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Ray tracing is a method for calculating the path of waves or particles through a system. The method is practiced in two distinct forms:
Ray tracing (physics), which is used for analyzing optical and other systems
Ray tracing (graphics), which is used for 3D image generation | wiki |
Decker can refer to:
Names
Decker (surname)
Places
Antarctica
Decker Glacier
Canada
Decker, Manitoba
Decker Lake (British Columbia), a lake near the town of Burns Lake, British Columbia
Decker Lake, British Columbia, a community on that lake
United States
Decker, Indiana, a town
Decker, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
Decker Corner, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
Decker Peak, a mountain in Idaho
Decker Prairie, Texas
Deckertown, New Jersey
Deckerville, Michigan
Deckers, Colorado
Entertainment
Black+Decker, an American manufacturer of power tools, accessories, hardware, home improvement products, home appliances and fastening systems
Decker, a term for a computer hacker in the Shadowrun universe
Decker (TV series), an American comedy web and television series starring Tim Heidecker and Gregg Turkington
Ultraman Decker, a 2022 Japanese tokusatsu television series
Other
Double decker bus, a bus which has two decks (floors) for passengers
Forster–Decker method, a series of chemical reactions that transform a primary amine ultimately to a secondary amine
See also
Deckers (disambiguation)
Dekker | wiki |
Heera may refer to:
Heera (given name) (includes a list of people with the name)
Heera (film), an Indian film
Al Heera, a locality in the United Arab Emirates
Heera Group UK, a music group
Heera Group (India), a fraudulent investment company
Heera Dom, Bhojpuri Poet
See also
Heer (disambiguation)
Hera (disambiguation)
Hira (disambiguation) | wiki |
Absolute risk (or AR) is the probability or chance of an event. It is usually used for the number of events (such as a disease) that occurred in a group, divided by the number of people in that group.
Absolute risk is one of the most understandable ways of communicating health risks to the general public.
See also
Absolute risk reduction
Relative risk
Relative risk reduction
External links
Know Your Chances: Understanding Health Statistics
References
Medical terminology | wiki |
Sindhochelys is a genus of extinct turtle of the family Bothremydidae. It lived during the early Paleocene in what is known Sindh, Pakistan. The genus was discovered in the Khadro Formation and named in December 2021. The genus represents the first known member of its family in Pakistan. The family Bothremydidae lived from the Cenomanian of the early Cretaceous to the Miocene epoch.
Discovery
The turtle was discovered in the Paleogene aged Khadro Formation, which is located near the Ranikot Fort area of Pakistan. The formation also contains the remains of the giant snake Gigantophis which was discovered in 1901 by Charles William Andrews.
References
Bothremydidae
Paleocene turtles
Fossil taxa described in 2021 | wiki |
The Mutum River is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Jutaí River.
The Cujubim Sustainable Development Reserve, established in 2003, lies on either side of the river in the municipality of Jutaí.
It is the largest conservation unit in Amazonas and the largest sustainable development reserve in the world.
See also
List of rivers of Amazonas
References
Sources
Rivers of Amazonas (Brazilian state) | wiki |
Børge Christensen may refer to:
Børge Christensen (footballer)
Børge Christensen (sport shooter) | wiki |
The Women's 800m Freestyle at the 2007 World Aquatics Championships took place on the morning of 30 March (prelims) and the evening of 31 March (finals) at the Rod Laver Arena in Melbourne, Australia.
The existing records when the event started were:
World Record (WR): 8:16.22, Janet Evans (USA), 20 August 1989 in Tokyo, Japan.
Championship Record (CR): 8:23.66, Hannah Stockbauer (Germany), Barcelona 2003 (Jul.26.2003)
Results
Finals
Preliminaries
References
Women's 800m Freestyle Preliminary results from the 2007 World Championships. Published by OmegaTiming.com (official timer of the '07 Worlds); Retrieved 2009-07-01.
Women's 800m Freestyle Final results from the 2007 World Championships. Published by OmegaTiming.com (official timer of the '07 Worlds); Retrieved 2009-07-01.
Swimming at the 2007 World Aquatics Championships
2007 in women's swimming | wiki |
Hank Gilpin is an American furniture maker and wood sculptor. He is known for using distinctive types of wood. His work is in the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Having worked under Tage Frid while studying at the Rhode Island School of Design, Gilpin owns and operates a woodworking shop in Lincoln, Rhode Island.
References
External links
Living people
American furniture designers
20th-century American sculptors
People from Providence County, Rhode Island
Rhode Island School of Design alumni
1946 births
21st-century American sculptors | wiki |
A probe card (commonly referred to as a DUT board) is used in automated integrated circuit testing. It is an interface between an electronic test system and a semiconductor wafer.
Use and manufacture
A probe card or DUT board is a printed circuit board (PCB), and is the interface between the integrated circuit and a test head, which in turn attaches to automatic test equipment (ATE) (or "tester"). Typically, the probe card is mechanically docked to a Wafer testing prober and electrically connected to the ATE . Its purpose is to provide an electrical path between the test system and the circuits on the wafer, thereby permitting the testing and validation of the circuits at the wafer level, usually before they are diced and packaged. It normally comprises a PCB and some form of contact elements, usually metallic.
A semiconductor manufacturer will typically require a new probe card for each new device wafer and for device shrinks (when the manufacturer reduces the size of the device while keeping its functionality) because the probe card is effectively a custom connector that takes the universal pattern of a given tester and translates the signals to connect to electrical pads on the wafer. For testing of Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) and Flash memory (FLASH) devices, these pads are typically made of aluminum and are 40–90 per side. Other devices may have flat pads, or raised bumps or pillars made of copper, copper alloys or many types of solders such as lead-tin, tin-silver and others.
The probe card must make good electrical contact to these pads or bumps during the testing of the device. When the testing of the device is complete, the prober will index the wafer to the next device to be tested.
Normally a probe card is inserted into a wafer prober, inside which the position of the wafer to be tested will be adjusted to ensure a precise contact between the probe card and wafer. Once the probe card and the wafer are loaded, a camera in the prober will optically locate several tips on the probe card and several marks or pads on the wafer, and using this information it will align the pads on the device under test (DUT) to the probe card contacts.
Design and types
Probe cards are broadly classified into needle type, vertical type, and MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical System) type depending on shape and forms of contact elements. MEMS type is the most advanced technology currently available. The most advanced type of probe card currently can test an entire 12" wafer with one touchdown.
Probe cards or DUT boards are designed to meet both the mechanical and electrical requirements of the particular chip and the specific test equipment to be used. One type of DUT board is used for testing the individual die of a silicon wafer before they are cut free and packaged, and another type is used for testing packaged IC's.
Efficiency factors
Probe card efficiency is affected by many factors. Perhaps the most important factor impacting probe card efficiency is the number of DUTs that can be tested in parallel. Many wafers today are still tested one device at a time. If one wafer had 1000 of these devices and the time required to test one device was 10 seconds and the time for the prober to move from one device to another device was 1 second, then to test an entire wafer would take 1000 x 11 seconds = 11,000 seconds or roughly 3 hours. If however, the probe card and the tester could test 16 devices in parallel (with 16 times the electrical connections) then the test time would be reduced by almost exactly 16 times (to about 11 minutes).
Contamination issues
Another major factor is debris that accumulates on the tips of the probe needles. Normally these are made of tungsten or tungsten/rhenium alloys or advanced palladium based alloys like PdCuAg. Some modern probe cards have contact tips manufactured by MEMS technologies.
Irrespective of the probe tip material, contamination builds up on the tips as a result of successive touchdown events (where the probe tips make physical contact with the bond pads of the die). Accumulation of debris has an adverse effect on the critical measurement of contact resistance. To return a used probe card to a contact resistance that is acceptable, the probe tips must be spotless. Cleaning can be done offline using an NWR style laser to reclaim the tips by selectively removing the contamination. Online cleaning can be used during testing to optimize the testing results within the wafer or within wafer lots.
Notes
References
External links
Additional Slides for Lecture 16: "Testing, Design for Testability", EE271
System-in-Package (SiP) Testing, Jin-Fu Li, National Central University, Taiwan
Probe Card Tutorial, Keithley Instruments
Semiconductor device fabrication
Hardware testing | wiki |
Cowboy beans (also known as chuckwagon beans) is a bean dish popular in the southwestern United States. The dish consists of pinto beans and ground beef in a sweet and tangy sauce. Other types of meat can be used. The flavor is similar to baked beans but with a southwestern twist. Although cowboy appears in the name, the use of canned beans, ketchup, and barbecue sauce means the dish is unlike anything ranch hands would have eaten in the 19th century. Cowboy beans are served stewed or baked, depending on the recipe.
It is unclear how cowboy beans got their name or where they originated. They are easy to prepare and variations on the recipe are available on the Internet and in cookbooks and cooking magazines. Cowboy beans use many of the same ingredients as chili con carne with a very different taste.
Cowboy beans is a staple food in Texas.
Ingredients
A typical recipe might include:
Pork and beans
Ground beef
Onion powder
Black pepper
Ketchup
Barbecue sauce
Brown sugar
Milk
Flour
See also
Borracho beans
Frijoles charros, a Mexican dish, sometimes translated as cowboy beans.
Texas caviar, sometimes called "cowboy caviar"
List of legume dishes
References
External links
Cowboy Beans with Bacon Recipe
A typical Cowboy Bean recipe
Beef dishes
Baked foods
American legume dishes | wiki |
Flatbrød (literally "flat-bread") is a traditional Norwegian unleavened bread which is usually eaten with fish, salted meats and soups. Originally it was the staple food of Norwegian farmers, shepherds and peasants. Flat bread is dry and free from water so it is possible to store it for a long period of time.
Background
The basic ingredients are barley flour, salt, and water, though many varieties exist which incorporate other staples.
It was once generally eaten in all meals, most often with cured herring and cold boiled potato, often along with sour cream and/or butter. Another use is served with betasuppe, a traditional meat soup or lobscouse, a traditional stew.
The thinner the bread is, the better it is. It is rolled and then cooked on a large griddle. The tradition of making flat bread used to be passed down through generation after generation by housewives, and each person had her own recipe for preparing it. It is still an important part of Norwegian food traditions, particularly in the countryside.
See also
Crispbread
Flatbread
Norwegian cuisine
References
External links
A sample Flatbrød recipe
Norwegian breads
Flatbreads
Unleavened breads
Barley-based dishes | wiki |
The New Britain water rat (Hydromys neobritannicus) is a species of semiaquatic rodent in the family Muridae.
It is found only on the island of New Britain in Papua New Guinea. It is threatened by habitat loss.
References
Rats of Asia
Rodents of Papua New Guinea
Mammals described in 1935
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Hydromys
Taxa named by George Henry Hamilton Tate
Taxa named by Richard Archbold | wiki |
Mike Robbie (born April 5, 1943) is a former general manager of the Miami Dolphins National Football League team and the son of Joe Robbie, former owner of the team.
References
External links
The Super Bowl that tore a family apart, forever changed stadium deals
Miami Dolphins executives
National Football League general managers
1943 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people) | wiki |
Weak approximation may refer to:
Weak approximation theorem, an extension of the Chinese remainder theorem to algebraic groups over global fields
Weak weak approximation, a form of weak approximation for varieties
Weak-field approximation, a solution in general relativity | wiki |
In physics, a ripple tank is a shallow glass tank of water used to demonstrate the basic properties of waves. It is a specialized form of a wave tank. The ripple tank is usually illuminated from above, so that the light shines through the water. Some small ripple tanks fit onto the top of an overhead projector, i.e. they are illuminated from below. The ripples on the water show up as shadows on the screen underneath the tank. All the basic properties of waves, including reflection, refraction, interference and diffraction, can be demonstrated.
Ripples may be generated by a piece of wood that is suspended above the tank on elastic bands so that it is just touching the surface. Screwed to wood is a motor that has an off centre weight attached to the axle. As the axle rotates the motor wobbles, shaking the wood and generating ripples.
Demonstrating wave properties
A number of wave properties can be demonstrated with a ripple tank. These include plane waves, reflection, refraction, interference and diffraction.
Plane waves
When the rippler is lowered so that it just touches the surface of the water, plane waves will be produced.
Circular waves
When the rippler is attached with a point spherical ball and lowered so that it just touches the surface of the water, circular waves will be produced.
Reflection
Demonstrating reflection and focusing of mirrors
By placing a metal bar in the tank and tapping the wooden bar a pulse of three or four ripples can be sent towards the metal bar. The ripples reflect from the bar. If the bar is placed at an angle to the wavefront the reflected waves can be seen to obey the law of reflection. The angle of incidence and angle of reflection will be the same.
If a concave parabolic obstacle is used, a plane wave pulse will converge on a point after reflection. This point is the focal point of the mirror. Circular waves can be produced by dropping a single drop of water into the ripple tank. If this is done at the focal point of the "mirror" plane waves will be reflected back.
Refraction
If a sheet of glass is placed in the tank, the depth of water in the tank will be shallower over the glass than elsewhere. The speed of a wave in water depends on the depth, so the ripples slow down as they pass over the glass. This causes the wavelength to decrease. If the junction between the deep and shallow water is at an angle to the wavefront, the waves will refract. In the diagram above, the waves can be seen to bend towards the normal. The normal is shown as a dotted line. The dashed line is the direction that the waves would travel if they had not met the angled piece of glass.
In practice, showing refraction with a ripple tank is quite tricky to do.
The sheet of glass needs to be quite thick, with the water over it as shallow as possible. This maximizes the depth difference and so causes a greater velocity difference and therefore greater angle.
If the water is too shallow, viscous drag effects cause the ripples to disappear very quickly.
The glass should have smooth edges to minimize reflections at the edge.
Diffraction
If a small obstacle is placed in the path of the ripples, and a slow frequency is used, there is no shadow area as the ripples refract around it, as shown below on the right. A faster frequency may result in a shadow, as shown below on the right. If a large obstacle is placed in the tank, a shadow area will probably be observed.
If an obstacle with a small gap is placed in the tank the ripples emerge in an almost semicircular pattern. If the gap is large however, the diffraction is much more limited. Small, in this context, means that the size of the obstacle is comparable to the wavelength of the ripples.
Diffraction from a grid
A phenomenon identical to the x-ray diffraction of x-rays from an atomic crystal lattice can also be seen, thus demonstrating the principles of crystallography. If one lowers a grid of obstacles into the water, with the spacing between the obstacles roughly corresponding to the wavelength of the water waves, one will see diffraction from the grid. At certain angles between the grid and the oncoming waves, the waves will appear to reflect off the grid; at other angles, the waves will pass through. Similarly, if the frequency (wavelength) of the waves is altered, the waves will also alternately pass through or be reflected, depending on the precise relationship between spacing, orientation and wavelength.
Interference
Interference can be produced by the use of two dippers that are attached to the main ripple bar. In the diagrams below on the left the light areas represent crests of waves, the black areas represent troughs. Notice the grey areas: they are areas of destructive interference where the waves from the two sources cancel one another out. To the right is a photograph of two-point interference generated in a circular ripple tank.
See also
Capillary wave
PSSC Physics – pioneering secondary-school physics textbook which made extensive use of ripple tanks to illustrate waves
Shallow water equations
Wave tank
References
Breithaupt, Jim (2000) New Understanding Physics for Advanced Level pages 309–312, Nelson Thornes. .
External links
How to set-up and use a Ripple Tank
Java Open Source Physics Ripple Tank Model
Experimental physics
Interferometry | wiki |
Charles K. Eagle (d. 1928) was an American silk merchant who owned one of New York City's largest silk-manufacturing firms in the early 20th century.
Career
In 1906, Eagle was in business with his brother, John H. Eagle (July 24, 1868 – July 24, 1943),<ref>JH & CK Eagle Silk Mill Co., Thomas, Photographer, 1916-1924</ref> at 487 Broome Street in Lower Manhattan.The Trow (formerly Wilson's) Copartnership and Corporation Directory of New York City (1906), p. 206 They established the J. H. and C. K. Eagle Company in Shamokin, Pennsylvania, which expanded into several areas of the United States.
The Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide stated on May 13, 1911, that the lot at the corner of Park Avenue and 21st Street, formerly occupied by the New Amsterdam Hotel, had been purchased by "J. H. & C. K. Eagle, one of the largest of the city's silk manufacturing firms". The address is known as "The Eagle Building" today, the work of architects Warren and Wetmore. Four years later, the firm built, at a cost of $1.5 million, a silk mill factory on Chestnut Street in Kulpmont, Pennsylvania. The American Silk Journal wrote: "This is undoubtedly the largest mill building project ever undertaken at one time by a single firm in the silk trade, and is a very substantial indication of the remarkable success had by the firm of J. H. & C. K. Eagle since the inception of their business." The mill building was sold to a New York company in 2021.
The brothers also constructed Eagle Silk Mill at Water Street and Lamb's Crossing in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, in 1922. They also had facilities in other parts of Pennsylvania, including Phoenixville, Gettysburg and Mechanicsburg.
In June 1925, the brothers sold the Eagle Building, which was described by The New York Times as "one of the finest buildings in the section". Upon the death of John in 1943, The New York Times reported that he retired in 1925, and moved to Pasadena, California, living in the 1920-built Marshallia'' mansion (now Strub Hall, part of Mayfield Senior School) on Grand Avenue, so it is likely Charles continued on alone for last three years of his life. The company moved to 265 Madison Avenue in Manhattan, but kept space for retail at its former home until 1929, a year after Charles' death.
The Briarcliffe
In October 1923, Eagle moved to The Briarcliffe, at 171 West 57th Street in Midtown Manhattan, from the Rodin Studios diagonally across Seventh Avenue and 57th Street. They lived in Philadelphia before that. At the Briarcliffe, he built himself a 5,573-square-foot"Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross Won’t Profit From Briarcliff Penthouse" – Observer, March 3, 2017 penthouse apartment, with a 1,847-square-foot"171 West 57th Street, PH" – Corcoran terrace that wraps around the southwestern corner of the building.
During its construction in 1921, and at a cost of $8,000, Eagle had extra steel beams included in the terrace's construction to support extensive garden plantings. "My wife and I have always loved the country and growing things, flowers and birds. Why should we have to leave town in search of the things that made us happy?" As such, the terrace featured flower beds, Japanese pines, a fountain with speckled trout, birdhouses and pheasants and squirrels.
Death
Eagle's wife, Tecla (or Thecla) Jensen, suffered a nervous breakdown during their time at the Briarcliffe. On the morning of September 2, 1928, Eagle, who had been battling a three-week attack of insomnia, committed suicide in the gymnasium of the apartment. He used one of his hunting weapons, a "double-barreled rifle of .44 calibre, surmounted by a barrel of .22 calibre", shooting himself in the right temple. His body was found by his wife's nurse. He had sold the property one month earlier. When his will was probated, his estate had been hit by the Wall Street Crash of 1929, for what was once worth $3.9 million was now worth $141,000. At the time of his death, he owed $3 million to Chase Bank, due in two months.
References
Cloth merchants
20th-century American businesspeople
1928 deaths
Businesspeople from New York City
People from Midtown Manhattan | wiki |
NuMex is the moniker used for products created by the Agriculture Experimentation Station of New Mexico State University.
The AES is responsible for a large variety of unusual agricultural cultivars, including a key breed of onion simply called the Numex, and a great many cultivars of chili pepper, including the Numex Twilight, a curious breed with upright fruit which starts purple and then turns yellow, orange, and red. Including the green leaves, this plant has every color of the rainbow except blue.
References
External links
New Mexico State University | wiki |
Cat Sense is a 2013 non-fiction book written by John Bradshaw. It was published on August 15, 2013, and was chosen by The New York Times as one of its best-sellers in 2013.
It was also publicly well received and praised for its humorist approach to its subject: cat psychology.
Major newspapers and radios gave good reviews. NPR, for example, included it as an NPR Staff Pick on their "Guide to 2013's Great Reads."
References
Natural history books
British non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Books about cats
English non-fiction books | wiki |
Pantyhose, called sheer tights, or tights, are close-fitting legwear covering the wearer's body from the waist to the toes. Mostly considered to be a garment for women and girls, pantyhose first appeared on store shelves in 1959 for the advertisement of new design panties (Allen Gant's product, 'Panti-Legs') as a convenient alternative to stockings and/or control panties which, in turn, replaced girdles.
Like stockings or knee highs, pantyhose are usually made of nylon, or of other fibers blended with nylon. Pantyhose are designed to:
Be attractive in appearance,
Hide physical features such as blemishes, bruises, scars, hair, spider veins, or varicose veins,
Reduce visible panty lines, and
Ease chafing between feet and footwear, or between thighs.
Besides being worn as fashion, in Western society pantyhose are sometimes worn by women as part of formal dress. Also, the dress code of some companies and schools may require pantyhose or fashion tights to be worn when skirts or shorts are worn as part of a uniform.
Terminology
The term "pantyhose" originated in the United States and rid the combination of panties (an American English term) with sheer nylon hosiery. In British English, these garments are called "sheer tights". The term tights alone refers to all such garments regardless of whether they are sheer lingerie or sturdy outerwear.
In American English, the term "tights" typically refers to pantyhose-like garments made from thicker material, which are generally opaque or slightly translucent. Opaque leg wear made of material such as spandex are often worn by both sexes for athletic activities or as utility clothing, and are usually referred to as "leggings", a term that includes casual wear. The primary difference between tights and leggings is that leggings can be worn as outerwear, whereas tights are not. In most cases, leggings will have a seam on the inside of the leg, whereas the legs of tights will be seamless. Leggings will often be footless, whereas tights usually will not.
History
The history of pantyhose, as for stockings, is tied to that of changes in styles of women's hemlines. Before the 1920s, it was generally expected that women would cover their legs in public, including their ankles; and dress and skirt hemlines were generally to the ground. The main exceptions were in sports and entertainment, making tights a more suitable choice. In cases of high cut legs or fabrics that would produce a visible panty line, it was a practical necessity to wear them as the only lower undergarment. In the 1920s, fashionable hemlines for women began to rise, exposing the legs to just below the knees. Stockings also came into vogue to maintain leg coverage, as well as some level of warmth. The most popular stockings were sheer hosiery which were first made of silk or rayon (then known as "artificial silk"), and, after 1940, made of nylon, which had been invented by DuPont in 1938. During the 1940s and 1950s, stage and film producers would sew stockings to the briefs of their actresses and dancers, as testified to by singer-actress-dancer Ann Miller. These garments were seen in popular motion pictures such as Daddy Long Legs.
In 1953, Allen Gant Sr. of Glen Raven Knitting Mills developed a commercial equivalent to these hose that he named "Panti-Legs", but these were not brought to the open market until about 1959. During this time, Ernest G. Rice invented his own design for pantyhose similar to those worn today, and in 1956 he submitted a patent titled "Combination Stockings and Panty". This design was adopted by other makers, and this caused disputes in U.S. courts for many years before the patent was upheld some time after Rice's own death.
Up until this time, there was little reason for women outside show business to wear "panty hose", as the longer hemlines allowed for the use of over-the-knee stockings secured with a garter belt. Nonetheless, during the 1960s, improved textile manufacturing processes made pantyhose increasingly more affordable, while man-made textiles such as spandex (or elastane) made them more comfortable and durable. The advent of the fashionable miniskirt, which exposed the legs to well above the knee, made pantyhose a necessity to many women. In 1970, U.S. sales of pantyhose exceeded stockings for the first time, and it has remained so ever since. Pantyhose became a wardrobe staple throughout the 1970s and 1980s.
From 1995 a steady decline began, leveling off in 2006 with U.S. sales less than half of what they had once been. This decline has been attributed to bare legs in fashion, changes in workplace dress code, and the increased popularity of trousers.
While sales of traditional styles did not recover, the 2000s saw the rise of other specific styles. Fishnet hose, patterns and colors, opaque tights, low-rise pantyhose, footless shapewear, and pantyhose for men (playfully referred to as "mantyhose") all experienced increased sales. In the 2010s, an increasing popularity for form-fitting opaque leggings paired with casual dress (and even some officewear) supplanted the fashion role previously held by pantyhose, although pantyhose remain popular as part of formalwear.
Composition
Pantyhose generally have a standard construction: the top of the waist is a strong elastic; the part covering the hips and the buttocks (the panty area) is composed of a thicker material than for the legs. The gusset or crotch covering the genitalia is a stronger material, sometimes made of porous cotton, but the legs of the pantyhose are made of the thinnest usable fabrics, and it has a consistent construction down to the wearer's toes. These can be reinforced to guard against wear and tear.
Most pantyhose are composed of nylon and a mixture of spandex, which provides the elasticity and form-fitting that is characteristic of modern pantyhose. The nylon fabric is somewhat prone to tearing ("running"), and it is common for very sheer hose to "run" soon after snagging on anything that is rough or sharp.
Variations in pantyhose construction exist, such as with fishnet pantyhose. Pantyhose may be composed of other materials such as silk, cotton, cashmere or wool.
Styles
Pantyhose are available in a wide range of styles. The sheerness of the garment, expressed as a numerical "denier"/'dtex", ranges from 3 (extremely rare, very thin, barely visible) up to 20 (standard sheer), 30 (semi opaque) up to 250 (opaque). The term denier is often referred to the weight of the yarn that was used to produce the item of hosiery. A higher denier of yarn results in a thicker pair of tights.
Control-top pantyhose, intended to boost a slimmer figure, has a reinforced-panty section. The panty section may be visible when wearing short skirts or shorts.
Sheer-to-waist pantyhose is sheer throughout, with the panty portion being the same thickness and color as the leg portion, and are designed for use with high-slit gowns, miniskirts, hot pants, or lingerie. Often sheer-to-waist pantyhose will be reinforced along and on either side of the seam in the middle of the panty. Often sheer-to-waist pantyhose comes with sandal toes - invisibly reinforced toes part.
Open toe pantyhose starts from the waist and ends just before the toes, leaving toes free, which allows legs to be covered with the tights, but toes to be shown in sandals or peep toe shoes.
Open-crotch pantyhose, sometimes known as crotchless pantyhose, do not have a gusset. Instead, an opening is in place for hygiene or sexual-fetishism activities.
Some pantyhose have single- or double-panel gussets incorporated into them. In single-panel, there are two seams instead of the usual one, with a single seam on the opposite side; with double-panel gussets, there are two seams on either side.
Concerns
The disadvantages of pantyhose includes:
Unlike cotton, nylon is not an absorbent material. As a result, perspiration is more likely to remain in contact with the feet, legs and genital area, thereby encouraging bacterial growth and associated odor. Some hosiery products contain silver to help prevent odor and sweating of the feet, thus making the wearing of hosiery a more pleasant experience. Wearing natural fiber silk stockings and tights is another means of reducing perspiration.
Some women do not wear pantyhose for environmental reasons, noting that they usually cannot be recycled, and nylon pantyhose are not biodegradable. Disposing of the item contributes to overuse of landfill. Burning nylon pantyhose sometimes releases toxins into the atmosphere.
This used to be the case but in the UK, local authorities accept clean, dry textiles along with other recyclables. This is both at recycling centres and curb-side collections. Textiles (including tights, pantyhose and stockings) which cannot be re-worn are recycled and turned into things like roofing felt. There are several internet sites which explain ways of reusing pantyhose (laddered or otherwise). In the US, nylon stockings, tights, and pantyhose can be sent to Recycled Crafts to be used in craft projects like pet toys, rugs, placemats, and table runners. Swedish Stockings, maker of hosiery, has a program to grind down old pantyhose for use in oil and grease traps. In the past, hosiery manufacturer No Nonsense had a recycling program, and so did Matter of Trust
Pantyhose have been criticized for being flimsy because the thin knit fabric is prone to tearing or laddering (or "running"). The wearer can cause a run in the hose by catching a toenail in the fabric when the hose is put on, by catching it on a rough surface like a corner of a desk, or a car, and by numerous other risks. Some women apply clear nail polish or hair spray to their hose to prevent runs from growing. Some of brands offer "ladder-resist" pantyhose which are more durable than regular ones.
Use by men
While usually considered to be a woman's garment, pantyhose can also be worn by men, for example for thermal protection, therapeutic relief or simply as a lifestyle choice. Race horse jockeys may wear pantyhose under their uniform to enable them to glide freely over the legs and waist when the jockey's body moves at a rapid pace. Some fishermen who surf fish from tropical beaches may wear pantyhose for protection from jellyfish whose stingers are triggered by contact with a chemical on bare skin. In the late 1990s, several manufacturers introduced pantyhose styles designed for men to cater to this niche market.
Gallery
See also
Pantyhose fetishism
References
External links
How It's Made: Pantyhose YouTube video
Hosiery Glossary - Specialistic glossary in English
1950s fashion
20th-century fashion
21st-century fashion
Fetish clothing
History of fashion
Hosiery
Lingerie
Socks
Women's clothing | wiki |
Gratuitous care is the term used in civil accident injury claims to describe the primary compensation for care provided by friends and family of the injured party. As the term implies, this is care that the injured party has not paid for, though the law recognizes that it has value, and can be sued for.
A personal injury claim consists of two main sections: General damages and Special damages (see Damages), Gratuitous care is a head of claim that comes under Special damages. Special damages normally encompasses expenses that the injured party has paid for (for example taxi fares where he/she has not been able to drive to places as normal), or of monies he/she would have received but has not due to his/her injuries (for example loss of earnings). However, in the case of Gratuitous care the injured party can claim for the care and help he/she has received by friends and/or family even though he/she has probably not actually paid over any money. The law recognises that this care and help provided by friends and family is necessary and would otherwise need to be paid for, and therefore enables the injured party to claim just as he/she would have done if the care had been purchased from an outside agency.
Gratuitous can be claimed on an hourly basis on what is known as the gratuitous rate. This is based on what the care would have cost in any particular area if provided to the claimant by a commercial organisation, less the profit margin that organisation would make. This profit margin is generally taken to be about one third of the retail cost. So for example if the commercial cost of the care provided would have been £9 per hour, it can be claimed at £6 per hour.
Gratuitous care can be claimed on both a past and futures basis.
References
Personal injury | wiki |
Hyperacrius is a genus of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It contains the following species:
True's vole (Hyperacrius fertilis)
Murree vole (Hyperacrius wynnei)
References
Rodent genera
Taxa named by Gerrit Smith Miller Jr.
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
A skateboard style refers to the way a skateboarder prefers to ride a skateboard. Skateboard styles can be broadly divided into two different categories: skateboarding to perform tricks and skateboarding as a means of transportation. Styles of skateboarding have evolved over time and are influenced by a number of factors including sociocultural evolution, mass media, music, technology, corporate influence and individual skill level.
The styles used by different skateboarders when riding skateboards should not be confused with skater style, the manner in which skateboarders dress or act in relation to skateboarding culture.
Styles
Freestyle
Probably the oldest style of skateboarding, freestyle skateboarding developed from the use of skateboards as a mode of transport in the 1960s. Professional freestyle competitions often involved music and choreography and focused on fluidity and technical skill. The style changed significantly with the introduction of ollies and other tricks in the 1980s and the introduction of various obstacle elements.
Vert
Vert skateboarding has its genesis in "pool riding" - the riding of skateboards in emptied backyard swimming pools - during the 1970s. It involves skateboard riders moving from the horizontal (on the ground) to the vertical (on a ramp or other incline) to perform tricks - thus "vert". It is also referred to as "transition skateboarding" or "tranny skating". Skateboarders usually set-up their boards with 55mm (or larger) wheels and wider decks for more stability.
Street
Street skateboarding involves the use of urban obstacles like stairs and their handrails, planter boxes, drainage ditches, park benches and other street furniture. Skaters perform tricks around, on, onto or over these obstacles. Skateboarders usually set-up their boards with 55mm (or smaller) wheels and narrower decks to make the board flip and spin faster and to make performing tricks easier.
Park
Park skateboarding encompasses a variety of sub-styles adopted by those who ride skateboards in purpose-built skate parks. Most skate parks combine halfpipes and quarterpipes with various other "vert" skateboarding features as well as "street" obstacles such as stairs, ledges, and rails. The integration of these elements produces a different skating experience.
Slalom And One Wheel
"Slalom" skateboarding is the best way of showing your skateboarding skills. What it basically does is pass the plastic cones while skateboarding. You can't touch the board with the cones, if it gets touched, you will lose the competition. It has been called course competitions. Lots of skaters love to take part. The "one-wheel" skateboarding is a difficult style for all skateboarders. It needs a lot of balance and practice to be good at it. As the name is showing that the board includes only one wheel and you have to ride it with good balance ability.
Cruising
Cruising can be achieved with any type of skateboard through general urban areas without tricks. Skateboarders in this category often use "cruisers" which are generally wider and have rubbery wheels. Cruising, similarly to Downhill Skateboarding, is often used for transportation.
Downhill
Non-competition downhill skateboarding is one of the oldest styles of skateboarding and was popular in the early 1970s. Original longboards were described as being like snow skis (in terms of length). Modern riders often use longboards for races, but some use regular skateboards for non-competition downhill skateboarding.
Other styles
Big Air Skateboarding was invented when Danny Way and DC Shoes created the "Mega Ramp", with a giant "roll in" for speed followed by a large launch ramp, a (approximately) 50 foot gap and (approximately) 25 foot quarterpipe. It has recently become popular enough to be an event in the X-games, and they are now adding other obstacles such as rails in the gap.
Grass surfing
References | wiki |
In programming languages, name binding is the association of entities (data and/or code) with identifiers. An identifier bound to an object is said to reference that object. Machine languages have no built-in notion of identifiers, but name-object bindings as a service and notation for the programmer is implemented by programming languages. Binding is intimately connected with scoping, as scope determines which names bind to which objects – at which locations in the program code (lexically) and in which one of the possible execution paths (temporally).
Use of an identifier in a context that establishes a binding for is called a binding (or defining) occurrence. In all other occurrences (e.g., in expressions, assignments, and subprogram calls), an identifier stands for what it is bound to; such occurrences are called applied occurrences.
Binding time
Static binding (or early binding) is name binding performed before the program is run.
Dynamic binding (or late binding or virtual binding) is name binding performed as the program is running.
An example of a static binding is a direct C function call: the function referenced by the identifier cannot change at runtime.
An example of dynamic binding is dynamic dispatch, as in a C++ virtual method call. Since the specific type of a polymorphic object is not known before runtime (in general), the executed function is dynamically bound. Take, for example, the following Java code:
public void foo(java.util.List<String> list) {
list.add("bar");
}
List is an interface, so list must refer to a subtype of it. list may reference a LinkedList, an ArrayList, or some other subtype of List. The method referenced by add is not known until runtime. In C, such an instance of dynamic binding may be a call to a function pointed to by a variable or expression of a function pointer type whose value is unknown until it is evaluated at run-time.
Rebinding and mutation
Rebinding should not be confused with mutation.
Rebinding is a change to the referencing identifier.
Mutation is a change to the referenced entity.
Consider the following Java code:
LinkedList<String> list;
list = new LinkedList<String>();
list.add("foo");
list = null;
The identifier list initially references nothing (it is uninitialized); it is then rebound to reference an object (a linked list of strings). The linked list referenced by list is then mutated, adding a string to the list. Lastly, list is rebound to null.
Late static
Late static binding is a variant of binding somewhere between static and dynamic binding. Consider the following PHP example:
class A
{
public static $word = "hello";
public static function hello() { print self::$word; }
}
class B extends A
{
public static $word = "bye";
}
B::hello();
In this example, the PHP interpreter binds the keyword self inside A::hello() to class A, and so the call to B::hello() produces the string "hello". If the semantics of self::$word had been based on late static binding, then the result would have been "bye".
Beginning with PHP version 5.3, late static binding is supported. Specifically, if self::$word in the above were changed to static::$word as shown in the following block, where the keyword static would only be bound at runtime, then the result of the call to B::hello() would be "bye":
class A
{
public static $word = "hello";
public static function hello() { print static::$word; }
}
class B extends A
{
public static $word = "bye";
}
B::hello();
See also
Late binding
Branch table method of applying name binding via branch table or function pointers
Dynamic dispatch
Higher-order abstract syntax (HOAS)
References
Programming language concepts
Articles with example Java code
Definition
ja:束縛 (情報工学)
pt:Vinculação de nomes (computação) | wiki |
Special team may refer to:
Special teams in American football, units that are on the field during kicking plays
Special teams in ice hockey, players on the ice during a power play
Police Special Operation Teams, a law enforcement agency in Turkey | wiki |
In geology, a placer deposit or placer is an accumulation of valuable minerals formed by gravity separation from a specific source rock during sedimentary processes. The name is from the Spanish word placer, meaning "alluvial sand". Placer mining is an important source of gold, and was the main technique used in the early years of many gold rushes, including the California Gold Rush. Types of placer deposits include alluvium, eluvium, beach placers, aeolian placers and paleo-placers.
Placer materials must be both dense and resistant to weathering processes. To accumulate in placers, mineral particles must have a specific gravity above 2.58.
Placer environments typically contain black sand, a conspicuous shiny black mixture of iron oxides, mostly magnetite with variable amounts of ilmenite and hematite. Valuable mineral components often occurring with black sands are monazite, rutile, zircon, chromite, wolframite, and cassiterite. Early mining operations were likely a result of placer deposits as they were easily accessible and potential size. The events known as gold/diamonds rushes were caused by placer deposits and have proved to be plentiful.
Characteristics of placer minerals
Density
Placer minerals are defined as having a specific gravity above 2.58. The separation of the valuable minerals from the most common non-economic mineral, quartz, depends on the difference in specific gravity/density.The weathering process allows for the accumulation of placer minerals, while less dense material such as quartz are swept away.
Hardness
Hardness allows a placer minerals to resist mechanical breakdown and loss of mass from abrasion during transport. A hardness greater than quartz is desired, however substances such as gold typically deform and create irregularly shaped nuggets when subject to mechanical stress.
Stability
Chemical stability is important for a placer mineral to resist chemical breakdown such as oxidation, Minerals lacking chemical stability will form less desirable alteration when subject to chemical breakdown.
Types of placers
Alluvial placers
Alluvial placers are those formed in river or stream sediments. Another name for alluvial placers are stream placers. Typical locations for alluvial gold placer deposits are on the inside bends of rivers and creeks; in natural hollows; at the break of slope on a stream; the base of an escarpment, waterfall or other barrier. Stream placers are the most economical and common types of placers and have provided many with riches in the past.
Alluvial placers are formed by the deposition of dense particles at a site where water velocity remains below that required to transport them further.
To form a placer deposit, the particles desired must show a marked density contrast with the gangue material, which is able to be transported away from the trap site. Only if the deposit is winnowed in this way can the minerals be concentrated to economic levels.
Beach placers
Beach placers are formed in sand and gravel deposited along the edge of large bodies of water and are typically found where streams or rivers flow into a large body of water. Materials collect as beach placers by continuous wave action and currents. Some important examples of beach placers include black sands of Oregon, gold deposits in Nome, Alaska, zircon sands in Brazil and Australia as well as diamond marine gravel in South Africa.
Gold bearing beach placers consist of large strips of black sands and are typically constantly changing as a result of storms or sporadic wave action. Typically beach placers are populated by ilmenite and magnetite, however gold, platinum and chromite are found in varying amounts. Some of the most productive beach placers are considered ancient beaches that are now far inland from the water, these placers no longer shift with storms and tidal action but with wind and rainfall.
Eluvial placers
Eluvial placers are deposits of metal formed on hillsides and slopes weathered by rainfall and wind. Lighter materials are carried away and weathered leaving concentrations of valuable metals.
Eluvial placers are typically not large enough to support large scale mining, however in one case in Nevada there has been large scale gold mining operations based on placer deposits at Round Mountain.
Aeolian placers
Aeolian placers are valuable minerals found in arid regions freed from their source rock by wind actions. Wind erosion leaves a cement like substance in which material like gold are found. Wind action blows sand and dirt away leaving the deposits close to the surface. Historically, aeolian placers have been mined by hand with simple tools by miners due to the proximity to the surface, and small concentration.
Aeolian placers are common in Australia, Western United states, where the climate is arid and the ground is relatively level leaving wind as the primary erosion force.
Paleo-placers
Paleo-placer deposits are deposits of minerals from all of the above placer types that occurred millions of years ago. These deposits are typically very far underground in ancient riverbeds, beaches, or slopes. The Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa is the largest gold deposit in the world and is considered a paleo-placer, it has produced over 1.5 billion ounces of gold. The Witwatersrand Basin is considered an ancient alluvial placer.
Substances mined
Substances commercially mined from placer deposits include:
Diamonds
Gold
Garnet
Iron, from ironsands containing high concentrations of magnetite
Platinum group metals
Rare earth elements, from the mineral monazite
Ruby
Sapphire
Thorium, from the mineral monazite
Tin, in the mineral cassiterite
Titanium, from the minerals ilmenite and rutile
Uranium, from Precambrian paleoplacers
Zirconium, from the mineral zircon
Source rock
Diamonds
Kimberlites are a major source of diamonds. Kimberlites are long "pipes" of lava brought up from the mantle where diamonds form at high temperatures and pressures. These diamonds are then weathered from the source and swept away by alluvial processes (transported by water) to a source that becomes a diamond deposit. Alluvial diamond deposits are mined after removing overburden from the top of the rich, diamond-gravel layer. Roughly 10 percent of diamonds are mined from alluvial diamond placer mines. The Witwatersrand Basin in Africa mentioned above is a recognized alluvial diamond deposit.
See also
Heavy mineral sands ore deposits
Black sand
Placer mining
Drift mining
Sedimentology
References
External links
Ore deposits
Economic geology | wiki |
The West Siberian lemming or Western Siberian brown lemming (Lemmus sibiricus) is a true lemming species found in the Russian Federation. Like other lemmings, it belongs to the Cricetidae family of rodents.
It is endemic to Russia, where it has a wide range throughout Siberia, from the region just south of the White Sea east all the way to the Verkhoyansk Range, which serves as a barrier between it and the East Siberian lemming (L. paulus), which was formerly considered conspecific with it.
An insular population inhabits Novaya Zemlya; a 2021 study which performed genetic analysis on the mtDNA of the Novaya Zemlya population found them to group with the Norway lemming (L. lemmus) despite their similar appearance to mainland L. sibiricus, and classified them as the subspecies L. l. chernovi, or Novaya Zemlya lemming. However, the American Society of Mammalogists rejected these results pending further evidence, stating that these more likely represented L. sibiricus with ancient mitochondrial introgression from L. lemmus (see the article for L. lemmus for further info).
It does not hibernate during winter; it lives in burrows. It is prey to several animals, including the snowy owl and the Arctic fox. As with other species of lemmings, Siberian browns routinely experience large-scale fluctuations in their population sizes.
References
Further reading
Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. (2005). Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894–1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Lemmus
Mammals described in 1792
Arctic land animals
Mammals of the Arctic
Mammals of Siberia
Endemic fauna of Russia
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
Milford Hundred is a hundred in Kent County, Delaware, United States. Milford Hundred was formed in 1830 from Mispillion Hundred. Its primary community is Milford and included , , , and .
References
Hundreds in Kent County, Delaware | wiki |
A breastplate (used interchangeably with breastcollar, breaststrap and breastgirth) is a piece of riding equipment used on horses. Its purpose is to keep the saddle or harness from sliding back.
On riding horses, it is most helpful on horses with large shoulders and a flat ribcage. It is also a safety feature, especially on cross-country, should a rider's girth or billets break, as the rider will have enough time to stop the horse and dismount before the saddle slipped off the animal's back or underneath its belly. The breastplate is used on both English and Western saddles. When used in English riding, the hunting breastplate is made of thinner straps of leather, as is the western style used for horse shows. Working western horses in disciplines that involve work with cattle use a thicker, sturdier style.
History
When the Spanish Conquistador Cortez invaded Mexico in 1519 his small group of cavalry men all rode the old centerfire rigged War Saddle. Since the saddle was prone to slip back on the horse, a breast collar was used, usually with a shoulder strap to hold it up. And, a crupper under the horse's tail and attached to the saddle was also required to maintain stability.
From the formation of the American cavalry in 1812 military saddles were single cinched and both a breast collar and crupper were used. Many Civil War photos show horses rigged with these pieces of equipment. It wasn't until the McClellan saddle was adapted that they were discarded.
Early Mexican vaqueros soon moved the front cinch forward, hanging the rigging directly under the fork, and solved the problem of saddle slippage. The un-needed breast collar was discarded, probably because it would catch on limbs when chasing a cow through brush. Both North American cowboys and South American gauchos followed their example and breast collars were seldom seen. The Texas development of the full double rigging in the early 1800s added even more saddle security.
Only on the Pacific Coast and Nevada ranges did the centerfire rigging remain popular. A martingale of the time (a leather loop around the horse's neck with an additional strap down to the cinch) helped stabilize the saddle in addition to being a fashion accent.
The rise of contest roping in the early 1900s returned the breast collar to popularity. While the first generation of contest hands didn't use one, those that followed learned that a breast collar was necessary. It not only kept the saddle in place during a hard start but was a “plus” when they laid their slack behind a 900-pound steer and rode by for the trip. It was also a handy place to tuck up the 2nd rope that they carried. The calf ropers and steer wrestlers quickly followed by example. By 1940, the majority of timed event contestants used a breast collar.
Harness
The breastcollar harness is one of two standard harness designs, the other being the collar and hames design. The breastcollar harness is used to pull light loads, such as at horse shows and for harness racing. It can only be used for lighter loads because it places the weight of the load on the sternum of the horse, which is not suitable for heavy pulling, plus it can put pressure on the windpipe and reduce a horse's air supply.
The hunting or stockman's breastplate
Being the classic breastplate for English riding, campdrafting or stockwork, the stockman's or hunting breastplate is the most common type. It consists of a yoke (with a neck and wither strap), a breast strap at the bottom of the yoke which runs through the horse's front legs and attaches to the girth, and two straps at the top of the yoke which attach to the D-rings of a saddle. There are usually buckles for adjusting the size of the yoke as well as the length of the straps which attach to the saddle and girth. The hunting breastplate not only helps to prevent the saddle from slipping, but also may be used to attach a Market Harborough or standing and running martingales, which are clipped or buckled onto a ring at the chest.
The hunting breastplate is most commonly made of leather, and some have elastic inserts on the yoke to help prevent it from restricting the horse's shoulders. Those used in endurance riding are commonly made of lightweight nylon or another synthetic material.
The hunting breastplate is worn by endurance horses, show hunters, fox hunters, equitation horses, eventers (it can be seen used in all three phases), and show jumpers. It is also occasionally see in flat racing, as well as steeplechase.
Disadvantages
Because the hunting breastplate is attached to the D-rings of the saddle (which are known to be pulled out under great pressure), it is not as reliable as equipment attached to the saddle by means of the billets. Therefore, the breastcollar is sometimes preferred on cross-country.
The hunting breastplate also tends to have a restrictive effect on the shoulder, even when correctly fitted.
Additionally, a hunting breastplate may cause the tree points of a poorly fitting saddle to dig into the sides of the horse's withers, creating rubs and great discomfort. In this case, it is best to get the saddle properly fitted before using a hunting breastplate.
Western styles
The variation of a breastplate used for western riding is referred to as a breast collar. The term "breastplate" is occasionally used, though western riders generally use "breast collar" to refer to both designs. A working western breast collar may be of either a breastplate or breastcollar design. attach to the d-rings that hold the latigo of the cinch, while one suitable for a horse show may attach to decorative dees located above the cinch rings, nearer the swells of the saddle. In either case, an additional strap usually runs between the front legs and attaches to the cinch. Some, though not all breastcollars for western riding also have a wither strap.
Fitting
The breastplate should not be fitted in any way that will restrict the horse's movement. Special attention should be paid to the shoulders, chest, and the area between the horse's front legs. In general, a fist should fit between breastplate and the horse's chest, and there should be a hand's width between the wither strap and the withers. The breast strap should have some slack, and care should be taken that its buckle doesn't rub the sensitive skin in the area. It should also be adjusted so that the chest straps lie above the point of the shoulder so that the horse's motion is not restricted.
The breastcollar or polo breastplate
The breastcollar consists of a chest strap, which buckles to one billet of the saddle, runs around the horse's chest, and attaches to the first billet on the other side. It also has a wither strap, which is used to adjust the height of the breastcollar, and prevents it from slipping down too far. The breastcollar is often made of leather, strong elastic, or webbing.
The breastcollar is more secure than the hunting breastplate, because it attaches to either the front billet of the saddle, or to the front branch of a split-end girth (which is even more secure). It is therefore most desirable in eventing, especially on the cross-country phase, polo, and other jumping disciplines. It is not used in dressage, hunt seat, or equitation.
This style of breastcollar does not interfere with the horse's shoulders, as some other styles can do. However, this style may interfere with the horse's ability to breathe when it puts its head far down. Thus, this style is not desirable for jumping and riding in steep terrain.
Disadvantages
Tends to restrict the shoulders more so than other breastplates.
Fitting
The breastcollar should be fitted so the chest strap is horizontal from chest to girth. The wither strap should be adjusted so that it is not so low that it interferes with the horse's shoulders, or so high that it presses against the animal's windpipe. As a general rule, a fist should fit between the wither strap of the breastcollar and the withers, and the chest strap and the chest of the horse.
Breastgirth or loop breastplate
The breastgirth is made of strong elastic, and runs from either the D-rings of the saddle, or is attached to a loop that runs around the saddle's stirrup bars. Although similar to the breastcollar, there is no wither strap. Breastcollars are usually seen in show jumping and eventing (usually on the cross-country phase). They are desirable because they tend to be less-restrictive to the shoulders, so the horse is better able to pick up his front legs and fold over a jump.
Fitting
If the breastgirth is not adjusted correctly, it will restrict the horse's breathing because it will press on the windpipe. Additionally, it is not as secure as the breastcollar when it is attached to the D-rings. The breastgirth should be adjusted so it does not restrict the horse's breathing. It should cross at the base of the neck, and may be adjusted snugly.
References
Horse harness
Saddles
pl:Podpierśnik | wiki |
Live text may refer to:
Liveblogging
iOS 15 Live Text recognition | wiki |
The Rookie (1959), een film van George O'Hanlon
The Rookie (1990), een film van Clint Eastwood
The Rookie (2002), een film van John Lee Hancock
The Rookie (televisieserie), een televisieserie uit 2018 | wiki |
The Black Tide is a 1982 thriller novel by the British writer Hammond Innes. It was published in America the following year by Doubleday. After his wife dies following the wreck of an oil tanker on the Cornish coast, a former merchant seamen investigates.
References
Bibliography
James Vinson & D. L. Kirkpatrick. Contemporary Novelists. St. James Press, 1986.
1982 British novels
Novels by Hammond Innes
British thriller novels
Novels set in Cornwall
William Collins, Sons books | wiki |
Benjamini may refer to:
Itai Benjamini, Israeli mathematician
Yoav Benjamini (born 1949), Israeli statistician
See also | wiki |
Persone
John Lewis – filosofo britannico.
John Lewis – pianista statunitense.
John Lewis – politico statunitense.
John Frederick Lewis – pittore britannico.
John Henry Lewis – pugile statunitense.
John P. Lewis – economista statunitense.
Aziende
John Lewis & Partners, catena britannica di grandi magazzini | wiki |
Silly Billy was a type of clown common at fairs in England during the 19th century. They were also common in London as a street entertainer, along with the similar clown Billy Barlow. The act included playing the part of a fool or idiot, impersonating a child and singing comic songs. The role was typically played as a stooge to another clown.
The name is popular because of its nice rhyme and was used as a generic nickname for foolish people, especially those named William such as
Prince William Frederick and King William IV. The nickname was popularised in the 1970s by impressionist Mike Yarwood, putting it in the mouth of the chancellor, Denis Healey, who took the catchphrase up and used it as his own.
In 1850, the costume of a Silly Billy was short, white trousers with a long white pinafore, white shoes with a strap around the ankle, red sleeves, a ruff around the neck, and a boy's cap. The hair or wig was arranged to stick out behind the ears. Red makeup was daubed to emphasise the nose with two smears of black for the eyebrows. Multiple pairs of white trousers were needed because women liked to tease the clown by smearing gingerbread or sticking pins into his legs so that they bled.
Comic routines included a mesmerism act in which Silly Billy was hypnotised, a parody of a preacher giving a sermon, and a parody of a temperance campaign. Comic songs included O'ive getten a Soft Pleace i' my Yead and Dolly and the Swill Tub.
The wages of a Silly Billy at the time were about two or three half-crowns per day, averaging about a pound a week, over the year. About a dozen performers made their living in this way in the London area.
See also
Commedia dell'arte
References
19th century in England
Clowns
Nicknames
Silliness | wiki |
The Second cabinet of Louis Napoleon was formed by President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte on 22 January 1852, replacing the interim First cabinet of Louis Napoleon. It remained in place until the proclamation of the Second French Empire on 2 December 1852, when it was replaced by the Third cabinet of Napoleon III.
References
French governments
1852 establishments in France
1852 disestablishments in France
Cabinets established in 1852
Cabinets disestablished in 1852
Napoleon III | wiki |
Martin Henson (born 1952) is an English landscape photographer, best known for his Black and white pinhole images. He specializes in black and white landscapes.
Early life
Martin was born to parents Betty and Stephen. At the age of 12, Martin's passion for photography began. Martin Henson's first camera was bought for him when he was 12 years old. It was a Kodak 120 roll film.
References
English photographers
+Photographers
1952 births
20th-century British photographers
21st-century British photographers
Landscape photographers
Living people
Fine art photographers
Photographers from Yorkshire | wiki |
"Whatever You Like" is a 2008 song by T.I.
Whatever You Like may also refer to:
"Whatever You Like" ("Weird Al" Yankovic song), a parody of the T.I. song
"Whatever U Like", a 2007 song by Nicole Scherzinger featuring T.I. | wiki |
Curly sedge is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
Carex rupestris, native to Asia, Europe, and North America
Caustis recurvata, native to Australia | wiki |
This is a list of episodes for the Televisa telenovela A que no me dejas.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2015–16)
References
A que no me dejas
A que no me dejas episodes | wiki |
Visitability is the design approach for new housing such that anyone who uses a wheelchair or other mobility device should be able to visit. A social visit requires the ability to get into the house, to pass through interior doorways, and enter a bathroom to use the toilet. Visitability stresses specific accessibility features from a social reform perspective, and counters social isolation.
Description
Newly constructed homes often contain the same major barriers as older ones: steps at every entrance and narrow interior doors, with the bathroom door usually the narrowest one in the house. Supporters want to change construction practices so that virtually all new homes, whether or not designated for people with mobility impairments, offer three specific accessibility features that will make it possible for most people to visit:
at least one zero-step entrance on an accessible route leading from a driveway or public sidewalk,
all interior doors being wide enough to allow a wheelchair to pass through (approximately 81 cm or 32 in), and
at least a toilet (room) on the main floor.
These features are designed around the needs of a person using a wheelchair while visiting, but they are also helpful to people with other kinds of mobility impairments. Temporary disabilities could create a need, for example a resident breaks a leg and requires a wheelchair, walker or other mobility device for an extended period.
Living permanently in the home with a significant mobility impairment requires two additional basic features on the main floor: a full bathroom and a bedroom (or a space that could be converted to a bedroom).
Visitability is similar to Universal Design in general intention, but is more focused in scope, more specific in parameters, and more explicitly grounded in a social reform intent.
Neither of these are a part of the visitability standards.
Visitability features make homes easier for people who develop a mobility impairment to visit friends and extended family. The consequence of not having a visitable home is usually having to turn down invitations, or not be invited at all.
These features also provide a basic shell of access to permit newly disabled people to remain in their homes, rather than forcing them to do expensive renovations, relocate to a different house, live in an inaccessible home which endangers their health and safety, or move into a nursing home.
Specific goals
A focus on single-family homes instead of public buildings. Access to new public buildings, such as government offices and restaurants, is typically already required under various national laws, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 in the United States. Outside of the UK, single-family homes are the one kind of building which is still routinely constructed without regard to access.
Every home instead of just "special" homes. Being able to attend the party is better than isolation, or the risk of being "helped up the steps." People who use wheelchairs or walkers, or are impaired by stiffness, weakness or balance problems are blocked by steps at every entrance of a home. Wheelchair users are stopped by inches from fitting through the bathroom door in a friend or relative's home.
Narrowing the emphasis to the most essential features, which are:
entering a home,
fitting through the interior doors, and
being able to use a toilet.
While there are many possible or desirable features, strongly prioritizing the few features which are most crucial to visiting or residing in a home greatly increases the likelihood of widespread construction change.
Basic access goes beyond visiting. It also helps a person of any age who develops a temporary or permanent mobility impairment. Without basic access in place, architecture forces severe choices:
Expensive renovations, assuming that the necessary changes are possible.
Being unable to enter or exit the home independently, or to use the bathroom at all.
Moving to another home or to a nursing home or other specialized facility.
These issues can apply equally to a person who is recovering from surgery, or to a person who has used a wheelchair for decades.
New construction issues
Zero-step entrances on new homes are nearly always easy to construct, whether the terrain is flat or hilly. The entrance can be constructed at the front, side or back. Wherever is most feasible for the topography. A driveway or sidewalk can be a tool for access to the best entrance. Porches and decks can be used to incorporate access, often in a manner where it is not as obvious as many ramps. The key to accessibility is including access in the planning stage.
On new construction, a zero-step entrance can usually be incorporated without an obvious "ramp" per se, i.e. without a structure that has 90-degree dropoffs at the edges and rails at the sides. In most cases, grading and landscaping can make a ramp unnecessary. Deliberately grading to permit the sidewalk to meet the porch without a step creates access with an invisible modification.
For the 40% of homes built with a slab-on-grade foundation, the zero-step entrance is typically extremely easy. The methods for homes are virtually identical to those used for slab-built commercial buildings such as banks and restaurants. For homes with basements or crawlspaces, several solutions can provide low-cost, attractive zero-step entrances. Among these are using a porch as a bridge to the sidewalk; lowering the first-floor rim joist into a notch in the foundation wall at the time of construction; a short, conventional ramp tied into a side or back deck or porch; creative use of a small retaining wall; and constructing the zero-step entrance from the garage.
Siting the home properly on the lot is the first step. Then grading and landscaping with access in mind makes creating a zero-step entrance quite easy.
History
In the United States, the Visitability movement was begun by grass roots advocates led by Eleanor Smith in an organization called Concrete Change. She originated and developed the concept in 1986, at that time using the term "Basic Home Access". In 1990, when US advocates learned that the term "Visitability" was used in the United Kingdom (UK) for a similar concept, they adopted the term to emphasize that the goal is not the traditional "more homes for the disabled" but rather a change in standard homebuilding procedure.
The Atlanta chapter of Habitat for Humanity became the first organization to commit to going beyond accessibility in homes with disabled family members. By including these basic access features in every home built their commitment contributes to an inclusive neighborhood for people with disabilities. Concrete Change continues to grow in number of participants and number of open-market houses built with the basic features.
In 2017 Eleanor Smith retired Concrete Change. NCIL, the National Council on Independent Living has agreed to transition and maintain all her data from the Concrete Change website to a new website; www.visitability.org.
The UK has applied the most widespread legal application of the concept to date. In 1999, Parliament passed "section M", an amendment to residential building regulations requiring basic access in all new homes.
Advocates maintain that the philosophical underpinning of Visitability is as important as the list of features. They maintain that building homes with steps at all entrances and narrow interior doors is an unacceptable violation of human rights, given the harsh effects the barriers have on so many people's lives: physically unsafe living conditions, social isolation and forced institutionalization.
Benefits
Residents in the community can welcome guests who use wheelchairs, crutches, canes, walkers (walking frames), or have some other mobility impairment such as stiffness, weakness or poor balance. When visitability is in place, mobility-limited people are not socially isolated by architecture.
A family member can develop a disability through illness, accident or aging. The person and their family are more likely to be able to remain in their existing home. The alternatives can be drastic:
Major, expensive renovation;
Sell your home to purchase another house, which still may need modifications for accessibility;
Build a new home or
Move out that family member to a nursing home.
All residents find it easier to bring in baby strollers, grocery carts, or heavy furniture.
Visitable homes enhance sale and resale in an era where both the number and the percent of older people are growing rapidly. Non-disabled buyers are attracted to well-designed homes that welcome their aging relatives and friends and provide easy-use convenience for themselves.
Temporary disabilities, i.e. broken leg, surgery, etc., can require the use of a wheelchair or other mobility device during the recovery/rehabilitation period. This can be a major problem in most existing homes lacking these basic accessibility features. In some cases forcing a person out of their home during the recovery period.
Visitability features cost little up front - unlike the much higher after-the-fact cost of widening doors, adding ramps or electric porch lifts and other remodeling.
Besides human rights, advocates cite the economic implications of visitability. By 2010, research by the National Association of Home Builders indicates that half of all US homes will be headed by persons 55 years old or older. Average nursing home costs exceed $60,000 dollars per year per resident, while nearly 70% of nursing home costs are paid with public funds. Staying out of institutions as long as possible is a strong desire of most people and also financially beneficial to individuals, families, and society.
Disadvantages
The adoption of visitability over the broad spectrum of newly constructed dwellings could lead to a built environment deemed sterile and disengaged from regional and traditional practices.
This can be easily overcome by incorporating visibility features into traditional designs and not trying to make it a cookie cutter design.
Adoption of visitability laws
It is difficult to definitively track the adoption of visitability across the world. A combination of legal mandates, incentive programs, and voluntary programs exist. The term "visitability" is not used in all efforts. Other factors complicating the research include the lack of an organization assigned to monitor visitability ordinances, and ordinances and laws that often do not specify the agency responsible for implementation.
The AARP Public Policy Institute has produced a report – Increasing Home Access: Designing for Visitability. Page 32 has a summary of US efforts.
In the United States, successful Visitability legislation has been passed in many localities, including Atlanta, Georgia; Pima County, Arizona; Bolingbrook, Illinois; San Antonio, Texas; and the State of California. As of June 2006, 46 state and local municipalities had a confirmed visitability program in place; while 25 of these programs are mandatory ordinances, the other 21 are voluntary initiatives (i.e. cash and tax incentives for builders and consumers, consumer awareness campaigns, and certification programs).
In addition, there are numerous efforts to establish visitability programs in other states, counties and cities across the country. The research identified another 30 initiatives currently underway. They range from organized groups of individuals with an expressed interest in beginning a visitability program to locations that are in the final stages of developing a program.
The resource site contains additional information, a visitability video and links to other visitability websites.
References
Accessibility | wiki |
Roots Industries India Limited is an Indian automobile brand and is the first largest auto horn manufacturer in the world. The company manufactures a wide range of products which includes industrial cleaning systems, scrubber driers, vacuum cleaners, golf carts, electric carts, 14 seater electric buses, electric trikes, and battery operated vehicles. It was founded in 1970 by K. Ramasamy.
References
External links
Roots Industries honks for Safety
Companies based in Coimbatore
Manufacturing companies established in 1970
Indian brands
Home appliance manufacturers of India
Auto parts suppliers of India
Manufacturing companies of India
Kick scooters
1970 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Indian companies established in 1970 | wiki |
BOCOG may refer to:
Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games, for the 2008 Summer Olympics
Beijing Organising Committee for the 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games
Brisbane Organising Committee for the Olympic Games, for the 2032 Summer Olympics | wiki |
For a list of Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign endorsements, see:
List of Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign political endorsements
List of Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign non-political endorsements
List of Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign celebrity endorsements
List of Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign screen and stage performer endorsements | wiki |
The grapheme Ď (minuscule: ď) is a letter in the Czech and Slovak alphabets used to denote , the voiced palatal plosive (precisely alveolo-palatal), a sound similar to British English d in dew.
It was also used in Polabian. The majuscule of the letter (Ď) is formed from Latin D with the addition of a háček; the minuscule of the letter (ď) has a háček modified to an apostrophe-like stroke instead of a wedge. When collating, Ď is placed right after regular D in the alphabet.
Ď is also used to represent uppercase ð in the coat of arms of Shetland; however, the typical form is Ð.
Encoding
In Unicode, the letters are encoded at and .
See also
Czech orthography
Czech phonology
Slovak phonology
Slovak orthography
References
Latin letters with diacritics | wiki |
In probability theory — specifically, in stochastic analysis — a killed process is a stochastic process that is forced to assume an undefined or "killed" state at some (possibly random) time.
Definition
Let X : T × Ω → S be a stochastic process defined for "times" t in some ordered index set T, on a probability space (Ω, Σ, P), and taking values in a measurable space S. Let ζ : Ω → T be a random time, referred to as the killing time. Then the killed process Y associated to X is defined by
and Yt is left undefined for t ≥ ζ. Alternatively, one may set Yt = c for t ≥ ζ, where c is a "coffin state" not in S.
See also
Stopped process
References
(See Section 8.2)
Stochastic processes | wiki |
The gerbil mouse or long-eared mouse (Malacothrix typica) is a species of rodent in the family Nesomyidae. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa. Its natural habitats are dry savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, hot deserts, and temperate deserts.
References
Dendromurinae
Mammals described in 1834
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
This is the complete list of Olympic medalists in field hockey.
Men
Women
References
Field hockey
Olympic | wiki |
Principles: Life & Work is a 2017 book by hedge fund manager Ray Dalio based on principles he had developed while leading Bridgewater Associates. These Principles for Success were also made available as an ultra mini-series adventure by the author.
Development
After receiving a frank memo from his top lieutenants in 1993 concerning his interpersonal performance as a manager, Bridgewater Associates' Ray Dalio began to develop a unique company culture based on principles and unadorned feedback. He originally published a shorter version of Principles online in 2011, where it received over three million downloads. It was officially released as Principles: Life & Work on September 19, 2017, by Simon & Schuster.
References
Further reading
External links
2017 non-fiction books
Business books
English-language books
Simon & Schuster books | wiki |
The 2020 season was the 108th season of competitive soccer in the United States. Many of the competitions were significantly altered, postponed, or cancelled in the wake of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
National teams
Men's
Senior
.
Friendlies
Goalscorers
Goals are current as of December 9, 2020, after the match against .
U–23
CONCACAF Men's Olympic Qualifying Championship
The tournament was moved to March 2021.
U–20
CONCACAF U-20 Championship
The tournament was originally scheduled to be held in Honduras between 20 June and 5 July 2020. However, on 13 May 2020, CONCACAF announced the decision to postpone the tournament due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the new dates of the tournament to be confirmed later.
Group E
Women's
Senior
.
Friendlies
CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Championship
The draw for the tournament was on 7 November 2019, 14:30 EST (UTC−5), at the Mediapro Studio in Miami, Florida, United States.
Group A
Knockout stage
SheBelieves Cup
Goalscorers
Goals are current as of November 27, 2020, after the match against .
U–20
CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship
Group C
Knockout stage
Club competitions
Men's
League competitions
Major League Soccer
MLS is Back Tournament
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Group E
Group F
Ranking of third-placed teams
Knockout stage
Final
Conference tables
Eastern Conference
Western Conference
Overall 2020 table
Note: the table below has no impact on playoff qualification and is used solely for determining host of the MLS Cup, certain CCL spots, the Supporters' Shield trophy, seeding in the 2021 Canadian Championship, and 2021 MLS draft. The conference tables are the sole determinant for teams qualifying for the playoffs.
MLS Playoffs
MLS Cup
USL Championship
Renamed from United Soccer League (USL) after the 2018 season
Conference tables
Eastern Conference
Western Conference
USL League One
National Independent Soccer Association
Conference tables
Eastern Conference
Western Conference
Fall Championship
Group A
Group B
Knock-Out Round
Final
Cup competitions
US Open Cup
Due to the ongoing uncertainty surrounding the coronavirus pandemic across the world, U.S. Soccer's Open Cup Committee temporarily suspended the 2020 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup, U.S. Soccer's National Championship.
On August 17 the Cup was canceled.
International competitions
CONCACAF competitions
2020 CONCACAF Champions League
teams in bold are still active in the competition
Round of 16
|}
Quarter-finals
||colspan="2"
|}
Semi-finals
|}
Final
Leagues Cup
Major League Soccer announced the cancellation of the tournament on May 19, 2020, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
teams in bold are still active in the competition.
Campeones Cup
Major League Soccer announced the cancellation of the tournament on May 19, 2020, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Coaching changes
Women's
League competitions
National Women's Soccer League
NWSL Challenge Cup
Knockout round
Final
National Women's Soccer League season
Season canceled.
NWSL Fall Series
The NWSL announced the full schedule of the Fall Series on September 3, 2020. One day later, the NWSL announced that the winners of the Fall Series would receive the Verizon Community Shield and a grant of $25,000 to present to their chosen community partner; $15,000 and $10,000 would be presented to community partners of the second- and third-place teams, respectively.
United Women's Soccer
Coaching changes
Honors
Professional
Amateur
Notes
External links
US Soccer Schedule
US Soccer Results
CONCACAF
MLS
NWSL
USL
USL1
NISA
References
Seasons in American soccer
Soccer | wiki |
Pudding is a type of food. It can be either a dessert or a savoury (salty or spicy) dish served as part of the main meal.
In the United States, pudding means a sweet, milk-based dessert similar in consistency to egg-based custards, instant custards or a mousse, often commercially set using cornstarch, gelatin or similar coagulating agent such as Jell-O. The modern American meaning of pudding as dessert has evolved from the original almost exclusive use of the term to describe savoury dishes, specifically those created using a process similar to that used for sausages, in which meat and other ingredients in mostly liquid form are encased and then steamed or boiled to set the contents.
In the United Kingdom and some of the Commonwealth countries, the word pudding is used to describe sweet and savoury dishes. Savoury puddings include Yorkshire pudding, black pudding, suet pudding and steak and kidney pudding. Unless qualified, however, pudding usually means dessert and in the United Kingdom, pudding is used as a synonym for dessert. Puddings made for dessert can be boiled and steamed puddings, baked puddings, bread puddings, batter puddings, milk puddings or even jellies.
In some Commonwealth countries these puddings are known as custards (or curds) if they are egg-thickened, as blancmange if starch-thickened, and as jelly if gelatin-based. Pudding may also refer to other dishes such as bread pudding and rice pudding, although typically these names derive from their origin as British dishes.
Etymology
The word pudding is believed to come from the Latin word botellus, meaning sausage, possibly leading to the French boudin, originally from the Latin botellus, meaning "small sausage", referring to encased meats used in medieval European puddings. Another is from the West German 'pud' meaning 'to swell'.
According to the Oxford English Dictionary the word 'pudding' dates to the thirteenth century. It refers to the entrails or stomach of a sheep, pig or other animal stuffed with meat, offal, suet, oatmeal and seasonings. By the 1500s the word was used to refer to the guts or entrails or the contents of other people's stomachs especially when pierced with a sword, as in battle. The Oxford English Dictionary describes puddings also as 'A boiled, steamed or baked dish made with various sweet (or sometimes) savoury ingredients added to the mixture, typically including milk, eggs, and flour (or other starchy ingredients such as suet, rice, semolina, etc.), enclosed within a crust made from such a mixture'.
Savoury and sweet
Savoury puddings
The modern usage of the word pudding to mean a dessert has evolved from the almost exclusive use of the term to describe a savoury dish, specifically those created using a process similar to sausages, where meat and other ingredients in a mostly liquid form are encased and then steamed or boiled to set the contents. The most famous examples still surviving are black pudding and haggis. Other savoury dishes include suet pudding and steak and kidney pudding. Boiled or steamed pudding was a common main course aboard ships in the Royal Navy during the 18th and 19th centuries; pudding was used as the primary dish in which daily rations of flour and suet were employed.
Dessert puddings
Commonwealth dessert puddings are rich, fairly homogeneous starch- or dairy-based desserts such as rice pudding or steamed cake mixtures such as treacle sponge pudding (with or without the addition of ingredients such as dried fruits as in a Christmas pudding).
In the United States and some parts of Canada, pudding characteristically denotes a sweet milk-based dessert similar in consistency to egg-based custards, instant custards or a mousse, often commercially set using cornstarch, tapioca, gelatin, or similar coagulating agent such as the Jell-O brand line of products. In Commonwealth countries (other than some Canadian regions), these foods are known as custards (or curds) if they are egg-thickened, blancmange if starch-thickened, and jelly if gelatin-based. Pudding may also refer to other dishes such as bread pudding and rice pudding in North America, although typically these names derive from their origin as British dishes.
History
One of the first documented mentions of pudding can be found in Homer's Odyssey where a blood pudding roasted in a pig's stomach is described. This original meaning of a pudding as a sausage is retained in black pudding, which is a blood sausage originating in the United Kingdom and Ireland made from pork or beef blood, with pork fat or beef suet, and a cereal.
Another early documented recipe for pudding is a reference to asida is found in a tenth century Arabic cookbook by Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq called Kitab al-Ṭabīḫ (, The Book of Dishes). It was described as a thick pudding of dates cooked with clarified butter (samn). A recipe for asida was also mentioned in an anonymous Hispano-Muslim cookbook dating to the 13th century. In the 13th and 14th centuries, in the mountainous region of the Rif along the Mediterranean coast of Morocco, flour made from lightly grilled barley was used in place of wheat flour. A recipe for asida that adds argan seed oil was documented by Leo Africanus (c. 1465–1550), the Arab explorer known as Hasan al-Wazan in the Arab world. According to the French scholar Maxime Rodinson, asida were typical foods among the Bedouin of pre-Islamic and, probably, later times.
In the United Kingdom and some of the Commonwealth countries, the word pudding can be used to describe both sweet and savoury dishes. Unless qualified, however, the term in everyday usage typically denotes a dessert; in the United Kingdom, pudding is used as a synonym for a dessert course.
Puddings had their 'real heyday...', according to food historian Annie Gray, '...from the seventeenth century onward'. It is argued that 'the future of the boiled suet pudding as one of England's national dishes was assured only when the pudding cloth came into use' and although puddings boiled in cloths may have been mentioned in the medieval era one of the earliest mentions is in 1617 in a recipe for Cambridge pudding, a pudding cloth is indicated; 'throw your pudding in, being tied in a fair cloth; when it is boiled enough, cut it in the midst, and so serve it in'.
The pudding cloth is said, according to food historian C. Anne Wilson, to have revolutionised puddings. 'The invention of the pudding-cloth or bag finally severed the link between puddings and animal guts. Puddings could now be made at any time, and they became a regular part of the daily fare of almost all classes. Recipes for them proliferated.'
Types
Baked, steamed, and boiled puddings
The original pudding was formed by mixing various ingredients with a grain product or other binder such as butter, flour, cereal, eggs, and/or suet, resulting in a solid mass. These puddings are baked, steamed, or boiled. Depending on its ingredients, such a pudding may be served as a part of the main course or as a dessert.
Steamed pies consisting of a filling completely enclosed by suet pastry are also known as puddings. These may be sweet or savoury and include such dishes as steak and kidney pudding.
Savoury
Dessert
Creamy puddings
The second and newer type of pudding consists of sugar, milk, and a thickening agent such as cornstarch, gelatin, eggs, rice or tapioca to create a sweet, creamy dessert. These puddings are made either by simmering on top of the stove in a saucepan or double boiler or by baking in an oven, often in a bain-marie. These puddings are easily scorched on the fire, which is why a double boiler is often used; microwave ovens are also now often used to avoid this problem and to reduce stirring.
Creamy puddings are typically served chilled, but a few, such as zabaglione and rice pudding, may be served warm. Instant puddings do not require boiling and can therefore be prepared more quickly.
This pudding terminology is common in North America and some European countries such as the Netherlands, whilst in Britain, egg-thickened puddings are considered custards and starch-thickened puddings called blancmange.
Table cream is a dessert, similar to blancmange. The dessert was popularized by English manufacturer Symington's Ltd in the early 20th century. It is still produced under the Symington's brand name, but no longer made by the original company.
Savory
Rice pudding
Dessert
Cultural references
The proverb, "The proof of the pudding is in the eating", dates back to at least the 14th century. The phrase is widely attributed to the Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes in his novel The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote. The phrase is often incorrectly stated as "the proof is in the pudding."
Pudd'nhead Wilson, (1894) written by Mark Twain, reflects the term's use as a metaphor for someone with the mind of a fool.
The Magic Pudding is a classic Australian children's novel first published in 1918, written and illustrated by author Norman Lindsay. It tells of a bad-tempered, anthropomorphic pudding named Albert who, no matter how often he is eaten, always reforms in order to be eaten again. He is owned by three companions who must defend him against Pudding Thieves who want Albert for themselves.
Pink Floyd's Another Brick in the Wall, part 2 (1979) ends with the voice of a Scottish-accented schoolmaster, actor Alex McAvoy (1928–2005) shouting, "If you don't eat your meat, you can't have any pudding! How can you have any pudding if you don't eat your meat?!" over and over again.
A website dedicated to the dessert, online since the mid-1990s and consisting only of a low-quality image of it, became famous in Brazil for its humorous and longstanding nature. In 2015, it was hacked by the Islamic State.
See also
List of baked goods
List of desserts
List of savoury puddings
List of sweet puddings
Mousse
The Pudding Club
Notes
References
External links
British cuisine
American cuisine
German cuisine
Australian cuisine
Canadian cuisine
New Zealand cuisine
Dutch cuisine
Types of food | wiki |
Abu Dżurajn (arab. أبو جرين) – wieś w Syrii, w muhafazie Aleppo, w dystrykcie Manbidż. W 2004 roku liczyła 215 mieszkańców.
Przypisy
Miejscowości w muhafazie Aleppo | wiki |
A saw is a tool consisting of a tough blade, wire, or chain with a hard toothed edge. It is used to cut through material, very often wood, though sometimes metal or stone. The cut is made by placing the toothed edge against the material and moving it forcefully forth and less vigorously back or continuously forward. This force may be applied by hand, or powered by steam, water, electricity or other power source. An abrasive saw has a powered circular blade designed to cut through metal or ceramic.
Terminology
Abrasive saw: A saw that cuts with an abrasive disc or band, rather than a toothed blade.
Back: the edge opposite the toothed edge.
Fleam: The angle of the faces of the teeth relative to a line perpendicular to the face of the saw.
Gullet: The valley between the points of the teeth.
Heel: The end closest to the handle.
Kerf: The narrow channel left behind by the saw and (relatedly) the measure of its width. The kerf depends on several factors: the width of the saw blade; the set of the blade's teeth; the amount of wobble created during cutting; and the amount of material pulled out of the sides of the cut. Although the term "kerf" is often used informally, to refer simply to the thickness of the saw blade, or to the width of the set, this can be misleading, because blades with the same thickness and set may create different kerfs. For example, a too-thin blade can cause excessive wobble, creating a wider-than-expected kerf. The kerf created by a given blade can be changed by adjusting the set of its teeth with a tool called a saw tooth setter. The kerf left behind by a laser beam can be changed based on the laser's power and type of material being cut.
Points per inch (25 mm): The most common measurement of the frequency of teeth on a saw blade. It is taken by setting the tip (or point) of one tooth at the zero point on a ruler, and then counting the number of points between the zero mark and the one-inch mark, inclusive (that is, including both the point at the zero mark and any point that lines up precisely with the one-inch mark). There is always one more point per inch than there are teeth per inch (e.g., a saw with 14 points per inch will have 13 teeth per inch, and a saw with 10 points per inch will have 9 teeth per inch). Some saws do not have the same number of teeth per inch throughout their entire length, but the vast majority do. Those with more teeth per inch at the toe are described as having incremental teeth, in order to make starting the saw cut easier.
Rake: The angle of the front face of the tooth relative to a line perpendicular to the length of the saw. Teeth designed to cut with the grain (ripping) are generally steeper than teeth designed to cut across the grain (crosscutting)
Set: The degree to which the teeth are bent out sideways away from the blade, usually in both directions. In most modern serrated saws, the teeth are set, so that the kerf (the width of the cut) will be wider than the blade itself. This allows the blade to move through the cut easily without binding (getting stuck). The set may be different depending on the kind of cut the saw is intended to make. For example, a ripsaw has a tooth set that is similar to the angle used on a chisel, so that it rips or tears the material apart. A "flush-cutting saw" has no set on one side, so that the saw can be laid flat on a surface and cut along that surface without scratching it. The set of the blade's teeth can be adjusted with a tool called a saw set.
Teeth: sharp protrusions along the cutting side of the saw.
Teeth per inch: An alternative measurement of the frequency of teeth on a saw blade. Usually abbreviated TPI, as in, "A blade consisting of 18TPI." (cf. points per inch.)
Toe: The end farthest from the handle.
Toothed edge: the edge with the teeth (on some saws both edges are toothed).
Web: a narrow saw blade held in a frame, worked either by hand or in a machine, sometimes with teeth on both edges
History
Saws were at first serrated materials such as flint, obsidian, sea shells and shark teeth.
In ancient Egypt, open (unframed) saws made of copper are documented as early as the Early Dynastic Period, circa 3,100–2,686 BC. Many copper saws were found in tomb No. 3471 dating to the reign of Djer in the 31st century BC. Saws have been used for cutting a variety of materials, including humans (death by sawing). Models of saws have been found in many contexts throughout Egyptian history. Particularly useful are tomb wall illustrations of carpenters at work that show sizes and the use of different types. Egyptian saws were at first serrated, hardened copper which cut on both pull and push strokes. As the saw developed, teeth were raked to cut only on the pull stroke and set with the teeth projecting only on one side, rather than in the modern fashion with an alternating set. Saws were also made of bronze and later iron. In the Iron Age, frame saws were developed holding the thin blades in tension. The earliest known sawmill is the Roman Hierapolis sawmill from the third century AD and was for sawing stone.
According to Chinese legend, the saw was invented by Lu Ban. In Greek mythology, as recounted by Ovid, Talos, the nephew of Daedalus, invented the saw. In archeological reality, saws date back to prehistory and most probably evolved from Neolithic stone or bone tools. "[T]he identities of the axe, adz, chisel, and saw were clearly established more than 4,000 years ago."
Manufacture of saws by hand
Once mankind had learned how to use iron, it became the preferred material for saw blades of all kinds; some cultures learned how to harden the surface ("case hardening" or "steeling"), prolonging the blade's life and sharpness.
Steel, made of iron with moderate carbon content and hardened by quenching hot steel in water, was used as early as 1200 BC. By the end of the 17th century European manufacture centred on Germany, (the Bergisches Land) in London, and the Midlands of England. Most blades were made of steel (iron carbonised and re-forged by different methods). In the mid 18th century a superior form of completely melted steel ("crucible cast") began to be made in Sheffield, England, and this rapidly became the preferred material, due to its hardness, ductility, springiness and ability to take a fine polish. A small saw industry survived in London and Birmingham, but by the 1820s the industry was growing rapidly and increasingly concentrated in Sheffield, which remained the largest centre of production, with over 50% of the nation's saw makers. The US industry began to overtake it in the last decades of the century, due to superior mechanisation, better marketing, a large domestic market, and the imposition of high tariffs on imports. Highly productive industries continued in Germany and France.
Early European saws were made from a heated sheet of iron or steel, produced by flattening by several men simultaneously hammering on an anvil. After cooling, the teeth were punched out one at a time with a die, the size varying with the size of the saw. The teeth were sharpened with a triangular file of appropriate size, and set with a hammer or a wrest. By the mid 18th century rolling the metal was usual, the power for the rolls being supplied first by water, and increasingly by the early 19th century by steam engines. The industry gradually mechanized all the processes, including the important grinding the saw plate "thin to the back" by a fraction of an inch, which helped the saw to pass through the kerf without binding. The use of steel added the need to harden and temper the saw plate, to grind it flat, to smith it by hand hammering and ensure the springiness and resistance to bending deformity, and finally to polish it. Most hand saws are today entirely made without human intervention, with the steel plate supplied ready rolled to thickness and tensioned before being cut to shape by laser. The teeth are shaped and sharpened by grinding and are flame hardened to obviate (and actually prevent) sharpening once they have become blunt. A large measure of hand finishing remains to this day for quality saws by the very few specialist makers reproducing the 19th century designs.
Pit saws
A pit saw was a two-man ripsaw. In parts of early colonial North America, it was one of the principal tools used in shipyards and other industries where water-powered sawmills were not available. It was so-named because it was typically operated over a saw pit, either at ground level or on trestles across which logs that were to be cut into boards. The pit saw was "a strong steel cutting-plate, of great breadth, with large teeth, highly polished and thoroughly wrought, some eight or ten feet in length" with either a handle on each end or a frame saw. A pit-saw was also sometimes known as a whipsaw. It took 2-4 people to operate. A "pit-man" stood in the pit, a "top-man" stood outside the pit, and they worked together to make cuts, guide the saw, and raise it. Pit-saw workers were among the most highly paid laborers in early colonial North America.
Types of saws
Hand saws
Hand saws typically have a relatively thick blade to make them stiff enough to cut through material. (The pull stroke also reduces the amount of stiffness required.) Thin-bladed handsaws are made stiff enough either by holding them in tension in a frame, or by backing them with a folded strip of steel (formerly iron) or brass (on account of which the latter are called "back saws.") Some examples of hand saws are:
Artillery saw, Chain saw, Portable link saw: a flexible chain saw up to 122 cm (four feet) long, supplied to the military for clearing tree branches for gun sighting;
Butcher's saw: for cutting bone; many different designs were common, including a large one for two men, known in the USA as a beef-splitter; most were frame saws, some backsaws;
Crosscut saw: for cutting wood perpendicular to the grain;
Docking saw: a large, heavy saw with an unbreakable metal handle of unique pattern, used for rough work
Farmer's/Miner's saw: a strong saw with coarse teeth;
Felloe saw;: the narrowest-bladed variety of pit saw, up to 213 cm (7 feet) long and able to work the sharp curves of cart wheel felloes; a slightly wider blade, equally long, was called a stave saw, for cutting the staves for wooden casks;
Floorboard/flooring saw: a small saw, rarely with a back, and usually with the teeth continued onto the back at the toe for a short distance; used by house carpenters for cutting across a floor board without damaging its neighbour;
Grafting/grafter/table saw; a hand saw with a tapering narrow blade from 15 to 76 cm (6 to 30 inches) long; the origins of the terms are obscure
Ice saw: either of pit saw design without a bottom tiller, or a large handsaw, always with very coarse teeth, for harvesting ice to be used away from source, or stored for use in warmer weather;
Japanese saw or pull saw: a thin-bladed saw that cuts on the pull stroke, and with teeth of different design to European or American traditional forms;
Keyhole/compass saw: a narrow-bladed saw, sharply tapered thin to the back to cut round curves, with one end fixed in a handle;
Musical saw, a hand saw, possibly with the teeth filed off, used as a musical instrument.
Nest of saws: three or four interchangeable blades fitted to a handle with screws or quick-release nuts;
One-man cross cut saw: a coarse-toothed saw of 76 to 152 cm (30-60 inches) length for rough or green timber; a second, turned, handle could be added at the heel or the toe for a second operator;
Pad saw: a short narrow blade held in a wooden or metal handle (the pad);
Panel saw: a lighter variety of handsaw, usually less than 61 cm (24 inches) long and having finer teeth;
Plywood saw: a fine-toothed saw (to reduce tearing), for cutting plywood
Polesaw: a saw blade attached to a long handle
Pruning saw: the commonest variety has a 30-71 cm (12-28 inch) blade, toothed on both edges, one tooth pattern being considerably coarser than the other;
Ripsaw: for cutting wood along the grain;
Rule/combination saw; a handsaw with a measuring scale along the back and a handle making a 90° square with the scaled edge;
Salt saw: a short hand saw with a non-corroding zinc or copper blade, used for cutting a block of salt at a time when it was supplied to large kitchens in that form;
Turkish/monkey saw: a small saw with a parallel-sided blade, designed to cut on the pull stroke;
Two-man saw :a general term for a large crosscut saw or ripsaw for cutting large logs or trees;
Veneer saw: a two-edged saw with fine teeth for cutting veneer;
Wire saw: a toothed or coarse cable or wire wrapped around the material and pulled back and forth.
Back saws
"Back saws" which have a thin blade backed with steel or brass to maintain rigidity, are a subset of hand saws. Back saws have different names depending on the length of the blade; "tenon saw" (from use in making mortise and tenon joints) is often used as a generic name for all the sizes of woodworking backsaw. Some examples are:
Bead saw/gent's saw/jeweller's saw: a small backsaw with a turned wooden handle;
Blitz saw: a small backsaw, for cutting wood or metal, with a hook at the toe for the thumb of the non-dominant hand;
Carcase saw: a term used until the 20th century for backsaws with long blades;
Dovetail saw: a backsaw with a blade of length, for cutting intricate joints in cabinet making work;
Electrician's saw: a very small backsaw used in the early 20th century on the wooden capping and casing in which electric wiring was run;
Flush-cutting saw/offset saw: a backsaw with a flat side and a handle offset toward the opposite side, usually reversible, for cutting flush to a surface such as a floor;
Mitre-box saw: a saw with a blade long, held in an adjustable frame (the mitre box) for making accurate crosscuts and mitres in a workplace;
Sash saw: a backsaw of blade length .
Frame saws
A class of saws for cutting all types of material; they may be small or large and the frame may be wood or metal.
Bow saw, Turning saw or Buck saw: a saw with a narrow blade held in tension in a frame; the blade can usually be rotated and may be toothed on both edges; it may be a rip or a crosscut, and was the preferred form of hand saw for continental European woodworkers until superseded by machines;
Coping saw: a saw with a very narrow blade held in a metal frame in which it can usually be rotated, for cutting wood patterns;
Felloe saw; a pit saw with a narrow tapering blade for sawing out the felloes of wooden cart wheels
Fretsaw: a saw with a very narrow blade which can be rotated, held in a deep metal frame, for cutting intricate wood patterns such as jigsaw puzzles;
Girder saw: a large hack saw with a deep frame;
Hacksaw/bow saw for iron: a fine-toothed blade held in a frame, for cutting metal and other hard materials;
Pit saw/sash saw/whip saw: large wooden-framed saws for converting timber to lumber, with blades of various widths and lengths up to 305 cm (10 feet); the timber is supported over a pit or raised on trestles; other designs are open-bladed;
Stave saw: a narrow tapering-bladed pit saw for sawing out staves for wooden casks;
Surgeon's/surgical saw/Bone cutter: for cutting bone during surgical procedures; some designs are framed, others have an open blade with a characteristic shape of the toe.
Mechanically powered saws
Circular-blade saws
Circular saw: a saw with a circular blade which spins. Circular saws can be large for use in a mill or hand held up to 24" blades and different designs cut almost any kind of material including wood, stone, brick, plastic, etc.
Table saw: a saw with a circular blade rising through a slot in a table. If it has a direct-drive blade small enough to set on a workbench, it is called a "workbench" or "jobsite" saw. If set on steel legs, it is called a "contractor's saw." A heavier, more precise and powerful version, driven by several belts, with an enclosed base stand, is called a "cabinet saw." A newer version, combining the lighter-weight mechanism of a contractor's saw with the enclosed base stand of a cabinet saw, is called a "hybrid saw."
Radial arm saw: a versatile machine, mainly for cross-cutting. The blade is pulled on a guide arm through a piece of wood that is held stationary on the saw's table.
Rotary saw or "spiral-cut saw" or "RotoZip": for making accurate cuts, without using a pilot hole, in wallboard, plywood, and other thin materials.
Electric miter saw or "chop saw," or "cut-off saw" or "power miter box": for making accurate cross cuts and miter cuts. The basic version has a circular blade fixed at a 90° angle to the vertical. A "compound miter saw" has a blade that can be adjusted to other angles. A "sliding compound miter saw" has a blade that can be pulled through the work, in an action similar to that of a radial-arm saw, which provides more capacity for cutting wider workpieces.
Concrete saw: (usually powered by an internal combustion engine and fitted with a Diamond Blade) for cutting concrete or asphalt pavement.
Pendulum saw or "swing saw": a saw hung on a swinging arm, for the rough cross cutting of wood in a sawmill and for cutting ice out of a frozen river.
Abrasive saw: a circular or reciprocating saw-like tool with an abrasive disc rather than a toothed blade, commonly used for cutting very hard materials. As it does not have regularly shaped edges the abrasive saw is not a saw in technical terms.
Hole saw: ring-shaped saw to attach to a power drill, used for cutting a circular hole in material.
Reciprocating blade saws
Dragsaw: for bucking logs (used before the invention of the chainsaw).
Frame saw or sash saw: A thin bladed rip-saw held in tension by a frame used both manually and in sawmills. Some whipsaws are frame saws and some have a heavy blade which does not need a frame called a mulay or muley saw.
Ice saw: for ice cutting. Looks like a mulay saw but sharpened as a cross-cut saw.
Jigsaw or "saber saw" (US): narrow-bladed saw, for cutting irregular shapes. (Also an old term for what is now more commonly called a "scroll saw.")
Power hacksaw or electric hacksaw: a saw for cutting metal, with a frame like a normal hacksaw.
Reciprocating saw or "sabre saw" (UK and Australia): a saw with an "in-and-out" or "up-and-down" action similar to a jigsaw, but larger and more powerful, and using a longer stroke with the blade parallel to the barrel. Hand-held versions, sometimes powered by compressed air, are for demolition work or for cutting pipe.
Scroll saw: for making intricate curved cuts ("scrolls").
Sternal saw: for cutting through a patient's sternum during surgery.
Continuous band
Band saw: a ripsaw on a motor-driven continuous band. Portable sawmills are typically band saw mills.
Chainsaws
Chainsaw: an engine-driven saw with teeth on a chain normally used as a cross-cut saw.
Chainsaw mill: a chainsaw with a special saw chain and guide system for use as a rip-saw.
Types of blades and blade cuts
Most blade teeth are made either of tool steel or carbide. Carbide is harder and holds a sharp edge much longer.
Band saw blade A long band welded into a circle, with teeth on one side. Compared to a circular-saw blade, it produces less waste because it is thinner, dissipates heat better because it is longer (so there is more blade to do the cutting, and is usually run at a slower speed.
Crosscut In woodworking, a cut made at (or close to) a right angle to the direction of the wood grain of the workpiece. A crosscut saw is used to make this type of cut.
Rip cut In woodworking, a cut made parallel to the direction of the grain of the workpiece. A ripsaw is used to make this type of cut.
Plytooth blade A circular saw blade with many small teeth, designed for cutting plywood with minimal splintering.
Dado blade A special type of circular saw blade used for making wide-grooved cuts in wood so that the edge of another piece of wood will fit into the groove to make a joint. Some dado blades can be adjusted to make different-width grooves. A "stacked" dado blade, consisting of chipper blades between two dado blades, can make different-width grooves by adding or removing chipper blades. An "adjustable" dado blade has a movable locking cam mechanism to adjust the degree to which the blade wobbles sideways, allowing continuously variable groove widths from the lower to upper design limits of the dado.
Strobe saw blade A circular saw blade with special rakers/cutters to easily saw through green or uncured wood that tends to jam other kinds of saw blades.
Materials used for saws
There are several materials used in saws, with each of its own specifications.
Brass Used only for the reinforcing folded strip along the back of backsaws, and to make the screws that in earlier times held the blade to the handle.
Iron Used for blades and for the reinforcing strip on cheaper backsaws until superseded by steel.
Zinc Used only for saws made to cut blocks of salt, as formerly used in kitchens
Copper Used as an alternative to zinc for salt-cutting saws
Steel Used in almost every existing kind of saw. Because steel is cheap, easy to shape, and very strong, it has the right properties for most kind of saws.
Diamond Fixed onto the saw blade's base to form diamond saw blades. As diamond is a superhard material, diamond saw blades can be used to cut hard brittle or abrasive materials, for example, stone, concrete, asphalt, bricks, ceramics, glass, semiconductor and gem stone. There are many methods used to fix the diamonds onto the blades' base and there are various kinds of diamond saw blades for different purposes.
High-speed steel (HSS) The whole saw blade is made of High-Speed Steel (HSS). HSS saw blades are mainly used to cut steel, copper, aluminum and other metal materials. If high-strength steels (e.g., stainless steel) are to be cut, the blades made of cobalt HSS (e.g. M35, M42) should be used.
Tungsten carbide Normally, there are two ways to use tungsten carbide to make saw blades:
Carbide-tipped saw blades The saw blade's teeth are tipped (via welding) with small pieces of sharp tungsten carbide block. This type of blade is also called TCT (Tungsten Carbide-Tipped) saw blade. Carbide-tipped saw blades are widely used to cut wood, plywood, laminated board, plastic, glass, aluminum and some other metals.
Solid-carbide saw blades The whole saw blade is made of tungsten carbide. Comparing with HSS saw blades, solid-carbide saw blades have higher hardness under high temperatures, and are more durable, but they also have a lower toughness.
Uses
Saws are commonly used for cutting hard materials. They are used extensively in forestry, construction, demolition, medicine, and hunting.
Musical saws are used as instruments to make music.
Chainsaw carving is a flourishing modern art form. Special saws have been developed for the purpose.
The production of lumber, lengths of squared wood for use in construction, begins with the felling of trees and the transportation of the logs to a sawmill.
Plainsawing: Lumber that will be used in structures is typically plainsawn (also called flatsawn), a method of dividing the log that produces the maximum yield of useful pieces and therefore the greatest economy.
Quarter sawing: This sawing method produces edge-grain or vertical grain lumber, in which annual growth rings run more consistently perpendicular to the pieces' wider faces.
See also
Carbide saw
Diamond tools
Fire-saw
Japanese saw
Saw chain
Saw pit
Sawmill
Sawgrass (disambiguation)
Sharpening
Two-man saw
Watersaw
References
Salaman, R A, Dictionary of Woodworking Tools, revised edition 1989
Further reading
Naylor, Andrew. A review of wood machining literature with a special focus on sawing. BioRes, April 2013
External links | wiki |
The Sumatran spiny rat (Maxomys hylomyoides) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae.
It is found only in Indonesia.
References
Rats of Asia
Maxomys
Endemic fauna of Indonesia
Fauna of Sumatra
Rodents of Indonesia
Near threatened animals
Vulnerable fauna of Asia
Mammals described in 1916
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
Blackstrap may refer to:
Blackstrap molasses, a by-product of sugar processing
Black Strap Molasses (song)
Blackstrap (electoral district), a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada
Blackstrap Lake, a man-made lake in Saskatchewan
Blackstrap Provincial Park, a park and recreation area in Saskatchewan, Canada
For Blackstrap Ski Hill, a former ski and snowboarding hill, see Blackstrap Provincial Park#Mount Blackstrap | wiki |
Roger Field may refer to:
Roger C. Field (born 1945), British inventor
Roger Field (plant scientist), British-born New Zealand plant scientist and university administrator | wiki |
Progestogen-only contraception (or progestin-only contraception) relies on progestogens alone to achieve contraception. It is one of the two major types of hormonal contraception, with the other major type being combined hormonal contraceptive methods (including both estrogen and a progestogen). There are several progestogen only contraceptive methods:
Progestogen-only pills ("mini-pills") (e.g., desogestrel, norethisterone)
Progestogen-only emergency pills ("day-after pills") (e.g., levonorgestrel)
Progestogen-only implants (e.g., etonogestrel implant, levonorgestrel implant)
Progestogen-only injectables (e.g., medroxyprogesterone acetate, norethisterone enanthate)
Progestogen-only intrauterine devices (e.g., levonorgestrel, progesterone)
See also
Combined hormonal contraception
References
Hormonal contraception | wiki |
Marginal Return is the rate of return for a marginal increase in investment; roughly, this is the additional output resulting from a one-unit increase in the use of a variable input, while other inputs are constant.
See also
Diminishing returns
Returns (economics)
Investment
Marginal concepts | wiki |
A layshaft is an intermediate shaft within a gearbox that carries gears, but does not transfer the primary drive of the gearbox either in or out of the gearbox. Layshafts are best known through their use in car gearboxes, where they were a ubiquitous part of the rear-wheel drive layout. With the shift to front-wheel drive, the use of layshafts is now rarer.
The driving shaft carries the input power into the gearbox. The driven shaft is the output shaft from the gearbox. In car gearboxes with layshafts, these two shafts emerge from opposite ends of the gearbox, which is convenient for RWD cars but may be a disadvantage for other layouts.
For gearboxes in general, gear clusters mounted on a layshaft may either turn freely on a fixed shaft, or may be part of a shaft that then rotates in bearings. There may be multiple separate clusters on a shared shaft and these are allowed to turn freely relative to each other.
Origins
The term layshaft originates with watermill machinery. The layshaft is the gear-carrying shaft that links the wallower (the small spur gear driven at increased speed by the waterwheel) to any upright shafts that carry the millstones. The term, layshaft, was also used by millwrights, in both wind- and watermills, to refer to a shaft that drove secondary machinery such as sack hoists, rather than the main milling machinery.
The term layshaft was also applied to back-geared lathes. These were lathes with a slow-speed mechanism in addition to their usual belt drive. This used two gears on a layshaft behind the headstock, giving a double reduction gear.
Car manual transmissions
In the typical manual gearbox for a RWD car, the driving shaft (input) is in-line with the driven shaft (output), but not permanently connected to it. A reduction gear on the driving shaft drives the layshaft. In car transmissions, the term countershaft is also used. A number of gears on the layshaft may then be connected, one at a time, to the driven shaft. Selecting each of these gears in turn gives the various ratios of the gearbox. All of these gear ratios are reduction gears, the engine speed being higher than the input speed to the final drive of the rear axle.
Early gearboxes used sliding gears to engage and disengage the drive. These were difficult to operate and also wore on the main working surfaces of the gears. An early improvement was to use separate dog clutches instead to engage gears, leaving the gears themselves in 'constant mesh'. A later, and more gradual development, was the introduction of synchromesh. This is an all-metal friction clutch in addition to the positive dog clutch, that gradually engages the gears and matches their speed before the dog clutch engages.
The top gear of the gearbox is achieved without these gears, but by coupling the driven shaft directly to the driving shaft through another dog clutch. This gives a 'direct drive' top gear, which has advantages for both efficiency and quietness at cruising speed. A typical gearbox had 2% losses in each gear set, so 4% for intermediate ranges through their two gears, but approaching 0% for the direct-drive top gear. As the direct top gear is not transmitting torque through the gears, it is also quieter.
In theory, it is also possible to provide an overdrive top gear, another indirect gear, but of a speed-up ratio rather than the reduction ratio of the other gears. The direct-drive ratio then becomes the second-to-top or third gear. This arrangement was used on some early cars, but was uncommon. Where overdrive is provided for a RWD car, this is almost always done by adding a separate overdrive gearbox to the output driven shaft of the gearbox, usually outside the gear casing.
Because of the layout of the gearbox, the layshaft is normally mounted low-down in the gearbox casing below the other shafts. The gear lever enters through the top of the casing and so it is more convenient for the sliding components of the dog clutches to be mounted on the driven shaft, rather than the layshaft. The layshaft gear cluster is thus often a simple one-piece component, typically cast iron gears running in bearings on a fixed steel shaft. The bearings may be plain phosphor bronze bushes, or for high-load applications needle rollers.
Where large numbers of gear ratios, six or more, are to be provided then these will require a third or more gear clusters on the layshaft. To maintain the proportions of the overall gearbox as more compact, rather than becoming long and thin, these gearboxes may use twin layshafts. This requires an additional driven gear for each layshaft, but the mechanism is otherwise very similar. The use of multiple layshafts also developed into the multiple clutch gearbox, used for some buses, where each ratio has its own layshaft and separate plate or hydraulic clutches, rather than dog clutches, are used to select between them.
Where a power take-off is required, usually for industrial vehicles to drive winches, hydraulic pumps etc., this is often driven from one end of the layshaft, as this is more accessible shaft than the main shafts, already in use by the drivetrain.
'All-indirect' gearboxes
Some gearboxes do not use a layshaft, but rely on indirect gears throughout.
All-indirect were used for some very early cars, before the advantages of the direct-drive top gear were recognised. They contain no dog clutches; at the time, gear changing was still carried out by sliding the gears in and out of mesh. Once the dog clutch came into use, the further advantage of a direct-drive top gear was immediately recognised.
With the popularity of front-wheel drive from the 1960s, the all-indirect gearbox has become common. These have been used for both transverse engine layouts, where the offset of two shafts is more convenient than the in-line arrangement of a layshaft gearbox, and for longitudinal transaxle designs, such as the VW Beetle or many Renaults, where the requirement was to have both driven and driving shafts at the same end of the gearbox.
Although the loss of the direct-drive top ratio loses the ability for 0% losses when cruising, this is compensated for by reducing losses in other ratios from 4% to 2%. Noise is also reduced by modern metallurgy and gear cutting, which give quieter and more efficient gear profiles.
As the gearbox efficiency remains constant for all ratios of an all-indirect gearbox, it is now convenient to provide overdrive top gears, even when these are no longer direct-drive or 1:1 ratios. One of the first mass-market cars to offer such a feature was the VW Polo and the Formel E, with a deliberately-labelled '-E' for 'economy' overdrive ratio.
See also
Jackshaft
References
Notes
Citations
Automobile transmissions
Gears | wiki |
Megadontomys is a genus of rodent in the family Cricetidae, found in Mexico.
It contains the following species:
Oaxaca giant deer mouse (Megadontomys cryophilus)
Nelson's giant deer mouse (Megadontomys nelsoni)
Thomas's giant deer mouse (Megadontomys thomasi)
References
Rodent genera
Taxa named by Clinton Hart Merriam
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
Chelus is a genus of freshwater turtles found in South America.
Formerly considered to be a monotypic genus, it now consists of two species after Chelus orinocensis was identified in 2020 from a genomic analysis.
Species
Chelus fimbriatus
Chelus orinocensis
References | wiki |
TV Time (formerly TVShow Time) is a tracking platform and social television network for TV and movies, available in app and desktop forms. Using TheTVDB as a data source, it allows users to store information about their media consumption and leave reviews.
History
Features
Every registered TV Time user has their own profile. When a user opens the app, four tabs appear at the bottom of the screen: Shows, Movies, Discover and Profile.
Shows
Watch List: A list of show posters or thumbnails with episode descriptions (depending on a user's preference). Here, users can see what shows to watch next, what they haven't seen in a while, and their watch history based on which shows they've added to their Watch List. In the poster view, a yellow progress bar that illustrates the user's progression on a show. This tab also allows one to mark an episode as ‘watched.’ In the thumbnail view, users have the option to swipe right or press the check mark next to the episode description. In the poster view, users click the check mark within the episode pages.
Show Pages: Once an episode is marked as watched, individual episode pages reveal comments from the TV Time community and gives the ability to rate the episode, express feelings, and vote for favorite characters. There is a no spoiler rule in place, so unless a user has marked the episode as watched, this content will remain hidden.
Upcoming: The ‘Upcoming’ section works as a reminder for future episodes of shows a user has followed. Users can also opt in to receive push notifications an hour before a show airs.
Movies
Watch List: Similar to the Shows tab, a list of movie posters appears. Here, users can movies they have added to their Watch List. This tab also allows one to mark an episode as ‘watched’ by going into the movie and selecting the check mark next to the movie description.
Movie Pages: Movie pages allow users to rate the film, express feelings, and vote for favorite characters. The “no spoiler rule” applies here as well if a user has not marked the movie as ‘watched,’ they won't see comments left by the TV Time community.
Upcoming: The ‘Upcoming’ list features movies a user has added to their Watch List that have yet to be released.
Discover
The app offers an explore feature which allows users to discover new shows according to different criterion, such as genre and popularity.
Search & Discover More: The search bar lets users find shows, movies, and other users within TV Time. If a user isn't sure what to watch next, they have the option of using the ‘Discover More’ feature. This section has genre filtering capabilities, show status options (ongoing or ended), and trending series (what's popular or the “most binged”).
Recommendations: The ‘Top Shows for You’ field displays programming that a user may want to add to their Watch List based on genres and shows that they enjoy.
Trending: ‘Trending Shows & Movies’ features what's currently popular in TV Time based on the number of user comments within the last 3 days while ‘Recent Activity’ displays series that a users’ in-app friends are following.
Profile
Stats: The top of a user's profile features certain stats, such as how much time the user has spent watching TV a.k.a. their “TV Time.” This clock shows an estimated amount of time a user has spent watching television. The accumulated time is based on the episodes marked as watched and their duration. This is also available for movies in the “Movie Time” section. The top also features a number of episodes and movies watched by a user, which is based on the number of episodes a user has marked as watched. Another ‘Stats’ option at the bottom of the profile allows a user to dig deeper with graphs, badges, and rankings.
Show & Movie Lists: A user's profile displays recent shows/films that they've tracked. A profile may also show off lists of favorite shows/films if the user has chosen to do so. Users also have the option to get creative with “custom lists” that can combine both movies and television series.
Badges: Another characteristic of the profile is the display of badges. Badges are rewards that every user gets when using TV Time. They are divided in two main categories: discovery badges and addiction badges. Discovery badges are given when the user makes use of the site's features for the first time. Addiction badges, on the other hand, are given to the user when he or she interacts with TV shows.
Languages
TV Time is currently available in fourteen languages: Arabic, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Brazilian Portuguese, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish and Turkish. Users are able to filter their preferred languages in the app so they only see comments and reactions from the community in the languages they choose.
Reception
Media outlets noted interest in TV Time'''s service as an analytics tool in the era of streaming, which makes it difficult to prove a television series' popularity and viewership since streaming services do not necessarily make that information public. In 2018, Variety cited the website's TVLytics data as one of the reasons for Netflix to sign a $100M deal with Warner Bros. Television to maintain the American sitcom Friends on its online library until 2019. The same year, United Talents Agency signed a deal with TV Time that granted them access to their data, in an effort to gain a deeper understanding into the content audiences were engaging with the most and how they were consuming it. According to TV Time CEO Richard Rosenblatt this would "[allow them to] recognize what shows are potentially going to be popular, what shows people will be binging, what moments really engaged the fans."
Some television personalities such as Álvaro Morte and Omar Sy have showed interest in TV Time's statistics on social media, the former reacting to his character on the Spanish television series Money Heist being featured in the Top 10 Most Voted Character of 2020 and the latter reacting to the French television series Lupin being number 1 on the Most Binged TV Series list on the week of its release."Omar Sy on Twitter: @netflix" Retrieved on June 17, 2021.
Awards
In 2021, TV Time won "Best Entertainment App" at The Webby Awards in the "People's Voice" category.
Statistics
Most followed television series
As of March 9, 2023, the most followed television shows on TV Time are:
Most followed films
As of June 18, 2021, the most followed films on TV Time were:
Binge Reports TV Time offers weekly reports of the "most binged" TV series on their platform which are made public on the app's social medias. For the series to be considered as "binged" by a user, 4 episodes of it must have been watched in a row in the same day. The website calls this a "binge session." Since 2018, TV Time publishes the top 10 most binged series during the year. In 2019, Lucifer was reported to be the number 1 series for the longest in the report's history, with 8 consecutive weeks.
The following chart shows the "most binged" series of every year as reported by TV Time.
Streaming Originals
On September 21, 2021, TV Time announced its new Streaming Originals report. Similar to The Binge Report, the Streaming Originals report shows a list of the most tracked series every week, but only the ones whose provider is a streaming service.
Database TV Time uses TheTVDB's database as a source of information for all shows and movies in its library. Initially an independent website, The TVDB was acquired by TV Time'' in 2019. Users can edit information about TV series such as characters, airing dates, networks and more on this database if they have a registered account.
User privacy
The app developer provides information on the data that may be collected by the TV Time app and/or shared with third parties on the app listings in the Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
On the Google Play Store, it is declared that the TV Time app may collect and/or share approximate location data, email addresses, user identifiers, app interactions, diagnostics data, and device identifiers.
The Apple App Store listing of the app states that it may collect and/or share contact info, diagnostics, usage data, identifiers, and user content.
See also
Tvtag, a similar website also dedicated to television, now shut down.
References
Further reading
Television websites
Android (operating system) software
Internet properties established in 2011
IOS software
Social cataloging applications
Recommender systems
French entertainment websites | wiki |
Exodus Global Alliance is a Christian organization that seeks to advocate "ex-gay" movements by promoting the idea that gay people can change their homosexuality, or in their own words, help bring "healing" and "freedom" to people "struggling with homosexual behaviour".
History
Exodus Global Alliance was formed out of Exodus International in 2004. Exodus International pulled out of Exodus Global Alliance on 28 May 2013.
References
External links
Exodus Global Alliance
Christian advocacy groups
Organizations in the ex-gay movement
Religious organizations based in Canada | wiki |
Tortilla – piatto messicano
Tortilla chip – contorno messicano
Tortilla di patate – piatto spagnolo | wiki |
Self-hosting may refer to:
Self-hosting (compilers), a computer program that produces new versions of that same program
Self-hosting (web services), the practice of running and maintaining a website using a private web server
See also
Self-booting disk | wiki |
A caster is a type of wheel.
Caster may also refer to:
Industry
Caster angle, one of the angles important to automotive suspension
Caster, a machine used in metal casting
Products
A small condiment bottle or cruet
A type of sugar
Caster (cigarette)
Fishing
Caster (maggot), a fly pupa used as bait.
People
Caster Semenya, South African runner
Fiction
Caster (Fate/stay night), an anime character
Wizard (character class), a character class who casts spells
See also
Casting (disambiguation)
Castor (disambiguation)
Gaster (surname)
Kaster, village in West Flanders, Belgium | wiki |
This page is an index of accounting topics.
A
Accounting ethics - Accounting information system - Accounting research - Activity-Based Costing - Assets
B
Balance sheet
- Big Four auditors
- Bond
- Bookkeeping
- Book value
C
Cash-basis accounting
- Cash-basis versus accrual-basis accounting
- Cash flow statement
- Certified General Accountant
- Certified Management Accountants
- Certified Public Accountant
- Chartered accountant
- Chart of accounts
- Common stock
- Comprehensive income
- Construction accounting
- Convention of conservatism
- Convention of disclosure
- Cost accounting
- Cost of capital
- Cost of goods sold
- Creative accounting
- Credit
- Credit note
- Current asset
- Current liability
D
Debitcapital reserve
- Debit note
- Debt
- Deficit (disambiguation)
- Depreciation
- Diluted earnings per share
- Dividend
- Double-entry bookkeeping system
- Dual aspect
E
E-accounting
- EBIT
- EBITDA
- Earnings per share
- Engagement Letter
- Entity concept
- Environmental accounting
- Expense
- Equity
- Equivalent Annual Cost
F
Financial Accounting Standards Board
- Financial accountancy
- Financial audit
- Financial reports
- Financial statements
- Fixed assets
- Fixed assets management
- Forensic accounting
- Fraud deterrence
- Free cash flow
- Fund accounting
G
Gain
- General ledger
- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
- Going concern
- Goodwill
- Governmental Accounting Standards Board
H
Historical cost - History of accounting
I
Income
- Income statement
- Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales
- Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland
- Institute of Management Accountants
- Intangible asset
- Interest
- Internal audit
- International Accounting Standards Board
- International Accounting Standards Committee
- International Accounting Standards
- International Federation of Accountants
- International Financial Reporting Standards
- Inventory
- Investment
- Invoices
- Indian Accounting Standards
J
Job costing
- Journal
L
Lean accounting
- Ledger
- Liability
- Long-term asset
- Long-term liabilities
- Loss on sale of residential property
M
Maker-checker
- Management accounting
- Management Assertions
- Mark-to-market accounting
- Matching principle
- Materiality
- Money measurement concept
- Mortgage loan
N
Negative assurance
- Net income
- Notes to the Financial Statements
O
OBERAC
- One-for-one checking
- Online Accounting
- Operating expense
- Ownership equity
P
Payroll
- Petty cash
- Philosophy of Accounting
- Preferred stock
- P/E ratio
- Positive accounting
- Positive assurance
- PricewaterhouseCoopers
- Profit and loss account
- Pro-forma amount
- Production accounting
- Project accounting
R
Retained earnings
- Revenue
- Revenue recognition
S
Security
- Sales journal
- Social accounting
- Spreadsheet
- Statement of changes in equity
- Statutory accounting principles
- Stock option
- Stock split
- Stock
- Shareholder
- Shareholders' equity
- South African Institute of Chartered Accountants
- Sunk cost
T
Three lines of defence
- Throughput accounting
- Trade credit
- Treasury stock
- Trial balance
U
UK generally accepted accounting principles
- Unified Ledger Accounting
- U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
- US generally accepted accounting principles
- Work sheet
- Write off
See also
Outline of accounting
Outline of marketing
Outline of economics
Outline of production
Outline of business
Index of auditing-related articles
Accounting topics
Accounting
Accounting | wiki |
To Hell with Good Intentions may refer to:
A 1968 speech by Ivan Illich
A 2002 song by Welsh band Mclusky, appearing on their album Mclusky Do Dallas | wiki |
The Persian jird (Meriones persicus) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae found in Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and Turkmenistan.
The Persian jird is about long and has a brush-tipped tail that is slightly longer than the body. They are brown with white bellies.
The Persian jird's natural habitats are dry rocky hillsides with little vegetation and semi-desert areas. They find shelter in either small burrows or under overhanging rocks. These jirds can also be found living near humans, such as under walls.
In the wild, Persian jirds eat dry plant material and grains, with small insects as a supplement.
Persian jirds usually have two litters a year, each with around seven pups.
Some people keep this species as a pet. They can live to be six or seven years old. They need large cages that allow climbing and leaping.
The high abundance of Persian jird in many areas, as well as their several proper features, makes them a suitable species for biomonitoring programs (Khazaee et al. 2016).
References
Barker, Julian. (1998-12) The Persian Jird. The Nibbler (Journal of the National Gerbil Society).
Khazaee, M., Hamidian, A. H., Shabani, A. A., Ashrafi, S., Mirjalili, S. A. A., & Esmaeilzadeh, E. (2016). Accumulation of heavy metals and As in liver, hair, femur, and lung of Persian jird (Meriones persicus) in Darreh Zereshk copper mine, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(4), 3860–3870.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11356-015-5455-x
Meriones (rodent)
Mammals of Western Asia
Mammals of Azerbaijan
Mammals of Afghanistan
Mammals of Pakistan
Fauna of Iran
Mammals described in 1875
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
Stenaelurillus furcatus is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that lives in Namibia. It was first described in 2014 by Wanda Wesołowska. The spider is small, with a brown cephalothorax between in length and a black abdomen between { long. The carapace is brown and covered in scales, while the abdomen is a black oval. The chelicerae are yellow to light brown. It can distinguished from other members of the genus by the short forked appendage on the male's palpal bulb, after which the spider gets its name. The female has a distinctive arrangement of a deep pocket and separated copulatory openings in the epigyne.
Taxonomy
Stenaelurillus furcatus was first described by Wanda Wesołowska in 2014. It is one of over 500 species identified by the Polish arachnologist. The genus Stenaelurillus was first raised by Eugène Simon in 1885. The name relates to the genus name Aelurillus, which itself derives from the Greek word for cat, with the addition of a Greek stem meaning narrow. In 2017, it was grouped with nine other genera of jumping spiders under the name Aelurillines. It has been placed in the subtribe Aelurillina in the tribe Aelurillini in the clade Saltafresia. The species name is the Latin word for forked and refers to the shape of the appendages on the palpal bulb of the male.
Description
The spider is small. The male has a cephalothorax that measures between in length and between in width. It has a brown oval carapace covered in scales and with white streaks that stretch from across its back. It has a black oval abdomen, with small indistinct white patches. It is between long and wide. The chelicerae are yellow to light brown and the legs are generally yellow. with black spots. The pedipalps are also yellow. It has a short embolus. It can be distinguished from other members of the genus by the forked appendage on its palpal bulb. The other Stenaelurillus species with a similar fork, Stenaelurillus wandae, has longer prongs, which are also of a similar length.
The female is very similar to the male, and to the female Stenaelurillus guttiger, Stenaelurillus kavango and Stenaelurillus latibulbis. It is slightly larger, with a cephalothorax between long and wide and an abdomen between long and wide. it is distinguishable from other species by the deep central pocket, separated copulatory openings and lack of any depression on the epigyne.
Distribution
The distribution is endemic to Namibia. The holotype was identified in the Etosha National Park in KwaZulu-Natal based on a specimen collected in 1998. It has also been found in other areas of the north of the country.
References
Citations
Bibliography
Endemic fauna of Namibia
Fauna of Namibia
Salticidae
Spiders described in 2014
Spiders of Africa
Taxa named by Wanda Wesołowska | wiki |
Antique No. 1 may refer to:
Antique No. 1 (1904 typeface), a typeface produced by Stephenson Blake
Antique No. 1 (1906 typeface), a typeface produced by Inland Type Foundry | wiki |
Horse-head fiddle may refer to any of several types of bowed string instruments which often feature a carved horse's head at the peghead:
Morin khuur, a Mongolian instrument
Gusle, a Balkan instrument
Igil, a Tuvan instrument | wiki |
The United States District Court for the District of North Dakota (in case citations, D.N.D.) is the United States District Court or the Federal district court, whose jurisdiction is the state of North Dakota. The court is headquartered out of Bismarck at the William L. Guy Federal Building and has additional locations at Fargo, Grand Forks, and Minot. Appeals from the Court are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).
The district was created in 1889, when the Dakota Territory was divided into North Dakota and South Dakota. The Grand Forks courts are located at the Ronald N. Davies Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse. In 1921, a second temporary judgeship was authorized, however, this was never made permanent and the judgeship expired in 1928. In 1954, a second permanent judgeship was authorized, and the strength of the court has remained unchanged since.
The United States Attorney's Office for the District of North Dakota represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. , the United States Attorney for the District of North Dakota is Mac Schneider.
Current judges
:
Former judges
Chief judges
Succession of seats
See also
Courts of North Dakota
List of current United States district judges
List of United States federal courthouses in North Dakota
References
External links
United States District Court for the District of North Dakota Official Website
United States Attorney for the District of North Dakota Official Website
North Dakota law
North D
1889 establishments in North Dakota
Courthouses in North Dakota
Bismarck, North Dakota
Fargo, North Dakota
Courts and tribunals established in 1889 | wiki |
Stellaris (jogo eletrônico);
Tiva-C — plataforma de prototipagem eletrônica de microcontroladores criado pela Texas Instruments. | wiki |
GNU peut faire référence à :
GNU (où GNU signifie GNU’s not UNIX), un système d'exploitation libre reprenant les concepts et le fonctionnement d’UNIX ;
Gyeongsang National University (en français, Université nationale de Gyeonsang), l'université nationale de Corée du Sud.
Voir aussi
(9965) GNU, un corps de la Ceinture d'astéroïdes qui orbite autour du Soleil en 3.76 années
Gnou | wiki |
The NCW Inter-Cities Heavyweight Championship a title contested in the Canadian wrestling promotion Northern Championship Wrestling. It was first established in 1986 as the AWA (Amateur Wrestling Association) Heavyweight Championship when Rick Lawrence became the first champion. It 1992 it became the NCW Inter-Cities Championship.
Title history
As of , .
Combined reigns
As of , .
See also
NCW Quebec Heavyweight Championship
NCW Triple Crown Championship
Inter-Cities Heavyweight Championship
Inter-Cities Heavyweight Championship
Heavyweight wrestling championships
1986 establishments in Quebec | wiki |
Scaffolding, also called scaffold or staging, is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges and all other man-made structures. Scaffolds are widely used on site to get access to heights and areas that would be otherwise hard to get to. Unsafe scaffolding has the potential to result in death or serious injury. Scaffolding is also used in adapted forms for formwork and shoring, grandstand seating, concert stages, access/viewing towers, exhibition stands, ski ramps, half pipes and art projects.
There are five main types of scaffolding used worldwide today. These are tube and coupler (fitting) components, prefabricated modular system scaffold components, H-frame / façade modular system scaffolds, timber scaffolds and bamboo scaffolds (particularly in China and India). Each type is made from several components which often include:
A base jack or plate which is a load-bearing base for the scaffold.
The standard, the upright component with connector joins.
The ledger, a horizontal brace.
The transom, a horizontal cross-section load-bearing component which holds the batten, board, or decking unit.
Brace diagonal and/or cross section bracing component.
Batten or board decking component used to make the working platform.
Coupler, a fitting used to join components together.
Scaffold tie, used to tie in the scaffold to structures.
Brackets, used to extend the width of working platforms.
Specialized components used to aid in their use as a temporary structure often include heavy duty load bearing transoms, ladders or stairway units for the ingress and egress of the scaffold, beams ladder/unit types used to span obstacles and rubbish chutes used to remove unwanted materials from the scaffold or construction project.
History
Antiquity
Sockets in the walls around the paleolithic cave paintings at Lascaux, suggest that a scaffold system was used for painting the ceiling, over 17,000 years ago.
The Berlin Foundry Cup depicts scaffolding in ancient Greece (early 5th century BC). Egyptians, Nubians and Chinese are also recorded as having used scaffolding-like structures to build tall buildings. Early scaffolding was made of wood and secured with rope knots.
Modern era
Scaffolding was erected by individual firms with wildly varying standards and sizes. The process was revolutionized by Daniel Palmer Jones and David Henry Jones. Modern day scaffolding standards, practices and processes can be attributed to these men and their companies: Rapid Scaffold Tie Company Ltd, Tubular Scaffolding Company and Scaffolding Great Britain Ltd (SGB).
David Palmer-Jones patented the "Scaffixer", a coupling device far more robust than rope which revolutionized scaffolding construction. In 1913, his company was commissioned for the reconstruction of Buckingham Palace, during which his Scaffixer gained much publicity. Palmer-Jones followed this up with the improved "Universal Coupler" in 1919 - this soon became the industry standard coupling and has remained so to this day.
Advancements in metallurgy throughout the early 20th century saw the introduction of tubular steel water pipes (instead of timber poles) with standardized dimensions, allowing for the industrial interchangeability of parts and improving the structural stability of the scaffold. The use of diagonal bracings also helped to improve stability, especially on tall buildings. The first frame system was brought to market by SGB in 1944 and was used extensively for the postwar reconstruction.
Today
The European Standard, BS EN 12811-1, specifies performance requirements and methods of structural and general design for access and working scaffolds. Requirements given are for scaffold structures that rely on the adjacent structures for stability. In general these requirements also apply to other types of working scaffolds.
The purpose of a working scaffold is to provide a safe working platform and access suitable for work crews to carry out their work. The European Standard sets out performance requirements for working scaffolds. These are substantially independent of the materials of which the scaffold is made. The standard is intended to be used as the basis for enquiry and design.
Materials
The basic components of scaffolding are tubes, couplers and boards.
The basic lightweight tube scaffolding that became the standard and revolutionised scaffolding, becoming the baseline for decades, was invented and marketed in the mid-1950s. With one basic 24 pound unit a scaffold of various sizes and heights could be assembled easily by a couple of labourers without the nuts or bolts previously needed.
Tubes are usually made either of steel or aluminium; although there is composite scaffolding which uses filament-wound tubes of glass fibre in a nylon or polyester matrix, because of the high cost of composite tube, it is usually only used when there is a risk from overhead electric cables that cannot be isolated. If steel, they are either 'black' or galvanised. The tubes come in a variety of lengths and a standard outside diameter of 48.3 mm. (1.5 NPS pipe). The chief difference between the two types of metal tubes is the lower weight of aluminium tubes (1.7 kg/m as opposed to 4.4 kg/m). However they are more flexible and have a lower resistance to stress. Tubes are generally bought in 6.3 m lengths and can then be cut down to certain typical sizes. Most large companies will brand their tubes with their name and address in order to deter theft.
Boards provide a working surface for scaffold users. They are seasoned wood and come in three thicknesses (38 mm (usual), 50 mm and 63 mm) are a standard width (225 mm) and are a maximum of 3.9 m long. The board ends are protected either by metal plates called hoop irons or sometimes nail plates, which often have the company name stamped into them. Timber scaffold boards in the UK should comply with the requirements of BS 2482. As well as timber, steel or aluminium decking is used, as well as laminate boards. In addition to the boards for the working platform, there are sole boards which are placed beneath the scaffolding if the surface is soft or otherwise suspect, although ordinary boards can also be used. Another solution, called a scaffpad, is made from a rubber base with a base plate moulded inside; these are desirable for use on uneven ground since they adapt, whereas sole boards may split and have to be replaced.
Couplers are the fittings which hold the tubes together. The most common are called scaffold couplers, and there are three basic types: right-angle couplers, putlog couplers and swivel couplers. To join tubes end-to-end joint pins (also called spigots) or sleeve couplers are used. Only right angle couplers and swivel couplers can be used to fix tube in a 'load-bearing connection'. Single couplers are not load-bearing couplers and have no design capacity.
Other common scaffolding components include base plates, ladders, ropes, anchor ties, reveal ties, gin wheels, sheeting, etc.
Most companies will adopt a specific colour to paint the scaffolding with, in order that quick visual identification can be made in case of theft. All components that are made from metal can be painted but items that are wooden should never be painted as this could hide defects.
Despite the metric measurements given, many scaffolders measure tubes and boards in imperial units, with tubes from 21 feet down and boards from 13 ft down.
Bamboo scaffolding is widely used in Hong Kong and Macau, with nylon straps tied into knots as couplers. In India, bamboo or other wooden scaffolding is also mostly used, with poles being lashed together using ropes made from coconut hair (coir).
Basic scaffolding
The key elements of the scaffolding are the standard, ledger and transoms. The standards, also called uprights, are the vertical tubes that transfer the entire weight of the structure to the ground where they rest on a square base plate to spread the load. The base plate has a shank in its centre to hold the tube and is sometimes pinned to a sole board. Ledgers are horizontal tubes which connect between the standards. Transoms rest upon the ledgers at right angles. Main transoms are placed next to the standards, they hold the standards in place and provide support for boards; intermediate transoms are those placed between the main transoms to provide extra support for boards. In Canada this style is referred to as "English". "American" has the transoms attached to the standards and is used less but has certain advantages in some situations.
As well as the tubes at right angles there are cross braces to increase rigidity, these are placed diagonally from ledger to ledger, next to the standards to which they are fitted. If the braces are fitted to the ledgers they are called ledger braces. To limit sway a facade brace is fitted to the face of the scaffold every 30 metres or so at an angle of 35°-55° running right from the base to the top of the scaffold and fixed at every level.
Of the couplers previously mentioned, right-angle couplers join ledgers or transoms to standards, putlog or single couplers join board bearing transoms to ledgers - Non-board bearing transoms should be fixed using a right-angle coupler. Swivel couplers are to connect tubes at any other angle. The actual joints are staggered to avoid occurring at the same level in neighbouring standards.
The spacings of the basic elements in the scaffold are fairly standard. For a general purpose scaffold the maximum bay length is 2.1 m, for heavier work the bay size is reduced to 2 or even 1.8 m while for inspection a bay width of up to 2.7 m is allowed.
The scaffolding width is determined by the width of the boards, the minimum width allowed is 600 mm but a more typical four-board scaffold would be 870 mm wide from standard to standard. More heavy-duty scaffolding can require 5, 6 or even up to 8 boards width. Often an inside board is added to reduce the gap between the inner standard and the structure.
The lift height, the spacing between ledgers, is 2 m, although the base lift can be up to 2.7 m. The diagram above also shows a kicker lift, which is just 150 mm or so above the ground.
Transom spacing is determined by the thickness of the boards supported, 38 mm boards require a transom spacing of no more than 1.2 m while a 50 mm board can stand a transom spacing of 2.6 m and 63 mm boards can have a maximum span of 3.25 m. The minimum overhang for all boards is 50 mm and the maximum overhang is no more than 4x the thickness of the board.
Foundations
Good foundations are essential. Often scaffold frameworks will require more than simple base plates to safely carry and spread the load. Scaffolding can be used without base plates on concrete or similar hard surfaces, although base plates are always recommended. For surfaces like pavements or tarmac base plates are necessary. For softer or more doubtful surfaces sole boards must be used, beneath a single standard a sole board should be at least with no dimension less than , the thickness must be at least . For heavier duty scaffold much more substantial baulks set in concrete can be required. On uneven ground steps must be cut for the base plates, a minimum step size of around is recommended. A working platform requires certain other elements to be safe. They must be close-boarded, have double guard rails and toe and stop boards. Safe and secure access must also be provided.
Ties
Scaffolds are only rarely independent structures. To provide stability for a scaffolding (at left) framework ties are generally fixed to the adjacent building/fabric/steelwork.
General practice is to attach a tie every 4 m on alternate lifts (traditional scaffolding). Prefabricated System scaffolds require structural connections at all frames - i.e. 2–3 m centres (tie patterns must be provided by the System manufacturer/supplier). The ties are coupled to the scaffold as close to the junction of standard and ledger (node point) as possible. Due to recent regulation changes, scaffolding ties must support +/- loads (tie/butt loads) and lateral (shear) loads.
Due to the different nature of structures there is a variety of different ties to take advantage of the opportunities.
Through ties are put through structure openings such as windows. A vertical inside tube crossing the opening is attached to the scaffold by a transom and a crossing horizontal tube on the outside called a bridle tube. The gaps between the tubes and the structure surfaces are packed or wedged with timber sections to ensure a solid fit.
Box ties are used to attach the scaffold to suitable pillars or comparable features. Two additional transoms are put across from the lift on each side of the feature and are joined on both sides with shorter tubes called tie tubes. When a complete box tie is impossible a l-shaped lip tie can be used to hook the scaffold to the structure, to limit inward movement an additional transom, a butt transom, is placed hard against the outside face of the structure.
Sometimes it is possible to use anchor ties (also called bolt ties), these are ties fitted into holes drilled in the structure. A common type is a ring bolt with an expanding wedge which is then tied to a node point.
The least 'invasive' tie is a reveal tie. These use an opening in the structure but use a tube wedged horizontally in the opening. The reveal tube is usually held in place by a reveal screw pin (an adjustable threaded bar) and protective packing at either end. A transom tie tube links the reveal tube to the scaffold. Reveal ties are not well regarded, they rely solely on friction and need regular checking so it is not recommended that more than half of all ties be reveal ties.
If it is not possible to use a safe number of ties rakers can be used. These are single tubes attached to a ledger extending out from the scaffold at an angle of less than 75° and securely founded. A transom at the base then completes a triangle back to the base of the main scaffold.
Bamboo scaffolding
Bamboo scaffolding is a type of scaffolding made from bamboo and widely used in construction work for centuries. Many famous landmarks, notably The Great Wall of China, were built using bamboo scaffolding, and its use continues today in some parts of the world.
History
Bamboo scaffolding was first introduced into the building industry in Hong Kong immediately after colonization in the 1800s. It was widely used in the building of houses and multi-story buildings (up to four stories high) prior to the development of metal scaffolding. It was also useful for short-term construction projects, such as framework for temporary sheds for Cantonese Opera performances.
There are three types of scaffolding in Hong Kong:
Double-row scaffold;
Extended Bamboo scaffolding;
Shop signs of Bamboo Scaffolding.
Gradual decline
In 2013, there were 1,751 registered bamboo scaffolders and roughly 200 scaffolding companies in Hong Kong. The use of bamboo scaffolding is diminishing due to shortages in labor and material. Despite the lack of labor force and material, recently safety issues have become another serious concern.
The labor shortage may be due to the reluctance of younger generations to become scaffolders. “They even think that it’s a dirty and dangerous job. They are not going to do that kind of work,” said Yu Hang Flord, who has been a scaffolder for 30 years and later became the director of Wui Fai Holdings, a member of the Hong Kong and Kowloon Scaffolders General Merchants Association. “They refuse to step in, although we give them high pay. They are scared of it. Young generations do not like jobs that involve hard work.” Another reason fewer people are becoming scaffolders is that new recruits need to undergo training with the Hong Kong Construction Industry Council in order to acquire a license. Older scaffolders generally learned in apprenticeships, and may have been able to gather more hands-on experience.
Material shortages are also a contributing factor to the decline. The bamboo scaffolding material was imported from mainland China. Bamboo—which matures after three years to the wide diameter and thick skin perfect for scaffolding—came from the Shaoxing area in Guangdong. Over the past two decades, firms have had to look to Guangxi instead. The industry's fear is that one day supplies will be blocked due to export embargoes and environmental concerns. Attempts to import bamboo from Thailand, or switch to synthetic or plastic bamboo, have so far proved unsuccessful.
In many African countries, notably Nigeria, bamboo scaffolding is still used for small scale construction in urban areas. In rural areas, the use of bamboo scaffolding for construction is common. In fact, bamboo is an essential building and construction commodity in Nigeria; the bamboo materials are transported on heavy trucks and trailers from rural areas (especially the tropical rain forest) to cities and the northern part of Nigeria.
Some of the structures in relaxation and recreation centres, both in urban and rural areas of Nigeria, are put in place using bamboo materials. This is not for reasons of poverty (especially in the cities) but to add more aesthetics to these centres. Bamboo materials are still used in the construction of some bukas (local restaurants) in rural areas.
Specifications
Forms of bamboo scaffolding include:
Double-row Scaffold
Only double-row bamboo scaffold is allowed to be used for working at height.
Nylon Mesh
The perimeter of bamboo scaffold should be covered by nylon mesh against falling objects. The lapping of nylon mesh should be at least 100 mm wide.
Access and Egress
Suitable means of access should be provided from the building or ground level to the scaffold such as gangway, stairs and ladder etc.
Catch Fan
Sloping catch fans shall be erected at a level close to the first floor and at no more than 15 metres, vertical intervals should give a minimum horizontal protection coverage of 1500 mm. Large catch fans should be erected at specific locations to protect the public and/or workers underneath.
Platform of Catch Fan or Receptacle
A suitable receptacle, covered with galvanized zinc sheet, should be provided within each catch-fan to trap falling objects.
Steel Bracket
Steel brackets shall be provided for supporting the standard of scaffold at about six floor intervals. The horizontal distance between steel brackets is about 3 metres.
Putlogs
Mild steel bars or similar materials are required to tie any structure to maintain the bamboo scaffold in its position on every floor. The distance of adjacent putlogs is about 3 to 4 metres.
Working Platform
Every working platform must be at least 400 mm wide and closely boarded by planks. The edges of working platforms should be protected by no less than 2 horizontal bamboo members of the scaffold, at intervals between 750 mm to 900 mm and suitable toe-boards no less than 200 mm high.
Special Scaffold
All scaffolds with a height excess of 15 metres shall be designed by an Engineer.
Competent Examiner
They should complete a formal training in bamboo scaffolding work or hold a trade test certificate on bamboo scaffolding and have at least 10 years of relevant experience.
Trained Worker
They should complete formal training in bamboo scaffolding work or hold a trade test certificate on bamboo scaffolding and have at least 3 years of relevant experience.
Uses in construction
Bamboo scaffolding is a temporary structure to support people and materials when constructing or repairing building exteriors and interiors. In bamboo scaffolding, plastic fibre straps and bamboo shoots are bound together to form a solid and secure scaffold structure without screws. Bamboo scaffolding does not need to have a foundation on the ground, as long as the scaffolding has a fulcrum for structural support.
Bamboo scaffolding is mostly seen in developing Asian countries such as India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia.
Cultural use
Chinese opera theatres
Chinese Opera is one of the world's "Intangible Cultural Heritages". One of bamboo scaffolding's main alternative uses is in drama theatres. The flexibility and convenience of this type of scaffolding suits stages set up for temporary use and also separates the audience from the performers.
Respecting and promoting the traditional cultures of Chinese Opera, a huge event called the West Kowloon Bamboo Theatre has been held at the West Kowloon Waterfront Promenade annually since 2012.
Yu Lan Ghost Festival
Stages are built from bamboo scaffolding for the live Chinese operas and Chiu Chow–style dramas performed during every Yu Lan Ghost Festival to worship ghostly ancestors.
Cheung Chau Bun Festival
The bamboo tower used in the famous Bun Scrambling Competition during the Cheung Chau Bun Festival on the island of Cheung Chau is constructed out of bamboo scaffolding. Nine thousand buns, representing fortune and blessing, are supported on the fourteen-meter tall bamboo tower in front of the Pak Tai Temple. For the Piu Sik Parade, bamboo stands and racks are used to hold the young costumed performers above the crowds.
Specialty scaffolding
Types of scaffolding covered by the Occupational Health and Safety Administration in the United States include the following categories: Pole; tube and coupler; fabricated frame (tubular welded frame scaffolds); plasterers’, decorators’, and large area scaffolds; bricklayers' (pipe); horse; form scaffolds and carpenters’
bracket scaffolds; roof brackets; outrigger; pump jacks; ladder jacks; window jacks; crawlingboards (chicken ladders); step, platform, and trestle ladder
scaffolds; single-point adjustable suspension; two-point adjustable suspension (swing stages); multipoint adjustable suspension; stonesetters’ multipoint adjustable suspension scaffolds, and masons’ multipoint adjustable suspension scaffolds; catenary; float (ship); interior hung; needle beam; multilevel suspended; mobile; repair bracket scaffolds; and stilts.
Gallery of scaffold types
Putlog scaffold
In addition to the putlog couplers (discussed above), there are also putlog tubes. These have a flattened end or have been fitted with a blade. This feature allows the end of the tube to be inserted into or rest upon the brickwork of the structure.
A putlog scaffold may also be called a bricklayer's scaffold. As such, the scaffold consists only of a single row of standards with a single ledger. The putlogs are transoms - attached to the ledger at one end but integrated into the bricks at the other.
Spacing is the same on a putlog scaffold as on a general purpose scaffold, and ties are still required.
In recent years a number of new innovations have meant an increased scope of use for scaffolding, such as ladderbeams for spanning spaces that cannot accommodate standards and the increased use of sheeting and structure to create temporary roofs.
Putlog tubes can also be used vertically when drove under downward pressure into the ground, most typically in greens and fields, where approx 1/4 of the putlog tube remains exposed above ground. The purpose for this alternative method is to create a good anchoring point for additional vertical scaffolding to clamp on to, most commonly used in live events and festivals with scaffolding poles up to 21 feet high where festoon lighting, cabling and bunting can be hung from safely.
Pump-jack
A pump-jack is a type of portable scaffolding system. The scaffold rests on supports attached to two or more vertical posts. The user raises the scaffolding by pumping the foot pedals on the supports, like an automobile jack.
Baker staging
Baker staging is a metal scaffold which is easy to assemble. Rolling platforms typically wide by long and tall sections which can be stacked up to three high with the use of added outriggers. The work platform height is adjustable.
X-Deck ladder scaffolding
Low level scaffolding that is height adjustable. It is a hybrid ladder scaffold work platform.
Standards
The widespread use of scaffolding systems, along with the profound importance that they earned in modern applications such as civil engineering projects and temporary structures, led to the definition of a series of standards covering a vast number of specific issues involving scaffolding. Among the standards there are:
DIN 4420, a DIN standard divided in 5 parts which covers the design and detail of scaffolds, ladder scaffolds, safety requirements and standard types, materials, components, dimensions and loadbearing capacity.
DIN 4421, a DIN standard which covers the analysis, design and construction of falsework
29 CFR Part 1926: Safety Standards for Scaffolds Used in the Construction Industry from the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), with an accompanying "construction eTool"
See also
Index of construction articles
National Access and Scaffolding Confederation (UK trade association)
Steeplejack
Willow Island disaster
References
External links
Illustrated Formwork and Temporary Work Glossary
New York City Scaffolding Regulations PDF (shows nine types of scaffolding)
OSHA Publication 3150, A Guide to Scaffold Use in the Construction Industry
OSHA scaffold types illustrated
Illustrations of many kinds of scaffolding
UK Health & Safety Executive Scaffold Checklist
Construction equipment
Scaffolding | wiki |
The Fix Is In may refer to:
"The Fix is In", a song by Heatmiser from their 1996 album Mic City Sons
"The Fix Is In", a song by OK Go from their 2002 album OK Go
"The Fix", a song by Elbow from their 2009 album The Seldom Seen Kid
See also
The Fix (disambiguation)
Fix (disambiguation)
Match fixing | wiki |
The following is a list of the avatars of the epic Mahabharata, and their original devatas (deities) or other beings.
References
Mahabharata
Mahabharata | wiki |
Hemihydranencephaly is a severe cephalic disorder characterized by complete or almost complete absence of the cerebral cortex with preservation of meninges, basal ganglia, pons, medulla, cerebellum, and falx. It is a special type of hydranencephaly.
It is a very rare disease. As it stands, only 7 cases have been reported.
References
Greco F, Finocchiaro M, Pavone P, Trifiletti RR, Parano E. Hemihydranencephaly: case report and literature review. J Child Neurol. 2001;16 :218–221
Congenital disorders of nervous system
Rare diseases | wiki |
The Chinese scrub vole, or Irene's mountain vole, (Neodon irene) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is endemic to mountainous parts of southern China and is very similar to the Sikkim mountain vole in appearance. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".
Description
The Chinese scrub vole has a head-and-body length of between and a tail length of . The dorsal fur is greyish-brown, the underparts are dark grey and there is an intermediate strip of ochre-brown where the two colours meet. The upper surface of both fore and hind feet are brownish-white and the tail is bicoloured, being brown above and white below. The Chinese scrub vole is very similar in appearance to the Sikkim mountain vole (Neodon sikimensis), but it is slightly smaller and the two can be distinguished by examination of their dentition.
Distribution and habitat
The Chinese scrub vole is endemic to China where it occurs in high mountains in the provinces of eastern Qinghai, southern Gansu, western Sichuan, northeastern Tibet Autonomous Region and northwestern Yunnan. It is usually found in Alpine meadows and on shrubby hillsides.
Behaviour
Like other voles, the Chinese scrub vole feeds mainly on plant material. Little is known of its reproductive biology, but a female with three advanced-stage embryos has been found in August.
Status
The Chinese scrub vole has a wide range and is assumed to have a large total population. It is present in several national nature reserves. The population trend is unknown, but no specific threats have been identified and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".
References
Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894–1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Neodon
Mammals described in 1911
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
Rodents of China
Endemic fauna of China
Fauna of Tibet
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
A sweet roll or sweet bun refers to any of a number of sweet, baked, yeast-leavened breakfast or dessert foods. They may contain spices, nuts, candied fruits, etc., and are often glazed or topped with icing. Compared to regular bread dough, sweet roll dough generally has higher levels of sugar, fat, eggs, and yeast. They are often round, and are small enough to comprise a single serving. These differ from pastries, which are made from a paste-like batter; from cakes, which are typically unleavened or chemically leavened; and from doughnuts, which are deep fried.
Refrigerated ready-to-bake sweet roll dough is commercially available in grocery stores.
Sweet rolls are sometimes iced and/or contain a sweet filling. In some traditions, other types of fillings and decoration are used, such as cinnamon, marzipan, or candied fruit.
See also
List of sweet breads
References
Sweet breads | wiki |
The second season of American talent show competition series America's Got Talent was broadcast on NBC from June 5 to August 21, 2007. The network originally intended for it to run during its winter schedule that year, but opted against it following concerns over it clashing with other popular programs at that time. After the success of its first year, additional episodes of the series were commissioned by NBC, with changes being made to the program's format for the new season. These included the addition of a "boot camp" stage during the auditions, and the use of the judge's buzzers matching other editions of the Got Talent franchise, particularly after the first season of Britain's Got Talent.
While Piers Morgan and David Hasselhoff returned as judges, Regis Philbin did not return as host for the new season, and was replaced by tabloid talk show host Jerry Springer. Brandy Norwood was unable to return as a judge following the previous season, due to an ongoing lawsuit against her at the time, and was replaced by Sharon Osbourne as a result. The second season was won by singing ventriloquist and impressionist Terry Fator, with singer and guitarist Cas Haley finishing in second place, and singing beatboxer Butterscotch placing third.
Season overview
Following the success of the first season of America's Got Talent, NBC opted to commission further seasons of the program for the foreseeable future. As part of the network's original plan for the second season, the new episodes were intended to broadcast during the network's Winter 2007 schedule, with the results of each live round aired on the same day. However, concerns that such a decision would place America's Got Talent in a direct competition for viewing ratings with the sixth season of American Idol, due to being aired around the same period. NBC eventually dropped the plan, and set the program up for its Summer schedule that year, allocating the arranged broadcasting slot of Grease: You're The One That I Want.
The second season had a considerable change in the format of the program, to match a more standardized arrangement being used across the Got Talent franchise. The most notable change was the filmed auditions being split into two stages, with the first taking place across a selection of cities, and the second stage operating in Las Vegas under a "boot camp" format titled "Las Vegas Callbacks". The second stage's rules focused on those who made it through the first stage being placed into one of two groups: "music" and "variety", having to successfully impress the judges across two rounds of performances, with each three minutes in length and conducted without interruptions from the judges. The other change was to incorporate the live round rules for judges used on other editions of Got Talent, particularly Britain's Got Talent. The new arrangement primarily saw judges giving feedback on a performance when it had ended but still using their buzzers to stop performances, while the public voted on who moved to the next stage in the semi-finals. Other than these changes, the second season did not incorporate the use of Wildcard acts, while the results for each live round (except the final), were each given before the start of the next round.
Auditions took place during Spring 2007, with auditions being conducted within the cities of New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Dallas. Following the previous season, prior to filming taking place, replacements to the cast were made. Regis Philbin, who did not to return for undisclosed reasons, was replaced by Jerry Springer as host. Brandy Norwood was replaced by Sharon Osbourne as judge, after she dropped out due to a difficult legal matter she was dealing with.
Twenty of the participants who auditioned for this season secured a place in the two live semi-finals, with ten acts in each moving on to compete against each other in two "knock-out" finals. This resulted in four left to compete in a grand-final round. These are the results of each participant's overall performance during the season:
| | |
Semi-finals summary
Buzzed out |
Semi-final 1 (July 17)
Semi-final 2 (July 24)
Finals summary
| |
| | Buzzed (Top 10 & 8 Finals only)
Finals - Top 10 (July 31)
Finals - Top 8 (August 7)
Grand-final (August 14)
References
2007 American television seasons
America's Got Talent seasons | wiki |
The Mexican vole (Microtus mexicanus) is a species of vole.
The Hualapai Mexican vole (M. m. hualapaiensis) was formerly recognized as a subspecies and was a protected taxon under the United States Endangered Species Act until 2017. Several other populations of the vole were previously named subspecies but are no longer recognized as distinct.
This species has a disjunct distribution in the southwestern United States and Mexico. It can be found in grasslands and other habitat types and is generally adaptable to a range of climate types.
The Mexican vole mainly feeds on grasses and the roots of shrubs and trees.(Beacham, 2000) In several studies, the Mexican vole was baited using two plant products, barley and oatmeal. It has also been noted to eat monarch butterflies.
The earliest description of the species was in 1861 by Swiss entomologist Henri de Saussure, a Swiss entomologist. Separate populations which appeared to have different morphologies were sometimes named subspecies, such as Microtus mexicanus mogollonensis, M. m. hualpaiensis, and M. m. navaho. Research continues on the relationships of different clades within the species.
References
Further reading
Mexican Vole
Mammals of Mexico
Mammals of the United States
Mammals described in 1861
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
A sternal fracture is a fracture of the sternum (the breastbone), located in the center of the chest. The injury, which occurs in 5–8% of people who experience significant blunt chest trauma, may occur in vehicle accidents, when the still-moving chest strikes a steering wheel or dashboard or is injured by a seatbelt. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), has also been known to cause thoracic injury, including sternum and rib fractures. Sternal fractures may also occur as a pathological fracture, in people who have weakened bone in their sternum, due to another disease process. Sternal fracture can interfere with breathing by making it more painful; however, its primary significance is that it can indicate the presence of serious associated internal injuries, especially to the heart and lungs.
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms include crepitus (a crunching sound made when broken bone ends rub together), pain, tenderness, bruising, and swelling over the fracture site. The fracture may visibly move when the person breathes, and it may be bent or deformed, potentially forming a "step" at the junction of the broken bone ends that is detectable by palpation. Associated injuries such as those to the heart may cause symptoms such as abnormalities seen on electrocardiograms.
The upper and middle parts of the sternum are those most likely to fracture, but most sternal fractures occur below the sternal angle.
Associated injuries
Because of the high frequency of associated injuries, clinicians are taught to suspect that a patient has multiple severe injuries if a sternal fracture is present. Sternal fracture is commonly associated with injuries to the heart and lungs; if a person is injured with enough force to fracture the sternum, injuries such as myocardial and pulmonary contusions are likely. Other associated injuries that may occur include damage to blood vessels in the chest, myocardial rupture, head and abdominal injuries, flail chest, and vertebral fracture. Sternal fractures may also accompany rib fractures and are high-energy enough injuries to cause bronchial tears (ruptures of the bronchioles). They may hinder breathing. Due to the associated injuries, the mortality rate for people with sternal fracture is high, at an estimated 25–45%. However, when sternal fractures occur in isolation, their outcome is very good.
There is controversy over the question of whether the presence of sternal fracture is an indication of cardiac injuries.
Causes
Vehicle collisions are the usual cause of sternal fracture; the injury is estimated to occur in about 3% of auto accidents. The chest of a driver who is not wearing a seat belt may strike the steering wheel, and the shoulder component of a seatbelt may injure the chest if it is worn without the lap component. It was common enough for the sternum to be injured by the seatbelt that it was included in the 'safety belt syndrome', a pattern of injuries caused by seat belts in vehicle accidents.
The injury can also occur when the chest suddenly flexes, in the absence of an impact. In the case of an injury sustained during CPR, the most common injuries sustained are rib fractures, with literature suggesting an incidence between 13% and 97%, and sternal fractures, with an incidence between 1% to 43%. Additionally, injury to the sternum may be made more likely if there are other disease processes in place that have weakened the bone - in this case, the fracture that occurs is termed a pathologic fracture.
Diagnosis
X-rays of the chest are taken in people with chest trauma and symptoms of sternal fractures, and these may be followed by CT scanning. Since X-rays taken from the front may miss the injury, they are taken from the side as well.
Treatment
Management involves treating associated injuries; people with sternal fractures but no other injuries do not need to be hospitalized. However, because it is common for cardiac injuries to accompany sternal fracture, heart function is monitored with electrocardiogram. Fractures that are very painful or extremely out of place can be operated on to fix the bone fragments into place, but in most cases treatment consists mainly of reducing pain and limiting movement. The fracture may interfere with breathing, requiring tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation.
People who experience a pathologic fracture will be investigated for the cause of the underlying disease, if it is unknown. Treatment of any underlying disease, such as chemotherapy if indicated for bone cancer, may help to improve the pain of a sternal fracture.
History
In 1864, E. Guilt published a handbook recording sternal fractures as a rare injury found in severe trauma. The injury became more common with the introduction and wide use of automobiles and the subsequent rise in traffic accidents. A rise in sternal fractures has also been seen with an increase in the frequency of laws requiring that seat belts be worn.
See also
Pulmonary hygiene
References
External links
Chest trauma
Bone fractures | wiki |
Trio may refer to:
Music
Groups
Trio (music), an ensemble of three performers, or a composition for such an ensemble
Jazz trio, pianist, double bassist, drummer
Minuet and trio, a form in classical music
String trio, a group of three string instruments
Power trio, guitar, bass, and drums
Piano trio, a trio including a piano
Organ trio, a trio including a Hammond organ
Trio (band), a German group formed in 1980
Works
Trio (1987 album) by Dolly Parton, Emmylou Harris, and Linda Ronstadt
Trio (Marcin Wasilewski album)
Trio (Trio album) by German group Trio
The Trio (Hank Jones album)
The Trio (Oscar Peterson album)
The Trio (1973 album), by Oscar Peterson, Joe Pass and Niels-Henning Pedersen
The Trio (Ted Curson album)
Trios (Carla Bley album), 2013
"Trio", a song by King Crimson on the album Starless and Bible Black
Trios, Op. 1 (Stamitz), a set of six orchestral pieces
Trio (Steve Berry album) by the Steve Berry Trio
Musical component
Trio (musical form), the secondary section of a work in ternary form, e.g. a minuet, scherzo or march
Film and television
Trio (TV network)
Trio (film), a 1950 anthology
Trio (1997 film), a South Korean film directed by Park Chan-wook
Trio (TV series), a South Korean drama
"Trio" (Buffy the Vampire Slayer), a group of three fictional villains
"Trio" (Glee)
"Trio" (Stargate Atlantis)
Food and drinks
Trio (chocolate bar), in the UK
Trio (Indian soft drink), a citric soda
Technology
S3 Trio, a range of graphics chipsets 3D Graphics Accelerator
Trio Corporation, a Japanese audio product manufacturer
Magnetom Trio, an MRI produced by Siemens
Softonic.com's TRIO Office Suite software
Places
Trio, South Carolina
Trio, Belize, a village in Toledo District, Belize
Trio Beach, a gazetted beach in Pak Sha Wan Peninsula, Sai Kung District, Hong Kong
Other uses
Trio (1801 ship)
Trio (trimaran), a sailboat designed by Lock Crowther in 1962
Trio (Conner), a 2013 sculpture by Elizabeth Conner in Portland, Oregon
Trio (Sugarman), a 1972 sculpture by George Sugarman in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
TRIO (gene)
TRIO (program), a group of student services and outreach programs
Trio language
Trio people, a South American ethnic group
Trio World School
Trio, a book by Dorothy Baker
Trio, a novel by William Boyd
See also
3 (disambiguation)
Tri (disambiguation)
Triad (disambiguation)
Triarchy (disambiguation)
Trilogy (disambiguation)
Trinity (disambiguation)
Triple (disambiguation)
Triptych (disambiguation)
Triumvirate
Troika (disambiguation)
Tryo
Tirio (disambiguation) | wiki |
Nil Desperandum Gulch is a valley in Nome Census Area, Alaska, in the United States.
Nil Desperandum Gulch derives its name from the Latin phrase Nil desperandum, meaning "never despair".
References
Landforms of Nome Census Area, Alaska
Valleys of Alaska
Landforms of the Seward Peninsula | wiki |
W800, W 800 or W–800 may refer to:
Sony Ericsson W800, a mobile phone
Kawasaki W800, a motorbike | wiki |
Lake Pontchartrain ( ) is an estuary located in southeastern Louisiana in the United States. It covers an area of with an average depth of . Some shipping channels are kept deeper through dredging. It is roughly oval in shape, about from west to east and from south to north.
In descending order of area, the lake is located in parts of six Louisiana parishes: St. Tammany, Orleans, Jefferson, St. John the Baptist, St. Charles, and Tangipahoa. The water boundaries were defined in 1979 (see list of parishes in Louisiana).
The lake is crossed by the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, the longest continuous bridge over water in the world. A power line also crosses the lake. Its towers stand on caissons in Lake Pontchartrain, and its length can be used to visually demonstrate the curvature of the earth.
Toponymy
Lake Pontchartrain is named for , . He was the French Minister of the Marine, Chancellor, and Controller-General of Finances during the reign of France's "Sun King", Louis XIV, for whom the colony of was named.
The name itself comes from the place in France where 's is situated. It is thought that this name originates from it being where a bridge () crossed the river on the ancient route from to ().
Lake Maurepas, directly west of Lake Pontchartrain, was named for the son of , , , who was also a French statesman.
Description
Lake Pontchartrain is an estuary connected to the Gulf of Mexico via the Rigolets strait (known locally as "the Rigolets") and Chef Menteur Pass into Lake Borgne, another large lagoon, and therefore experiences small tidal changes. It receives fresh water from the Tangipahoa, Tchefuncte, Tickfaw, Amite, and Bogue Falaya rivers, and from Bayou Lacombe and Bayou Chinchuba. It is one of the largest wetlands along the Gulf Coast of North America. It comprises more than 125,000 acres of wetland, including bottomland hardwoods and cypress swamps (although these have been severely degraded by past logging), along with a complex mixture of herbaceous wetlands including fresh, intermediate, and brackish marsh.
Salinity varies from negligible at the northern cusp west of Mandeville up to nearly half the salinity of seawater at its eastern bulge near Interstate 10. Lake Maurepas, a true freshwater lake, connects with Lake Pontchartrain on the west via Pass Manchac. The Industrial Canal connects the Mississippi River with the lake at New Orleans. Bonnet Carré Spillway diverts water from the Mississippi into the lake during times of river flooding.
History
The lake was formed 2,600 to 4,000 years ago as the evolving Mississippi River Delta formed its southern and eastern shorelines with alluvial deposits.
Human habitation of the region began at least 3,500 years ago. One recorded Indigenous name for the lake is ('wide water').
Habitation increased rapidly with the arrival of Europeans; in 1699, French explorer renamed the Lake after .
In 1777, the great American naturalist, William Bartram, explored the north shore during a trip west.
In 1852, a railroad was constructed to link New Orleans to the north. Engines turned at Pass Manchac. However, the pilings were burned to the water line in the Civil War.
During the early 20th century, the great cypress swamps of the area were heavily logged and many have not regrown.
After over 30 years of oil drilling had yielded just 12 million barrels of oil and condensate and 119 billion cubic feet of natural gas, and caused major pollution of the lake, the State Mineral Board enacted a moratorium on oil drilling. As of 2009, there were 4 active wells continuing prior leases, and 25 derelict wells. According to the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ) they and the US Coast Guard see at least one oil spill per day in Louisiana’s wetlands. Estuarine wetlands are among the highest on the Environmental sensitivity Index (ESI).
Conservation and restoration
Owing to past exploitation, the ecosystems of the lake have been placed under stress. Marshes, for example, are turning to open water, and cypress swamps are being killed by saltwater intrusion. However, brown pelicans and bald eagles, once scarce, were a common sight along the shores as of 2004. A team of experts assembled by The Nature Conservancy assessed the situation in 2004 and identified seven target habitat types in particular need of conservation management: bottomland hardwood forest, cypress swamp, relict ridge woodland, fresh/intermediate marsh, brackish/salt marsh, lake open water, and littoral submersed aquatic vegetation. The bottomland hardwood forest and cypress swamp are suffering from a lack of freshwater input and sediment deposition owing to the levees upstream from the lake. In addition, bottomland hardwoods are being invaded by exotic species such as Chinese tallow, while freshwater marshes are being invaded by exotic species such as elephant's-ear. The team identified four key animal species which could indicate the degree to which the system declines or improves. These were the rangia clam (representing lake bottom habitat), gulf sturgeon and paddlefish (representing fish communities), and the alligator snapping turtle (one of the largest freshwater turtles in the world, but in decline owing to over-harvesting).
The future of the lake depends, in part, on restoring annual spring floods to the wetlands of the lake basin, and controlling urban sprawl on the north shore. Selected species, like the paddlefish and alligator snapping turtle, would benefit from reduced harvesting. The lake could change considerably without such conservation planning. As of 2007 a few examples of future change included more cypress swamps converting to anthropogenic marsh or open water, Chinese tallow displacing native forests, and, with a warming climate, mangrove trees replacing brackish marsh. Hence, the ecosystems of the lake now, and in the future, depend very much upon some basic decisions about human activities in the vicinity of the lake, and, even more so, human activity upstream along the Mississippi River.
As of 2006, the population in the region was over 1.5 million. There have been many problems with the conservation management of the forests and wetlands. As of 1995, the United States Geological Survey was monitoring the environmental effects of shoreline erosion, loss of wetlands, pollution from urban areas and agriculture, saltwater intrusion from artificial waterways, dredging, basin subsidence and faulting, storms and sea level rise, and freshwater diversion from the Mississippi and other rivers. With proper management of this lake and its wetlands, there is great potential to enhance the productivity of wetlands, and to maintain biological diversity to support an ecotourism industry that will diversify the economy.
Northshore
The area north of Lake Pontchartrain is known as the North Shore, Northshore, or Northlake region. It includes the cities of Mandeville, Covington, Abita Springs, Madisonville, Pearl River, Lacombe, and Slidell in St. Tammany Parish; Ponchatoula, Hammond, Amite, and Kentwood in Tangipahoa Parish; and Bogalusa and Franklinton in Washington Parish.
These three Northshore parishes are the eastern Florida Parishes. The landscape here is mostly uplands that were once dominated by long leaf pine savannas and interrupted by occasional large rivers. The savannas were maintained by regular fires caused by lightning; they produced the distinctive fauna and flora of this region.
Lake Pontchartrain's south shore areas (dominated by New Orleans), instead of being designated by that name, are more likely to be referred to as either "East bank" or "West bank," depending upon their position with respect to the general north-south course of the Mississippi River. Lake Pontchartrain forms the northern boundary of the city of New Orleans, which is coterminous with Orleans Parish, and the northern boundary of its two largest suburbs, Metairie and Kenner; as well as forming the northern boundaries of Jefferson Parish and Saint Charles Parish, and much of the northern and eastern boundaries of Saint John the Baptist Parish.
New Orleans
New Orleans was established at a Native American portage between the Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain. The lake provides numerous recreational activities for people in New Orleans and is also home to the Southern Yacht Club. In the 1920s, the Industrial Canal in the eastern part of the city opened, providing a direct navigable water connection, with locks, between the Mississippi River and the lake. In the same decade, a project dredging new land from the lake shore behind a new concrete floodwall began; this would result in an expansion of the city into the former swamp between Metairie/Gentilly Ridges and the lakefront. The Lake Pontchartrain Causeway was constructed in the 1950s and 1960s, connecting New Orleans (by way of Metairie) with Mandeville, and bisecting the lake in a north-northeast line.
Hurricanes
During hurricanes, a storm surge can build up in Lake Pontchartrain. Wind pushes water into the lake from the Gulf of Mexico as a hurricane approaches from the south, and from there it can spill into New Orleans.
A hurricane in 1947 flooded much of Metairie, much of which is slightly below sea level due to land subsidence after marshland was drained. After the storm, hurricane-protection levees were built along Lake Pontchartrain's south shore to protect New Orleans and nearby communities. A storm surge of from Hurricane Betsy overwhelmed some levees in eastern New Orleans in 1965, while a storm surge funneled in by the Mississippi River–Gulf Outlet Canal and a levee failure flooded most of the Lower 9th Ward. After this the levees encircling the city and outlying parishes were raised to heights of . Due to cost concerns, the levees were built to protect against only a Category 3 hurricane; however, some of the levees initially withstood the Category 5 storm surge of Hurricane Katrina (August 2005), which only slowed to Category 3 winds within hours of landfall (due to a last-minute eyewall replacement cycle).
Experts using computer modeling at Louisiana State University after Hurricane Katrina have concluded that the levees were never topped but rather faulty design, inadequate construction, or some combination of the two were responsible for the flooding of most of New Orleans. Some canal walls leaked underneath because the wall foundations were not deep enough in peat-subsoil to withstand the pressure of higher water.
Funding
Congress failed to fully fund an upgrade requested during the 1990s by the Army Corps of Engineers, and funding was cut in 2003–04 despite a 2001 study by the Federal Emergency Management Agency warning that a hurricane in New Orleans was one of the country's three most likely disasters. Raising and reinforcing the levees to resist a Category 5 hurricane might take 25 years to complete. Some estimates place the cost at $25 billion.
Hurricane Katrina
When Hurricane Katrina reached Category 5 in 2005, some experts predicted that the levee system might fail completely if the storm passed close to the city. Although Katrina weakened to a Category 3 before making landfall on August 29 (with only Category 1-2 strength winds in New Orleans on the weaker side of the eye of the hurricane), the outlying New Orleans East area along south Lake Pontchartrain was in the eyewall with winds, preceding the eye, nearly as strong as those experienced in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. Canals near Chalmette began leaking at 8 am, and some levees/canals, designed to withstand Category 3 storms, suffered multiple breaks the following day (see Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans), flooding 80% of the city.
The walls of the Industrial Canal were breached by storm surge via the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, while the 17th Street Canal and London Avenue Canal experienced catastrophic breaches, even though water levels never topped their flood walls. Louisiana State University experts presented evidence that some of these structures might have had design flaws or faulty construction.
There are indications that the soft earth and peat underlying canal walls may have given way. In the weeks before Katrina, tests of salinity in seepage pools near canals showed them to be lake water, not fresh water from broken mains. The I-10 Twin Span Bridge heading northeast between New Orleans and Slidell was destroyed. The shorter Fort Pike Bridge crossing the outlet to Lake Borgne remained intact.
Much of the northern sector of the suburban areas of Metairie and Kenner was flooded with up to of water. In this area, flooding was not the result of levee overtopping but was due to a decision by the governmental administration of Jefferson Parish to abandon the levee-aligned drainage pumping stations. This resulted in the reverse flow of lake water through the pumping stations into drainage canals which subsequently overflowed, causing extensive flooding of the area between I-10 and the lakefront. When the pump operators were returned to their stations, water was drained out of Metairie and Kenner in less than a day.
On September 5, 2005, the Army Corps of Engineers started to fix levee breaches by dropping huge sandbags from Chinook helicopters. The London Avenue Canal and Industrial Canal were blocked at the lake as permanent repairs started. On September 6, the Corps began pumping flood water back into the lake after seven days in the streets of New Orleans. Because it was fouled with dead animals, sewage, heavy metals, petrochemicals, and other dangerous substances, the Army Corps worked with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ) to avoid major contamination and eutrophication of the lake.
Aerial photography suggests that of water covered New Orleans as of September 2, which equals about 2% of Lake Pontchartrain's volume. Due to a lack of electric power, the city was unable to treat the water before pumping it into the lake. It is unclear how long the pollution will persist and what its environmental damage to the lake will be, or what the long-term health effects will be in the city from mold and other contamination.
On September 24, 2005, Hurricane Rita did not breach the temporary repairs in the main part of the city, but the repair on the Industrial Canal wall in the Lower 9th Ward was breached, allowing about of water back into that neighborhood.
Notable deaths
Eastern Air Lines Flight 304 crashed into the lake on February 25, 1964, resulting in the deaths of 51 passengers and 7 crew.
On June 16, 1964, a Trailways bus plunged off the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway into Lake Pontchartrain, killing 6.
On December 31, 1967, a chartered plane crashed into Lake Pontchartrain, killing 5 servicemen and the pilot.
On September 15, 1978, six-year-old Benjamin Daly, along with the pilot, died when a private plane his parents had chartered crashed into the lake. His parents survived.
On February 23, 1980, a twin-engine plane crashed into Lake Pontchartrain, killing 7.
On January 15, 1981, a Piper PA-23 flying in heavy fog crashed into Lake Pontchartrain while on final approach to New Orleans Lakefront Airport, killing the plane's owner and pilot Joyce W. Hornady, the 73-year-old CEO of Hornady Manufacturing Company, and two other company employees Edward A. Heers, a 34-year-old engineer, and James W. Garber, a 29-year-old customer service manager. All three men were due to attend and represent their company in the 1981 SHOT Show in New Orleans.
In 1986, a decomposing woman's body was found by two fishermen. The cause of death was homicide by asphyxia. She was not identified and no leads were ever identified in the case.
New England Patriots defensive end, New Orleans native and former LSU star Marquise Hill was found dead in Lake Pontchartrain on May 28, 2007.
A U.S. Navy T-34 training plane crashed into the lake on January 23, 2010, after a routine training mission. The instructor, Lt. Clinton Wermers, was found dead at 0100 on January 27, 2010. The student pilot was rescued about two hours after the crash.
See also
Lake Pontchartrain Causeway
Bonnet Carré Spillway
Tammany Trace Rail Trail
Louisiana's 1st congressional district
List of lakes of the United States
"The Lakes of Pontchartrain"
References
Further reading
Lake Pontchartrain, 2007,
External links
Lake Pontchartrain Visitors Guide
Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation
United States Geological Survey Lake Pontchartrain Fact Sheet
Real-time water data for Lake Pontchartrain
New Orleans history of the lake
Lake Pontchartrain Basin Maritime Museum
USGS Environmental Atlas of Lake Pontchartrain
New Orleans District Water Management
Washington Post article alleging levee faults, 21 September 2005
National Geographic article about the levees, 2 September 2005
Salon article about disaster predictions, 31 August 2005
U.S. Geological Survey article about the Lake Pontchartrain Basin, 3 November 1995
BBC article about environmental effects on the lake after the flooding of New Orleans, 8 September 2005
Estuaries of Louisiana
Bodies of water of Jefferson Parish, Louisiana
Bodies of water of Orleans Parish, Louisiana
Bodies of water of St. Charles Parish, Louisiana
Bodies of water of St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana
Bodies of water of St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana
Bodies of water of Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana
Lagoons of Louisiana
Tourist attractions in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana
Tourist attractions in New Orleans
Tourist attractions in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana
Tourist attractions in St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana
Tourist attractions in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana
Tourist attractions in Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana
Oil fields by country | wiki |
The Idaho Observer was a monthly hardcopy 24-page constitutionally-oriented newspaper, founded in January 1997 in North Idaho, United States, but with a scope that covered all of America, delivered nationwide. The paper was a prominent example of advocacy journalism, focusing primarily on populist political issues, 9/11 truth, and the preservation of American civil liberties. The Observer also covered holistic medicine, along with national and international current affairs. In September 2009, Don Harkins, the editor of the newspaper, died. His widow, the director of Vaccination Liberation Ingri Cassel, announced in May 2010 that publication of The Idaho Observer would be discontinued. In August 2010, Mrs. Cassel signed the rights to The Idaho Observer over to David M. Estes. The effective date of the transfer was 1 September 2010. Since then, The Idaho Observer has been published as an Internet-based newspaper with the intention to return to print as the market dictates.
External links
Original Idaho Observer website
The Idaho Observer website
References
Newspapers published in Idaho
Newspapers established in 1997
1997 establishments in Idaho | wiki |
OK is a word expressing approval or assent.
OK or Ok may also refer to:
OK (gesture)
Entertainment
Albums
Okay (album), by As It Is, 2017
OK (Chang Chen-yue album), 2007
OK (The Fall of Troy album), 2016
O.K. (Gabby's World album), 2015
O.K. (Kool A.D. album), 2015
OK (Talvin Singh album), 1998
OK, by Gazzelle, 2021
Songs
"OK" (Big Brovaz song), 2003
"OK" (Farin Urlaub song), 2002
"OK" (Robin Schulz song), featuring James Blunt, 2017
"OK", by Backstreet Boys from DNA, 2019
"Ok", by Beastie Boys from Hot Sauce Committee Part Two, 2011
"OK", by Eels from Earth to Dora, 2020
"OK", by Fujiya & Miyagi from Ventriloquizzing, 2011
"Ok", by Helena Paparizou from Protereotita, 2004
"OK", by Iyaz from Replay, 2010
"OK!", by Jauz and San Holo, 2016
"OK", by Madeon from Adventure, 2015
"OK", by Meg from Beam, 2007
"OK", by Nav from Bad Habits, 2019
"OK!", by NCT from Universe, 2021
"OK!", a Pokémon theme song
"O.K.?", from the Rock Follies of '77 soundtrack, 1977
"OK", by Wallows, 2020
"OK (Anxiety Anthem)", by Mabel from High Expectations, 2019
Other entertainment
Okay (band) or O.K., a 1980s German pop act
Organized Konfusion or OK, a hip hop act
o.k. (film), a 1970 West German anti-Vietnam War film by Michael Verhoeven
OK!, a British celebrity tabloid
OK! TV, a program affiliated with the magazine
Sports
OK (dinghy), a class of racing dinghy
OK League, a defunct South African football league
OK Liga, a Spanish men's rink hockey league
OK Liga Femenina, a Spanish women's rink hockey league
Other
Odnoklassniki (abbreviated to OK), a social network service used mainly in Russia
Ok (Korean name), a family and given name, including a list of people with the name
Ok (volcano), a shield volcano in Iceland
OK cells, a cell line derived from North American opossum kidney
O.K. Corral, site of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
OK FM Legaspi (DWGB), a Filipino radio station
OK FM Naga (DZOK), a Filipino radio station
OK Kosher Certification, a food-products certification agency
Ok languages, a family of languages spoken in New Guinea
OK Motor Services, a defunct bus and coach operator in County Durham, England
O.K. Range, a mountain range in British Columbia, Canada
OK Sauce, a fruity brown sauce
OK Soda, a soft drink
OK-Supreme, a British motorcycle manufacturer
Oklahoma, United States postal abbreviation
Old Korean, the earliest attested stage of the Korean language
Czech Airlines (IATA code)
See also
Okay (disambiguation) | wiki |
.38 Special, lőszer, amelyet a Smith & Wesson tervezett
.38 Special, amerikai rockegyüttes, 1974-ben alapították | wiki |
Long Canyon is a canyon in Navajo County, Arizona. The head of Long Canyon is at . Laguña Creek has its headwaters at the mouth of Long Canyon, where the creeks from Long Canyon and Dowozhiebito Canyon have their confluence at an elevation of at the head of Tsegi Canyon.
References
Canyons and gorges of Arizona
Landforms of Navajo County, Arizona
Geography of the Navajo Nation
Colorado Plateau
Old Spanish Trail (trade route) | wiki |
A hot dog (uncommonly spelled hotdog) is a food consisting of a grilled or steamed sausage served in the slit of a partially sliced bun. The term hot dog can refer to the sausage itself. The sausage used is a wiener (Vienna sausage) or a frankfurter (Frankfurter Würstchen, also just called frank). The names of these sausages commonly refer to their assembled dish. Some consider a hot dog to technically be a sandwich. Hot dog preparation and condiments vary worldwide. Typical condiments include mustard, ketchup, relish, onions in tomato sauce, and cheese sauce. Common garnishes include sauerkraut, diced onions, jalapeños, chili, grated cheese, coleslaw, bacon, and olives. Hot dog variants include the corn dog and pigs in a blanket. The hot dog's cultural traditions include the Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest and the Oscar Mayer Wienermobile.
These types of sausages were culturally imported from Germany and became popular in the United States. It became a working-class street food in the U.S., sold at stands and carts. The hot dog became closely associated with baseball and American culture. Although particularly connected with New York City and its cuisine, the hot dog eventually became ubiquitous throughout the US during the 20th century. Its preparation varies regionally in the country, emerging as an important part of other regional cuisines, including Chicago street cuisine.
History
The word frankfurter comes from Frankfurt, Germany, where pork sausages similar to hot dogs originated. These sausages, Frankfurter Würstchen, were known since the 13th century and given to the people on the event of imperial coronations, starting with the coronation of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, as King. "Wiener" refers to Vienna, Austria (), home to a sausage made of a mixture of pork and beef. Johann Georg Lahner, an 18th/19th century butcher from the Franconian city of Coburg, is said to have brought the Frankfurter Würstchen to Vienna, where he added beef to the mixture and simply called it Frankfurter. Nowadays, in German-speaking countries, except Austria, hot dog sausages are called Wiener or Wiener Würstchen (Würstchen means "little sausage"), to differentiate them from the original pork-only mixture from Frankfurt. In Swiss German, it is called Wienerli, while in Austria the terms Frankfurter or Frankfurter Würstel are used.
It is not definitively known who started the practice of serving the sausage in the bun. One of the strongest claims comes from Harry M. Stevens who was a food concessionaire. The claim is that, while working at the New York Polo Grounds in 1901, he came upon the idea of using small French rolls to hold the sausages when the waxed paper they were using ran out.
A German immigrant named Feuchtwanger, from Frankfurt, in Hesse, allegedly pioneered the practice in the American Midwest; there are several versions of the story with varying details. According to one account, Feuchtwanger's wife proposed the use of a bun in 1880: Feuchtwanger sold hot dogs on the streets of St. Louis, Missouri, and provided gloves to his customers so that they could handle the sausages without burning their hands. Losing money when customers did not return the gloves, Feuchtwanger's wife suggested serving the sausages in a roll instead. In another version, Antoine Feuchtwanger, or Anton Ludwig Feuchtwanger, served sausages in rolls at the World's Fair – either at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, or, earlier, at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, in Chicago – again, allegedly because the white gloves provided to customers to protect their hands were being kept as souvenirs.
Another possible origin for serving the sausages in rolls is the pieman Charles Feltman, at Coney Island in New York City. In 1867 he had a cart made with a stove on which to boil sausages, and a compartment to keep buns in which they were served fresh. In 1871 he leased land to build a permanent restaurant, and the business grew, selling far more than just the "Coney Island Red Hots" as they were known.
Etymology
The term dog has been used as a synonym for sausage since the 1800s, possibly from accusations that sausage makers used dog meat in their sausages.
In Germany the consumption of dog meat was common in Saxony, Silesia, Anhalt, and Bavaria during the 19th and 20th centuries. The suspicion that sausages contained dog meat was "occasionally justified".
An early use of the term hot dog in reference to the sausage-meat appears in the Evansville (Indiana) Daily Courier (September 14, 1884): even the innocent 'wienerworst' man will be barred from dispensing hot dog on the street corner. It was used to mean a sausage in casing in the Paterson (New Jersey) Daily Press (31 December 1892): the 'hot dog' was quickly inserted in a gash in a roll. Subsequent uses include the New Brunswick (New Jersey) Daily Times (May 20, 1893), the New York World (May 26, 1893), and the Knoxville (Tennessee) Journal (September 28, 1893).
According to one story, the use of the complete phrase hot dog (in reference to sausage) was coined by the newspaper cartoonist Thomas Aloysius "Tad" Dorgan around 1900 in a cartoon recording the sale of hot dogs during a New York Giants baseball game at the Polo Grounds.
However, Dorgan's earliest usage of hot dog was not in reference to a baseball game at the Polo Grounds, but to a bicycle race at Madison Square Garden, in The New York Evening Journal December 12, 1906, by which time the term hot dog in reference to sausage was already in use. No copy of the apocryphal cartoon has ever been found.
General description
Ingredients
Common hot dog sausage ingredients include:
Meat trimmings and fat
Flavorings, such as salt, garlic, and paprika
Preservatives (cure) – typically sodium erythorbate and sodium nitrite
Pork and beef are the traditional meats used in hot dogs. Less expensive hot dogs are often made from chicken or turkey, using low-cost mechanically separated poultry. Changes in meat technology and dietary preferences have led manufacturers to lower the salt content and use turkey, chicken, and vegetarian meat substitutes.
Commercial preparation
Hot dogs are prepared commercially by mixing the ingredients (meats, spices, binders and fillers) in vats where rapidly moving blades grind and mix the ingredients in the same operation. This mixture is forced through tubes into casings for cooking. Most hot dogs sold in the US are "skinless" rather than "natural casing" sausages.
Natural-casing hot dogs
As with most sausages, hot dogs must be in a casing to be cooked. Traditional casing is made from the small intestines of sheep. The products are known as "natural casing" hot dogs or frankfurters. These hot dogs have firmer texture and a "snap" that releases juices and flavor when the product is bitten.
Kosher casings are expensive in commercial quantities in the US, so kosher hot dogs are usually skinless or made with reconstituted collagen casings.
Skinless hot dogs
"Skinless" hot dogs use a casing for cooking, but the casing may be a long tube of thin cellulose that is removed between cooking and packaging, a process invented in Chicago in 1925 by Erwin O. Freund, founder of Visking.
The first skinless hot dog casings were produced by Freund's new company under the name "Nojax", short for "no jackets" and sold to local Chicago sausage makers.
Skinless hot dogs vary in surface texture, but have a softer "bite" than with natural casing. Skinless hot dogs are more uniform in shape and size and cheaper to make than natural casing hot dogs.
Home consumption
A hot dog may be prepared and served in various ways. Typically it is served in a hot dog bun with various condiments and toppings. The sausage itself may be sliced and added, without bread, to other dishes.
Sandwich debate
There is an ongoing debate about whether or not a hot dog fits the description of a sandwich. The National Hot Dog and Sausage Council (NHDSC) has declared that a hot dog is not a sandwich. Hot dog eating champion Joey Chestnut and former hot dog eating champion Takeru Kobayashi agree with the NHDSC. Merriam-Webster, on the other hand, has stated that a hot dog is indeed a sandwich. United States Supreme Court justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg also weighed in on the matter, stating that a hot dog might be categorized as a sandwich, but ultimately it comes down to the definition of a sandwich. She went on to acknowledge that a hot dog bun is a single roll that is not sliced all the way through and in that way is similar to a submarine sandwich.
In June 2022, Jon Batiste stated that hot dogs were his favourite kind of sandwiches when he was given the Colbert Questionert by Stephen Colbert.
Health risks
Although hot dogs are cooked during manufacture, it is still recommended that packaged hot dogs are heated to an internal temperature of at least 165 °F (75 °C) prior to consumption.
Most hot dogs are high in fat and salt and have preservatives sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite, which are contributors to nitrate-containing chemicals classified as group 1 carcinogens by the World Health Organization, although this has been disputed. These health concerns have resulted in manufacturers offering alternative product lines made from turkey and chicken, and uncured, low-sodium, and "all-natural" franks.
Hot dogs have relatively low carcinogenic heterocyclic amine (HCA) levels compared to other types of ready-to-eat meat products because they are manufactured at low temperatures.
An American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) report found that consuming one daily 50-gram serving of processed meat—about one hot dog—increases long-term risk of colorectal cancer by 20 percent. Thus, eating a hot dog every day would increase the probability of contracting colorectal cancer from 5.8 percent to 7 percent. The AICR's warning campaign has been criticized as being "attack ads". The Cancer Project group filed a class-action lawsuit demanding warning labels on packages and at sporting events.
Like many foods, hot dogs can cause illness if not cooked properly to kill pathogens. Listeria monocytogenes, a type of bacteria sometimes found in hot dogs, can cause serious infections in infants and pregnant women, and can be transmitted to an infant in utero or after birth. Adults with suppressed immune systems can also be harmed.
Due to their size, shape, and ubiquitous consumption, hot dogs present a significant choking risk, especially for children. A study in the US found that 17% of food-related asphyxiations among children younger than 10 years of age were caused by hot dogs. The risk of choking on a hot dog is greatly reduced by slicing it. It has been suggested that redesign of the size, shape and texture of hot dogs would reduce the choking risk.
In the United States
Hot dogs are a traditional element of American food culture, having obtained significant cultural and patriotic status from their association with public events and sports since the 1920s. In the US, the term hot dog refers to both the sausage by itself and the combination of sausage and bun. Many nicknames applying to either have emerged over the years, including frankfurter, frank, wiener, weenie, coney, and red hot. Annually, Americans consume 20 billion hot dogs.
Hot dog restaurants
Stands and trucks sell hot dogs at street and highway locations. Wandering hot dog vendors sell their product in baseball parks. At convenience stores, hot dogs are kept heated on rotating grills. 7-Eleven sells the most grilled hot dogs in North America — 100 million annually. Hot dogs are also common on restaurants' children's menus. Fast-food restaurant chains typically do not carry hot dogs because of its shorter shelf-life, more complex toppings and cooking, and mismatched consumer expectations. There are also restaurants where hot dogs are a specialty.
Condiments
Hot dogs are commonly served with one or more condiments. In 2005, the US-based National Hot Dog & Sausage Council (part of the American Meat Institute) found mustard to be the most popular, preferred by 32% of respondents; 23% favored ketchup; 17% chili; 9% pickle relish, and 7% onions. Other toppings include sauerkraut, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, and chili peppers.
Condiment preferences vary across the U.S. Southerners showed the strongest preference for chili, while Midwesterners showed the greatest affinity for ketchup.
Variations
American hot dog variations often have misleading names; they are commonly named for the geographical regions that allegedly inspired them instead of the regions in which they are most popular. For example, michigan hot dogs, also known as white hots, are popular in upstate New York, whereas Coney Island hot dogs are popular in Michigan.
Sauteed bell peppers, onions, and potatoes find their way into New Jersey's deep-fried Italian hot dog. Hot wieners, or weenies, are a staple in Rhode Island where they are sold at restaurants under the misleading name "New York System." Texas hot dogs are spicy variants found in upstate New York and Pennsylvania (and as "all the way dogs" in New Jersey), but not Texas. In the Philadelphia metro area, Texas Tommy refers to a hot dog variant in which the frank is topped with melted cheese (often cheddar) and wrapped in bacon. In the Midwest, the Chicago-style hot dog is served on a poppy seed bun and topped with mustard, fresh tomatoes, onions, "sport peppers", bright green relish, dill pickles, and celery salt.
The "New York dog" or "New York style" hot dog is a natural-casing all-beef frank topped with sauerkraut and spicy brown mustard, onions optional, invented and popularized in New York City.
Some baseball parks have signature hot dogs, such as Dodger Dogs at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, and Fenway Franks at Fenway Park in Boston.
In Canada
Skinner's Restaurant, in Lockport, Manitoba, is reputed to be Canada's oldest hot dog outlet in continuous operation, founded in 1929 by Jim Skinner Sr. Hot dogs served at Skinner's are European style foot-long (30.5 cm) hot dogs with natural casings, manufactured by Winnipeg Old Country Sausage in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
The Half Moon Drive In, also in Lockport, Manitoba, and located directly across the river from Skinner's, was established in 1938 by brothers Peter and Louie Kosowicz. The original drive-in consisted of three wooden buildings shaped like semicircles—one was for takeout, one was for dine-in, and the third was a dance hall and later an arcade. The Half Moon also serves European-style wieners manufactured by Winnipeg Old Country Sausage. One of the most popular items on the menu is the Moon Dog, consisting of a hot dog topped with cheese, bacon, fried onions, pickles and mustard; the Half Moon serves about 2,000 on an average summer weekend day.
Outside North America
In most of the world, a "hot dog" is recognized as a sausage in a bun, but the type varies considerably. The name is often applied to something that would not be described as a hot dog in North America. For example, in New Zealand a "hot dog" is a battered sausage, often on a stick, which is known as a corn dog in North America; an "American hot dog" is the version in a bun.
Gallery
Records
The world's longest hot dog had been long and rested within a bun. The hot dog was prepared by Shizuoka Meat Producers for the All-Japan Bread Association, which baked the bun and coordinated the event, including official measurement for the world record. The hot dog and bun were the center of a media event in celebration of the Association's 50th anniversary on August 4, 2006, at the Akasaka Prince Hotel in Tokyo.
On May 31, 2012, Guinness World Records certified the world record for the most expensive hot dog at USD$145.49. The "California Capitol City Dawg", served at Capitol Dawg in Sacramento, California, features a grilled all-beef, natural-casing frank from Chicago, served on a fresh-baked herb-and-oil focaccia roll, spread with white truffle butter, then grilled. It is topped with whole-grain mustard from France, garlic and herb mayonnaise, sauteed chopped shallots, organic mixed baby greens, maple syrup-marinated and fruitwood-smoked uncured bacon from New Hampshire, chopped tomato, moose cheese from Sweden, sweetened dried cranberries, basil olive oil and pear-cranberry-coconut balsamic vinaigrette, and ground peppercorn. Proceeds from the sale of each super dog were donated to the Shriners Hospitals for Children.
Hot dogs are a popular food for eating competitions. The record for hot dogs eaten in 10 minutes is 75. This record is held by Joey Chestnut, who achieved this feat at the Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest on July 4, 2020, beating his previous record of 74. The last person to hold the record before Chestnut was Takeru Kobayashi. Competitive eater Miki Sudo holds the record for most hot dogs eaten in 10 minutes by a female at 48.5 hot dogs, also setting this record on July 4, 2020. The last person to hold the record before Sudo was Sonya Thomas.
See also
Advanced meat recovery
Breakfast roll
By-products
Hamburger
Hot dog variations
List of hot dogs
List of hot dog restaurants
Mechanically separated meat
Pigs in a blanket
Sausage bun
Sausage sandwich
Vienna sausage
References
Notes
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Home page for a PBS documentary about hot dogs
USDA Fact Sheet on hot dogs
American fast food
Articles containing video clips
Cuisine of Chicago
Cuisine of New York City
German-American cuisine
Hot sandwiches
Independence Day (United States) foods
National dishes
Sausage sandwiches
Street food in the United States | wiki |
Mosby
Bernice Mosby
John Mosby
Steve Mosby
Ted Mosby | wiki |
A lamen (Latin, meaning "plate") is a magical pendant or breastplate worn around the neck so that it hangs upon the breast over the heart. Its uses vary but, most commonly, the term refers to a symbol of authority and a focus of magical energies. Aleister Crowley described the lamen as "a sort of coat of arms. It expresses the character and powers of the wearer." Crowley and DuQuette have proposed that the magical lamen might be a modern adaptation of the priestly breastplate of the ancient Hebrews.
The magician may wear a lamen as a representation of his personal relation to his godhead or the universal forces of balance and enlightenment.
Within group ceremony, lamens are frequently worn as symbols of particular offices or roles within the ritual work. Many magical orders also use a particular lamen design to show membership and align energies of individual members with the group dynamic.
Various magical orders use lamens in one or more of these ways, including Ordo Templi Orientis and Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.
Lamens may also be used by magicians to evoke certain spirits of the Key of Solomon. Specialized lamens are also used in the workings described in The Book of Abramelin.
References
Ceremonial magic
Magic items
Necklaces
Talismans | wiki |
Joah (Hebrew: יוֹאָח) is a Hebrew masculine given name, which means "Yahu is his brother" or "God is his brother." It is derived from the two words "Yahu" (the short form of YHWH) and "ach" (a Hebrew word broadly meaning "brother"). Joah may refer to:
Bible
One of four men in the Bible:
Joahe, son of Asaph and recorder under King Hezekiah (2 Kings 18:18, 2 Kings 18:26; Isaiah 36:3, Isaiah 36:11, Isaiah 36:22)
Joah, a Levite son of Zimmah (1 Chronicles 6:21 (Hebrew 6); 2 Chronicles 29:12)
Joaha, a son of Obed-edom (1 Chronicles 26:4)
Joha, a son of Joahaz and recorder under King Josiah (2 Chronicles 34:8)
People
Joah Bates (1741–1799), British musician
Joah Tucker (born 1983), American basketball player
See also
João
List of Biblical names
References
Books of Kings people
Books of Chronicles people
Set index articles on Hebrew Bible people | wiki |
Maggie is an American comedy television series starring Ann Cusack. The series premiered August 18, 1998, on Lifetime Television, running for one season and airing its final episode on March 13, 1999.
Premise
Maggie Day and Dr. Arthur Day have been married for 19 years, and together they have a 17-year-old daughter, Amanda. Amanda's friend Reg is a budding cartoonist. After Maggie gets a job at an animal clinic and develops a crush on the veterinarian, Richard, she starts seeing a therapist, Kimberly.
Cast
Main
Ann Cusack as Maggie Day
John Getz as Dr. Arthur Day
Melissa Samuels as Amy Sherwood
Morgan Nagler as Amanda Day
John Slattery as Richard
Recurring
Todd Giebenhain as Reg
Francesca P. Roberts as Kimberly
Production
The working title for the series was Maggie Day. In November 1998, series creator, writer and executive producer Dan O'Shannon left the series with the episode "Love the One You're Not With", due to creative differences with Lifetime Television.
Episodes
References
External links
Lifetime (TV network) original programming
Television series by CBS Studios
1990s American sitcoms
1998 American television series debuts
1999 American television series endings
Television shows set in Portland, Oregon | wiki |
Musica
Sidney Jones – direttore d'orchestra e compositore inglese
Sport
Sidney Jones – giocatore di football americano, cornerback dei Seattle Seahawks | wiki |
H. P. Lovecraft (born 1890) was an American writer.
Lovecraft or H. P. Lovecraft may also refer to:
Books
Lovecraft: A Look Behind the Cthulhu Mythos, 1972 book by Lin Carter
Lovecraft: A Biography, 1975 biography by L. Sprague de Camp
Film and television
Lovecraft: Fear of the Unknown, 2008 documentary
Lovecraft (Gotham), 2014 episode
Music
H. P. Lovecraft (band), 1967 American rock band formed in Chicago, Illinois
H. P. Lovecraft (album), 1967
H. P. Lovecraft II, 1968
Other uses
Lovecraft (crater), a crater on Mercury
See also
Lovecraft Country (disambiguation) | wiki |
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