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Lake Ruby is a natural freshwater lake in the suburbs southeast of Winter Haven, Florida. Lake Ruby has a surface area. It is one block south of Cypress Gardens Boulevard. Lake Ruby Drive borders most of the lake's north side. All of the west shore, the southwest shore and the northeast shore is bordered by gated residential communities. The south side of the lake is bordered by private land and just to the east-southeast is Lake Bess. A narrow strip of land, at its narrowest point , separates the two lakes.
Although Lake Ruby is large, the public has access to it only along a section about three blocks wide on the north shore, along part of Lake Ruby Drive. There are no public swimming areas or public boat ramps. The lake shore can be accessed on the north by those wishing to fish. The Hook and Bullet website says the lake contains bullhead, gar and bowfin.
References
Ruby | wiki |
In medicine, traumatology (from Greek trauma, meaning injury or wound) is the study of wounds and injuries caused by accidents or violence to a person, and the surgical therapy and repair of the damage. Traumatology is a branch of medicine. It is often considered a subset of surgery and in countries without the specialty of trauma surgery it is most often a sub-specialty to orthopedic surgery. Traumatology may also be known as accident surgery.
Branches
Branches of traumatology include medical traumatology and psychological traumatology. Medical traumatology can be defined as the study of specializing in the treatment of wounds and injuries caused by violence or general accidents. This type of traumatology focuses on the surgical procedures and future physical therapy a patients need to repair the damage and recover properly. Psychological traumatology is a type of damage to one's mind due to a distressing event. This type of trauma can also be the result of overwhelming amounts of stress in one's life. Psychological trauma usually involves some type of physical trauma that poses as a threat to one's sense of security and survival. Psychological trauma often leaves people feeling overwhelmed, anxious, and threatened.
Trauma can also be classified as:
Acute: It results from a single stressful or dangerous situation.
Chronic: It results from repeated and prolonged exposure to highly stressful situations.
Complex: It results from exposure to multiple traumatic events.
Secondary or vicarious trauma, is another form of trauma in which a person develops trauma symptoms from close contact with someone who has experienced a traumatic event.
Types of trauma
When it comes to types of trauma, medical and psychological traumatology go hand in hand. Types of trauma include car accidents, gunshot wounds, concussions, PTSD from incidents, etc. Medical traumas are repaired with surgeries; however, they can still cause psychological trauma and other stress factors. For example, a teenager in a car accident who broke his wrist and needed extensive surgery to save his arm may experience anxiety when driving in a car post-accident. PTSD can be diagnosed after a person experiences one or more intense and traumatic events and react with fear with complaints from three categorical symptoms lasting one month or longer. These categories are: re-experiencing the traumatic event, avoiding anything associated with the trauma, and increased symptoms of increased psychological arousal.
Guidelines for essential trauma care
Airway management, monitoring, and management of injuries are all key guidelines when it comes to medical trauma care. Airway management is a key component of emergency on-scene care. Using a systematic approach, first responders must assess that a patient's airway is not blocked in order to ensure the patient gets enough circulation and remain as calm as they can. Monitoring patients and making sure their body does not go into shock is another essential guideline when it comes to medical trauma care. Nurses are required to watch over patients and check blood pressure, heart rate, etc. to make sure that patients are doing well and are not crashing. When it comes to managing injuries, head and neck injuries require the most care post surgery. Head injuries are one of the major causes of trauma related death and disabilities worldwide. It is important for patients of head trauma to get CT scans post surgery to insure that there are no problems.
Guidelines for psychological trauma care
There is a range of approaches to assist victims to overcome the anxiety and stress that follows psychological trauma. Affected persons can also follow self-care such as exercise and socializing with familiar and safe associates and family members. Trauma disturbs the body's natural equilibrium by putting it in a state of fear and hyper-arousal. Exercising for thirty minutes a day facilitated the nervous system to "unfreeze" from a traumatic state. Being surrounded by a good support system is a powerful factor in treating psychological trauma. Participating in social activities, volunteering, and making new friends are all ways to help forget about or cope with traumatic events. Coming to terms with childhood trauma is especially challenging.
Patient assessment
Advanced trauma life support, training for medical doctors dealing with trauma
Revised Trauma Score
Injury Severity Score
Abbreviated Injury Scale
Triage
Wound assessment
Factors in the assessment of wounds are:
the nature of the wound, whether it is a laceration, abrasion, bruise or burn
the size of the wound in length, width and depth
the extent of the overall area of tissue damage caused by the impact of a mechanical force, or the reaction to chemical agents in, for example, fires or exposure to caustic substances.
Forensic physicians, as well as pathologists may also be required to examine (traumatic) wounds on people.
See also
Journal of Injury and Violence Research
Major trauma
Polytrauma
Trauma surgery
Traumatology (journal)
References
External links
Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma
European Federation of National Associations of Orthopaedics and Traumatology
Journal of Injury and Violence Research
Trauma.org (trauma resources for medical professionals)
Surgical specialties | wiki |
This List of banks that have merged to form the State Bank of India includes financial institutions that were at one point or the other merged with the State Bank of India or any of its subsidiaries.
This list includes the banks which have been subsidiaries or associates of the State Bank of India. Many of these subsidiaries were later merged into the main State Bank of India.
List of banks that have merged to form the State Bank of India
See also
History of banking
Banking in India
List of oldest companies
List of oldest companies in India
Lindy effect
References
External links
List maintained by the Reserve Bank of India
Evolution of Banking in India
Charles Northcote Cooke
History of Banking in India
Economy-related lists of superlatives
Lists of banks
History of banking
Banks
Lists of companies of India
Lists of longest-duration things
Banks of India
State Bank of India | wiki |
Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (DAZ):
Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (Казахстан) — газета, издающаяся в Казахстане с 1996 года.
Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (Берлин) — газета, издававшаяся в Берлине в 1861—1945 годах. | wiki |
{{Infobox food
| name = Chutney
| image = Chutneykarnataka.jpg
| caption = Different types of chutneys from Bangalore, India
| alternate_name = chammanthi, chatney, chatni, satni, upsecanam, thuvayal', aachar, pacchadi| place_of_origin = Indian subcontinent
| region = South Asia, Caribbean, and parts of Africa, Fiji
| associated_cuisine = Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Fiji, Guyana, India, Mauritius, Nepal, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom
| main_ingredient = Vegetables, fruits, salt, spices, and herbs. The nearest bowl is a dahi chutney, based on yoghurt (dahi).
}}
thumb|upright|Variety of chutneys served with the main dish
A chutney ( romanised: chatni romanised: chatnee romanised: chatnee) is a spread typically associated with cuisines of the Indian subcontinent. Chutneys are made in a wide variety of forms, such as a tomato relish, a ground peanut garnish, yogurt or curd, cucumber, spicy coconut, spicy onion or mint dipping sauce.
A common variant in Anglo-Indian cuisine uses a tart fruit such as sharp apples, rhubarb or damson pickle made milder by an equal weight of sugar (usually demerara, turbinado or brown sugar to replace jaggery in some Indian sweet chutneys). Vinegar was added to the recipe for English-style chutney that traditionally aims to give a long shelf life so that autumn fruit can be preserved for use throughout the year (as are jams, jellies and pickles) or to be sold as a commercial product. Indian pickles use mustard oil as a pickling agent, but Anglo-Indian style chutney uses malt or cider vinegar which produces a milder product. In western cuisine, chutney is often eaten with hard cheese or with cold meats and fowl, typically in cold pub lunches.
Etymology
The word chutney derives from Hindi चटनी chaṭnī, deriving from चाटना chāṭnā 'to lick' or 'to eat with appetite'. In India, chutney refers to fresh and pickled preparations indiscriminately; however, several Indian languages use the word for fresh preparations only.
Overview
In India, chutneys can be either made alongside pickles that are matured in the sun for up to two weeks and kept up to a year or, more commonly, are freshly made from fresh ingredients that can be kept a couple of days or a week in the refrigerator.
In Tamil Nadu, thogayal or thuvayal (Tamil) are preparations similar to chutney but with a pasty consistency. In Andhra Pradesh it is also called pacchadi. In Kerala it is also called chammanthi and in Telangana it is called tokku or also pacchadi. Thengai chutney, a coconut-based chutney is the one being referred when only 'chutney' is said.
Medicinal plants that are believed to have a beneficial effect are sometimes made into chutneys, for example pirandai thuvayal or ridged gourd chutney (peerkangai thuvayal or beerakaaya tokku).
Bitter gourd can also serve as a base for a chutney which is like a relish or, alternatively as a dried powder.
Occasionally, chutneys that contrast in taste and colour can be served together—a favourite combination being a green mint and chili chutney with a contrasting sweet brown tamarind and date chutney.
Chutneys may be ground with a mortar and pestle or an ammikkal (Tamil). Spices are added and ground, usually in a particular order; the wet paste thus made is sautéed in vegetable oil, usually gingelly (sesame) or peanut oil. Electric blenders or food processors can be used as labour-saving alternatives to the stone grinding technique.
Western-style chutneys are usually fruit, vinegar, and sugar cooked down to a reduction, with added flavourings. These may include sugar, salt, garlic, tamarind, onion or ginger. Western-style chutneys originated from Anglo-Indians at the time of the British Raj recreated Indian chutneys using English orchard fruits—sour cooking apples and rhubarb, for example. They would often contain dried fruit: raisins, currants, and sultanas.
They were a way to use a glut of ripened fruit and preserving techniques were similar to sweet fruit preserves using approximately an equal weight of fruit and sugar, the vinegar and sugar acting as preservatives.
South Indian chutney powders are made from roasted dried lentils to be sprinkled on idlis and dosas. Peanut chutneys can be made wet or as a dry powder.
Spices commonly used in chutneys include fenugreek, coriander, cumin, and asafoetida (hing). Other prominent ingredients and combinations include coriander, capsicum, mint (coriander and mint chutneys are often called हरा hara chutney, Hindi for "green"), Tamarind or imli (often called meethi chutney, as मिठाई meethi in Hindi means "sweet"), sooth (or saunth, made with dates and ginger), coconut, onion, prune, tomato, red chili, green chili, mango, lime (made from whole, unripe limes), garlic, coconut, peanut, dahi (yogurt), green tomato, dhaniya pudina (cilantro and mint), peanut (shengdana chutney in Marathi), ginger, red chili powder, tomato onion chutney, cilantro, mint coconut chutney, and apricot.
Major Grey's Chutney is a type of sweet and spicy chutney popular in the United States. The recipe was reportedly created by a 19th-century British Army officer of the same name (likely apocryphal) who presumably had resided for a period of time in the Raj. Its characteristic ingredients are mango, raisins, vinegar, lime juice, onion, tamarind extract, sweetening and spices. Several companies produce a Major Grey's Chutney, in India, the UK and the US.
History
Similar in preparation and usage to a pickle, simple spiced chutneys can be dated to 500 BC. Originating in South Asia, this method of preserving food was subsequently adopted by the Romans and British thanks to their encounters and contacts with the Indian subcontinent. As greater imports of foreign and varied foods increased into northern Europe, chutney fell out of favour in Britain. This combined with a greater ability to refrigerate fresh foods and an increasing number of glasshouses meant the British consumption of chutney and pickle were relegated to army usage and individuals residing in South Asia. Chutney became resurgently popular in England around the 1780s as an appetizer.
Diego Álvarez Chanca brought back chili peppers from the Americas to Spain in 1493. He had sailed with Columbus. After discovering their medicinal properties, Chanca developed a chutney to administer them. In the early 17th century, officials of the East India Company on the Indian subcontinent subsisted on preserved foodstuffs such as lime pickles, chutneys and marmalades. (Marmalades proved unpopular due to their sweetness. They were also rare due to a lack of available sugar.) Beginning in the 17th century, fruit chutneys were shipped to various European countries as luxury goods. These imitations were called "mangoed" fruits or vegetables, the word 'chutney' being associated with the working class in these countries.
Major Grey's Chutney is thought to have been developed by a British officer who had travelled to the Indian subcontinent. The formula was eventually sold to Crosse and Blackwell, a major British food manufacturer, probably in the early 1800s. In the 19th century, types of chutney like Major Grey's or Bengal Club that catered to western tastes were shipped to Europe from South Asia. Generally, these chutneys are fruit, vinegar, and sugar cooked down to a reduction.
By regions of India
See also
used similarly to dry chutney
commonly used as relish for Japanese curry
with chutneys unique to the UK and elsewhere
References
Further reading
Weaver, William Woys. "Chutney". Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. Ed. Solomon H. Katz. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. 417–418. 3 vols. .
Dahiya, Ashish. Food of Haryana: The Great Chutneys'' Vol. 1. India. .
Food Safety in Production of Chutney, Pickles. Jams, Oils – UK
External links
Chutney Origins. Foodreference.com.
Ancient dishes
Sri Lankan cuisine
Indian condiments
South Asian cuisine
Vegetarian dishes of India
Pakistani condiments
Bangladeshi condiments
Trinidad and Tobago cuisine | wiki |
is a test sodium-cooled fast reactor located in Ōarai, Ibaraki, Japan, operated by the Japan Atomic Energy Agency. The name comes from the previous country name of the area around Ibaraki.
It was made with the purpose of doing tests on and advancing the development of that type of reactor, as an irradiation test facility for construction materials. It also does tests with the nuclear fuel as well as activation experiments.
The reactor has gone through 3 different core changes.
MK-I April 24, 1977 - January 1, 1982 (the power was 50-75 MWt)
MK-II November 22, 1982 - September 12, 1997. This core surpassed 50,000 hours of operating time with 100 MWt.
MK-III July 2, 2003–2007 (140-150 MWt).
The current core provides the neutron flux of 4×1015 cm−2s−1 for E>0.1 MeV.
After an incident in 2007, the reactor is suspended for repairing, recovery works were planned to be completed in 2014.
Following the closure of the unsuccessful follow-on fast breeder reactor Monju in 2016, a decision was made to continue research at Jōyō.
See also
Monju
Nuclear power in Japan
References
External links
Official Joyo site (in english)
Joyo user guide
T. Soga, W. Itagaki, Y. Kihara, Y. Maeda. Endeavor to improve in-pile testing techniques in the experimental fast reactor Joyo. / In-pile testing and instrumentation for development of generation-IV fuels and materials. Proceedings of a technical meeting held in Halden, Norway, 21–24 August 2012. - IAEA, 2013. - P. 107–122.
T. Shikama et al. Heavy neutron irradiation test of materials in Joyo instrumented rigs. / In-pile testing and instrumentation for development of generation-IV fuels and materials. Proceedings of a technical meeting held in Halden, Norway, 21–24 August 2012. - IAEA, 2013. - P. 165–170.
Nuclear research reactors
Liquid metal fast reactors
Buildings and structures in Ibaraki Prefecture
Ōarai, Ibaraki | wiki |
A small cell is the radio access node that make up a cellular network that has a cell size between 10 meters to 2 kilometers.
Small cell may also refer to:
Small-cell carcinoma, a type of highly malignant cancer that most commonly arises within the lung
Small cell melanoma, a tumor that contains variably-sized, large nests of small melanocytes with hyperchromatic nuclei and prominent nucleoli
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the most common type of leukemia and a stage of small lymphocytic lymphoma
See also
Large cell | wiki |
Beer cheese may refer to:
Weisslacker, a German cheese
Beer cheese (spread), a regional snack food
Beer soup | wiki |
In 2022, there were approximately 478,000 games available for the Google-developed Android operating system on the Google Play Store; this list clearly does not include all of them.
List
There are Android games currently on this list.
See also
List of video game genres
Notes
References
Google lists
Lists of mobile apps
Video game lists by platform | wiki |
Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron (1612–1671) was a general and Parliamentary commander-in-chief during the English Civil War.
Thomas Fairfax may also refer to:
Thomas Fairfax (Walton) (died 1505), father of Thomas Fairfax (Gilling)
Thomas Fairfax (Gilling) (died 1520), owner of Gilling Castle
Thomas Fairfax, 1st Lord Fairfax of Cameron (1560–1640), English soldier, diplomat and politician
Thomas Fairfax, 1st Viscount Fairfax (1575–1636), English landowner and politician
Thomas Fairfax (Jesuit) (1656–1716), English Jesuit
Thomas Fairfax, 5th Lord Fairfax of Cameron (1657–1710), English politician
Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron (1693–1781), Scottish peer
Thomas Fairfax, 9th Lord Fairfax of Cameron (1762–1846), American-born Scottish peer
Thomas Fairfax, 13th Lord Fairfax of Cameron (1923–1964), Scottish peer and Conservative politician
Thomas Fairfax (priest) (died 1641), Anglican archdeacon in Ireland | wiki |
Edison Park, secteur communautaire à Chicago
Edison Park (Scanie)
Edison Park (Illinois) | wiki |
The Special Enrollment Examination (or SEE) is a test that individuals can take to become an Enrolled Agent in the United States. The Enrolled Agent credential is conferred and regulated by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The exam consists of three parts:
Part 1 – Individual
Part 2 – Business
Part 3 – Representation, Practice and Procedures
All of the questions on the examination are weighted equally, and the IRS grades the test on a bell curve. The test results are converted to a scale from 40-130, with 105 representing a passing score. Exam results can be seen right after completing the exam.
Each exam is weighted by section according to the following:
Part 1 – Individuals
15% Section 1: Preliminary Work and Tax Payer Data
25% Section 2: Income and Assets
25% Section 3: Deductions and Credits
20% Section 4: Taxation and Advice
15% Section 5: Specialized Returns for Individuals
Part 2 – Businesses
45% Section 1: Businesses
40% Section 2: Business Financial Information
15% Section 3: Specialized Returns and Tax Payers
Part 3 – Representation, Practices and Procedures
33% Section 1: Practices and Procedures
25% Section 2: Representation before the IRS
25% Section 3: Specific Types of Representation
17% Section 4: Completion of the Filing Process
The total time allowed for taking the 300 questions on the exam is 10.5 hours (i.e., 3.5 hours for each of the three parts, with each part containing 100 questions). Candidates who wish to schedule an exam need a Preparer Tax Identification Number (PTIN). To obtain a PTIN, the applicant must complete a W-12 by mail, fax or online at irs.gov. Examinations are administered by computer at Prometric testing centers. Currently, the Special Enrollment Examination is given at nearly 300 Prometric testing centers located across the United States and internationally. Test centers are located in most major metropolitan areas. Once the applicant has a PTIN, he or she may register for the exam online at www.prometric.com/irs.
Each section may be completed at the applicant's convenience. The parts do not have to be taken on the same day or on consecutive days. Each section can be taken up to four times in a testing window, and the score credit carries over for up to two years from the date of the examination. The testing window starts on May 1 every year, and ends at the end of February. There are no tests available during the months of March and April, at which time the exams are updated with the latest changes in the laws and the regulations. After passing all three parts of the exam, test takers may apply for enrollment to practice before the IRS. To apply, Form 23, Application for enrollment to practice before the IRS and check for $67 should be submitted. An application may also be submitted on-line at the government payments site: pay.gov.
References
U.S. Internal Revenue Service. Enrolled Agent FAQ. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
External links
Prometric
Internal Revenue Service | wiki |
Psammomys is a genus of rodents in the family Muridae.
The etymology of the genus name derives from the two Ancient Greek words (), meaning "sand", and (), meaning "mouse, rat".
The complete nuclear DNA genome of one Psamomys species, P. obesus, has been sequenced in 2017.
It contains the following species:
Fat sand rat, Psammomys obesus
Thin sand rat, Psammomys vexillaris
References
Rodent genera
Taxa named by Philipp Jakob Cretzschmar
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
In psychology, control is a person's ability or perception of their ability to affect themselves, others, their conditions, their environment or some other circumstance. Control over oneself or others can extend to the regulation of emotions, thoughts, actions, impulses, memory, attention or experiences. There are several types of control, including:
Perceived control (a person's perception of their own control and abilities to achieve outcomes)
Desired control (the amount of control one seeks within a relationship or other circumstance)
Cognitive control (the ability to select one's thoughts and actions)
Emotional control (the ability to regulate one's feelings or attitudes toward something)
Motivational control (one's ability to act on prescribed behaviors)
Inhibitory control (the ability to inhibit thoughts or actions in favor of others)
Social control (selecting one's environment for personal benefit)
Ego control (the attempt to regulate impulses or attention processes)
Effortful control (the ability to regulate how much effort one invests into a goal)
Perceived control
Perceived control in psychology is a "person's belief that [they are] capable of obtaining desired outcomes, avoiding undesired outcomes, and achieving goals." High perceived control is often associated with better health, relationships, and adjustment. Strategies for restoring perceived control are called 'compensatory control strategies'. One's perception of perceived control is influenced by the past and future as well as what the desired outcome of an event may be. Perceived control is often associated with the term locus of control. Perceived control can be affected by two processes: primary and secondary control. Primary control consists of attempting to change the environment to align with one's own wishes, whereas secondary perceived refers to the act of attempting to gain control by changing one's wishes to reflect what exists or is achievable within the environment.
Desired control
Desired control is the degree of influence that an individual desires over any subject, circumstance, or relationship. This can apply to romantic, non-romantic, professional, and sales contexts. Desired control is often associated with perceived control, and studies focused on individuals with a lower desire for control show a correlation with greater psychological problems.
Cognitive control
Cognitive control is "the ability to control one's thoughts and actions." It is also known as controlled processing, executive attention, and supervisory attention. Controlled behaviors - behaviors over which one has cognitive control - are guided by maintenance, updating, and representing task goals, and inhibiting information irrelevant to the task goal. Cognitive control is often developed through reinforcement as well as learning from previous experiences. Increased cognitive control allows individuals to have increased flexibility in their ability to choose between conflicting stimuli. Cognitive control is commonly tested using the Stroop color-word task as well as the Eriksen flanker task.
There are certain quirks of cognitive control, such as ironic rebound, in which attempts to keep a particular thought out of consciousness result in that thought becoming increasingly prevalent. In social psychology experiments conducted by Daniel M. Wegner, Ralph Erber and R.E. Bowman, male and female subjects were instructed to complete some sentences related to sexism. Some participants were given guidance to avoid being sexist, whereas some were not given such instructions. Additionally, for some sentence completions, time pressure was either applied by asking for immediate responses or reduced by giving subjects ten seconds to respond. Under low-pressure conditions with guidance to avoid being sexist, the number of sexist completions were lower than the much higher number of sexist completions that resulted when subjects were under time pressure along with guidance to avoid being sexist. Furthermore, these results were consistent among both male and female subjects. This highlights the effect of ironic rebound: when the individuals attempted not to be sexist under a significant time constraint, their resulting actions were counter to their attempts at cognitive control.
Emotional control
Emotional control is a term from literature on self-regulatory psychology and refers to "the ability to self-manage or regulate attitudes and feelings that directly affect participant receptiveness to, and implementation of, training activities." Emotional control is often referred to as emotional regulation and is the process the brain undergoes to regulate and control emotional responses throughout the day. Emotional control manages and balances the physiological as well as psychological response to an emotion. The opposite of emotion regulation is emotional dysregulation which occurs when problems arise in the emotional control process that result in the inability to process emotions in a healthy manner. Emotional control contains several emotional regulation strategies including distraction, cognitive reappraisal, and emotional action control.
Motivational control
Motivational control is "the self-regulatory mechanism by which individuals are able to act on prescribed behaviors to implement ... activities." In other words, it is the capability of an individual to act on intentional reasoning, rather than out of emotion or impulse. For example, a student may study for an hour each morning for two months before a test, despite not enjoying studying, in order to improve their results.
Inhibitory control
Inhibitory control (IC) is another type of self-regulation: "the ability to inhibit prepotent thoughts or actions flexibly, often in favor of a subdominant action, typically in goal-directed behavior". There are two types of inhibitory control: hot and cold. Hot IC involves activities or tasks related to emotional regulation, and cold IC involves abstract activities or tasks. A lack of inhibitory control can lead to difficulties in motor, attentional, and behavioral control. Inhibitory control is also involved in the process of helping humans correct, react, and improve social behavior.
A lack of inhibitory control can be connected with several mental disorders including behavioral inhibition, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Alcohol and drugs also influence one's inhibitory control.
Social control
In learning psychology, social control refers to "an individual's skills in engaging the social environment in ways that help to support and reinforce his or her learning activities." Social control can be influenced by several factors including the control that society places on individual actions and behaviors as well as the control an individual can exert over their own behaviors in public. The definition of social control has changed over time to include the social control groups of people have in addition to individuals.
Ego control
'Ego control' describes the efforts of an individual to control "thoughts, emotions, impulses or appetites... task performances [and] attentional processes." Failure of ego control is seen as a central problem in individuals who have substance abuse disorders.
Situational control
In leadership psychology, situational control is "the degree to which the situation provides the leader with potential influence over the group's behavior". Situational favourableness or situational control describes a person's ability to persuade or control the group situation, or the degree in which the person(s) is able to influence the behavior(s) of group members to face a current situation. The qualities, characteristics, and skills of a leader are required to persuade a group situation by a large extent by the demands of the situation. Several more factors can be placed upon situational control, such as leadership style and commitment and competitiveness of the leader.
Effortful control
Effortful control is a type of self-regulation. It is a broader construct than inhibitory control, and encompasses working memory and attention-shifting. Effortful control works by allowing individuals the ability to start or stop behaviors they may or may not want to perform through attention management. Effortful control is theorized to be involved in the process of problem solving as well as behavior regulation due to the top-down processing involved. Effortful control often interacts with and is central in other forms of control such as emotional control and inhibitory control.
See also
Self control
Self-regulation (disambiguation)
Ego depletion
Self-management
Self-monitoring
Locus of control
References
Control (social and political) | wiki |
Shalwar kameez (also salwar kameez and less commonly shalwar qameez) is a traditional combination dress worn by women, and in some regions by men, in South Asia, and Central Asia.
Shalwars are trousers which are atypically wide at the waist but which narrow to a cuffed bottom. They are held up by a drawstring or elastic belt, which causes them to become pleated around the waist. The trousers can be wide and baggy, or they can be cut quite narrow, on the bias. Shalwars have been traditionally worn in a wide region which includes Eastern Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. The kameez is a long shirt or tunic. The side seams are left open below the waist-line (the opening known as the chaak), which gives the wearer greater freedom of movement. The kameez is usually cut straight and flat; older kameez use traditional cuts; modern kameez are more likely to have European-inspired set-in sleeves. The kameez may have a European-style collar, a Mandarin collar, or it may be collarless; in the latter case, its design as a women's garment is similar to a kurta. The combination garment is sometimes called salwar kurta, salwar suit, or Punjabi suit.
The shalwar and kameez were introduced into South Asia by arriving Muslims in the north in the 13th century: at first worn by Muslim women, their use gradually spread, making them a regional style, especially in the historical Punjab region. The shalwar-kameez is a widely-worn, and national dress, of Pakistan. It is also widely worn by men in Afghanistan, by women and some men in the Punjab region of India, from which it has been adopted by women throughout India, and more generally South Asia.
When women wear the shalwar-kameez in some regions, they usually wear a long scarf or shawl called a dupatta around the head or neck. In South Asia, the dupatta is also employed as a form of modesty—although it is made of delicate material, it obscures the upper body's contours by passing over the shoulders. For Muslim women, the dupatta is a less stringent alternative to the chador or burqa (see hijab and purdah); for Sikh and Hindu women, the dupatta is useful when the head must be covered, as in a temple or the presence of elders.
Everywhere in South Asia, modern versions of the attire have evolved; the shalwars are worn lower down on the waist, the kameez have shorter length, with higher splits, lower necklines and backlines, and with cropped sleeves or without sleeves.
Etymology and history
The English word "shalwar" derives ultimately from the Persian language. According to the "Oxford English Dictionary": its etymology is: " < Urdu šalwār, Hindi salvār, < Persian šalwār." According to the Oxford Dictionary of English, it is Originally From Persian šalwār." According to the Random House Unabridged Dictionary: "1880–85; < Hindi < Persian shalwār". According to Steingass's A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary, " شلوار shalwār, shulwār, Inner breeches, drawers reaching to the feet (the outer breeches being called tuṃbān); sailorsʼ or travellersʼ trousers. شلوار بند shalwār-band, Fastening of breeches." According to Shakespear's A dictionary of Hindustani and English," شلوار shalwār Persian (or shilwār) s. m. Trousers." According to McGregor's Oxford Hindi English Dictionary, "शलवार śalwār (Persian: śalwār) Loose cotton trousers worn by women."
The English word "kameez," derives from the Arabic language. According to the Oxford Dictionary of English, "Kameez: A long tunic worn by many people from South Asia, typically with a salwar or churidars. Origin: From Arabic qamīṣ, perhaps from late Latin camisia (see chemise)" According to Wehr's A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic: " قميص qamīs: shirt, dress, gown, covering, cover, case, wrap, envelope, jacket; plural: قمص qamus" According to Steingass's A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary, "Arabic قميص qamīṣ, A shirt, shift, or any kind of inner garment of linen; also a tunic, a surplice (of cotton, but not of wool); the membrane which surrounds the fœtus in the womb, amnion; pericardium; a galloping horse that shakes its rider." According to Platt's A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English, "Arabic قميص qamīṣ, vulg. qamīz, kamīj, s.m. A shirt; a shift; a chemise (cf. It. camicia; Port. camisa). According to McGregor's Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary: "क़मीज़ qamīz (Arabic: qamīş) a shirt".
The English word combination "shalwar kameez," is an internationalism derived from the Urdu language; according to Patrizia Anesa, author of Lexical Innovation in World Englishes: Cross-fertilization and Evolving Paradigms, "Salwar-kameez. ... may also be described as an internationalism given its origin (Urdu). This word-formation process is based on the combination of two elements which are two garments (baggy pants and a tunic or shirt) and constitute an outfit typical of South and Central Asia." Author Garland Cannon in "Problems in Studying Loans," in Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, says, "... the old Urdu shalwar-kameez 'women's loose-fitting trousers and long tunic' was first used in English by colonial residents on the Indian subcontinent. (page 332)"
Description
The shalwar are loose pajama-like trousers. The legs are wide at the top, and narrow at the ankle. The kameez is a long shirt or tunic, often seen with a Western-style collar; however, for female apparel, the term is now loosely applied to collarless or mandarin-collared kurtas. The kameez might be worn with pajamas as well, either for fashion or comfort. Some kameez styles have side seams (known as the chaak), left open below the waist-line, giving the wearer greater freedom of movement.
Styles
The kameez can be sewn straight and flat, in an "A" shape design or flowing like a dress; there are a variety of styles. Modern kameez styles are more likely to have European-inspired set-in sleeves. If the tailor's taste or skill is displayed, this will be seen in the shape of the neckline and the decoration of the kameez. The kameez may be cut with a deep neckline, sewn in diaphanous fabrics, or styled in cap-sleeve or sleeveless designs.
There are many styles of shalwar: the Peshawari shalwar, Balochi shalwar, Sindhi choreno and Punjabi shalwar.
Although various regions of the Indian subcontinent now wear the outfit in its various forms, the outfit was originally only popular on a wide scale in Afghanistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and the Punjab region of Indian subcontinent. However, the shalwar kameez has now become popular across the Indian subcontinent.
Different forms
The following are some of the styles of shalwar kameez.
Anarkali suit
The shalwar kameez known as the Anarkali suit is named after the court dancer from Lahore. This suit has a timeless style which has become very popular. It is made up of a long, frock-style top and features a slim fitted bottom. This style of suit links the Indian subcontinent with the women's firaq partug (frock and shalwar) of northwestern Pakistan and Afghanistan and to the traditional women's clothing of parts of Central Asia. It also links to the Punjab region, where the Anarkali suit is similar to the anga and the Peshwaz worn in Jammu.
Afghanistan suits
The styles of shalwar kameez worn in Afghanistan include various styles of khet partug, perahan tunban and Firaq partug worn by Pashtuns, Tajiks, and Hazaras. The shalwar tends to be loose and rests above the ankles.
Peshawari shalwar suit
The traditional dress of Peshawar and other parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, is the khalqa (gown) which opens at the front, or shirt which does not open at the front, and the Peshawari shalwar which is very loose down to the ankles. The Peshawari shalwar can be used with a number of upper garments and is part of the clothing of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
Balochi suits
The clothing of Balochistan, Pakistan includes the shalwar kameez which when worn by males consists of a very baggy shalwar using large lengths of cloth. The kameez is also loose, and traditionally is long, with long sleeves. The present Balochi shalwar kameez replaced the earlier version which consisted of a robe to the ankles and a shalwar using cloth of up to 40 yards. The Pashtuns in northern Balochistan wear clothes similar to the styles worn in Afghanistan.
The female Balochi suit consists of the head scarf, long dress and a shalwar.
Phiran, poots and shalwar
In Kashmir, the outfit consists of the phiran, poots and shalwar.
Punjabi suits
The traditional shalwar kameez worn in the Punjab region is cut differently to the styles worn in Balochistan and Afghanistan and is known as a "Punjabi suit" with the kameez being cut straight and flat with side slits (which is a local development as earlier forms of kameez did not have side slits). The shalwar is wide at the top but fits closely to the legs and is gathered at the ankles. The Punjabi shalwar is also cut straight and gathered at the ankles with a loose band reinforced with coarse material. In rural Punjab, the shalwar is still called the suthan, which is a different garment that was popular in previous centuries, alongside the churidar and kameez combination (which is still popular). In Britain, British Asian women from the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent have brought the dress to the mainstream, and even high-fashion, appeal. The Punjabi suit is popular in other regions of the Indian subcontinent, such as Mumbai and Sindh. The popularity of Punjabi suits in India was extentuated during the 1960s through Hindi cinema. Punjabi suits are also popular among young women in Bangladesh and are especially popular amongst school girls in India. The outfit is also popular in Afghanistan, where it is called the Punjabi.
Another common type of Punjabi shalwar kameez is the Patiala salwar which has many folds and originates in the city of Patiala.
Another style of the Punjabi suit is the use of the shalwar which hails from the Pothohar region of Punjab, Pakistan and is known as the Pothohari shalwar. The Pothohari shalwar retains the wideness of the older Punjabi suthan and also has some folds. The kameez is also wide. The head scarf is traditionally large, similar to the chador or phulkari that was used throughout the plains of the Punjab region.
Saraiki shalwar suits are Punjabi outfits which include the Bahawalpuri shalwar suit and the Multani shalwar suit.
The Bahawalpuri shalwar originates from the Bahawalpur region of Punjab, Pakistan. The Bahawalpuri shalwar is very wide and baggy with many voluminous folds. The material traditionally used for the Bahawalpuri shalwar and suthan is known as Sufi which is a mixture of cotton warp mixed with silk weft and gold threads running down the material. The other name for these types of mixed cloth is shuja khani. The Bahawalpuri shalwar is worn with the Bahawalpur style kameez, the Punjabi kurta or chola.
The Multani shalwar, also known as the 'ghaire wali' or 'Saraiki ghaire wali' shalwar as it is very wide around the waist, originates from the Multan area of the Punjab region. The style is similar to the Sindhi kancha shalwar as both are derivatives of the pantaloon shalwar worn in Iraq and adopted in these locations during the 7th century A.D. The Multani shalwar is very wide, baggy, and full, and has folds like the Punjabi suthan. The upper garments include the Punjabi kameez and the chola of the Punjab region.
An older variety of shalwar kameez of the Punjab region is the Punjabi suthan and kurta suit. The Punjabi suthan is a local variation of the ancient svasthana tight fitting trousers which have been used in the Punjab region since the ancient period and were worn with the tunic called varbana which was tight fitting.
The Punjabi suthan is arranged in plaits and uses large amounts of material (traditionally coloured cotton with vertical silk lines, called sussi) of up to 20 yards hanging in many folds. The suthan ends at the ankles with a tight band which distinguishes the suthan from a shalwar. The modern equivalent of the loose Punjabi suthan are the cowl pants and dhoti shalwars which have many folds.
Some versions of the Punjabi suthan tighten from the knees down to the ankles (a remnant of the svasthana). If a tight band is not used, the ends of the suthan fit closely around the ankles. The Jodhpuri breeches devised during the 1870s by Sir Pratap Singh of Jodhpur offer a striking slim line resemblance to the centuries-old tight Punjabi suthan, although the churidar is cited as its source. The tight pantaloon style suthan was popular with the Indian Cavalry during the 19th and early 20th centurie; they were dyed in Multani mutti or mitti (clay/fuller's earth), which gave the garments a yellow colour.
The kurta is a remnant of the 11th-century female kurtaka which was a shirt extending to the middle of the body with side slits worn in parts of north India which has remained a traditional garment for women in Punjab, albeit longer than the kurtaka. The suthan was traditionally worn with a long kurta but can also be worn with a short kurti or frocks. Modern versions of the kurta can be knee length. The head scarf is also traditionally long but again, modern versions are shorter.
The outfit in Jammu is the Dogri kurta and suthan. When the tight part of the suthan, up to the knees, has multiple close fitting folds, the suthan is referred to as Dogri pants or suthan, in Jammu, and churidar suthan in the Punjab region and some parts of Himachal Pradesh.
Sindhi suits
The traditional Sindhi shalwar, also called kancha, are wide pantaloons which are wide down the legs and are also wide at the ankles. The Sindhi shalwar is plaited at the waist. The kancha shalwar is traditionally worn with either the Sindhi cholo (blouse) by women, or a knee length robe which flares out, by men.
The other styles of shalwar kameez are female Sindhi suthan and cholo and male Sindhi suthan and angelo.
See also
Central Asian clothing
Chemise
Chikankari
Churidar
Dhoti
Dupatta
Gagra choli
Khet partug
Kurta
Pencil skirt
Pencil suit
Perahan tunban
Kashmiri phiran and poots
Qamis
Sari
Sherwani
Sirwal
Turkish salvar
Notes
Explanatory notes
Citations
General and cited references
.
External links
Himal: "The Salwar Revolution"
The Hindu: "The Spread of the Salwar"
Fatima Jinnah wearing shalwar qameez
Afghan clothing
Bangladeshi clothing
Bangladeshi culture
Indian clothing
Indian culture
Pakistani clothing
Suits (clothing)
Tops (clothing)
Trousers and shorts | wiki |
The following table is a list of countries by number of public holidays excluding non-regular special holidays. Sovereign nations and territories observe holidays based on events of significance to their history, such as the National Day. For example, Chileans celebrate Fiestas Patrias.
They vary by country and may vary by year. Nepal has the highest number of public holidays in the word i.e 35 public holidays apart from 52 Saturdays.
References | wiki |
Turning Up may refer to:
"Turning Up" (Arashi song), released in 2019
"Turning Up" (James Reid song), released in 2017 | wiki |
The Zohar is a foundational work of the Kabbalah.
Zohar may also refer to:
Zohar (name), including a list of persons with the name
Zohar (band), a British musical band
Zohar (album), an album by jazz musician John Zorn
Zohar, Israel, a village in southern Israel
Zuhr prayer, one of the five daily prayers in Islam
See also
Upper Zohar, a Byzantine fortlet in Israel
Zohar Bridge, a road bridge in Israel | wiki |
A guitar speaker isolation cabinet is a sound-proof enclosure that surrounds the speaker and sound-capturing microphone and prevents sound leakage into the outside environment, enabling the guitar amplifier to be turned up without excessive listening volume. An amplifier and speaker at full volume can be extremely loud, posing a risk to hearing and an annoyance to neighbors, and will often drown out other instruments in a mix in live shows. In a recording studio, the sound of an amplifier at full volume may spill into the microphones for other instrumentalists.
The characteristic sound of a tube guitar amplifier as heard on the majority of professional recordings is achieved by playing the amplifier at high volumes and using one or more microphones to capture the sound. Turning the volume up causes the pre-amplifier to overdrive and it drives the power amplifier into distortion and the loudspeaker to "break up", adding intentional distortion to the amplified tone.
Sizes and types
A guitar speaker isolation cabinet has a built-in mounting baffle for a guitar speaker and a permanently mounted microphone clip. A compact isolation cabinet contains a small guitar speaker such as 6½" diameter and sometimes an attached power attenuator to prevent blowing the speaker.
A guitar speaker isolation box is large enough to contain a standard guitar speaker cabinet such as a 1x12", 2x12" or 4x12" cabinet and a couple of compact microphone stands. Inexpensive but less effective DIY implementations of this approach are to put a guitar speaker and microphone in a closet, place gobo partitions around a speaker cabinet to somewhat deflect the sound, or form a tent with multiple layers of heavy blankets over a guitar speaker cabinet and microphone.
An isolation booth is a small room large enough to contain a single performer along with a rig, enabling the instrument to interact with the amplifier while isolating the rest of the band from the extreme volume.
Finally, the live room of a recording studio provides sound isolation between an entire band and the control room, allowing the studio engineers to work at manageable volumes and prevent listener fatigue.
The frequency response of an isolation system depends on the number of microphones, the type of microphones, microphone positioning, cabinet dimensions, speaker size, speaker model, and the amount of sound-absorption material inside the isolation cabinet. To control the resulting response, a dedicated equalizer can be used to enhance or reduce specific frequency ranges. The small volume of an isolation cabinet does not produce audible room reverberation, so the sound generally has to be enhanced with an electronic reverb.
Degree of sound isolation
A single-layer isolation cabinet or isolation box reduces the sound but does not make the speaker silent; significant bass leaks out. A double-layer box with dead space between the layers still leaks audible bass, if typical plywood thickness is used. Getting closer to silencing would require two very massive layers of plywood, MDF board, or soundproofing board such as Homasote or Wonderboard. An additional layer may be needed, such as for a 100-watt guitar amp with multiple efficient guitar speakers inside the box.
Combined approaches
To reduce the volume leakage or to prevent blowing the speaker or microphone, a power attenuator is sometimes used between the tube power amp and the guitar speaker in the isolation box. This reduces the power delivered to the speaker and thus the volume, but has some effect on speaker and microphone response.
To reduce volume on stage while staying near to a traditional guitar amp setup, a guitar amp can drive two parallel loads: a power attenuator driving a conventional guitar speaker cabinet (with no microphone), and a speaker isolation cabinet providing the signal for the mixer board and sound reinforcement system.
A speaker isolation cabinet can be combined with a Direct Inject signal. A DI signal is run from the guitar amplifier or from a guitar amp power attenuator to one channel of the mixing console. A miked guitar speaker in an isolation cabinet is run into another channel of the mixing console. The DI signal and miked guitar speaker can then be selectively blended, with the DI providing a more immediate, present, bright sound, and the microphone and guitar speaker providing a colored, distant, darker sound.
Over stressing components
Blowing a speaker is a significant possibility when using an isolation cabinet. A blown speaker usually has a broken wire in the coil and would need to be reconed. A blown speaker appears as an open or infinite resistance to the tube power amplifier and can "fry" expensive components in the amp, such as the output transformer or power tubes, which would then need to be replaced.
"Cranking an amp" means turning up a guitar power amplifier well into the region at which power-tube distortion is produced, generating as much as twice the amplifier's rated non-distorting wattage. Pushing a guitar amp to such an extent can destroy components of an amplifier whether using an isolation cabinet, dummy load, power attenuator, or conventional guitar speaker cabinet. In particular, tubes wear more quickly when they are consistently pushed into saturation.
See also
Power attenuator (guitar)
DI unit
Soundproofing
Sound baffle
Electric guitars
Noise reduction
Loudspeakers | wiki |
"Through It All" is the first single by American rock band From Ashes to New's Downfall EP and their debut album Day One. The single was first released on November 21, 2015. Since its release, the song has peaked at No. 6 on the Billboard Mainstream rock chart.
Music video
A lyric video was premiered on August 10, 2015. The music video was released on November 13, 2015 and was directed by Jim Forster. It features "a young couple going through some highs and lows in their relationship".
Charts
References
2015 singles
From Ashes to New songs
2015 songs | wiki |
A cellone is a large cello invented in 1882 by the German luthier Alfred Stelzner. It is held like a cello but tuned (high-to-low) to E A D G, a fourth below the cello and two octaves below the violin. Its music is written in the bass clef. Its body length and its breadth slightly exceeds those of a normal cello, but it sounds much deeper than a normal cello.
It is rarely used by composers. One of the few works where it is used is the Sextet in D major for violino piccolo, violin, viola, violotta, cello, and cellone, Op. 68, by Arnold Krug.
See also
Tenor violin
Viola Profonda
Violin octet
References
Discography
2005: Homage to Stelzner. CD. AK Coburg DR 0010. (Contains music by Felix Draeseke and Arnold Krug)
Cellos | wiki |
Six pieces for piano may refer to:
Six Pieces for Piano, Op. 118 by Johannes Brahms
Sei pezzi per pianoforte by Ottorino Respighi | wiki |
The Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, Between His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America, commonly known as the Jay Treaty, and also as Jay's Treaty, was a 1794 treaty between the United States and Great Britain that averted war, resolved issues remaining since the Treaty of Paris of 1783 (which ended the American Revolutionary War), and facilitated ten years of peaceful trade between the United States and Britain in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars, which began in 1792. The Treaty was designed by Alexander Hamilton and supported by President George Washington. It angered France and bitterly divided Americans. It inflamed the new growth of two opposing parties in every state, the pro-Treaty Federalists and the anti-Treaty Jeffersonian Republicans.
The Treaty was negotiated by John Jay and gained many of the primary American goals. This included the withdrawal of British Army units from forts in the Northwest Territory that it had refused to relinquish under the Paris Peace Treaty. The British were retaliating for the United States reneging on Articles 4 and 6 of the 1783 treaty; American state courts impeded the collection of debts owed British creditors and upheld the continued confiscation of Loyalist estates in spite of an explicit understanding that the prosecutions would be immediately discontinued. The parties agreed that disputes over wartime debts and the American–Canadian boundary were to be sent to arbitration—one of the first major uses of arbitration in modern diplomatic history. This set a precedent used by other nations. The Americans were granted limited rights to trade with British colonies in the Caribbean in exchange for some limits on the American export of cotton.
The Jay Treaty was signed on November 19, 1794, during the Thermidorian Reaction in France, and submitted to the United States Senate for its advice and consent the following June. It was ratified by the Senate on June 24, 1795, by a two-thirds majority vote of 20–10 (exactly the minimum number necessary for concurrence). It was also ratified by the British government, and took effect February 29, 1796, the day when ratifications were officially exchanged.
The treaty was hotly contested by Jeffersonians in each state. An effort was made to block it in the House, which ultimately failed. The Jeffersonians feared that closer economic or political ties with Great Britain would strengthen Hamilton's Federalist Party, promote aristocracy, and undercut republicanism. This debate crystallized the emerging partisan divisions and shaped the new "First Party System", with the Federalists favoring the British and the Jeffersonian republicans favoring France. The treaty was for ten years' duration. Efforts failed to agree on a replacement treaty in 1806 when Jefferson rejected the Monroe–Pinkney Treaty, as tensions escalated toward the War of 1812.
Issues
The outbreak of war between France and Great Britain (and other countries) in 1793 ended the long peace that had enabled the new nation to flourish in terms of trade and finance. The United States now emerged as an important neutral country with a large shipping trade. From the British perspective, improving relations with the United States was a high priority lest it move into the French orbit. British negotiators ignored elements that wanted harsher terms in order to get a suitable treaty. From the American viewpoint, the most pressing foreign policy issues were normalizing the trade relations with Britain, the United States' leading trading partner, and resolving issues left over from the Treaty of Paris. As one observer explained, the British government was "well disposed to America. ... They have made their arrangements upon a plan that comprehends the neutrality of the United States, and are anxious that it should be preserved."
Without warning American officials, the British government used the Royal Navy to capture nearly 300 neutral American merchant ships carrying goods from French colonies in the West Indies. Americans were outraged and Republicans in Jefferson's coalition demanded a declaration of war, but James Madison instead called for an embargo on trade with Britain. British officials told First Nations near the Canada–U.S. border that the border no longer existed and sold weapons to them. Congress voted on a trade embargo against Britain in March 1794. It was approved in the House of Representatives but defeated in the Senate when Vice President John Adams cast a tie-breaking vote against it.
At the national level American politics was divided between the factions of Jefferson and Madison, which favored the French, and the Federalists led by Hamilton, who saw Britain as a natural ally and thus sought to normalize relations with Britain, especially in the area of trade. Washington sided with Hamilton. Hamilton devised a framework for negotiations, and President George Washington sent Chief Justice of the Supreme Court John Jay to London to negotiate a comprehensive treaty.
The American government had several outstanding issues:
The British were occupying forts on U.S. territory in the Great Lakes region, at Detroit and Mackinac in modern-day Michigan, Niagara and Oswego in New York, and Maumee (also Miamis) in modern-day Ohio. Britain said it was in response to American refusals to pay debts that had been agreed upon.
The British were continuing to impress American sailors into the Royal Navy to fight against France.
American merchants wanted compensation for about 300 merchant ships which the British had confiscated in 1793 and 1794.
Southern interests wanted monetary compensation for the planters whose slaves had escaped to British lines and had been evacuated at the end of the war.
American merchants wanted the British West Indies to be reopened to American trade.
The boundary with Canada was vague in many places, and needed to be more sharply delineated.
The British were providing munitions to Native Americans in armed conflict with settlers in the Northwest (Ohio and Michigan).
Treaty terms
Both sides achieved many objectives. Several issues were sent to arbitration, which (after years of discussion) were resolved amicably mostly in favor of the U.S. Britain paid $11,650,000 for damages to American shipping and received £600,000 for unpaid pre-1775 debts. While international arbitration was not entirely unknown, the Jay Treaty gave it a strong impetus and is generally taken as the start of modern international arbitration.
The British agreed to vacate its forts in United States territory—six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain—by June 1796; which was done. They were:
The treaty was "surprisingly generous" in allowing Americans to trade with Great Britain on a most-favored-nation basis. In return, the United States gave most favored nation trading status to Britain, and acquiesced in British anti-French maritime policies. American merchants obtained limited rights to trade in the British West Indies. Two joint boundary commissions were set up to establish the boundary line in the Northeast (it agreed on one) and in the Northwest (this commission never met and the boundary was settled after the War of 1812).
Jay, a strong opponent of slavery, dropped the issue of compensation for slaves, which angered Southern slaveholders and was used as a target for attacks by Jeffersonians. Jay was unsuccessful in negotiating an end to the impressment of American sailors into the Royal Navy, which later became a key issue leading to the War of 1812.
American Indian rights
Article III states, "It is agreed, that it shall at all times be free to His Majesty's subjects, and to the citizens of the United States, and also to the Indians dwelling on either side of the said boundary line, freely to pass and repass, by land or inland navigation into the respective territories and countries of the two parties on the continent of America, (the country within the limits of the Hudson's Bay Company only excepted) ... and freely carry on trade and commerce with each other." Article III of the Jay Treaty declared the right of Indians, American citizens, and Canadian subjects to trade and travel between the United States and Canada, which was then a territory of Great Britain. Some legal experts dispute whether the treaty rights were abrogated by the War of 1812. Nevertheless, the United States has codified this right in the provisions of Section 289 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 and as amended in 1965. As a result of the Jay Treaty, "Native Indians born in Canada are therefore entitled to enter the United States for the purpose of employment, study, retirement, investing, and/or immigration" if they can prove that they have at least 50% blood quantum, and cannot be deported for any reason. Article III of the Jay Treaty is the basis of most Indian claims. Unlike other legal immigrants, Canadian-born Native Americans residing in the US are entitled to public benefits and domestic tuition fees on the same basis as citizens.
Approval and dissent
Washington submitted the treaty to the United States Senate for its consent in June 1795; a two-thirds vote was needed. The treaty was unpopular at first and gave the Jeffersonians a platform to rally new supporters. As historian Paul Varg explains,
The Jay Treaty was a reasonable give-and-take compromise of the issues between the two countries. What rendered it so assailable was not the compromise spelled out between the two nations but the fact that it was not a compromise between the two political parties at home. Embodying the views of the Federalists, the treaty repudiated the foreign policy of the opposing party.
The Jeffersonians were opposed to Britain, preferring support for France in the wars raging in Europe, and they argued that the treaty with France from 1778 was still in effect. They considered Britain as the center of aristocracy and the chief threat to the United States' Republican values. They denounced Hamilton and Jay (and even Washington) as monarchists who betrayed American values. They organized public protests against Jay and his treaty; one of their rallying cries said: Damn John Jay! Damn everyone that won't damn John Jay! Damn every one that won't put lights in his window and sit up all night damning John Jay! Town hall meetings in Philadelphia turned from debate to disorder in the summer of 1795 as rocks were thrown, British officials harassed, and a copy of the treaty burnt at the door of one of America's wealthiest merchants and U.S. Senator, William Bingham.
The treaty was one of the major catalysts for the advent of the First Party System in the United States by further dividing the two major political factions within the country. The Federalist Party, led by Hamilton, supported the treaty. On the contrary, the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Jefferson and Madison, opposed it. Jefferson and his supporters had a counter-proposal to establish "a direct system of commercial hostility with Great Britain", even at the risk of war. The Jeffersonians raised public opinion to fever pitch by accusing the British of promoting Indian atrocities on the frontier. The fierce debates over the Treaty in 1794–95, according to one historian, "transformed the Republican movement into a Republican party". To fight the treaty, the Jeffersonians "established coordination in activity between leaders at the capital, and leaders, actives and popular followings in the states, counties and towns". Jay's failure to obtain compensation for "lost" slaves galvanized the South into opposition.
With his support of the Jay Treaty President Washington sacrificed everything regarding the unanimous respect and goodwill that the whole country gave him as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, president of the Constitutional Convention, and the successful first term of his presidency to get the Jay Treaty passed because he did not want American ships to be constantly attacked and captured by the powerful British navy, and he decided to take his chances with a hostile French navy that would mostly be bottled up in Europe by the British blockade. He was brutally criticized in Democratic-Republican areas of the country like his home state of Virginia. Numerous protestors would picket Mount Vernon and show their anger towards him. Newspapers and cartoons showed Washington being sent to the guillotine. A common protest rally cry was, "A speedy death to General Washington." Some protestors even wanted Washington to be impeached. It was only after Washington's death in 1799 when the whole country reunited and wholeheartedly respected him again.
The Federalists fought back and Congress rejected the Jefferson–Madison counter-proposals. Washington threw his great prestige behind the treaty, and Federalists rallied public opinion more effectively than did their opponents. Hamilton convinced President Washington that it was the best treaty that could be expected. Washington insisted that the U.S. must remain neutral in the European wars; he signed it, and his prestige carried the day in Congress. The Federalists made a strong, systematic appeal to public opinion, which rallied their own supporters and shifted the debate. Washington and Hamilton outmaneuvered Madison, who was opposition leader. Hamilton by then was out of the government, and he was the dominant figure who helped secure the treaty's approval by the needed 2/3 vote in the Senate. The Senate passed a resolution in June, advising the President to amend the treaty by suspending the 12th article, which concerned trade between the U.S. and the West Indies. In mid-August, the Senate ratified the treaty 20–10, with the condition that the treaty contain specific language regarding the June 24 resolution. President Washington signed it in late August. The Treaty was proclaimed in effect on February 29, 1796, but there remained one final, bitter legislative battle. The House of Representatives, which had a Democratic-Republican majority, had to agree to appropriate the funds needed to fulfill the Jay Treaty's terms. In April 1796, after two months of bitter fighting that could have doomed the treaty if the House refused to pass the funding related to the Jay Treaty, Federalist Representative Fisher Ames limped to the podium despite being gravely sick and gave an impassioned speech that was later described as one of the greatest speeches in American history in defense of the Jay Treaty. After the 90 minute speech he fell exhausted in his chair and there was an emotional silence in a sign of bipartisan respect for his speech. In the final vote on April 29, 1796, the impasse was stuck in a 49 to 49 tie. The first Speaker of the House (now former speaker in 1796), Democratic-Republican Representative Frederick Muhlenberg, was chairman of the Committee of the Whole that was responsible for this funding bill. The year before he was leading protests that included burning copies of the Jay Treaty in front of the home of the British Minister to the United States George Hammond. Everyone in the House chamber believed Muhlenberg was going to kill the Jay Treaty. He shockingly voted yes to fund the Jay Treaty. The final vote after one representative flipped his vote to support Muhlenberg after Muhlenberg's tiebreaking decision was 51 to 48. As a symbol of how chaotic and violent the anti-Jay Treaty protests were from 1794 to 1796 Muhlenberg not only killed his political career with his decision but he was stabbed by his brother-in-law who believed he had committed treason when he voted in support of the funding of the Jay Treaty. Muhlenberg survived the attack but faded into obscurity for the rest of his life, never winning another election.
James Madison, then a member of the House of Representatives, argued that the treaty could not, under Constitutional law, take effect without approval of the House, since it regulated commerce and exercised legislative powers granted to Congress. The debate which followed was an early example of originalism, in which Madison, the "Father of the Constitution", lost. One interesting feature of this nationwide constitutional debate was an advisory opinion on the subject written by Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth, in which he rejected any alleged right of the House of Representatives to decide upon the merits of the treaty. After defeat on the treaty in Congress, the Jeffersonian Republicans lost the 1796 presidential election on the issue.
When Thomas Jefferson became president in 1801, he did not repudiate the treaty. He kept the Federalist minister, Rufus King, in London to negotiate a successful resolution to outstanding issues regarding cash payments and boundaries. The amity broke down when the treaty expired in 1805. Jefferson rejected a renewal of the Jay Treaty in the Monroe–Pinkney Treaty of 1806 as negotiated by his diplomats and agreed to by London. Relations turned increasingly hostile as a prelude to the War of 1812. In 1815, the Treaty of Ghent superseded the Jay Treaty.
The treaty led to the permanent rupture of decades of close friendship and camaraderie between President Washington and the anti-Jay Treaty Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Jefferson wrote a scathing private letter that secretly called Washington senile and an “apostate” who subverted American liberty to “the harlot England”. He also secretly financed and ordered newspapers to personally attack Washington with accusations of mental illness and treason. Madison, even though he wrote the Constitution, claimed as a partisan Democratic-Republican member of the House of Representatives that the House also has an equal role in the treaty-making process. Washington had to personally find the secret minutes of the 1787 Constitutional Convention where Madison himself said treaties are conducted by only the Senate and President, and he had to argue against Madison with Madison's own words from the Constitutional Convention. Madison forced Washington to invoke executive privilege over this issue. Washington never saw or spoke to Jefferson and Madison ever again after the ratification of the Jay Treaty. Martha Washington said that the election of Jefferson as president in 1800 was the second worst day of her life after the death of her husband, and she believed the shocking words and actions by them towards Washington hastened his death only 2 years after leaving office.
Evaluations
Historians Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick note that, in conventional diplomatic terms and as a "piece of adversary bargaining", Jay "got much the worst of the 'bargain'. Such a view has to a great degree persisted ever since." They conclude that Jay did not succeed in asserting neutral rights, but he did obtain "his other sine qua nons"; he got none of things that were "desirable, but not indispensable". They add that Jay's record on the symbolic side was open to many objections. However, on the "hard" (or realistic) side, "it was a substantial success, which included the prevention of war with Great Britain".
Historian Marshall Smelser argues that the treaty effectively postponed war with Britain, or at least postponed it until the United States was strong enough to handle it.
Bradford Perkins argued in 1955 that the treaty was the first to establish a special relationship between Britain and the United States, with a second installment under Lord Salisbury. In his view, the treaty worked for ten years to secure peace between Britain and America: "The decade may be characterized as the period of 'The First Rapprochement'." As Perkins concludes,
For about ten years there was peace on the frontier, joint recognition of the value of commercial intercourse, and even, by comparison with both preceding and succeeding epochs, a muting of strife over ship seizures and impressment. Two controversies with France ... pushed the English-speaking powers even more closely together.
Starting at swords' point in 1794, the Jay treaty reversed the tensions, Perkins concludes: "Through a decade of world war and peace, successive governments on both sides of the Atlantic were able to bring about and preserve a cordiality which often approached genuine friendship." Perkins suggests that, except perhaps the opening of trade with British India, "Jay did fail to win anything the Americans were not obviously entitled to, liberation of territory recognized as theirs since 1782, and compensation for seizures that even Britain admitted were illegal". He also speculates that a "more astute negotiator than the Chief Justice" would have gotten better terms than he did. He quoted the opinion of "great historian" Henry Adams that the treaty was a "bad one":
No one would venture on its merits to defend it now. There has been no time since 1810 when the United States would not prefer war to peace on such terms.
Perkins gave more weight than other historians to valuable concessions regarding trade in India and the concession on the West Indies trade. In addition, Perkins noted that the Royal Navy treated American commerce with "relative leniency" during the wars, and many impressed seamen were returned to America. As Spain assessed the informal British-American alliance, it softened its previous opposition to the United States' use of the Mississippi River and signed Pinckney's Treaty, which the Americans wanted. When Jefferson took office, he gained renewal of the commercial articles that had greatly benefited American shipping.
Elkins and McKitrick find this more positive view open to "one big difficulty": it requires that the British negotiated in the same spirit. Unlike Perkins, they find "little indication of this".
George Herring's 2008 history of US foreign policy says that, in 1794, "the United States and Britain edged toward war" and concludes, "The Jay Treaty brought the United States important concessions and served its interests well." Joseph Ellis finds the terms of the treaty "one-sided in Britain's favor", but asserts with a consensus of historians that it was
a shrewd bargain for the United States. It bet, in effect, on England rather than France as the hegemonic European power of the future, which proved prophetic. It recognized the massive dependence of the American economy on trade with England. In a sense it was a precocious preview of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), for it linked American security and economic development to the British fleet, which provided a protective shield of incalculable value throughout the nineteenth century. Mostly, it postponed war with England until America was economically and politically more capable of fighting one.
In popular culture
In the HBO miniseries John Adams, Vice President John Adams is shown casting the tiebreaker vote in favor of ratifying the Jay Treaty. In reality, his vote was never required as the Senate passed the resolution by 20–10. Furthermore, the Vice President would never be required to cast a vote in a treaty ratification, because the Vice President votes only in case of a tie, and Article II of the Constitution requires that treaties receive a two-thirds vote for approval. Vice President Adams had however earlier cast a tie-breaking vote in opposition to a trade embargo on the British in 1794.
See also
First Party System
Timeline of United States diplomatic history
Timeline of British diplomatic history
United Kingdom–United States relations
References
Bibliography
Bemis, Samuel Flagg. Jay's Treaty: A Study in Commerce and Diplomacy (1923) remains the standard narrative of how treaty was written online
Charles, Joseph. "The Jay Treaty: The Origins of the American Party System", in William and Mary Quarterly, (1955) 12#4 pp. 581–630 in JSTOR
Combs, Jerald. A. The Jay Treaty: Political Background of Founding Fathers (1970) () Focusing on the domestic and ideological aspects, Combs dislikes Hamilton's quest for national power and a "heroic state" dominating the Western Hemisphere, but concludes the Federalists "followed the proper policy" because the treaty preserved peace with Britain.
Elkins, Stanley M. and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788–1800. (1994), ch. 9
Farrell, James M. "Fisher Ames and Political Judgment: Reason, Passion, and Vehement Style in the Jay Treaty Speech", Quarterly Journal of Speech 1990 76(4): 415–34.
Fewster, Joseph M. "The Jay Treaty and British Ship Seizures: the Martinique Cases". William and Mary Quarterly 1988 45(3): 426–52 in JSTOR
Hatter, Lawrence B. A. Citizens of Convenience: The Imperial Origins of American Nationhood on the U.S.-Canadian Border. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2017.
Hatter, Lawrence B. A. "The Jay Charter: Rethinking the American National State in the West, 1796-1819," Diplomatic History, 37 (September 2013): 693-726
Negus, Samuel D. Further concessions cannot be attained': the Jay-Grenville treaty and the politics of Anglo-American relations, 1789–1807. Texas Christian University, 2013. (PhD thesis) online
Perkins, Bradford. The First Rapprochement: England and the United States, 1795–1805 1955.
Perkins, Bradford. "Lord Hawkesbury and the Jay–Grenville Negotiations", The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 40#2 (Sep. 1953), pp. 291–304 in JSTOR
Rakove, Jack N. Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 1997.
Varg, Paul A. Foreign Policies of the Founding Fathers. 1963. online
External links
1794 treaties
1796 treaties
1795 in Great Britain
1795 in the United States
Treaties of the Kingdom of Great Britain
United Kingdom–United States treaties
Quasi-War
Northwest Indian War
Treaty
Presidency of George Washington
Canada–United States border
Indigenous rights in the United States
1795 in British law | wiki |
Punomys is a genus of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It contains the following species:
Eastern puna mouse (Punomys kofordi)
Puna mouse (Punomys lemminus)
References
Rodent genera
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
One Foot or one foot may refer to:
a single Foot (unit)
Unipedalism, the condition of having only leg or one foot.
"One Foot", a variation of an ollie (skateboarding) trick
"One Foot" (Walk the Moon song), by American rock band Walk the Moon from their 2017 album, What If Nothing
"One Foot", by American band Fun on their 2012 album, Some Nights
See also
One Foot in the Grave, a British sitcom
One Foot in Front of the Other (disambiguation)
Foot (disambiguation) | wiki |
Adampur Airport , is a domestic airport and an Indian Air Force base serving the cities of Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur in Punjab, India. It is located from Adampur town in Jalandhar district, from Jalandhar and from Hoshiarpur. It just beside NH-3. As it lies just between the cities of Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur, it serves both the cities. The airport was required by the Doaba region of Punjab for facilitating commercial operations, as the other two main airports of the state at Amritsar and Chandigarh are 100 and 145 km distant, respectively.
History
The airport was built around 1950s. It was made as a base for the Indian Air Force (IAF). The base played a crucial role in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. On 6 September 1965, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) attacked Indian bases at Pathankot, Halwara and Adampur. The attacks on Halwara and Adampur were failures. The strike group turned back before even reaching Adampur.
On the next day (7 September 1965), the PAF parachuted 135 Special Services Group (SSG) para-commandos at the same three Indian airfields (Halwara, Pathankot and Adampur). The daring attempt proved to be an unavoidable impact. Only ten commandos were able to return to Pakistan, while the rest were taken as prisoners of war (including one of the commanders of the operations, Major Khalid Butt). At Adampur, these troops landed in residential areas where the villagers caught, and handed them over to the police.
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 on western front started with Operation Chengiz Khan on 3 December 1971. The Pathankot base was hit and the runway was heavily damaged. Pathankot was covered by interceptors from Adampur. Following this first strikez during the time, it took the ground crew to repair its runway.
During the Kargil War, flying from Adampur, the mirages of No. 7 Squadron IAF struck at Tigerhill, Muntho Dhalo and Tololing.
In 2010s, the airport was considered by the Government of Punjab and the Ministry of Civil Aviation to develop the Adampur base into a commercial airport to boost connectivity and socio-economic development of Jalandhar and adjoining regions. In 2017, the Airports Authority of India (AAI) completed the construction of a new passenger terminal and began commercial operations, with daily and weekly flight services to Delhi, Mumbai and Jaipur operated by SpiceJet. However, until the end of 2019, the airline stopped all operations from the airport indefinitely, due to the wake of COVID-19, and as of 2023, there has been no further updates on the resumption of flights services from the airport.
Infrastructure
The Airports Authority of India (AAI) built a passenger terminal at a cost of ₹ 18 crore at Kandola village of Jalandhar district, adjoining to the air force base to facilitate commercial civil aviation and connectivity, as well as development, in 2017. The Government of India cleared the techno-feasibility report for setting up the passenger terminal in July 2015, after AAI had inspected the proposed site of 50 acres of land, after receiving No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the Indian Air Force.
Commercial flights started on 1 May 2018, when SpiceJet began operations under the government's UDAN Scheme. The new terminal covers an area of 75,000 sq.ft. (42 acres). The contract of the new terminal were given to edifice consultants.
Adampur Air Force Station
Adampur Air Force Station, Jalandhar is the air force base of the Indian Air Force, in which the passenger terminal for commercial operations is situated. It is the second largest military airbase of India. It lies within from the India-Pakistan Border, and is home to squadrons No. 47 Squadron IAF and No. 223 Squadron IAF.
The air force station operates the MiG-29UPG variant, after recently completed overhauls to the older B/UB fleet.
Airlines and destinations
As of March 2023, there are no flights operated to and from the airport. SpiceJet used to operate daily and weekly flights to Delhi, Mumbai and Jaipur, until the end 2019. There is no update on resumption of flights to the airport yet.
Statistics
Connectivity
The airport is located close to Adampur town of Jalandhar district, and could be accessed via NH-3 and also from the nearest railway station of Adampur.
See also
List of Indian Air Force stations
Western Air Command (India)
Indian Air Force
8-Pass Charlie
References
External Links
https://www.jagran.com/punjab/jalandhar-city-100-kld-capacity-sewerage-treatment-plant-to-be-set-up-at-adampur-airport-22643130.html
Indian Air Force bases
Airports in Punjab, India
Jalandhar district
Airports with year of establishment missing | wiki |
Petén or Peten may refer to:
Petén Department, a department of Guatemala
Petén Basin, the geographical/archaeological region of Mesoamerica and a center of the Maya civilization
Lake Petén Itzá, a lake in the Petén Basin region
Peten Itza kingdom, a kingdom in modern-day Central America centered on the city of Nojpetén
The Hebrew name () for the Boeing AH-64A Apache in Israeli service, meaning "Cobra" in English
Peten (Egypt), a place name in Ancient Egypt | wiki |
The Cape York rat (Rattus leucopus) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae.
It is found in southern New Guinea, in both Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, and in Cape York Peninsula in Australia.
References
Rattus
Mammals of Queensland
Mammals described in 1867
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Rodents of Australia
Rodents of New Guinea | wiki |
Penalty or The Penalty may refer to:
Sports
Penalty (golf)
Penalty (gridiron football)
Penalty (ice hockey)
Penalty (rugby)
Penalty (rugby union)
Penalty kick (association football)
Penalty shoot-out (association football)
Penalty (sports manufacturer)
Entertainment
The Penalty (1920 film), an American crime film starring Lon Chaney
The Penalty (1941 film), an American crime film
Penalty (2019 film), an Indian sports film
The Penalty (novel), a 2006 sports novel for children by Mal Peet
Other uses
Penalty (Mormonism), an oath made during the original Nauvoo Endowment ceremony of the Latter Day Saint movement
Penalty (contract), a type of contractual clause
Penalty Records, a record label
Sentence (law) | wiki |
A frame of reference consists of an abstract coordinate system and the set of physical reference points.
Frame of reference or reference frame may also refer to:
Linguistic frame of reference
Frame of reference (marketing), a phrase used to identify how a new product, service, or concept is consciously placed within a marketplace
Reference frame (video), frames of a compressed video that are used to define future frames
Frames of Reference, 1960 educational film
See also
Framing (disambiguation) | wiki |
Fluffy duck is the name of two different cocktails, both using advocaat as a common ingredient. One cocktail is a smooth, creamy drink based on white rum, and the other is a gin-based highball.
Preparation
References
Salvatore Calabrese: Complete Home Bartender's Guide: 780 Recipes for the Perfect Drink. Sterling Publishing Company 2002, , p. 79 ()
Valerie Mellema: The Professional Bartender's Handbook. Atlantic Publishing Company 2007, , pp. 175-176 ()
Cocktails with triple sec or curaçao
Cocktails with gin
Cocktails with fruit liqueur
Cocktails with advocaat
Cocktails with light rum | wiki |
A nail clipper (also called nail clippers, a nail trimmer, a nail cutter or nipper type) is a hand tool used to trim fingernails, toenails and hangnails.
Design
Nail clippers are usually made of stainless steel but can also be made of plastic and aluminum. Two common varieties are the plier type and the compound lever type. Many nail clippers usually come with a miniature file fixed to it to allow rough edges of nails to be manicured. Nail clippers occasionally come with a nail catcher. The nail clipper consists of a head that may be concave or convex. Specialized nail clippers which have convex clipping ends are intended for trimming toenails, while concave clipping ends are for fingernails. The cutting head may be manufactured to be parallel or perpendicular to the principal axis of the cutter. Cutting heads that are parallel to the principal axis are made to address accessibility issues involved with cutting toenails.
History
Before the invention of the modern nail clipper, people would use small knives to trim or pare their nails. Descriptions of nail trimming in literature date as far back as the 8th century BC. The Book of Deuteronomy exhorts in 21:12 that a man, should he wish to take a captive as a wife, "shall bring her home to [his] house, and she shall shave her head and trim her nails". A reference is made in Horace's Epistles, written circa 20 BC, to "A close-shaven man, it's said, in an empty barber's booth, penknife in hand, quietly cleaning his nails."
The first United States patent for an improvement in a finger-nail clipper was filed in 1875 by Valentine Fogerty. Other subsequent patents for an improvement in finger-nail clippers are those in 1876 by William C. Edge, and in 1878 by John H. Hollman. Filings for finger-nail clippers include, in 1881, those of Eugene Heim and Celestin Matz, in 1885 by George H. Coates (for a finger-nail cutter), and in 1905 by Chapel S. Carter with a later patent in 1922. Around 1913, Carter was secretary of the H. C. Cook Company in Ansonia, Connecticut, which was incorporated in 1903 as the H. C. Cook Machine Company by Henry C. Cook, Lewis I. Cook, and Chapel S. Carter. Around 1928, Carter was president of the company when he claimed, about 1896, the "Gem"-brand fingernail clipper was introduced.
In 1947, William E. Bassett (who started the W. E. Bassett Company in 1939) developed the "Trim"-brand nail clipper, using the superior jaw-style design that had been around since the 19th century, but adding two nibs near the base of the file to prevent lateral movement, replacing the pinned rivet with a notched rivet, and adding a thumb-swerve in the lever.
See also
Cigar cutter
Dog grooming#Nail clipping
Manicure
Pedicure
Pliers
References
External links
Mechanical hand tools
Nail care
Cutting tools
Domestic implements
Toiletry
Medical equipment
19th-century inventions | wiki |
Magoo steht für:
Magoo, einen US-amerikanischen Rapper
Magoo (Band), eine englische Indie-Rock-Band aus Norfolk
Siehe auch:
Mr. Magoo (Begriffsklärung)
Magou | wiki |
Go First Dice are a set of four dodecahedral dice in which, when rolled together, each die has an equal chance of showing the highest number, the second highest number, and so on. The dice are intended for fairly deciding the order of play in, for example, a four-player board game. Any subset of dice taken from the set and rolled together also have the same properties. The numbers on the set of dice go from 1 to 48, with each number appearing exactly once, so that no ties are possible.
References
Dice | wiki |
On January 6, 1989, the Bhutanese king proclaimed a policy of “One Nation, One People.” This royal edict, called the Driglam namzha, states that all Bhutanese have to dress and speak like Drukpas. Bhutanese citizens of Nepali descent were deemed illegal immigrants.
The Bhutanese government have been criticised for its human rights record in its treatment of Immigrants. The Bhutan government claim they are merely trying to streamline their immigration policy.
According to Bhutanese National Council members, illegal immigration to Bhutan is on the rise due to hydropower projects.
See also
Immigration to Bhutan
External links
[Immigration Act of the Kingdom of Bhutan http://www.mohca.gov.bt/Publications/ImmigrationAct2007.pdf]
References
Immigration to Bhutan
Bhutan
Bhutan | wiki |
Mucus is a slippery secretion produced by, and covering, mucous membranes
Mucus may also refer to:
Major Mucus, a character from Earthworm Jim
Rubella Mucus, a character from Camp Lazlo
See also
St. Mucus or Am I Blood, a Finnish thrash metal band
Mucus Man, a character from Aqua Teen Hunger Force
Mucous membrane | wiki |
The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is one of the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the others being the sympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system. The enteric nervous system is sometimes considered part of the autonomic nervous system, and sometimes considered an independent system.
The autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating the body's unconscious actions. The parasympathetic system is responsible for stimulation of "rest-and-digest" or "feed and breed" activities that occur when the body is at rest, especially after eating, including sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation (tears), urination, digestion, and defecation. Its action is described as being complementary to that of the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for stimulating activities associated with the fight-or-flight response.
Nerve fibres of the parasympathetic nervous system arise from the central nervous system. Specific nerves include several cranial nerves, specifically the oculomotor nerve, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve. Three spinal nerves in the sacrum (S2–4), commonly referred to as the pelvic splanchnic nerves, also act as parasympathetic nerves.
Owing to its location, the parasympathetic system is commonly referred to as having "craniosacral outflow", which stands in contrast to the sympathetic nervous system, which is said to have "thoracolumbar outflow".
Structure
The parasympathetic nerves are autonomic or visceral branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Parasympathetic nerve supply arises through three primary areas:
Certain cranial nerves in the cranium, namely the preganglionic parasympathetic nerves (CN III, CN VII, CN IX and CN X) usually arise from specific nuclei in the central nervous system (CNS) and synapse at one of four parasympathetic ganglia: ciliary, pterygopalatine, otic, or submandibular. From these four ganglia the parasympathetic nerves complete their journey to target tissues via trigeminal branches (ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve).
The vagus nerve does not participate in these cranial ganglia as most of its parasympathetic fibers are destined for a broad array of ganglia on or near thoracic viscera (esophagus, trachea, heart, lungs) and abdominal viscera (stomach, pancreas, liver, kidneys, small intestine, and about half of the large intestine). The vagus innervation ends at the junction between the midgut and hindgut, just before the splenic flexure of the transverse colon.
The pelvic splanchnic efferent preganglionic nerve cell bodies reside in the lateral gray horn of the spinal cord at the T12–L1 vertebral levels (the spinal cord terminates at the L1–L2 vertebrae with the conus medullaris), and their axons exit the vertebral column as S2–S4 spinal nerves through the sacral foramina. Their axons continue away from the CNS to synapse at an autonomic ganglion. The parasympathetic ganglion where these preganglionic neurons synapse will be close to the organ of innervation. This differs from the sympathetic nervous system, where synapses between pre- and post-ganglionic efferent nerves in general occur at ganglia that are farther away from the target organ.
As in the sympathetic nervous system, efferent parasympathetic nerve signals are carried from the central nervous system to their targets by a system of two neurons. The first neuron in this pathway is referred to as the preganglionic or presynaptic neuron. Its cell body sits in the central nervous system and its axon usually extends to synapse with the dendrites of a postganglionic neuron somewhere else in the body. The axons of presynaptic parasympathetic neurons are usually long, extending from the CNS into a ganglion that is either very close to or embedded in their target organ. As a result, the postsynaptic parasympathetic nerve fibers are very short.
Cranial nerves
The oculomotor nerve is responsible for a number of parasympathetic functions related to the eye. The oculomotor PNS fibers originate in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the central nervous system and travel through the superior orbital fissure to synapse in the ciliary ganglion located just behind the orbit (eye). From the ciliary ganglion the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers leave via short ciliary nerve fibers, a continuation of the nasociliary nerve (a branch of ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V1)). The short ciliary nerves innervate the orbit to control the ciliary muscle (responsible for accommodation) and the iris sphincter muscle, which is responsible for miosis or constriction of the pupil (in response to light or accommodation). There are two motors that are part of the oculomotor nerve known as the somatic motor and visceral motor. The somatic motor is responsible for moving the eye in precise motions and for keeping the eye fixated on an object. The visceral motor helps constrict the pupil.
The parasympathetic aspect of the facial nerve controls secretion of the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands, the lacrimal gland, and the glands associated with the nasal cavity. The preganglionic fibers originate within the CNS in the superior salivatory nucleus and leave as the intermediate nerve (which some consider a separate cranial nerve altogether) to connect with the facial nerve just distal (further out) to it surfacing the central nervous system. Just after the facial nerve geniculate ganglion (general sensory ganglion) in the temporal bone, the facial nerve gives off two separate parasympathetic nerves. The first is the greater petrosal nerve and the second is the chorda tympani. The greater petrosal nerve travels through the middle ear and eventually combines with the deep petrosal nerve (sympathetic fibers) to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal. The parasympathetic fibers of the nerve of the pterygoid canal synapse at the pterygopalatine ganglion, which is closely associated with the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2). The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers leave the pterygopalatine ganglion in several directions. One division leaves on the zygomatic division of CN V2 and travels on a communicating branch to unite with the lacrimal nerve (branch of the ophthalmic nerve of CN V1) before synapsing at the lacrimal gland. These parasympathetic to the lacrimal gland control tear production.
A separate group of parasympathetic leaving from the pterygopalatine ganglion are the descending palatine nerves (CN V2 branch), which include the greater and lesser palatine nerves. The greater palatine parasympathetic synapse on the hard palate and regulate mucus glands located there. The lesser palatine nerve synapses at the soft palate and controls sparse taste receptors and mucus glands. Yet another set of divisions from the pterygopalatine ganglion are the posterior, superior, and inferior lateral nasal nerves; and the nasopalatine nerves (all branches of CN V2, maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve) that bring parasympathetic innervation to glands of the nasal mucosa. The second parasympathetic branch that leaves the facial nerve is the chorda tympani. This nerve carries secretomotor fibers to the submandibular and sublingual glands. The chorda tympani travels through the middle ear and attaches to the lingual nerve (mandibular division of trigeminal, CN V3). After joining the lingual nerve, the preganglionic fibers synapse at the submandibular ganglion and send postganglionic fibers to the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands.
The glossopharyngeal nerve has parasympathetic fibers that innervate the parotid salivary gland. The preganglionic fibers depart CN IX as the tympanic nerve and continue to the middle ear where they make up a tympanic plexus on the cochlear promontory of the mesotympanum. The tympanic plexus of nerves rejoin and form the lesser petrosal nerve and exit through the foramen ovale to synapse at the otic ganglion. From the otic ganglion postganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel with the auriculotemporal nerve (mandibular branch of trigeminal, CN V3) to the parotid salivary gland.
Vagus nerve
The vagus nerve, named after the Latin word vagus (because the nerve controls such a broad range of target tissues – vagus in Latin literally means "wandering"), has parasympathetic functions that originate in the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve and the nucleus ambiguus in the CNS. The vagus nerve is an unusual cranial parasympathetic in that it doesn't join the trigeminal nerve in order to get to its target tissues. Another peculiarity is that the vagus has an autonomic ganglion associated with it at approximately the level of C1 vertebra. The vagus gives no parasympathetic to the cranium. The vagus nerve is hard to track definitively due to its ubiquitous nature in the thorax and abdomen so the major contributions will be discussed. Several parasympathetic nerves come off the vagus nerve as it enters the thorax. One nerve is the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which becomes the inferior laryngeal nerve. From the left vagus nerve the recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around the aorta to travel back up to the larynx and proximal esophagus while, from the right vagus nerve, the recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around the right subclavian artery to travel back up to the same location as its counterpart. These different paths are a direct result of embryological development of the circulatory system. Each recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies the trachea and the esophagus with parasympathetic secretomotor innervation for glands associated with them (and other fibers that are not PN).
Another nerve that comes off the vagus nerves approximately at the level of entering the thorax are the cardiac nerves. These cardiac nerves go on to form cardiac and pulmonary plexuses around the heart and lungs. As the main vagus nerves continue into the thorax they become intimately linked with the esophagus and sympathetic nerves from the sympathetic trunks to form the esophageal plexus. This is very efficient as the major function of the vagus nerve from there on will be control of the gut smooth muscles and glands. As the esophageal plexus enter the abdomen through the esophageal hiatus anterior and posterior vagus trunks form. The vagus trunks then join with preaortic sympathetic ganglion around the aorta to disperse with the blood vessels and sympathetic nerves throughout the abdomen. The extent of the parasympathetic in the abdomen include the pancreas, kidneys, liver, gall bladder, stomach and gut tube. The vagus contribution of parasympathetic continues down the gut tube until the end of the midgut. The midgut ends two thirds of the way across the transverse colon near the splenic flexure.
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
The pelvic splanchnic nerves, S2–4, work in tandem to innervate the pelvic viscera. Unlike in the cranium, where one parasympathetic is in charge of one particular tissue or region, for the most part the pelvic splanchnics each contribute fibers to pelvic viscera by traveling to one or more plexuses before being dispersed to the target tissue. These plexuses are composed of mixed autonomic nerve fibers (parasympathetic and sympathetic) and include the vesical, prostatic, rectal, uterovaginal, and inferior hypogastric plexuses. The preganglionic neurons in the pathway do not synapse in a ganglion as in the cranium but rather in the walls of the tissues or organs that they innervate. The fiber paths are variable and each individual's autonomic nervous system in the pelvis is unique. The visceral tissues in the pelvis that the parasympathetic nerve pathway controls include those of the urinary bladder, ureters, urinary sphincter, anal sphincter, uterus, prostate, glands, vagina, and penis. Unconsciously, the parasympathetic will cause peristaltic movements of the ureters and intestines, moving urine from the kidneys into the bladder and food down the intestinal tract and, upon necessity, the parasympathetic will assist in excreting urine from the bladder or defecation. Stimulation of the parasympathetic will cause the detrusor muscle (urinary bladder wall) to contract and simultaneously relax the internal sphincter muscle between the bladder and the urethra, allowing the bladder to void. Also, parasympathetic stimulation of the internal anal sphincter will relax this muscle to allow defecation. There are other skeletal muscles involved with these processes but the parasympathetic plays a huge role in continence and bowel retention.
A study published in 2016, suggests that all sacral autonomic output may be sympathetic; indicating that the rectum, bladder and reproductive organs may only be innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. This suggestion is based on detailed analysis of 15 phenotypic and ontogenetic factors differentiating sympathetic from parasympathetic neurons in the mouse. Assuming that the reported findings most likely applies to other mammals as well, this perspective suggests a simplified, bipartite architecture of the autonomic nervous system, in which the parasympathetic nervous system receives input from cranial nerves exclusively and the sympathetic nervous system from thoracic to sacral spinal nerves.
Function
Sensation
The afferent fibers of the autonomic nervous system, which transmit sensory information from the internal organs of the body back to the central nervous system, are not divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers as the efferent fibers are. Instead, autonomic sensory information is conducted by general visceral afferent fibers.
General visceral afferent sensations are mostly unconscious visceral motor reflex sensations from hollow organs and glands that are transmitted to the CNS. While the unconscious reflex arcs normally are undetectable, in certain instances they may send pain sensations to the CNS masked as referred pain. If the peritoneal cavity becomes inflamed or if the bowel is suddenly distended, the body will interpret the afferent pain stimulus as somatic in origin. This pain is usually non-localized. The pain is also usually referred to dermatomes that are at the same spinal nerve level as the visceral afferent synapse.
Vascular effects
Heart rate is largely controlled by the heart's internal pacemaker activity. Considering a healthy heart, the main pacemaker is a collection of cells on the border of the atria and vena cava called the sinoatrial node. Heart cells have the ability to generate electrical activity independent of external stimulation. As a result, the cells of the node spontaneously generate electrical activity that is subsequently conducted throughout the heart, resulting in a regular heart rate.
In absence of any external stimuli, sinoatrial pacing contributes to maintain the heart rate in the range of 60-100 beats per minute (bpm). At the same time, the two branches of the autonomic nervous system act in a complementary way increasing or slowing the heart rate. In this context, the vagus nerve acts on sinoatrial node slowing its conduction thus actively modulating vagal tone accordingly. This modulation is mediated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and downstream changes to ionic currents and calcium of heart cells.
The vagus nerve plays a crucial role in heart rate regulation by modulating the response of sinoatrial node; vagal tone can be quantified by investigating heart rate modulation induced by vagal tone changes. As a general consideration, increased vagal tone (and thus vagal action) is associated with a diminished and more variable heart rate. The main mechanism by which the parasympathetic nervous system acts on vascular and cardiac control is the so-called respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). RSA is described as the physiological and rhythmical fluctuation of heart rate at the respiration frequency, characterized by heart rate increase during inspiration and decrease during expiration.
Sexual activity
Another role that the parasympathetic nervous system plays is in sexual activity. In males, the cavernous nerves from the prostatic plexus stimulate smooth muscles in the fibrous trabeculae of the coiled helicine arteries of penis to relax and allow blood to fill the two corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum of the penis, making it rigid to prepare for sexual activity. Upon emission of ejaculate, the sympathetics participate and cause peristalsis of the ductus deferens and closure of the internal urethral sphincter to prevent semen from entering the bladder. At the same time, parasympathetics cause peristalsis of the urethral muscle, and the pudendal nerve causes contraction of the bulbospongiosus (skeletal muscle is not via PN), to forcibly emit the semen. During remission the penis becomes flaccid again. In the female, there is erectile tissue analogous to the male yet less substantial that plays a large role in sexual stimulation. The PN cause release of secretions in the female that decrease friction. Also in the female, the parasympathetics innervate the fallopian tubes, which helps peristaltic contractions and movement of the oocyte to the uterus for implantation. The secretions from the female genital tract aid in sperm migration. The PN (and SN to a lesser extent) play a significant role in reproduction.
Receptors
The parasympathetic nervous system uses chiefly acetylcholine (ACh) as its neurotransmitter, although peptides (such as cholecystokinin) can be used. The ACh acts on two types of receptors, the muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Most transmissions occur in two stages: When stimulated, the preganglionic neuron releases ACh at the ganglion, which acts on nicotinic receptors of postganglionic neurons. The postganglionic neuron then releases ACh to stimulate the muscarinic receptors of the target organ.
Types of muscarinic receptors
The five main types of muscarinic receptors:
The M1 muscarinic receptors () are located in the neural system.
The M2 muscarinic receptors () are located in the heart, and act to bring the heart back to normal after the actions of the sympathetic nervous system: slowing down the heart rate, reducing contractile forces of the atrial cardiac muscle, and reducing conduction velocity of the sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node. They have a minimal effect on the contractile forces of the ventricular muscle due to sparse innervation of the ventricles from the parasympathetic nervous system.
The M3 muscarinic receptors () are located at many places in the body, such as the endothelial cells of blood vessels, as well as the lungs causing bronchoconstriction. The net effect of innervated M3 receptors on blood vessels is vasodilation, as acetylcholine causes endothelial cells to produce nitric oxide, which diffuses to smooth muscle and results in vasodilation. They are also in the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, which help in increasing intestinal motility and dilating sphincters. The M3 receptors are also located in many glands that help to stimulate secretion in salivary glands and other glands of the body. They are also located on the detrusor muscle and urothelium of the bladder, causing contraction.
The M4 muscarinic receptors: Postganglionic cholinergic nerves, possible CNS effects
The M5 muscarinic receptors: Possible effects on the CNS
Types of nicotinic receptors
In vertebrates, nicotinic receptors are broadly classified into two subtypes based on their primary sites of expression: muscle-type nicotinic receptors (N1) primarily for somatic motor neurons; and neuronal-type nicotinic receptors (N2) primarily for autonomic nervous system.
Relationship to sympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions typically function in opposition to each other. The sympathetic division typically functions in actions requiring quick responses. The parasympathetic division functions with actions that do not require immediate reaction. A mnemonic to summarize the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system is SSLUDD (sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion and defecation).
Clinical significance
The functions promoted by activity in the parasympathetic nervous system are associated with our day-to-day living. The parasympathetic nervous system promotes digestion and the synthesis of glycogen, and allows for normal function and behavior.
Parasympathetic action helps in digestion and absorption of food by increasing the activity of the intestinal musculature, increasing gastric secretion, and relaxing the pyloric sphincter. It is called the “rest and digest” division of the ANS.
The parasympathetic nervous system decreases respiration and heart rate and increases digestion. Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in:
Constriction of pupils
Decreased heart rate and blood pressure
Constriction of bronchial muscles
Increase in digestion
Increased production of saliva and mucus
Increase in urine secretion
History
The terminology ‘Parasympathetic nervous system’ was introduced by John Newport Langley in 1921. He was the first person who put forward the concept of PSNS as the second division of the autonomic nervous system.
References | wiki |
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is one of the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the others being the parasympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system. The enteric nervous system is sometimes considered part of the autonomic nervous system, and sometimes considered an independent system.
The autonomic nervous system functions to regulate the body's unconscious actions. The sympathetic nervous system's primary process is to stimulate the body's fight or flight response. It is, however, constantly active at a basic level to maintain homeostasis. The sympathetic nervous system is described as being antagonistic to the parasympathetic nervous system which stimulates the body to "feed and breed" and to (then) "rest-and-digest".
Structure
There are two kinds of neurons involved in the transmission of any signal through the sympathetic system: pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic. The shorter preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracolumbar division of the spinal cord specifically at T1 to L2~L3, and travel to a ganglion, often one of the paravertebral ganglia, where they synapse with a postganglionic neuron. From there, the long postganglionic neurons extend across most of the body.
At the synapses within the ganglia, preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on postganglionic neurons. In response to this stimulus, the postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine, which activates adrenergic receptors that are present on the peripheral target tissues. The activation of target tissue receptors causes the effects associated with the sympathetic system. However, there are three important exceptions:
Postganglionic neurons of sweat glands release acetylcholine for the activation of muscarinic receptors, except for areas of thick skin, the palms and the plantar surfaces of the feet, where norepinephrine is released and acts on adrenergic receptors. This leads to the activation of sudomotor function which is assessed by electrochemical skin conductance.
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are analogous to post-ganglionic neurons; the adrenal medulla develops in tandem with the sympathetic nervous system and acts as a modified sympathetic ganglion. Within this endocrine gland, pre-ganglionic neurons synapse with chromaffin cells, triggering the release of two transmitters: a small proportion of norepinephrine, and more substantially, epinephrine. The synthesis and release of epinephrine as opposed to norepinephrine is another distinguishing feature of chromaffin cells compared to postganglionic sympathetic neurons.
Postganglionic sympathetic nerves terminating in the kidney release dopamine, which acts on dopamine D1 receptors of blood vessels to control how much blood the kidney filters. Dopamine is the immediate metabolic precursor to norepinephrine, but is nonetheless a distinct signaling molecule.
Organization
Sympathetic nerves arise from near the middle of the spinal cord in the intermediolateral nucleus of the lateral grey column, beginning at the first thoracic vertebra of the vertebral column and are thought to extend to the second or third lumbar vertebra. Because its cells begin in the thoracolumbar division – the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord – the sympathetic nervous system is said to have a thoracolumbar outflow. Axons of these nerves leave the spinal cord through the anterior root. They pass near the spinal (sensory) ganglion, where they enter the anterior rami of the spinal nerves. However, unlike somatic innervation, they quickly separate out through white rami connectors (so called from the shiny white sheaths of myelin around each axon) that connect to either the paravertebral (which lie near the vertebral column) or prevertebral (which lie near the aortic bifurcation) ganglia extending alongside the spinal column.
To reach target organs and glands, the axons must travel long distances in the body, and, to accomplish this, many axons relay their message to a second cell through synaptic transmission. The ends of the axons link across a space, the synapse, to the dendrites of the second cell. The first cell (the presynaptic cell) sends a neurotransmitter across the synaptic cleft where it activates the second cell (the postsynaptic cell). The message is then carried to the final destination.
Presynaptic nerves' axons terminate in either the paravertebral ganglia or prevertebral ganglia. There are four different paths an axon can take before reaching its terminal. In all cases, the axon enters the paravertebral ganglion at the level of its originating spinal nerve. After this, it can then either synapse in this ganglion, ascend to a more superior or descend to a more inferior paravertebral ganglion and synapse there, or it can descend to a prevertebral ganglion and synapse there with the postsynaptic cell.
The postsynaptic cell then goes on to innervate the targeted end effector (i.e. gland, smooth muscle, etc.). Because paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia are close to the spinal cord, presynaptic neurons are much shorter than their postsynaptic counterparts, which must extend throughout the body to reach their destinations.
A notable exception to the routes mentioned above is the sympathetic innervation of the suprarenal (adrenal) medulla. In this case, presynaptic neurons pass through paravertebral ganglia, on through prevertebral ganglia and then synapse directly with suprarenal tissue. This tissue consists of cells that have pseudo-neuron like qualities in that when activated by the presynaptic neuron, they will release their neurotransmitter (epinephrine) directly into the bloodstream.
In the sympathetic nervous system and other components of the peripheral nervous system, these synapses are made at sites called ganglia. The cell that sends its fiber is called a preganglionic cell, while the cell whose fiber leaves the ganglion is called a postganglionic cell. As mentioned previously, the preganglionic cells of the sympathetic nervous system are located between the first thoracic segment and the third lumbar segments of the spinal cord. Postganglionic cells have their cell bodies in the ganglia and send their axons to target organs or glands.
The ganglia include not just the sympathetic trunks but also the cervical ganglia (superior, middle and inferior), which send sympathetic nerve fibers to the head and thorax organs, and the celiac and mesenteric ganglia, which send sympathetic fibers to the gut.
Information transmission
Messages travel through the sympathetic nervous system in a bi-directional flow. Efferent messages can trigger changes in different parts of the body simultaneously. For example, the sympathetic nervous system can accelerate heart rate; widen bronchial passages; decrease motility (movement) of the large intestine; constrict blood vessels; increase peristalsis in the oesophagus; cause pupillary dilation, piloerection (goose bumps) and perspiration (sweating); and raise blood pressure. One exception is with certain blood vessels such as those in the cerebral and coronary arteries, which dilate (rather than constrict) with an increase in sympathetic tone. This is because of a proportional increase in the presence of β2 adrenergic receptors rather than α1 receptors. β2 receptors promote vessel dilation instead of constriction like α1 receptors. An alternative explanation is that the primary (and direct) effect of sympathetic stimulation on coronary arteries is vasoconstriction followed by a secondary vasodilation caused by the release of vasodilatory metabolites due to the sympathetically increased cardiac inotropy and heart rate. This secondary vasodilation caused by the primary vasoconstriction is termed functional sympatholysis, the overall effect of which on coronary arteries is dilation.
The target synapse of the postganglionic neuron is mediated by adrenergic receptors and is activated by either norepinephrine (noradrenaline) or epinephrine (adrenaline).
Function
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for up- and down-regulating many homeostatic mechanisms in living organisms. Fibers from the SYNS innervate tissues in almost every organ system, providing at least some regulation of functions as diverse as pupil diameter, gut motility, and urinary system output and function. It is perhaps best known for mediating the neuronal and hormonal stress response commonly known as the fight-or-flight response. This response is also known as sympatho-adrenal response of the body, as the preganglionic sympathetic fibers that end in the adrenal medulla (but also all other sympathetic fibers) secrete acetylcholine, which activates the great secretion of adrenaline (epinephrine) and to a lesser extent noradrenaline (norepinephrine) from it. Therefore, this response that acts primarily on the cardiovascular system is mediated directly via impulses transmitted through the sympathetic nervous system and indirectly via catecholamines secreted from the adrenal medulla.
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for priming the body for action, particularly in situations threatening survival. One example of this priming is in the moments before waking, in which sympathetic outflow spontaneously increases in preparation for action.
Sympathetic nervous system stimulation causes vasoconstriction of most blood vessels, including many of those in the skin, the digestive tract, and the kidneys. This occurs as a result of activation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine released by post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons. These receptors exist throughout the vasculature of the body but are inhibited and counterbalanced by beta-2 adrenergic receptors (stimulated by epinephrine release from the adrenal glands) in the skeletal muscles, the heart, the lungs, and the brain during a sympathoadrenal response. The net effect of this is a shunting of blood away from the organs not necessary to the immediate survival of the organism and an increase in blood flow to those organs involved in intense physical activity.
Sensation
The afferent fibers of the autonomic nervous system, which transmit sensory information from the internal organs of the body back to the central nervous system (or CNS), are not divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers as the efferent fibers are. Instead, autonomic sensory information is conducted by general visceral afferent fibers.
General visceral afferent sensations are mostly unconscious visceral motor reflex sensations from hollow organs and glands that are transmitted to the CNS. While the unconscious reflex arcs normally are undetectable, in certain instances they may send pain sensations to the CNS masked as referred pain. If the peritoneal cavity becomes inflamed or if the bowel is suddenly distended, the body will interpret the afferent pain stimulus as somatic in origin. This pain is usually non-localized. The pain is also usually referred to dermatomes that are at the same spinal nerve level as the visceral afferent synapse.
Relationship with the parasympathetic nervous system
Together with the other component of the autonomic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system, the sympathetic nervous system aids in the control of most of the body's internal organs. Reaction to stress—as in the flight-or-fight response—is thought to be elicited by the sympathetic nervous system and to counteract the parasympathetic system, which works to promote maintenance of the body at rest. The comprehensive functions of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are not so straightforward, but this is a useful rule of thumb.
Disorders
In heart failure, the sympathetic nervous system increases its activity, leading to increased force of muscular contractions that in turn increases the stroke volume, as well as peripheral vasoconstriction to maintain blood pressure. However, these effects accelerate disease progression, eventually increasing mortality in heart failure.
Sympathicotonia is a stimulated condition of the sympathetic nervous system, marked by vascular spasm, elevated blood pressure, and goose bumps.
History and etymology
The name of this system can be traced to the concept of sympathy, in the sense of "connection between parts", first used medically by Galen. In the 18th century, Jacob B. Winslow applied the term specifically to nerves.
The concept that an independent part of the nervous system coordinates body functions had its origin in the works of Galen (129–199), who proposed that nerves distributed spirits throughout the body. From animal dissections he concluded that there were extensive interconnections from the spinal cord to the viscera and from one organ to another. He proposed that this system fostered a concerted action or ‘sympathy’ of the organs. Little changed until the Renaissance when Bartolomeo Eustacheo (1545) depicted the sympathetic nerves, the vagus and adrenal glands in anatomical drawings. Jacobus Winslow (1669–1760), a Danish-born professor working in Paris, popularised the term ‘sympathetic nervous system’ in 1732 to describe the chain of ganglia and nerves which were connected to the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord.
See also
Cremaster muscle
Cremasteric reflex
Epinephrine
History of catecholamine research
Limbic system
Norepinephrine
Sympathetic ganglia
Sympathetic trunk
Sympathicolysis
References | wiki |
A mating yard is a term for an apiary which consists primarily of queen mating nucs and hives which raise drones. A queen bee must mate in order to lay fertilized eggs, which develop into workers and other queens, which are both female. Queens can lay eggs parthenogenetically, but these will always develop into drones (males).
Mating nucs
A mating yard allows dozens of queens to mate and begin to lay. The hives in a mating yard are primarily mating nucs or drone producing hives.
Mating nucs are smaller than normal nucs, often containing non self-sustaining numbers of bees.
The beekeeper will replenish the workers in a mating nuc by shaking additional bees into mating nucs when their population is running low.
Drone producing hives
Drone producing hives produce abnormally large numbers of drones. By using drone foundation in the brood nest a beekeeper can produce a large drone population to saturate the Drone Congregation area with drones of a given stock. Saturating the drone congregation area improves the odds that the queen will mate with drones of a particular lineage, but does not guarantee it.
Open mating
This method of mating is called "open mating."
Once a queen is mated and the beekeeper observes the laying pattern, the queen will be removed, caged and sold. The mating nuc will receive another queen cell or virgin queen and the process will repeat.
Apiaries | wiki |
The enteric nervous system (ENS) or intrinsic nervous system is one of the main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract. It is capable of acting independently of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, although it may be influenced by them. The ENS is nicknamed the "second brain". It is derived from neural crest cells.
The enteric nervous system is capable of operating independently of the brain and spinal cord, but does rely on innervation from the vagus nerve and prevertebral ganglia in healthy subjects. However, studies have shown that the system is operable with a severed vagus nerve. The neurons of the enteric nervous system control the motor functions of the system, in addition to the secretion of gastrointestinal enzymes. These neurons communicate through many neurotransmitters similar to the CNS, including acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin. The large presence of serotonin and dopamine in the gut are key areas of research for neurogastroenterologists.
Structure
The enteric nervous system in humans consists of some 500 million neurons (including the various types of Dogiel cells), 0.5% of the number of neurons in the brain, five times as many as the one hundred million neurons in the human spinal cord, and about as many as in the whole nervous system of a cat. The enteric nervous system is embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system, beginning in the esophagus and extending down to the anus.
The neurons of the ENS are collected into two types of ganglia: myenteric (Auerbach's) and submucosal (Meissner's) plexuses. Myenteric plexuses are located between the inner and outer layers of the muscularis externa, while submucosal plexuses are located in the submucosa.
Auerbach's plexus
Auerbach's plexus, also known as the myenteric plexus, is a collection of unmyelinated fibers and postganglionic autonomic cell bodies that lie between the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract. It was discovered and named by German neuropathologist Leopold Auerbach. These neurons provide motor inputs to both layers of the muscularis externa and provide both parasympathetic and sympathetic input. The anatomy of the plexus is similar to the anatomy of the central nervous system. The plexus includes sensory receptors, such as chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors, that are used to provide sensory input to the interneurons in the enteric nervous system. The plexus is the parasympathetic nucleus of origin for the vagus nerve and communicates with the medulla oblongata through both the anterior and posterior vagal nerves.
Submucosal plexus
The submucosal plexus (also known as Meissner's plexus) is found in the submucosal layer of the gastrointestinal tract. It was discovered and named by German physiologist Georg Meissner. It functions as a pathway for the innervation in the mucosa layer of the gastrointestinal wall.
Function
The ENS is capable of autonomous functions like the coordination of reflexes; although it receives considerable innervation from the autonomic nervous system, it can and does operate independently of the brain and the spinal cord. Its study is the focus of neurogastroenterology.
Complexity
The enteric nervous system has been described as a "second brain" for several reasons. The enteric nervous system can operate autonomously. It normally communicates with the central nervous system (CNS) through the parasympathetic (e.g., via the vagus nerve) and sympathetic (e.g., via the prevertebral ganglia) nervous systems. However, vertebrate studies show that when the vagus nerve is severed, the enteric nervous system continues to function.
In vertebrates, the enteric nervous system includes efferent neurons, afferent neurons, and interneurons, all of which make the enteric nervous system capable of carrying reflexes and acting as an integrating center in the absence of CNS input. The sensory neurons report on mechanical and chemical conditions. Through intestinal muscles, the motor neurons control peristalsis and churning of intestinal contents. Other neurons control the secretion of enzymes. The enteric nervous system also makes use of more than 30 neurotransmitters, most of which are identical to the ones found in CNS, such as acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin. More than 90% of the body's serotonin lies in the gut, as well as about 50% of the body's dopamine, which is currently being studied to further our understanding of its utility in the brain.
The enteric nervous system has the capacity to alter its response depending on such factors as bulk and nutrient composition. In addition, the ENS contains support cells which are similar to astroglia of the brain and a diffusion barrier around the capillaries surrounding ganglia which is similar to the blood–brain barrier of cerebral blood vessels.
Peristalsis
Peristalsis is a series of radially symmetrical contractions and relaxations of muscles which propagate down a muscular tube. In humans and other mammals, peristalsis is found in the smooth muscles of the digestive tract to propel contents through the digestive system. The word is derived from New Latin and comes from the Greek peristallein, "to wrap around," from peri-, "around" + stallein, "to place". Peristalsis was discovered in 1899 by the work of physiologists William Bayliss and Ernest Starling. Working on the small intestines of dogs, they found that the response of increasing the pressure in the intestine caused the contraction of the muscle wall above the point of stimulation and the relaxation of the muscle wall below the point of stimulation.
Segmentation
Segmentation contractions are the contractions in intestines carried out by the smooth muscle walls. Unlike peristalsis, which involves the contraction and relaxation of muscles in one direction, segmentation occurs simultaneously in both directions as the circular muscles alternatively contract. This allows for thorough mixing of intestinal contents, known as chyme, to allow greater absorption.
Secretion
The secretion of gastrointestinal hormones, such as gastrin and secretin, is regulated through cholinergic neurons residing in the walls of the digestive tract. Hormone secretion is controlled by the vagovagal reflex, where the neurons in the digestive tract communicate through both afferent and efferent pathways with the vagus nerve.
Clinical significance
Neurogastroenterology encompasses the study of the brain, the gut, and their interactions with relevance to the understanding and management of gastrointestinal motility and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Specifically, neurogastroenterology focuses on the functions, malfunctions, and the malformations of the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions of the digestive tract. The term also describes a medical sub-specialism of gastroenterology dedicated to the treatment of motility and functional gastrointestinal disorders.
Functional gastrointestinal disorders
Functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are a class of gastrointestinal disorders where there is a malfunction in the normal activities of the gastrointestinal tract, but there are no structural abnormalities that can explain the cause. There are rarely any tests that can detect the presence of these disorders. Clinical research in neurogastroenterology focuses mainly on the study of common functional gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, the most common functional GI disorder.
Motility disorders
Motility disorders are the second classification of gastrointestinal disorder studied by neurogastroenterologists. Motility disorders are divided by what they affect, with four regions: The esophagus, the stomach, the small intestines, and the large intestines. Clinical research in neurogastroenterology focuses mainly on the study of common motility disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, the damage of the mucosa of the esophagus caused by rising stomach acid through the lower esophageal sphincter.
Gut ischaemia
ENS function can be damaged by ischemia. Transplantation, previously described as a theoretical possibility, has been a clinical reality in the United States since 2011 and is regularly performed at some hospitals.
Additional images
Neurogastroenterology societies
American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society
European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility
Neurogastroenterology & Motility
See also
Basal electrical rhythm
Homeostatic emotion
Gut–brain axis
Human gastrointestinal tract
References
Further references
Grosell M, Farrell A P and Brauner C J (Eds) (2010) Fish Physiology: The Multifunctional Gut of Fish Academic Press. .
Gershon M. D. (1999), The Second Brain: A Groundbreaking New Understanding of Nervous Disorders of the Stomach and Intestine, Harper Perennial, .
External links
Animal anatomy | wiki |
Lor mee () is a Chinese Hokkien noodle dish from Zhangzhou served in a thick starchy gravy. Variants of the dish are also eaten by Hokkiens (Min Nan speakers) in Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. In the Philippines, the local variant is called Lomi or Pancit Lomi. The thick gravy is made of corn starch, spices, meat, seafoods and eggs. The ingredients added into the noodles are usually ngo hiang, fish cake, fish, round and flat meat dumplings (usually chicken or pork), half a boiled egg, and other items depending on the stall and the price paid. Vinegar and garlic can be added as an optional item. Lor Mee can be served together with red chili. Traditional versions also include bits of fried fish as topping though few stalls serve this version anymore.
In Putian cuisine, lor mee is a much lighter dish usually prepared with less starch and seafood instead of meat.
Henan lumian
In central China's Henan cuisine, the same characters () are used for an unrelated dish of wheat noodles traditionally prepared with a labor-intensive process of steaming, stir-frying and then steaming again.
Although they are all thought to have descended from lor mee (卤面), a staple of Fujianese cooking.
See also
Mie kuah
Chinese Indonesian cuisine
Hokkien mee, a series of Singaporean and Malaysian noodle dishes descended from Fujian lor mee
Malaysian cuisine
Singaporean cuisine
Thai cuisine
References
Chinese noodle dishes
Burmese cuisine
Malaysian noodle dishes
Singaporean noodle dishes
Indonesian noodle dishes | wiki |
Entertaining Angels may refer to:
Entertaining Angels (play), a 2009 play by Richard Everett
Entertaining Angels: The Dorothy Day Story, a 1996 film about the life of Dorothy Day
"Entertaining Angels" (song), a single and EP by Newsboys
Entertaining Angels, by Landmarq, or the title song, 2012 | wiki |
Cheese ripening, alternatively cheese maturation or affinage, is a process in cheesemaking. It is responsible for the distinct flavour of cheese, and through the modification of "ripening agents", determines the features that define many different varieties of cheeses, such as taste, texture, and body. The process is "characterized by a series of complex physical, chemical and microbiological changes" that incorporates the agents of "bacteria and enzymes of the milk, lactic culture, rennet, lipases, added moulds or yeasts, and environmental contaminants". The majority of cheese is ripened, except for fresh cheese.
History
Cheese ripening was not always the highly industrialised process it is today; in the past, cellars and caves were used to ripen cheeses instead of the current highly regulated process involving machinery and biochemistry. Some cheeses still are made using more historical methods, such as the blue cheese Roquefort, which is required to be ripened in designated caves in south-western France. However, with the invention of refrigeration in the 20th century, the process evolved considerably, and is much more efficient at producing a consistent quality of cheese, at a faster pace, and a lower cost (depending on the type of cheese).
Process
After the initial manufacturing process of the cheese is done, the cheese ripening process occurs. This process is especially important, since it defines the flavour and texture of the cheese, which differentiates the many varieties. Duration is dependent on the type of cheese and the desired quality, and typically ranges from "three weeks to two or more years".
Ripening is influenced by a variety of factors, ranging from the microflora to the curd, and others. The enzymatic process is the most crucial process for all cheeses, although bacteria plays a role in many varieties. The most important agents in this process include the following elements:
Rennet, or a substitute for rennet
starter bacteria and associated enzymes
milk enzymes
second starter bacteria and associated enzymes
non-starter bacteria
Each of these factors affects the cheese-ripening process differently, and has been the subject of much research. It is important for manufacturers to understand how each of these elements work, so that they are able to maintain the quality of the cheese while producing the cheese at an acceptable investment of time and cost. These agents contribute to the three primary reactions that define cheese ripening: glycolysis, proteolysis, and lipolysis.
By taking the cheese through a series of maturation stages where temperature and relative humidity are carefully controlled, the cheese maker allows the surface mould to grow and the mould ripening of the cheese by fungi to occur. Mould-ripened cheeses ripen faster than hard cheeses, in weeks as opposed to the typical months or even years. This is because the fungi used are more biochemically active than the starter bacteria. Where the ripening occurs is largely dependent on the type of cheese: some cheeses are surface-ripened by moulds, such as Camembert and Brie; and some are ripened internally, such as Stilton. Surface ripening of some cheeses, such as Saint-Nectaire cheese, may also be influenced by yeasts which contribute flavour and coat texture. Others are allowed by the cheesemaker to develop bacterial surface growths which give characteristic colours and appearances. The growth of Brevibacterium linens, for example, creates an orange coat to cheeses.
In contrast to cheddaring, making cheeses like Camembert requires a more gentle treatment of the curd. It is carefully transferred to cheese hoops and the whey is allowed to drain from the curd by gravity, generally overnight. The cheese curds are then removed from the hoops to be brined by immersion in a saturated salt solution. This is because the amount of salt has a large effect on the rate of proteolysis in the cheese, stopping the bacteria from growing. If white-mould spores have not been added to the cheese milk, the cheese maker applies them to the cheese either by spraying the cheese with a suspension of mould spores in water, or by immersing the cheese in a bath containing spores of, e.g., Penicillium candida.
Starting in the 1970s, chemical analysis of cheese flavor made it possible to replicate aspects of cheese ripening by added enzymes. This resulted in enzyme-modified cheese, a flavoring preparation providing exaggerated cheese flavors, produced in a fraction of the time.
Effect on features
Eyes
The round holes that are a characteristic feature of Swiss-type cheese (e.g. Emmentaler cheese) and some Dutch-type cheeses are called "eyes". They are bubbles of carbon dioxide that is produced by bacteria in the cheese.
In Swiss-type cheeses, the eyes form as a result of the activity of propionic acid bacteria (propionibacteria), notably Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii. In Dutch-type cheeses, the CO2 that forms the eyes results from the metabolisation of citrate by citrate-positive ("Cit+") strains of lactococci.
Taste
The process of cheese ripening affects the taste of the final product. If the product is not ripened, the resulting cheese is tasteless, and so all cheese is ripened except for fresh cheeses. Different factors define taste in cheese, including casein, fat, brine and many other elements. Brine, for example, mixes with saliva, delivering the flavour of the cheese to the taste buds and determining the cheese's moistness. Many of these elements are specific to the type of cheese. For instance, proline is more abundant in Emmental than in any other type of cheese and gives the cheese its much sweeter taste.
See also
List of cheeses
Footnotes
References
Cheese
Fermentation in food processing | wiki |
Inger or Ingvar (Old Norse: Yngvarr; Greek: Ινγρος Μαρτινακιος, Ingros Martinakios; c. 814 - after 870) was a Byzantine Varangian soldier, politician and courtier of Nordic origin. In the service of Amorian emperors, Theophilos and Michael III, he rose to distinction in the military and ultimately became a senator in Constantinople. During the reign of Basil the Macedonian he served as a courtier before retiring to his estates and dying some time after 870.
Inger married Melisenna Martinakia, a descendant of Heraclius, with whom he had several children including the future empress Eudokia Ingerina.
References
Varangians
9th-century Byzantine people
810s births
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death unknown | wiki |
Video Pinball is a video game programmed by Bob Smith and released by Atari, Inc. in 1980 for the Atari VCS (renamed to the Atari 2600 in 1982). The Sears rebranded version for its Tele-Games system is Arcade Pinball.
Gameplay
Video Pinball is a loose simulation of an arcade pinball machine: ball launcher, flippers, bumpers, and spinners. Hitting the Atari logo on the playfield four times awards an extra ball.
Pulling down on the Atari joystick pulls the pinball machine plunger back while pressing the joystick button shoots the ball into the playfield. The left and right flippers are activated by moving the joystick controller left or right. The ball can be nudged (as in nudging a table gently in real life) by holding down the joystick button and moving the controller in a particular direction. Nudging too much results in a tilt, forcing the ball to drain.
See also
List of Atari 2600 games
References
External links
Video Pinball at Atari Mania
1980 video games
Atari 2600 games
Atari 2600-only games
Pinball video games
Video games developed in the United States | wiki |
Ishoʿ (īšōʕ), a cognate of the Hebrew term Yeshu, is the Eastern Syriac pronunciation of the Aramaic form of the name of Jesus.
It is still commonly used as a name for Jesus among Syriac Christians of the Middle East and Saint Thomas Christians of India. Persons with this name include:
Ishoʿ of Merv
Isho Bar Nun
Isho Shiba
Names with Ishoʿ as a component include Ishoʿbokht, Ishoʿdad, Ishoʿdnaḥ, Ishoʿsabran and Ishoʿyahb.
References
Names of Jesus
Church of the East
Masculine given names | wiki |
The mulato pepper is one of the two dried varieties of the poblano pepper. Mulatos are dried fully mature poblanos, whereas poblanos that are harvested early and dried are called ancho peppers.
The mulato is flat and wrinkled, and is always brownish-black in color. The average length and width of the mulato is 10 cm and 5 cm, respectively. Its shape is wide at the top, tapering to a blunt point.
The mulato has been described as tasting somewhat like chocolate or licorice, with undertones of cherry and tobacco. Its heat rating is 2,500 to 3,000 on the Scoville scale.
Chili peppers
Mexican cuisine
Capsicum cultivars | wiki |
Westfield School may refer to:
United Kingdom
Westfield School, Bourne, in Lincolnshire
Westfield School, Bourne End, a special school in Buckinghamshire
Westfield School, Newcastle upon Tyne, in Tyne and Wear
Westfield School, Sheffield, in South Yorkshire
Westfield Community Technology College, in Watford, Hertfordshire
Westfield Primary School, in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire
Former name of Westfield Academy, Yeovil, in Somerset
United States
The Westfield School, a private PK-12 school in Perry, Georgia
Westfield Community School, a K-8 school in Algonquin, Illinois
See also
Westfield High School (disambiguation)
Westfield Schools (disambiguation) | wiki |
Red Light Green Light, or Statues, is a children's game.
Red Light Green Light may also refer to:
"Red Light, Green Light" (Squid Game), a 2021 television episode
"Red Light Green Light" (song) by DaBaby, 2021
"Red Light Green Light", a song by Digga D, 2021
"Red Light Green Light", a song by Duke Dumont, 2019
"Red Light - Green Light", a song by the Wildhearts, 1996
Redlight, Greenlight, an EP by Black Sheep, 2002 | wiki |
The 1997–98 Australia Tri-Nation Series (more commonly known as the 1997–98 Carlton and United Series) was a One Day International (ODI) cricket tri-series where Australia played host to New Zealand and South Africa. Australia and South Africa reached the Finals, which Australia won 2–1.
Squads
Points table
Result summary
Match 1: Australia vs. South Africa
Match 2: New Zealand vs. South Africa
Match 3: Australia vs. New Zealand
4th match: Australia vs. South Africa
5th match: New Zealand vs. South Africa
6th match: Australia vs. New Zealand
7th match: New Zealand vs. South Africa
8th match: Australia vs. South Africa
9th match: Australia vs. New Zealand
10th match: New Zealand vs. South Africa
11th match: Australia vs. South Africa
12th match: Australia vs. New Zealand
Final series
Australia won the best of three final series against South Africa 2–1.
1st Final: Australia vs. South Africa
2nd Final: Australia vs. South Africa
3rd Final: Australia vs. South Africa
External links
Series home at Cricinfo
References
Australian Tri-Series
1997 in Australian cricket
1997 in cricket
1997–98 Australian cricket season
1998 in Australian cricket
1998 in cricket
International cricket competitions from 1997–98 to 2000
1997–98
1997–98 | wiki |
This article lists some important classes of matrices used in mathematics, science and engineering. A matrix (plural matrices, or less commonly matrixes) is a rectangular array of numbers called entries. Matrices have a long history of both study and application, leading to diverse ways of classifying matrices. A first group is matrices satisfying concrete conditions of the entries, including constant matrices. Important examples include the identity matrix given by
and the zero matrix of dimension . For example:
.
Further ways of classifying matrices are according to their eigenvalues, or by imposing conditions on the product of the matrix with other matrices. Finally, many domains, both in mathematics and other sciences including physics and chemistry, have particular matrices that are applied chiefly in these areas.
Constant matrices
The list below comprises matrices whose elements are constant for any given dimension (size) of matrix. The matrix entries will be denoted aij. The table below uses the Kronecker delta δij for two integers i and j which is 1 if i = j and 0 else.
Specific patterns for entries
The following lists matrices whose entries are subject to certain conditions. Many of them apply to square matrices only, that is matrices with the same number of columns and rows. The main diagonal of a square matrix is the diagonal joining the upper left corner and the lower right one or equivalently the entries ai,i. The other diagonal is called anti-diagonal (or counter-diagonal).
Matrices satisfying some equations
A number of matrix-related notions is about properties of products or inverses of the given matrix. The matrix product of a m-by-n matrix A and a n-by-k matrix B is the m-by-k matrix C given by
This matrix product is denoted AB. Unlike the product of numbers, matrix products are not commutative, that is to say AB need not be equal to BA. A number of notions are concerned with the failure of this commutativity. An inverse of square matrix A is a matrix B (necessarily of the same dimension as A) such that AB = I. Equivalently, BA = I. An inverse need not exist. If it exists, B is uniquely determined, and is also called the inverse of A, denoted A−1.
Matrices with conditions on eigenvalues or eigenvectors
Matrices generated by specific data
Matrices used in statistics
The following matrices find their main application in statistics and probability theory.
Bernoulli matrix — a square matrix with entries +1, −1, with equal probability of each.
Centering matrix — a matrix which, when multiplied with a vector, has the same effect as subtracting the mean of the components of the vector from every component.
Correlation matrix — a symmetric n×n matrix, formed by the pairwise correlation coefficients of several random variables.
Covariance matrix — a symmetric n×n matrix, formed by the pairwise covariances of several random variables. Sometimes called a dispersion matrix.
Dispersion matrix — another name for a covariance matrix.
Doubly stochastic matrix — a non-negative matrix such that each row and each column sums to 1 (thus the matrix is both left stochastic and right stochastic)
Fisher information matrix — a matrix representing the variance of the partial derivative, with respect to a parameter, of the log of the likelihood function of a random variable.
Hat matrix — a square matrix used in statistics to relate fitted values to observed values.
Orthostochastic matrix — doubly stochastic matrix whose entries are the squares of the absolute values of the entries of some orthogonal matrix
Precision matrix — a symmetric n×n matrix, formed by inverting the covariance matrix. Also called the information matrix.
Stochastic matrix — a non-negative matrix describing a stochastic process. The sum of entries of any row is one.
Transition matrix — a matrix representing the probabilities of conditions changing from one state to another in a Markov chain
Unistochastic matrix — a doubly stochastic matrix whose entries are the squares of the absolute values of the entries of some unitary matrix
Matrices used in graph theory
The following matrices find their main application in graph and network theory.
Adjacency matrix — a square matrix representing a graph, with aij non-zero if vertex i and vertex j are adjacent.
Biadjacency matrix — a special class of adjacency matrix that describes adjacency in bipartite graphs.
Degree matrix — a diagonal matrix defining the degree of each vertex in a graph.
Edmonds matrix — a square matrix of a bipartite graph.
Incidence matrix — a matrix representing a relationship between two classes of objects (usually vertices and edges in the context of graph theory).
Laplacian matrix — a matrix equal to the degree matrix minus the adjacency matrix for a graph, used to find the number of spanning trees in the graph.
Seidel adjacency matrix — a matrix similar to the usual adjacency matrix but with −1 for adjacency; +1 for nonadjacency; 0 on the diagonal.
Skew-adjacency matrix — an adjacency matrix in which each non-zero aij is 1 or −1, accordingly as the direction i → j matches or opposes that of an initially specified orientation.
Tutte matrix — a generalization of the Edmonds matrix for a balanced bipartite graph.
Matrices used in science and engineering
Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix — a unitary matrix used in particle physics to describe the strength of flavour-changing weak decays.
Density matrix — a matrix describing the statistical state of a quantum system. Hermitian, non-negative and with trace 1.
Fundamental matrix (computer vision) — a 3 × 3 matrix in computer vision that relates corresponding points in stereo images.
Fuzzy associative matrix — a matrix in artificial intelligence, used in machine learning processes.
Gamma matrices — 4 × 4 matrices in quantum field theory.
Gell-Mann matrices — a generalization of the Pauli matrices; these matrices are one notable representation of the infinitesimal generators of the special unitary group SU(3).
Hamiltonian matrix — a matrix used in a variety of fields, including quantum mechanics and linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) systems.
Irregular matrix — a matrix used in computer science which has a varying number of elements in each row.
Overlap matrix — a type of Gramian matrix, used in quantum chemistry to describe the inter-relationship of a set of basis vectors of a quantum system.
S matrix — a matrix in quantum mechanics that connects asymptotic (infinite past and future) particle states.
Scattering matrix - a matrix in Microwave Engineering that describes how the power move in a multiport system.
State transition matrix — exponent of state matrix in control systems.
Substitution matrix — a matrix from bioinformatics, which describes mutation rates of amino acid or DNA sequences.
Supnick matrix — a square matrix used in computer science.
Z-matrix — a matrix in chemistry, representing a molecule in terms of its relative atomic geometry.
Specific matrices
Wilson matrix, a matrix used as an example for test purposes.
Other matrix-related terms and definitions
Jordan canonical form — an 'almost' diagonalised matrix, where the only non-zero elements appear on the lead and superdiagonals.
Linear independence — two or more vectors are linearly independent if there is no way to construct one from linear combinations of the others.
Matrix exponential — defined by the exponential series.
Matrix representation of conic sections
Pseudoinverse — a generalization of the inverse matrix.
Row echelon form — a matrix in this form is the result of applying the forward elimination procedure to a matrix (as used in Gaussian elimination).
Wronskian — the determinant of a matrix of functions and their derivatives such that row n is the (n−1)th derivative of row one.
See also
Perfect matrix
Notes
References
Mathematics-related lists
Named | wiki |
Howard the Duck (Marvel), een personage van Marvel Comics
Howard the Duck (film), een film gebaseerd op dit personage
Howard the Duck (computerspel), een computerspel van het genre actiespel | wiki |
A bungee chair is a chair that has bungee cords or bands incorporated in its construction. While the chair’s legs and other components are usually made with traditional materials such as plastic or metal, the seating and back portions of the chair are made with bungee.
Bungee chairs are noted for their distinctive style and form. The open spaces between each bungee band tend to give the chair a unique sense of breathability and "bounce". The chair's bungee bands can be either rounded or flattened, and the number of bands on each make of bungee chair may vary.
Types of bungee chairs include office chairs, lounge chairs and folding chairs. A relatively obscure form of chair a decade ago, the bungee chair is now common in many retail locations.
References
Chairs
Ergonomics | wiki |
Satiation may refer to:
Satiety, feeling "full" and satisfied after eating; the cessation of hunger
Economic satiation, where increasing the amount of a good reduces the worth of each individual unit of it
Predator satiation, an anti-predator adaptation involving high population densities of the prey
Semantic satiation, where repetition of a word or phrase causes it to temporarily lose meaning
Satiation therapy, a type of behavioral therapy
See also
Saturation (disambiguation)
Snatiation
pl:Nasycenie | wiki |
Desean Kevin Terry is an American actor, acting coach and theatre director. He is best known for his recurring role in the television series The Morning Show (2019–present).
Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Producer
References
External links
Living people
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American acting coaches
American theatre directors
21st-century American male actors
African-American male actors
African-American theater directors
Loyola Marymount University alumni
Juilliard School alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century African-American people | wiki |
Skoeda moana is een keversoort uit de familie van de loopkevers (Carabidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1995 door Morvan.
Loopkevers | wiki |
Title 6 or Title VI in Roman numerals, refers to the sixth part of various laws, including:
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Title 6 of the United States Code
Title VI, Part A, § 602 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (National Resource Center Program of the U.S. Department of Education) | wiki |
National Online Insurance School is a nationwide state-certified pre-licensing insurance school headquartered in Delray Beach, Florida, United States. Established in 2008, it provides pre-licensing insurance education for health, life and variable annuity insurance license designations.
Services
As a state-accredited insurance education provider, courses provided by National Online Insurance School satisfy state credit hour requirements and prepare individuals to take their respective state’s insurance exam. In contrast to the typical scheduling conflicts associated with classroom learning, online courses allow students to study when it’s convenient for them and at a pace in which they can individually comprehend and retain the course material. Licensed instructors are available 7 days a week throughout their entire enrollment period to answer questions and help guide them through the licensing process as well.
Content
Online insurance courses offered through National Online Insurance School cover all of the topics listed on each state’s examination content outline and include such insurance topics as life insurance, health insurance, annuities, Social Security, retirement plans, accident death and dismemberment insurance (AD&D), disability insurance, insurance underwriting, as well as each state’s insurance laws and licensing regulations.
References
External links
National Online Insurance School official website
Florida Department of Financial Services official website
California Department of Insurance official website
Insurance in the United States
Insurance schools | wiki |
Choose Not To Fall is a short film directed by Matthew Marsh, shot by Davidé Hazeldine III, with music from Stephen Schlaägter produced by Mummu. The film discusses the practice of parkour, featuring parkour practitioner Daniel Ilabaca. The film won Best Film from Filminute 2010, gold from the Pepsi Short Film contest and Best 1 minute film from the Azyl Film Festival 2011.
References
External links
2010 films
2010 short documentary films | wiki |
Вознесе́нский проспект:
Вознесенский проспект — проспект в Санкт-Петербурге.
Вознесенский проспект — прежнее название улицы Карла Либкнехта в Екатеринбурге.
См. также
Вознесенский переулок (значения)
Вознесенский проезд
Вознесенский мост | wiki |
Unpacking may refer to:
Unpacking (linguistics), the separation of the features of a segment into distinct segments
Unpacking (video game), a 2021 puzzle game
Unpacking (computer science), unpacking programming variables
See also
Pack (disambiguation)
Packing (disambiguation) | wiki |
DNA Research is an international, peer reviewed journal of genomics and DNA research. The journal was established in 1994, and is published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Kazusa DNA Research Institute. The journal is edited by Michio Oishi.
Indexing and abstracting
In 2014, the journal's impact factor was 5.477, ranking 22nd out of 167 in the category 'Genetics & Heredity'. The journal is indexed and abstracted in the following databases:
External links
Genetics journals
Genetics literature
Publications established in 1994
Bimonthly journals | wiki |
Russell Charles Young (September 15, 1902 – May 13, 1984) was a professional baseball catcher. He played part of one season in Major League Baseball for the St. Louis Browns in 1931. He was a switch hitter and threw right-handed. He was 6'0" and weighed 175 lbs. Young also played 4 games at fullback for the Dayton Triangles of the National Football League in 1925.
Young had an extensive career in minor league baseball, spanning eighteen seasons from 1923-40. He played most of his career with the minor league Milwaukee Brewers, for whom he played in all but two seasons from 1923-34.
References
http://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/Y/YounRu20.htm
American football fullbacks
Dayton Triangles players
Major League Baseball catchers
St. Louis Browns players
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Charleston Senators players
Union City Greyhounds players
Huntington Aces players
Baseball players from Ohio
People from Bryan, Ohio
1902 births
1984 deaths
Sportspeople from Roseville, California | wiki |
This list of countries which border two or more oceans includes both sovereign states and dependencies, provided the same contiguous territory borders on more than one of the five named oceans, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic. Countries which border on multiple oceans because of discontiguous regions are excluded here but included in the list of transcontinental countries. Countries bordering on just one of the five oceans are not included, no matter how many of its marginal seas they touch.
List
Notes
See also
Borders of the oceans
Boundaries between the continents of Earth
Sea to Sea (disambiguation)
Transcontinental railroad
World Ocean
Bioceanic principle
References
Bordering two or more oceans
Bordering two or more oceans
Countries
Countries
Eurasia
Africa
Americas
Oceania
Antarctica | wiki |
Spaghetti squash or vegetable spaghetti is a group of cultivars of Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo. They are available in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colours, including ivory, yellow and orange, with orange having the highest amount of carotene. Its center contains many large seeds. When raw, the flesh is solid and similar to other raw squash. When cooked, the meat of the fruit falls away from the flesh in ribbons or strands that look like and can be used as an alternative to, spaghetti.
Preparation
Spaghetti squash can be cooked in a variety of ways, including baking, boiling, steaming, or microwaving. Once cooked the flesh of this fruit can be prepared in a way that its “strands” look like and are as long as traditional spaghetti noodles. It can be served with or without sauce as a substitute for pasta, and its seeds can be roasted, similar to pumpkin seeds.
Nutrition
Spaghetti squash contains many nutrients, including folic acid, potassium, and beta carotene. It is low in calories, averaging 42 calories per 1-cup (155 grams) serving.
Cultivation
Spaghetti squash is relatively easy to grow, thriving in gardens or pots.
The plants are monoecious, with male and female flowers on the same plant. Male flowers have long, thin stems that extend upwards from the vine. Female flowers are shorter, with a small round growth underneath the petals. This round growth turns into the squash if the flower is successfully pollinated.
References
External links
Squashes and pumpkins | wiki |
Musgrave's non-dead-centre engine was a stationary steam engine of unusual design, intended to solve the problem of stopping on dead centre. It was designed in 1887 to serve as a marine engine. It used a pair of linked cylinders to prevent the engine from stopping in a position where no turning force can be applied. At least one engine is known to survive.
Dead centres
The 'dead centre' of a piston engine with cranks is when the piston is at the exact top or bottom of the stroke and so the piston cannot exert any torque on the crankshaft. If a steam engine stops on dead centre, it will be unable to restart from that position.
Several solutions to this have been applied. One of the simplest is to try not to stop in this position, the crudest to apply a strong arm with a crowbar to turn the engine over a little. Small steam barring engines were also used to move the engine away from dead centre before starting. If the engine has multiple cylinders, most geometries for these are arranged so that all cylinders are never at dead centre together and so one may always be used for starting.
Musgrave's solution was more complex: using two cylinders, additional connecting rod linkages, and geometry to avoid the problem.
Dead centre is rarely a problem for internal combustion engines, as these usually require cranking over to provide cylinder compression and so do not attempt to self-start from stationary. Some large stationary diesel engines, where these used a compressed air starting mechanism, have suffered from the problem of dead centres and so used a small manual barring gear.
Geometry
In appearance, the engine resembles a 'parallel twin' with two vertical cylinders and a single crankshaft between them, but set perpendicular to the line of the cylinders and sharing a single crankpin.
A parallel twin with this many cylinders would be self-starting from dead centre anyway (assuming the usual crankshaft with cranks at 90°).
The geometry in operation is more like that of a vee-twin engine. The two cylinders work together, but with one leading the other by approx. 30°. The difference in this case is that the cylinders are no longer directly in line with the crankshaft and so use the connecting rod as a form of bellcrank. If one cylinder is at dead centre, the other will be away from it by the amount of this angle.
A vee-twin would offer all the advantages of the Musgrave engine, but would only need two simple connecting rods. The cylinders would no longer be parallel, but that is far from impractical to manufacture, as demonstrated by the even earlier diagonal engine.
Connecting rod
The two cylinders are connected to the single crankpin through a complex connecting rod of four separate links, and a rigid mounting point to the frame and cylinders.
The main connecting rod is a large triangular frame, driven by both cylinders and driving the crankpin. Owing to the phase difference between the cylinders, this frame tilts back and forth as the engine rotates and so the cylinder crossheads drive it through two short connecting rods, allowing for some movement side-to-side. A large rocking lever attached to the engine's frame holds the connecting rod roughly central. On the Bolton engine, this lever is extended past the frame and used to drive the condenser air pump.
Similarities to the Ross yoke
A similar mechanism appears to have been invented independently, much later on. This is the Ross yoke, invented by Andy Ross for use with Stirling engines. A pair of parallel cylinders, one for the piston (driving), one containing the (driven) displacer, are connecting so that they drive back and forth with a suitable phase shift between them.
History
Marine engines
The design of the engine originated with W.Y. Fleming and P.Ferguson, marine engineers of Glasgow, in 1887. It was intended for use as a marine engine, and at least 23 were supplied to ship builders requiring compact engines suitable for restricted space in engine rooms.
Stationary engines
John Musgrave & Sons of the Globe Ironworks, Bolton was a mill engine builder, supplying the local cotton mills. He licensed the design in 1892, then patented further improvements to it in 1893.
Musgrave built up to 50 of these engines, the largest offering 1,500 ihp with quadruple expansion working. Ten of these quadruple expansion, four cylinder engines were built, the remainder mostly being two-cylinder compound engines, as the Park Street Mill engine. The larger engines used Corliss valves.
The non-dead-centre mechanism also evened-out power as the crank rotated, making it suitable for driving dynamos for electricity generation. The engine also had relative high speed for its day, making it possible to drive dynamos directly. A 500 hp Corliss valve engine was installed for electricity generation in Southport.
A poster in the Science Museum advertises engines to "Fleming, Ferguson, & Dixon's patent". These are twin-cylinder compound engines with a single semi-rotary valve per cylinder (as for Park Street Mill) and are offered in a range from 8 to 250 ihp and with speeds from 160 to 250 rpm. Their working pressure is not specified, but the same poster also offers Lancashire boilers of up to 200 psi.
All of these engines are of robust construction, with large cast iron frames that have the cylinders cast integrally with them. The Park Street Mill engine is made from two large castings bolted together along a central plane and with the steam passages cored directly into the castings.
The crossheads are of the slipper pattern. This design has asymmetric bearing surfaces and so supports the forces better when the engine rotating in one direction than the other. They are commonly found on stationary engines that do not need to be reversed. However, in the Musgrave design, the two slideways face each other and so one of them will always be working "in reverse" to usual practice.
Patents
Fleming & Ferguson
1887
1889
1890
1891
Musgrave & Dixon
Improvements in Triple Expansion Engines, (1893).
Surviving examples
Park Street Mill
Only one Musgrave non-dead-centre engine is known to survive, now preserved at the Bolton Steam Museum as part of the Northern Mill Engine Society collection. On steam days these engines (or at least some) may be seen in action. The collection also includes two other engines built by Musgrave's, which are not non-dead-centre engines but much smaller barring engines.
Models
Science Museum, London
A small model of a twin-cylinder compound engine is on display.
Model Engineer magazine
In 2009 the Model Engineer serialized the construction of a Musgrave engine, from castings supplied by the German firm of Lothar Matrian.
References
Stationary steam engines | wiki |
Let the Games Begin may refer to:
"Let the Games Begin", a song by AJR (band)
"Let the Games Begin", a song by Anarbor from Free Your Mind (EP)
"Let the Games Begin", an episode of the TV series Drive
"Let the Games Begin" (Gilmore Girls)
"Let the Games Begin" (Hercules: The Legendary Journeys)
"Let the Games Begin" (Kid vs. Kat)
"Let the Games Begin" (Under the Dome) | wiki |
Queen Emma may refer to:
Emma of Italy (–after 987), queen of West Francia
Emma of Normandy (–1052), queen of England, Denmark and Norway
Queen Emma (Hawaii) (1836–1885), queen of Hawaii
Emma Forsayth (1850–1913), businesswoman known as "Queen Emma of New Guinea"
Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1858–1934), queen of the Netherlands
Ships
HMS Queen Emma, a Royal Navy troop ship, formerly MS Koningin Emma
Queen Emma Bridge, across St. Anna Bay in Curaçao | wiki |
Ring Ring may refer to:
Ring Ring (album), a 1973 album by Björn & Benny, Agnetha & Anni-Frid, who would later become ABBA
"Ring Ring" (ABBA song), the title song
"Ring Ring" (Jax Jones song), 2018
"Ring Ring", a song by Juice Wrld from Death Race for Love, 2019
"Ring Ring", a song by Mika from Life in Cartoon Motion, 2007
"Ring Ring", a song by Rick Ross from Rich Forever, 2012
Ring Ring, a fictional character in the TV series Pucca
Ring Ring (film), a 2019 action thriller film starring Lou Ferrigno
See also
"Ring Ring, I've Got to Sing", a 1966 song by Ferre Grignard
"Ring Ring Ring (Ha Ha Hey)", a 1991 song by De La Soul
Ringtone
two rings (disambiguation)
Ring 2 (disambiguation)
Ring (disambiguation) | wiki |
Bartels's rat (Sundamys maxi) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae.
It is found only in West Java, Indonesia, including in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park.
References
Sundamys
Mammals described in 1932
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
Eyeshade or eye shade may refer to:
Cosmetic products which may be applied to the upper eyelid and to the area near the eye to change skin coloration. See eye shadow.
Blindfolds, such as a sleep-mask
Visors, surfaces that protects the eyes, such as shading them from the sun.
Green eyeshade, an iconic form of type popular in the late 19th and early 20th century | wiki |
In medicine, the terminal drop hypothesis is a hypothesis that a sharp reduction in cognitive capacity in older people is often correlated with impending death, typically within five years.
See also
Dementia
References
Gerontology | wiki |
Japan have appeared in the FIFA World Cup on seven occasions, the first being in 1998 where they lost all three group games and finished in 31st position. Masashi Nakayama scored Japan's first ever goal in a World Cup match against Jamaica on 26 June 1998 in a 21 defeat. Keisuke Honda became the first Japanese player to score in three world cups: 2010, 2014, 2018.
Japan made their seventh and most recent appearance at the finals at the 2022 tournament in Qatar. In 2018, Japan became the first ever Asian nation to beat a side from South America, after they won 21 against Colombia in the group stage. The team has progressed to the round of 16 on four occasions, 2002 (as join-hosts), 2010, 2018 and 2022.
FIFA World Cup record
By match
Record by opponent
Record players
Top goalscorers
References
External links
Japan at FIFA
Countries at the FIFA World Cup | wiki |
Mac OS 8 este un sistem de operare care a fost lansat de Apple Computer pe 26 iulie 1997.
Mac OS 8.0 a adus schimbări prin introducerea a interfașei Platinum.
Apple a vândut peste 1.2 miliaone de copii ale Mac OS 8 în primele două săptămâni de la lansare.
Referințe
Mac OS | wiki |
Musica
Mob Rules – gruppo musicale tedesco
Mob Rules – album dei Black Sabbath del 1981
The Mob Rules – singolo dei Black Sabbath del 1981
Televisione
Un mafioso in corsia (Mob Rules) – episodio della prima stagione della serie televisiva Dr. House - Medical Division | wiki |
Residue may refer to:
Chemistry and biology
An amino acid, within a peptide chain
Crop residue, materials left after agricultural processes
Pesticide residue, refers to the pesticides that may remain on or in food after they are applied to food crops
Petroleum residue, the heavier fractions of crude oil that fail to vaporize in an oil refinery
Residue (chemistry), materials remaining after a physical separation process, or by-products of a chemical reaction
Mathematics
Residue (complex analysis), complex number describing the behavior of line integrals of a meromorphic function around a singularity
Some coefficient involved in partial fraction decomposition
A remainder in modular arithmetic
Other
A variant title of a British folk song also known as "Levy-Dew" and "New Year Carol"
Residuum (geology), often used to refer to the soil and subsoil that forms as the result of long weathering over carbonate bedrock
Residue (law), portion of the testator's estate that is not specifically devised to someone in the will
Residue (TV series), an English science-fiction series from 2015
Residual value, one of the constituents of a leasing calculus which describes the future value of a good in terms of absolute value
See also
Relic (disambiguation)
Residual (disambiguation) | wiki |
The 1934 National Challenge Cup was the annual open cup held by the United States Football Association now known as the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup.
Eastern Division
Western Division
a,b) aggregate after 3 games
Final
First game
Second game
Third game
Sources
St. Louis Post-Dispatch
U.S. Open Cup
Nat | wiki |
The eastern states of Australia are the states adjoining the east continental coastline of Australia. These are the mainland states of Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland, and the island state of Tasmania. The Australian Capital Territory and Jervis Bay Territory, while not states, are also included. On some occasions, the southern state of South Australia is also included in this grouping due to its economic ties with the eastern states.
Regardless of which definition is used, the eastern states include the great majority of the Australian population. They contain the federal capital Canberra and Australia's three largest cities Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane (all capitals of the respective east coast states). Of the 19 Australian cities with populations over 100,000 in 2021, 16 were located in the eastern states under the restricted definition (17 if including South Australia), which includes the two non-capital cities with a population over 500,000: Gold Coast, Queensland and Newcastle, New South Wales. In terms of climate, the area is dominated by a humid subtropical zone, with some tropical (Queensland) and oceanic climate (Australian Capital Territory, Victoria, New South Wales) zones. In most situations, the eastern states are defined as those who use Australian Eastern Standard Time (AEST), and that is the definition that this article will adhere to, unless noted.
Divisions between the east and west
There is only one major railway line linking the eastern states to Western Australia, the Trans-Australian Railway, which opened in 1917.
There is only one major highway linking the eastern states to Western Australia, the Eyre Highway which opened in 1942.
Since the 1980s, various governments have proposed building a high-speed rail in Australia. However, this rail would only connect the eastern states of Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. Adelaide has often been included in the proposal and former Greens leader Bob Brown once said that a high speed rail connecting Perth was inevitable.
In 2015 international visitors in Australia spent $24.1 billion. The eastern states and territory made $20.5 billion of that total, or 85%. Likewise, the eastern states collected 8,588,000 (85%) individual visits to a state over that year, out of a possible 10,133,000.
Population
The combined population of Queensland, New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory, Victoria and Tasmania is 19,484,100, or 81% of Australia's population. These five states and territory cover 2,829,463 km², or 37% of Australia's total land area.
Cities
Greater Capital City Statistical Area (GCCSA) or Significant Urban Areas (SUA), with a population of over 30,000, from north to south:
See also
Australian regional rivalries
Southern Australia
Northern Australia
Western Australia
Pacific coast
References
Further reading
Doenges, Debra and Andrew Teakle.(2008) Australian journey : east coast Sydney : New Holland Publishers Australia.
Regions of Australia | wiki |
Behind the Mask: The Story of the People Who Risk Everything to Save Animals is a 2006 documentary film about the Animal Liberation Front (ALF). It took three years of filming, interviewing, and editing to complete. The movie was created by animal rights lawyer Shannon Keith, who owns Uncaged Films and ARME (Animal Rescue, Media & Education).
About
The film is about animal rights activists who break into laboratories and other facilities to obtain footage of the way animals are used. It includes well-known names within the animal rights movement, some of whom have been imprisoned for taking direct action. According to the film's producer Shannon Keith, a lawyer, "change only happens in society when laws are broken", and according to arsonist Melanie Arnold who set ablaze a slaughterhouse, "If I had an opportunity, I would do it again since economic damage to animal abusers is justifiable."
See also
Animal liberation movement
References
External links
2006 documentary films
American independent films
Animal Liberation Front
Anti-modernist films
Documentary films about animal rights
Documentary films about animal testing
Documentary films about politics
Documentary films about terrorism
Films about activists
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | wiki |
Institutions are social constructs, both cultural and organizational.
Institution or institutions may also refer to:
Formal organizations
The buildings maintained by such organizations, particularly:
Mental asylums
Jails
Institutions in computer science
See also
Institutions of Grammar (), the standard medieval text on Latin grammar, written by Priscian in late antiquity
Institute (disambiguation) | wiki |
This is a list of Penn State Nittany Lions football players in the NFL draft.
Key
Players
Notable undrafted players
References
Penn State Nittany Lions
Penn State Nittany Lions NFL draft | wiki |
Aretha in Paris è un album live della cantante soul statunitense Aretha Franklin, pubblicato nel 1968 dalla Atlantic Records/Atco Remasters.
Tracce
Collegamenti esterni | wiki |
Awe is an emotion comparable to wonder but less joyous. On Robert Plutchik's wheel of emotions awe is modeled as a combination of surprise and fear.
One dictionary definition is "an overwhelming feeling of reverence, admiration, fear, etc., produced by that which is grand, sublime, extremely powerful, or the like: in awe of God; in awe of great political figures." Another dictionary definition is a "mixed emotion of reverence, respect, dread, and wonder inspired by authority, genius, great beauty, sublimity, or might: We felt awe when contemplating the works of Bach. The observers were in awe of the destructive power of the new weapon."
In general, awe is directed at objects considered to be more powerful than the subject, such as the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Grand Canyon, the vastness of the cosmos, or a deity.
Definitions
Awe is difficult to define, and the meaning of the word has changed over time. Related concepts are wonder, admiration, elevation, and the sublime. In Awe: The Delights and Dangers of Our Eleventh Emotion, neuropsychologist and positive psychology guru Paul Pearsall presents a phenomenological study of awe. He defines awe as an "overwhelming and bewildering sense of connection with a startling universe that is usually far beyond the narrow band of our consciousness." Pearsall sees awe as the 11th emotion, beyond those now scientifically accepted (i.e., love, fear, sadness, embarrassment, curiosity, pride, enjoyment, despair, guilt, and anger)." Most definitions allow for awe to be a positive or a negative experience, but when asked to describe events that elicit awe, most people only cite positive experiences.
Etymology
The term awe stems from the Old English word ege, meaning "terror, dread, awe," which may have arisen from the Greek word áchos, meaning "pain." The word awesome originated from the word awe in the late 16th century, to mean "filled with awe." The word awful also originated from the word awe, to replace the Old English word egeful ("dreadful").
Theories
Evolutionary theories
Awe reinforces social hierarchies
Keltner and Haidt proposed an evolutionary explanation for awe. They suggested that the current emotion of awe originated from feelings of primordial awe – a hard-wired response that low-status individuals felt in the presence of more powerful, high-status individuals, which would have been adaptive by reinforcing social hierarchies. This primordial awe would have occurred only when the high-status person had characteristics of vastness (in size, fame, authority, or prestige) that required the low-status individual to engage in Piagetian accommodation (changing one's mental representation of the world to accommodate the new experience). Keltner and Haidt propose that this primordial awe later generalized to any stimulus that is both vast and that requires accommodation. These stimuli still include being in the presence of a more powerful other (prototypical primordial awe), but also spiritual experiences, grand vistas, natural forces/disasters, human-made works, music, or the experience of understanding a grand scientific theory. Keltner and Haidt propose that awe can have both positive and negative connotations, and that there are five additional features of awe that can color one's experience of the emotion: threat, beauty, ability, virtue, and the supernatural.
Awe is a sexually-selected characteristic
Keltner and Haidt's model has been critiqued by some researchers, including by psychologist Vladimir J. Konečni. Konečni argued that people can experience awe, especially aesthetic awe (of which, according to him, a "sublime stimulus-in-context" is the principal cause) only when they are not in actual physical danger. Konečni postulated that the evolutionary origins of awe are from unexpected encounters with natural wonders, which would have been sexually selected for because reverence, intellectual sensitivity, emotional sensitivity, and elite membership would have been attractive characteristics in a mate, and these characteristics would also have given individuals greater access to awe-inspiring situations. Since high-status people are more likely to be safe from danger and to have access to awe-inspiring situations, Konečni argued that high-status people should feel awe more often than low-status people. However, this hypothesis has yet to be tested and verified.
Awe increases systematic processing
A third evolutionary theory is that awe serves to draw attention away from the self and toward the environment. This occurs as a way to build informational resources when in the presence of novel and complex stimuli that cannot be assimilated by current knowledge structures. In other words, awe functions to increase systematic, accommodative processing, and this would have been adaptive for survival. This hypothesis is the most recent and has received the most empirical support, as described in the section on social consequences of awe.
Non-evolutionary theories
Sundararajan's awe
Humanistic/forensic psychologist Louise Sundararajan also critiqued Keltner and Haidt's model by arguing that being in the presence of a more powerful other elicits admiration, but does not require mental accommodation because admiration merely reinforces existing social hierarchies. Sundararajan expanded upon Keltner and Haidt's model by arguing that first, an individual must be confronted with perceived vastness. If an individual can assimilate this perceived vastness into her or his existing mental categories, s/he will not experience awe. If an individual cannot assimilate the perceived vastness, then s/he will need to accommodate to the new information (change her or his mental categories). If this is not accomplished, an individual will experience trauma, such as developing PTSD. If an individual can accommodate, s/he will experience awe and wonder. By this model, the same vast experience could lead to increased rigidity (when assimilation succeeds), increased flexibility (when assimilation fails but accommodation succeeds), or psychopathology (when both assimilation and accommodation fail). Sundararajan did not speculate on the evolutionary origins of awe.
Research
Despite the meaningfulness that feelings of awe can bring, it has rarely been scientifically studied. As Richard Lazarus (1994) wrote in his book on emotions, "Given their [awe and wonder's] importance and emotional power, it is remarkable that so little scientific attention has been paid to aesthetic experience as a source of emotion in our lives" (p. 136). Research on awe is in its infancy and has primarily focused on describing awe (e.g., physical displays of awe and who is likely to experience awe) and the social consequences of awe (e.g., helping behavior and decreased susceptibility to persuasion by weak messages).
Precipitants
Shiota, Keltner, and Mossman (2007) had participants write about a time they felt awe and found that nature and art/music were frequently cited as the eliciting stimulus. Although most definitions allow for awe to be positive or negative, participants described only positive precipitants to awe, and it is therefore possible that positive awe and awe+fear (i.e., horror) are distinctly different emotions.
Emotional experience
In the same set of experiments by Shiota, Keltner, and Mossman (2007), the researchers had participants write about a time they recently experienced natural beauty (awe condition) or accomplishment (pride condition). When describing the experience of natural beauty, participants were more likely to report that they felt unaware of day-to-day concerns, felt the presence of something greater, didn't want the experience to end, felt connected with the world, and felt small or insignificant.
By 2016, it was not yet known whether awe is experienced differently in different cultures.
Physical displays
Researchers have also attempted to observe the physical, non-verbal reactions to awe by asking participants to remember a time they felt awe and to express the emotion nonverbally. Using this method, researchers observed that awe is often displayed through raised inner eyebrows (78%), widened eyes (61%), and open, slightly drop-jawed mouths (80%). A substantial percent of people also display awe by slightly jutting forward their head (27%) and visibly inhaling (27%), but smiling is uncommon (10%). Cross-cultural research is needed to determine whether physical displays of awe differ by culture.
Personality and awe
Some individuals may be more prone to experiencing awe. Using self- and peer-reports, researchers found that regularly experiencing awe was associated with openness to experience (self and peer-ratings) and extroversion (self-ratings). Later studies also found that people who regularly experience awe ("awe-prone") have lower need for cognitive closure and are more likely to describe themselves in oceanic (e.g. "I am an inhabitant of the planet Earth"), individuated, and universal terms, as opposed to more specific terms (e.g. "I have blonde hair").
Social consequences of awe
A more recent study found that experiencing awe increased perceptions of time and led to a greater willingness to donate time, but not to donate money. The greater willingness to donate time appeared to be driven by decreased impatience after experiencing awe. Experiencing awe also led participants to report greater momentary life satisfaction and stronger preferences for experiential versus material goods (e.g. prefer a massage to a watch). Awe, unlike most other positive emotions, has been shown to increase systematic processing, rather than heuristic processing, leading participants who experience awe to become less susceptible to weak arguments.
Awe and aweism
Awe has recently become a topic of interest in atheist groups, in response to statements from some religious individuals who say that atheists do not experience awe, or that experiencing awe makes one spiritual or religious, rather than an atheist. For example, see Oprah's comment that she would not consider swimmer Diana Nyad an atheist because Nyad experiences awe, as well as the response to this video by interfaith activist Chris Stedman.
Awe is often tied to religion, but awe can also be secular. For more examples, see the writings on being an "aweist" by sociologist and atheist Phil Zuckerman, the book Religion for Atheists by author Alain de Botton, and the video on how secular institutions should inspire awe by performance philosopher Jason Silva.
See also
Oceanic feeling
References
Further reading
External links
Emotions
Fear | wiki |
The Tertiary Entrance Rank (TER) was a tertiary entrance score used in several Australian states, the ACT and the Northern Territory as a tool for selection to universities in Australia. As of 2010, it has been replaced by the Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (ATAR) in all states and territories (including Queensland as of 2020).
Usage
All states in Australia used some form of TER in the 1970s onwards, based upon an aggregated scaling procedure that differed in each jurisdiction. Prior to this, admission to university was based upon a pass/fail criterion for school leavers. The TER was used by university institutions until 2000, where it was replaced by a similar ranking scheme known as the UAI.
Equivalence
The TER was used in Victoria (1994-1998), South Australia, the Northern Territory, Tasmania Western Australia and the Australian Capital Territory. Although directly equivalent to the Equivalent National Tertiary Entrance Rank (ENTER) in Victoria, and the Universities Admission Index (UAI) in New South Wales and later adopted in the Australian Capital Territory, the terms ENTER and UAI were only used in their respective states or territories.
Calculation of the TER in South Australia and the Northern Territory
The TER was accumulated by the South Australian Tertiary Admissions Centre (SATAC) for students who successfully completed the South Australian Certificate of Education (SACE) or the Northern Territory Certificate of Education (NTCE) and fulfilled other criteria to qualify for a TER.
In South Australia, students' subject achievement scores (out of 20) were forwarded to SATAC by the Senior Secondary Assessment Board of South Australia (SSABSA), whereupon they were scaled (adjusted according to the level of performance in the group of students studying the subject in that year to ensure that each subject contributes equally to the TER).
The university aggregate was then calculated by adding:
the scaled scores for the best four subjects,
50% of the scaled score for the next best (fifth) subject.
The university aggregates (out of 90) were ordered from lowest to highest, and the TER was assigned as a percentage rank (in steps of 0.05, ranging from 0.00 to 99.95) according to the student's position on that list.
The process was the same for secondary students in the Northern Territory, except results were forwarded to SATAC by the Northern Territory Board of Studies.
Calculation of the TER in Tasmania
The TER was calculated by the Tasmanian Qualifications Authority for students who successfully completed the Tasmanian Certificate of Education (TCE) and fulfilled other criteria to qualify for a TER.
The tertiary entrance aggregate was calculated as the sum of the best five Level 5 TCE subject scores, of which a maximum of two could be selected from Year 11.
As in other TER systems, the aggregates were ranked in order and assigned a TER based on their position.
Calculation of the TER in Western Australia
The TER was calculated by the Tertiary Institutions Service Centre (TISC) for students who successfully completed the Western Australian Certificate of Education (WACE) and fulfilled other criteria to qualify for a TER.
As the WACE qualification was being revised for from 2005 to 2009, the process for calculating the TER for WA students was changed for tertiary entry in 2009. In 2008, a Tertiary Entrance Aggregate (TEA) was calculated using the sum of the four highest Course of Study Levels of Achievement.
As in other TER systems, the TEAs were ranked in order and assigned a ranking based on their position.
Calculation of the TER in the Australian Capital Territory
Calculation of the ACT TER is detailed in this 1992 ACT Board of Senior Secondary Studies information booklet https://digitised-collections.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/115855/scpp-00057-act-1992.pdf?sequence=1
See also
Equivalent National Tertiary Entrance Rank (ENTER)
Universities Admission Index (UAI)
Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (ATAR)
References
Education in South Australia
Education in Tasmania
Education in Western Australia
Education in the Northern Territory
Universities in Australia
University and college admissions | wiki |
Beauty World may refer to:
Beauty World (musical), a 1988 Singaporean musical
Beauty World (TV series), a 2011 Chinese television series
Beauty World MRT station, a rapid transit station in Singapore | wiki |
Leatherface – personaggio del franchise Non aprite quella porta
Non aprite quella porta - Parte 3 (Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III) – film del 1990 diretto da Jeff Burr
Leatherface – film del 2017 diretto da Alexandre Bustillo e Julien Maury
Leatherface – ring name di Corporal Kirchner, wrestler statunitense | wiki |
A Boston cream pie is a cake with a cream filling. The dessert acquired its name when cakes and pies were cooked in the same pans, and the words were used interchangeably. In the late 19th century, this type of cake was variously called a "cream pie", a "chocolate cream pie", or a "custard cake".
History
It is claimed to be created in 1856 by Armenian-French chef Mossburg Sanzian at the Parker House Hotel in Boston. A direct descendant of earlier cakes known as American pudding-cake pie and Washington pie, the dessert was referred to as chocolate cream pie, Parker House chocolate cream pie, and finally Boston cream pie on Parker House's menus. The cake consisted of two layers of French butter sponge cake filled with thick custard and brushed with a rum syrup; its side was coated with the same custard overlaid with toasted sliced almonds, and the top coated with chocolate fondant. While other custard cakes may have existed at that time, baking chocolate as a coating was a new process, making it unique and a popular choice on the menu.
The name "chocolate cream pie" first appeared in the 1872 Methodist Almanac. An early printed use of the term "Boston cream pie" occurred in the Granite Iron Ware Cook Book, printed in 1878. The earliest known recipe for the modern variant was printed in Miss Parloa's Kitchen Companion in 1887 as "chocolate cream pie".
Boston cream pie is the official dessert of Massachusetts, declared as such on December 12, 1996.
Variations
A Boston cream doughnut is a Berliner filled with vanilla custard or crème pâtissière and topped with icing made from chocolate.
The Taiwanese version of the Boston cream pie is a chiffon cake which does not include chocolate.
See also
List of American desserts
List of cakes
List of regional dishes of the United States
References
Further reading
External links
"Has Boston Cream Pie Been Manipulated Beyond Recognition? It's a Question with Many Layers." by Kara Baskin, The Boston Globe
"How Boston Cream Pie Changed Americans’ Relationship With Chocolate" by Atlas Obscura
American cakes
Chocolate desserts
Custard desserts
Layer cakes
Massachusetts cuisine
Symbols of Massachusetts | wiki |
Arveleg is de naam van twee personages uit de werken over de fictieve wereld Midden-aarde van J.R.R. Tolkien:
Arveleg I, de achtste koning van Arthedain.
Arveleg II, de twaalfde koning van Arthedain en veertiende van Arnor. | wiki |
An Italian soda is a soft drink made from carbonated water and flavored syrup. Flavors can be fruit (e.g. cherry, blueberry) or modeled after the flavors of desserts, spices, or other beverages (e.g. amaretto, chai, chocolate). Some vendors add cream to the drink as well, which is often then known as a French soda or an Italian cream soda.
Despite its name, Italian soda originated in the United States. One claimant to the introduction and increased popularity of Italian sodas is Torani: Rinaldo and Ezilda Torre brought recipes for flavored syrups from Lucca, Italy, and in 1925 introduced what became known as an Italian soda to the North Beach neighborhood of San Francisco, California. The Italian-American association with Italian sodas has been reinforced by various ready-made brands of Italian sodas, such as the 2005 creation of Romano's Italian Soda Company (named after the Italian-American grandfather of the company's founder) and the 2007 introduction of "The Sopranos Old Fashioned Italian Sodas" which come in three flavors: limoncello, amaretto, and Chianti.
See also
Seltzer
Dirty soda
Ice cream float
Egg cream
References
Carbonated drinks
American drinks
Italian-American cuisine
Italian-American culture in San Francisco
Italian drinks | wiki |
Nick Scott is a disabled professional bodybuilder, wheelchair ballroom dancer, author, and motivational speaker.
Biography
Scott lost nearly all use of his legs in a car accident at the age of 16. Shortly afterward he started weight training, going on to compete and win in powerlifting competitions in the bench press.
As a bodybuilder, he helped to develop the sport of wheelchair bodybuilding, organising the first IFBB Pro Wheelchair Championships in 2011, and getting the IFBB Professional Wheelchair Division added to the Arnold Classic in 2016.
As a professional wheelchair ballroom dancer, he and his partner Aubree Marchione have competed at the national and international level, becoming number one in the sport in the United States, and dancing in front of Pope Francis in 2015.
His film Perspective, about his own story, won Overall Best Film at the 2011 Arnold Sports Film Festival.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American amputees
American disabled sportspeople
American bodybuilders
American powerlifters
American motivational speakers | wiki |
The Adams political family was a leading family in the politics and intellectual life of the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Adams family may also refer to:
The Adams family of removable dental appliance retention components that consists of the Adams clasp and associated components
The Adams family, London-based criminal family that established the Clerkenwell crime syndicate
The Adams family abuse controversy, political controversy in Northern Ireland surrounding allegations of child abuse in the family of Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams
The Adams family, a filmmaking and musical family who produced, directed and starred in Hellbender and other films
See also
Adams (surname)
The Addams Family, group of fictional characters created by American cartoonist Charles Addams
The Addams Family (disambiguation) | wiki |
The Chinese Language Teachers Association (CLTA), founded in 1962, is an American teachers' association devoted to promote the teaching and study of Chinese language and culture. It publishes the Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association (JCLTA), a leading scientific journal in the field of Chinese linguistics, didactics, and literature. Articles are available on the CLTA's website after subscription, and in paper form in subscribing libraries. The journal Chinese as a Second Language (CSL) is a continuation of JCLTA that publishes peer-reviewed original articles in English or Chinese (simplified of traditional characters) that make significant contributions to the theory and/or practice of Chinese as a second language. CTLA-US members receive CSL's publications, or readers must subscribe to the Journal.
References
External links
http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/DB=2.1/SET=1/TTL=2/CLK?IKT=1016&TRM=Journal+of+the+Chinese+Language+Teachers+Association
http://clta-us.org/history/
Language teacher associations | wiki |
Taczanowski's Oldfield mouse (Thomasomys taczanowskii) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae.
It is found only in Peru.
References
Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894–1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Thomasomys
Mammals described in 1882
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas | wiki |
The dressy Oldfield mouse (Thomasomys vestitus) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae.
It is found only in Venezuela.
References
Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894–1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Thomasomys
Mammals described in 1898
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
An antimonide mineral is a mineral that contains antimonide for its main anion. The antimonides are structurally similar to the sulfides and are grouped with them in both the Dana and Strunz mineral classification systems.
Examples include:
Breithauptite
Cuprostibite
Stibiopalladinite
References
Antimonide minerals
Antimonides | wiki |
An antiflatulent (or deflatulent) agent is a drug used for the alleviation or prevention of excessive intestinal gas, i.e., flatulence.
Mechanisms of action
Preventing gas
Enzymes – Enzyme-based dietary supplements break down indigestible substances and prevent these substances from reaching the large intestine intact – where anaerobic bacteria produce gas. Substances indigestible by humans are usually present in foods associated with flatulence, like beans. When these substances reach the large intestine intact, they may be fermented by intestinal bacteria, thereby causing gas production. These supplements are usually taken with foods associated with flatulence. It is important to take the appropriate enzyme with the appropriate food. When consuming beans and other vegetables high in complex carbohydrates, it may be helpful to take a product that contains alpha-galactosidase, such as Beano or kombu. Additionally, for individuals with lactose intolerance, taking a lactase-containing product with lactose-containing foodstuffs may reduce flatulence.
Herbal inhibitors – Many herbal substances have been observed since antiquity for reducing flatulence, particularly gas from eating legumes. Cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, and garlic are potent in reducing gas. The potency of garlic increases when heated, whereas the potency of cinnamon decreases. Other spices have a lesser effect in reducing gas, including turmeric, black pepper, asafoetida and ginger. Other common Indian spices, cumin, aniseed, ajowan, and cardamom do not inhibit gas production, in fact they exacerbate it significantly.
Relieving gas
For the alleviation of flatulence, an antifoaming agent such as simethicone may be taken orally. This agent will coalesce the smaller gas bubbles into larger bubbles, thereby easing the release of gas within the gastrointestinal tract via burping or flatulence.
Classification
Antifoaming agents
Simethicone (also marketed under the name "Gas-X" in some countries)
Enzyme-based dietary supplements
Beano
Lactase (brand Lactaid)
Herbal antiflatulents
Epazote is claimed to have antiflatulent properties.
Asafoetida reduces the growth of indigenous microflora in the gut thereby reducing flatulence.
See also
Carminative
References
External links | wiki |
An arsenide mineral is a mineral that contains arsenide as its main anion. Arsenides are grouped with the sulfides in both the Dana and Strunz mineral classification systems.
Examples
algodonite
domeykite
löllingite
nickeline
rammelsbergite
safflorite
skutterudite
sperrylite
References | wiki |
Wild date palm is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
Senegal data palm, Phoenix reclinata
Silver date palm, Phoenix sylvestris | wiki |
Crown glass is either of two kinds of glass:
Crown glass (window) was a type of hand-blown window glass.
Crown glass (optics) is a type of optical glass used in lenses. | wiki |
The 2022 Port Adelaide Football Club season was the club's 26th season in the Australian Football League (AFL) and the 152nd year since its inception in 1870. The club also fielded its reserves men's team in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) and its inaugural women's team in the AFL Women's (AFLW).
Squads
AFL
SANFL
AFLW
AFL season
Pre-season
Regular season
Ladder
SANFL season
Pre-season
Regular season
Ladder
AFLW season
Pre-season
Regular season
Ladder
Awards
Power (AFL)
– Connor Rozee
– Travis Boak
– Dan Houston
– Travis Boak
– Lachie Jones
– Connor Rozee
– Sam Mayes
Source:
Magpies (SANFL)
– Cam Sutcliffe
– Sam Mayes
– Nick Moore
– Dylan Williams (20 goals)
– Alf Trebilcock
Source:
Power (AFLW)
– Hannah Ewings
– Erin Phillips
– Abbey Dowrick
– Hannah Ewings
– Ella Boag
– Ebony O'Dea
Source:
Notes
References
External links
Official website of the Port Adelaide Football Club
Official website of the Australian Football League
2022
Port Adelaide Football Club | wiki |
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