson-led Jets won the first matchup in 2022, as a 6-minute-long drive that started at New York's 4-yard line set up the game winning field goal. With under 2 minutes left, the Bills were unable to respond, as a holding penalty against tackle Dion Dawkins and a strip sack of Allen that left him injured caused the Bills to turn the ball over on downs, allowing a 20–17 Jets upset win over the heavily-favored Bills. This game was the first time since that both teams met with winning records. By the time of the rematch, Wilson had been benched for Mike White, who had started one game against Buffalo the previous year, and the Jets were in the middle of what would become a six-game losing streak to end the year out of playoff contention while the Bills were in the middle of a seven-game winning streak to end the year. Just as in his previous start against Buffalo, White struggled and was injured during the 20–12 Bills win. During this game, he was knocked out of the game twice, suffering what was later revealed to be broken ribs, but decided to return to the game both times, earning the respect of fans and players from both teams.
Gallery
Season-by-season results
|-
| 1960
| style="|
| style="| Titans 17–13
| style="| Titans 27–3
| Titans 2–0
| Bills and then-Titans are two charter members of the AFL. First meetings between the two rivals.
|-
| 1961
| Tie, 1–1
| style="| Bills 41–31
| style="| Titans 21–14
| Titans 3–1
|
|-
| 1962
| Tie, 1–1
| style="| Titans 17–6
| style="| Bills 20–3
| Titans 4–2
|
|-
| 1963
| style="|
| style="| Bills 45–14
| style="| Bills 19–10
| Tie 4–4
| Titans change their name to "Jets."
|-
| 1964
| style="|
| style="| Bills 34–24
| style="| Bills 20–7
| Bills 6–4
| Jets move to Shea Stadium; Bills win 1964 AFL Championship.
|-
| 1965
| Tie, 1–1
| style="| Bills 33–21
| style="| Jets 14–12
| Bills 7–5
| Bills win 1965 AFL Championship.
|-
| 1966
| style="|
| style="| Bills 14–3
| style="| Bills 33–23
| Bills 9–5
|
|-
| 1967
| Tie, 1–1
| style="| Bills 20–17
| style="| Jets 20–10
| Bills 10–6
|
|-
| 1968
| Tie, 1–1
| style="| Bills 37–35
| style="| Jets 25–21
| Bills 11–7
| Jets win 1968 AFL championship, win Super Bowl III. Bills' only win of the year comes against Jets.
|-
| 1969
| style="|
| style="| Jets 33–19
| style="| Jets 16–6
| Bills 11–9
|
|-
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Bills 34–31
| style="| Bills 10–6
| Bills 13–9
| AFL–NFL merger. Both teams placed in AFC East.
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Jets 20–7
| style="| Jets 28–17
| Bills 13–11
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Jets 41–24
| style="| Jets 41–3
| Tie 13–13
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Bills 9–7
| style="| Bills 34–14
| Bills 15–13
| Bills open Rich Stadium (now known as New Era Field). O. J. Simpson breaks NFL regular season rushing record against Jets in New York. Bills came into that game needing a win and Bengals loss to clinch playoff spot (the Bills won at the Jets; but the Bengals defeated the Oilers later that afternoon, costing Buffalo a playoff appearance)
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Bills 16–12
| style="| Jets 20–10
| Bills 16–14
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Bills 42–14
| style="| Bills 42–14
| Bills 18–14
| Bills rush for 309 yards at Rich Stadium, most rushing yards given up by Jets at the time.
|-
|
| Tie, 1–1
| style="| Jets 17–14
| style="| Bills 24–23
| Bills 19–15
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Jets 19–14
| style="| Jets 24–19
| Bills 19–17
|
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Bills 14–10
| style="| Jets 21–20
| Bills 20–18
|
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Jets 45–14
| style="| Bills 46–31
| Bills 21–19
|
|-
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Bills 14–12
| style="| Bills 20–10
| Bills 23–19
|
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Bills 31–0
| style="| Jets 33–14
| Bills 24–20
|
|- style="background:#f2f2f2; font-weight:bold;"
| 1981 Playoffs
| style=""|
|
| style=""| Bills 31–27
| Bills 25–20
| AFC Wild Card playoffs. Only playoff meeting to date.
|-
|
|colspan="3"| No games
| Bills 25–20
| Both meetings cancelled due to 1982 NFL player strike.
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Jets 34–10
| style="| Bills 24–17
| Bills 26–21
| Jim Kelly and Ken O'Brien drafted as part of QB class of 1983.
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Jets 28–26
| style="| Jets 21–17
| Bills 26–23
| Jets move to Giants Stadium
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Jets 27–7
| style="| Jets 42–3
| Bills 26–25
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Jets 28–24
| style="| Jets 14–13
| Jets 27–26
| The first game marked the debut of Jim Kelly as Bills quarterback (though drafted in 1983; Kelly had chosen to play for the United States Football League's Houston Gamblers). The second game was remembered for referee Ben Dreith's "giving him the business" call after Jets defensive end Marty Lyons repeatedly punched Kelly in the head.
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Jets 31–28
| style="| Bills 17–14
| Jets 28–27
| Jets win seventh straight meeting and fifth straight in Buffalo.
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Bills 9–6 (OT)
| style="| Bills 37–14
| Bills 29–28
| The Week 7 game vs. the Bills was the last for Jets defensive end Mark Gastineau prior to abruptly retiring to tend to girlfriend Brigette Nielsen after Nielsen was diagnosed with uterine cancer.
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Bills 34–3
| style="| Bills 37–0
| Bills 31–28
| Bills clinch AFC East in final week of the regular season in the Meadowlands.
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Bills 30–27
| style="| Bills 30–7
| Bills 33–28
| Bills lose Super Bowl XXV.
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Bills 24–13
| style="| Bills 23–20
| Bills 35–28
| Bills lose Super Bowl XXVI.
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Jets 24–17
| style="| Bills 24–20
| Bills 36–29
| Bills win tenth straight meeting immediately following Jets' seven game winning streak. The Jets snapped Buffalo's 10-game winning streak one week after defensive end Dennis Byrd suffered a neck injury that initially left him paralyzed. Bills lose Super Bowl XXVII.
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Bills 16–14
| style="| Bills 19–10
| Bills 38–29
| Bills win sixth straight away meeting. Bills lose Super Bowl XXVIII.
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Jets 23–13
| style="| Jets 22–17
| Bills 38–31
| Jets sweep the Bills for the first time since 1986.
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Bills 29–10
| style="| Bills 28–26
| Bills 40–31
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Bills 35–10
| style="| Bills 25–22
| Bills 42–31
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Bills 20–10
| style="| Bills 28–22
| Bills 44–31
| Bills have won 18 of 21 meetings dating back to 1987.
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Jets 17–10
| style="| Jets 34–12
| Bills 44–33
| Jets beat Bills to clinch their first AFC East title.
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Bills 17–3
| style="| Jets 17–7
| Bills 45–34
|
|-
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Bills 23–20
| style="| Jets 27–14
| Bills 46–35
|
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Jets 42–36
| style="| Bills 14–9
| Bills 47–36
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Jets 37–31(OT)
| style="| Jets 31–13
| Bills 47–38
|
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Bills 17–6
| style="| Jets 30–3
| Bills 48–39
|
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Bills 22–17
| style="| Jets 16–14
| Bills 49–40
|
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Bills 27–17
| style="| Jets 30–26
| Bills 50–41
| Jets respond to Bills' go-ahead field goal with Justin Miller's game-winning kick return touchdown at the Meadowlands.
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Jets 28–20
| style="| Bills 31–13
| Bills 51–42
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Bills 17–14
| style="| Bills 13–3
| Bills 53–42
| Bills WR Lee Evans boxes out Jets CB Darrelle Revis for Bills' game-clinching touchdown.
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Jets 26–17
| style="| Jets 31–27
| Bills 53–44
| In Jets home game, Bills QB J. P. Losman fumbles while trying to run out the clock, resulting in Jets' game-winning touchdown.
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Jets 19–13
| style="| Bills 16–13(OT)
| Bills 54–45
| Jets QB Mark Sanchez throws five interceptions in Jets home game, team has six overallBills home game played at the Rogers Centre in Toronto as part of the Bills Toronto Series.
|-
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Jets 38–14
| style="| Jets 38–7
| Bills 54–47
| Jets and Giants open MetLife Stadium (then known as New Meadowlands Stadium).
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Jets 27–11
| style="| Jets 28–24
| Bills 54–49
|
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Bills 28–9
| style="| Jets 48–28
| Bills 55–50
| Jets win sixth straight meeting before losing season finale to Bills.
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Bills 37–14
| style="| Jets 27–20
| Bills 56–51
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Bills 38–3
| style="| Bills 43–23
| Bills 58–51
| Bills home game moved to Ford Field in Detroit due to inclement weather. Bills' first sweep of the Jets since 1997.
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Bills 22–17
| style="| Bills 22–17
| Bills 60–51
| Bills hire Rex Ryan, eliminate Jets from playoff contention in week 17.
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Jets 37–31
| style="| Jets 30–10
| Bills 60–53
|
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Bills 21–12
| style="| Jets 34–21
| Bills 61–54
|
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Jets 27–23
| style="| Bills 41–10
| Bills 62–55
| First meeting between Sam Darnold and Josh Allen
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Jets 13–6
| style="| Bills 17–16
| Bills 63–56
| Bills overcome 16–0 deficit and four turnovers to win 17–16 at MetLife Stadium.
|-
|-
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Bills 27–17
| style="| Bills 18–10
| Bills 65–56
| Bills overcome 10–0 deficit on the road despite never scoring a touchdown to win. Bills sweep division for the first time in franchise history.
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Bills 27–10
| style="| Bills 45–17
| Bills 67–56
| Bills clinch AFC East against the Jets in their week 18 meeting in Buffalo.
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Bills 20–12
| style="| Jets 20–17
| Bills 68–57
|
|-
|-
| AFL regular season
| style="|Bills 11–9
| Bills 7–3
| Jets 6–4
|
|-
| NFL regular season
| style="|Bills 56–48
| Bills 29–23
| Bills 27–25
| Jets won a game in Toronto, Bills won a game in Detroit (both were Bills home games)
|-
| AFL and NFL regular season
| style="|Bills 67–57
| Bills 36–26
| Tie 31–31
|
|-
| NFL postseason
| style="|Bills 1–0
| no games
| Bills 1–0
| 1981 AFC Wild Card playoffs
|-
| Regular and postseason
| style="|Bills 68–57
| Bills 36–26
| Bills 32–31
|
|-
Connections between the teams
Coaches
The most notable connection between the Bills and Jets has been Rex Ryan, who carried over many of his staff from the Jets when he was hired as the Bills' head coach.
Players
Several players have been members of both teams during their careers, including:
References
National Football League rivalries
Buffalo Bills
New York Jets
American football in New York (state)
Buffalo Bills rivalries
New York Jets rivalries | wiki |
The Asian narrow-headed softshell turtle (Chitra chitra) is a large species of softshell turtle in the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to Southeast Asia.
Common names
Chitra chitra is also known commonly as Nutaphand's narrowhead softshell.
Description
C. chitra can reach a straight carapace length of 4.9 ft (1.5 m).
Geographic range
C. chitra is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand.
Habitat
C. chitra inhabits freshwater rivers and their tributaries.
Reproduction
C. chitra is oviparous. Nutaphand (1986) reported that a large female laid over 100 eggs.
Subspecies
Two subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies.
Chitra chitra chitra – Malaysia, Thailand
Chitra chitra javanensis – Java, Sumatra
References
Further reading
Nutaphand, Wirot (1986). "[Manlai, the world's largest soft-shelled turtle]" [Thai Zoological Magazine] 1 (4): [64-70]. (Chira chitra, new species). (in Thai).
External links
Chitra (genus)
Turtles of Asia
Critically endangered fauna of Asia
Reptiles described in 1986
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Reptiles of the Malay Peninsula
Reptiles of Thailand
Fauna of Sumatra | wiki |
{{safesubst:#invoke:RfD||2=Outline of heresy in the Catholic Church|month = February
|day = 23
|year = 2023
|time = 12:30
|timestamp = 20230223123016
|content=
REDIRECT List of heresies in the Catholic Church
}} | wiki |
The National Radical Party may refer to:
National Radical Party (Greece)
National Radical Party (Hungary)
National Radical Party (Serbia)
National Radical Party (Yugoslavia)
See also
National Radical Camp (Poland) | wiki |
The meaning of life pertains to the significance of living or existence in general.
Meaning of Life or The Meaning of Life may also refer to:
Film and television
Monty Python's The Meaning of Life, a 1983 film
Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (album) (1983)
Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (book) (1983)
Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (video game) (1997)
The Meaning of Life (2005 film), an animated short film by Don Hertzfeldt
The Meaning of Life (TV series), an Irish TV series presented by Gay Byrne
Literature
The Meaning of Life and Other Essays, a 1990 book by Alfred Ayer
Meanings of Life, a 1991 book by Roy Baumeister
The Meaning of Life, a 2007 book by Terry Eagleton
The Meaning of Life, a 2001 book by Bradley Trevor Greive
The Meaning of Life: Buddhist Perspectives on Cause and Effect, a book by Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama
The Meaning of Life: As Shown in the Process of Evolution, a 1928 book by C. E. M. Joad
Meaning in Life, a three-volume book by Irving Singer
Man's Search for Meaning', a 1946 book by Viktor Frankl
Music
Meaning of Life (album), a 2017 album by Kelly ClarksonThe Meaning of Life, an album by Tankard (1990), or its title track
Songs
"Meaning of Life" (Kelly Clarkson song)
"The Meaning of Life" (The Offspring song) (1997)
"Meaning of Life", a 2000 song by Disturbed from The SicknessSee alsoThe Meaning of Liff'', a 1983 humorous dictionary by Douglas Adams and John Lloyd
M.O.L. (video), a 2002 video album by rock band Disturbed
Meaning (disambiguation) | wiki |
The faculty of Missouri University of Science and Technology include professors, coaches, chancellors, and other staff associated with the Missouri University of Science and Technology, as well as faculty employed under its former names, the University of Missouri–Rolla and the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy.
Professors and teaching staff
Coaches and athletic staff
Chancellors and administrators
See also
List of Missouri University of Science and Technology alumni
References
Missouri University of Science and Technology
Missouri University of Science and Technology faculty | wiki |
The line-item veto, also called the partial veto, is a special form of veto power that authorizes a chief executive to reject particular provisions of a bill enacted by a legislature without vetoing the entire bill. Many countries have different standards for invoking the line-item veto if it exists at all. Each country or state has its own particular requirement for overriding a line-item veto.
Countries allowing line-item veto
Brazil
The President of Brazil has the power of the line-item veto over all legislation (art. 84 Federal Constitution of 1988: "The President of the Republic has the exclusive powers to: (...) V.veto bills, either in whole or in part"). Any provisions vetoed in such a manner are returned to the Brazilian congress and can be overridden by a vote (art. 66 of the Federal Constitution). An example of this came in August 2012, when Dilma Rousseff vetoed portions of a new forestry law which had been criticized as potentially causing another wave of deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest.
Panama
The President of Panama has the ability to partially veto portions of a bill.
Philippines
Article VI, Section 27 (2) of the Constitution of the Philippines says "The President shall have the power to veto any particular item or items in an appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object."
United States
Federal government
Dating to before the American Civil War, U.S. Presidents including Ulysses S. Grant and Ronald Reagan have sought line-item veto powers. It was not until the presidency of Bill Clinton that Congress passed such legislation. Intended to control "pork barrel spending", the Line Item Veto Act of 1996 was held to be unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in a 1998 ruling in Clinton v. City of New York. The court affirmed a lower court decision that the line-item veto was equivalent to the unilateral amendment or repeal of only parts of statutes and therefore violated the Presentment Clause of the United States Constitution. Before the ruling, President Clinton applied the line-item veto to the federal budget 82 times.
Since then, the prospect of granting the President of the United States a line-item veto has occasionally resurfaced in Congress, either through a constitutional amendment or a differently worded bill. Most recently, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill on February 8, 2012, that would have granted the President a limited line-item veto; however, the bill was not heard in the U.S. Senate. The most-commonly proposed form of the line-item veto is limited to partial vetoes of spending bills.
Confederate States of America
While the Constitution of the Confederate States was largely based on the U.S. Constitution, one of the most notable departures was the granting of a line-item veto to its president. Jefferson Davis, however, never exercised the provision.
State governments
Forty-three states—all except Indiana, Maryland, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Rhode Island and Vermont—give their governors some form of line-item veto power. The Mayor of Washington, D.C. also has this power.
Uruguay
Articles 137 and 138 of the Constitution of Uruguay allow the executive power to exercise total or partial vetoes of any bill by the Parliament.
References
Veto
Legislative legal terminology | wiki |
George Buchanan (1506–1582) was a Scottish humanist.
George Buchanan may also refer to:
Sir George Buchanan (soldier) (died 1651), Scottish soldier during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
George Buchanan (surgeon) (1827–1905), Scottish surgeon
Sir George Buchanan (physician) (1831–1895), Chief Medical Officer (UK)
Sir George Buchanan (diplomat) (1854–1924), British diplomat
George Buchanan (engineer, born 1790) (1790–1852), Scottish civil engineer and land surveyor
Sir George Buchanan (engineer, born 1865) (1865–1940), British civil engineer
Sir George Seaton Buchanan (1869–1936), senior medical officer of the Ministry of Health (UK) and OIHP president
George Buchanan (politician) (1890–1955), Scottish politician
George Wesley Buchanan (1921–2019), American professor of theology
George A. Buchanan (1842–1864), recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions in the American Civil War
George Duncan Buchanan (c. 1935–2012), Anglican Bishop of Johannesburg | wiki |
The outfield is a portion of the field of play in certain sports.
Outfield may also refer to:
The Outfield, an English rock band
The Outfield (film), a 2015 American sports film
"The Outfield", a song by Good Charlotte from Youth Authority
See also
Outfielder | wiki |
Slow gardening is a philosophical approach to gardening which encourages participants to savor everything they do, using all the senses, through all seasons, regardless of garden type of style. Slow gardening applies equally to people growing vegetables, herbs, flowers, and fruits, as well as those who tend to their own lawn, or have an intense garden hobby such as topiary, bonsai or plant hybridizing. It is intended to promote self-awareness, personal responsibility, and environmental stewardship.
Concept
Slow gardening was started by American horticulturist and garden author Felder Rushing, who was inspired by the Slow Food organization.
The basic tenets of Slow gardening are rooted in the Gestalt approach. A major goal of all Slow movements is for adherents to become aware of what and how they are doing something while valuing how it affects the whole. The Slow gardening concept:
uses an experiential, hands-on approach to gardening
takes into account the whole garden (or gardener – body, mind and spirit)
assesses what is happening in the present (the here-and-now)
emphasizes self-awareness
encourages personal (garden) responsibility
acknowledges the integrity, sensitivity, and creativity of the gardener
recognizes that the gardener is central to the gardening process.
References
External links
Blog post on slow gardening
Caring For & Cultivating Succulents
Home and Garden Television Article
Slow movement
Gardening | wiki |
The Klydonograph is a device that records a surge in electrical voltage on a sulphur-dusted photographic film. The device is credited to John F. Peters, who pursued the idea as a means of investigating the effects of lightning on electric power lines. The resulting graphic varies in size and shape as a function of the potential, polarity, and wave shape of the captured lightning discharge.
Imaging an electrical impulse with sulphur dust was documented in 1777 by Dr. G. C Lichtenberg, and this idea was further developed by others (to include a photographic plate), for example before being adopted by the Klydonograph.
Klydonograph is generally used to record impulse voltages between 2 kV and 50 kV.
References
Lightning | wiki |
Rase may refer to:
People
Betty Jane Rase, also known as B. J. Baker, Miss America competitor
Laurence Rase (born 1977), Belgian taekwondo practitioner
Places
River Rase, England
Organisations
Royal Agricultural Society of England | wiki |
"The Departed" is the twenty-second and final episode of The Vampire Diaries's third season, premiering May 10, 2012 on The CW. During the episode, Elena remembers when life was simpler while the rest of her friends attempt to stay away from Alaric. In the episode's initial airing, it garnered 2.53 million viewers.
Plot
In the third season finale, Elena Gilbert (Nina Dobrev) recovers in the hospital from her fall in the previous episode. Jeremy brings her back home, where Caroline Forbes (Candice Accola), Bonnie Bennett (Kat Graham), Jeremy Gilbert (Steven R. McQueen), Matt Donovan (Zach Roerig) and Tyler Lockwood (Michael Trevino) take care of her. In the harsh reality of the present situation, Elena longs for simpler times when her parents, Grayson (Jason MacDonald) and Miranda Gilbert (Erin Beute), and aunt Jenna Sommers (Sara Canning) were still alive, and her biggest concern was her relationship with Matt. In a conversation with Matt, Elena tells him that Stefan was there at a time in her life when she had nothing, but that when she is with Damon, she feels a passion for him that consumes her.
As this is happening, Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder) and Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley) transport a neutralized Klaus (Joseph Morgan) away from Mystic Falls. Jeremy calls them and tells them about Elena's injury and her being in the hospital. Since one of them has to continue on to dispose of Klaus, only Stefan can return to Mystic Falls. Alaric Saltzman (Matt Davis) tries to convince Jeremy to tell him the location of Klaus, believing that Jeremy will also want to get rid of all vampires to protect his sister. Jeremy instead leaks false information to Alaric from Damon. When Elijah Mikaelson (Daniel Gillies) comes back into town, he strikes a deal with Elena, Bonnie, and the Salvatores, promising that in exchange for Klaus, he will revive Klaus generations later. Damon and Bonnie go to retrieve Klaus, but Alaric ambushes Damon. Rebekah arrives and tries to save Klaus, but Alaric manages to stake the neutralized Klaus. Damon, Stefan, Caroline and Tyler immediately worry because Klaus is the originator of their bloodline. An hour later, however, they're still alive which confuses Elijah and Rebekah, as they were positive that Klaus originated their bloodline and were sure it wasn't Kol Mikaelson (Nathaniel Buzolic). Unbeknownst to them, Bonnie created a spell to transfer Klaus into Tyler's body, meaning Klaus is still alive. She did this to save her friends and her mother (Persia White) who also stems from the same bloodline.
Matt forces Elena to leave Mystic Falls with him to keep her away from the vampire attacks that have recently put her in harm's way. On the way, Elena realizes she loves Stefan and between her love for him and for Damon, she chooses Stefan, claiming that perhaps if she had met Damon first, things would be different (however, in a flashback it is revealed she did meet Damon first although he compelled her to forget the encounter). Rebekah, enraged and desolate, decides to kill Alaric by killing Elena and causes them to drive off a bridge. Alaric dies in Damon's arms after Elena drowns, but appears to Jeremy as a ghost to say goodbye. Damon realizes Alaric's death means Elena must have died and rushes to the hospital where Meredith Fell (Torrey DeVitto) reveals that when Elena was in the hospital earlier in the day, she had suffered from cerebral hemorrhaging so Meredith had given Elena vampire blood to heal and save her. The consequences of the vampire blood treatment and Elena's drowning are then revealed as Elena opens her eyes in the hospital, in transition to becoming a vampire.
Development
The episode marks a pivotal point in the series; where Elena begins transition marks a change in the series' dynamic. The plot to turn Elena had been in the works since the series began, where executive producers Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec had signed on to the project and agreed that at some point, she would be turned. Initially, this plot was to be used by the end of the second season.
Reception
The episode's initial airing attracted 2.53 million viewers. The episode received critical acclaim, with most reviewers attributing success to the final act. Diana Steenbergen of IGN praised the episode and the writers for clearing up a couple story lines and making all of them come to a head. She also praised Dobrev's performance in this episode, addressing her behaviour as another reason the final revelation from Meredith was more shocking and believable. Similarly, Mandi Bierly of Entertainment Weekly review praised the writer's skills in creating the more unexpected final twist.
Several reviewers also addressed the dynamic of the show may change now with the character of Elena being transitioned. Keshaunta Moton of Poptimal refers to the upcoming changes as "huge" and notes the change as something that'll affect her relationship with other characters. Other reviewers, like Matt Roush of SeattlePi and Ben Lee of Digital Spy, refer to the finale as a "game-changer" and one to set up a completely new storyline for the fourth season.
References
2012 American television episodes
The Vampire Diaries (season 3) episodes | wiki |
OpenNTPD är en BSD-licenserad NTP-server och -klient som startades av utvecklare från OpenBSD projektet.
OpenNTPD utvecklats främst av Henning Brauer.
Externa länkar
OpenBSD.org
OpenNTPD.org
BSD
Fria serverprogram | wiki |
Mark Thompson may refer to:
Sports
Mark Thompson (baseball) (born 1971), baseball player
Mark Thompson (footballer) (born 1963), former Australian rules football premiership captain and coach
Mark Scott Thompson, manager of the El Salvador national football team
Mark Thompson (hurdler) (born 1967), Jamaican Olympic hurdler
Mark Thompson (racing driver) (born 1951), American stock car racing driver, pilot, and businessman
Politics
Mark Thompson (Minnesota politician) (born 1960), American politician
Mark Thompson (Arizona politician), Arizona politician
Mark R. Thompson (born 1960), expert on Southeast Asian politics
Others
Mark Thompson (DJ) (born 1955), American radio personality, best known as half of Mark & Brian
Mark Thompson (reporter) (born c. 1953), 1985 Pulitzer Prize–winning reporter
Mark Thompson (author) (1952–2016), American journalist and author focused on LGBT topics and advocacy.
Mark Thompson (media executive) (born 1957), chairman of Ancestry board of directors, former New York Times Co. CEO, former Director-General of the BBC
Mark Thompson (newscaster), American television newscaster/announcer
Mark Thompson (historian) (born 1959), British historian
Mark Thompson (astronomer) (born 1973), British astronomer
Mark Thompson (painter) (1812–1875), British painter
Mark Thompson (chemist), Californian chemistry academic
Mark Christian Thompson (born 1970), professor of English
See also
Marc Thompson (disambiguation)
Mark Thomson (disambiguation) | wiki |
The Senior Railcard is an annual card available to people aged 60 and over, which gives discounts on certain types of railway ticket in Britain. The Railcard has existed in various forms since 1975; the current version is priced at £30.00 and is valid for one year, with a 3-year card available for £70. It is one of a wide variety of discounted and concessionary fare schemes available on Britain's railway network.
History
During the early 1970s, some of British Rail's Regions offered a series of small, localised travel promotions for people of or near retirement age. The London Midland and Southern regions were particularly active in this, although other examples existed elsewhere. These promotions were characterised by restricted validity and geographical availability. For example, one Southern Region scheme introduced in 1970 offered pensioners half-price travel at off-peak times on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays only, for journeys from a set list of around twenty stations, upon production of their pension book (to confirm their eligibility).
All of these schemes were superseded by the introduction of the first Senior Citizen Railcard (as it was then known), valid throughout Britain, on 1 April 1975. This took the form of a large, thin card (British Rail form number BR 24889) with a pre-printed expiry date of 31 March 1976 (so Railcards issued later in 1975 were valid for less than a full year), on which the holder's name, address, pension book number and signature had to be added. Holders had to meet one of the following criteria:
Retirement pension book held; or
Resident in United Kingdom with a pension received from another country; or
No pension received, but aged over 65 and resident in United Kingdom.
The discounts available were relatively limited in relation to those available with the current Railcard:
Half price travel on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays only, in Second Class accommodation only; all Ordinary Single/Return and Day Single/Return fares were included
25% discounts on some Sealink ferry services, operated at the time by British Rail
At first, the Railcard cost £4.32 (£4.00 + 8% value added tax charge), although this was soon reduced to £4.00 when the VAT charge was removed.
A major change occurred as from 1 April 1976. A separate "Day Returns Only" Railcard, priced at £3.00, was introduced alongside the original Railcard, whose price was raised to £6.00. The cheaper Railcard gave discounts only on Day Return tickets—not on any Singles or Ordinary (Period) Returns. From the same date, two major enhancements were made, both of which applied to both types of Railcard: discounted travel could take place on any day of the week, and First Class travel gained the same discounts as Second Class. Also, a 50% discount was now given on Sealink ferry services to all destinations.
In the next few years, until the next major revision in 1985, the main changes to the Railcards' conditions related to the qualification criteria. From January 1978, these were extended slightly, with people aged 60 or over who received Widow's Pensions or War Widow's Pensions being included. From January 1980, anybody resident in Britain and aged at least 60 (for women) or 65 (for men), and British people living abroad but meeting these age criteria, could buy the Railcard. Finally, from 30 March 1984, a further simplification took place: anybody aged 60 or over could hold one. This condition still applies as of 2007. Other additions included the introduction of certain discounts on Motorail services, London Underground journeys (these were charged at child rate for Railcard holders), through travel to the Isle of Man and various European destinations, and discounts on all-inclusive holidays by rail.
12 May 1985 saw changes to the range of fares which received discounts, and in some cases to the level of the discounts, in respect of the "full" version of the Railcard (which by now cost £12.00). The "Day Returns Only" Railcard still gave 50% discounts on those fares, but the full version now gave only a 34% saving on Standard Single and Return fares and the new off-peak Saver tickets. ("Standard" was the new name for the former "Ordinary" category of ticket, being the highest priced and least restricted. These are now known as "Open" tickets.) A 50% discount was now only available on Day Returns and the new off-peak equivalent, the Cheap Day Return. Further restrictions on journeys by ferry and ship were made in 1985 and 1986, while Rover and Ranger tickets of all types ("go-anywhere" multi-journey tickets covering particular geographic areas) were included within the discount scheme from May 1987, with a saving of 34% available for Railcard holders.
By this time, the "Day Returns Only" card could only be used to buy Cheap Day Returns, following the introduction of the "Cheap Day" fare to distinguish between peak-time and off-peak journeys. "Cheap Day Returns Only" wording began to appear on these Railcards accordingly; but they were withdrawn from 10 January 1988, with the price of the "full" Railcard being increased from £12.00 to £15.00 at the same time. The APTIS ticket issuing system had been introduced in late 1986, and was still in the process of being rolled out across the British Rail network in 1988, so the APTIS "Cheap Day Returns Only" Railcard (form number BR 4599/18) is rarely seen. The first APTIS version of the full Railcard (BR 4599/17), with mauve upper and lower bands, also lasted until 10 January 1988, at which point the following changes were made: security background (miniature repeats of the words "British Rail") was changed from the light green colour seen on most APTIS ticket stock to a dark pink; the upper and lower bands became dark brown; and part of the background was filled with the words "Senior Citizen Railcard" in cursive writing in white. This style lasted only until October 1988, at which point the white lettering changed to brown.
The Railcard was renamed Senior Railcard in May 1990.
From 5 January 1992, several changes were made to the discounts available. Reduced fares for journeys wholly on the London Underground network were withdrawn; children accompanying the Railcard holder no longer travelled for a £1.00 flat fare (see here); Day Singles and Day Returns for weekday journeys within the Network SouthEast area no longer received a discount, restricting Railcard holders to off-peak travel; and One Day Travelcard discounts became more restricted. From 1985, when the "One Day Capitalcard" (as it was then known) was introduced, Railcard holders gained a 50% discount. This applied from any Network SouthEast station either within or outside the Travelcard zonal area, and for Capitalcards valid for any combination of zones. The discount on "All Zones" Travelcards was reduced to 34% on 6 January 1991, although other zonal combinations still attracted a 50% discount. As from 5 January 1992, however, only the All Zones One Day Travelcard received any discount. (The level was maintained at 34%.)
There have been few significant changes since then, with frequent changes in the design of the Railcard being the most noticeable. On all types of ticket for which a discount is available, the level is 34%, as it has been since the changes of 1992; and the types of tickets which receive discounts remains largely the same. The discount is also available on most new ticket types introduced since then, such as SuperAdvance and Virgin Value. Similarly, there has been little change in the types of ticket excluded from receiving discounts; these are summarised here. The restriction on journeys made in the morning peak in the former Network SouthEast area (now known as the "London and South East area") also remains.
Applications
Railcards can be booked at railway stations, Rail Appointed Travel Agencies and other ticket-issuing locations; through the post (only for Railcard renewals, not for first-time purchases); by telephone, through Train Operating Company telesales facilities; and online at a dedicated website accessible from ATOC's central "Railcards" website. Some local authorities offer the cards at a discount of around 20% (see below - Related Schemes).
In the early years, applications could only be made in person at stations and travel agencies. Because applicants were required to hold a pension book or similar, this had to presented at the time the Railcard was purchased; the pension book number was then written on the front of the Railcard. Now, when a Railcard is bought in person, applicants must complete the form found inside the Senior Railcard leaflet available from ticket sales points and show proof of age. Online purchase requires registration using a valid e-mail address and password, and a UK passport or driving licence number for identification. Renewal of Railcards by post became possible in 1989; an agency based at Harrington Dock in Liverpool deals with all applications. During the period when the APTIS system was in use, this office had a single machine which validated Railcards with the location name MERSEYRAIL LPOOL and National Location Code 2202. (One such ticket is shown below.)
Price
The price of the "full" Railcard has been increased on several occasions since 1975. The shorter-lived "Day Returns Only" (and, later, "Cheap Day Returns Only") version also experienced regular increases.
Tickets issued with a Railcard
On the APTIS, PORTIS/SPORTIS and other computerised ticket issuing systems, a "status code" field is provided on each ticket issued. This is left blank if an adult is travelling at full (undiscounted) fare; but if any discount or other special condition applies, a code of up to five letters appears.
When APTIS and PORTIS (the predecessor of SPORTIS) were introduced, from late 1986, the Railcard was named "Senior Citizen Railcard", and a status code of SNRCZ was used to identify a ticket bought with the Railcard. Following the renaming to "Senior Railcard" in January 1992, this was changed to SNR. The two codes were used alongside each other during the period in which both "Senior Citizen Railcards" and "Senior Railcards" were in circulation. The code SNR has been used exclusively ever since, including on the various "New Generation" systems that have replaced APTIS and SPORTIS.
Accompanying children
From January 1980, special flat fares were introduced for children travelling with the Railcard holder. At first, up to four children (between 5 and 15 years of age inclusive) could travel per senior citizen, each paying £0.50 irrespective of the length of the journey. This was increased to £1.00 on 1 February 1981. From 12 March 1985, flat fares only applied in Second Class accommodation. Finally, on 5 January 1992, child discounts with the Railcard were withdrawn completely; any accompanying children now had to pay the normal child fare.
On the APTIS and PORTIS/SPORTIS ticket issuing systems, the status code CHSNC was used to denote a child travelling with a Senior Citizen Railcard holder.
Related schemes
There have been, and continue to be, many variations on the standard Railcard; and as well as the regular discounts, various short-term or seasonal offers have been available to Railcard holders.
Local authorities
Many local government areas, such as Borough Councils and District Councils, either provide discounted Railcards to residents or offer their own area-specific version. The latter is unusual, although examples are known from the 1980s from the former Beverley Borough Council and Lancashire County Council, both valid on rail services only in those areas. It is more common for local authorities to offer residents the full Railcard at a reduced price (or even free of charge). Examples from around England include:
Broadland District Council, Norfolk: £18.00; sent by post after completing online application form
Congleton Borough Council, Cheshire: £15.00; available from any of five Council offices.
Herefordshire County Council £17:00 from the Council's Info Shops.
South Gloucestershire £16:00 from council offices and other places.
West Lancashire District Council free; available from Council offices.
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Such tickets are issued in bulk at a local station's ticket office or at a travel agency, and are endorsed with the council's details. The full price, rather than the price the resident pays, is usually shown.
Promotional discounted Railcards
British Rail and, later, ATOC have collaborated with various organisations and businesses to offer free or reduced-rate Railcards, sometimes for periods shorter than one year.
The television listings magazine TV Times is known to have offered reduced-rate Railcards to its readers for periods of approximately one month in 1989, 1990, 1991 and 1997. The 1990 and 1991 promotions were run in January and offered a £6.00 reduction in the purchase price, while in 1997 an £8.00 reduction (equivalent to 50%) applied between late August and late September. Tickets were issued in bulk at the Harrington Dock agency in Liverpool, as illustrated, and showed a blank "Price".
Free Railcards with short validity periods, designed to attract potential Railcard users who may not have considered buying one, have been given away with jars of Horlicks malted milk powder (spring 1998), on the cover of "Active Life" magazine—a general-interest publication aimed at over-50s (March/April 1998 edition), by the charity Help the Aged (June 1998), and with "Saga Magazine"—similar to "Active Life" magazine, produced by the British organisation Saga (1999–2000).
Free and reduced fares
In addition to the standard discounts available over the years, many short-term promotional fares and ticket types have been made available to Railcard holders. Some of these have been in restricted geographical areas (or, since privatisation, on certain Train Operating Companies' services), while others have applied across the rail network. Examples include:
Flat-fare "Go anywhere" tickets valid on Mondays to Thursdays inclusive, in November 1980, 1981 and 1982 and March 1981 and 1982.
50% discounts for accompanying adults throughout May 1983, in part of British Rail's Eastern Region.
Off-peak "Go anywhere" flat-fare tickets in the "London & South East" area (the predecessor of Network SouthEast) in November 1983; four accompanying children travelled for £1.00, as could one dog. Fridays were excluded.
Off-peak flat-fare (£2.00) point-to-point tickets within various large areas (Scotland, Wales, Cornwall and the "London & South East" zone) in November 1984; singles were available any day, and returns were sold on all days except Fridays. There were no child discounts, but one dog could accompany the senior citizen for £1.00.
During each November from 1985 to 1990 inclusive, and in November 1995, Saver return tickets were available at a range of flat rates, offering substantial discounts (generally over 50%) on the full fare. These were marketed, and shown on tickets, under various names, such as Senior Citizen Promotion and Senior November Bargain. Children and dogs received flat-rate discounts until 1988.
During spring 1988, First Class travel was available at the Standard Class price on Saver-rate fares.
For three weeks from 27 April 1992, and again from 1 March 1994 to 27 March 1994, a 50% discount (instead of 34%) was offered for holders of the new, post-January 1992 Railcard on Saver, Supersaver and Awaybreak fares.
In November 1994, off-peak returns on the Valley Lines network in Wales were priced at a flat rate of £1.00.
During March 1995, for journeys between Brighton and Bournemouth (and intermediately), 50% discounts were available for the Railcard holder and an accompanying passenger.
The discount was increased to 50% across all ticket types between 1 May 1995 and 14 May 1995 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Victory in Europe Day (VE-Day).
Heavily discounted sleeper train berths in summer 1995.
£10.00 return tickets for the Railcard holder and an accompanying adult between any two stations in Britain between 25 January 1997 and 26 March 1997; obtainable by post or telephone only.
Flat-fare (£8.00) tickets between any two destinations in Scotland in February 1997.
Between 4 November and 14 December 1997, "two for one" off-peak tickets of various types for outward travel on Tuesdays and Wednesdays. This offer was backed by widespread magazine advertising.
In June 1998, and again in March 1999, £7.50 returns between any two First Great Western stations, with tickets also being valid on any other train operator running in the same area. These were run in conjunction with campaigns by Help the Aged. A third such campaign was run in June 2000, with the price of the tickets having risen to £10.00.
Other offers
In January and February 1995, in conjunction with British Rail, Post Office Ltd. sent leaflets to households across the Midlands with a voucher giving £1.00 off the purchase price of a Railcard.
In September 1998, leaflets were distributed with various newspapers and magazines featuring vouchers for 50% off any rail ticket for anybody who bought a Railcard for the first time.
In October 1998, the Women's Institute Home and Country Magazine included a voucher for a Senior Railcard valid for 15 months instead of the usual 12, for first-time buyers.
Between December 1998 and January 1999, 110,000 prospective Railcard holders were sent vouchers for a free bottle of 50-year-old amontillado and £1.00 a bottle of ordinary sherry, if a Railcard was bought.
British travel firm First Choice Holidays PLC offered £50.00 off a single-person package holiday in exchange for two different rail tickets issued with a Senior Railcard, or £100.00 off a multi-person holiday in exchange for four tickets, in a short-term promotion that began on 15 February 1999.
The War Widows Association, an organisation working to improve living conditions for war widows and widowers in Britain, operated a marketing campaign in June 1999 which included vouchers for £6.00 off the price of a Railcard.
For four weeks from 8 April 2000, a senior citizen buying a Railcard by telephone could order one free of charge for another person, subject to proof of entitlement being given.
Popularity
Many millions of Senior Citizen and Senior Railcards have been sold since 1975. In 2015, when ATOC announced that railcards were to be digitally available as a download to mobile app, the number of Senior Railcards in circulation was stated to be 1,405,315.
Notes
Form numbers are codes introduced by British Rail to classify and catalogue all printed material: documents, tickets, wage slips, notepaper, parcels labels and hundreds of other items. Form numbers consist of a primary code and, often, a sub-code, separated by /. APTIS tickets used primary code 4599 in British Rail days; this changed to 7599 on post-privatisation "RSP" tickets. Other primary codes have since been introduced on Rail Settlement Plan ticket stock for New Generation (post-APTIS) ticket issuing systems.
The official British Rail description of the colour is "mauve", but the actual colour of these tickets when printed more closely resembles the colour "Opera mauve" (Hex triplet #CA82AF).
References
External links
Railcards website
Senior Railcard website
Senior Railcards on HubPages
British Rail fares and ticketing
Fare collection systems in the United Kingdom
Old age in the United Kingdom | wiki |
The legislative veto describes features of at least two different forms of government, monarchies and those based on the separation of powers, applied to the authority of the monarch in the first and to the authority of the legislature in the second.
In the case of monarchy, legislative veto describes the right of the ruler to nullify the actions of a legislative body, for example, the French monarch's claim to the right to veto actions of the National Assembly at the start of the French Revolution.
In a parliamentary system with a bicameral legislature, it refers to the authority of the upper chamber, like Canada's Senate, to reject legislation or certain prescribed categories of legislation.
In the case of representative governments that divide their executive and legislative functions, legislative veto refers to the power of a legislature, or one house of a bicameral legislature, to nullify an action of the executive authority. The practice was common for several decades in the United States at the federal level until the Supreme Court ruled the practice unconstitutional in 1983 in Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha.
In Germany, the term refers to the authority of the Bundesrat, which represents the German states, to nullify certain categories of legislation enacted by the Bundestag, the nation's legislature.
References
See also
Legislative veto in the United States
Legislative legal terminology
Veto | wiki |
"A Land Without Magic" is the 22nd episode and first season finale of the American fairy tale/drama television series Once Upon a Time, which aired in the United States on ABC on May 13, 2012.
The series takes place in the fictional seaside town of Storybrooke, Maine, in which the residents are actually characters from various fairy tales that were transported to the "real world" town by a powerful curse. In this episode, Emma tries to discover her destiny; and Regina is tied up. While Prince Charming tries to escape from The Evil Queen and reunite with Snow White.
It was co-written by Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz, while Dean White served as director.
Plot
Opening sequence
The Dark Curse rumbles through the forest.
In the characters' past
In the Enchanted Forest, as Prince Charming (Josh Dallas) attempts to escape from the Evil Queen's (Lana Parrilla) palace, he finds himself outnumbered by her guards. Just as it seems he will be recaptured, the Huntsman (Jamie Dornan) comes to his aid and kills the guards with his arrows, allowing Charming to escape and continue on his quest to find Snow White (Ginnifer Goodwin). En route, Charming is transported to an infinite forest, thanks to the Queen and her mirror. Rumpelstiltskin (Robert Carlyle) appears and offers to help him but Charming refuses. They fight with swords; Rumpelstiltskin toys with him and soon disarms him. Charming notices his mother's wedding ring is missing. Rumpelstiltskin holds it up and he offers Charming a deal: he will give the prince back his mother's wedding ring, now enchanted to lead him straight to Snow White, if Charming will put a golden egg containing a potion of true love inside "the belly of the beast."
On his search for the beast, Prince Charming enters a castle and finds Maleficent (Kristin Bauer van Straten), seated on a throne. She turns into a dragon – the beast – to attack Charming. He throws the egg into Maleficent's gills and, after he escapes, Rumpelstiltskin returns the ring and magically dresses him in a new set of clothes with which to make his grand return to his true love. As seen in the series premiere, Charming races to Snow White's glass coffin, opens it and kisses her, waking her up. He proposes and she accepts. Together, they begin planning to take back the kingdom from the Evil Queen and Charming's sinister father, King George.
In Storybrooke
Henry (Jared S. Gilmore) has collapsed after eating the poisoned apple turnover intended for Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison). She rushes him to the hospital. Dr. Whale (David Anders) asks Emma if the child has eaten anything or if anything untoward has happened. She shows the doctor the turnover but he dismisses any idea of poison because Henry is not showing any symptoms. Almost immediately, Emma begins to suspect magic as the cause. She looks at the Once Upon a Time book, which magically shows her flashbacks of her birth and the night the curse began. It is only now that she finally believes. As Regina (Parrilla) enters the room to see Henry, Emma violently confronts her. A stunned and guilty Regina blurts out that the turnover was indeed meant for her and that the curse is real. The only one who may be able to help them save Henry is Mr. Gold (Carlyle) who is, in fact, Rumpelstiltskin. The two visit Mr. Gold, who now knows that Emma believes in the curse. He tells them that true love has the ability to break any curse and that, as a safeguard, he had imbued the curse's parchment with a drop of that potion made from Snow White and Prince Charming's love. Since Emma is also a product of Snow White and Prince Charming, she is the only one who can end the curse once and for all. Emma will have to retrieve the rest of the potion from its hiding-place in the belly of a beast. He presents her with her father's sword as a weapon against the beast. As to the potion, he remarks that it is with Regina's oldest and only friend.
Elsewhere, David Nolan (Dallas) meets Mary Margaret Blanchard (Goodwin) and tells her that ever since he awoke from the coma, the only thing that has ever made sense to him was her. He goes on to say that he plans on leaving town and moving to Boston unless Mary Margaret gives him a reason to stay. Mary Margaret, moved by his words, still cannot bring herself to take him back and leaves.
Before Emma goes on her quest, she returns to the hospital where she apologizes to the unconscious Henry for not believing him. She then goes to August Booth (Eion Bailey) in an attempt to enlist his help and finds him lying in bed. Now that she believes, she can at last perceive August's body becoming wooden. There is just enough time for her to hear his last words of encouragement before he reverts to puppet form. At the hospital, Regina also apologizes to Henry but is interrupted by Jefferson (Sebastian Stan), who has come to demand the completion of the deal made with Regina to reunite him and his daughter. Regina refuses, on the spurious grounds that Emma had not eaten the turnover as planned. As Regina leaves to join Emma, Jefferson sneaks into the hospital’s underground asylum to release Belle (Emilie de Ravin), instructing her to find Mr. Gold and enlighten him about Regina's doings.
Regina takes Emma to a secret room inside the boarded-up Storybrooke Public Library clock tower. The room contains an elevator, but only one person can go down while the other operates it. Despite her hatred and mistrust for Regina, Emma decides she will descend while Regina stays above ground. As Emma arrives to the bottom, she sees Snow White's glass coffin, then finds herself face-to-face with Maleficent in dragon form. Emma starts fighting with the dragon, but discards the sword and instead fires her gun repeatedly at the beast. She soon realizes that the sword is the only way to kill the dragon. She retrieves the sword and hurls it at the dragon, causing it to explode and release the golden egg containing the love potion.
Meanwhile, Mary Margaret is reading Henry's storybook to him in his hospital bed. As she reads he begins to flat-line.
As Emma ascends in the elevator, it suddenly stops working. She hears Mr. Gold by the controls above her. He tells her that Regina has abandoned her then suggests that Emma should throw the egg up to him and he will wait for her as she climbs up. She complies. When Emma reaches the surface, Gold is nowhere to be found. Regina is tied up and gagged. Emma rescues her, and as they go after Gold, they simultaneously receive calls from the hospital regarding Henry.
When they arrive, they learn that he has died and both grieve. A devastated Emma goes to Henry's body, whispers to him that she loves him and kisses him on the forehead. This act is seen as "true love's kiss:", therefore the pure love shockwave occurs. Emma has broken the curse, bringing Henry back to life and causes everyone in Storybrooke to regain their memories. The Blue Fairy (Keegan Connor Tracy) suggests to Regina that she had best find somewhere to hide as everyone she has wronged will want revenge. Regina runs away, but not before telling a silently-watching Henry that she truly does love him. She returns to her mansion, lamenting her defeat and the loss of the only person she loves.
Regaining his memories, David returns to town and finds Mary Margaret, calling out "Snow!" She responds by calling him Charming, confirming that they both remember. They embrace and rejoice in the fact that they have found each other again. Elsewhere around town, other Storybrooke residents are hit by the pure love shockwave, and they remember their fairytale past including Ruby (Red Riding Hood), Granny, and Archie Hopper (Jiminy Cricket).
Back at the pawn shop, Gold is preparing an as-yet-unknown plan involving the potion, when Belle enters to tell him about what Regina had done to her. Gold is shocked to see Belle still alive and overjoyed to have her back. He sets off for the woods to launch his plan and takes her with him. On their way, the curse is broken and Belle regains her memories, declaring her love for Gold. He tells Belle they will have all the time in the world, but now, they must continue with the plan.
They walk further and reach the wishing well in the woods. Gold tells Belle that the waters that run beneath it have the power to return what one has lost. He drops the love potion into the wishing well, which causes massive amounts of purple smoke to spew out of the well and spread around them. When Belle asks what is happening, Gold tells her that he is bringing the magic that they had once lost back to their world. When asked why, he tells her that magic is power. The purple smoke spreads quickly and engulfs everything (and everyone) in town. Regina watches from her mansion and deviously smiles, knowing that she will once again regain her magical powers.
The last scene shows Prince Charming and Snow White standing in the street holding each other as the purple smoke engulfs them and the clock tower. The hand of the clock moves to the infamous special time: 8:15.
Production
"A Land Without Magic" was co-written by series co-creators Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis, while The Shield veteran Dean White returned to direct the episode. The episode was included in Reawakened: A Once Upon a Time Tale – a novelization of the first season – which was published by Hyperion Books in 2013.
Reception
Ratings
The finale saw the series post its best numbers ever from the previous outing, scoring a 3.3/10 among 18-49s with 9.66 million viewers tuning in. The show won its time slot for the fifth week in a row and helped ABC win that night, despite being up against the first half of the Survivor: One World finale on CBS (which had its lowest-rated outing ever).
In Canada, the episode finished in eighteenth place for the week with an estimated 1.532 million viewers, a decrease from the 1.601 million of the previous episode.
Reviews
The season finale was well received by critics, especially from Entertainment Weekly's Hilary Busis, who stated that "Lo and behold, earlier this evening I found that all my deepest desires had been granted (Busis made a quote about wanting to see Bauer and Dornan return and for Emma to drop the Scully routine). As executive producers Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz promised, "'A Land Without Magic' was a total game-changer—and Once will be an even stronger show next season, thanks to its revelations. For several episodes, it's seemed like this series was rejecting forward momentum on principle; tonight, though, our master plot took a great leap forward. And it's all thanks to the power of Twue Wuv."
EW ranked this episode number one for "Best Non-Romantic Cliffhanger" of the 2012 TV Season Finale Awards. The scene with Prince and Snow kissing ranked number two in "Best Kiss."
References
External links
2012 American television episodes
Once Upon a Time (season 1) episodes | wiki |
Кобильна (притока Інгульця)
Кобильна (притока Мокрів Ялів) | wiki |
"The Prince of Winterfell" is the eighth episode of the second season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. The episode is written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss and directed, for the third time in this season, by Alan Taylor. It premiered on May 20, 2012.
The title of the episode refers to Theon Greyjoy as ruler of Winterfell after disposing of the Stark children.
Plot
In King's Landing
Tyrion and Bronn plan the defense of King's Landing with the aid of old texts. Varys arrives to compliment Bronn on his leadership of the gold cloaks
When Tyrion is accused of plotting to kill King Joffrey, Cersei mistakenly kidnaps Ros instead of Shae, and Tyrion swears to Cersei that she will pay for her actions.
Joffrey's inexperience and arrogance leave Tyrion fearful for the coming battle. Varys informs Tyrion that Daenerys is alive with three dragons but Tyrion suggests to focus on one problem at a time.
In The Narrow Sea
Planning the siege of King's Landing, Stannis and Davos reminisce about Robert's Rebellion. Stannis remains bitter that Renly was given Storm's End, and vows to make Davos his Hand once he takes the Iron Throne.
At Harrenhal
Tywin meeting with his council discusses the siege of King's Landing and what will be done about Stannis and the Starks attacking Casterly Rock. As Tywin departs to face Robb's army, Arya is unable to find Jaqen H'ghar in time for him to kill Tywin, and instead forces him to help her escape. That night, Jaqen kills the castle's guards, allowing Arya, Gendry, and Hot Pie to escape.
In the Westerlands
Robb returns from the Crag with Talisa to learn Jaime has escaped. Catelyn admits that Brienne is escorting Jaime to King's Landing to trade for Sansa and Arya, and Robb has Catelyn placed under guard. Roose Bolton assures Robb that Bolton's bastard son is nearing Winterfell; Robb orders mercy be shown to any Ironborn except Theon to persuade Theon's men to betray him. Talisa enters Robb's tent and talks at length about her brother and leaving highborn society in Volantis. Immediately after that Robb confesses to Talisa that he does not want to marry Frey's daughter, and they have sex in his tent.
Beyond the Wall
Ygritte and her companions present Jon to the Lord of Bones, whom she convinces to spare Jon's life, saying Mance Rayder will want to meet Eddard Stark's bastard. Captured Qhorin Halfhand tells Jon to “defect” to Mance's army to learn his plans.
At the Fist of the First Men, Sam and Grenn discover an ancient Night's Watch cloak, containing a strange horn and a cache of dragonglass weapons.
In Qarth
Daenerys refuses to flee Qarth for Astapor without her dragons, and Jorah reluctantly takes her to the House of the Undying.
At Winterfell
Theon orders the messenger ravens killed to conceal Bran and Rickon's deaths. Yara Greyjoy arrives to bring Theon home, but he refuses to abandon Winterfell.
Following Osha to the crypts beneath Winterfell, Maester Luwin discovers Bran and Rickon are alive. Luwin deduces Theon's men murdered a farming family and burned their sons in the Stark boys' stead, which Bran overhears.
Production
Writing
The episode was written by producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, based on the original work of George R. R. Martin. "The Prince of Winterfell" adapts the content of chapters Arya IX, Tyrion XII, Theon V (48, 55 and 57) from A Clash of Kings, and also parts Jaime I and Catelyn I (2 and 3) from A Storm of Swords.
Among the added material there are the relationship between Talisa and Robb (which in the books happen offscreen and in an entirely different context) and the Qarth plot (which is still only loosely based on the books). Other changes include Arya using her third "death" to flee Harrenhal instead of contributing to the fall of the castle to Bolton's Northmen, revealing the hidden cache of “dragonglass” found after Jon's departure, and having the wildlings capture Qhorin Halfhand alive.
Casting
Edward Dogliani joins the guest cast of the show playing the wildling leader Rattleshirt, also known as "the Lord of Bones."
Reception
Ratings
The first airing of "The Prince of Winterfell" matched the series high ratings with 3.86 million viewers and a 2.0 share among the 18–49 demographic. The second airing brought an additional 1.04 million viewers and a 0.5 share. In the United Kingdom, the episode was seen by 0.892 million viewers on Sky Atlantic, being the channel's highest-rated broadcast that week.
Critical reception
The episode received critical acclaim. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes surveyed 12 reviews of the episode and judged 100% of them to be positive with an average score of 7.25 out of 10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Though it's mostly concerned with moving its pieces into position before the finale, 'The Prince of Winterfell' is a pleasantly subdued episode that makes the most of its character moments." The A.V. Club gave it a B+. IGN gave it a rating of 8 out of 10.
Accolades
This episode won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Series.
References
External links
"The Prince of Winterfell" at HBO.com
Game of Thrones (season 2) episodes
2012 American television episodes
Television episodes written by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss | wiki |
Classic Cola may refer to:
Classic Cola (Sainsbury's)
Olvi Cola, formerly Classic Cola
Coca Cola Classic | wiki |
Information source may refer to:
Information source (mathematics), a kind of sequence of random variables
Source text, a text (sometimes oral) from which information or ideas are derived
Guide to information sources, a kind of "metabibliography". Ideally it is not just a listing of bibliographies, reference works and other source texts, but more like a textbook introducing users to the information sources in a given field (in general).
, a grapheme used to indicate the existence of an information board or to highlight other information in a manual
See also
Guide to information sources | wiki |
Pro Tools is a digital multitrack audio software program.
Pro Tools may also refer to:
Pro Tools (album), an album by GZA
Pro Tools, an art exhibit by Cory Arcangel | wiki |
Strong verb may refer to:
Germanic strong verb, a verb that marks its past tense by means of changes to the stem vowel
Strong inflection, a system of verb conjugation contrasted with an alternative "weak" system in the same language
Irregular verb, any verb whose conjugation does not follow the typical pattern of the language to which it belongs
See also
Weak verb (disambiguation) | wiki |
Greek homosexuality may refer to:
Homosexuality in ancient Greece
Greek Homosexuality (book)
Homosexuality in modern Greece (see Category:LGBT in Greece) | wiki |
Weak verb may refer to:
Germanic weak verb, verbs in Germanic languages that form their preterites and past participles by means of a dental suffix
Weak inflection, a system of verb conjugation contrasted with an alternative "strong inflection" in the same language
Light verb, a verb that has little semantic content of its own
See also
Strong verb (disambiguation)
Regular verb, a verb whose conjugation follows the typical pattern of the language to which it belongs | wiki |
This is the article listing about the broadcasting rights for UEFA Euro 2008. Previously UEFA had sold the rights to the tournament through the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) but for 2008 they worked through the sales agency Sportfive, with which UEFA expected it can increase by more than 600 million the revenue that it can generate.
Financial targets
UEFA hoped to secure 600 million euros from the television rights but initially was reported to be struggling to raise the amount they wanted. In the end, UEFA secured 410 million euros from four of the five biggest markets, Germany, United Kingdom, France and Italy. The broadcasting rights as a whole are reported to have secured UEFA over 30% more than the TV rights to the UEFA Euro 2004 championship.
UEFA and free-to-air television
UEFA kept a policy that each country should be able to watch their own team on free-to-air television. However, UEFA was unhappy that the list of events that must be shown on terrestrial television in the United Kingdom included all of the matches in the tournament even though none of the home nations qualified for the event. Only in the United Kingdom and Belgium were pay television unable to bid for any of the live broadcasting rights. UEFA is bringing a legal case with the European Union as it saw this as infringing their property rights and distorted competition.
Broadcasters
UEFA
Rest of the world
References
Broadcasting rights
2008 | wiki |
The 1970 New York Mets season was the ninth regular season for the Mets, who played home games at Shea Stadium. Led by manager Gil Hodges, the team had an 83–79 record and finished in third place in the National League's Eastern Division.
Offseason
December 3, 1969: Amos Otis and Bob Johnson were traded by the Mets to the Kansas City Royals for Joe Foy.
Regular season
Season standings
Record vs. opponents
Notable transactions
July 12, 1970: Don Cardwell was purchased from the Mets by the Atlanta Braves.
Roster
Player stats
Batting
Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
Pitching
Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
Awards and honors
Tommie Agee – Player of the Month, June 1970
All-Star Game
Farm system
Notes
References
1970 New York Mets at Baseball Reference
1970 New York Mets team page at www.baseball-almanac.com
New York Mets seasons
New York Mets season
New York Mets
1970s in Queens | wiki |
The 1969 New York Mets season was the team's eighth as a Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise and culminated when they won the World Series over the Baltimore Orioles. They played their home games at Shea Stadium and were managed by Gil Hodges. The team is often referred to as the "Amazin' Mets" (a nickname coined by Casey Stengel, who managed the team from their inaugural season to 1965) or the "Miracle Mets".
The 1969 season was the first season of divisional play in Major League Baseball. The Mets were assigned to the newly created National League East division. In their seven previous seasons, the Mets had never finished higher than ninth place in the ten-team National League and had never had a winning season. They lost at least one hundred games in five of the seasons. However, they overcame mid-season difficulties while the division leaders for much of the season, the Chicago Cubs, suffered a late-season collapse. The Mets finished 100–62, eight games ahead of the Cubs. They went on to defeat the National League West champion Atlanta Braves three games to none in the inaugural National League Championship Series, and defeat the American League champion Orioles in five games. First baseman Donn Clendenon was named the World Series' most valuable player on the strength of his .357 batting average, three home runs, and four runs batted in.
On Saturday, August 22, 2009, many of the surviving members of the 1969 championship team reunited at the New York Mets' present park, Citi Field.
Offseason
October 16, 1968: Sold Don Bosch to the Montreal Expos
Trades
Spring training
The Mets held spring training at Al Lang Stadium in St. Petersburg, Florida, for the 8th season.
Regular season
The Mets had never finished higher than ninth place in a ten-team league in their first seven seasons. As an expansion team, they went 40–120 in 1962, the most losses by an MLB team in one season in the 20th century, and the 1962 Mets' .250 winning percentage was higher than only the .248 posted by the 1935 Boston Braves.
The Mets never had been over .500 after the ninth game of any season. Seven years after their disastrous inaugural season, "The Amazin' Mets" (as nicknamed by previous manager Casey Stengel) won the World Series, the first expansion team to do so.
1969 was the first year of divisional baseball, precipitated by the expansion of each league from 10 to 12 teams. The Kansas City Royals and Seattle Pilots joined the American League. The San Diego Padres and Montreal Expos joined the National League. Before 1969, the first place team in each league advanced directly to the World Series. Under the new structure, each league was divided into East and West divisions, each comprising six teams, with the divisional winners facing off in a best-of-five playoff for the right to represent their league in the World Series. The Mets were slotted into the National League Eastern Division, along with the Chicago Cubs, the Philadelphia Phillies, the Pittsburgh Pirates, expansion Montreal Expos, and the St. Louis Cardinals, who had been World Champions in 1964 and 1967 and losers of the 1968 World Series. For the first time since joining the National League in 1962, the Mets could finish no lower than 6th. The New York Times journalist, Joseph Durso, predicted the Mets would finish 4th in the East, ahead of the Pirates and the Expos.
On Tuesday April 8, with 44,541 fans in attendance at Shea Stadium, the Mets and the Expos played the first international baseball game in major league baseball history. The Mets had lost seven straight opening day games since joining the national league in 1962. That dubious record reached eight when the Expos prevailed in an 11-10 slugfest, despite the Mets scoring four runs with two down in the bottom of the ninth, highlighted by a pinch hit three-run homer by Duffy Dyer. Apparently, this was axiomatic Mets baseball, as one columnist described the Mets as "masters of the lingering death."
The Mets took the next two games from the Expos, but then lost six of the following 7 games, bringing their record to 3–7. After a 9–14 start, the Mets won 9 of their next 13 games, including consecutive shutouts in late April against the Cubs and Expos. When Tom Seaver shutout the Atlanta Braves 5–0 on May 21, the Mets were 18-18, their best start in franchise history. But the Mets lost their next five games, starting with a 15-3 drubbing from the Atlanta Braves, followed by a 3-game sweep by the Astros, who outscored the Mets 18–4, and finishing with a loss at Shea Stadium to the lowly Padres. At the end of play on May 27, the Mets' record stood at 18–23. Then, in late May, the Mets reeled off a club-record 11 straight wins, which included three walk-off wins and dominant pitching, as the Mets pitching staff yielded a stingy 2-runs per game. Starting with their 42nd game, the Mets went 82–39 (a .678 winning percentage), including an astonishing 38–11 in their last 49 games.
Despite that performance, the Mets suffered two mid-season three-game series sweeps at the hands of the Houston Astros, who manhandled the Mets all season, taking 10 of the 12 games the teams played.
They were also no-hit by Bob Moose of the Pittsburgh Pirates on September 20, only five days after becoming the first major league team to strike out 19 times in a nine-inning game, a game they won, 4–3, on a pair of two-run home runs by Ron Swoboda, against the Cardinals' Steve Carlton.
Trailing the Chicago Cubs for much of the season, the Mets found themselves in third place, 10 games back, on August 14 but they won 14 of their last 17 games during August, and 24 of their 32 games during September and October, to surge past the Cubs, finishing 100–62, eight games ahead of the Cubs. That 18 game differential is one of the largest turnarounds in MLB history.
Season standings
National League East
Record vs. opponents
Schedule and results
Regular season
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 1 || April 8 || Expos || 10–11 || Shaw (1–0) || Koonce (0–1) || Sembera (1) || 44,541 || Shea Stadium || 0–1 || Boxscore || 4 || −1 || 2:05 PM EST || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 2 || April 9 || Expos || 9–5 || McGraw (1–0) || Stoneman (0–1) || Ryan (1) || 13,827 || Shea Stadium || 1–1 || Boxscore || 3 || −1 || 2:05 PM EST || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 3 || April 10 || Expos || 4–2 || Gentry (1–0) || Jaster (0–1) || Koonce (1) || 8,608 || Shea Stadium || 2–1 || Boxscore || 3 || −1 || 2:05 PM EST || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 4 || April 11 || Cardinals || 5–6 || || Koosman (0–1) || || 12,591 || Shea Stadium || 2–2 || Boxscore || 3 || −2 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 5 || April 12 || Cardinals || 0–1 || || Cardwell (0–1) || || 19,510 || Shea Stadium || 2–3 || Boxscore || 3 || −2 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 6 || April 13 || Cardinals || 1–3 || || Seaver (0–1) || || 25,314 || Shea Stadium || 2–4 || Boxscore || 4 || −3 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 7 || April 14 || @ Phillies || 1–5 || || McAndrew (0–1) || || 13,070 || Connie Mack Stadium || 2–5 || Boxscore || 5 || −4 || 7:35 PM EST || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 8 || April 15 || @ Phillies || 6–3 || Gentry (2–0) || || Koonce (2) || 2,880 || Connie Mack Stadium || 3–5 || Boxscore || 4 || −4 || 7:35 PM EST || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 9 || April 16 || @ Pirates || 3–11 || || Koosman (0–2) || || 7,666 || Forbes Field || 3–6 || Boxscore || 5 || −5 || 8:05 PM EST || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 10 || April 17 || @ Pirates || 0–4 || || Cardwell (0–2) || || 8,097 || Forbes Field || 3–7 || Boxscore || 5 || −6 || 8:05 PM EST || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bbb;"
| || April 18 || @ Cardinals || colspan=5|Postponed (rain); rescheduled for July 1 || Busch Memorial Stadium || || || || bgcolor="ffbbbb" | –6 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 11 || April 19 || @ Cardinals || 2–1 || Seaver (1–1) || || || 20,716 || Busch Memorial Stadium || 4–7 || Boxscore || 4 || −6 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 12 || April 20 || @ Cardinals || 11–3 || Ryan (1–0) || || Koonce (3) || 19,065 || Busch Memorial Stadium || 5–7 || Boxscore || 3 || −5½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 13 || April 21 || Phillies || 1–2(11)|| || Taylor (0–1) || || 9,286 || Shea Stadium || 5–8 || Boxscore || 3 || −6 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bbb;"
| || April 22 || Phillies || colspan=5|Postponed (rain); rescheduled for September 5 || Shea Stadium || || || || bgcolor="ffbbbb" | −5 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 14 || April 23 || Pirates || 2–0 || Koosman (1–2) || || || 7,274 || Shea Stadium || 6–8 || Boxscore || 3 || −4½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bbb;"
| || April 24 || Pirates || colspan=5|Postponed (rain); rescheduled for September 19 || Shea Stadium || || || || bgcolor="ffbbbb" | –5 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 15 || April 25 || Cubs || 1–3 || Jenkins (3–1) || Seaver (1–2) || || 18,548 || Shea Stadium || 6–9 || Boxscore || 4 || −5 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 16 || April 26 || Cubs || 3–9 || || Cardwell (0–3) || || 16,252 || Shea Stadium || 6–10 || Boxscore || 5 || −6 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 17 || April 27 || Cubs || 6–8 || || Koonce (0–2) || || N/A || Shea Stadium || 6–11 || Boxscore || 4 || −6 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 18 || April 27 || Cubs || 3–0 || McGraw (2–0) || || || 37,437 || Shea Stadium || 7–11 || Boxscore || 4 || −6 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 19 || April 29 || @ Expos || 2–0 || Ryan (2–0) || || || 8,577 || Jarry Park || 8–11 || Boxscore || 3 || −6½ || 4:05 PM EDT || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 20 || April 30 || @ Expos || 2–1 || Seaver (2–2) || || || 19,024 || Jarry Park || 9–11 || Boxscore || 3 || −5½ || 8:05 PM EDT || WOR-TV ||
|-
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 21 || May 1 || @ Expos || 2–3 || || Cardwell (0–4) || || 7,741 || Jarry Park || 9–12 || Boxscore || 4 || −6 || 4:05 PM EDT || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 22 || May 2 || @ Cubs || 4–6 || || Gentry (2–1) || || 14,702 || Wrigley Field || 9–13 || Boxscore || 5 || −7 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 23 || May 3 || @ Cubs || 2–3 || || Koonce (0–3) || || 23,228 || Wrigley Field || 9–14 || Boxscore || 5 || −8 || 2:15 PM EDT || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 24 || May 4 || @ Cubs || 3–2 || Seaver (3–2) || || || N/A || Wrigley Field || 10–14 || Boxscore || 4 || −6 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 25 || May 4 || @ Cubs || 3–2 || McGraw (3–0) || || || 40,484 || Wrigley Field || 11–14 || Boxscore || 4 || −6 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 26 || May 6 || Reds || 8–1 || Cardwell (1–4) || || || 12,291 || Shea Stadium || 12–14 || Boxscore || 4 || −6 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 27 || May 7 || Reds || 0–3 || || Gentry (2–2) || || 9,242 || Shea Stadium || 12–15 || Boxscore || 4 || −6 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bbb;"
| || May 9 || Astros || colspan=5|Postponed (rain); rescheduled for July 30 || Shea Stadium || || || || bgcolor="ffbbbb" | –5 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 28 || May 10 || Astros || 3–1 || Seaver (4–2) || || || 14,981 || Shea Stadium || 13–15 || Boxscore || 3 || −5 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 29 || May 11 || Astros || 1–4 || || Cardwell (1–5) || || N/A || Shea Stadium || 13–16 || Boxscore || 3 || −5½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 30 || May 11 || Astros || 11–7 || Koonce (1–3) || || || 19,456 || Shea Stadium || 14–16 || Boxscore || 3 || −5½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 31 || May 13 || Braves || 3–4 || Reed (5–1) || Gentry (2–3) || Upshaw (8) || 12,332 || Shea Stadium || 14–17 || Boxscore || 3 || −7 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 32 || May 14 || Braves || 9–3 || Seaver (5–2) || Niekro (5–2) || Taylor (1) || 15,365 || Shea Stadium || 15–17 || Boxscore || 3 || −7 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 33 || May 15 || Braves || 5–6 || Jarvis (3–2) || Cardwell (1–6) || Upshaw (9) || 14,370 || Shea Stadium || 15–18 || Boxscore || 3 || −7½ || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 34 || May 16 || @ Reds || 10–9 || Koonce (2–3) || || || 11,736 || Crosley Field || 16–18 || Boxscore || 3 || −7½ || 8:05 PM EDT || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 35 || May 17 || @ Reds || 11–3 || Gentry (3–3) || || || 8,925 || Crosley Field || 17–18 || Boxscore || 3 || −6½ || 8:05 PM EDT || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bbb;"
| || May 18 || @ Reds || colspan=5|Postponed (rain); rescheduled for August 5 || Crosley Field || || || || bgcolor="ffbbbb" | –6 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 36 || May 21 || @ Braves || 5–0 || Seaver (6–2) || Niekro (5–3) || || 14,669 || Atlanta Stadium || 18–18 || Boxscore || 3 || −5½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 37 || May 22 || @ Braves || 3–15 || Jarvis (4–2) || McGraw (3–1) || Stone (1) || 12,574 || Atlanta Stadium || 18–19 || Boxscore || 3 || −6½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 38 || May 23 || @ Astros || 0–7 || || Gentry (3–4) || || 10,825 || Astrodome || 18–20 || Boxscore || 4 || −7½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 39 || May 24 || @ Astros || 1–5 || || Koosman (1–3) || || 17,911 || Astrodome || 18–21 || Boxscore || 4 || −8½ || 8:30 PM EDT || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 40 || May 25 || @ Astros || 3–6 || || Seaver (6–3) || || 22,716 || Astrodome || 18–22 || Boxscore || 4 || −9 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 41 || May 27 || Padres || 2–3 || || McAndrew (0–2) || || 11,772 || Shea Stadium || 18–23 || Boxscore || 4 || −9 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 42 || May 28 || Padres || 1–0(11)|| McGraw (4–1) || || || 11,860 || Shea Stadium || 19–23 || Boxscore || 4 || −9 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 43 || May 30 || Giants || 4–3 || Seaver (7–3) || || Taylor (2) || 52,272 || Shea Stadium || 20–23 || Boxscore || 3 || −9 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 44 || May 31 || Giants || 4–2 || Gentry (4–4) || || McGraw (1) || 32,178 || Shea Stadium || 21–23 || Boxscore || 3 || −9 || || WOR-TV ||
|-
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 45 || June 1 || Giants || 5–4 || Taylor (1–1) || || || 41,294 || Shea Stadium || 22–23 || Boxscore || 3 || −9 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 46 || June 2 || Dodgers || 2–1 || Koosman (2–3) || || || 22,600 || Shea Stadium || 23–23 || Boxscore || 3 || −8½ || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 47 || June 3 || Dodgers || 5–2 || Seaver (8–3) || || McGraw (2) || 24,212 || Shea Stadium || 24–23 || Boxscore || 2 || −8½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 48 || June 4 || Dodgers || 1–0(15)|| Taylor (2–1) || || || 31,331 || Shea Stadium || 25–23 || Boxscore || 2 || −8½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 49 || June 6 || @ Padres || 5–3 || Gentry (5–4) || || Taylor (3) || 11,203 || San Diego Stadium || 26–23 || Boxscore || 2 || −8½ || 11:00 PM EDT || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 50 || June 7 || @ Padres || 4–1 || Koosman (3–3) || || || 10,827 || San Diego Stadium || 27–23 || Boxscore || 2 || −8 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 51 || June 8 || @ Padres || 3–2 || Seaver (9–3) || || Taylor (4) || 8,568 || San Diego Stadium || 28–23 || Boxscore || 2 || −7½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 52 || June 10 || @ Giants || 9–4 || Cardwell (2–6) || || Taylor (5) || 6,038 || Candlestick Park || 29–23|| Boxscore || 2 || −7 || 11:00 PM EDT || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 53 || June 11 || @ Giants || 2–7 || || Gentry (5–5) || || 3,935 || Candlestick Park || 29–24 || Boxscore || 2 || −7 || 4:00 PM EDT || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 54 || June 13 || @ Dodgers || 0–1 || || Koosman (3–4) || || 20,042 || Dodger Stadium || 29–25 || Boxscore || 2 || −8½ || 11:00 PM EDT || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 55 || June 14 || @ Dodgers || 3–1 || Seaver (10–3) || || McGraw (3) || 26,727 || Dodger Stadium || 30–25 || Boxscore || 2 || −8½ || 11:00 PM EDT || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 56 || June 15 || @ Dodgers || 2–3 || || DiLauro (0–1) || || 28,086 || Dodger Stadium || 30–26 || Boxscore || 2 || −9 || 4:00 PM EDT || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 57 || June 17 || @ Phillies || 1–0 || Gentry (6–5) || || || N/A || Connie Mack Stadium || 31–26 || Boxscore || 2 || −7½ || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 58 || June 17 || @ Phillies || 3–7 || || Cardwell (2–7) || || 17,259 || Connie Mack Stadium || 31–27 || Boxscore || 2 || −7½ || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 59 || June 18 || @ Phillies || 2–0 || Koosman (4–4) || || || 5,608 || Connie Mack Stadium || 32–27 || Boxscore || 2 || −7 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 60 || June 19 || @ Phillies || 6–5 || Taylor (3–1) || || McGraw (4) || 6,871 || Connie Mack Stadium || 33–27 || Boxscore || 2 || −6 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 61 || June 20 || Cardinals || 4–3 || Ryan (3–0) || || McGraw (5) || 54,083 || Shea Stadium || 34–27 || Boxscore || 2 || −6 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 62 || June 21 || Cardinals || 3–5 || || DiLauro (0–2) || || 29,628 || Shea Stadium || 34–28 || Boxscore || 2 || −6 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 63 || June 22 || Cardinals || 5–1 || Gentry (7–5) || || Koonce (4) || N/A || Shea Stadium || 35–28 || Boxscore || 2 || −5 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 64 || June 22 || Cardinals || 1–0 || Koosman (5–4) || || || 55,862 || Shea Stadium || 36–28 || Boxscore || 2 || −5 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 65 || June 24 || Phillies || 2–1 || Seaver (11–3) || || || N/A || Shea Stadium || 37–28 || Boxscore || 2 || −5 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 66 || June 24 || Phillies || 5–0 || McAndrew (1–2) || || Taylor (6) || 39,843 || Shea Stadium || 38–28 || Boxscore || 2 || −5 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 67 || June 25 || Phillies || 5–6(10)|| || Taylor (3–2) || || 27,814 || Shea Stadium || 38–29 || Boxscore || 2 || −6 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 68 || June 26 || Phillies || 0–2 || || Cardwell (2–8) || || 15,360 || Shea Stadium || 38–30 || Boxscore || 2 || −7 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 69 || June 27 || Pirates || 1–3 || || Koosman (5–5) || || 42,276 || Shea Stadium || 38–31 || Boxscore || 2 || −7 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 70 || June 28 || Pirates || 4–7 || || Gentry (7–6) || || 48,398 || Shea Stadium || 38–32 || Boxscore || 2 || −8 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 71 || June 29 || Pirates || 7–3 || Seaver (12–3) || || || 27,455 || Shea Stadium || 39–32 || Boxscore || 2 || −8½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 72 || June 30 || @ Cardinals || 10–2 || McAndrew (2–2) || || || 17,476 || Busch Memorial Stadium || 40–32 || Boxscore || 2 || −7½ || 9:00 PM EDT || WOR-TV ||
|-
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 73 || July 1 || @ Cardinals || 1–4 || || Ryan (3–1) || || N/A || Busch Memorial Stadium || 40–33 || Boxscore || 2 || −8 || 6:00 PM EDT || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 74 || July 1 || @ Cardinals || 5–8 || || DiLauro (0–3) || || 19,799 || Busch Memorial Stadium || 40–34 || Boxscore || 2 || −8 || 8:29 PM EDT || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 75 || July 2 || @ Cardinals || 6–4(14)|| McGraw (5–1) || || || 14,928 || Busch Memorial Stadium || 41–34 || Boxscore || 2 || −8 || 9:00 PM EDT || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 76 || July 3 || @ Cardinals || 8–1 || Gentry (8–6) || || || 11,070 || Busch Memorial Stadium || 42–34 || Boxscore || 2 || −8 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 77 || July 4 || @ Pirates || 11–6 || Seaver (13–3) || || Koonce (5) || N/A || Forbes Field || 43–34 || Boxscore || 2 || −7½ || 10:35 AM EDT || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 78 || July 4 || @ Pirates || 9–2 || Cardwell (3–8) || || || 17,631 || Forbes Field || 44–34 || Boxscore || 2 || −7½ || 1:57 PM EDT || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bbb;"
| || July 5 || @ Pirates || colspan=5|Postponed (rain); rescheduled for September 12 || Forbes Field || || || || bgcolor="ffbbbb" | –6½ || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 79 || July 6 || @ Pirates || 8–7 || Taylor (4–2) || || Koonce (6) || 11,552 || Forbes Field || 45–34 || Boxscore || 2 || −5½ || 1:35 PM EDT || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 80 || July 8 || Cubs || 4–3 || Koosman (6–5) || Jenkins (11–6) || || 55,096 || Shea Stadium || 46–34 || Boxscore || 2 || −4½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 81 || July 9 || Cubs || 4–0 || Seaver (14–3) || || || 50,709 || Shea Stadium || 47–34 || Boxscore || 2 || −3½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 82 || July 10 || Cubs || 2–6 || || Gentry (8–7) || || 36,012 || Shea Stadium || 47–35 || Boxscore || 2 || −4½ || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 83 || July 11 || Expos || 4–11 || || McAndrew (2–3) || || 36,012 || Shea Stadium || 47–36 || Boxscore || 2 || −4½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bbb;"
| || July 12 || Expos || colspan=5|Postponed (rain); rescheduled for September 10 || Shea Stadium || || || || bgcolor="ffbbbb" | –5 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 84 || July 13 || Expos || 4–3 || Koosman (7–5) || || || N/A || Shea Stadium || 48–36 || Boxscore || 2 || −5 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 85 || July 13 || Expos || 9–7 || Koonce (3–3) || || Taylor (7) || 40,653 || Shea Stadium || 49–36 || Boxscore || 2 || −5 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 86 || July 14 || @ Cubs || 0–1 || || Seaver (14–4) || || 37,473 || Wrigley Field || 49–37 || Boxscore || 2 || −6 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 87 || July 15 || @ Cubs || 5–4 || Gentry (9–7) || || Taylor (8) || 38,608 || Wrigley Field || 50–37 || Boxscore || 2 || −5 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 88 || July 16 || @ Cubs || 9–5 || Koonce (4–3) || Jenkins (12–7) || Taylor (9) || 36,795 || Wrigley Field || 51–37 || Boxscore || 2 || −4 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 89 || July 18 || @ Expos || 5–2 || Koosman (8–5) || || || 23,507 || Jarry Park || 52–37 || Boxscore || 2 || −4 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 90 || July 19 || @ Expos || 4–5 || || Seaver (14–5) || || 21,493 || Jarry Park || 52–38 || Boxscore || 2 || −4 || || || NBC
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 91 || July 20 || @ Expos || 2–3 || || Gentry (9–8) || || N/A || Jarry Park || 52–39 || Boxscore || 2 || −5 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 92 || July 20 || @ Expos || 4–3(10)|| DiLauro (1–3) || || || 27,356 || Jarry Park || 53–39 || Boxscore || 2 || −5 || || WOR-TV ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbcaff"
|colspan="3" bgcolor="#bbcaff"| July 23: All-Star Game (NL wins—) || 9–3 || Carlton (STL) || Stottlemyre (NYY) || || 45,259 || RFK Stadium || colspan=7| Washington, D.C.
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 93 || July 24 || Reds || 3–4(12)|| || McGraw (5–2) || || 30,934 || Shea Stadium || 53–40 || Boxscore || 2 || −6 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 94 || July 25 || Reds || 4–3 || Taylor (5–2) || || || 37,470 || Shea Stadium || 54–40 || Boxscore || 2 || −5 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 95 || July 26 || Reds || 3–2 || Seaver (15–5) || || || 25,259 || Shea Stadium || 55–40 || Boxscore || 2 || −5 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 96 || July 27 || Reds || 3–6 || || Cardwell (3–9) || || 55,391 || Shea Stadium || 55–41 || Boxscore || 2 || −5 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bbb;"
| || July 29 || Astros || colspan=5|Postponed (rain); rescheduled for July 31 || Shea Stadium || || || || bgcolor="ffbbbb" | –5½ || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 97 || July 30 || Astros || 3–16 || || Koosman (8–6) || || N/A || Shea Stadium || 55–42 || Boxscore || 2 || −5½ || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 98 || July 30 || Astros || 5–11 || || Gentry (9–9) || || 28,922 || Shea Stadium || 55–43 || Boxscore || 2 || −5½ || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 99 || July 31 || Astros || 0–2 || || Seaver (15–6) || || 6,683 || Shea Stadium || 55–44 || Boxscore || 2 || −6½ || || WOR-TV ||
|-
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 100 || August 1 || Braves || 5–4 || Koonce (5–3) || Niekro (14–9) || Taylor (10) || 34,779 || Shea Stadium || 56–44 || Boxscore || 2 || −6½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 101 || August 2 || Braves || 1–0 || McAndrew (3–3) || Reed (10–8) || McGraw (6) || 37,442 || Shea Stadium || 57–44 || Boxscore || 2 || −6½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 102 || August 3 || Braves || 6–5(11)|| Taylor (6–2) || Raymond (2–2) || || 34,696 || Shea Stadium || 58–44 || Boxscore || 2 || −6½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 103 || August 4 || @ Reds || 0–1 || || Koosman (8–7) || || 13,228 || Crosley Field || 58–45 || Boxscore || 2 || −7½ || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 104 || August 5 || @ Reds || 5–8 || || Seaver (15–7) || || N/A || Crosley Field || 58–46 || Boxscore || 2 || −8 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 105 || August 5 || @ Reds || 10–1 || Ryan (4–1) || || || 31,062 || Crosley Field || 59–46 || Boxscore || 2 || −8 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 106 || August 6 || @ Reds || 2–3 || || McAndrew (3–4) || || 17,452 || Crosley Field || 59–47 || Boxscore || 2 || −9 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 107 || August 8 || @ Braves || 4–1 || Koosman (9–7) || Pappas (5–8) || || N/A || Atlanta Stadium || 60–47 || Boxscore || 2 || −8½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 108 || August 8 || @ Braves || 0–1(10)|| Reed (11–8) || Taylor (6–3) || || 42,838 || Atlanta Stadium || 60–48 || Boxscore || 2 || −8½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 109 || August 9 || @ Braves || 5–3 || Seaver (16–7) || Stone (9–7) || Koonce (7) || 28,194 || Atlanta Stadium || 61–48 || Boxscore || 2 || −8½ || || || NBC
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 110 || August 10 || @ Braves || 3–0 || Cardwell (4–9) || Britton (5–3) || McGraw (7) || 18,224 || Atlanta Stadium || 62–48 || Boxscore || 2 || −7½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 111 || August 11 || @ Astros || 0–3 || || McAndrew (3–5) || || 21,798 || Astrodome || 62–49 || Boxscore || 2 || −8 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 112 || August 12 || @ Astros || 7–8 || || Koosman (9–8) || || 22,283 || Astrodome || 62–50 || Boxscore || 2 || −9 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 113 || August 13 || @ Astros || 2–8 || || Gentry (9–10) || || 30,590 || Astrodome || 62–51 || Boxscore || 3 || −10 || 8:30 PM EDT || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bbb;"
| || August 15 || Padres || colspan=5|Postponed (rain); rescheduled for August 17 || Shea Stadium || || || || bgcolor="ffbbbb" | –9½ || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 114 || August 16 || Padres || 2–0 || Seaver (17–7) || || Taylor (11) || N/A || Shea Stadium || 63–51 || Boxscore || 2 || −9 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 115 || August 16 || Padres || 2–1 || McAndrew (4–5) || || McGraw (8) || 19,940 || Shea Stadium || 64–51 || Boxscore || 2 || −9 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 116 || August 17 || Padres || 3–2 || Koosman (10–8) || || || N/A || Shea Stadium || 65–51 || Boxscore || 2 || −8 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 117 || August 17 || Padres || 3–2 || Cardwell (5–9) || || Taylor (12) || 35,711 || Shea Stadium || 66–51 || Boxscore || 2 || −8 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 118 || August 19 || Giants || 1–0(14)|| McGraw (6–2) || || || 48,968 || Shea Stadium || 67–51 || Boxscore || 2 || −8 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 119 || August 20 || Giants || 6–0 || McAndrew (5–5) || || || 48,414 || Shea Stadium || 68–51 || Boxscore || 2 || −7 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 120 || August 21 || Giants || 6–7(11)|| || Taylor (6–4) || || 42,795 || Shea Stadium || 68–52 || Boxscore || 2 || −7 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 121 || August 22 || Dodgers || 5–3 || Koosman (11–8) || || McGraw (9) || 50,460 || Shea Stadium || 69–52 || Boxscore || 2 || −6 || || WOR-TV||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 122 || August 23 || Dodgers || 3–2 || Taylor (7–4) || || || 40,974 || Shea Stadium || 70–52 || Boxscore || 2 || −6 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 123 || August 24 || Dodgers || 7–4 || Koonce (6–3) || || || 48,435 || Shea Stadium || 71–52 || Boxscore || 2 || −5½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 124 || August 26 || @ Padres || 8–4 || Seaver (18–7) || || || N/A || San Diego Stadium || 72–52 || Boxscore || 2 || −3½ || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 125 || August 26 || @ Padres || 3–0 || McAndrew (6–5) || || || 8,873 || San Diego Stadium || 73–52 || Boxscore || 2 || −3½ || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 126 || August 27 || @ Padres || 4–1 || Koosman (12–8) || || || 5,525 || San Diego Stadium || 74–52 || Boxscore || 2 || −2½ || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 127 || August 29 || @ Giants || 0–5 || || Gentry (9–11) || || 13,843 || Candlestick Park || 74–53 || Boxscore || 2 || −4 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 128 || August 30 || @ Giants || 3–2(10)|| McGraw (7–2) || || || 14,436 || Candlestick Park || 75–53 || Boxscore || 2 || −4 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 129 || August 31 || @ Giants || 8–0 || Seaver (19–7) || || || N/A || Candlestick Park || 76–53 || Boxscore || 2 || −4½ || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 130 || August 31 || @ Giants || 2–3(11)|| || McGraw (7–3) || || 32,327 || Candlestick Park || 76–54 || Boxscore || 2 || −4½ || || ||
|-
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 131 || September 1 || @ Dodgers || 6–10 || || Koosman (12–9) || || 28,079 || Dodger Stadium || 76–55 || Boxscore || 2 || −5 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 132 || September 2 || @ Dodgers || 5–4 || Gentry (10–11) || || McGraw (10) || 25,676 || Dodger Stadium || 77–55 || Boxscore || 2 || −5 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 133 || September 3 || @ Dodgers || 4–5 || || DiLauro (1–4) || || 26,625 || Dodger Stadium || 77–56 || Boxscore || 2 || −5 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 134 || September 5 || Phillies || 5–1 || Seaver (20–7) || || || N/A || Shea Stadium || 78–56 || Boxscore || 2 || −4½ || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 135 || September 5 || Phillies || 2–4 || || McAndrew (6–6) || || 40,450 || Shea Stadium || 78–57 || Boxscore || 2 || −4½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 136 || September 6 || Phillies || 3–0 || Cardwell (6–9) || || McGraw (11) || 20,477 || Shea Stadium || 79–57 || Boxscore || 2 || −3½ || || WOR-TV || NBC
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 137 || September 7 || Phillies || 9–3 || Ryan (5–1) || || || 28,937 || Shea Stadium || 80–57 || Boxscore || 2 || −2½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 138 || September 8 || Cubs || 3–2 || Koosman (13–9) || || || 43,274 || Shea Stadium || 81–57 || Boxscore || 2 || −1½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 139 || September 9 || Cubs || 7–1 || Seaver (21–7) || Jenkins (19–13) || || 51,448 || Shea Stadium || 82–57 || Boxscore || 2 || -½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 140 || September 10 || Expos || 3–2(12)|| Taylor (8–4) || || || N/A || Shea Stadium || 83–57 || Boxscore || 1 || +1 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 141 || September 10 || Expos || 7–1 || Ryan (6–1) || || || 23,512 || Shea Stadium || 84–57 || Boxscore || 1 || +1 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 142 || September 11 || Expos || 4–0 || Gentry (11–11) || || || 10,713 || Shea Stadium || 85–57 || Boxscore || 1 || +2 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 143 || September 12 || @ Pirates || 1–0 || Koosman (14–9) || || || N/A || Forbes Field || 86–57 || Boxscore || 1 || +2½ || 6:05 PM EDT || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 144 || September 12 || @ Pirates || 1–0 || Cardwell (7–9) || || McGraw (12) || 19,303 || Forbes Field || 87–57 || Boxscore || 1 || +2½ || 8:49 PM EDT || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 145 || September 13 || @ Pirates || 5–2 || Seaver (22–7) || || || 10,440 || Forbes Field || 88–57 || Boxscore || 1 || +3½ || 4:15 PM EDT || WOR-TV || NBC
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 146 || September 14 || @ Pirates || 3–5 || || Ryan (6–2) || || 11,324 || Forbes Field || 88–58 || Boxscore || 1 || +3½ || 1:35 PM EDT || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 147 || September 15 || @ Cardinals || 4–3 || McGraw (8–3) || || || 13,086 || Busch Memorial Stadium || 89–58 || Boxscore || 1 || +4½ || 9:00 PM EDT || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bbb;"
| || September 16 || @ Cardinals || colspan=5|Postponed (rain); rescheduled for September 22 || Busch Memorial Stadium || || || || bgcolor="bbffbb" | +4 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 148 || September 17 || @ Expos || 5–0 || Koosman (15–9) || || || 10,422 || Jarry Park || 90–58 || Boxscore || 1 || +4 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 149 || September 18 || @ Expos || 2–0 || Seaver (23–7) || || || 13,280 || Jarry Park || 91–58 || Boxscore || 1 || +5 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 150 || September 19 || Pirates || 2–8 || || Ryan (6–3) || || N/A || Shea Stadium || 91–59 || Boxscore || 1 || +4 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 151 || September 19 || Pirates || 0–8 || || McAndrew (6–7) || || 51,885 || Shea Stadium || 91–60 || Boxscore || 1 || +4 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 152 || September 20 || Pirates || 0–4 || || Gentry (11–12) || || 38,784 || Shea Stadium || 91–61 || Boxscore || 1 || +4 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 153 || September 21 || Pirates || 5–3 || Koosman (16–9) || || || N/A || Shea Stadium || 92–61 || Boxscore || 1 || +4½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 154 || September 21 || Pirates || 6–1 || Cardwell (8–9) || || || 55,901 || Shea Stadium || 93–61 || Boxscore || 1 || +4½ || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 155 || September 22 || Cardinals || 3–1 || Seaver (24–7) || || || 23,267 || Shea Stadium || 94–61 || Boxscore || 1 || +5 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 156 || September 23 || Cardinals || 3–2(11)|| McGraw (9–3) || || || 32,364 || Shea Stadium || 95–61 || Boxscore || 1 || +6 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#007800;"
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 158 || September 26 || @ Phillies || 5–0 || Koosman (17–9) || || || 6,288 || Connie Mack Stadium || 97–61 || Boxscore || 1 || +7 || || WOR-TV ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 159 || September 27 || @ Phillies || 1–0 || Seaver (25–7) || || || 4,297 || Connie Mack Stadium || 98–61 || Boxscore || 1 || +8 || || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 160 || September 28 || @ Phillies || 2–0 || Gentry (13–12) || || Taylor (13) || 6,875 || Connie Mack Stadium || 99–61 || Boxscore || 1 || +8 || || ||
|-
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 161 || October 1 || @ Cubs || 6–5(12)|| Taylor (9–4) || || Johnson (1) || 10,136 || Wrigley Field || 100–61 || Boxscore || 1 || +9 || 2:30 PM EDT || ||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 162 || October 2 || @ Cubs || 3–5 || || Cardwell (8–10) || || 9,981 || Wrigley Field || 100–62 || Boxscore || 1 || +8 || 2:30 PM EDT || ||
|-
All times are EASTERN time
All games broadcast on WJRZ and METS RADIO NETWORK
Postseason
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 1 || October 4 || @ Braves || 9–5 || Seaver (1–0) || Niekro (0–1) || || 50,122 || Atlanta Stadium || Boxscore || 4:10 PM EDT || WOR-TV || NBC
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 2 || October 5 || @ Braves || 11–6 || Taylor (1–0) || Reed (0–1) || McGraw (1) || 50,270 || Atlanta Stadium || Boxscore || 4:10 PM EDT || WOR-TV || NBC
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 3 || October 6 || Braves || 7–4 || Ryan (1–0) || Jarvis (0–1) || || 54,195 || Shea Stadium || Boxscore || 1:10 PM EDT || WOR-TV || NBC
|-
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 1 || October 11 || @ Orioles || 1–4 || Cuellar (1–0) || Seaver (0–1) || || 50,429 || Memorial Stadium || Boxscore|| 1:00 PM EDT || WOR-TV || NBC || NBC
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 2 || October 12 || @ Orioles || 2–1 || Koosman (1–0) || McNally (0–1) || Taylor (1) || 50,850 || Memorial Stadium || Boxscore || 2:00 PM EDT || WOR-TV || NBC || NBC
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 3 || October 14 || Orioles || 5–0 || Gentry (1–0) || Palmer (0–1) || Ryan (1) || 56,335 || Shea Stadium || Boxscore || 1:00 PM EDT || WOR-TV || NBC || NBC
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 4 || October 15 || Orioles || 2–1 (10) || Seaver (1–1) || Hall (0–1) || || 57,367 || Shea Stadium || Boxscore || 1:00 PM EDT || WOR-TV || NBC || NBC
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"
| 5 || October 16 || Orioles || 5–3 || Koosman (2–0) || Watt (0–1) || || 57,397 || Shea Stadium || Boxscore || 1:00 PM EDT || WOR-TV || NBC || NBC
|-
All times are EASTERN time
1969 NLCS broadcast on WJRZ and METS RADIO NETWORK
Attendance
Roster
The final out
With two outs in the top of the ninth inning, starting pitcher Jerry Koosman faced Orioles second baseman Davey Johnson (who later managed the Mets to their second World Series championship in 1986). After taking a pitch of two balls and one strike, Johnson hit a fly-ball out to left field which was caught by Cleon Jones.
Hall of Fame members who played in the 1969 World Series
Two future Hall of Fame members were on that Mets' roster: pitcher Tom Seaver (who won twenty-five games en route to winning the Cy Young Award) and a young Nolan Ryan (playing in his third season). Seaver was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1992 and Ryan in 1999. Manager Gil Hodges was elected to the Hall in 2022.
The Baltimore Orioles boasted four future Hall of Famers on their roster: pitcher Jim Palmer, outfielder Frank Robinson, third baseman Brooks Robinson, and manager Earl Weaver.
Opening Day starters
Tommie Agee
Ken Boswell
Ed Charles
Rod Gaspar
Jerry Grote
Bud Harrelson
Cleon Jones
Ed Kranepool
Tom Seaver
Notable transactions
June 13, 1969: Al Jackson was purchased from the Mets by the Cincinnati Reds.
June 15, 1969: Kevin Collins, Steve Renko, Bill Carden (minors) and Dave Colon (minors) were traded by the Mets to the Montreal Expos for Donn Clendenon.
Player stats
Batting
Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
Pitching
Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
NLCS
Game 1
Saturday, October 4, 1969, at Atlanta Stadium in Atlanta
Game 2
Sunday, October 5, 1969, at Atlanta Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia
Game 3
Monday, October 6, 1969, at Shea Stadium in Queens, New York
World Series
Game 1
Saturday, October 11, 1969, at Memorial Stadium in Baltimore, Maryland
Game 2
Sunday, October 12, 1969, at Memorial Stadium in Baltimore, Maryland
Game 3
Tuesday, October 14, 1969, at Shea Stadium in Flushing, Queens, New York
Game 4
Wednesday, October 15, 1969, at Shea Stadium in Flushing, Queens, New York
Game 5
Thursday, October 16, 1969, at Shea Stadium in Flushing, Queens, New York
In popular culture
In the movie Oh, God!, God, as played by George Burns, explains to John Denver that "the last miracle I performed was the 1969 Mets."
Part of the movie Frequency is set in Queens, New York, in 1969, as firefighter and avid Mets fan Frank Sullivan (Dennis Quaid) and his family follow the "Amazin's" throughout the World Series.
In Moonlighting, Season 2, Episode 13, "In God We Strongly Suspect", when David is attempting to define the parameters of Maddie's skepticism and atheism by inviting her to provide logical explanations for various phenomena seemingly beyond man's understanding, he mentions the "'69 Mets" which she immediately dismisses as "a myth and a hoax".
In his song "Faith and Fear in Flushing Meadows", twee/folk artist Harry Breitner makes mention of Tom Seaver and Jerry Koosman.
In the TV sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond episode "Big Shots", Ray and Robert visit the Baseball Hall of Fame to meet members of the '69 Mets.
In the film Men in Black 3, set shortly before the Apollo 11 launch in July 1969, Griffin, an alien from the fifth dimension who can see the future, says the Mets' title is his favorite human history moment for "all the improbabilities that helped".
In the TV show Growing Pains, the family's name was the Seavers and their neighbors were the Koosmans.
In the TV Sitcom The Simpsons episode MoneyBart, Homer Simpson says the 1969 Mets will live on forever.
Awards and honors
Awards
40th Major League Baseball All-Star Game
Outfielders
Pitchers
Draft
Farm system
LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Memphis
Notes
External links
1969 New York Mets at Baseball Reference
1969 New York Mets at Baseball Almanac
1969 – New York Mets Win Their First World Series A report from K.C. Connors of WCBS Newsradio 880 (WCBS-AM New York) Part of WCBS 880's celebration of 40 years of newsradio
Never-Seen Pics of the Miracle Mets —slideshow by Life magazine
New York Mets season
National League champion seasons
National League East champion seasons
New York Mets seasons
World Series champion seasons
New York Mets
1960s in Queens | wiki |
Catholic Legion may refer to:
Current Organizations:
Legion of Mary, a group of Catholic laypeople
Legion of Christ, a group of Catholic priests
Defunct Organizations:
Catholic Benevolent Legion, a defunct Life Insurance provider
Catholic Legion of Decency, a defunct activist group | wiki |
Ova is the plural form of ovum, the female sex cell or gamete.
Ova or OVA may also refer to:
Places
Ova, Kaş, a village in the Antalya Province, Turkey
Ova, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
, Piedmontese name for Ovada, a in Piedmont, Italy
Organizations
Office for Veterans' Affairs, part of the UK Government
Open Virtualization Alliance, consortium promoting the use of free and open-source software
Science and technology
Ovalbumin (OVA), a protein found in egg whites
.ova, filename extension in Open Virtualization Format
Original video animation, anime films released directly to video
Other uses
-ova, a feminine surname suffix in Eastern Slavic naming customs | wiki |
Scrapbook under the Classic Mac OS was a small desk accessory (DA) which enabled users to store images, text and sound clippings. It was included in the original Macintosh system software in 1984 with the Macintosh 128K, and was included throughout every Mac OS revision until Mac OS 9.
Since early versions of Mac OS were not capable of multitasking—they could only run one application at a time—a specially-written DA such as Scrapbook was the only means of keeping content readily accessible to be pasted into documents.
Starting in Scrapbook version 7.5.2, Scrapbook could also store QuickDraw 3D-based 3D models. It came with two 3D models in this version; one of a palm tree and one of a pencil.
References
Graphical user interfaces | wiki |
Probiotics are live microorganisms promoted with claims that they provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the gut flora. Probiotics are considered generally safe to consume, but may cause bacteria-host interactions and unwanted side effects in rare cases. There is little evidence that probiotics bring the health benefits claimed for them.
Health effects
Diarrhea
As many prevention methods for diarrhea have adverse effects (e.g. intestinal intussusception in the usage of rotavirus vaccine), scientists are now turning to probiotics in hope of using it as a supplement to treat acute diarrhea. In a review that covered 34 masked, randomized, placebo-controlled trials related to diarrhea and probiotics, it was concluded that there was an overall reduction of 52% in antibiotic associated diarrhea, an 8% reduction in traveller’s diarrhea, and a 34% reduction in other types of acute diarrhea. These numbers reflect a protective effect against diarrhea in subjects including both adults and children. In terms of children (age < 18 years), seven out of the 12 trials conducted in a health care setting showed a reduction in acute diarrhea of 57%. There was no significant difference in the protective effect of strains, namely Saccharomyces boulardii, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus bulgaricus.
Probiotics were found to be effective in treating acute, infectious diarrhea in children when a review was completed in 2001, involving > 700 children aged from one to 48 months with acute diarrhea. A 2002 review showed that Lactobacillus reduced the average duration of acute diarrhea by 0.7 days and stool frequency by 1.6 on the second day of treatment. Dosage was most effective at more than ten billion colony-forming units of Lactobacillus during the first 48 hours of diarrhea. Moreover, there has been evidence showing that probiotics can prevent children and infants from gastroenteritis (also known as stomach flu), which may also cause diarrhea to occur.
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
This illness can generally be accounted for by Clostridium difficile, a bacterium that can sometimes cause severe diarrhea known as pseudomembranous colitis. In a review of six trials related to antibiotic-associated diarrhea in 766 children aged one month to six years, there was an overall reduction in AAD when children were fed probiotics. The reduction, when compared to placebo, was seen to be from 28.5% to 11.9%; in fact, when patients were fed probiotics along with their dose of antibiotics, one fewer patient would develop AAD out of every seven. Antibiotics fed to the children in the trials included amoxicillin, penicillin and erythromycin. Evidence suggests that S. boulardii is best at preventing AAD in children, Lactobacillus GG ranking second, and a mixture of S. thermophilus and B. lactis relatively ranking last. No conclusion can be made on how probiotics can reduce the risk of AAD from any specific types of antibiotic.
One of the proposed mechanisms of how probiotics protect from AAD is by regulating the composition of organisms in the intestines. Studies involving L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium suggest that these microbes inhibit the growth of facultative anaerobic bacteria, which tends to increase during antibiotic treatment. As a result, it is seen that probiotics can alter and prevent changes in the intestinal microflora caused by antibiotics.
Viral diarrhea
Viral diarrhea refers to the type of diarrhea that is caused by a rotavirus, a virus often impacting toddlers and infants. A meta-analysis of nine previously conducted studies (those studies were conducted in Canada, Thailand, and Finland) has shown that certain types of probiotics are also effective in treating viral diarrhea in hospital-admitted children. Subjects of those studies ranged from one to above 36 months old. The study results showed that the duration of the illness was shortened by 0.7 days on average when placing the children on Lactobacillus therapy.
Although it is still largely unknown as to how probiotics do this, two mechanisms have been currently proposed. The first mechanism suggests that Lactobacilli augment the development of intestinal mucins (glyosylated proteins), which consequently protect the body from intestinal infections.
Persistent diarrhea
A 2013 review suggested probiotics are effective in treating persistent diarrhea in children, though more research is needed. Persistent diarrhea is an episode that starts acutely but then lasts for 14 days or more; In developing countries it is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years old. The study showed average duration reduced by four days and shorter hospital stay; stool frequency was reduced on the fifth day.
Allergy
Probiotics are commonly given to breast-feeding mothers and their young children to prevent eczema, but some doubt exists over the strength of evidence supporting this practice.
Safety
"Documented correlations between systemic infections and probiotic consumption are few and all occurred in patients with underlying medical conditions." Rarely, consumption of probiotics may cause bacteremia, fungemia and sepsis in children with lowered immune systems who are already critically ill. There are no adverse effects from Lactobacillus ingestion.
References
External links
Probiotics for Kids: How are they useful?
FAQs on Probiotics for Children
Probiotics
Nutrition
Pediatrics
Preventive medicine | wiki |
An organizer box is a type of storage box featuring small compartments for sorting components like screws, nails, bolts, washers etc or for pills. The compartments can be separated by removable dividers.
Types of organizer boxes:
Screw boxes
Drawer storage cabinet
Pill organizers
See also
Toolbox
Containers | wiki |
Instinct (istinto in lingua francese e lingua inglese) può riferirsi a:
Cinema
Instinct - Istinto primordiale (Instinct) – film del 1999 diretto da Jon Turteltaub
Instinct – film del 2019 diretto da Halina Reijn
Musica
Instinct – gruppo musicale thailandese
Instinct – album di Iggy Pop del 1988
Instinct – singolo dei Crowded House del 1996, dall'album Recurring Dream
Instinct – album dei Victory del 2003
Instinct – album degli Ektomorf del 2005
Instinct – album degli As Blood Runs Black del 2011
Instinct Records – etichetta discografica statunitense
Televisione
Instinct – serie televisiva statunitense del 2018 | wiki |
Heroes Reborn may refer to:
Marvel Comics
"Heroes Reborn" (1996 comic), a 1996–97 crossover story arc among comic book series published by the American company Marvel Comics
"Heroes Reborn" (2021 comic), a 2021 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics
Marvel Heroes Reborn, a British comic book series which was a part of the Marvel UK's 'Collector's Edition' line
Television
Heroes Reborn (miniseries), an American television series with 13 episodes | wiki |
Antras (Ariège)
Antras (Gers) | wiki |
The House at Pluck's Gutter is a novel by Manning Coles, published in 1963, featuring the protagonist Thomas Elphinstone Hambledon.
The book was named after the old Ferry Cottage at Plucks Gutter.
Notes
1963 British novels
Novels set in Kent
Hodder & Stoughton books
British spy novels | wiki |
On 14 December 2021, the World Health Organization launched an investigation into an unknown disease that has resulted in at least 89 deaths in Fangak, Jonglei State, South Sudan. Symptoms of the disease were said to be cough, diarrhea, fever, headache, chest pain, joint pain, loss of appetite, and body weakness. As of the last report of the disease, in late December, 2021, 97 people had died of the disease.
History
In early December, 2021, South Sudan's ministry of health reported dozens of deaths due to an unidentified illness. The reports came amidst severe flooding in the region and prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to send rapid response team to collect samples of the disease. Initial samples tested negative for cholera.
References
2021 in South Sudan
Disease outbreaks
2021 disease outbreaks
Disease outbreaks in South Sudan
Health disasters in South Sudan
Health in South Sudan | wiki |
The following is a representative list of games classified in the survival genre.
List
References
Survival games
Survival games | wiki |
The perforating branches of the internal thoracic artery pierce through the internal intercostal muscles of the superior six intercostal spaces. These small arteries run with the anterior cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves.
The perforating arteries constitute part of the blood supply to the pectoralis major and the overlying tissue and skin. The second, third and fourth perforating branches give off medial mammary branches, which become enlarged during lactation.
References
Chung, Kyung Wong, Ph.D. Board Review Series: Gross Anatomy, 3rd ed. 114-115. Williams and Wilkins: 1995.
Lockhart, R.D., et al. "Anatomy of the Human Body." Faber and Faber. 1972.
Arteries of the thorax | wiki |
Sibelius may refer to:
Jean Sibelius (1865–1957), Finnish composer of classical music, or his namesakes:
Sibelius Academy, a music university in Finland
Sibelius (film), a 2003 film about the composer
Sibelius Hall, a concert hall
Sibelius (scorewriter), a scorewriter program developed by Sibelius Software Limited, now part of Avid
Sibelius monument, a monument to the composer
Sibelius (train), a train that operated between Helsinki and St. Petersburg on the Riihimäki–Saint Petersburg Railway
1405 Sibelius, an asteroid
See also
Sebelius, a list of people with the surname
Sabellius, third-century theologian
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, a landmark United States Supreme Court decision over Healthcare | wiki |
{{Infobox Identity document
|document_name = Indian Passport
|image = Indian Passport.svg
|image_caption = The front cover of a new Indian passport (2021).
| date_first_issued = 1920 (first version) 2021 (latest version Biometric Machine Readable Passport)
2023 (tentative; e-Passport)
|using_jurisdiction = Ministry of External Affairs
|valid_jurisdictions = All countries
|document_type = Passport
|purpose = Identification
|eligibility = Indian citizenship
|expiration = 10 years (Adult) 5 or 10 years (age 15 to 18) 5 years (Minor)
|cost =Adult (36 pages): ₹1,500Adult (60 pages): ₹2,000Minor (36 pages): ₹1,000
Note: If the application for a new passport is made under the Tatkaal (expedited processing), the additional Tatkaal fee of ₹2,000 is to be paid in addition to the regular application fee.
}}
An Indian passport is a passport issued by the Ministry of External Affairs of the Republic of India to Indian citizens for the purpose of international travel. It enables the bearer to travel internationally and serves as proof of Indian citizenship as per the Passports Act (1967). The Passport Seva (Passport Service) unit of the Consular, Passport & Visa (CPV) Division of the Ministry of External Affairs functions as the issuing authority and is responsible for issuing Indian passports on application to all eligible Indian citizens. Indian passports are issued at 93 passport offices located across India and at 197 Indian diplomatic missions abroad.
In 2015, India issued about 12 million passports, ranking third only after China and the United States of America. Approximately 65 million Indians held valid passports .
As of 12 December 2022, only 7.2 percent (approximately 96 million) of Indian citizens possessed a valid passport, with Kerala having the highest number of passport holders of all Indian states. Previously, passports were not popular among the masses due to a time consuming and complicated process and limited access to the passport facilitation centres located only in major cities. With the expansion of centres and technological improvements, accompanied by increased outsourcing of professionals and an expanding middle-class, the percentage is expected to go up.
History
British Raj
British Indian passports were issued to British subjects of the British Indian Empire, as well as to British subjects from other parts of the British Empire, and subjects of the British protected states in India (i.e. British protected persons of the 'princely states'). These passports were introduced in British India after the First World War. The Indian Passport Act of 1920 required the use of passports, established controls on the foreign travel of Indians, and foreigners travelling to and within India. The passport was based on the format agreed upon by the 1920 League of Nations International Conference on Passports. However, the British Indian passport had very limited usage, being valid for travel only within the British Empire, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, France, Spain, Norway, Sweden and Holland.
Dominion of India
The use of the passport was discontinued after the establishment of the dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947, and its bearers were entitled to opt for Indian, Pakistani or British nationality.
Passport laws were made strict in both the countries in 1952. Initially, Indian passports were granted only to "respectable" people. A literacy test was required, and passports were denied to Communist Party of India members. Only in 1967 did the Supreme Court rule that every citizen had the right to a passport.
Types of passport
Ordinary Passport (Dark Blue cover) is issued to ordinary citizens for private travel, such as for vacation, study and business trips (36 or 60 pages). It is a "Type P" passport, where P stands for Personal.
Official Passport (White cover) is issued to individuals representing the Government of India on official business, including members of the Indian Armed Forces stationed abroad. It is a "Type S" passport, S stands for Service. Since 2021, all Official Passports issued have been ePassports, with a data chip embedded into the document.
Diplomatic Passport (Maroon cover) is issued to Indian diplomats, Members of Parliament, members of the Union Council of Ministers, certain high-ranking government officials and diplomatic couriers, as well as their dependants. Upon request, it may also be issued to high-ranking state-level officials travelling on official business. It is a "Type D" passport, with D standing for Diplomatic. Since 2008, all Diplomatic Passports have been ePassports, with a data chip embedded into the document. Many visa requirements normally applied to Indian citizens are waived for Diplomatic Passport holders.
In addition, selected passport offices in India as well as overseas missions were authorised to issue regular India-Bangladesh Passport to Indian nationals resident in West Bengal and the North-Eastern States, India-Sri Lanka Passport to Indian nationals resident in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry and the India-Pakistan Passport to Indian nationals whose ancestral homes lay on the other side of the Radcliffe Line. These three passports respectively permitted travel to Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Pakistan only and were not valid for travel to other foreign countries. Both India and Bangladesh stopped issuing the Indo-Bangladesh Passport in 2013 due to changes in ICAO regulations.
Tatkaal and SVPTatkaal Passports (for urgent needs), and Short Validity Passport (SVP) are also available and these are likely considered Ordinary Passports'' once issued.
e-Passports
The need for e-Passports (or Biometric passport) in India was realised in the late 2010s. Till early 2022, the government issued 20,000 official and diplomatic e-passports, but not to ordinary citizens of India. The government had issued the first e-passport to former President of India, Pratibha Patil in 2008.
The Union government officially announced to roll out e-passports on the lines of international standards for Indian citizens in the 2022-23 fiscal year. The Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced the same during the Union Budget 2022 address to the Loksabha. ICAO compliant passports with embedded electronic chip and digital inlays have been aimed for speedy immigration checks and high security. For the roll out of e-Passports, the Ministry of External Affairs entered into a contract with the Tata Consultancy Services. This has been officially termed as Passport Seva Programme V2.0.
Physical appearance
Early passports dating back to the British Empire were handwritten; in addition, more than a hundred thousand handwritten passports were issued between 1997 and 2000 with 20-year validity dates. These passports have been ruled invalid by the Indian government and holders must replace them with machine-readable versions with validity for 10 years due to ICAO regulations.
Versions prior to 2021 had deep bluish cover with golden coloured printing. The Emblem of India emblazoned in the center of the front cover. The words भारत गणराज्य in Devanagari and REPUBLIC OF INDIA were inscribed below the Emblem whereas पासपोर्ट in Devanagari and PASSPORT in English were inscribed above the emblem.
The latest version of 2021 has the official name of the country and "Passport" engravings' positions changed mutually. The passport has the passport number perforated. The pages have been re-designed.
The standard passport contains 36 pages, but frequent travellers can opt for a passport containing 60 pages.
Identity Information Page
The Bio data page contains the following information:
Type: P- Stands for "Personal", if it's a Diplomatic or Service passport then it listed as "D" or "S"
Code: (listed as IND for "India")
Nationality: Indian
Passport number
Surname
Given name(s)
Date of birth
Sex
Place of birth
Place of issue
Date of issue
Date of expiry
Photo of passport holder
Ghost picture of the passport holder (only passports issued since 2013)
Signature of the passport holder
The information page ends with the Machine Readable Passport Zone (MRZ).
The Demographics page at the end of the passport book contains the following information:
Name of father or legal guardian
Name of mother
Name of spouse
Address
Old passport no. with date and place of issue
File number
Passport note
All passports contain a note in Hindi and English, nominally from the President of India, addressing the authorities of all countries and territories:
The note bearing page is typically stamped and signed by the issuing authority in the name of the President of the Republic of India.
Languages
The text of Indian Passport is printed in Hindi and English, two of the twenty two scheduled official languages (as per Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India) at the Union level.
Emigration check
Holders of Emigration Check Required (ECR) type passports need a clearance called an Emigration Check from the Government of India's Protector of Emigrants when going to selected countries on a work visa. This is to prevent the exploitation of Indian workers (especially the unskilled and less-educated) when going abroad, particularly to Middle Eastern countries. ECR type passport holders travelling on a tourist visa do not need a clearance; this is known as an Emigration Check Suspension.
Emigration Check Not Required (ECNR) status passports are granted to:
Indian nationals born abroad;
Indian nationals holding at least a matriculation certificate;
All holders of diplomatic or official passports.
All gazetted government servants;
All income-tax payers (including agricultural income-tax payers) in their individual capacity;
All graduate and professional degree holders (such as architects, doctors, engineers, chartered accountants, scientists, lawyers, etc.);
Spouses and dependent children of category of certain holders of ECNR passports;
Seamen in possession of a continuous discharge certificate;
Sea Cadets and Deck Cadets who have:
Passed their final examination on a three-year BSc Nautical Sciences Course at TS Chanakya, Mumbai; and
Undergone three months' pre-sea training at any of the government-approved training institutes such as TS Chanakya, TS Jawahar, TS Rehman, Maritime Training Institute (SCI), or National Institute of Personnel Management, Chennai, after production of identity cards issued by the Shipping Master at Mumbai, Kolkata, or Chennai;
Persons holding a Permanent Immigration Visa, such as visas issued by the UK, USA, or Australia;
Persons possessing a two years' diploma from any institute recognized by the National Council for Vocational Training (NCVT) or the State Council of Vocational Training (SCVT), or persons holding a three years' diploma or equivalent degree from an institution such as a polytechnic recognized by the union or a state government;
Nurses possessing qualifications recognised under the Indian Nursing Council Act, 1947;
All persons above the age of 50 years;
All persons who have been staying abroad for more than three years (whether in one continuous period or in aggregate), as well as their spouses;
All children up to the age of 18 years.
In accordance with a ruling by the Ministry of External Affairs, passports issued from 2007 onwards do not have the ECNR stamp affixed; instead, a blank page 2 of the passport is deemed to have been ECNR endorsed. As a result, only ECR stamps are now affixed to Indian passports. For passports issued before January 2007, no notation in the passport means ECR. For passports issued in or after January 2007, no notation in the passport means ECNR. If Emigration Check is Required, there will be an endorsement in the passport regarding ECR.
Features
Since 25 November 2015, Indian passports that are handwritten or with an original date of expiry extending to 20 years have not been valid under ICAO travel regulations. With more recent Indian passports the personal particulars of the passport holder, that were hitherto printed on the inner cover page, are printed on the second page of the document. Another added security feature in the newer non-handwritten passports is a ghost picture of the holder found on the right side of the second page. Apart from stymieing criminals from printing fake passports, recent changes also help prevent smudging of the document because of inkjet printers.
Fees
The price for a standard passport in India:
1500 – Fresh issuance or reissue of passport (36 pages, standard size) with 10-year validity.
2000 – Fresh issuance or reissue of passport (60 pages, 'jumbo' size) with 10-year validity.
3500 – First time applicant or renewal with expedited ('tatkaal') service (36 pages) with 10-year validity.
4000 – First time applicant or renewal with expedited ('tatkaal') service (60 pages) with 10-year validity.
1000 – Fresh passport issuance for minors (below 18 years of Age) with 5-year validity or till the minor attains the age of 18, whichever is earlier.
3000 – Duplicate passport (36 pages) in lieu of lost, damaged or stolen passport.
3500 – Duplicate passport (60 pages) in lieu of lost, damaged or stolen passport.
Indian passports can also be issued outside India, for which fees varies by country.
Issuance
Passport Seva Kendra
In September 2007, the Indian Union Council of Ministers approved a new passport issuance system under the Passport Seva Project. As per the project, front-end activities of passport issuance, dispatch of passports, online linking with police, and Central Printing Unit for centralised printing of passports will be put in place. The new system is trying to be 'timely, transparent, more accessible and reliable manner' for passport issuance. The applicant has to apply for fresh/reissue of passport through the Passport Seva system at one of the 77 Passport offices known as "Passport Seva Kendra"s operating throughout the country.
Biometric passport
India initiated the first phase of biometric e-passport for Diplomatic passport holders in India and abroad. The new passports have been designed locally by the Central Passport Organisation, the India Security Press and IIT Kanpur. It contains a security chip with all personal data and digital images. In the first phase new passports will have a 64KB chip carrying a photograph of the passport holder and in subsequent phases it will have a fingerprint. The new passport has already been tested with passport readers in the United States and has 4-second response time, while the US Passport has 10-second response time. It need not be carried in a metal jacket for security reasons. It will first need to be skimmed through a reader, after which it would generate an access code which then unlocks the chip for reader access.
In India, the e-passport is under its first phase of deployment and is restricted to Diplomatic passport holders. On 25 June 2008 the Indian Passport Authority issued the e-passport to the then President of India Pratibha Patil. As of 2016, the Government has plans to issue e-passports to all of its citizens. Also the Government has authorized Indian Security Press to float a global three-stage tender for procurement of ICAO-compliant electronic contactless inlays along with its operating system, which is required for the manufacture of Biometric Passports. The necessary procurement have been initiated by India Security Press, Nasik by calling for Global tender for the supply of electronic contactless inlays. The actual transition to the new age passport is expected to commence on the successful completion of the tendering and procurement process. The Biometric E-Passport work is currently in progress/pipeline and is yet to be available for Ordinary Passport holders.
During the 2022 Union budget of India speech, Finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced that e-Passports with embedded chip and futuristic technology will be rolled out in 2022-23. It contains microchips that would have important security data stored in them, which enhances the convenience of citizens in their overseas travel. The Ministry of External Affairs has stated that the digital passport will allow greater security for personal data as well as smoother immigration process.
Passport power and visa requirements
Visa requirements for Indian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of India.
Passport Power Ranking and visa-free travel
, Henley Passport Index ranks Indian passport at 84th place out of 110 with visa-free or visa on arrival access to 60 nations and territories to Indian citizens. , The Passport Index ranks Indian passport at 72nd place out of 96 on global ranking with 70th mobility ranking (based on visa-free or visa on arrival access to nations or territories). Minister of State for External Affairs V. Muraleedharan in his reply to an unstarred question in Rajya Sabha in November 2019 stated that the rank of the Indian passport on the Henley Passport Index is expected to improve.
Furthermore, Indian citizens may live and work freely in Nepal under the terms of the 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship.
Foreign travel statistics
According to the statistics these are the numbers of Indian visitors to various countries in 2017 (unless otherwise noted)
Gallery of historic images
See also
Visa requirements for Indian citizens
Visa policy of India
Indian nationality law
Overseas Citizenship of India
The Passports Act
References
External links
Passports by country
Indian nationality law
Identity documents of India | wiki |
Locatable Address Conversion System (LACS) is a service offered by the United States Postal Service to update mailing addresses when a street is renamed or the address is updated for 911. In the case of 911, the address is changed from a rural route format to an urban/city route format. E.G. RR 2 BOX 8, SOME CITY, TX would become 2601 BELMONT DR, SOME CITY, TX.
A check of address using LACS is typically not performed by the USPS, but by 3rd parties who license the LACS data from the USPS. A licensee will create or purchase software to perform the LACS check and receive monthly or bi-monthly updates of LACS data from the USPS.
United States Postal Service
Postal addresses in the United States | wiki |
A symblepharon is a partial or complete adhesion of the palpebral conjunctiva of the eyelid to the bulbar conjunctiva of the eyeball. It results either from disease (conjunctival sequelae of trachoma) or trauma. Cicatricial pemphigoid and, in severe cases, rosacea may cause symblepharon. It is rarely congenital. Its treatment is symblepharectomy.
See also
Ankyloblepharon
References
Further reading
Disorders of conjunctiva | wiki |
The saturation vapor density (SVD) is the maximum density of water vapor in air at a given temperature. The concept is related to saturation vapor pressure (SVP). It can be used to calculate exact quantity of water vapor in the air from a relative humidity (RH = % local air humidity measured / local total air humidity possible ) Given an RH percentage, the density of water in the air is given by . Alternatively, RH can be found by . As relative humidity is a dimensionless quantity (often expressed in terms of a percentage), vapor density can be stated in units of grams or kilograms per cubic meter.
For low temperatures (below approximately 400 K), SVD can be approximated from the SVP by the ideal gas law: where is the SVP, is the volume, is the number of moles, is the gas constant and is the temperature in kelvins. The number of moles is related to density by , where is the mass of water present and is the molar mass of water (18.01528 grams/mole). Thus, setting to 1 cubic meter, we get = = density.
The values shown at hyperphysics-sources indicate that the saturated vapor density is 4.85 g/m3 at 273 K, at which the saturated vapor pressure is 4.58 mm of Hg or 610.616447 Pa (760 mm of Hg ≈ 1 atm = 1.01325 * 105 Pa).
Therefore, for particular mole number and volume the saturated vapor pressure will not change if the temperature remains constant.
References
Atmospheric thermodynamics
Thermodynamic properties | wiki |
Drei è un film del 2010 diretto da Tom Tykwer.
Trama
Collegamenti esterni
Film drammatici
Film che trattano il tema della bisessualità
Film diretti da Tom Tykwer | wiki |
A coin set, or mint set, is a collection of Uncirculated or Proof coins, released by a mint. Such sets are usually released annually and often called a year set. They include sets of all the circulating coins of that year, as well as sets of commemorative coins.
The Royal Mint, Royal Australian Mint, Royal Canadian Mint, United States Mint and others mints all release sets of proof and uncirculated coins each year.
Sometimes the coins for annual sets are struck in a special way. For example, the Danmarks Nationalbank issues a coin set each year with coins that are "much more clearly embossed than the ordinary coins in circulation."
Early coin sets were issued in paper of cardboard folders which often led to toning, due to the sulphur content of the card.
See also
Coins distributed as sets, organized by countries
United States Mint coin sets
References
Coins | wiki |
This is a list of the longest High School boys' basketball winning streaks, regardless of division, by state.
References
Basketball-related lists | wiki |
Ephraim ben Samson (Hebrew: אפרים בן שמשון) was a 12th-century French tosafist and biblical expounder.
Ephraim authored Perush al ha-Torah and was a follower of Eleazar of Worms.
References
12th-century French rabbis
Tosafists | wiki |
Will there be a time is een nummer van de Volendamse band BZN uit 2002. Het was de enige single van het album Tequila Sunset.
De tekst van het lied gaat over bedreigde walvissen en kwam tot stand in samenwerking met het Wereld Natuur Fonds. De opbrengsten van de single kwamen ten goede aan het behoud van de walvissen in de Golf van Californië.
De single kwam niet voor in de Nederlandse Top 40 en haalde ook de tipparade niet. In de Single Top 100 stond Will there be a time vijf weken genoteerd en werd de 39ste plaats behaald.
Nummer van BZN
Single uit 2002 | wiki |
GNU Compiler Collection – zestaw kompilatorów projektu GNU,
Gulf Cooperation Council – Rada Współpracy Zatoki Perskiej, | wiki |
In agriculture, a living mulch is a cover crop interplanted or undersown with a main crop, and intended to serve the purposes of a mulch, such as weed suppression and regulation of soil temperature. Living mulches grow for a long time with the main crops, whereas cover crops are incorporated into the soil or killed with herbicides.
Other benefits of mulches are slowing the growth of weeds, and protecting soil from water and wind erosion. Some living mulches were found to increase populations of the natural enemies of crop pests. Legumes used as living mulches also provide nitrogen fixation, reducing the need for fertilizer.
Benefits
When cover crops are turned over into the soil, they contribute nutrients to the main crop so that less chemical fertilizer is required. The amount of the contribution depends on the biomass, which varies over time and depends on rainfall and other factors. The greater the biomass, the greater the nutrient turnover of land. Legume cover crops turn over nitrogen fixed from the atmosphere. Reports indicate that legumes in general have higher foliar nitrogen contents, from 20 to 45 mg g-1.
Bare soil resulting from intensive tillage can lead to soil erosion, nutrient losses, and offsite movement of pesticides. In addition, weeds can germinate and grow without competition. Living mulches can reduce water runoff and erosion, and protect waterways from pollution. Living mulches have also been shown to increase the population of organisms which are natural enemies of some crop pests.
Living mulches control weeds in two ways. When they are seeded before weed establishment, they suppress weeds by competition. In some situations, the allelopathic properties of living mulches can be used to control weeds. For example, the allelopathic properties of winter rye (Secale cereale), ryegrasses (Lolium spp), and subterrain clover (Trifolium subterraneum) can be used to control weeds in sweet corn (Zea mays var "rugosa") and snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).
Populations of ground-dwelling predators were greater in a corn and soybean rotation with alfalfa and kura clover living mulches than without a living mulch. This situation was due in part to a change in the composition of vegetation in the agricultural system.
Drawbacks
Unfortunately, living mulches compete for nutrients and water with the main crop, and this can reduce yields. For example, Elkins et al. (1983) examined the use of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis), and orchargrass (Dactylis glomerata) as living mulches. They found that herbicides killed 50% to 70% of the mulches but corn yield was reduced 5% to 10% at the end of the harvest.
Although leguminous cover crops have large biomass production and turnover, they are not likely to increase soil organic matter. This is because legumes used as living mulches have greater N contents and a low C to N ratio. So when legume residue decomposes, soil microbes have sufficient N available to enhance their breakdown of organic materials in the soil.
Types
In the tropics, it is common to seed tree crops with living mulches such as legume covers in oil palm plantations, coconut and rubber.
In Mexico, legumes used traditionally as living mulches were tested as nematode and weed suppressors. The mulches included velvetbean (Mucuna pruriens) jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis), jumbiebean (Leucaena leucocephala) and wild tamarindo (Lysiloma latisiliquum). Aqueous extract of Velvetbean reduced the gall index of Meloidogyne incognita in the roots of tomato, but suppressed tomato rooting as well. In addition, Velvetbean suppressed the radical growth of the local weeds Alegria (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) by 66% and Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) by 26.5%.
Nicholson and Wien (1983) suggested the use of short turfgrasses and clovers as living mulches to improve the resistance soil compaction. These authors established Smooth Meadow-grass (Poa pratensis) and white clover (Trifolium repens) as living mulches since they did not cause reduction of yield corn (the accompanying main crop).
In one study, chewing fescue or red fescue (Festuca rubra) and ladino clover (Trifolium repens) were effective living mulches for controlling weed growth. Unfortunately, these cover crops also competed with corn for water which was particularly problematic during a dry period. The possibility of using ladino clover (Trifolium repens) as a potential living mulch was also mentioned; however, this clover was difficult to kill with herbicides in winter.
Management
Because they compete with the main crop, living mulches may eventually need to be mechanically or chemically killed.
It is important to judiciously select the appropriate herbicide rate for burning down a living mulch. In 1989, Echtenkamp and Moomaw found that herbicide rates were inadequate to suppress all the living mulches. Therefore, the mulches competed with the main crop for resources. In some cases, the clover could not be killed at the first herbicide application, so a second application was needed. For another treatment, rates that were so high that they caused the cover crop to be killed too rapidly, so that broadleaf weeds invaded the corn. This study suggested that the timing and dosage of herbicide should be carefully considered.
Living mulches were tested in a no-till corn-production systems with two methods for establishing grass and legume living mulches (grass and legume) between corn rows. In 1985, there was no difference between drilling and broadcasting seeds by hand in that study. However in 1986, drilling resulted in higher populations (97 plants m-2) than broadcasting (64 plants m-2), likely because of precipitation levels. Precipitation should be considered because farmers have no control over it.
Beard (1973) recommended chewing fescue (red fescue) (Festuca rubra var "commutata" var "shadow FESRU") as a good living mulch because it adapts to the shady conditions under corn and soybean. This grass is also well adapted to dry and poor soils.
Plant nutrition
Legume cover crops have important positive effects on the nutrient cycling of tree crops. Leguminous living mulches work in three ways:
Fixing the atmospheric N2 that is important for the main crop,
Recycling soil nutrients, and
Enhancing soil nutrient availability for the main crop.
Lehmann et al. (2000) measured the above ground biomass accumulation of Pueraria phaseoloides, which is a living mulch used in tropical tree crops. They found that Pueraria accumulated 8.8 metric ton of dm (dry matter) ha-1 as compared with 4.4 t dm ha−1 for Theobroma grandiflorum, and 1.4 t dm ha-1 for Bactris gasipaes. These latter two species are native cultivated species from the Amazon.
Control of erosion
Vegetative cover as living mulches protect soil against wind and water erosion. Plants should form a mantle or thick mulch that protect soil from detachment. Living mulches intercept raindrops and reduce runoff. The protection that such vegetation provides against wind is influenced mainly by the amount of biomass that covers the ground (differs with each spp), plant geometry and row orientation.
In one experiment, water runoff and soil loss on a 14% slope was compared for rototilled (RT), no-till with corn stover mulch (NT-CSM), no-till in CSM+ birdsfoot trefoil living mulch (NT-BFT) and no till in CSM and crownvetch living mulch (NT-CV). The results indicated that the water runoff was 6,350 L ha-1 for NT-BFT, 6,350 L ha-1 NT-CSM, 5,925 L ha-1 for NT-CV, and 145,000 L ha-1 for RT. The soil loss for the RT was 14.22 t ha-1 while with the other treatments it was less than 0.5 tons ha-1. The least soil loss was obtained with NT-CV 0.02 tons ha-1. The reduction of water runoff and erosion is one of the greatest advantages of having a cover crop. Soil can be easily eroded with no vegetative ground cover or plant residue. Ideally soil erosion should be less than 4 to 5 tons/ha/year.
See also
Mulch
Plastic mulch
References
External links
Neutral articles
Living Mulch by Dr. Mary Peet, NCSU
Positive articles
Alfalfa living mulch advances biological control of soybean aphid
Why I Chose White Clover as a Living Mulch
Living Mulch System Improves Soil Health and Pest Management
Living Mulch Management - Balancing Crop & Cover - Article and many videos about applying on a farm or garden scale
Negative articles
Cucumber Production reduced yields
Videos
Living Mulch Sustainable Farming
Living Mulch Part 1 and Living Mulch Part 2
Agriculture | wiki |
Les dômes de Gerd (désignation internationale : Gerd Tholi) sont un ensemble de dômes situé sur Vénus dans le quadrangle de Godiva. Il a été nommé en référence à Gerd, jeune fille du ciel dans la mythologie scandinave.
Notes et références
Articles connexes
Liste des caractéristiques géologiques de Vénus
Quadrangle de Godiva
Géographie de la planète Vénus
Tholus sur Vénus
Quadrangle de Godiva | wiki |
Melvin – wieś w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Illinois, w hrabstwie Ford.
Wsie w stanie Illinois | wiki |
Dorothy Healy may refer to:
Dorothy Healy (baseball), All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player
Dorothy M. Healy (1914–1990), professor at Westbrook College and curator of the Maine Women Writers Collection
Dorothy Ray Healey (1914–2006), Communist Party USA activist | wiki |
Back Street Soccer is a Korean street soccer arcade game released by SunA Electronics in 1996. In spite of the different sport, it is similar in style and concept to Street Slam by Data East.
Gameplay
The player can select one from fourteen available national teams, with a game session spanning eight rounds of play.
The following teams are selectable:
External links
Back Street Soccer at Arcade History
Back Street Soccer at GameFAQs
1996 video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Association football video games
North America-exclusive video games
Video games developed in South Korea | wiki |
Zacapa Airport is an airport serving the city of Zacapa, the capital municipality of Zacapa Department in Guatemala. The airport is on the southwest side of the city, alongside the Río Grande de Zacapa.
There is high terrain directly south of the airport.
See also
Transport in Guatemala
List of airports in Guatemala
References
Google Earth
External links
Our Airports - Zacapa
OpenStreetMap - Zacapa
FallingRain - Zacapa
Airports in Guatemala | wiki |
Glazba
Faceless (album), američkog hard rock sastava Godsmack
The Faceless, glazbena skupina iz Kalifornije
Filmovi
Faceless (1988.), film redatelja Jessa Franca iz 1988.
Faceless (2006.), film redatelja Joa Carnahana iz 2006.
Faceless (2007.), film redateljice Manu Luksch iz 2007. | wiki |
In molding, an undercut is an indentation or protrusion in a shape that will prevent its withdrawal from a one-piece mold.
Undercuts on molded parts are features that prevent the part from being directly ejected from an injection molding machine. They are categorized into internal and external undercuts, where external undercuts are on the exterior of the part and interior undercuts are on the inside of the part. Undercuts can still be molded, but require a side action or side pull. This is an extra part of the mold that moves separately from the two halves. These can increase the cost of the molded part due to an added 15 to 30% cost of the mold itself and added complexity of the molding machine.
If the size of the undercut is small enough and the material is flexible enough a side action is not always required. In these cases the undercut is stripped or snapped out of the mold. When this is done usually a stripping plate or ring is used instead of ejector pins so that the part is not damaged. This technique can be used on internal and external undercuts.
References
Bibliography
.
.
Forming processes | wiki |
Glyoxysomes are specialized peroxisomes found in plants (particularly in the fat storage tissues of germinating seeds) and also in filamentous fungi. Seeds that contain fats and oils include corn, soybean, sunflower, peanut and pumpkin. As in all peroxisomes, in glyoxysomes the fatty acids are oxidized to acetyl-CoA by peroxisomal β-oxidation enzymes. When the fatty acids are oxidized hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is produced as oxygen (O2) is consumed. Thus the seeds need oxygen to germinate. Besides peroxisomal functions, glyoxysomes possess additionally the key enzymes of glyoxylate cycle (isocitrate lyase and malate synthase) which accomplish the glyoxylate cycle bypass.
Thus, glyoxysomes (as all peroxisomes) contain enzymes that initiate the breakdown of fatty acids and additionally possess the enzymes to produce intermediate products for the synthesis of sugars by gluconeogenesis. The seedling uses these sugars synthesized from fats until it is mature enough to produce them by photosynthesis.
Plant peroxisomes also participate in photorespiration and nitrogen metabolism in root nodules.
References
External links
Sengbusch, Peter V. (2003) Botany online: Peroxysomes and Glyoxysomes
UniProt Knowledgebase keyword: Glyoxysome
Organelles | wiki |
Visual technology is the engineering discipline dealing with visual representation.
Types
Visual technology includes photography, printing, augmented reality, virtual reality and video.
See also
Audiovisual
Audiovisual education
Information and communications technology
Medical imaging
Multimedia
Technology
Visual arts
Visual culture
Visual perception
Visual sociology
References
Works cited
Multimedia
Visual perception | wiki |
The pipasso is a type of bagpipe found in northern France and Belgium. It is commonly called the "Picardy bagpipe". In the Belgian province of Hainaut, it is also known as the muchosa.
History
The pipasso was traditionally played by shepherds in festival processions, and was often played alongside popular instruments such as the hurdy-gurdy and the fiddle. However, by the 1700s, it had largely been replaced by the fiddle and by bass instruments.
There are a few outliers in the tradition that continued on beyond the 1700s. Unfortunately, no recordings of the last living players (whom were mostly shepherds and beggars living in the 1900s) exist, and scarce information survives about the typical repertoire a pipasso player would have been able to perform. The historical models that have been preserved have a one-octave range.
Construction
According to the eighth volume of the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, illustrations dating back to the 1300s and 1400s suggest that the instrument consisted of a simplistic bag made from a bladder, as well as a single-piece, often conical, chanter. These illustrations did not include a drone. By the 1450s - 1550s, the most common model of the pipasso was made from a sewn bag, a one-piece conical chanter, and also included a two-jointed bass drone (see bagpipes for technical definition of drones as they pertain to musical instruments).
In the second half of the 16th century, another German model came into existence. In this particular model, a second drone (tenor) was added below the bass drone. The single surviving model is currently held in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, Austria.
By the 1700s - 1800s, despite the beginnings of its ultimate decline and near disappearance, yet another model with a slightly different configuration had been created. The bass drone rested upright on the shoulder, while the tenor drone would have been in a parallel formation in the same stock (the socket that attaches the pipe to the bag itself - see: bagpipes) as the chanter. There are currently three extant samples of this model in the Musical Instrument Museum in Brussels, Belgium.
Modern usage
Though documentation of the instrument dates back as far as the fourteenth century, today very little information about the pipasso circulates among the public and the academic realm of music studies. However, several groups are working to make the instrument visible and known to the general public, including Amuséon and ch'Pipasso Greench Binde. A revival movement for the instrument began in the 1970s and continues today.
There is an annual Pipasso festival (Le Festival du Pipasso) that is held in Flixecourt, Northern France. The 13th edition will take place from 27 September to 29 September 2019.
See also
Bagpipes
Hurdy-gurdy
Muchosa
References
External links
www.Pipasso.fr
Amuseon.fr
Cor-Wynn.com
Bagpipes
French musical instruments
Belgian musical instruments
Culture of Picardy | wiki |
Afternoon prayer may refer to:
Asr, the daily Islamic prayer offered in the late afternoon
Dhuhr, the daily Islamic afternoon prayer (offered earlier than Asr)
Mincha, the daily Jewish afternoon prayer
Tzidkatcha, the weekly Jewish afternoon prayer (recited on Shabbat)
None (liturgy), the daily Christian afternoon prayer | wiki |
Feng shui ( ), sometimes called Chinese geomancy, is an ancient Chinese traditional practice which claims to use energy forces to harmonize individuals with their surrounding environment. The term feng shui means, literally, "wind-water" (i.e. fluid). From ancient times, landscapes and bodies of water were thought to direct the flow of the universal Qi – "cosmic current" or energy – through places and structures. More broadly, feng shui includes astronomical, astrological, architectural, cosmological, geographical and topographical dimensions.
Historically, as well as in many parts of the contemporary Chinese world, feng shui was used to orient buildings and spiritually significant structures such as tombs, as well as dwellings and other structures. One scholar writes that in contemporary Western societies, however, "feng shui tends to be reduced to interior design for health and wealth. It has become increasingly visible through 'feng shui consultants' and corporate architects who charge large sums of money for their analysis, advice and design."
Feng shui has been identified as both non-scientific and pseudoscientific by scientists and philosophers and has been described as a paradigmatic example of pseudoscience. It exhibits a number of classic pseudoscientific aspects, such as making claims about the functioning of the world which are not amenable to testing with the scientific method.
History
Origins
The Yangshao and Hongshan cultures provide the earliest known evidence for the use of feng shui. Until the invention of the magnetic compass, feng shui relied on astronomy to find correlations between humans and the universe.
In 4000 BC, the doors of dwellings in Banpo were aligned with the asterism Yingshi just after the winter solstice—this sited the homes for solar gain. During the Zhou era, Yingshi was known as Ding and it was used to indicate the appropriate time to build a capital city, according to the Shijing. The late Yangshao site at Dadiwan (c. 3500–3000 BC) includes a palace-like building (F901) at its center. The building faces south and borders a large plaza. It stands on a north–south axis with another building that apparently housed communal activities. Regional communities may have used the complex.
A grave at Puyang (around 4000 BC) that contains mosaics— a Chinese star map of the Dragon and Tiger asterisms and Beidou (the Big Dipper, Ladle or Bushel)— is oriented along a north–south axis. The presence of both round and square shapes in the Puyang tomb, at Hongshan ceremonial centers and at the late Longshan settlement at Lutaigang,
suggests that gaitian cosmography (heaven-round, earth-square) existed in Chinese society long before it appeared in the Zhoubi Suanjing.
Cosmography that bears a resemblance to modern feng shui devices and formulas appears on a piece of jade unearthed at Hanshan and dated around 3000 BC. Archaeologist Li Xueqin links the design to the liuren astrolabe, zhinan zhen and luopan.
Beginning with palatial structures at Erlitou, all capital cities of China followed rules of feng shui for their design and layout. During the Zhou era, the Kaogong ji (; "Manual of Crafts") codified these rules. The carpenter's manual Lu ban jing (; "Lu ban's manuscript") codified rules for builders. Graves and tombs also followed rules of feng shui from Puyang to Mawangdui and beyond. From the earliest records, the structures of the graves and dwellings seem to have followed the same rules.
Early instruments and techniques
Some of the foundations of feng shui go back more than 3,500 years before the invention of the magnetic compass. It originated in Chinese astronomy. Some current techniques can be traced to Neolithic China, while others were added later (most notably the Han dynasty, the Tang, the Song, and the Ming).
The astronomical history of feng shui is evident in the development of instruments and techniques. According to the Zhouli, the original feng shui instrument may have been a gnomon. Chinese used circumpolar stars to determine the north–south axis of settlements. This technique explains why Shang palaces at Xiaotun lie 10° east of due north. In some of the cases, as Paul Wheatley observed, they bisected the angle between the directions of the rising and setting sun to find north. This technique provided the more precise alignments of the Shang walls at Yanshi and Zhengzhou. Rituals for using a feng shui instrument required a diviner to examine current sky phenomena to set the device and adjust their position in relation to the device.
The oldest examples of instruments used for feng shui are liuren astrolabes, also known as shi. These consist of a lacquered, two-sided board with astronomical sightlines. The earliest examples of liuren astrolabes have been unearthed from tombs that date between 278 BC and 209 BC. Along with divination for Da Liu Ren the boards were commonly used to chart the motion of Taiyi through the nine palaces. The markings on a liuren/shi and the first magnetic compasses are virtually identical.
The magnetic compass was invented for feng shui and has been in use since its invention. Traditional feng shui instrumentation consists of the Luopan or the earlier south-pointing spoon ( zhinan zhen)—though a conventional compass could suffice if one understood the differences. A feng shui ruler (a later invention) may also be employed.
Foundational concepts
Definition and classification
The goal of feng shui as practiced today is to situate the human-built environment on spots with good qi, an imagined form of "energy". The "perfect spot" is a location and an axis in time.
Traditional feng shui is inherently a form of ancestor worship. Popular in farming communities for centuries, it was built on the idea that the ghosts of ancestors and other independent, intangible forces, both personal and impersonal, affected the material world, and that these forces needed to be placated through rites and suitable burial places, which the feng shui practitioner would assist with for a fee. The primary underlying value was material success for the living.
According to Stuart Vyse, feng shui is "a very popular superstition." The PRC government has also labeled it as superstitious. Feng shui is classified as a pseudoscience since it exhibits a number of classic pseudoscientific aspects such as making claims about the functioning of the world which are not amenable to testing with the scientific method. It has been identified as both non-scientific and pseudoscientific by scientists and philosophers, and has been described as a paradigmatic example of pseudoscience.
Qi (ch'i)
Qi (, pronounced "chee", "cee", or "tsee") is a movable positive or negative life force which plays an essential role in feng shui. The Book of Burial says that burial takes advantage of "vital qi". The goal of feng shui is to take advantage of vital qi by appropriate siting of graves and structures.
Polarity
Polarity is expressed in feng shui as yin and yang theory. That is, it is of two parts: one creating an exertion and one receiving the exertion. The development of this theory and its corollary, five phase theory (five element theory), have also been linked with astronomical observations of sunspot.
The Five Elements or Forces (wu xing) – which, according to the Chinese, are metal, earth, fire, water, and wood – are first mentioned in Chinese literature in a chapter of the classic Book of History. They play a very important part in Chinese thought: ‘elements’ meaning generally not so much the actual substances as the forces essential to human life. Earth is a buffer, or an equilibrium achieved when the polarities cancel each other. While the goal of Chinese medicine is to balance yin and yang in the body, the goal of feng shui has been described as aligning a city, site, building, or object with yin-yang force fields.
Bagua (eight trigrams)
Eight diagrams known as bagua (or pa kua) loom large in feng shui, and both predate their mentions in the Yijing (or I Ching). The Lo (River) Chart (Luoshu) was developed first, and is sometimes associated with Later Heaven arrangement of the bagua. This and the Yellow River Chart (Hetu, sometimes associated with the Earlier Heaven bagua) are linked to astronomical events of the sixth millennium BC, and with the Turtle Calendar from the time of Yao. The Turtle Calendar of Yao (found in the Yaodian section of the Shangshu or Book of Documents) dates to 2300 BC, plus or minus 250 years.
In Yaodian, the cardinal directions are determined by the marker-stars of the mega-constellations known as the Four Celestial Animals:
East: The Azure Dragon (Spring equinox)—Niao (Bird ), α Scorpionis
South: The Vermilion Bird (Summer solstice)—Huo (Fire ), α Hydrae
West: The White Tiger (Autumn equinox)—Mǎo (Hair ), η Tauri (the Pleiades)
North: The Black Tortoise (Winter solstice)—Xū (Emptiness, Void ), α Aquarii, β Aquarii
The diagrams are also linked with the sifang (four directions) method of divination used during
the Shang dynasty. The sifang is much older, however. It was used at Niuheliang, and figured large in Hongshan culture's astronomy. And it is this area of China that is linked to Yellow Emperor (Huangdi) who allegedly invented the south-pointing spoon (see compass).
Traditional feng shui
Traditional feng shui is an ancient system based upon the observation of heavenly time and earthly space. Literature, as well as archaeological evidence, provide some idea of the origins and nature of feng shui techniques. Aside from books, there is also a strong oral history. In many cases, masters have passed on their techniques only to selected students or relatives. Modern practitioners of feng shui draw from several branches in their own practices.
Form Branch
The Form Branch is the oldest branch of feng shui. Qing Wuzi in the Han dynasty describes it in the Book of the Tomb and Guo Pu of the Jin dynasty follows up with a more complete description in The Book of Burial.
The Form branch was originally concerned with the location and orientation of tombs (Yin House feng shui), which was of great importance. The branch then progressed to the consideration of homes and other buildings (Yang House feng shui).
The "form" in Form branch refers to the shape of the environment, such as mountains, rivers, plateaus, buildings, and general surroundings. It considers the five celestial animals (vermillion phoenix, azure dragon, white tiger, black turtle, and the yellow snake), the yin-yang concept and the traditional five elements (Wu Xing: wood, fire, earth, metal, and water).
The Form branch analyzes the shape of the land and flow of the wind and water to find a place with ideal qi. It also considers the time of important events such as the birth of the resident and the building of the structure.
Compass Branch
The Compass branch is a collection of more recent feng shui techniques based on the Eight Directions, each of which is said to have unique qi. It uses the Luopan, a disc marked with formulas in concentric rings around a magnetic compass.
The Compass Branch includes techniques such as Flying Star and Eight Mansions.
Western forms of feng shui
More recent forms of feng shui simplify principles that come from the traditional branches, and focus mainly on the use of the bagua.
Aspirations Method
The Eight Life Aspirations style of feng shui is a simple system which coordinates each of the eight cardinal directions with a specific life aspiration or station such as family, wealth, fame, etc., which come from the Bagua government of the eight aspirations. Life Aspirations is not otherwise a geomantic system.
List of specific feng shui branches
Ti Li (Form Branch)
Popular Xingshi Pai () "forms" methods
Luan Tou Pai, , Pinyin: luán tóu pài, (environmental analysis without using a compass)
Xing Xiang Pai, or , Pinyin: xíng xiàng pài, (Imaging forms)
Xingfa Pai, , Pinyin: xíng fǎ pài
Liiqi Pai (Compass Branch)
Popular Liiqi Pai () "Compass" methods
San Yuan Method, (Pinyin: sān yuán pài)
Dragon Gate Eight Formation, (Pinyin: lóng mén bā fǎ)
Xuan Kong, (time and space methods)
Xuan Kong Fei Xing (Flying Stars methods of time and directions)
Xuan Kong Da Gua, ("Secret Decree" or 64 gua relationships)
Xuan Kong Mi Zi, (Mysterious Space Secret Decree)
Xuan Kong Liu Fa, (Mysterious Space Six Techniques)
Zi Bai Jue, (Purple White Scroll)
San He Method, (environmental analysis using a compass)
Accessing Dragon Methods
Ba Zhai, (Eight Mansions)
Yang Gong Feng Shui,
Water Methods,
Local Embrace
Others
Yin House Feng Shui, (Feng Shui for the deceased)
Four Pillars of Destiny, (a form of hemerology)
Zi Wei Dou Shu, (Purple Star Astrology)
I-Ching, (Book of Changes)
Qi Men Dun Jia, (Mysterious Door Escaping Techniques)
Da Liu Ren, (Divination: Big Six Heavenly Yang Water Qi)
Tai Yi Shen Shu, (Divination: Tai Yi Magical Calculation Method)
Date Selection, (Selection of auspicious dates and times for important events)
Chinese Palmistry, (Destiny reading by palm reading)
Chinese Face Reading, (Destiny reading by face reading)
Major & Minor Wandering Stars (Constellations)
Five phases, (relationship of the five phases or wuxing)
BTB Black (Hat) Tantric Buddhist Sect (Westernised or Modern methods not based on Classical teachings)
Symbolic Feng Shui, (New Age Feng Shui methods that advocate substitution with symbolic (spiritual, appropriate representation of five elements) objects if natural environment or object/s is/are not available or viable)
Pierce Method of Feng Shui ( Sometimes Pronounced : Von Shway ) The practice of melding striking with soothing furniture arrangements to promote peace and prosperity
Contemporary uses of traditional feng shui
After Richard Nixon's visit to the People's Republic of China in 1972, feng shui practices became popular in the United States. Critics warn that claims of scientific validity have proven to be false and that the practices are pseudoscientific. Others charge that it has been reinvented and commercialized by New Age entrepreneurs, or are concerned that much of the traditional theory has been lost in translation, not given proper consideration, frowned upon, or scorned.
Feng shui has nonetheless found many uses. Landscape ecologists often find traditional feng shui an interesting study. In many cases, the only remaining patches of Asian old forest are "feng shui woods," associated with cultural heritage, historical continuity, and the preservation of various flora and fauna species. Some researchers interpret the presence of these woods as indicators that the "healthy homes," sustainability and environmental components of traditional feng shui should not be easily dismissed. Environmental scientists and landscape architects have researched traditional feng shui and its methodologies. Architects study feng shui as an Asian architectural tradition. Geographers have analyzed the techniques and methods to help locate historical sites in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, and archaeological sites in the American Southwest, concluding that Native Americans also considered astronomy and landscape features.
Believers use it for healing purposes, to guide their businesses, or to create a peaceful atmosphere in their homes, although there is no empirical evidence that it is effective. In particular, they use feng shui in the bedroom, where a number of techniques involving colors and arrangement are thought to promote comfort and peaceful sleep. Some users of feng shui may be trying to gain a sense of security or control, for example by choosing auspicious numbers for their phones or favorable house locations. Their motivation is similar to the reasons that some people consult fortune-tellers.
In 2005, Hong Kong Disneyland acknowledged feng shui as an important part of Chinese culture by shifting the main gate by twelve degrees in their building plans. This was among actions suggested by the planner of architecture and design at Walt Disney Imagineering, Wing Chao. At Singapore Polytechnic and other institutions, professionals including engineers, architects, property agents and interior designers, take courses on feng shui and divination every year, a number of whom become part-time or full-time feng shui consultants.
Criticisms
Traditional feng shui
Matteo Ricci (1552–1610), one of the founding fathers of Jesuit China missions, may have been the first European to write about feng shui practices. His account in De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas tells about feng shui masters (geologi, in Latin) studying prospective construction sites or grave sites "with reference to the head and the tail and the feet of the particular dragons which are supposed to dwell beneath that spot." As a Catholic missionary, Ricci strongly criticized the "recondite science" of geomancy along with astrology as yet another superstitio absurdissima of the heathens: "What could be more absurd than their imagining that the safety of a family, honors, and their entire existence must depend upon such trifles as a door being opened from one side or another, as rain falling into a courtyard from the right or from the left, a window opened here or there, or one roof being higher than another?"
Victorian-era commentators on feng shui were generally ethnocentric, and as such skeptical and derogatory of what they knew of feng shui. In 1896, at a meeting of the Educational Association of China, Rev. P. W. Pitcher railed at the "rottenness of the whole scheme of Chinese architecture," and urged fellow missionaries "to erect unabashedly Western edifices of several stories and with towering spires in order to destroy nonsense about fung-shuy."
After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, feng shui was officially considered a "feudalistic superstitious practice" and a "social evil" according to the state's ideology and was discouraged and even banned outright at times. Feng shui remained popular in Hong Kong, and also in the Republic of China (Taiwan), where traditional culture was not suppressed.
During the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) feng shui was classified as one of the so-called Four Olds that were to be wiped out. Feng shui practitioners were beaten and abused by Red Guards and their works burned. After the death of Mao Zedong and the end of the Cultural Revolution, the official attitude became more tolerant but restrictions on feng shui practice are still in place in today's China. It is illegal in the PRC today to register feng shui consultation as a business and similarly advertising feng shui practice is banned. There have been frequent crackdowns on feng shui practitioners on the grounds of "promoting feudalistic superstitions" such as one in Qingdao in early 2006 when the city's business and industrial administration office shut down an art gallery converted into a feng shui practice. Some officials who had consulted feng shui were terminated and expelled from the Communist Party.
In 21st century mainland China less than one-third of the population believe in feng shui, and the proportion of believers among young urban Chinese is said to be even lower. Chinese academics permitted to research feng shui are anthropologists or architects by profession, studying the history of feng shui or historical feng shui theories behind the design of heritage buildings. They include Cai Dafeng, Vice-President of Fudan University. Learning in order to practice feng shui is still somewhat considered taboo. Nevertheless, it is reported that feng shui has gained adherents among Communist Party officials according to a BBC Chinese news commentary in 2006, and since the beginning of Chinese economic reforms the number of feng shui practitioners is increasing.
Contemporary feng shui
One critic called the situation of feng shui in today's world "ludicrous and confusing," asking "Do we really believe that mirrors and flutes are going to change people's tendencies in any lasting and meaningful way?" He called for much further study or "we will all go down the tubes because of our inability to match our exaggerated claims with lasting changes." Robert T. Carroll sums up the charges:
...feng shui has become an aspect of interior decorating in the Western world and alleged masters of feng shui now hire themselves out for hefty sums to tell people such as Donald Trump which way his doors and other things should hang. Feng shui has also become another New Age "energy" scam with arrays of metaphysical products...offered for sale to help you improve your health, maximize your potential, and guarantee fulfillment of some fortune cookie philosophy.
Skeptics charge that evidence for its effectiveness is based primarily upon anecdote and users are often offered conflicting advice from different practitioners, though feng shui practitioners use these differences as evidence of variations in practice or different branches of thought. A critical analyst concluded that "Feng shui has always been based upon mere guesswork." Another objection was to the compass, a traditional tool for choosing favorable locations for property or burials. Critics point out that the compass degrees are often inaccurate because solar winds disturb the electromagnetic field of the earth. Magnetic North on the compass will be inaccurate because true magnetic north fluctuates.
The American magicians Penn and Teller dedicated an episode of their Bullshit! television show to criticize the acceptance of feng shui in the Western world as science. They devised a test in which the same dwelling was visited by five different feng shui consultants: each produced a different opinion about the dwelling, showing there is no consistency in the professional practice of feng shui.
Feng shui is criticized by Christians around the world. Some have argued that it is "entirely inconsistent with Christianity to believe that harmony and balance result from the manipulation and channeling of nonphysical forces or energies, or that such can be done by means of the proper placement of physical objects. Such techniques, in fact, belong to the world of sorcery."
Feng shui practitioners in China have found officials that are considered superstitious and corrupt easily interested, despite official disapproval. In one instance, in 2009, county officials in Gansu, on the advice of feng shui practitioners, spent $732,000 to haul a 369-ton "spirit rock" to the county seat to ward off "bad luck." Feng shui may require social influence or money because experts, architecture or design changes, and moving from place to place is expensive. Less influential or less wealthy people lose faith in feng shui, saying that it is a game only for the wealthy. Others, however, practice less expensive forms of feng shui, including hanging special (but cheap) mirrors, forks, or woks in doorways to deflect negative energy.
See also
Bagua
Book of Burial
Chinese fortune telling
Chinese spiritual world concepts
Four Symbols
Five elements
Geomancy
Green Satchel Classic
Luopan
Tung Shing (Chinese almanac)
Shigandang
Ley line
Tajul muluk
Vastu shastra
References
Sources
Books
, various years, vol I-II-III-IV-V-VI
.
. Includes translations of Archetypal burial classic of Qing Wu; The inner chapter of the Book of burial rooted in antiquity ; The yellow emperor's classic of house siting; Twenty four difficult problems; The secretly passed down water dragon classic.
, length=616 pages ## 71
, length=150 pages
Dover reprint ISBN 0-486-28092-6
, length=440, Review= https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.1445553
Theses
Articles and chapters
Blogs and online
Web
practitioner, turned to dowsing.
not really archived. Moreover the sentence to be proven is rather void
Miscellaneous
Traditional China
. The "Ming Sizong robbed Li Zicheng's ancestral grave" section can be read at
Post-1949 China
2001
2006
2010
2013
U.S.A
2005 .
Aesthetics
Architectural theory
Chinese gardening styles
Chinese words and phrases
Divination
Environmental design
Geomancy
New Age practices
Pseudoscience
Superstitions
Taoist cosmology
Taoist divination
Types of garden
Yangshao culture | wiki |
The University of the Philippines (UP; ) is a state university system in the Philippines. It is the country's national university, as mandated by Republic Act No. 9500 (UP Charter of 2008), giving it institutional autonomy.
Originally founded by the American colonial government on June 18, 1908, it was established through the ratification of Act No. 1870 of the 1st Philippine Legislature to serve as an "advanced instruction in literature, philosophy, the sciences and arts, and to give professional and technical training" to eligible students regardless of "age, sex, nationality, religious belief and political affiliation."
The University of the Philippines system has 8 constituent universities (CUs): UP Diliman, which serves as the system's flagship university, UP Los Baños, UP Manila, UP Visayas, UP Open University, UP Mindanao, UP Baguio, and UP Cebu which are scattered across 17 campuses.
Widely regarded and often cited as the Philippines' top university system, its alumni include a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, 7 of 17 Philippine presidents, 14 of 26 chief justices, 36 of 42 national scientists, and 40 of 57 national artists, the most of any university. UP's alumni also include more senators as well as members of the Philippine House of Representatives than any other university. Among its alumni are also 15,000 doctors, 15,000 engineers, 8,000 lawyers, 23,000 teachers, and thousands of graduates in other academic fields, which comprise some of its approximate 260,000 living alumni worldwide. UP has the most National Centers of Excellence and Development among higher education institutions in the country, and is one of the only three schools in Asia that have received institutional recognition in the Ramon Magsaysay Awards. Senate Resolution No. 276 of the Senate of the Philippines recognizes the institution as "the nation's premier university"; UP ranks as the country's No. 1 university, among the top 100 Asian universities, and among the top 400 universities worldwide in annual university rankings by Books Center.
History
1900s - 1940s
On June 18, 1908, the University of the Philippines was established through an act of the First Philippine Legislature. Act No. 1870, otherwise known as the "University Act", specified the function of the university, which is to provide advanced instruction in literature, philosophy, the sciences and arts, and to administer professional and technical training.
The university began with the establishment of the Philippine Medical School (later incorporated into the university as the College of Medicine and Surgery) in 1905, which started operating in 1907, a year ahead of the rest of the U.P. System. Together with the College of Fine Arts and the College of Liberal Arts, the College of Medicine occupied buildings distributed along Padre Faura Street (Ermita district) and R. Hidalgo Street (Quiapo district) in Manila, while the School of Agriculture was in Los Baños, Laguna. A few years later, the university opened the College of Law and the College of Engineering in Manila, as well as academic units under the College of Agriculture and Forestry in Los Baños, Laguna. The Board of Regents approved the decision to look for a larger site, and a 493-hectare lot was acquired by the university in Diliman, Quezon City, then a town in the province of Rizal. Construction of the Quezon City campus began in 1939.
During World War II, most of its colleges had to be closed except the Colleges of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Engineering. Meanwhile, the Japanese Imperial Army occupied three Diliman campus buildings: the College of Liberal Arts Building (now Benitez Hall) and the Colleges of Law (now Malcolm Hall) and Business Administration Building. The Japanese also occupied the campus of the College of Agriculture in Los Baños. U.P. President Bienvenido Ma. Gonzalez sought a grant of ₱ 13 million from the US-Philippines War Damage Commission. A massive rehabilitation and construction effort was executed during the post-war years. For the first time, an extensive Diliman campus master plan and map were created in 1949. More buildings were built across the Diliman campus landscape: the University Library (Gonzalez Hall), the College of Engineering (Melchor Hall), the Women's Residence Hall (now Kamia Residence Hall), the Conservatory of Music (Abelardo Hall and now the College of Music), the Administration Building (Quezon Hall), and the U.P. President's Residence. Most colleges and administration offices were temporarily housed in huts and shelters made of sawali and galvanized iron.
During U.P.'s 40th anniversary in February 1949, central administrative offices of U.P. were moved from Manila to Diliman together with the transfer of the U.P. Oblation. Administrative offices and its regional units in Manila, Los Baños, Baguio, and Cebu were all housed in the Diliman campus. General commencement exercises were also held in Diliman for the first time in 1949.
1950s - 1960s
In the 1950s, new academic units and degree programs were established. Another major reform, the General Education (G.E.) Program, was introduced in 1959. The G.E. Program became a series of core courses prescribed for all students at the undergraduate level. Most of these courses were being taught at the then College of Liberal Arts. As a result, U.P. President Vicente Sinco saw fit to reorganize the college into a University College, which would offer the core subjects to be taken during the first two years of the undergraduate program. Meanwhile, the College of Arts and Sciences and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, offered major courses in the humanities, natural sciences, and social sciences. During President Sinco's term, more institutes and colleges were established. These institutes and colleges include the Institute of Public Administration (1952), the Statistical Center (1953), the Labor Education Center (now the School of Labor and Industrial Relations, established in 1954), the Asian Studies Institute (now the Asian Center, established in 1955), the Institute of Library Science (now the School of Library and Information Studies, established in 1961), and the College of Home Economics (1961).
The administration of U.P. President Carlos P. Romulo was marked by the founding of the Population Institute, the Law Center and the Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry Training Center in 1964; the Institute of Mass Communication, the College of Business Administration, and the Institute of Planning in 1965; the Computer Center, the Institute for Small-Scale Industries in 1966, the Institute of Social Work and Community Development in 1967, and the Asian Center in 1968.
Marcos era period
During the Martial Law period, U.P.'s administrators tried to sustain the university's educational priorities and institutional autonomy. At the height of activism in the university, U.P. President Salvador P. Lopez established a system of democratic consultation in which decisions such as promotions and appointments were made through greater participation by the faculty and administrative personnel. Lopez also reorganized U.P. into the U.P. System. During that period of activism, U.P. Diliman was called the Diliman Republic and elements of the police and the Metrocom stormed the campus during Martial Law. In November 1972, the Los Baños campus was the first to be declared an autonomous unit under a chancellor. A ₱ 150 million grant from the national budget boosted U.P.'s Infrastructure Development Program. In Diliman, it funded the construction of buildings for the Colleges of Business Administration and Zoology, the Institute of Small-Scale Industries, the Transport Training Center, and the Coral Laboratory of the Marine Sciences Institute. Kalayaan Residence Hall and housing for low-income employees were also built around this time.
U.P. President Onofre D. Corpuz declared U.P. Manila, then known as the Health Sciences Center, and U.P. Visayas as autonomous units. At the same time, the Asian Institute of Tourism (AIT) was established in light of the prioritization of tourism as a national industry. New centers for research and degree-granting units such as the Third World Studies Center (1977), Creative Writing Center, National Engineering Center (1978), U.P. Extension Program in San Fernando, Pampanga (1979), which is now in Clark Freeport Zone, Pampanga, Institute of Islamic Studies (1973), U.P. Film Center, National Center for Transportation Studies (1976) were also established. U.P. celebrated its 75th year in 1983. In the same spirit, a U.P. Extension Program in Olongapo was also established in 1984.
Edgardo Angara's Diamond Jubilee project raised ₱ 80 million which was earmarked for the creation of new professorial chairs and faculty grants. Angara also organized the Management Review Committee (MRC) and the committee to Review Academic Programs (CRAP) to evaluate and recommend measures for improving university operations. The MRC report led to a wide-ranging reorganization of the U.P. System, the further decentralization of U.P. administration, and the declaration of U.P. Diliman as an autonomous unit on March 23, 1983. U.P. Baguio was then placed under the supervision of U.P. Diliman. Meanwhile, the College of Arts and Sciences also underwent a reorganization to become three separate colleges: the College of Science (CS), the College of Arts and Letters (CAL), and the College of Social Sciences and Philosophy (CSSP). There has been problems regarding this ever since the three colleges separated.
As the flagship campus, U.P. Diliman led the rest of the units. On April 26, 1982, it was formally designated as a constituent university, almost a decade after the reorganization. Although Diliman was the seat of the U.P. Administration, the campus was not immediately constituted after 1972. It was administered, along with the Manila unit, prior to the organization of the Health Sciences Center, as a de facto university.
1980s to 1990s
U.P. President José Abueva introduced the Socialized Tuition Fee Assistance Program (STFAP) in 1987. Abueva also institutionalized a Filipino language policy within the university. U.P. President Emil Javier established the creation of U.P. Mindanao at Davao City, Southern Mindanao, and the U.P. Open University in 1995. U.P. President Francisco Nemenzo's legacy includes the Revitalized General Education Program (RGEP) and the institutionalization of more incentives for research and creative achievements by U.P. faculty members.
U.P. President Emerlinda Roman, from the College of Business Administration (CBA), has led a Centennial Campaign Fund to upgrade the university's services and facilities. Her term of office has been noted for the ascension of several key professors from the CBA to positions of power within the university. Notable among them is U.P. Diliman Chancellor Sergio S. Cao, Assistant Vice President for Planning and Development, Prof. Arthur S. Cayanan, Director of the U.P. System Budget Office, Prof. Joselito G. Florendo, Dr. Lina J. Valcarcel Executive Director, U.P. Provident Fund, Inc. and U.P. Foundation, Inc. Executive Director Gerardo B. Agulto.
Centennial celebration
On January 8, 2008, the University of the Philippines began its centennial celebration. The opening ceremony featured a 100-torch relay to light the eternal flame on the Centennial Cauldron at Quezon Hall. Torches were carried by, among others, Fernando Javier, 100, of Baguio, the oldest U.P. alumnus (Civil Engineering from University of the Philippines Manila, 1933), Michael Dumlao, a 6th-grader from the University of the Philippines Integrated School in U.P. Diliman and U.P. President Emerlinda Roman, the first woman president of the university. The Centennial Cauldron features three pillars to represent the three core values, and seven flowers representing the seven constituent universities, i.e. U.P. Manila, U.P. Diliman (together with U.P. Pampanga, its extension campus), U.P. Los Baños, U.P. Baguio, U.P. Visayas, U.P. Mindanao, and U.P. Open University.
The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) and U.P. issued commemorative ₱ 100 U.P. Centennial notes at the BSP Security Plant Complex in Quezon City. The notes appear as four-outs (four uncut pieces) in a folder featuring the signatures of all U.P. presidents including Roman.
Inspired by the U.P. Oblation, the University of the Philippines Alumni Association (UPAA) launched an art exhibit, "100 Nudes/100 Years" featuring the works of nine U.P. alumni national artists.
U.P.A.A. 2008 centennial yearbook
The University of the Philippines Alumni Association announced its launching of a three-volume U.P.A.A. 2008 Centennial Yearbook on June 21, 2008, at the U.P.A.A. Grand Alumni-Faculty Homecoming and Reunion at the Araneta Coliseum, Cubao, Quezon City. The theme is “U.P. Alumni: Excellence, Leadership and Service in the Next 100 Years," with the three cover designs showing the works of National Artists Napoleon Abueva, Abdulmari Asia Imao, and Benedicto Cabrera, respectively. Chief Justice Reynato Puno is the Yearbook's most distinguished alumnus awardee (among 46 other awardees).
U.P. Charter of 2008
The U.P. Charter of 2008, Republic Act No. 9500, was signed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo into law on April 29, 2008, at the U.P. Library Conference Hall in Lahug, Cebu. It aims "to provide both institutional and fiscal autonomy to U.P., specifically, to protect student's democratic access and strengthen administration through the recognition of U.P. System's Board of Regents and U.P. Council." The new charter declared U.P. as the Philippines' national university, giving it "the enhanced capability to fulfill its mission and spread the benefits of knowledge." The new charter will help improve its competitiveness. The newly designated “national university" however, needs ₱ 3.6 billion to be on a par with other universities in the region.
UP-Ayala Land TechnoHub
The centennial ₱ 6 billion, UP-Ayala Land TechnoHub, a complex of low-rise buildings along Commonwealth Avenue, within the of the U.P. North Science and Technology Park, was constructed on February 16, 2006, and inaugurated on November 22, 2008. It was developed by the Ayala Land Property company into an information technology and IT-enabled services community to host business process outsourcing (BPO) and technology firms.
Autonomous units
At present, the University of the Philippines is composed of eight constituent universities (CU) located in 15 campuses around the country.
U.P. Diliman is the flagship campus of the university and offers the most courses. On July 19, 2011, the Bases Conversion and Development Authority donated to U.P. a 4,300-square meter (1 acre) lot at the Bonifacio Global City (BGC) in Taguig for the U.P. Professional Schools, which will initially include extension classes for UP Diliman's College of Law, College of Business Administration, College of Engineering, School of Statistics, as well as the UP Open University.
Each constituent university of U.P. is headed by a chancellor, who is elected on a three-year term by the Board of Regents. Unlike the president, who is elected on a single six-year term without re-election, the chancellor maybe re-elected for another three-year term but it is upon the discretion of the members of the Board of Regents.
Satellite campuses
The satellite campuses do not have autonomous status. They are considered extension colleges of their parent unit. Some campuses host different programs of various colleges within the parent unit.
UP Diliman
UPD Bonifacio Global City Professional Schools (Taguig City, Metro Manila)
UPD Extension Program in Olongapo (Olongapo City, Zambales)
UPD Extension Program in Pampanga (Clark Freeport Zone, Mabalacat, Pampanga)
UP Los Baños
UPLB Professional School for Agriculture and the Environment (Panabo City, Davao del Norte)
UP Manila
UPM School of Health Sciences in Baler (Baler, Aurora)
UPM School of Health Sciences in Koronadal (Koronadal City, South Cotabato)
UPM School of Health Sciences in Palo (Palo, Leyte)
UPM School of Health Sciences in Tarlac (Tarlac City, Tarlac)
UP Visayas
UPV Iloilo City Campus (Iloilo City)
UPV Tacloban College (Tacloban City, Leyte)
UP Open University
Seven (7) learning centers across the country
Basic education
University of the Philippines High School Cebu in UP Cebu
University of the Philippines High School Iloilo in UP Visayas
University of the Philippines Integrated School in UP Diliman
University of the Philippines Rural High School in UP Los Baños
Organization
Presidents of the University of the Philippines
The President of the University of the Philippines is elected for a single six-year term by the university's eleven-member Board of Regents. As of 2023, two Americans and 20 Filipinos served as President of the University of the Philippines.
The current president of U.P. is lawyer and former regent Angelo Jimenez. He assumed office on February 10, 2023.
Board of Regents
The governance of the university is vested in the Board of Regents of the University of the Philippines System (or Lupon ng mga Rehente in Filipino) and commonly abbreviated as BOR. The board, with its 11 members, is the highest decision-making body of the U.P. system.
The Chairperson of the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) serves as the Board's Chairperson while the President of the University of the Philippines is the co-chairperson. The Chairpersons of the Committee on Higher, Technical and Vocational Education of the Senate and the Committee on Higher and Technical Education House of Representatives are members of the Board of Regents which are concurrent with their functions as committee chairpersons.
U.P. students, represented by the General Assembly of Student Councils, nominate a Student Regent. While the Faculty Regent is likewise nominated by the faculty members of the whole University. Alumni are represented by the President of the U.P. Alumni Association. A Staff Regent, representing professional and administrative personnel, was included with the passage of the new U.P. Charter in 2008. The remaining members of the Board of Regents are nominated into the position by the President of the Philippines.
As of 2023, the members of the Board of Regents of the University of the Philippines System are:
The Secretary of the university and the Board of Regents is Atty. Roberto M.J. Lara.
Academics
The University of the Philippines System offers 246 undergraduate degree programs and 362 graduate degree programs, more than any other university in the country.
The flagship campus in Diliman offers the largest number of degree programs, and other campuses are known to lead and specialize in specific programs. The university has 57 degree-granting units throughout the system, which may be a college, School or Institute that offers an undergraduate or a graduate program. In the Los Baños campus, a separate Graduate School administers the graduate programs in agriculture, forestry, the basic sciences, mathematics and statistics, development economics and management, agrarian studies and human ecology. The College of Public Health at the Manila campus has a collaboration with Boston University School of Public Health. This program allows students from Boston University to do a semester of coursework at U.P. Manila as well as an international field practicum in the Philippines. The university has 4,571 faculty, trained locally and abroad with 36% having graduate degrees. The university is one of the three universities in the Philippines affiliated with the ASEAN University Network, and the only Philippine university to be affiliated with the ASEAN-European University Network and the Association of Pacific Rim Universities.
Budget
The university has the highest financial endowment of all educational institutions in the Philippines. In 2008, the entire U.P. System received a financial subsidy from the national government of ₱ 5.7 billion. The total expenditure for the same year, however, is ₱ 7.2 billion, or approximately ₱ 135,000 per student. State universities and colleges have continually experienced budget cuts over the years. In 2019, the university requested ₱44.9 billion budget but only received ₱15.5 billion for its budget, with additional ₱1.5 billion for operational and equipment expenses. The Philippine General Hospital, the most affected unit of the UP System, received an insufficient budget of P2.92 billion, with only P155 million out of the requested P1.6 billion allocated for infrastructure and capital outlays.
Rankings and reputation
The UP, as a university system, has been consistently ranked the top university in the Philippines since its inclusion in several university rankings. In 2020, UP was ranked 65th in the Times Higher Education (THE) Asia University Rankings and 69th in the QS Asia University Rankings for 2021, the highest ranked Philippine university. In the THE rankings, UP is the fifth best university in Southeast Asia, after National University of Singapore (3rd), Nanyang Technological University (6th), University of Malaya (43rd) and Universiti Brunei Darussalam (60th). On the other hand, the QS rankings put it as the 13th best university in Southeast Asia after two Singapore, five Malaysian, three Indonesian, and two Thai universities.
Moreover, UP ranks in numerous world subject rankings, most notably 51-100th place in Development Studies, 101-150th place in English Language and Literature, Geography, and Politics and International Studies, 151-200th place in Archaeology, Agriculture and Forestry, and Sociology in the QS World University Rankings by Subject Area. UP programs also place in Times Higher Education World University Rankings: 126-150th in Clinical, Pre-Clinical and Health subjects; 501-600 bracket for both Life Sciences and Social Sciences; in the 601+ bracket for Engineering and Technology, and Computer Science; and in the 801+ bracket in Physical Sciences.
Earlier, in the Asiaweek's Best Universities in Asia last published in 2000, UP ranked 48th. In 2006 the university, through President Emerlinda R. Roman, has expressed that it does not want to participate in the THES Ranking, but was included in 2007, 2008, and 2009 with an incomplete academic profile.
In the national rankings based on cumulative data from 1991 to 2001 of average passing rates in all courses of all Philippine colleges and universities in the licensure examinations, U.P. Diliman, U.P. Los Baños and U.P. Manila emerged as numbers one, two and three respectively. The study was done by the Professional Regulation Commission and the Commission on Higher Education.
General education program
The General Education Program was introduced in 1959 and formed core courses prescribed for all students at the undergraduate level. The General Education Program is the Revitalized General Education Program (abbreviated as RGEP), which was approved by the Board of Regents in 2001. The RGEP offers courses in three domains (Arts and Humanities; Mathematics, Science, and Technology; and Social Sciences and Philosophy) and gives students the freedom to choose the general education subjects in these domains that they would like to take. It has led to the development of courses unique to the campuses. Examples of these courses include NASC 10 (Forests as Source of Life) in Los Baños, Geography 1 (Places and Landscapes in a Changing World) in Diliman, and History 3 (History of Philippine Ethnic Minorities) in Baguio.
Library system
The university library system contains the largest collections of agricultural, medical, veterinary and animal science materials in the Philippines. The library system has a collection of Filipiniana material, serials and journals in both electronic and physical forms and UPIANA materials in its archives. It also has a collection of documents of student, political, and religious organizations advocating political, economic, and social changes during the Marcos administration in the Diliman library.
The university is one of the five governmental agencies involved with the Philippine eLib, a nationwide information resource-sharing consortium, to which it provides access to 758,649 of its bibliographic records.
The library was established in 1922 in the Manila campus and was considered one of the best in Asia prior to the Second World War. The collection, containing almost 150,000 volumes, was destroyed when Japanese troops stormed the library during the war, leaving only a handful of books intact. Gabriel Bernardo, the Librarian of the university who built the collection, described the loss as "intellectual famine." Bernardo would later rebuild the library in the Diliman campus. The university has likewise been one of the pioneers in library science education in the country. Library courses were first offered under the College of Liberal Arts under James Alexander Robertson in 1914. In 1961, the Institute of Library Science was established in Diliman and a year later, the institute established the country's first graduate program in Library Science.
Admissions and financial aid
Undergraduate admissions
As a public state university, "selection is based on intellectual and personal preparedness of the applicant irrespective of sex, religious belief and political affiliation." Admission into the university's undergraduate programs is very competitive, with over 70,000 students taking the exam every year, with about 11,000 being accepted, an admission rate of about 18%. Admission to a program is usually based on the result of the UPCAT, University Predicted Grade (UPG), which is an average of grades obtained during high school and sometimes, a quota set by the unit offering the program. The university also maintains a Policy of Democratization which aims to "make the U.P. studentry more representative of the nation's population." The UPCAT also allows students to enter Intarmed, the university's accelerated 7-year medicine curriculum, one of the two entry points into the program. Transferring to the university from other constituent units or schools outside the system are determined by the degree-granting unit that offers the program or the course, not by the university's Office of Admissions.
Socialized Tuition System
The Socialized Tuition System (also referred to as the “Iskolar ng Bayan" Program) (STS) was implemented in response to the increase in tuition in 2014. The program, proposed in 1988 by U.P. President Jose Abueva and mandated by the President and Congress of the Philippines, called for a radical departure from the old fee and scholarship structure of UP, resulting in tremendous benefits for low-income and disadvantaged Filipino students. The Socialized Tuition and Financial Assistance Program (STFAP) is divided into four basic components: Subsidized Education, Socialized Tuition, Scholarships, and Student Assistantships. In the 1989 STFAP, income groups are divided into nine brackets, with one having the full benefits. In December 2006, the Board of Regents approved a restructured STFAP, along with the increase in tuition and other fees that will apply for incoming freshmen.
The Revised STFAP reduces the brackets from nine to five, and will supposedly increase the number of students receiving tuition subsidy and increase stipend rates and coverage. However, critics of the restructured STFAP argue that the data used in the formulation of the revised program is not an acceptable prediction of a student's family income, that some of the bracket assignments are flawed and that the program fails to address or revise student assistantship programs.
Culture, sports and traditions
University symbols
The university's colors are maroon and forest green. Maroon was chosen to represent the fight for freedom, as Maroon is also a name of a Jamaican tribe who were successful in defending their freedom from slavery and their independence from English conquerors for more than 100 years. The colors are also immortalized in the University's hymn;
In 2004, the university's seal and the Oblation were registered in the Philippine Intellectual Property Office to prevent unauthorized use and multiplication of the symbols for the centennial of the university in 2008. The centennial logo was used in visual materials and presentations of the centennial activities and events of the university. The logo, which was designed by Ringer Manalang, is composed of the Oblation, the sablay and a highlighted Philippine map.
Official seal
The Seal of the University of the Philippines is the official device used by the university as its official symbol and mark for its legal and public documents and publications. The current seal in use was approved by the Board of Regents on February 25, 1913, during its 77th Meeting. It has two versions: a one-color and a full-color version, using the prescribed tones of Maroon and Forest Green, the official colors of the university as set by the University Brand Book released in 2007. The seal was registered in the Philippine Intellectual Property Office and was approved in the year 2006 to prevent unauthorized use in time for U.P.'s Centennial Celebration in 2008.
The bald eagle in the official seal holds a shield that carries a lamp, a cogwheel and; a volcano and tree (sometimes rendered erroneously as a star and the planet Saturn). These symbols represent science and medicine, engineering, and agriculture respectively. Until today, the university takes pride in these three areas of knowledge as these degree programs in U.P. are acknowledged as Centers of Excellence in the Philippines by the Commission on Higher Education. A myth persists that the bird in the seal is in fact, a parrot, as stated in some Freshmen orientation materials. The university's varsity team was also once called the Parrots, adding to the confusion about the species of the bird in question. An explanation for the use of the eagle in the seal is that it was derived from the coat of arms of the City of Manila and the Great Seal of the United States of America.
Starting with the reorganization of the U.P. System in 1972, in order to signify their newly gained autonomy and specialization, most constituent universities of the System have adopted their own seals. These logos are either variations of the official seal, by changing the colors and adding elements, or are entirely new designs. These are sometimes used in place of the official University seal in official documents, such as transcripts and markers. Distinct seals or logos are sometimes produced, such as those for the U.P. System and UPLB Centennial Celebrations. A notable use of the System seal can be seen in the official seal of the U.P. Alumni Association, which features the Oblation, the Diliman Carillon, the Bahay ng Alumni facade and the university seal in its entirety.
U.P. Naming Mahal
U.P. Naming Mahal, or U.P. Our Beloved, is the university's hymn. The melody for the song was written by Nicanor Abelardo, an alumnus and former faculty member of the U.P. College of Music. Abelardo is considered to be one of the Philippines' greatest musicians. Because of the original scale of the hymn in B flat major, which is too high for the usual voice, U.P. Conservatory of Music (now U.P. College of Music) professors Hilarion Rubio and Tomas Aguirre reset the music in G major. The choral version arranged by Nhick Pacis was performed by the UP Concert Chorus.
The English lyrics (entitled as "U.P. Beloved") was taken from a poem by Teogenes Velez, a Liberal Arts student. The translation to Filipino was a composite from seven entries in a contest held by the university. The judges did not find any of the seven translations as fully satisfactory.
Lyrics
Sablay
The university uses unique academic regalia, called the "Sablay," which is a sash patterned after the centuries-old sash academic regalia of Scandinavian universities. The "Sablay" is a sash joined in front by an ornament and embroidered or printed with the university's initials in Baybayin script and running geometric motifs of indigenous Filipino ethnic groups. It is traditionally worn over a white or ecru dress for females or an ecru barong Tagalog and black pants for males, although there has been instances wherein the Sablay is worn over other indigenous clothing. Candidates for graduation wear the sablay at the right shoulder, and is then moved to the left shoulder after the President of the university confers their degree, similar to the moving of the tassel of the academic cap.
U.P. ROTC
The University of the Philippines ROTC Unit is the pioneer of the Reserve Officer Training Corps in the Philippines. With the activation of the U.P. ROTC Unit in 1912, several State and Private Universities-Colleges soon followed, activating ROTC units under the Army of the Philippine Commonwealth.
Although the Philippines had no significant military involvement during World War I, the conflagration made the Philippine Government realize the need for a good reserve force of able-bodied Filipinos trained in the art of war. With the formal organisation of the U.P. DMST on March 17, 1922, military drill was superseded by the term "military science and tactics."
Military training in the University of the Philippines started at the old Padre Faura Campus when it was made a required subject for all able-bodied male students in all colleges, institutes, and schools of the university. During the early years after its inception, military training in the university was mainly an infantry unit. After a few years, specialized units were established that made U.P. ROTC distinct for its military proficiency. U.P. produced precision FA Gunners through its Field Artillery Unit. Another distinguished U.P. ROTC Unit is the Rayadillo Honor Guard Battalion. It was created in 1963 by Carlos P. Romulo (U.P.ROTC/U.P. Vanguard Class 1918) during his term as U.P. President. The Rayadillo unit is famous for its patriotic Katipunero uniforms, silent drill exhibitions, arrival honors and formal military ceremonies rendered for visiting foreign heads of states and military officers.
UP Fighting Maroons
The UP Fighting Maroons is the name of the collegiate varsity teams of the University of the Philippines, primarily off Diliman, which play in the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP), the premiere sports league in the country. The collegiate women's varsity teams are also sometimes called the Lady Maroons. The University of the Philippines Integrated School is the affiliate juniors division high school. They play as the Junior Maroons, formerly the Preps.
Notable alumni
The University of the Philippines has numerous notable alumni and faculty. UP graduated many leading figures in the country. In the country's political history, UP has produced former Philippine presidents such as José P. Laurel; former senators Lorenzo Tañada, Jovito Salonga, and Ninoy Aquino; The 14th Vice President Leni Robredo; statesmen Arturo Tolentino, Gerardo Roxas, and Doy Laurel; prominent jurists such as former chief justices Hilario Davide, Maria Lourdes Sereno; incumbent Senators Francis Pangilinan and Richard J. Gordon; and incumbent Congressman Roman Romulo. In business, UP graduated billionaire and Araneta patriarch Jorge L. Araneta. Antonio Quirino, the founder of the first television station in the Philippines: Alto Broadcasting System (now part of ABS-CBN), is also a graduate, as is Marla Rausch, the founder and CEO of Animation Vertigo, a motion-capture animation company. UP also produced the first Filipina Nobel Peace Prize laureate with Maria Ressa winning the award in 2021.
Student organizations
The fraternities and sororities in UP are UP Delta Lambda Sigma Sorority, UP Portia Sorority (which produced UP Law dean Fides Cordero-Tan and Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno, Alpha Phi Beta fraternity (which produced Chief Justice Reynato Puno), and Sigma Rho fraternity (which produced Justice Antonio Carpio and Senator Jovito R. Salonga), Alpha Sigma Fraternity (which produced UP Law dean and sitting Judge of the International Criminal Court Raul Pangalangan), Alpha Sigma Nu sorority, Alpha Phi Omega (which produced COMELEC Chair Haydee Yorac and Vice President Jejomar Binay), Pi Sigma Fraternity (which produced Bases Conversion and Development Authority CEO Arnel Casanova), UP Vanguard Fraternity (which produced Atty. Philip Sigfrid Fortun, the founding partner of the law firm Fortun, Narvasa and Salazar), Upsilon Sigma Phi (which produced President Ferdinand Marcos, President Jose P. Laurel, Vice President Doy Laurel, Vice President Arturo Tolentino, Senate President Gil Puyat, Senator Ninoy Aquino, Senator Richard Gordon, Senator Francis Pangilinan, Senator Joker Arroyo, Senator Gerardo Roxas, Senator Sotero Laurel, Senator Domocao Alonto, Senator Mamintal A.J. Tamano, Senator Estanislao Fernandez, Senator Juan Liwag, Chief Justice Querube Makalintal, Chief Justice Enrique Fernando, ten Associate Justices, ABS-CBN Vice President Jake Almeda Lopez, ABS founder (later part of a merger to form ABS-CBN) Antonio Quirino, and famous lawyer Estelito Mendoza), Pan Xenia Fraternity (which produced Manny Villar), Beta Sigma, Tau Alpha, Scintilla Juris, and Tau Gamma Phi. Each of these groups can boast of prominent alumni of the college as among its members. To gain membership, candidates must undergo initiation rites to determine a candidate's emotional stability, physical endurance, and mental capacity.
Security
The University of the Philippines system maintains its own independent campus police forces owing to the fact that the 1989 accord with the Department of National Defense (DND) which restricts the entry of the national government's police and the military in any of UP's campuses without prior notice.
The UP Diliman Police covers the Diliman campus while the University Police Force covers the Los Baños campus.
The accord was terminated by the DND in January 2021, but the termination is disputed by the UP system.
See also
DZUP 1602
Higher Education In The Philippines
References
CHED Scholarships
External links
Act No. 1870 The act providing for the founding and organization of the University of the Philippines
University of the Philippines Charter of 2008 (PDF) Republic Act No. 9500 declaring the University of the Philippines as the national university
Apply for your SM Scholarship in the Philippines
1908 establishments in the Philippines
ASEAN University Network
Educational institutions established in 1908
English as a global language
Philippines
Research universities in the Philippines
Universities and colleges in the Philippines | wiki |
West Side Line may refer to:
West Side Line on the west side of Manhattan in New York City, serving Amtrak, and formerly part of the New York Central Railroad
IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, also called the IRT West Side Line, on the west side of Manhattan, part of the New York City Subway | wiki |
L.A. Doctors is an American medical drama television series set in a Los Angeles primary care practice. It ran on CBS from September 21, 1998 to May 10, 1999. It replaced Brooklyn South after its cancellation in May 1998.
Premise
Four Los Angeles doctors run a practice in this drama that focuses as much on the problems in the American medical system as it does on the patients.
Cast
Ken Olin as Dr. Roger Cattan
Matt Craven as Dr. Tim Lonner
Rick Roberts as Dr. Evan Newman
Sheryl Lee as Dr. Sarah Church
Deirdre O'Connell as Suzanne Blum
Cancellation
The series was scheduled opposite ABC's Monday Night Football and NBC's Dateline Monday, and struggled in the ratings, leading up to the show's cancellation in May 1999
Episodes
Awards and nominations
The series won the 1999 People's Choice Award for Favorite New Dramatic Television Series.
References
External links
1990s American drama television series
1998 American television series debuts
1999 American television series endings
1990s American medical television series
Television shows set in Los Angeles
Television series by CBS Studios
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
CBS original programming | wiki |
ISUP may refer to:
Paris Institute of Statistics, a school for statistics in France
ISDN User Part or ISUP, a feature of Public Switched Telephone Networks
Inflatable Stand Up Paddle Board or iSUP, a water craft for the sport of Stand Up Paddling that is inflated rather than having a solid construction.
fr:ISUP | wiki |
This is a list of stratigraphic units from which mosasaur body fossils have been recovered. Units listed are all either formation rank or higher (e.g. group). Formations are listed by continent, and alphabetically within the individual lists.
Africa
Antarctica
Asia
Europe
North America
Oceania
South America
References
Mosasaurs
Mosasaur-bearing stratigraphic units
Mosasaurs | wiki |
"American Boy" is a 2008 song by Estelle.
American Boy may also refer to:
Books
The American Boy (magazine), a boy's magazine published 1899–1941
American Boy, novel by Larry Watson
The American Boy, novel by Andrew Taylor CWA Historical Dagger Award 2003
Film and TV
American Boy: A Profile of Steven Prince, a 1978 documentary film by Martin Scorsese
Music
"American Boy" (Kombinaciya song), a 1990 Russian pop song by Kombinaciya
"American Boy" (Eddie Rabbitt song), a country song by Eddie Rabbitt
"American Boy", song by Chris Isaak from Always Got Tonight 2002
See also
American Dad! | wiki |
Bottom dealing or base dealing is a sleight of hand technique in which the bottom card from a deck of playing cards is dealt instead of the top card. It is used by magicians as a type of card illusion, and by card sharps and mechanics, and as a method of cheating in poker or other card games.
The deck is typically held in a modified mechanic's grip in the dealer's non-dominant hand. The dealer slides the top card partially off the deck as if to deal it, while the dominant hand instead takes hold of the bottom card. The card is snapped away from the deck while the top card is reset.
Unless the dealer is particularly skilled at bottom dealing, the technique produces a slightly different sound from standard dealing, and the second-to-bottom card may be drawn slightly out of place. This is called a "hanger."
Bottom dealing and second dealing both have application in performance magic.
Bottom dealing experts include Persi Diaconis, Darwin Ortiz, Steve Forte, Daniel Madison, Jason England and Richard Turner.
In Popular Culture
In the movie Rounders, Worm is caught dealing off the bottom of the deck. The police officer who accuses him says "This son-of-a-bitch is base dealing. Caught a hanger, Sarge." They discover that Worm's partner, Mike, has A's and 7's as his first four cards, and the card on the bottom of the deck is an Ace.
See also
Card manipulation
Cheating in poker
Second dealing
Card marking
Notes
References
John Nevil Maskelyne, Sharps and Flats.
Card game terminology
Card magic
Card tricks
Cheating in gambling | wiki |
Electronic publishing (also referred to as publishing, digital publishing, or online publishing) includes the digital publication of e-books, digital magazines, and the development of digital libraries and catalogues. It also includes the editing of books, journals, and magazines to be posted on a screen (computer, e-reader, tablet, or smartphone).
About
Electronic publishing has become common in scientific publishing where it has been argued that peer-reviewed scientific journals are in the process of being replaced by electronic publishing. It is also becoming common to distribute books, magazines, and newspapers to consumers through tablet reading devices, a market that is growing by millions each year, generated by online vendors such as Apple's iTunes bookstore, Amazon's bookstore for Kindle, and books in the Google Play Bookstore. Market research suggested that half of all magazine and newspaper circulation would be via digital delivery by the end of 2015 and that half of all reading in the United States would be done without paper by 2015.
Although distribution via the Internet (also known as online publishing or web publishing when in the form of a website) is nowadays strongly associated with electronic publishing, there are many non-network electronic publications such as encyclopedias on CD and DVD, as well as technical and reference publications relied on by mobile users and others without reliable and high-speed access to a network. Electronic publishing is also being used in the field of test-preparation in developed as well as in developing economies for student education (thus partly replacing conventional books) – for it enables content and analytics combined – for the benefit of students. The use of electronic publishing for textbooks may become more prevalent with Apple Books from Apple Inc. and Apple's negotiation with the three largest textbook suppliers in the U.S.
Electronic publishing is increasingly popular in works of fiction. Electronic publishers are able to respond quickly to changing market demand, because the companies do not have to order printed books and have them delivered. E-publishing is also making a wider range of books available, including books that customers would not find in standard book retailers, due to insufficient demand for a traditional "print run". E-publication is enabling new authors to release books that would be unlikely to be profitable for traditional publishers. While the term "electronic publishing" is primarily used in the 2010s to refer to online and web-based publishers, the term has a history of being used to describe the development of new forms of production, distribution, and user interaction in regard to computer-based production of text and other interactive media.
History
Digitization
The first digitization initiative was in 1971 by Michael S. Hart, a student at the University of Illinois at Chicago, who launched Project Gutenberg, designed to make literature more accessible to everyone, through the internet. It took a while to develop, and in 1989 there were only 10 texts that were manually recopied on computer by Michael S. Hart himself and some volunteers. But with the appearance of the Web 1.0 in 1991 and its ability to connect documents together through static pages, the project moved quickly forward. Many more volunteers helped in developing the project by giving access to public domain classics.
In the 1970s, the French National Centre for Scientific Research digitized a thousand books from diverse subjects, mostly literature but also philosophy and science, dating back to the 12th century to present times, so as to build the foundations of a large dictionary, the Trésor de la langue française au Québec. This foundation of e-texts, named Frantext, was published on a compact disc under the brand name Discotext, and then on the worldwide web in 1998.
Mass-scale digitization
In 1974, American inventor and futurist Raymond Kurzweil developed a scanner which was equipped with an Omnifont software that enabled optical character recognition for numeric inputs. The digitization projects could then be more ambitious since the time needed for digitization decreased considerably, and digital libraries were on the rise. All over the world, e-libraries started to emerge.
The ABU (Association des Bibliophiles Universels), was a public digital library project created by the Cnam in 1993. It was the first French digital library in the network; suspended since 2002, they reproduced over a hundred texts that are still available.
In 1992, the Bibliothèque nationale de France launched a vast digitization program. The president François Mitterrand had wanted since 1988 to create a new and innovative digital library, and it was published in 1997 under the name of Gallica. In 2014, the digital library was offering 80 255 online books and over a million documents, including prints and manuscripts.
In 2003, Wikisource was launched, and the project aspired to constitute a digital and multilingual library that would be a complement to the Wikipedia project. It was originally named "Project Sourceberg", as a word play to remind the Project Gutenberg. Supported by the Wikimedia Foundation, Wikisource proposes digitized texts that have been verified by volunteers.
In December 2004, Google created Google Books, a project to digitize all the books available in the world (over 130 million books) to make them accessible online. 10 years later, 25 000 000 books, from a hundred countries and in 400 languages, are on the platform. This was possible because by that time, robotic scanners could digitize around 6 000 books per hour.
In 2008, the prototype of Europeana was launched; and by 2010, the project had been giving access to over 10 million digital objects. The Europeana library is a European catalog that offers index cards on millions of digital objects and links to their digital libraries. In the same year, HathiTrust was created to put together the contents of many university e-libraries from USA and Europe, as well as Google Books and Internet Archive. In 2016, over six millions of users had been using HathiTrust.
Electronic publishing
The first digitization projects were transferring physical content into digital content. Electronic publishing is aiming to integrate the whole process of editing and publishing (production, layout, publication) in the digital world.
Alain Mille, in the book Pratiques de l'édition numérique (edited by Michael E. Sinatra and Marcello Vitali-Rosati), says that the beginnings of Internet and the Web are the very core of electronic publishing, since they pretty much determined the biggest changes in the production and diffusion patterns. Internet has a direct effect on the publishing questions, letting creators and users go further in the traditional process (writer-editor-publishing house).
The traditional publishing, and especially the creation part, were first revolutionized by new desktop publishing softwares appearing in the 1980s, and by the text databases created for the encyclopedias and directories. At the same time the multimedia was developing quickly, combining book, audiovisual and computer science characteristics. CDs and DVDs appear, permitting the visualization of these dictionaries and encyclopedias on computers.
The arrival and democratization of Internet is slowly giving small publishing houses the opportunity to publish their books directly online. Some websites, like Amazon, let their users buy eBooks; Internet users can also find many educative platforms (free or not), encyclopedic websites like Wikipedia, and even digital magazines platforms. The eBook then becomes more and more accessible through many different supports, like the e-reader and even smartphones. The digital book had, and still has, an important impact on publishing houses and their economical models; it is still a moving domain, and they yet have to master the new ways of publishing in a digital era.
Online edition
Based on new communications practices of the web 2.0 and the new architecture of participation, online edition opens the door to a collaboration of a community to elaborate and improve contents on Internet, while also enriching reading through collective reading practices. The web 2.0 not only links documents together, as did the web 1.0, it also links people together through social media: that's why it's called the Participative (or participatory) Web.
Many tools were put in place to foster sharing and creative collective contents. One of the many is the Wikipedia encyclopedia, since it is edited, corrected and enhanced by millions of contributors. OpenStreetMap is also based on the same principle. Blogs and comment systems are also now renown as online edition and publishing, since it is possible through new interactions between the author and its readers, and can be an important method for inspiration but also for visibility.
Process
The electronic publishing process follows some aspects of the traditional paper-based publishing process but differs from traditional publishing in two ways: 1) it does not include using an offset printing press to print the final product and 2) it avoids the distribution of a physical product (e.g., paper books, paper magazines, or paper newspapers). Because the content is electronic, it may be distributed over the Internet and through electronic bookstores, and users can read the material on a range of electronic and digital devices, including desktop computers, laptops, tablet computers, smartphones or e-reader tablets. The consumer may read the published content online a website, in an application on a tablet device, or in a PDF document on a computer. In some cases, the reader may print the content onto paper using a consumer-grade ink-jet or laser printer or via a print-on-demand system. Some users download digital content to their devices, enabling them to read the content even when their device is not connected to the Internet (e.g., on an airplane flight).
Distributing content electronically as software applications ("apps") has become popular in the 2010s, due to the rapid consumer adoption of smartphones and tablets. At first, native apps for each mobile platform were required to reach all audiences, but in an effort toward universal device compatibility, attention has turned to using HTML5 to create web apps that can run on any browser and function on many devices. The benefit of electronic publishing comes from using three attributes of digital technology: XML tags to define content, style sheets to define the look of content, and metadata (data about data) to describe the content for search engines, thus helping users to find and locate the content (a common example of metadata is the information about a song's songwriter, composer, genre that is electronically encoded along with most CDs and digital audio files; this metadata makes it easier for music lovers to find the songs they are looking for). With the use of tags, style sheets, and metadata, this enables "reflowable" content that adapts to various reading devices (tablet, smartphone, e-reader, etc.) or electronic delivery methods.
Because electronic publishing often requires text mark-up (e.g., HyperText Markup Language or some other markup language) to develop online delivery methods, the traditional roles of typesetters and book designers, who created the printing set-ups for paper books, have changed. Designers of digitally published content must have a strong knowledge of mark-up languages, the variety of reading devices and computers available, and the ways in which consumers read, view or access the content. However, in the 2010s, new user friendly design software is becoming available for designers to publish content in this standard without needing to know detailed programming techniques, such as Adobe Systems' Digital Publishing Suite and Apple's iBooks Author. The most common file format is .epub, used in many e-book formats. .epub is a free and open standard available in many publishing programs. Another common format is .folio, which is used by the Adobe Digital Publishing Suite to create content for Apple's iPad tablets and apps.
Academic publishing
After an article is submitted to an academic journal for consideration, there can be a delay ranging from several months to more than two years before it is published in a journal, rendering journals a less than ideal format for disseminating current research. In some fields such as astronomy and some areas of physics, the role of the journal in disseminating the latest research has largely been replaced by preprint repositories such as arXiv.org. However, scholarly journals still play an important role in quality control and establishing scientific credit. In many instances, the electronic materials uploaded to preprint repositories are still intended for eventual publication in a peer-reviewed journal. There is statistical evidence that electronic publishing provides wider dissemination, because when a journal is available online, a larger number of researchers can access the journal. Even if a professor is working in a university that does not have a certain journal in its library, she may still be able to access the journal online. A number of journals have, while retaining their longstanding peer review process to ensure that the research is done properly, established electronic versions or even moved entirely to electronic publication.
Copyright
In the early 2000s, many of the existing copyright laws were designed around printed books, magazines and newspapers. For example, copyright laws often set limits on how much of a book can be mechanically reproduced or copied. Electronic publishing raises new questions in relation to copyright, because if an e-book or e-journal is available online, millions of Internet users may be able to view a single electronic copy of the document, without any "copies" being made.
Emerging evidence suggests that e-publishing may be more collaborative than traditional paper-based publishing; e-publishing often involves more than one author, and the resulting works are more accessible, since they are published online. At the same time, the availability of published material online opens more doors for plagiarism, unauthorized use, or re-use of the material. Some publishers are trying to address these concerns. For example, in 2011, HarperCollins limited the number of times that one of its e-books could be lent in a public library. Other publishers, such as Penguin, are attempting to incorporate e-book elements into their regular paper publications.
Examples
Electronic versions of traditional media
CD-ROM
E-book
Electronic journal
Online magazine
Online newspaper
Online catalog
Online brochure
Online newsletter
Online presentation
Online flyer
Online menu
Online pamphlet
PDF
New media
Blog
Collaborative software
Digital publication app
Enhanced publication
File sharing
Mobile apps
Podcast
Business models
Digital distribution
Online advertising
Open access (publishing)
Pay-per-view
Print on demand
Self-publishing
Subscriptions
Non-subsidy publishing
See also
Desktop publishing
Electronic typesetting
Mobile publishing
References
External links
W3C Digital Publishing Activity
Publishing | wiki |
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