text stringlengths 16 352k | source stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|
Monochromatic chess is a chess variant with unknown origin. The initial board position and all rules are the same as in regular chess, except that pieces that begin on a black square must always stay on a black square and pieces that begin on a white square must always stay on a white square. This would mean that knights can never move, but The Classified Encyclopedia of Chess Variants says that knights make a double jump. It has been suggested that a knight be replaced with a (3,1)-leaper (camel).
If knights are allowed to move (or are captured, clearing the way), castling may become possible, but only on the . Under the rules, pawns can only move by (possibly en passant) or by advancing two squares for their first move.
A stalemate occurs if a player's king is not in check but the player nevertheless has no legal moves under the rules of the game. Similarly, a checkmate occurs if the king is placed in check and the king has no legal moves under the rules of the game. This means that certain board positions in regular chess which would not result in the end of the game can be checkmates or stalemates in monochromatic chess. For example, each player has one bishop for which it is possible to obtain checkmate with just this bishop and a king, while it is impossible with the other bishop along with the king, since only one bishop is capable of threatening the king of the opposing side. Because the two kings must occupy squares of different colours, they are allowed to be located next to each other.
This variant is used mostly in chess problems.
Smullyan's example asks: What color is pawn g3 – white or black? Answer is black – with white pawns on d2 and f2, the white king can move from e1 only with castling kingside and then g1–h2–g3–... so the pawn on g3 cannot be white.
Bichromatic chess
In Bichromatic chess, the opposite restrictions apply. A piece on a white square must move to a black square and vice versa. Hence pawns cannot capture (or advance two squares) and bishops cannot move. Also, castling is impossible, and queens behave like rooks.
References
External links
http://www.janko.at/Retros/Glossary/Monochromatic.htm
Chess variants
Fairy chess | wiki |
A shovel is a tool used for digging, lifting, and moving bulk materials, such as soil, coal, gravel, snow, sand, or ore.
Most shovels are hand tools consisting of a broad blade fixed to a medium-length handle. Shovel blades are usually made of sheet steel or hard plastics and are very strong. Shovel handles are usually made of wood (especially specific varieties such as ash or maple) or glass-reinforced plastic (fiberglass).
Hand shovel blades made of sheet steel usually have a folded seam or hem at the back to make a socket for the handle. This fold also commonly provides extra rigidity to the blade. The handles are usually riveted in place. A T-piece is commonly fitted to the end of the handle to aid grip and control where the shovel is designed for moving soil and heavy materials. These designs can all be easily mass-produced.
The term shovel also applies to larger excavating machines called power shovels, which serve the same purpose—digging, lifting, and moving material. Although such modern power shovels as front-end loaders and excavators (including tractors that feature a loading bucket on one end and a backhoe for digging and placing material on the other) descend from steam shovels and perform similar work they are not classified as shovels.
Hand shovels have been adapted for many different tasks and environments. They can be optimized for a single task or designed as cross-over or compromise multitaskers. They are very useful in agriculture.
History
In the Neolithic age and earlier, a large animal's scapula (shoulder blade) was often used as a crude shovel or spade. It is via this connection between shoulder blades and digging blades that the words spatula and spade both have etymologic connection with scapulas.
The later invention of purpose-built shovels was a ground-breaking development. Manual shoveling, often in combination with picking, was the chief means of excavation in construction until mechanization via steam shovels and later hydraulic equipment (excavators such as backhoes and loaders) gradually replaced most manual shoveling. The same is also true of the history of mining and quarrying and of bulk materials handling in industries such as steelmaking and stevedoring. Railroad cars and cargo holds containing ore, coal, gravel, sand, or grains were often loaded and unloaded this way. These industries did not always rely exclusively on such work, but such work was a ubiquitous part of them. Until the 1950s, manual shoveling employed large numbers of workers. Groups of workers called 'labor gangs' were assigned to whatever digging or bulk materials handling was needed in any given week, and dozens or hundreds of workers with hand shovels would do the kind of rapid excavating or materials handling that today is usually accomplished with powered excavators and loaders operated by a few skilled operators. Thus the cost of labor, even when each individual worker was poorly paid, was a tremendous expense of operations. Productivity of the business was tied mostly to labor productivity. It still often is even today; but in the past it was even more so. In industrial and commercial materials handling, hand shoveling was later replaced not only with loaders and backhoes.
Given the central importance and cost of manual labour in industry in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the "science of shoveling" was something of great interest to developers of scientific management such as Frederick Winslow Taylor. Taylor, with his focus on time and motion study, took an interest in differentiating the many motions of manual labor to a far greater degree than others tended to. Managers might not care to analyze it (possibly motivated by the assumption that manual labor is intellectually simple work), and workers might not care to analyze it in any way that encouraged management to take away the prerogative in craft work for the craftsman to decide the details of his methods. Taylor realized that failing to analyze shoveling practice represented a missed opportunity to discover or synthesize best practices for shoveling, which could achieve highest productivity (value for dollar spent). It was Taylor and colleagues in the 1890s through 1910s that greatly expanded the existing idea of varied shovel designs with different-sized scoops, one for each material, based on the material's density. Under scientific management, it was no longer acceptable to use the same shovel for shoveling brown coal one day and gravel the next. Taylor advocated the higher capital cost of maintaining two shovels as more than paying for itself through the increase in worker productivity that it would lead to, which would mean less money being spent on wages for each unit of shoveling work accomplished.
During the Second Industrial Revolution around 1900, heavy equipment such as excavators became available.
Types
See also
Dustpan, a form of shovel
Citations
General bibliography
External links
Gardening tools | wiki |
Peters's mouse (Mus setulosus) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae.
It is found in Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, and Uganda.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and dry savanna.
References
Mus (rodent)
Mammals described in 1876
Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
KBibTeX is a reference management software primarily for BibTeX which is typically used in conjunction with TeX/LaTeX. Beyond normal editing capabilities, KBibTeX offers features such as searching and importing new references from Google Scholar or BibSonomy.
KBibTeX uses KDE but is not part of the official KDE Software Compilation or Calligra. There exist two versions of KBibTeX: One that is built on KDE Platform 4, and another built on KDE Frameworks 5. KBibTeX was started in 2004 for KDE3. The online version of documentation to KBibTeX is hosted on KDE documentation server along with a copy in PDF form for the purpose of offline reading.
See also
Comparison of reference management software
References
External links
Thomas Fischer on KBibTeX, the KDE Reference Manager
Free BibTeX software
KDE Applications | wiki |
A Corps of Drums, also sometimes known as a Fife and Drum Corps, Fifes and Drums or simply Drums is a unit of several national armies. Drummers were originally established in European armies to act as signallers. The major historical distinction between a military band and a corps of drums, was that 'drummers' were not employed to play their instruments to entertain or delight, but rather they carried out a utilitarian battlefield role. This role was fulfilled by trumpeters or buglers in the cavalry and the artillery, who did not form into comparative formed bodies in the way that drummers did; therefore, an orthodox corps of drums will exist in the infantry arm.
History
Instruments, particularly drums, have been used on battlefields as signalling devices since time immemorial across many different cultures. Most fife and drum traditions trace back to the Swiss mercenaries of the early Renaissance, and it is known that by the early 16th century, each company of infantry soldiers would have a single drummer and a single fife player. These two musicians would march at the head of the company, and when not providing uplifting marching tunes, they would be used by the company commander to convey orders, on and off the field of battle. The drummers would be more aptly described as signallers than musicians, as shouted orders were very hard to hear over the din of battle. Later, a bugle would become the preferred means of communication on the battlefield, and the drummers adapted, training on bugles and carrying them in battle, but retaining the drum and the title of drummer.
As time went on, the individual drummers and fife players in each company would be organized at battalion level. They retained their role in each company in battle, but would form one body of men at the head of a battalion on the march. It was necessary to appoint a Drum Major (the equivalent of a Sergeant Major, for the drummers) to be in charge of the drummers and to organize training in the emerging discipline of military drumming while a fife major was to be appointed to be the principal fifer and to train future fife players. The corps of drums would group together when not on duty with each company, and carry out various roles within the battalion, such as administering military justice and ensuring soldier's billets were secured, thus, the corps of drums became attached to the battalion headquarters and was organized at battalion level, as opposed to individual company level.
United Kingdom
The British Army maintains a corps of drums in each infantry battalion except for Scottish, Irish, and Rifle Regiments (The Rifles and the Royal Gurkha Rifles) which have pipes and drums and Bugles respectively. Each battalion of a regiment of line infantry maintains a corps of drums which may be 'massed' together on certain occasions. All corps-of-drums soldiers are called drummers (shortened to 'Dmr') regardless of the instrument they play, similarly to use of the term "sapper" for soldiers of the Royal Engineers.
Unlike army musicians who form bands and will usually be limited to auxiliary duties in wartime, drummers in a Corps of Drums are principally fully trained infantry soldiers, with recruitment coming after standard infantry training. A Corps of Drums will deploy with the rest of the battalion, and will often form specialist platoons such as assault pioneers, supporting fire or force protection.
Historically, the drum was used to convey orders during a battle, so the Corps of Drums has always been a fully integrated feature of an infantry battalion. Later on, when the bugle was adopted to convey orders, drummers were given bugles in addition, but maintained their drums and flutes, except in rifles regiments where the lighter instrument was more conducive to the skirmishing form of warfare.
Current role
Eventually, as the use of musical instruments on the battlefield diminished, corps of drums looked to fill specialist roles within the battalion while still retaining their original role for ceremonial purposes. In some armies, drummers were absorbed by bands and ceased to be the infantry soldiers, becoming full musicians.
In armies where corps of drums remained formed bodies within infantry battalions, different strings of logic have seen corps of drums employed in many varied roles. Because the corps would historically be employed in support of the battalion, in areas such as delivering mail or designating billets, they are often given the role of assault pioneers, or supporting-fire (machine gun) platoons.
The corps of drums role on the battlefield was originally to signal orders, and therefore some units are organised into signals platoons, operating radios.
Drummers would also accompany officers to meet officers of an opposing army to parley. Therefore, some corps of drums perform a liaison role.
Historical duties such as uncasing and casing of the colours on parade and various other privileges are continued in most units. Due to the specialist duties and ceremonial aspects of a drummers life, a corps of drums may be the unofficial custodian of regimental customs and traditions.
Corps of drums recruit from the whole battalion, and are usually attached to the battalion headquarters. Each corps of drums is commanded by a drum major, a senior non-commissioned officer, who usually reports to the adjutant of the battalion.
Instruments
The main instrument is the side drum. These were originally of a rope-tension design with wide wooden hoops, a wooden shell and an animal-skin head. In the British Army, this model has been continuously upgraded, with the inclusion of snares, more modern metal rod-tension and plastic heads. The current British Army 97s-pattern side drum also has nylon hoops.
The side drum was increasingly decorated throughout the 19th century, until it bore the fully embellished regimental colours of the battalion, including its battle honours. As such a regiment's drums are often afforded respect.
Historically all members of a corps of drums would be able to beat the various 'calls' on the drum, but in order to provide melody to accompany long route marches when not in combat, some would also play a fife, replaced in the modern British Army by the five-key flute. A wide variety of flutes and pitches are used. The fife and later the flute have been favoured as a warlike instrument due to shrill pitch and thus the ability to be heard above the noise of battle. Many tunes such as "The British Grenadiers" are traditionally played by military flutes. Fifes and keyed flutes were typically pitched in B, but the flute family eventually expanded to include a piccolo in E, a perfect fourth higher, and a flute pitched in F, a perfect fourth lower than the B flute. There was also a "B bass", which was pitched an octave below the B flute. Occasionally the B flute is known as the "treble" to avoid confusion with the B bass flute. The development of this family of flutes facilitated the development of flute band part music which in many ways imitates the style of larger military bands.
The bugle replaced the drum mid-way through the 19th century as the most common means of communication on the battlefield. These duties were carried out by the battalion's corps of drums, whose drummers now each carry a bugle, which can be sounded on parade to give certain orders, to offer salutes, or to play the "Last Post" (or "Taps") at funerals, in addition to playing bugle marches composed when on the march.
As the musical role of a corps of drums became more ceremonial in the 19th and 20th centuries, more instruments were added to make their output more musically complete. A modern corps of drums may thus have a range of percussion instruments such as a bass drum, tenor drums and cymbals (and occasionally glockenspiels) in addition to the snare drum, flute and bugle.
Uniform
Drummers have always worn distinct uniforms so as to stand out on the battlefield. During the 18th century most British Army drummers were distinguished by wearing their regimental uniforms in "reversed colours" – thus an infantry regiment wearing red coats with yellow facings would clothe its drummers in yellow coats with red facings. This practice tended to make drummers targets in battle and after 1812 was replaced by less conspicuous distinctions. These usually consisted of lace, used liberally all over the standard uniform, in varying patterns. Many early patterns consisted of a "Christmas-tree" pattern in which the chest was covered in horizontal lace decreasing in width downwards, and chevrons of lace down each sleeve. The modern infantry pattern in the British Army is of "crown-and-inch" lace sewn over the seams down the sleeves, around the collar, and over the seams on the back of the tunic. The crown-and-inch lace itself is about thick with a repeating crown pattern. The Guards Divisions drummers have the old-style "Christmas-tree" pattern, with fleurs-de-lis instead of crowns.
Whilst corps of drums in the British Army often parade in combat uniforms and other forms of dress, they will usually parade in the full dress uniform as above, being one of a few formations which regularly wear full dress.
In some regiments, it has become custom for the percussion rank to wear leopard skins over their uniform. This has the dual purpose of protecting the uniform (cymbals have to be muffled against the chest, and therefore would leave vertical marks on a bare tunic) and protecting the instruments themselves (the bass drum can be scratched by uniform buttons). Modern "leopard skins" are made from synthetic fur. Other regiments opt for a simple leather or cloth apron.
Drummers have traditionally been armed with "drummers' swords", a shortsword with a simple brass hilt bearing the Royal Cypher. The practice of wearing swords has been discontinued by some regiments, though many still do carry the swords, whilst some use an SA80 bayonet as a modern alternative.
Honourable Artillery Company
The Honourable Artillery Company maintains a corps of drums, and as such is the only such sub-unit in an artillery unit in the British Army. Although the Honourable Artillery Company now fulfils an artillery role, historically it was an infantry regiment, with two battalions fighting during the Great War. The last infantry battalion was disbanded in 1973, but the corps of drums remained. As the regiment still maintains the privilege granted to it by King William IV in 1830, that the H.A.C. should dress as the Grenadier Guards, except wearing silver where the Grenadiers wear gold, the corps of drums of the HAC dresses in a very similar fashion to that of the Grenadier Guards. Just as in other corps of drums of the British Army, its personnel carry out a soldiering role as their main function.
Since the HAC is the oldest unit in existence in the British Army, and as drummers were on the establishment of infantry units at the latest during the 16th century, it may be assumed that the corps of drums of the HAC is the oldest in the British Army, though it has not been in continuous existence.
In addition, the HAC's veteran unit, the Company of Pikemen and Musketeers maintains an early form of Corps of Drums known as the 'Musik'. In this capacity, more basic fifes and larger rope-tension drums are used and 17th century uniforms are worn in keeping with the rest of the company.
Royal Logistic Corps
The Royal Logistic Corps (RLC) also maintains a corps of drums in the form of several side drummers, drawn from soldiers who serve a short tour as drummers before returning to a field unit. This is not a conventional corps of drums, as it has no flautists, and comes under the command of regimental headquarters of the RLC, rather than forming a separate entity. It frequently plays with the Band of the RLC, but often performs in isolation. It is famed for its "black light" display. These drummers stem from the 12 drummers placed on the Royal Waggon Train (RWT) in 1803. There are reserve soldiers within the Corps of Drums of 157 Regiment RLC, based at Cardiff in Wales.
At the time of Waterloo, in the period of deployment to the Low Countries, the RWT introduced drums made of brass. These originated on the Indian sub-continent. The size . They weighed . They were faced in blue and carried the cypher of King George, with the title below. A few drums of the period survive today. The drumsticks were of Canadian maple, following the campaigns in North America during the Napoleonic era. The drums had drag ropes purchased from unit funds. Whilst drummers carried the bugle, the common instrument for the "Waggoners" was the fanfare trumpet on account of their cavalry traditions, and inclusion in the light cavalry. During that period the corps was then being divided between the foot soldiers, which used drums and fifes, and the mounted soldiers, with cavalry fanfare trumpets as signalling instruments. The drum sling was still that of the hook.
Royal Marines
Royal Marines Bands are led by 'buglers', who are trained on both the side drum and the bugle as well as the Herald Fanfare Trumpet (natural trumpet); this section of the band is referred to as "the Corps of Drums", which since 1903 is now situated at the front of the band. Whilst similar to Army corps of drums, these are members of the Royal Marines Band Service (RMBS), although they retain their own rank structure. Members of the RMBS are primarily musicians; however, they also carry out secondary roles (e.g. medics, drivers, force protection etc.) when required to, like their Army counterparts.
RM Buglers have a similar history to Army 'drummers' in that they were used to convey orders on a ship on drums and bugles, and would then mass onshore into corps of drums, though they were still expected to work as individual soldiers, also known in slang by the Royal Navy as drummers.
These drummer-buglers trace themselves back to the raising of the Royal Marines in 1664 as a maritime foot regiment, with six drummers attached to its battalions.
History of Maritime Drummers
Drums were, in 1664, used for the raising of the Duke of York's and Albany's Maritime Regiment of Foot, the Admiral's Regiment. The regiment's 1,200 personnel had six snare drummers per company, the ancestors of the corps of drums of the Royal Marines Band Service. The Holland Regiment soon came after them. They were later to be called The Buffs, the Old Buffs and Howards's Buffs.
Each time a maritime regiment, or from 1672 onward, a marine regiment, is disbanded and a new one appears in its place, drummers come in, especially the young ones who liked playing drums and wanted to serve playing them. The 1702 formation of the marine and sea-service foot regiments saw the drummers' greatest action at Gibraltar, when they played the drums to support their regiments.
The War of Jenkins' Ear saw into action ten British marine regiments and an all-American marine regiment, all units whose drummers and fifers played alongside their units.
Even though part of the British Army which in the 18th century was led by the War Office, the Board of Ordnance and the Commissariat, marines were naval units. Royal Navy officers were at one point part of the marines. Due to two laws that regulated them and other army and navy units, marine drummers faced a loyalty problem over what drum calls they would have to do, and for what branch and on what occasion they might be required to play drums for orders, commands, etc.
In 1755, the problem was solved. The Admiralty took over what was then called His Majesty's Marine Forces. Even though at first Royal Navy officers filled the officer ranks, with lieutenant-colonel being perceived as the highest relevant rank, in 1771 a promotion to colonel occurred for the first time in the H.M.M.F.
After their formation, the H.M.M.F's drummers and fifers of the three marine divisions played alongside their fellow soldiers in various landings worldwide on behalf of the Royal Navy. They joined their units in the American War of Independence, and a drummer was at James Cook's service during his sea travels.
At Adm. John Jervis's insistence, by King George III's order in 1802, the H.M.M.F. was transformed into the H.M.M.F.-Royal Marines, albeit larger than today's establishment. Two years later, bomb vessel crews and gunners became part of the newly created Royal Marine Artillery, in which bugle calls became a regular part of life from then on.
The Royal Navy in the 19th century was short of manpower in both the H.M.M.F.-R.M. and the R.M.A. For this, Army units joined the H.M.M.F.-R.M. as replacement units, carrying not only their drummers and fifers but also buglers.
In 1855, during the units' service in the Crimean War, the H.M.M.F.-R.M's foot units became one under the unified title of Royal Marines Light Infantry, later known as the Royal Marine Light Infantry. From then, bugles replaced drums as signallers and order beaters, but the latter would be still useful for drill, being then called drummers and buglers, and from 1867 the R.M.L.I./R.M.A. drummers were called "buglers" only, serving individually in ships and the R.N's shore establishments and artillery units and massed into corps of drums for their units on the ground. Fifes fully declined and disappeared in usage. By then, a bugler playing both the drum and his bugle both to sound orders and do drum calls was a common sight in the RMLI and RMA. By the 1890s, even buglers also trained in using herald trumpets or Fanfare trumpets became commonplace in RMLI and RMA bases and facilities.
A 1902 incident changed the buglers forever. A Coronation Review at Aldershot was due soon, and the then Sr. Bandmaster of the RMLI, Lt. George Miller, asked his fellow bandmasters to get buglers for his band for the review. The next day at a church parade, he asked 30 RMLI buglers to front the RMLI Massed Bands. They then marched to his own arrangement of Onward Christian Soldiers. Everyone was shocked by this and were amazed that the formation that he used would become a RMLI and RMA military band standard formation setup, and the precision stick drills that he made became a permanent fixture in military events where either or both the RMLI and RMA's presence were needed. Soon later, when the RM began operating the Royal Naval School of Music the next year as a training venue for future bandsmen of the RN, RMLI and RMA, they brought this formation for Royal Navy bands as well, inspiring the formations used by modern military bands of some Commonwealth countries like Australia, Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei.
1923 would see the buglers of the R.M.L.I. and R.M.A. now belong to the Corps of Royal Marines, the Royal Marines of today. Seeing action during the Second World War and in the growing crisis of the Cold War were the R.M.'s brave buglers of the new Royal Marines Band Service, even through separate from the bands themselves. The R.M.A. and R.M.L.I. buglers' dress uniforms (dark blue trousers and tunic and red collars and trouser wells) became the full dress of the corps bands and buglers, with the addition of a Wolseley pith helmet as headdress, and yellow shoulder cords and slashed cuffs to indicate their long history, heritage and lineage from 1664.
By 1950, the R.N.S.o.M. became today's Royal Marines School of Music, and the Royal Naval bands were dissolved. Beating retreats by both the Royal Marine bands and the R.M. Corps of Drums buglers would begin to occur annually, later triennially and as of today biannually, at Horse Guards Parade, Portsmouth and other venues, playing for the entire Royal Navy and the Royal Marines. It would be only in 1978 that the R.M.B.S. would have buglers as well in its rosters. By the 1990s, however, only five R.M. corps of drums were left as the Deal Depot closed down in 1996, the Chatham band already dissolved in the 1940s, with three at the R.N. England bases in Portsmouth, Plymouth and at the Britannia Royal Naval College till 2008 (The last is now assigned to ), one in the R.M.S.o.M. (then in Deal and now in Portsmouth since 1996) and another one in Scotland at HMS Caledonia. By the 1950s, only the band carried the corps at the lead, as separate corps of drums, which played only bugles alongside the drums, were discontinued altogether (these were adopted in the 1880s when the RM began to transition from fifes to bugles).
Today there are six R.M. Bands (plus the training company, R.M.S.o.M. Junior Musicians and Buglers) located around the UK, in Portsmouth (three in HMS Nelson, which includes the R.M.S.o.M.), Fareham (HMS Collingwood), Plymouth (HMS Raleigh), Lympstone (Commando Training Centre Royal Marines) and Scotland (HMS Caledonia) for a total of seven bands and attached corps of drums. All members of the R.M.B.S. are trained at the Royal Marines School of Music (HMS Nelson). Buglers' training lasts two years. Basic military skills are taught during four months of initial military training and, if successful, trainee buglers are instructed on the bugle, drum and herald/fanfare trumpets. Musical skills are refined and supported with additional lessons in music theory and aural perception. Parade work forms a large part of the curriculum and considerable time is spent developing personal drill and bearing.
Today's R.M. Corps of Drums contains approximately 60 buglers who carry out duties ranging from repatriation services (Last Post and Reveille), mess beatings (drum displays), beating retreat (marching displays) and concerts on behalf of the Royal Marines and the entire Royal Navy.
Instruments and leadership
Like the British Army, Military snare (side) drums (MSD) are the principal instrument of the corps of drums; however, another core instrument is the bugle. Bass drums are often used during parades and drum displays, while cymbals and single tenor drums are used during parades and ceremonies only. Herald Fanfare trumpets (natural trumpets) are also performed on such occasions where a bugle fanfare would be inappropriate for such. The corps is led by a drum major and a bugle major serves as the principal player for it.
Drummer's Colour
The Drummer's Colour, also known as the Wilhelmsthal Colour, is a unique colour held by 1st Battalion, Royal Regiment of Fusiliers. A drummer, usually the youngest in the battalion, is detailed to carry it when it is on parade.
History
At the battle of Wilhemstahl in 1762, the 5th Foot led the centre column under the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. During this action, they captured the colour of an opposing French regiment, and took a large number of prisoners.
After this date, the regiment carried a small green silk banner in addition to their usual stand of colours to commemorate the one they captured. This was destroyed along with the Regimental Colour by a fire in the Officer's Mess in 1833. Despite representations made to King William IV, a request to replace the Drummer's Colour following the fire was refused. However the regiment continued to parade a replacement, and was granted specific permission to do so by King George V in 1933.
Since then, a drummer has been entrusted with carrying the colour. This is unique within infantry regiments of the British Army, since colours are normally only entrusted to commissioned officers, except when they are in the custody of sergeants to convey them to an ensign. The Drummer's Colour is typically paraded only on St. George's Day, unlike the other colours of the regiment, which are used more frequently. On this day, it is decorated with red and white roses, in keeping with regimental custom which sees all members of the regiment wear the roses in their headdress on this day. The drums of the Corps of Drums and the drum major's staff are also similarly decorated.
When the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers were amalgamated with other regiments to form the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers in 1968, the tradition of carrying the Drummer's Colour was maintained by the 2nd Battalion. When this battalion was in turn 'deleted' in 2014 as a result of the Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010, the Drummer's Colour was passed to the 1st Battalion.
Appearance and charges
The Drummer's Colour is of gosling green silk edged with gold. St. George and the Dragon are embroidered in the centre, with red scrolls edged with gold above and below. The motto of the Northumberland Fusiliers, (Go where divine providence leads), is displayed on the upper scroll, and the word 'Northumberland' is on the lower. Above the lower scroll is a large 'V' with 'Regt' below, both in gold, indicating that the Northumberland Fusiliers were the 5th Regiment of Foot at the time of the battle. A laurel wreath with red berries surrounds the central elements, and Tudor roses surmounted by crowns feature in the four corners.
British civilian and cadet corps of drums
In addition to Army and Navy/Royal Marines Corps of Drums, in the United Kingdom there are also cadet- civilian corps who base their music on the military traditions of the country. The Army Cadet Force corps use the Army-style formations and instrumentation (flutes/bugles, snare, bass and tenor drums, cymbals and Glockenspiels), save for those with Scottish and Irish links that have Pipe bands instead and those affiliated with the light infantry (especially the now only LI regiment The Rifles) have a corps of drums without the fifes while using only bugles. Those corps of the Combined Cadet Force, Royal Marines Volunteer Cadet Corps and the Sea Cadet Corps use the RN/RM naval and ship-style corps (Snare/Side drums/Bugles, Bass and Tenor drums, cymbals and glockenspiels) and are attached to the main band or are separate formations. This formation is also used by the military band of the Duke of York's Royal Military School. Another example of a military style CoD is that of the Royal British Legion, whose bands are modeled on the Royal Navy and Royal Marines Band Service. The Royal Air Force however does not have any such ensembles, and only Corps of Drums under the Royal Air Force Air Cadets are active, with their formation being similar to those of the RN and RM.
The Metropolitan Police restarted a Corps of Drums in 2011, when the central youth engagement unit purchased some drums and sent cadets on a "band camp". Greenwich borough subsequently took a caretaker role of the drums and established a corps of drums. 2015 saw Kensington and Chelsea and Hillingdon Boroughs expanding and creating more branches. It is the first band in the Metropolitan Police to be composed of members of the Metropolitan Police since 1988. It is also the first band in the name of the Metropolitan Police since 1997, when the civilianised Metropolitan Police Band was disbanded.
Civilian corps of drums are also formatted after their respective services, with corps patterned after those of the Army, Navy and the Royal Marines in instrumentation and marching style becoming commonplace. These are staffed by both veteran and retired military drummers as well as civilian drummers playing the fifes, bugles and percussion. In Northern Ireland, civilian corps are mounted by Loyalist groups, which for the most part use flutes with no bugles at all. A number of formations use accordions instead of flutes.
United States
A corps of drums or field music band in the United States is a type of military band, which originated in European armies in the 16th century. The main instruments of a corps of drums are the drum and the flute or fife and bugle. Unlike 'full' military marching bands, corps of drums usually exist within an infantry battalion. A drum major is the leader of a corps of drums, and in the past a fife major served as the principal fifer or flautist with a bugle major serving the same purpose for the buglers. The DM, like his/her British counterparts, uses a mace for both vocal and visual commands to lead his/her musicians. The tradition stems the days of British colonial rule, when local units in the then 13 British territories sported own fife and drum ensembles, a tradition brought by the British infantry regiments that landed in these lands. The formation mirrors those in the British Armed Forces with almost identical instrumentation.
Valley Forge Military Academy and College has a corps of drums that is part of the regimental band. Uniforms and music are modelled on the Royal Marines Corps of Drums. VFMAC does have a similar but separate formation which is part of the Corps of Cadets (VFMAC Field Music) which only uses drums (snares, tenors and basses), cymbals and bugles and from 2011, fifes. Formed in 1956, it also provides the official guard-of-honour for visitors to the Delaware Valley area.
The United States Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps, raised in 1960 and part of the 3rd US Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) of the United States Army, formally revived this very part of American military music history and its mission is to relive it for coming generations. This is the only musical unit of the US armed forces in which its drum major, wearing a classic 18th century infantry cap and carrying a spontoon, the honor badge and weapon of 18th century senior non-commissioned officers, salutes using the left hand. Musicians assigned to this unit wear 18th century military uniforms reminiscent of those used in the American Revolutionary War by the Continental Army drummers and fifers. Another corps of drums is found as part of the West Point Band - the West Point Hellcats, which wear regulation uniforms from the 1820s, and since 2016 play using bugles, fifes and traditional rope tension snare and bass drums. Until the late 19th century the US Army and the United States Marine Corps maintained similar ensembles before switching to bugles.
Formation of field music/corps of drums in the US Armed Forces and civilian organizations
While only the Old Guard FDC is the only field music formation in the US Armed Forces and thus more similar to a European corps of drums, in the past there had been similar formations armed forces-wide. Should such units be reactivated again not just in the Armed Forces but also as civilian, veterans or youth cadet formations, the formation of the ensemble is as follows (the formation is to be expected to be led by a drum major):
Field snare drums
Snare drums
Bass drums
Cymbals (optional)
Single tenor drums (optional)
Glockenspiels (optional)
Fifes
Piccolos, Flutes (optional)
Bugles in B and/or G Major
Chromatic fanfare Trumpets in B or G Major (optional)
Single-valve bugles (Only in the Old Guard FDC)
Soprano and Baritone Herald Fanfare Bugles (optional)
Soprano and Baritone Herald fanfare trumpets (optional)
Soprano Bugles
Alto bugles
Flugelhorn Bugles
French horn bugles
Mellophones
Baritone Bugles
Marching Baritones
Euphonium bugles
Marching euphoniums
Contrabass bugles
Germany
In Germany, Spielmannszug, Tambourkorps and sometimes Trommlerkorps are the names given to the German corps of drums, whether it is a military formation or a civilian formation. The instrumentation of these are, commonly fifes and snare drums (just like the Bundeswehr corps of drums that are attached to the unit military bands), flutes and piccolos, Glockenspiels, Bass drums, cymbals and, on some corps, single and multiple tenor drums, and like their British counterparts, bugles (in several corps). Timpani, vibraphones and marimbas, as well as drum kits, are used in concerts. Sometimes even a Turkish crescent is used to symbolize the band, with a banner or guidon with the ensemble emblem. Whatever the configuration, a drum major always leads the corps during military and civil parades and other events, and in modern corps even majorettes and pom pom dancers are a part of its roster.
Military corps of drums belong and are attached to the bands of the Bundeswehr Military Music Center under the Bundeswehr Streitkräftebasis while civilian corps are dedicated civil bands and youth bands assigned in cities and towns all over Germany.
From 1955 to 1990, the National People's Army maintained corps of drums in the same manner as the Bundeswehr. During the Republic Day parades on 7 October in East Berlin from 1959 to 1989, the national corps included single tenor drums at the front.
Russia/CIS/Nations with Russian influence
Russian or drummers are names that are used to refer to Russian military corps of drums (, ), a practice that is of Imperial origin in the field drummers that marched at the lead of their units in parades and that is a part of the traditions of almost all former Soviet republics (save for the Baltics and Georgia). Russian drum corps are usually made up of snare drummers with one line of flute or fife players in the middle and two glockenspiels in the front (with the option for a third one or a Turkish crescent, plus chromatic fanfare trumpeters, buglers, trumpeters and trombonists). Military corps of drums are usually made separate from the massed military bands of the unit or command that it is a part of, and are led by a drum major who is a commissioned officer of minimum junior officer rank. Until 1970, all corps of drums in major parades in key Soviet cities stationed themselves following their march past in parades to reinforce the massed bands, a tradition introduced in Moscow in the 1930s and a spinoff of the former Imperial Russian and German practice.
Historically, the corps of drums is a military unit that is formally a part of the junior military high schools of these countries. Uniquely, the Azerbaijani Armed Forces follows the Turkish model by attaching a full bugle formation behind the corps of drums.
List of Post-Soviet units/institutions with corps of drums
Moscow Military Music College
All Suvorov Military Schools (i.e. Minsk, Yekaterinburg, Kazan)
All Nakhimov Naval Schools (the Murmansk branch for example)
Kronstadt Sea Cadet Corps
Black Sea Fleet Naval Training Center Sevastopol
Ivan Bohun Military High School
Monte Melkonian Military College
Jamshid Nakhchivanski Military Lyceum
Astana Zhas Ulan Republican School
Mastibek Tashmukhamedov Military Lyceum of the Ministry of Defense of Tajikistan
Berdimuhamed Annayev 1st Specialized Military School
Military Music College of Mongolia
Georgi Atanasov Military Music School (until 2001)
Sweden
Only the Life Guards King's Guard Battalion has a corps of drums organized as a platoon - the Svea Corps of Drums (Fältpiparkåren/Livgardets trumkår) which is part of the battalion's Life Company, which serves as guards of honor. Until 2009 the Royal Swedish Army Drum Corps served as the official active field music unit of both the Army and the entire Armed Forces, and thus only the Home Guard Command maintains the practice with dedicated ensembles in several areas of the country.
Both the Svea Corps and the Army Drum Corps share the same instrumentation as a British corps with a brass section added.
Spain
Only four Armed Forces formation in Spain carry a full corps of drums led by drum majors, which play the fife or keyed flute with the drumline. The tradition arrived in Spain during the long existence of the Tercio system.
The Spanish Royal Guard and the Infantry Regiment "Inmemorial del Rey" No. 1 both continue the traditions of the corps. In addition the two regiments of the Regulares have an unusual form of a corps of drums dubbed as Nuba, which date to 1911 and thus combines the instrumentation with chirimias, bugles, trumpets and cornets.
Canada
The sole corps of drums that is active within the Canadian Army today is the Corps of Drums of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. Being a musical unit, it replaces the regimental band of the PPCLI, which was dissolved in 1994. Based on the British tradition for these units, it is modeled on the Corps of Drums of the Royal Logistic Corps of the British Army. The regimental drum corps is divided into three units which are assigned to different battalions in the PPCLI. These individual drum corps operate as small drum lines that serve during different ceremonies and events. Unlike their British and American counterparts, but more similar to the Corps of Drums of the RLC, the drum corps does not utilize flutes and bugles. An example of a historical corps of drums can be found through the Fort Henry Guard and the Fort York Guard, both of which sport corps of drums that include fifes and are led by a Drum Major and a Drum Sergeant. Although it is not part of the Canadian Forces, it is designed to represent the units of the British Army in Upper Canada. During WWII, many regiments maintained small corps of drums that were stationed at all
major bases. While most of them were staffed by active duty troops, others were staffed by volunteer bandsmen, consisting of reservists and professional civilian percussionists.
In the Royal Canadian Navy, corps of drums have been historically attached to military bands at the front-rank following the precedent the bands of the Royal Navy and the Corps of Royal Marines. After the 1968 Unification of the Canadian Armed Forces, corps of drums in both the RCN, were dismantled and abolished, although notably making a return in the mid-1980s within the naval reserve. In July 2013, a five-person corps of drums was unveiled for the first time by the Naden Band of Maritime Forces Pacific a Victoria Day Parade.
Netherlands and in Indonesia
Drum bands are the Dutch and Indonesian terms for the corps of drums, but in the Netherlands they are also called as drumfanfares, tamboerkorps, trompetterkorps and klaroenkorps (drum and lyre bands, fanfare bands and drum and brass bands) and in Indonesia as marching bands and drum corps.
In the Netherlands, the basic instrumentation is
Field snare drums
Snare drums
Bass drums
Multiple and single tenor drums
Cymbals
Glockenspiels
Flutes, Fifes
Piccolos
Bugles, Natural trumpets, fanfare trumpets
Natural horns (few bands only)
Cor de chasse (few civil bands)
Turkish crescent (optional)
Brass section/Marching brass (in few bands)
Trumpet
Cornet
Soprano Bugle
Flugelhorn
Trombone
Tuba
Helicon, Sousaphone
Military drum bands in the armed forces of the Netherlands would have only two to four of these basic instruments.
Optional or permanent instruments in these bands are flutes and piccolos, bugles, natural horns, valved bugles and brass instruments (soprano bugles and trumpets, cornets, horns, mellophones, baritones, sousaphones and contrabass bugles).
These bands are attached to the main marching band, similar to French bands, but also perform as stand alone bands. They are led by a drum major, and can have majorettes and colour guards, the latter now more separated from the band. The former Drum and Bugle Corps of the Rifle Guards Regiment was led by a bugle major.
In the 1980s however these bands became paramilitary-styled and even adopted the traditions of British military bands of the Guards Division and the Royal Marines, but several of these bands chose the American marching band and drum and bugle corps practice. Some of these bands also adopted woodwind instruments turning them into full-time military marching bands, and almost all drum bands use English voice commands and not Dutch commands and only a few use whistle commands and the mace movements.
In Indonesia, the corps, a military musical heritage from Dutch colonial times and a variant of the tanjidor marching band tradition, may be treated as military, civil or school marching and show bands, and in some cases as drum and bugle corps, and are either attached to the main marching band or as stand-alone bands, with instrumentation drawn from the following:
Snare drums
Bass drums
Single tenor drums
Multiple tenor drums
Cymbals
Glockenspiels
Melodicas (in school marching bands)
Fanfare trumpets (chromatic and/or herald) (optional)
Bugles (optional)
Flutes, piccolos (in the Indonesian National Armed Forces)
Fifes (optional in the Indonesian National Armed Forces)
Clarinets (in the Indonesian National Armed Forces)
Trumpets, cornets and soprano bugles
Alto bugles
Flugelhorns and flugel bugles
Trombones (optional in the Indonesian National Armed Forces)
Horns, mellophones and horn bugles
Baritone bugles, baritone horns and marching baritones
Wagner tubas (optional)
Tubas, euphoniums, saxhorns (optional)
Contrabass bugles, sousaphones
If a civilian front ensemble is present:
Marimba
Vibraphone
Xylophone
Suspended cymbals
Tubular bells
Gong
Drum kit
Timpani
Concert bass drumm
Timbales
Conga
If with added saxophones, the corps turns into a full marching band, a tradition in the Home Affairs Governance Colleges.
They are led by from one to six drum majors and can have a separate director of music (in civil and police bands only), majorettes and Colour guards (optional). The drum majors in these bands have a unique use of the mace in order to coordinate the timing and precision of the band like US marching band drum majors do. The Indonesian corps also has dancing bass drummers either wearing uniforms or costumes (such is the case in the corps of drums of the various Indonesian uniformed organizations, most especially the armed forces and the national police), a unique feature of these corps and are attached to it and are also a nod to Indonesian cultural traditions, plus dancing contrabass buglers and baritone buglers in some bands. The brass instruments are pitched in C, F or B major unlike US military DBCs, most notably that of the United States Marine Drum and Bugle Corps that use G major brasses and civilian corps in the past, and so too are the glockenspiels being used and the flutes and clarinets.
Another unique characteristic is that in military and police corps of drums, tenor and bass drummers, baritone buglers (optionally) and contrabass buglers wear combat, duty or everyday uniform (and optionally costumes for the tenor drummers) instead of the full dress uniform while playing, whether in performance, field practice or rehearsals, unlike their British counterparts do. They wear berets, ball caps or side caps as head-dress, unlike the rest of the band, who wear peaked caps, especially the drum majors and in civil bands, the director of music, the color guards and the pit section during field performances. Bands of the Armed Forces academies tend to have their single tenor drummers wear their specialty uniform and colored berets of the selected service arm or branch, with those of the Navy wearing free diving gear and the Air Force flightsuits.
Ancient style corps of drums in Indonesia
The practice was introduced to the Netherlands East Indies in the early 1800s, and today both the Yogyakarta Kraton Guards and the Royal Guard of Pakualaman each sport an ancient form of the corps, alongside a recently reconstituted formation from the Royal Guard of the Surakarta Sunanate. Alongside them, both the southern regencies of Central Java and Yogyakarta have dedicated civilian corps, each serving the bregodo rakyat (people's brigade) companies that conserve the traditions of the armed services of the former sultanates. These corps, when formed up in parade, are composed of:
Snare drums
Fifes, flutes, suling flutes
Bugle/s
Trumpet/s (in some civil bands)
One to three Kendangs
Single tenor drum/s (in civil bands)
Cymbals
Bass drum (in civil bands and in Surakarta)
Gong/s
South America
Inspired by the German (and sometimes French) style corps of drums, South American corps differ in instrumentation, size and leadership.
Chile
Similar to the German corps, the Chilean corps of drums are both military and civil bands, the Bandas de Guerra (War Bands) that the Chileans call them formally.
Military corps of drums belong to the Chilean Armed Forces' three services, the Carabineros de Chile and the Chilean Gendarmerie and differ in instrumentation and officers in charge (only in the Chilean Navy).
Chilean Army: Snare drums, fifes, bugles (led by a drum major and a bugle major)
Chilean Navy: Snare drums, fifes, bugles (led by a drum major)
Chilean Air Force: Snare drums, bugles (led by a drum major and a bugle major)
Chilean Carabiners: Snare drums, bugles (led by a drum major and a bugle major)
Chilean Gendarmerie: Snare drums, bugles (led by a drum major and a bugle major)
The military style corps also inherit the British corps' tradition of carrying drummers' swords attached to belts in all their dress uniforms.
Civilian corps are usually school based bands with the addition of a percussion section (Snare drums, bass drums and cymbals) and glockenspiels and are either part of a school marching band or as a standalone band in itself. In these separate bands, a fife major leads the band's fifers/flautists while on duty, and also assist the drum major and the bugle major. These positions also exists on corps which are now part of school bands, as well as in a few volunteer community fire departments. These civil corps perform on occasions when requested and participate in competitions.
Ecuador
Corps of drums in Ecuador are both military and civil bands. These corps are very similar to the German corps, but with the addition of bugles and the single tenor drum.
Like the Chilean corps, these bands have differences in configuration and instrumentation in the Ecuadorian armed forces. But the corps snare and tenor (sometimes bass) drummers often play on drums that are painted in the service or unit colours (sometimes in the colours of Guayaquil, which are blue and white for the corps of the Ecuadorian Navy) and in the case of the Military Academy "Eloy Alfaro" and the Air Force Academy "Cosme Rendella", have the unit/school insignia attached to the bugles' and fifes' tabards.
The typical Ecuadorian corps, called as the Peloton Comando (Commando Platoon) but are also called as the Banda de Guerra (War Band), just like in Chile in several schools and colleges (many bands now fall under the Banda Escolar or Banda de Paz title due to recent state reforms), is led by a drum major (in several cases there would be 1 to 4 drum majors) and is composed of:
Snare drums
Fifes (common only in the Ecuadorian Army and Ecuadorian Air Force and school bands)
Bugles and natural trumpets (common in all three services, principal instrument in the Ecuadorian Navy)
Single tenor drums
Bass drums (optional and common in some corps)
Cymbals (optional and in some corps)
Glockenspiels
Multiple tenor drums (only in school bands)
Ecuadorian Civil corps of drums are similar only to the Army and Air Force corps but are based as youth bands stationed in schools across the nation. Notable exceptions include the Corps of Drums of the Ecuadorian National Police. Like military corps, they are led by a drum major in all their activities but there are cases of multiple drum majors leading, from a minimum of two to a maximum of four or five. But in some corps, there are some majorettes and tambourine players. Those that are based on the Navy's corps of drums (especially Guayaquil-based corps) use the same instrumentation as its corps have.
Venezuela
Similar to Germany and Colombia's, the Venezuelan corps of drums are both military and civil bands, and like Colombia's, Peru's and Ecuador's contain the same instrumentation of :
Snare drums
Bass drums
Cymbals
Single tenor drums
Glockenspiels
Bugles (and optionally trumpets)
The corps is led by a single drum major. In some corps, especially in civil-based ones, other brass instruments may be added into the bugle section.
Military corps have tabards applied on the bass drums, snare drums, glockenspiels and bugles on every occasion that it is performing. One such formation is the Military Academy of Venezuela Corps of Drums. Recently there's an effort to build up full-time military marching bands in the national armed forces with the percussion of the corps combined with brass and woodwind instruments.
Bolivia
Corps of drums in Bolivia, both military and civil, are inspired by German and French band practices and are part of the main band. The instruments used by them are snare drums, tenor drums (single and multiple), bass drums, cymbals and sometime glockenspiels. Turkish crescents are used as standards and are paraded as part of them. In military corps attached to bands there would be one to two drum majors and in some cases standards or vertical banners are used to distinguish the corps when on parade. Civil corps attached to marching bands would have one to eight drum majors (in some cases ten) and would also have a military-styled colour guard marching with the Turkish crescents and optionally the standards.
Peru
Peruvian corps of drums are both military (Banda de guerra) and civil bands (Banda ritmica), with differences in instrumentation. In whatever combination, it's a main part of the main school or military marching band led by the Director of Music, with the drum major or majorette or standard bearer leading led by the conductor or as a separate band led by the drum major or standard bearer at the front of the ensemble. These follow the Spanish and French influence.
Corps of drums in the Peruvian Armed Forces and the National Police of Peru (formerly the Civil Guard of Peru, Peruvian Investigations Police and Peruvian Republican Guard), plus school or college based bands and corps attached to them or as separate bands are composed of snare and or field drums, single tenor drums, multiple tenor drum (in school corps), bugles and glockenspiels in addition to the regular snare and bass drums and cymbals. Tambourines are common within the school-based corps, with female majorettes assisting the conductor or the school band drum major or music director. Tabards are applied only on the bugles and glockenspiels, as well as in the snare and tenor drums if applicable.
Colombia
Colombian corps of drums ar similar to those of Ecuador, Peru, Chile and Venezuela but are different in leadership, being led by a minimum of 3-7 drum majors or majorettes, and are composed instrumentally of:
Snare drums
Field/precision snare drums
Bass drums
Single tenor drums
Multiple tenor drums (civil corps)
Cymbals
Glockenspiels
Bugles and trumpets
Natural trumpets (military corps only and in several civil corps)
Trombones (optional, only in select military corps)
Saxhorns (only in select military corps)
Bagpipes (in the corps of drums of the Colombian Naval Academy and the Basic School of the Colombian Naval Infantry)
Tambourines (civil corps)
Conga drums (civil Corps)
Timbales (civil corps)
Cowbells (civil corps)
Suspended cymbals (civil corps)
Civil corps would also have a separate conductor, occasionally standard bearers and colour guards marching along.
Even through separate from the main marching band, a part of the band itself or as a band of its own, they are both useful as military-based and civil-based marching bands. The drums are either covered with cloth tabards of the unit or band to which the corps belongs, or painted in various colours to suit its needs. The bugles, trumpets and glockenspiels (and in military units and several civil bands, natural trumpets) are attached with small tabards with the military service, police, school or college insignia, name or emblem shown in them.
Central America
Known as Bandas de Guerra or banda tradicional in Spanish, the Corps of drums tradition is also active in the following Central American countries:
Guatemala
El Salvador
Honduras
Panama
The Guatemalan corps tradition is mostly active in school-based corps, which mirror drum and bugle corps of the US and Mexico, the same case in Honduras and occasionally in El Salvador. In Panama, both the Public Forces and educational institutions maintain a corps section in bands while some are standalone formations. In Nicaragua, only the Nicaraguan Armed Forces sports a small corps manned by officer cadets modeled on Mexican precedent. School based bands are known as bandas ritmicas following the Peruvian pattern and are percussion only.
See also
Military band
Marching band
Police band (music)
Pipe band
Fanfare trumpet
Fanfare band
References
External links
Coldstream Guards Corps of Drums website
Regimental Band of The Royal Welsh Guards Corps of Drums website
Corps of Drums Society
Corps of Drums of The Royal Logistic Corps
Kirab Drum Corps Akpol
Types of musical groups
Marching bands
Military bands
Combat occupations | wiki |
Mylomys is a genus of rodent in the family Muridae.
It contains the following species:
African groove-toothed rat (Mylomys dybowskii)
Ethiopian mylomys (Mylomys rex)
References
Rodent genera
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
Soldier ("soldato" in lingua inglese) può riferirsi a:
Cinema
Soldier – film del 1998 diretto da Paul W.S. Anderson
Geografia
Soldier – città della Contea di Monona, Iowa (Stati Uniti d'America)
Soldier – città della Contea di Jackson, Kansas (Stati Uniti d'America)
Musica
Soldier – album di Iggy Pop del 1980
Soldier – singolo delle Destiny's Child del 2004, dall'album Destiny Fulfilled
Soldier – traccia dell'album New Amerykah Part One (4th World War) di Erykah Badu del 2008 | wiki |
Lone worker monitoring is the practice of monitoring the safety of employees who may be exposed to unique risks, due to work conditions in which they are isolated from people who might be able to offer aid in the event of an emergency.
Legislation
In some areas including the United Kingdom, Australian States, Ireland, New Zealand and certain Provinces in Canada, legislation has driven the adoption of lone worker policies as well as methods of monitoring the safety of these employees. In the United States, no explicit legislation exists regarding an employer's obligation to monitor the safety of its lone or isolated employees except in the shipbuilding industry.
Methods of Monitoring Lone Worker Safety
Numerous methods have been developed and are currently in use by companies world-wide. These methods include:
Phone-based check-in systems. Employees are required to call in to a designated receiver after a predetermined time. Check-ins are often performed hourly or bi-hourly. The two approaches to phone-based check-in systems are call center-driven and cloud-based automated monitoring, which may use a software-as-a-service (SaaS) model.
Buddy systems. Employees may be paired up to perform certain tasks. Theoretically, should an emergency occur and one of the employees be rendered incapacitated, the other would remain available to call for help and provide aid.
Safety monitoring smartphone applications. With the widespread adoption of smart phones, the deployment of a dedicated application allowing employees to quickly request aid has become more feasible. These applications may provide a panic button or allow for prompt check-in without requiring a phone call to be made. Some smartphone apps allow for hands-free triggers as well, like pulling a tether from the phone's headphone jack, so that the lone worker can signal for help without having to unlock their phone.
Safety monitoring devices. Dedicated monitoring devices for monitoring local environmental conditions, such as dangerous levels of gases, that smartphone-based lone worker monitoring solutions are unable to account for. These devices are often worn rather than carried, clipped to either the lone worker's safety suit, ID badge, or some other piece of vital equipment.
See also
Employee monitoring
Lone worker
References
External links
Health and Safety Executive - Can a person be left alone at their place of work?
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety - Working Alone - General
Occupational safety and health | wiki |
Octopus: The Best of Syd Barrett est une compilation de Syd Barrett, parue en 1992.
Titres
Toutes les chansons sont de Syd Barrett, sauf Golden Hair (Barrett, Joyce).
Album musical sorti en 1992
Album de Syd Barrett | wiki |
Colchicum ( or ) is a genus of perennial flowering plants containing around 160 species which grow from bulb-like corms. It is a member of the botanical family Colchicaceae, and is native to West Asia, Europe, parts of the Mediterranean coast, down the East African coast to South Africa and the Western Cape. In this genus, the ovary of the flower is underground. As a consequence, the styles are extremely long in proportion, often more than . All species in the genus are toxic.
Common names
The common names autumn crocus, meadow saffron and naked lady may be applied to the whole genus or to many of its species; they refer to the "naked" crocus-like flowers that appear in late summer or autumn, long before the strap-like foliage which appears in spring.
Colchicum and Crocus look alike and can be confused by the casual observer. To add to the confusion, there are autumn-flowering species of crocus. However, colchicums have 3 styles and 6 stamens, while crocuses have 1 style and 3 stamens. In addition, the corm structures are quite different—in Colchicum, the corm is irregular, while in crocuses, the corm is like a flattened ball. Crocus is in the iris family, Iridaceae.
Etymology
The name of the genus derives from Κολχίς (Colchis), the Ancient Greek name for the region of კოლხეთი (Kolkhida) in modern Georgia (Caucasus). Colchis features in Greek mythology as the land to which the Argonauts journeyed in quest of the golden fleece and where Jason encountered Medea. The Greek toponym Colchis is thought by scholars to derive from the Urartian Qulḫa, pronounced "Kolcha" (guttural "ch" - as in Scots loch).
Relationships
Colchicum melanthioides, also known as Androcymbium melanthioides, is probably the best known species from the tropical regions. In contrast to most temperate colchicums, the flower and leaves are produced at the same time, the white flowers usually in a small corymb that is enclosed by white bracts. Close relatives such as Colchicum scabromarginatum (Androcymbium scabromarginatum) and Colchicum coloratum (Androcymbium burchellii) have flowers with very short stalks and may be pollinated by rodents.
Cultivation
Temperate colchicums are commonly grown in gardens as ornamental flowers. Species found in cultivation include:
C. × agrippinum
C. autumnale
C. × byzantinum
C. cilicicum
C. lusitanum
C. speciosum
C. tenorei
There are also cultivars and hybrids such as:-
C. 'Dick Trotter' (violet with white centre)
C. 'Disraeli' (purple white),
C. 'Giant' (red with white centre)
C. 'Harlekijn' (white with purple band)
C. 'Lilac Wonder' (lilac)
C. 'Pink Goblet' (violet-purple)
C. 'Poseidon' (purple)
C. 'Rosy Dawn' (rose pink)
C. 'Violet Queen' (purple)
C. 'Waterlily' (double, lilac-pink)
Those marked have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017).
In the United Kingdom, the National Collection of colchicums is maintained at Felbrigg Hall, Norfolk.
Medicinal uses and poisonous properties
Plants in this genus contain toxic amounts of the alkaloid colchicine which is used pharmaceutically to treat gout and Familial Mediterranean fever. The use of the roots and seeds in traditional medicine is thought to have arisen due to the presence of this drug.
Its leaves, corm and seeds are poisonous. Murderer Catherine Wilson is thought to have used it to poison a number of victims in the 19th Century. The species known to contain the most lethal amount of colchicine is C. autumnale.
Species
The following are the species included in the genus Colchicum. Many species previously classified in Androcymbium, Bulbocodium and Merendera were moved to Colchicum based on molecular genetic evidence. Androcymbium is currently considered a separate genus by some.
Colchicum × agrippinum (probably a hybrid of garden origin)
Colchicum alpinum DC. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck & A.P.de Candolle
Colchicum androcymbioides (Valdés) K.Perss.
Colchicum antepense K.Perss.
Colchicum antilibanoticum Gomb.
Colchicum arenarium Waldst. & Kit.
Colchicum arenasii Fridl.
Colchicum asteranthum Vassiliades & K.M.Perss.
Colchicum atropurpureum Stapf ex Stearn (unresolved name)
Colchicum atticum Spruner ex Tommas.
Colchicum autumnale L.
Colchicum balansae Planch.
Colchicum baytopiorum C.D.Brickell
Colchicum bivonae Guss.
Colchicum boissieri Orph.
Colchicum bulbocodium Ker Gawl.
Colchicum burttii Meikle
Colchicum × byzantinum Ker Gawl.
Colchicum chalcedonicum Azn.
Colchicum chimonanthum K.Perss.
Colchicum chlorobasis K.Perss.
Colchicum cilicicum (Boiss.) Dammer
Colchicum confusum K.Perss.
Colchicum corsicum Baker
Colchicum cretense Greuter
Colchicum crocifolium Boiss.
Colchicum cupanii Guss.
Colchicum davisii C.D.Brickell
Colchicum decaisnei Boiss.
Colchicum doerfleri Halácsy
Colchicum dolichantherum K.Perss.
Colchicum eichleri (Regel) K.Perss.
Colchicum euboeum (Boiss.) K.Perss.
Colchicum fasciculare (L.) R.Br.
Colchicum feinbruniae K.Perss.
Colchicum figlalii (Varol) Parolly & Eren
Colchicum filifolium (Cambess.) Stef.
Colchicum freynii Bornm.
Colchicum gonarei Camarda
Colchicum graecum K.Perss.
Colchicum greuteri (Gabrieljan) K.Perss.
Colchicum haynaldii Heuff.
Colchicum heldreichii K.Perss.
Colchicum hierosolymitanum Feinbrun
Colchicum hirsutum Stef.
Colchicum hungaricum Janka
Colchicum ignescens K.Perss.
Colchicum imperatoris-friderici Siehe ex K.Perss.
Colchicum inundatum K.Perss.
Colchicum kesselringii Regel
Colchicum kotschyi Boiss.
Colchicum kurdicum (Bornm.) Stef.
Colchicum laetum Steven
Colchicum lagotum K.Perss.
Colchicum leptanthum K.Perss.
Colchicum lingulatum Boiss. & Spruner in P.E.Boissier
Colchicum longifolium Castagne
Colchicum lusitanum Brot.
Colchicum luteum Baker
Colchicum macedonicum Kosanin
Colchicum macrophyllum B.L.Burtt
Colchicum manissadjianii (Azn.) K.Perss.
Colchicum micaceum K.Perss.
Colchicum micranthum Boiss.
Colchicum minutum K.Perss.
Colchicum mirzoevae (Gabrieljan) K.Perss.
Colchicum montanum L.
Colchicum multiflorum Brot.
Colchicum munzurense K.Perss.
Colchicum nanum K.Perss.
Colchicum neapolitanum (Ten.) Ten.
Colchicum parlatoris Orph.
Colchicum parnassicum Sart., Orph. & Heldr. in P.E.Boissier
Colchicum paschei K.Perss.
Colchicum peloponnesiacum Rech.f. & P.H.Davis
Colchicum persicum Baker
Colchicum polyphyllum Boiss. & Heldr. in P.E.Boissier
Colchicum pulchellum K.Perss.
Colchicum pusillum Sieber
Colchicum raddeanum (Regel) K.Perss.
Colchicum rausii K.Perss.
Colchicum ritchii R.Br.
Colchicum robustum (Bunge) Stef.
Colchicum sanguicolle K.Perss.
Colchicum schimperi Janka ex Stef.
Colchicum serpentinum Woronow ex Miscz.
Colchicum sfikasianum Kit Tan & Iatroú
Colchicum sieheanum Hausskn. ex Stef.
Colchicum soboliferum (C.A.Mey.) Stef.
Colchicum speciosum Steven
Colchicum stevenii Kunth
Colchicum szovitsii Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
Colchicum trigynum (Steven ex Adam) Stearn
Colchicum triphyllum Kunze
Colchicum troodi Kotschy in F.Unger & C.G.T.Kotschy
Colchicum tunicatum Feinbrun
Colchicum turcicum Janka
Colchicum tuviae Feinbrun
Colchicum umbrosum Steven
Colchicum varians (Freyn & Bornm.) Dyer in B.D.Jackson
Colchicum variegatum L.
Colchicum wendelboi K.Perss.
Colchicum woronowii Bokeriya
Colchicum zahnii Heldr.
References
Sources
Suite 101. Plants and Bulbs: Hardy Fall-Blooming Bulbs for Your Garden
Veseys: Information for gardeners
A Handbook of Crocus and Colchicum for Gardeners, Bowles, E. A., D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1952
The European Garden Flora: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass, Volume 1, Walters, S. M., et al., editors, Cambridge University Press, 1984
Colchicaceae genera
Medicinal plants | wiki |
The mottled-tailed shrew mouse (Pseudohydromys fuscus) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found in West Papua, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.
References
Pseudohydromys
Rodents of Papua New Guinea
Mammals of Western New Guinea
Mammals described in 1952
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Rodents of New Guinea
Taxa named by Eleanor Mary Ord Laurie | wiki |
Robert David Damewood (June 7, 1940 – June 28, 2009) was an American football coach. He was the fourth head football coach at Azusa Pacific College—now known as Azusa Pacific University—in Azusa, California, serving for two seasons, from 1970 to 1971, and compiling a record of 7–10.
Damewood died on June 28, 2009 of a stroke.
References
1940 births
2009 deaths
Azusa Pacific Cougars football coaches
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Coaches of American football from California | wiki |
Hillcrest Country Club may refer to:
(by state)
Hillcrest Country Club (Los Angeles), California
Hillcrest Country Club (Boise, Idaho)
Hillcrest Country Club (Indianapolis, Indiana), listed on the NRHP in Marion County, Indiana | wiki |
The Arizona woodrat (Neotoma devia) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae.
It is found in Mexico and United States.
References
Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894–1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Neotoma
Mammals described in 1927
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
Heart of the Storm may refer to:
Heart of the Storm (The Lost World)
Heart of the Storm (film)
See also
To the Heart of the Storm, an autobiographical graphic novel by Will Eisner | wiki |
Marine Corps Recruit Depot may refer to:
Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island
Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego
See also
List of United States Marine Corps installations | wiki |
Sorrow is an emotion, feeling, or sentiment. Sorrow "is more 'intense' than sadness... it implies a long-term state". At the same time, "sorrow — but not unhappiness — suggests a degree of resignation... which lends sorrow its peculiar air of dignity".
Moreover, "in terms of attitude, sorrow can be said to be half way between sadness (accepting) and distress (not accepting)".
Cult
Romanticism saw a cult of sorrow develop, reaching back to The Sorrows of Young Werther of 1774, and extending through the nineteenth century with contributions like Tennyson's "In Memoriam" — "O Sorrow, wilt thou live with me/No casual mistress, but a wife" — up to W. B. Yeats in 1889, still "of his high comrade Sorrow dreaming". While it may be that "the Romantic hero's cult of sorrow is largely a matter of pretence", as Jane Austen pointed out satirically through Marianne Dashwood, "brooding over her sorrows... this excess of suffering" may nevertheless have serious consequences.
Partly in reaction, the 20th century has by contrast been pervaded by the belief that "acting sorrowful can actually make me sorrowful, as William James long ago observed". Certainly "in the modern Anglo-emotional culture, characterized by the 'dampening of the emotions' in general... sorrow has largely given way to the milder, less painful, and more transient sadness". A latter-day Werther is likely to be greeted by the call to '"Come off it, Gordon. We all know there is no sorrow like unto your sorrow"'; while any conventional 'valeoftearishness and deathwhereisthystingishness' would be met by the participants 'looking behind the sombre backs of one another's cards and discovering their colored faces'. Perhaps only the occasional subculture like the Jungian would still seek to 'call up from the busy adult man the sorrow of animal life, the grief of all nature, "the tears of things"'.
Late modernity has (if anything) only intensified the shift: 'the postmodern is closer to the human comedy than to the abyssal discontent...the abyss of sorrow'.
Postponement
'Not feeling sorrow invites fear into our lives. The longer we put off feeling sorrow, the greater our fear of it becomes. Postponing the expression of the feeling causes its energy to grow'. At the same time, it would seem that 'grief in general is a "taming" of the primitive violent discharge affect, characterized by fear and self-destruction, to be seen in mourning'.
Julia Kristeva suggests that 'taming sorrow, not fleeing sadness at once but allowing it to settle for a while...is what one of the temporary and yet indispensable phases of analysis might be'.
Shand and McDougall
Sadness is one of four interconnected sentiments in the system of Alexander Faulkner Shand, the others being fear, anger, and joy. In this system, when an impulsive tendency towards some important object is frustrated, the resultant sentiment is sorrow.
In Shand's view, the emotion of sorrow, which he classifies as a primary emotion, has two impulses: to cling to the object of sorrow, and to repair the injuries done to that object that caused the emotion in the first place. Thus the primary emotion of sorrow is the basis for the emotion of pity, which Shand describes as a fusion of sorrow and joy: sorrow at the injury done to the object of pity, and joy as an "element of sweetness" tinging that sorrow.
William McDougall disagreed with Shand's view, observing that Shand himself recognized that sorrow was itself derived from simpler elements. To support this argument, he observes that grief, at a loss, is a form of sorrow where there is no impulse to repair injury, and that therefore there are identifiable subcomponents of sorrow. He also observes that although there is an element of emotional pain in sorrow, there is no such element in pity, thus pity is not a compound made from sorrow as a simpler component.
See also
References
Further reading
Emotions | wiki |
Michael Henderson – musicista statunitense
Michael Henderson – medico australiano
Michael Henderson – rugbista australiano | wiki |
The Mexican volcano mouse (Neotomodon alstoni) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae endemic to high elevation areas of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt.
Taxonomy and systematics
Merriam originally described the Mexican volcano mouse as one of three species in the genus Neotomodon; N. alstoni was moved to the deer mouse genus Peromyscus in 1979, then subsequently moved back to Neotomodon. Merriam does not state after whom the species is named in his original description for the genus (and species). Despite the current taxonomy, a recent phylogeny based on cytochrome-b sequences shows Peromyscus to be polyphyletic, and the authors of that paper suggest Neotomodon (and several other monotypic genera) be transferred to Peromyscus.
Distribution
The Volcano mouse is seen to reside restrictively to higher elevation or boreal habitats of the trans-volcanic belt of Central Mexico. There has been no discovery of the fossil record for this species but it seems to have a similarity in appearance to Pliotomodon' fossil. The mouse can perform simple burrowing in well-drained areas and sometimes pass under boulders.
Characteristics
The Volcano mouse has a relatively medium-sized compared to other members of its genus. It has a pair of broad, naked ears while its fur is rather soft with grayish to fulvous brown color dorsally and whitish ventrally. Its tail is quite short but sharply bicolored. Compared to its short brain case entrapped in a broad skull, its zygomatic expanded. Its molars are pretty large and densely enameled. No sexual dimorphism in this species.
With relatively large eyes and ears, bi-colored body and tail (dark dorsally and white ventrally), and a tail slightly shorter than the body length, the Mexican volcano mouse appears very similar to a deer mouse, but it is diagnosed by several skull characters including the number and extent of palatal ridges and molar characteristics.
Life events
Mexican volcano mouse breeding is thought to occur between June and September, with two to three litters per year of 3.3 young per litter. The mouse exhibits bi-parental care in captivity, which suggests a monogamous mating system. Little is known about other life history characteristics of the species, for example, sex ratio, age at first breeding, etc. Male with high testosterone levels develop a paternal care which increases better chances of survival and growth of its offspring. This is put under study by captive pair of mouse during postpartum and weaning periods. The presence of male lead to females care less for the young. When both parents present, however, their offspring survival chance increases significantly.
References
Further reading
Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894–1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Neotominae
Endemic mammals of Mexico
Fauna of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
Mammals described in 1898
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Taxa named by Clinton Hart Merriam | wiki |
G-jitter references forms of periodic or quasisteady residual acceleration encountered in a spacecraft floating through the micro-gravity confines of space. Such variations slightly change the orientation and magnitude of a body force in a low-gravity testing environment, which can either marginally or gravely affect the result of precision-heavy dependent experiments conducted on board a space station. These accelerations are often the result of routine crew activity and equipment operation and the aerodynamic and aeromechanical forces on the spacecraft itself. Using current theoretical methods and previously collected experimental data, it is impossible to predict the exact behavior of a g-jitter acceleration, but with the aforementioned data, it is possible to notice and account for qualitative trends that hold true for most scenarios pertaining to material science testing on board a space station.
Sources of G-jitter
Quasi-steady forces
Constant forces that last over 10 minutes while varying periodically in a single frequency can provide a noticeable offset in acceleration readings and deviate a testing environment from "true" micro-gravity. The stronger set of these forces result in non-negligible tidal accelerations and the varying aerodynamic drag of the space station, which fluctuates over the course of an orbit due to the changes in the space station's aspect angle, diurnal cycle, and variable solar activity. In some fringe cases, Euler accelerations must be accounted for as they affect low-pressure physical vapor transport. Coriolis accelerations and solar radiation pressure can be also observed, but are generally negligible in comparison to the effects of other quasi-steady forces.
Oscillatory disturbances
Generally, if a disturbance can be replicated by a sinusoidal modulation, it is considered to be an oscillatory component of g-jitter. The most noticeable disturbances being routine crew activity and structural vibrations, and can cause a structural resonance throughout a space vehicle. While the average frequency of the structural vibration of a space station is lesser than a Space Shuttle orbiter, the frequency range can still be between the ranges of 0.1 to 1 Hz.
Transient disturbances
The largest in magnitude are likely to be caused by thruster firings, Shuttle dockings or berthings, and mass translations. Some disruptions can be controlled and timed as to not affect on-site testing, such as thruster firings and Shuttle dockings. The relatively innocuous routinely activities astronauts conduct in a space station ranging from maintenance or moving freely around the station add onto a category of impermanent disturbances that are more spontaneous and unpredictable, which cannot be as easily accounted for.
Preventing G-jitter
Due to the rise in the awareness of the implications of g-jitter, accelerometers with capabilities to attune to a hectic low-gravity environment have begun to be incorporated within space vehicles. Past experiments conducted in the Space Shuttle environment have served as a base to correlate g-jitter's effects to testing in material science and numerically model the residual acceleration to help devise specific experiments for a particular environment. Methods for the analysis of acceleration readings are readily available, but the difficult task of shifting through all the raw data can be facilitated by keeping a timeline of the recorded events and correlate them to a respective residual acceleration.
References
Space manufacturing
Spaceflight technology | wiki |
Sherman's March is the popular name of the Savannah Campaign conducted by General Sherman during the American Civil War.
Sherman's March may also refer to:
Sherman's March (1986 film), a documentary by Ross McElwee
Sherman's March (2000 film), a TV movie starring Reiko Aylesworth
Sherman's March (2007 film), a History Channel documentary | wiki |
Amos Mansdorf was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals this year.
Brad Gilbert won the tournament, beating Aaron Krickstein in the final, 4–6, 7–6, 6–2.
Seeds
Brad Gilbert (champion)
Aaron Krickstein (final)
Amos Mansdorf (semifinals)
Christo van Rensburg (semifinals)
Pieter Aldrich (first round)
Martin Laurendeau (first round)
Christer Allgårdh (first round)
Danilo Marcelino (second round)
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
References
Main Draw
Singles | wiki |
Krave may refer to:
Motorola Krave
Krave Jerky, a producer of flavored jerky
Krave (cereal), a Kellogg's breakfast cereal with chocolate filling
See also
Crave (disambiguation) | wiki |
United States v. Cleveland Indians Baseball Company, 532 U.S. 200 (2001), is a United States Supreme Court case that deals with the federal tax code. The question before the court was “Is back-pay subject to federal taxes under the Federal Insurance Contributions Act and the Federal Unemployment Tax Act, based on the year the money should have been paid out?” The court held that wages are to be taxed on the year they were actually paid. Carter G. Phillips argued for the respondent and James A. Feldman argued for the petitioner, the Department of Justice.
Background
The Cleveland Indians Baseball Company owed eight of its players back wages that were due in 1986 and fourteen players back wages that were due in 1987. The company paid the wages in 1994. The company paid taxes on the wages for the 1994 formula. The Company then requested that some of the taxes be refunded by the IRS under the argument that the taxes should be paid based on the year that they were supposed to be paid instead of the year they were actually paid. The taxes would have been significant because the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) and the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) which are used to fund Medicare, Social Security and Unemployment. The FICA and FUTA were both passed after 1987. The Cleveland Indians used Sixth Court precedent in its argument that late wages are taxed upon the year they should have paid. The District Court bound by precedent ordered the government to return the taxes. The Sixth Court of Appeals affirmed the District Court’s ruling.
Opinion of the Court
Unlike the Sixth Court of Appeals the court had limited precedent in which to follow. Therefore, the court simply decided to use the IRS’s interpretation of the law. Justice Ginsburg, delivering the opinion of the court stated “according due respect to the service’s reasonable, longstanding construction of the governments statues and its own regulations, we hold that back wages are subject to FICA and FUTA taxes by reference to the year the wages are in fact paid.”
References
External links
2001 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
United States taxation and revenue case law
2001 in baseball
Baseball law
Sports case law | wiki |
A satellite dish is a dish-shaped type of parabolic antenna designed to receive or transmit information by radio waves to or from a communication satellite. The term most commonly means a dish which receives direct-broadcast satellite television from a direct broadcast satellite in geostationary orbit.
History
Parabolic antennas referred to as "dish" antennas had been in use long before satellite television. The term satellite dish was coined in 1978 during the beginning of the satellite television industry, and came to refer to dish antennas that send and/or receive signals from communications satellites. Taylor Howard of San Andreas, California, adapted an ex-military dish in 1976 and became the first person to receive satellite television signals using it.
The first satellite television dishes were built to receive signals on the C-band analog, and were very large. The front cover of the 1979 Neiman-Marcus Christmas catalog featured the first home satellite TV stations on sale. The dishes were nearly in diameter. The satellite dishes of the early 1980s were in diameter and made of fiberglass with an embedded layer of wire mesh or aluminium foil, or solid aluminium or steel.
Satellite dishes made of wire mesh first came out in the early 1980s, and were at first in diameter. As the front-end technology improved and the noise figure of the LNBs fell, the size shrank to a few years later, and continued to get smaller reducing to feet by the late 1980s and by the early 1990s. Larger dishes continued to be used, however. In December 1988, Luxembourg's Astra 1A satellite began transmitting analog television signals on the Ku band for the European market. This allowed small dishes (90 cm) to be used reliably for the first time.
In the early 1990s, four large American cable companies founded PrimeStar, a direct broadcasting company using medium power satellites. The relatively strong Ku band transmissions allowed the use of dishes as small as 90 cm for the first time. On 4 March 1996, EchoStar introduced Digital Sky Highway (Dish Network). This was the first widely used direct-broadcast satellite television system and allowed dishes as small as 20 inches to be used. This great decrease of dish size also allowed satellite dishes to be installed on vehicles. Dishes this size are still in use today. Television stations, however, still prefer to transmit their signals on the C-band analog with large dishes due to the fact that C-band signals are less prone to rain fade than Ku band signals.
Principle of operation
The parabolic shape of a dish reflects the signal to the dish’s focal point. Mounted on brackets at the dish's focal point is a device called a feedhorn. This feedhorn is essentially the front-end of a waveguide that gathers the signals at or near the focal point and 'conducts' them to a low-noise block downconverter or LNB. The LNB converts the signals from electromagnetic or radio waves to electrical signals and shifts the signals from the downlinked C-band and/or Ku-band to the L-band range. Direct broadcast satellite dishes use an LNBF, which integrates the feedhorn with the LNB. A new form of omnidirectional satellite antenna, which does not use a directed parabolic dish and can be used on a mobile platform such as a vehicle was announced by the University of Waterloo in 2004.
The theoretical gain (directive gain) of a dish increases as the frequency increases. The actual gain depends on many factors including surface finish, accuracy of shape, feedhorn matching. A typical value for a consumer type 60 cm satellite dish at 11.75 GHz is 37.50 dB.
With lower frequencies, C-band for example, dish designers have a wider choice of materials. The large size of dish required for lower frequencies led to the dishes being constructed from metal mesh on a metal framework. At higher frequencies, mesh type designs are rarer though some designs have used a solid dish with perforations.
A common misconception is that the LNBF (low-noise block/feedhorn), the device at the front of the dish, receives the signal directly from the atmosphere. For instance, one BBC News downlink shows a "red signal" being received by the LNBF directly instead of being beamed to the dish, which because of its parabolic shape will collect the signal into a smaller area and deliver it to the LNBF.
Modern dishes intended for home television use are generally 43 cm (18 in) to 80 cm (31 in) in diameter, and are fixed in one position, for Ku-band reception from one orbital position. Prior to the existence of direct broadcast satellite services, home users would generally have a motorised C-band dish of up to 3 m in diameter for reception of channels from different satellites. Overly small dishes can still cause problems, however, including rain fade and interference from adjacent satellites.
Europe
In Europe, the frequencies used by DBS services are 10.7–12.75 GHz on two polarisations H (Horizontal) and V (Vertical). This range is divided into a "low band" with 10.7–11.7 GHz, and a "high band" with 11.7–12.75 GHz. This results in two frequency bands, each with a bandwidth of about 1 GHz, each with two possible polarizations. In the LNB they become down converted to 950–2150 MHz, which is the frequency range allocated for the satellite service on the coaxial cable between LNBF and receiver. Lower frequencies are allocated to cable and terrestrial TV, FM radio, etc. Only one of these frequency bands fits on the coaxial cable, so each of these bands needs a separate cable from the LNBF to a switching matrix or the receiver needs to select one of the 4 possibilities at a time.
Systems design
In a single receiver residential installation there is a single coaxial cable running from the receiver set-top box in the building to the LNB on the dish. The DC electric power for the LNB is provided through the same coaxial cable conductors that carry the signal to the receiver. In addition, control signals are also transmitted from the receiver to the LNB through the cable. The receiver uses different power supply voltages (13 / 18 V) to select vertical / horizontal antenna polarization, and an on/off pilot tone (22 kHz) to instruct the LNB to select one of the two frequency bands. In larger installations each band and polarization is given its own cable, so there are 4 cables from the LNB to a 'multiswitch' switching matrix, which allows the connection of multiple receivers to the multiswitch in a star topology using the same signalling method as in a single receiver installation.
Satellite finder
A satellite finder (or sat finder) is a satellite field strength meter used to accurately point satellite dishes at communications satellites in geostationary orbit.
Professional satellite finder meters allow better dish alignment and provide received signal parameter values as well.
Types
Motor-driven dish
A dish that is mounted on a pole and driven by a stepper motor or a servo can be controlled and rotated to face any satellite position in the sky.
There are three competing standards: DiSEqC, USALS, and 36 V positioners. Many receivers support all of these standards.
Motor-driven dishes come in a variety of sizes, but a dish of at least is required to receive signals from distant satellites which are intended to serve other areas.
With DiSEqC and USALS, the satellite dish will automatically aim itself at one of sixteen satellites programmed in previously when pressing one of the channel buttons on the remote. Motor-driven satellite dishes using USALS can detect other satellites in a constellation after one has been found and aimed at.
Most receivers sold at present are compatible with USALS and DiSEqC 1.0 and 1.2.
Multi-satellite
Every standard-size dish enables simultaneous reception from multiple different satellite positions without re-positioning the dish, just by adding additional LNB or using Special Duo LNB, Triple, or Four Feed Monoblock LNB.
However, some designs much more effectively optimize simultaneous reception from multiple different satellite positions without re-positioning the dish. The vertical axis operates as an off-axis concave parabolic concave hyperbolic Cassegrain reflector, while the horizontal axis operates as a concave convex Cassegrain. The spot from the main dish wanders across the secondary, which corrects astigmatism by its varying curvature. The elliptic aperture of the primary is designed to fit the deformed illumination by the horns. Due to double spill-over, this makes more sense for a large dish.
Switching between satellites is possible by using DiSEqC switches added to a satellite installation, or built-in Duo LNBs or Monoblock LNBs.
Most receivers sold presently are compatible with at least DiSEqC 1.0, which can switch automatically between 4 satellites (all of contemporary Monoblock LNBs) as the user changes channels using the remote control.
DiSEqC 1.1 allows for switching automatically between 16 satellite positions or more (through cascading switches).
Motor-driven dishes assure better optimal focusing for the given dish size; LNB is always in central alignment with the broadcasting satellite, but DiSEqC switches are faster than DiSEqC motors as no physical movement is required.
VSAT
A common type of dish is the very small aperture terminal (VSAT). This provides two way satellite Internet communications for both individuals and private networks for organizations. At present, most VSATs operate in ; C band is restricted to less populated regions of the world. In 2005, dish manufacturers began moving towards new satellites operating at higher frequencies, offering greater performance at lower cost. These antennas vary from in most applications though C-band VSATs may be as large as .
Homemade dishes
Any metal surface which concentrates a significant fraction of the reflected microwaves at a focus can be used as a dish antenna, at a lower gain. This has led to trash can lids, woks, and other items being used as "dishes". Only modern low noise LNBs and the higher transmission power of DTH satellites allows a usable signal to be received from such inefficient DIY antennas.
Others
Individual dishes serving one dwelling: Direct to Home (DTH).
Collective dishes, shared by several dwellings: satellite master antenna television (SMATV) or communal antenna broadcast distribution (CABD).
Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish
Gallery
See also
USALS = Universal Satellites Automatic Location System
DiSEqC = Digital Satellite Equipment Control
SAT>IP end user consumer equipment that can switch different ip streams from different SAT>IP servers and facilitates selection of reception from different satellites
Satellite television
Set-top box
Parabolic reflector
Low-noise block converter
Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish
Starlink Dish
References
External links
European Commission: The right to use a satellite dish.
DishPointer – Satellite dish alignment with Google Maps.
Guide explaining how to self install freesat
Online Satellite Finder Based on Google Maps
Broadband
Consumer electronics
Radio frequency antenna types
Antennas (radio)
Satellite broadcasting | wiki |
In traditional demonological discourse, Great Duke (also Grand Duke or simply Duke) is a rank, denoting a position of prominence amongst the hierarchy of demons. The title of Great Duke reflects the inclination of Christian demonologists to categorize the denizens of Hell into hierarchical systems akin to those of the Monarchies of Europe, and mirroring the angelic hierarchy.
See also
Classification of demons
Nature of Hell
Ars Goetia
Demons | wiki |
Kumekucha is a 1987 Tanzanian documentary produced and directed by Flora M'mbugu-Schelling.
Plot
Women taken charge of their destiny by empowering themselves through education enabling them to make a difference in the society.
References
Tanzanian documentary films
1987 documentary films
1987 films | wiki |
The Reform Generation () was a political party in Hungary during the 1930s.
History
The party won two seats in the 1935 elections, They did not contest any further elections.
References
Defunct political parties in Hungary | wiki |
An interstate is a type of high-speed, limited-access highway in the United States, part of the Interstate Highway System.
Interstate may also refer to:
Media
Interstate 60 (2002), a metaphysical comedy/drama road film
Interstate (album), a 1995 album by Pell Mell
"Interstate" (song), a song from the album Tear the Signs Down (2010) by The Automatic
Interstate '76, a vehicular-combat video game for the Microsoft Windows computer-operating system
Interstate '82, the sequel to Interstate '76
Transportation
United States Numbered Highway System, also called the first interstate highway system in the United States
New England Interstate Routes, one of the regional precursors of the Interstate Highway System in the United States
Other uses
Interstate (duo), an American-based musical duo
Interstate (typeface), a humanist sans-serif typeface designed by Tobias Frere-Jones
Interstate Aircraft, a former American company
Interstate Bakeries Corporation
Interstate Batteries, an American company that markets automotive batteries
Interstate commerce, see Commerce Clause, an enumerated power listed in the United States Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3)
Interstate compact, a pact or treaty among various states of the United States, or between states and any foreign government
Interstate system (world-systems theory), a theory of state relationships within world-systems theory
Interactions between two or more nations, commonly called 'international'
Events, transactions, travel, interactions, etc. between or amongst two or more States and territories of Australia
See also | wiki |
Laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx.
Laryngitis may also refer to:
"Laryngitis" (Glee), a TV episode by Glee
Obstructive laryngitis, a respiratory condition
See also
John Laurinaitis (born 1962), former professional wrestler | wiki |
Anderson's white-bellied rat (Niviventer andersoni) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is endemic to China and known from Yunnan, Sichuan, and Shaanxi provinces. Its range might extend to northern Guizhou. It inhabits montane forest at elevations of above sea level.
Its species name "andersoni" was chosen to honor American scientific collector Malcolm Playfair Anderson.
References
Rats of Asia
Niviventer
Endemic fauna of China
Rodents of China
Mammals described in 1911
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
The Chinese white-bellied rat (Niviventer confucianus) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is widely spread in China and also occurs in northern Myanmar, northwest Thailand, and northwest Vietnam. It might also occur in northern Laos.
References
Rats of Asia
Niviventer
Rodents of Southeast Asia
Mammals of East Asia
Rodents of China
Rodents of Myanmar
Rodents of Thailand
Rodents of Vietnam
Mammals described in 1871
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
Evan Roth, né en , est un artiste américain.
Liens externes
Naissance en mars 1978
Naissance dans le comté d'Ingham
Artiste contemporain américain
Étudiant de la Parsons The New School for Design | wiki |
"Very Special Part" is a song recorded by American R&B singer Jermaine Jackson and produced by Jackson with Berry Gordy. It was released as the second single from his 1982 album, Let Me Tickle Your Fancy.
Charts
References
1982 singles
1982 songs
Jermaine Jackson songs
Song recordings produced by Berry Gordy | wiki |
The long-tailed mountain rat (Niviventer rapit) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is endemic to Borneo and found in Indonesia and Malaysia. Recorded at elevations of above sea level, it is a poorly known species but presumably common, assumed to inhabit forests and scrubland.
References
Niviventer
Endemic fauna of Borneo
Mammals of Borneo
Rodents of Malaysia
Rodents of Indonesia
Mammals described in 1903
Taxa named by J. Lewis Bonhote
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
Katie is a feminine and masculine surname.
Katie may also refer to:
Katie, Oklahoma, United States, a town
, a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1918
Katie (talk show), a syndicated American talk show (2012–2014) hosted by Katie Couric
Katie (British TV series), a reality TV show about Katie Price
Katie: Portrait of a Centerfold, a 1978 American TV movie starring Kim Basinger
The W19 nuclear artillery shell
See also
Karie (disambiguation)
Katie.com: My Story, a memoir by Katie Tarbox | wiki |
Wynton Kelly was a jazz pianist. His appearances on record date from 1948 to 1970 and include more than a dozen albums under his own name and more than 120 as a sideman.
Discography
As leader/co-leader
As sideman
Albums
Singles
Sources:
References
Jazz discographies
Discographies of American artists | wiki |
Katano is a city in Osaka, Japan.
Katano may also refer to:
Hiromichi Katano (born 1982), Japanese football player
Koki Katano (born 1968), Japanese tenor
Katano Station, a Kitakyushu monorail station in Kitakyushu, Japan
See also
Katana (disambiguation) | wiki |
Past seasons
Episodes
Season 41 (2021)
Season 42 (2022)
Season 43 (2022)
Season 44 (2023)
References
External links
Survivor (American TV series)
Lists of American reality television series episodes | wiki |
Luck is the phenomenon and belief that defines the experience of improbable events, especially improbably positive or negative ones. The naturalistic interpretation is that positive and negative events may happen at any time, both due to random and non-random natural and artificial processes, and that even improbable events can happen by random chance. In this view, the epithet "lucky" or "unlucky" is a descriptive label that refers to an event's positivity, negativity, or improbability.
Supernatural interpretations of luck consider it to be an attribute of a person or object, or the result of a favorable or unfavorable view of a deity upon a person. These interpretations often prescribe how luckiness or unluckiness can be obtained, such as by carrying a lucky charm or offering sacrifices or prayers to a deity. Saying someone is "born lucky" may hold different meanings, depending on the interpretation: it could simply mean that they have been born into a good family or circumstance; or that they habitually experience improbably positive events, due to some inherent property, or due to the lifelong favor of a god or goddess in a monotheistic or polytheistic religion.
Many superstitions are related to luck, though these are often specific to a given culture or set of related cultures, and sometimes contradictory. For example, lucky symbols include the number 7 in Christian-influenced cultures, the number 8 in Chinese-influenced cultures. Unlucky symbols and events include entering and leaving a house by different doors or breaking a mirror in Greek culture, throwing rocks into the wind in Navajo culture, and ravens in Western culture. Some of these associations may derive from related facts or desires. For example, in Western culture opening an umbrella indoors might be considered unlucky partly because it could poke someone in the eye, whereas shaking hands with a chimney sweep might be considered lucky partly because it is a kind but unpleasant thing to do given the dirty nature of their work. In Chinese and Japanese culture, the association of the number 4 as a homophone with the word for death may explain why it is considered unlucky. Extremely complicated and sometimes contradictory systems for prescribing auspicious and inauspicious times and arrangements of things have been devised, for example feng shui in Chinese culture and systems of astrology in various cultures around the world.
Many polytheistic religions have specific gods or goddesses that are associated with luck, both good and bad, including Fortuna and Felicitas in the Ancient Roman religion (the former related to the words "fortunate" and "unfortunate" in English), Dedun in Nubian religion, the Seven Lucky Gods in Japanese mythology, mythical American serviceman John Frum in Polynesian cargo cults, and the inauspicious Alakshmi in Hinduism.
Etymology and definition
The English noun luck appears comparatively late, during the 1480s, as a loan from Low German, Dutch or Frisian luk, a short form of gelucke (Middle High German gelücke). Compare to old Slavic word lukyj (лукый) - appointed by destiny and old Russian luchaj (лучаи) - destiny, fortune. It likely entered English as a gambling term, and the context of gambling remains detectable in the word's connotations; luck is a way of understanding a personal chance event. Luck has three aspects:
Luck is good or bad.
Luck is the result of chance.
Luck applies to a sentient being.
Before the adoption of luck at the end of the Middle Ages, Old English and Middle English expressed the notion of "good fortune" with the word speed (Middle English spede, Old English spēd); speed besides "good fortune" had the wider meaning of "prosperity, profit, abundance"; it is not associated with the notion of probability or chance but rather with that of fate or divine help; a bestower of success can also be called speed, as in "Christ be our speed" (William Robertson, Phraseologia generalis, 1693).
The notion of probability was expressed by the Latin loanword chance, adopted in Middle English from the late 13th century, literally describing an outcome as a "falling" (as it were of dice), via Old French cheance from Late Latin cadentia "falling". Fortuna, the Roman goddess of fate or luck, was popular as an allegory in medieval times, and even though it was not strictly reconcilable with Christian theology, it became popular in learned circles of the High Middle Ages to portray her as a servant of God in distributing success or failure in a characteristically "fickle" or unpredictable way, thus introducing the notion of chance.
Interpretations
Luck is interpreted and understood in many different ways.
Lack of control
Luck refers to that which happens to a person beyond that person's control. This view incorporates phenomena that are chance happenings, a person's place of birth for example, but where there is no uncertainty involved, or where the uncertainty is irrelevant. Within this framework, one can differentiate between three different types of luck:
Constitutional luck, that is, luck with factors that cannot be changed. Place of birth and genetic constitution are typical examples.
Circumstantial luck—with factors that are haphazardly brought on. Accidents and epidemics are typical examples.
Ignorance luck, that is, luck with factors one does not know about. Examples can be identified only in hindsight.
Circumstantial luck with accidental happenstance of favorable discoveries and/or inventions is serendipity.
Fallacy
Another view holds that "luck is probability taken personally." A rationalist approach to luck includes the application of the rules of probability and an avoidance of unscientific beliefs. The rationalist thinks that the belief in luck is a result of poor reasoning or wishful thinking. To a rationalist, a believer in luck who asserts that something has influenced his or her luck commits the "post hoc ergo propter hoc" logical fallacy: that because two events are connected sequentially, they are connected causally as well. In general:
A happens (luck-attracting event or action) and then B happens;
Therefore, A influenced B.
More contemporary authors writing on the subject believe that the definition of good destiny is: One who enjoys good health; has the physical and mental capabilities of achieving his goals in life; has good appearance, and; has happiness in mind and is not prone to accidents.
In the rationalist perspective, probability is only affected by confirmed causal connections.
The gambler's fallacy and inverse gambler's fallacy both explain some reasoning problems in common beliefs in luck. They involve denying the unpredictability of random events: "I haven't rolled a seven all week, so I'll definitely roll one tonight".
Philosopher Daniel Dennett wrote that "luck is mere luck" rather than a property of a person or thing.
Essence
There is also a series of spiritual, or supernatural beliefs regarding fortune. These beliefs vary widely from one to another, but most agree that luck can be influenced through spiritual means by performing certain rituals or by avoiding certain circumstances.
Luck can also be a belief in an organization of fortunate and unfortunate events. Luck is a form of superstition which is interpreted differently by different individuals. Carl Jung coined the term synchronicity, which he described as "a meaningful coincidence".
Abrahamic religions believe God controls future events; belief in luck or fate is criticised in Book of Isaiah chapter 65, verses 11-12:
What will happen to you for offering food and wine to the gods you call good luck and fate? Your luck will end.
Belief in the extent of Divine Providence varies; most acknowledge providence as at least a partial, if not complete influence on luck. Christianity, in its early development, accommodated many traditional practices which at different times, accepted omens and practiced forms of ritual sacrifice in order to divine the will of their supreme being or to influence divine favoritism. The concepts of "Divine Grace" or "Blessing" as they are described by believers closely resemble what is referred to as "luck" by others.
Mesoamerican religions, such as the Aztecs, Mayans and Incas, had particularly strong beliefs regarding the relationship between rituals and the gods, which could in a similar sense to Abrahamic religions be called luck or providence. In these cultures, human sacrifice (both of willing volunteers and captured enemies), as well as self-sacrifice by means of bloodletting, could possibly be seen as a way to propitiate the gods and earn favor for the city offering the sacrifice. An alternative interpretation would be that the sacrificial blood was considered as a necessary element for the gods to maintain the proper working order of the universe, in the same way that oil would be applied to an automobile to keep it working as designed.
Many traditional African practices, such as voodoo and hoodoo, have a strong belief in superstition. Some of these religions include a belief that third parties can influence an individual's luck. Shamans and witches are both respected and feared, based on their ability to cause good or bad fortune for those in villages near them.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Some evidence supports the idea that belief in luck acts like a placebo, producing positive thinking and improving people's responses to events.
In personality psychology, people reliably differ from each other depending on four key aspects: beliefs in luck, rejection of luck, being lucky, and being unlucky. People who believe in good luck are more optimistic, more satisfied with their lives, and have better moods. People who believe they are personally unlucky experience more anxiety, and less likely to take advantage of unexpected opportunities. One 2010 study found that golfers who were told they were using a "lucky ball" performed better than those who were not.
Some people intentionally put themselves in situations that increase the chances of a serendipitous encounter, such as socializing with people who work in different fields.
Social aspects
Games
The philosopher Nicholas Rescher has proposed that the luck of someone's result in a situation of uncertainty is measured by the difference between this party's yield and expectation: λ = Y - E. Thus skill enhances expectation and reduces luck. The extent to which different games will depend on luck, rather than skill or effort, varies considerably. For example, chess does not involve any random factors (beyond the determination of which player moves first), while the outcome of Snakes and Ladders is entirely based on random dice rolls. In poker, especially games with a communal board, pure luck may decide a winning hand. Luck in games involving chance is defined as the change in a player's equity after a random event such as a die roll or card draw. Luck is positive (good luck) if the player's position is improved and negative (bad luck) if it is worsened. A poker player who is doing well (playing successfully, winning) is said to be "running good".
Almost all sports contain elements of luck. A statistical analysis in the book The Success Equation attempted to elucidate the differing balance between skill and luck with respect to how teams finished in the major North American sports leagues. This analysis concluded that, on a luck-skill continuum, the NBA had the most skill-dependant result while that of the NHL was most luck-dependant.
Lotteries
A defining feature of a lottery is that winners are selected purely by chance. Marketing and other discussions regarding lotteries often mention luck but tend to underplay the actual prospects of winning, which are usually millions to one against.
Means of resolving issues
"Leaving it to chance" is sometimes a way of resolving issues for example, where there are two possible outcomes, flipping a coin may determine the outcome. This practice has gone on for thousands of years, a common contemporary example is the coin toss at the start of a sporting event which may determine who goes first.
Numerology
Most cultures consider some numbers to be lucky or unlucky. This is found to be particularly strong in Asian cultures, where the obtaining of "lucky" telephone numbers, automobile license plate numbers, and household addresses are actively sought, sometimes at great monetary expense. Numerology, as it relates to luck, is closer to an art than to a science, yet numerologists, astrologists or psychics may disagree. It is interrelated to astrology, and to some degree to parapsychology and spirituality and is based on converting virtually anything material into a pure number, using that number in an attempt to detect something meaningful about reality, and trying to predict or calculate the future based on lucky numbers. Numerology is folkloric by nature and started when humans first learned to count. Through human history it was, and still is, practiced by many cultures of the world from traditional fortune-telling to on-line psychic reading. Dudley describes numerology as, "the delusion that numbers have power over events."
Science
Different thinkers like Thomas Kuhn have discussed the role of chance in scientific discoveries.
Richard Wiseman did a ten-year scientific study into the nature of luck that has revealed that, to a large extent, people make their own good and bad fortune. His research revealed that "Lucky people generate their own good fortune via four basic principles. They are skilled at creating and noticing chance opportunities, making lucky decisions by listening to their intuition, creating self-fulfilling prophecies via positive expectations, and adopting a resilient attitude that transforms bad luck into good." Researchers have suggested that good luck and good mood often co-occur (Duong & Ohtsuka, 2000) and that people who believe themselves to be lucky are often comparatively happy and optimistic whereas people who believe themselves to be unlucky may feel comparatively anxious and depressed (Day & Maltby, 2003; Wiseman, 2003). Luck can also correlate with superstitious behaviors that increase opportunities of good fortune occurring like avoiding walking under ladders or blowing left and right for safe travels before crossing train tracks, which inadvertently increases your chances of seeing an oncoming train.
Although previous studies have explored the antecedents and consequences of luck using attribution theory (e. g., Fischoff,
1976; Weiner et al., 1987), personality variables (Darke & Freedman, 1997a;b), and more recently a cognitive priming approach (DeMarree et al., 2005; Kramer & Block, 2008) research on the underlying mechanism of how luck influences consumer judgment and behavior has been noticeably absent in the extant literature. Moreover, in much of this previous work, luck is manipulated in a way that is very likely to elicit positive affect as well. Thus, it is difficult to articulate whether the observed effects of luck are due to chronic beliefs about luck, temporary changes in how lucky people feel, or because of changes caused by the positive affect that is experienced. Their research showed that priming participants subliminally with luck-related stimuli made them feel luckier and happier. It was also found that the effects of priming luck using subliminal messages increased participants' estimates of the likelihood of favorable events, their participation in lotteries, the amount of money they invested in relatively risky financial options and these effects appeared to be mediated by temporary changes in perceptions of luck rather than by affect.
In religion and mythology
Buddhism
Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, taught his followers not to believe in luck. He taught that all things which happen must have a cause, either material or spiritual, and do not occur due to luck, chance or fate. The idea of moral causality, karma (Pali: kamma), is central in Buddhism. In the Sutta Nipata, the Buddha is recorded as having said the following about selling luck:
Whereas some religious men, while living of food provided by the faithful make their living by such low arts, such wrong means of livelihood as palmistry, divining by signs, interpreting dreams ... bringing good or bad luck ... invoking the goodness of luck ... picking the lucky site for a building, the monk Gautama refrains from such low arts, such wrong means of livelihood. D.I, 9–12
Belief in luck is prevalent in many predominantly Buddhist countries. In Thailand, Buddhists may wear verses (takrut) or lucky amulets which have been blessed by monks for protection against harm.
Christianity and Judaism
The book of Proverbs 16:33 states "the lot is cast into the lap, but its every decision is from the Lord". Ecclesiastes 9:11 states (in a passage that describes events with different outcomes - e.g. a race, a battle, the gaining of wealth and favour): "time and chance happeneth to them all" (both quotes are from the New International Version of the bible). Whilst the latter passage from Ecclesiastes suggests no things in human affairs are certain, the extract from Proverbs indicates that the outcome of something as apparently random as the rolling of dice or the tossing of a coin remains subject to God's will or sovereignty. In his book God, Chance and Purpose: Can God have it both ways?, Bartholomew argues that chance is part of God's creation but that not even God can accurately predict what chance will do.
God's sovereignty involves two aspects. God's active will or sovereignty would involve something God causes to happen such as the leading of wicked King Ahab into battle (2 Chronicles 18:18-19). Ahab's death was not merely the result of a randomly shot arrow, but as 2 Chronicles 18 reveals, God actively directed the events that led Ahab into battle and used that randomly shot arrow to accomplish his intended will for Ahab that day.
God's passive will involves God allowing, rather than causing, something to happen. Chapter 1 of the book of Job illustrates this in what God allowed Satan to do in the life of Job. It is also involved in the evil that God allowed Joseph's brothers to do to Joseph in order to accomplish a greater good, a good not apparent to Joseph until years later (Genesis 50:20).
Hinduism
In Hinduism the Bhagavad-Gita values "Purushartha" more than mere Luck or Fate.
The Gita says; "Set thy heart upon selfless performance of thy natural duty (Svakarma, Svadharma), but never on its reward. Work not for a reward; but never cease to do thy work" (Gita, 2.47).
There are five causes of all actions as given in the Samkhya wisdom; says Gita—
"The physical body (adhisthana), the lower 'I am' (karta), the means of perception (karanam), the varied multiple efforts (vividhasch pruthak cheshta) and the Cosmic Wheel of Action (daivam), these five sources together are responsible for success or failure of any action" ( Gita, 18 . 14–15 ).
Here the word "daivam" does not mean luck, fate, fortune, providence, or destiny. None of these English words are the exact synonym for the Sanskrit word "Daivam" here. "Daivam" is the Cosmic Wheel of Action (Kshara-gati, Apara-Prakriti, Maya) that keeps the perfect account of our past and present actions.
A man who says "Nothing is impossible for me; I am the only hero of all these achievements; who else is there like me?" He is a man of clouded vision and he does not see the Truth.
Islam
The definition which is much closer to the concept of luck in Islam is "a force that brings good fortune or adversity" Quran 17:13: "And (for) every man We have fastened to him his fate(fortune) in his neck, and We will bring forth for him (on the) Day (of) the Resurrection a record which he will find wide open". A very long discussion continues on how this prefixed destiny, fortune or luck defines attitudes and living behavior and so as to how much amends one can make in this predetermined fate by one's own contribution through positive actions in accordance with the teachings of Islam.
There is no concept of luck in Islam other than actions determined by Allah based on the merit of the choice made by human beings. It is stated in the Qur'an (Sura: Adh-Dhariyat (The Winds that Scatter) verse:22) that one's sustenance is pre-determined in heaven when the Lord says: "And in the heaven is your provision and that which ye are promised." One should supplicate to Allah to better one's life rather than hold faith in un-Islamic acts such as using "lucky charms". In the Arabic language there is a word which directly means "luck", which is , and a related word for "lucky", . It is also forbidden to believe in luck or anything else related to luck, as it is classified as shirk (associating partners to Allah or giving any share of any attribution which belongs to Allah and Allah alone).
The Tunisians retain some native beliefs of Berber origin such as the evil eye. A number of practices, such as shutters painted blue are also used to repel evil spirits.
Belief measurement
Darke and Freedman (1997) were the first researchers systematically to address directly both the concept and the measurement of belief in luck as a deterministic and personal attribute. They define luck belief as the perception that good luck is "a somewhat stable characteristic that consistently favors some people but not others". They define disbelief in luck as "a tendency to agree with the rational view of luck as random and unreliable" (p. 490). To capture their unidimensional definition of irrational luck belief, Darke and Freedman developed a 12-item measure. Unfortunately, they found their measure "does not seem particularly good at distinguishing between people who [say] they [are] typically lucky from those who [say] they [are] typically unlucky". They also found factor analyses of their measure produced a multi-component solution, as did Prendergast and Thompson (2008).
André (2006) proposed a model of luck-related perceptions that includes separate positive and negative beliefs. She found the positive and negative components of personal luck beliefs correlate highly, suggesting they are conceptually very close or in fact the same. Maltby et al. (2008) proposed a six-dimensional model of beliefs around luck, but empirical analyses supported only a four-dimensional model: belief in being personally lucky; belief in being personally unlucky; general belief in luck; and rejection of belief in luck.
Thompson and Prendergast (2013) clarified the concepts of belief in luck and belief in personal luckiness. They addressed the logical problem that nobody who disbelieves in luck could consider themselves lucky by differentiating between belief in luck as a deterministic phenomenon that affects the future, on one hand, and on the other, belief in personal luckiness as an appraisal of how fortunately or otherwise chance events in the past might have turned out. They developed and validated an internationally applicable scale to measure, respectively, belief in luck and personal luckiness constructs. They found no correlation between the constructs and no evidence of a distinction between positive and negative aspects of each, suggesting they represent two discrete and unidimensional constructs. Belief in luck and personal luckiness were also found to correlate differently with personality and psychological variables, such as the Big Five and affect.
See also
Hamingja
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Randomness
List of lucky symbols
List of bad luck signs
Jinx
Bibliography
Gunther, Max. "The Luck Factor" Harriman House Ltd 1977.
Hartman, Robert (ed.), Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology (London: Routledge, 2019).
Mlodinow, Leonard. "The Drunkard's Walk: How Randomness Rules Our Lives" Penguin Group, 2008.
Mauboussin, Michael. "The Success Equation: Untangling Skill and Luck in Business, Sports, and Investing." Harvard Business Review Press, 2012
Rosenthal, Jeff, Knock on Wood: Luck, Chance, and the Meaning of Everything, HarperCollins, 2018
Rescher, Nicholas. "Luck", Farrar Straus Giroux 1995. Reissued University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001
Sauder, M. (2020). A Sociology of Luck. Sociological Theory.
Taleb, Nassim N. "Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets" Random House 2001
References
External links | wiki |
Chinese Spring may refer to:
Chinese Spring Offensive
Chinese Spring (Wyoming) | wiki |
Lily Lake – wieś w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Illinois, w hrabstwie Kane.
Wsie w stanie Illinois | wiki |
This is a list of Danish football transfers for the 2008 summer transfer window. Only moves featuring at least one Danish Superliga club are listed.
The 2007–08 Danish Superliga season ended on May 24, 2008, with the 2008–09 Danish Superliga season starting on July 19, 2008. The summer transfer window opened on 1 July 2008, although a few transfers took place prior to that date; including carry-overs from the winter 2007–08 transfer window. The window closed at midnight on 31 August 2008. Players without a club may join one at any time, either during or in between transfer windows. If need be, clubs may sign a goalkeeper on an emergency loan, if all others are unavailable.
Transfers
Notes
Player will officially join his new club on 1 July 2008.
Player will officially join his new club on 7 July 2008.
Player will officially join his new club on 23 July 2008.
Player will officially join his new club on 24 July 2008.
Player will officially join his new club on 1 August 2008.
References
Danish
2008
2007–08 in Danish football
2008–09 in Danish football | wiki |
Potato weed is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
Galinsoga parviflora, a herbaceous plant in the Asteraceae (daisy) family
Solanum esuriale, a species of perennial herbaceous plant native to Australia | wiki |
"Paradise in Your Eyes" is a song written and recorded by American R&B singer Jermaine Jackson. It was released as the second single from his 1981 album, I Like Your Style in February 1982.
Charts
References
1981 songs
1982 singles
Jermaine Jackson songs
Songs written by Jermaine Jackson | wiki |
In geometry, two triangles are said to be orthologic if the perpendiculars from the vertices of one of them to the corresponding sides of the other are concurrent (i.e., they intersect at a single point). This is a symmetric property; that is, if the perpendiculars from the vertices of triangle to the sides of triangle are concurrent then the perpendiculars from the vertices of to the sides of are also concurrent. The points of concurrence are known as the orthology centres of the two triangles.
Some pairs of orthologic triangles
The following are some triangles associated with the reference triangle ABC and orthologic with it.
Medial triangle
Anticomplementary triangle
Orthic triangle
The triangle whose vertices are the points of contact of the incircle with the sides of ABC
Tangential triangle
The triangle whose vertices are the points of contacts of the excircles with the respective sides of triangle ABC
The triangle formed by the bisectors of the external angles of triangle ABC
The pedal triangle of any point P in the plane of triangle ABC
References
Triangle geometry | wiki |
Inalienable or inalienability may refer to:
Inalienable right, a type of legal right in jurisprudence
Restraint on alienation
Inalienable possession, a class of nouns in linguistics
InAlienable, a 2008 science fiction film | wiki |
In sports, a winning percentage is the fraction of games or matches a team or individual has won. The statistic is commonly used in standings or rankings to compare teams or individuals. It is defined as wins divided by the total number of matches played (i.e. wins plus draws plus losses). A draw counts as a win.
Discussion
For example, if a team's season record is 30 wins and 20 losses, the winning percentage would be 60% or 0.600:
If a team's season record is 30–15–5 (i.e. it has won thirty games, lost fifteen and tied five times), and in the five tie games are counted as 2 wins, and so the team has an adjusted record of 32 wins, resulting in a 65% or winning percentage for the fifty total games from:
In North America, winning percentages are expressed as decimal values to three decimal places. It is the same value, but without the last step of multiplying by 100% in the formula above. Furthermore, they are usually read aloud as if they were whole numbers (e.g. 1.000, "a thousand" or 0.500, "five hundred"). In this case, the name "winning percentage" is actually a misnomer, since it is not expressed as a percentage. A winning percentage such as .536 ("five thirty-six") expressed as a percentage would be 53.6%.
Winning percentage is one way to compare the record of two teams; however, another standard method most frequently used in baseball and professional basketball standings is games behind. In baseball, a pitcher is assessed wins and losses as an individual statistic and thus has his own winning percentage, based on his win–loss record.
However, in association football, a manager's abilities may be measured by win percentage. In this case, the formula is wins divided by total number of matches; draws are not considered as "half-wins", and the quotient is always in percentage form.
In the National Football League, division winners and playoff qualifiers are technically determined by winning percentage and not by number of wins. Ties are currently counted as half a win and half a loss, however, prior to 1972 tied games were disregarded for the purposes of this calculation — a 10–2–2 record (10÷12 ≈ 0.833) would then have outranked an 11–3 record (11÷14 ≈ 0.785). Tie games, a fairly common occurrence in football before the introduction of overtime, were thus somewhat more valuable to teams with a winning record, as compared with current rules.
Some leagues and competitions may instead use a points percentage system, changing the nature of this statistic. In this type of method, used in many group tournament ranking systems, the competitors are awarded a certain number of points per win, fewer points per tie, and none for a loss. The teams are then ranked by the total number of these accumulated points. One such method is the "three points for a win", where three points are awarded for winning a game, one point is awarded for a draw, and no points are awarded for a loss. The National Hockey League (which uses an overtime and shootouts to break all ties) awards two points for a win in regulation or overtime/shootout, one point for an overtime loss, and none for a regulation loss.
Statistics
Major League Baseball
This table lists the best and worst winning percentages in the history of the National League (NL) and American League (AL) of Major League Baseball (MLB).
Note: some team records sum to less than the season schedule (154 or 162 games) due to rain outs.
National Basketball Association
National Hockey League
In the National Hockey League, teams are awarded two points for a win, and one point for either a tie (a discontinued statistic) or an overtime loss. It can be calculated as follows:
See also
Group tournament ranking system
References
Baseball statistics
Sports terminology
Percentages
Tournament systems | wiki |
List of best selling comics can refer to:
List of best-selling comic series
List of best-selling manga
Best-selling | wiki |
Pennsylvania Route 51 (PA 51) is a major state highway in Western Pennsylvania. It runs for from Uniontown to the Ohio state line near Darlington, where it connects with Ohio State Route 14. PA 51 is the termination point for Pennsylvania Route 43, Pennsylvania Route 48 and Pennsylvania Route 88. The route is a major connection from Uniontown and the rest of Fayette County to Pittsburgh.
The highway is four-lane highway south of Pittsburgh as it passes through Pittsburgh's South Hills, but narrows to a two-lane road through several boroughs along the Ohio River. It becomes four lanes again after passing Chippewa Township in Beaver County and continues to the Ohio border. In the South Hills, PA 51 (Saw Mill Run Boulevard), along with US 19, is one of the major routes in and out of Pittsburgh, as it provides access to several bridges and tunnels. PA 51 is one of the highways that enters the West End Circle, an intersection in the West End.
Route description
Fayette and Westmoreland counties
PA 51 begins as Pittsburgh Street in downtown Uniontown at an intersection with U.S. Route 40 Business. As PA 51 heads north, it exits Uniontown and intersects with U.S. Route 119, Uniontown's bypass. North of US 119, PA 51 is a rural, multi-lane divided highway that is also known as Pittsburgh Road. In North Union Township, PA 51 divides for ; the road has a large median that is home to several businesses. It then shifts towards the northwest, continuing as a multi-lane divided highway. In Perry Township, PA 51 intersects Pennsylvania Route 201 at a cloverleaf interchange. North of PA 201, it enters the borough of Perryopolis as Fuller Drive; after leaving the city to the north, PA 51 begins to parallel the Youghiogheny River.
Upon entering Westmoreland County, PA 51 intersects the southern terminus of Pennsylvania Route 981. About northwest of PA 981, it also intersects Interstate 70 at exits 46 A-B to form a full cloverleaf interchange. To the northwest in Sweeneys Crossroads, the road intersects Pennsylvania Route 201 again. PA 51 divides before reaching the county border and also passes by Rostraver Airport. Route 51 only spends seven miles (11 km) in Westmoreland County, all in Rostraver Township.
Allegheny and Beaver counties
Upon entering Allegheny County, PA 51 is called Hayden Boulevard, and it meets with Pennsylvania Route 136 at a diamond interchange. PA 51 intersects the southern terminus of Pennsylvania Route 48 in Forward Township before entering the boroughs of Elizabeth and West Elizabeth. In West Elizabeth, after crossing the Monongahela River via the Regis R. Malady Bridge, PA 51 immediately intersects with Pennsylvania Route 837. It then continues towards Jefferson Hills in the northwest, where it meets the northern terminus of Pennsylvania Route 43 (Mon-Fayette Expressway) at exit 54. PA 43 is expected to extend further north of PA 51. Northwest of PA 43, PA 51 becomes Clairton Boulevard. In Pleasant Hills and West Mifflin, PA 51 passes by the former Century III Mall, which was formerly one of the largest malls in the area. The stretch of PA 51/Clairton Blvd. continues through Baldwin Borough, Whitehall, and Brentwood. At the border of Brentwood and Overbrook, PA 51 becomes Saw Mill Run Boulevard.
At the southern tip of Pittsburgh, PA 51 intersects the northern terminus of Pennsylvania Route 88 before continuing towards the north as Saw Mill Run Blvd. It meets with the Liberty Tunnel connector, which leads towards the Liberty Bridge and Interstate 579; PA 51 also begins a concurrency with U.S. Route 19 Truck at this junction. The US 19 Truck/PA 51 concurrency ends when US 19 TRK joins Interstate 376, U.S. Route 22, and U.S. Route 30 at exit 5. At this point, PA 51 begins a brief concurrency with U.S. Route 19 through the West End Bypass, a short expressway in Pittsburgh's West End section. The concurrency ends as US 19 crosses the Ohio River on the West End Bridge while PA 51 turns left, heading toward McKees Rocks to the northwest as West Carson Street, paralleling the Ohio River. Entering McKees Rocks, it makes a 90 degree turn to become Locust Street, then makes another turn to become Charties Avenue, and makes a final turn towards the northwest to become Island Avenue. In Stowe Township, PA 51 becomes Robinson Boulevard (formerly Fleming Park Rd.) and passes south of Neville Island on the Ohio River. After a couple of S-curves, PA 51 becomes Coraopolis Road and intersects Interstate 79 at exit 64. It becomes State Avenue in Coraopolis before dividing into two one-way streets called 4th and 5th Avenues. North of Coraopolis, PA 51 continues to parallel the Ohio River as University Boulevard in Moon Township. It then becomes Stoops Ferry Road and passes through Crescent Township on McGovern Boulevard before entering Beaver County. The route spends 36 miles in Allegheny County.
At the Beaver County line, PA 51 intersects the eastern terminus of Pennsylvania Route 151. North of PA 151, PA 51 enters South Heights as Jordan Street. The route extends past the Ambridge-Aliquippa bridge, through the city of Aliquippa and West Aliquippa. Farther to the north, the highway heads towards the north as Constitution Boulevard entering Monaca as Beaver and Pennsylvania Avenues before making a 90-degree turn towards the north. PA 51 crosses the Ohio River on the Monaca-East Rochester Bridge, entering the borough of East Rochester. It makes a 90-degree turn to the west to begin a concurrency with Pennsylvania Route 65. In Rochester, PA 51/PA 65 meet with Pennsylvania Route 18; the concurrency ends in downtown Rochester, when PA 51 begins a concurrency with Pennsylvania Route 68. PA 51/PA 68 cross the Beaver River on the Beaver Bridge. In Bridgewater, the PA 51/PA 68 concurrency ends when PA 51 makes a 45-degree turn towards the northwest and continues towards the northwest as Constitution Boulevard. In Chippewa Township, it intersects Interstate 376 (James E. Ross Highway) at exit 31. Northwest of I-376, Route 51 intersects the western terminus of Pennsylvania Route 588 and Pennsylvania Route 251. In South Beaver Township, PA 51 intersects Pennsylvania Route 168 and continues towards the northwest as Constitution Boulevard. PA 51 terminates (ends) at the Ohio state line; in Ohio, it continues as Ohio State Route 14.
History
Route 51 was first signed in 1927. The north section was signed first, followed by the section between Pittsburgh and Uniontown. Major construction projects included a bypass of Perryopolis built in 1950, the West End Bypass in Pittsburgh that was completed in 1953, and the interchange at the southern portal of the Liberty Tunnels in Pittsburgh. Unlike PA 88 and PA 28, Route 51 wasn't truncated in 1961 to reduce concurrencies, making it the only major state route (not including U.S. routes or Interstate routes) to still pass through Pittsburgh following the separation of PA 65 and PA 50 from PA 88 & PA 28, respectively; PA 51 serves as a link between PA 88 & PA 65 and, via PA 60, I-376, & I-279, a link between PA 28 & PA 50.
Before the turnpikes were built, Route 51, alongside Ohio State Route 14, served as the main corridor connecting Pittsburgh and Cleveland.
The Saw Mill Run Boulevard section of the highway was the first direct connection between Pittsburgh and the South Hills once the Liberty Tunnel was completed. It significantly decreased the driving time to Pittsburgh from the cities of Clairton, Duquesne, McKeesport.
Improvements are planned at the intersection with PA 88 south of Pittsburgh, where bottlenecks occur regularly. Other improvements planned include new interchanges at the Liberty Tunnel and West End Bridge (West End Circle), a center median for the rest of Saw Mill Run Boulevard, and an improved intersection with Woodruff Street.
Saw Mill Run Expressway (canceled)
The Saw Mill Run Expressway was a highway proposed for the South Hills. It would have been built on the same right-of-way as Saw Mill Run Boulevard. In 1964, while designated as "the worst bottleneck in Western Pennsylvania," a plan was made to turn the crowded highway into an expressway. The plan was proposed to the Department of Highways and included a renovation of the Liberty Tunnel, several widening projects, new turning lanes, and a central median. The plan would have required cooperation from the surrounding communities.
The finished product was to include a limited access expressway from Overbrook to the West End. It would have been twice the width of the current highway and had a total cost of nearly $150 million. Interest in the expressway declined once the Southwestern Pennsylvania Regional Planning Commission expressed concerns about business along the corridor, and the project was dropped in 1973.
Major intersections
Related routes
Pittsburgh truck route
Pennsylvania Route 51 Truck (PA 51 Truck) is a truck route along major roads in downtown Pittsburgh, such as I-376, I-279, and I-579, in an effort to bypass PA 51, which features some unsafe S-Curves and falling rocks that could be deleterious for trucks. Motorists traveling on PA 51 should use PA 51 Truck to travel downtown and avoid these dangers.
Elizabeth truck route
Pennsylvania Route 51 Truck (PA 51 Truck) was a truck route of PA 51 that bypassed the weight-restricted Regis R. Malady Bridge over the Monongahela River between Elizabeth and West Elizabeth, on which trucks over 32 tons and combination loads over 40 tons are prohibited. The route followed McKeesport Road, Lincoln Boulevard, Glassport-Elizabeth Road, the Clairton-Glassport Bridge over the Monongahela River, and PA 837. The route was formed in 2013; however, as of 2021, there were no weight restrictions listed on the bridge by PennDOT,.
As of 2022, the route is still signed.
Previously there was a truck route in the Pittsburgh suburb of Elizabeth. The truck designation was not intended for vehicles already on PA 51, but for those entering the highway southbound. A cloverleaf has been established to direct traffic between Elizabeth's main street (known as Center Ave and McKeesport Road on different ends of town), but its narrow and winding design makes it difficult for trucks to access Route 51 southbound. As a result, they were directed to enter onto Route 51 northbound, cross the bridge over the Monongahela River, and use a special u-turn exit to reach southbound lanes of travel. This truck route was removed after a weight limit was imposed on the Regis R. Malady Bridge over the Monongahela River.
See also
References
External links
Pennsylvania Highways: PA 51
Route 51 history
051
Transportation in Pittsburgh
Transportation in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Fayette County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Beaver County, Pennsylvania | wiki |
The Inverness cape is a form of weatherproof outer-coat. It is notable for being sleeveless, the arms emerging from armscyes beneath a cape (the sleeved version is an Inverness coat; the shorter-caped, sleeved version is an Ulster coat). It has become associated with the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes.
The Inverness cape is a water-repellent garment. The extra layer of cloth at the shoulders traditionally hindered rain from soaking through the wool.
History
The garment began in the 1850s as the Inverness coat, an outer coat with sleeves covered by a long cape, reaching the length of the sleeve. By the 1870s, the cape was divided in two, and a small "capelet"-like "wing" on each side was sewn into the side seams, not taken across the back. In the 1880s, the sleeves were removed entirely, leaving only the armholes beneath the cape, to form the Inverness cape.
The fronts of the coat may be finished in either of two styles: in one, the more formal, the topcoat is finished with short lapels and the capes are set back behind them. In another style, there are no lapels. A simple fall collar with a tall stand is used, the capes buttoning across. These were also favored for less formal wear, particularly by coachmen and cab drivers, who needed free movement of their arms. Indeed, this style is usually called a "coachman's cape."
Still worn in the United Kingdom, the Inverness cape is often made of heavy Harris tweed of plaid and checked designs. The commonly held image of the cape as worn by Holmes is one made of tweed, specifically in a grey hound's tooth pattern. It is usually worn for country wear. Lighter-weight black cape-coats are associated with formal evening attire. Modest capes, made of nylon or twill-weave fabrics and usually black, are commonly used by members of pipe bands.
Highland dress
Even though a wide variety of coats, overcoats, and rain gear are worn with Highland dress to deal with inclement weather, the Inverness cape has come to be almost universally adopted for rainy weather by pipe bands the world over, and many other kilt wearers also find it to be the preferable garment for such conditions. Unlike most raincoats or other conventional overcoats, the Inverness cape has no sleeves. Instead, it has wide-cut armholes in the sides to accommodate the arms. This enables the wearer to access a sporran without unbuttoning and opening up the cape. The opening in the side is covered by a short cape, which can be buttoned up in the front.
In popular culture
Arguably the most famous example in fiction, Arthur Conan Doyle's famous detective Sherlock Holmes is often associated with the Inverness cape. However, in the novels, Holmes is described as wearing an Ulster. Holmes's distinctive look, which was usually complemented with a deerstalker cap and a calabash pipe, is a composite of images, originally credited to a series of illustrators including David Henry Friston and Sidney Paget. But as adapted to the stage by the actor-playwright William Gillette, Holmes did not wear a cape-coat at all, and the origin of the calabash pipe is something of a mystery, although it might have had something to do with Gillette's introduction of a full-bend briar pipe for his performances. Paget had depicted Holmes as smoking straight pipes, exclusively.
Friston, who illustrated the first published Sherlock Holmes novel of A Study in Scarlet, portrayed the character in a deerstalker-like hat and an elongated trench coat.
Be that as it might, the cape-coat, the deerstalker, and the calabash pipe were already associated with Holmes by the 1930s, chiefly in the United States, but the image became definitive with the first two films in which Basil Rathbone appeared on-screen as Holmes, produced for 20th Century Fox in 1939.
August Derleth's Solar Pons, essentially Sherlock Holmes with a different name and living in Praed Street in the 1920s, also wears an Inverness.
Inverness capes are worn by characters in many Western and Spaghetti Western films, such as Lee Van Cleef's character in For a Few Dollars More and Gianni Garko in the Sartana series.
In the 1970s of the long-running series Doctor Who, the Third Doctor (Jon Pertwee), frequently wore an Inverness cape over his dandy suits. Pertwee took credit for the Doctor's Edwardian appearance himself, having taken an Inverness cape from his own grandfather's wardrobe to complete the costume.
The vampire Barnabas Collins (as portrayed by actor Jonathan Frid) wore an Inverness cape on the 1966 cult classic Gothic soap opera Dark Shadows. The Inverness cape made a reappearance in the 2012 Tim Burton film remake, Dark Shadows (film). Costume designer Collen Atwood took inspiration from the original series, but "didn't want to do a boring black coat," so opted to update the costume with a "bottle-green fabric."
The 2001 film adaptation of the absurdist play Waiting for Godot has landlord Pozzo (played by Alan Stanford) wearing an Inverness cape, symbolising the Protestant Ascendancy landlords of Ireland.
Popular urban fantasy hero Harry Dresden of The Dresden Files by Jim Butcher replaced his trademark duster with an Inverness coat in Cold Days, the 14th book of the series.
Steampunk fashion has revived the wearing of the Inverness cape to a limited extent.
Japanese version of the Inverness coat
The Inverness coat was introduced into Japan during the Meiji era, and its modified version, the tonbi or tombi ( とんび ) coat, gained a lot of popularity. At that time, there were many kinds of modified Western coats, and the tonbi was an example. The coat style was called tonbi, because the flaps on either side of the shoulders looked similar to that of a kite. The tonbi could be worn over a kimono, and this was a reason for its popularity. Historically, the use of wool was limited in Japan until the Meiji era, however the increased demand for new overcoats which could be worn over the kimono, including the tonbi, ignited the market. The tonbi remained in common use as an overcoat worn by men during the Meiji, Taishō and Shōwa eras.
See also
Ulster coat
Loden cape
Duster (clothing)
Trench coats
References
1870s fashion
1880s fashion
Robes and cloaks
Scottish clothing
Sherlock Holmes
Formal wear | wiki |
The Danjon scale is a five-point scale useful for measuring the appearance and luminosity of the Moon during a total lunar eclipse. It was proposed by André-Louis Danjon in 1921, when postulating that the brightness of a lunar eclipse was related to the solar cycle. An eclipse's rating on the scale is traditionally denoted by the letter L.
The scale
The Danjon scale is described in the following table:
Determining the value of L
Determination of the value of L for an eclipse is best done near mid-totality with the naked eye. The scale is subjective, and different observers may determine different values. In addition, different parts of the Moon may have different L values, depending on their distance from the center of the Earth's umbra.
Factors affecting the value of L
Many factors can affect the appearance of the Moon during a lunar eclipse. The Moon's path through the Earth's umbra is important, but so too are the current conditions of the Earth's atmosphere. While the Earth's shadow blocks any direct light from striking the Moon during a lunar eclipse, some light is refracted through the Earth's atmosphere giving the Moon a red hue.
The amount of light refracted affects the brightness of the moon at mid-eclipse, and this depends on several factors. Volcanic eruptions are one of the most significant - eruptions which spew significant amounts of volcanic ash into the air are generally followed by several years of dark, deep red eclipses. The effect of the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo on subsequent lunar eclipses was very noticeable, with the eclipse of 9 December 1992 rated 0 on the Danjon Scale by many observers.
It is also thought that the solar cycle has some effect on the darkness of lunar eclipses--indeed Danjon established the scale for this reason.
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20050823095028/http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/OH/Danjon.html
Lunar eclipses
Scales | wiki |
Bert Vermeir (born 3 March 1977) is a Belgium Paralympic equestrian. He won a bronze medal in the 2004 Summer Paralympics.
Biography
Vermeir was born in Merchtem and received a pony for his 4th birthday. However he was left paralysed in 1992 after an accident involving his pony, which led to several broken vertebrae. Vermeir's first international para-equestrian appearance was the World Cup Denmark in 1999. In 2000, he made his Paralympic debut in Sydney.
In 2004, Vermeir won Paralympic bronze in the Mixed Dressage - Freestyle Grade III riding Den Eik Heino.
External links
Website
References
1977 births
Living people
Paralympic bronze medalists for Belgium
Equestrians at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Equestrians at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Equestrians at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic medalists in equestrian
Paralympic equestrians of Belgium | wiki |
Neoceratodontidae is a family of lungfish containing the extant Australian lungfish and several extinct genera. It and Lepidosirenidae represent the only lungfish families still extant.
Fossils from this family are first known from Triassic-aged sediments in Kyrgyzstan, but phylogenetic evidence indicates that it first originated near the end of the Carboniferous period. Despite their name, they are in fact basal to the related genus Ceratodus (and thus diverged before Ceratodus did), rather than vice versa.
References
Lungfish
Extant Middle Triassic first appearances
Fish families | wiki |
Dave Allsop is a Scottish game designer and artist for role-playing games and video games.
Career
Dave Allsop developed the role-playing game SLA Industries (1993); the Scottish company Nightfall Games was founded solely to publish the game. Wizards of the Coast later bought SLA Industries, but then returned it to Nightfall, who licensed it to Hogshead Publishing; in 2002, Hogshead closed down and thus SLA Industries returned to Allsop. Allsop was by then the flatmate of Angus Abranson, and they decided to form a new role-playing company in 2003 called Cubicle 7 Entertainment. Allsop started work on a new release of SLA Industries, but in the Fall of 2004 Allsop decided to pull out of Cubicle 7 to pursue other opportunities. In 2005, Allsop, with Adrian Bott, produced The Book of Unremitting Horror, a book of monsters for the d20 System, published by Pelgrane Press. Allsop returned to Cubicle 7 in 2007 as the SLA Industries line editor, which started releasing new books again in 2011.
He is known for his work on the Magic: The Gathering collectible card game. He has also contributed art to the digital collectible card game Hearthstone.
His Dungeons & Dragons work includes interior art for Eberron Campaign Setting (2004), Monster Manual III (2004), Expedition to Castle Ravenloft (2006), Cityscape (2006), Fiendish Codex II: Tyrants of the Nine Hells (2006), Fantastic Locations: City of Peril (2007), Monster Manual V (2007), An Adventurer's Guide to Eberron (2008), the fourth edition Monster Manual (2008), the fourth edition Manual of the Planes (2008), Demon Queen's Enclave (2008), Draconomicon: Metallic Dragons (2009), and Martial Power II (2010).
Allsop was the concept artist for One Thumb Mobile, for their game Celtic Heroes, from 2012 to 2015. He returned to freelance work in February 2015.
References
External links
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Role-playing game artists
Role-playing game designers
Year of birth missing (living people) | wiki |
Bifora may refer to:
Bifora, a traditional Sicilian double-reed wind instrument
Bifora (plant), a genus of flowering plant
Bifora (architecture), the Italian term for a mullioned window with two lights | wiki |
A frequency meter is an instrument that displays the frequency of a periodic electrical signal. Various types of mechanical frequency meters were used in the past, but since the 1970s these have almost universally been replaced by digital frequency counters.
Low frequency systems
Vibrating reed meters
One of the most basic forms of frequency meter is the vibrating reed meter or tuned reed meter. This consists of an electromagnet coil carrying the signal positioned near the end of a tuned metal reed or tuning fork-type arrangement. As the signal travels through the coil it creates a magnetic field with the sample frequency, which pushes and pulls on the reed, or a small piece of metal or a magnet connected to it. The reed is shaped to vibrate at a particular frequency, and if the signal in the magnet is close to it, it will begin to vibrate. Multiple reeds can be positioned on a single electromagnet through various mechanical connections and the frequency of the signal can be determined by seeing which reed is vibrating the most.
Similar systems, "reed receivers" were also used in early radio control systems; when the reed vibrated with enough amplitude it would cause an electrical contact to close and actuate the controls.
Moving needle systems
More advanced systems were of the deflection type, ordinarily used for measuring low frequencies but capable of being used for frequencies as high as 900 Hz. There are two common types, the BTH resonance frequency meter and the Weston frequency meter. Both use electrical resonance to create a magnetic field to move a pointer, differing in their exact construction.
The BTH meter, named for the British Thomson-Houston heavy industrial firm, consists of a magnet coil connected to the input signal. Running through the center of the magnet is an iron core which extends past the end of the coil and is curved and tapered roughly like a sabre. At the other end of the core is a second coil that is allowed to move closer or further from the fixed input coil. This moving coil is connected to a capacitor to produce an LC circuit turned to a particular frequency.
Because the iron core passes through the moving coil, and the core is tapered, the inductance of the LC circuit changes as the coil moves closer or further from the fixed input coil. When a signal is applied to the input coil, the moving coil sees a force toward or away from the input coil, and begins to move until the resulting resonance of the LC+core is the same frequency as the input signal. Normally the moving coil is suspended from a pivot above it, so the linear motion along the core causes the coil, and an attached pointer, to rotate over a dial.
The Weston frequency meter also uses tuned circuits, but in this case it is the relative inductance between two such circuits that creates the meter's movements. The system uses coils with open centers where the moving portion of the meter is positioned. Each coil has a partner that is electrically connected so that the resulting field between them is uniform like in a solenoid. Two such paired coils are used, arranged at right angles so that the resulting assembly looks like a hash mark, #, when viewed from the side.
One of the pairs of coils are connected to inductors and resistors while the second does not have any inductors. This causes the current in the inductor side to change as the signal frequency varies away from the selected base frequency, while the field in the second set of coils does not. This causes the currents in the two sets of loops to vary in relation to each other, and the resulting magnetic field between them as well. A small magnet inserted in the open center turns to align itself with the resulting field.
Radio frequency systems
Earlier meters using mechanical displays were limited to frequencies on the order of 1000 Hz, although higher frequency examples were known. For radio frequency signals, these systems were generally far too slow to react, and new meters were introduced.
Absorption wavemeter
The absorption wavemeter is a simple system consisting of a single tunable LC circuit and a separate voltmeter or ammeter. The user tunes the LC circuit, typically through a variable capacitor, until the voltage in the circuit suddenly drops. This indicates that the local LC circuit is tuned to a frequency equal to that of the tested signal, at which point it begins to absorb the energy of the signal and cause the circuit's current to drop.
Cavity absorption wavemeter
A unique form of absorption wavemeter developed in the 1960s for use with microwave systems or other short-wavelength sources. Unlike other designs, the cavity absorption wavemeter is mechanical in nature.
The system consists of a cylindrical container with an internal piston that travels up and down within the cylinder. The position is normally controlled with a screw at the top of the device, or alternately, the cylinder itself forms a screw that carries the piston up and down as it turns. They were sometimes known as "gumball machines" due to their general shape.
The signal to be tested is fed in through a waveguide on one side of the device below the piston, while a microwave power detector is connected to another waveguide on the opposite side. The user then turns the control until the output voltage suddenly drops. This occurs when the dimensions of the cavity are an exact multiple of the microwave wavelength and it begins to resonate. This causes some of the signal to dissipate into the cavity, lowering the output.
Heterodyne meters
A heterodyne is a signal that is created via the mixture of two other signals. The output is the difference of the two signals, typically on a very different frequency than the inputs. A simple example of a heterodyning is used to tune pianos; a tuning fork is used to produce a known-good frequency and then the matching key on the piano is stuck. The two signals mix and an audible "whaa-whaa" or "beating" can be heard at a much lower frequency, often a few Hertz. The piano string is then adjusted until the beating disappears, meaning the two frequencies are (close to) equal.
The same system can be used to measure an unknown radio frequency. In this case the tuning fork is replaced by a small radio transmitter, the local oscillator (LO), tuned to a frequency close to that of the one to be measured. As long as they are relatively close the resulting heterodyne signal will be audible. The user can then change the frequency of their LO radio until the audible signal disappears, in same fashion as tuning a piano. The unknown frequency is then equal to that of their LO, which can typically be read off the tuning dial. Alternately, the beat frequency can be fed into one of the frequency meters above, allowing accurate adjustment of the tuner by examining the motion of the dial.
See also
Frequency counter
Reed receiver
References
Citations
Bibliography
Electrical meters
Electronic test equipment | wiki |
Vitello tonnato is a Piedmontese dish of cold, sliced veal covered with a creamy, mayonnaise-like sauce that has been flavored with tuna. It is served chilled or at room temperature, generally in the summertime, as the main course of an Italian meal or as "an exceedingly elegant antipasto for an elaborate dinner." It is also very popular, by inheritance, in Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay, where it is known by its original name in Piedmontese dialect Vitel tonnè, (spelled Vitel Toné or Thoné in Argentina) and considered a traditional Christmas dish.
It is prepared at least a day or more in advance by braising or simmering a piece of veal from the back leg called Eye Round, which is then cut into thin, individual servings. For the sauce, originally fresh white tuna (in most restaurants canned tuna is used today to reduce cost and preparation time) is simmered until fully cooked in white wine, cider vinegar, white onion and garlic, and then puréed with a mix of olive and vegetable oil and egg yolks in an electric blender or food processor to form a thick mayonnaise. For the mayonnaise a variety of seasonings can be used, including anchovies, cayenne pepper, capers and lemon juice. The thick, smooth purée is then somewhat thinned with a little water and cooking liquid from the veal and a few capers are stirred in. Some of the sauce is spread out on a serving platter and the cold slices of veal are arranged in a single layer on top. The rest of the sauce is then poured over the veal so that it is, generally, completely covered. The dish is allowed to refrigerate for a period up to 5 days to fully develop the flavor.
See also
List of Italian dishes
List of veal dishes
Italian cuisine
Argentine cuisine
References
Further reading
Cuisine of Piedmont
Veal dishes
Argentine cuisine
Tuna dishes
Christmas food | wiki |
Sex change is a natural or artificial process in which an individual's sex is changed.
Sex change may also refer to:
Biology and medicine
Sequential hermaphroditism, a phenomenon whereby some animals naturally change sex
Sex reassignment therapy, the medical aspect of gender transition, that is, modifying one's sex characteristics
Gender-affirming surgery, surgical procedures that alters a transgender person's physical appearance and sexual characteristics
Other uses
Sex Change (album), a 2007 album by Trans Am
Change of Sex or Sex Change, a 1976 Spanish film
Sex Change Hospital, an American documentary-style reality television series about 12 transgender people who have sex reassignment surgery in Colorado
A Change of Sex, 1979 television documentary about English trans woman Julia Grant
Elvis Sex-Change, 1993 compilation album by the British indie rock band Cornershop
Root Boy Slim and the Sex Change Band, American blues rock band | wiki |
Palace steamers were luxurious steamships that carried passengers and cargo around the North American Great Lakes from 1844 through 1857. One was the Niagara, which was destroyed by a fire during an 1856 voyage.
Sources
University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute website
Ship types
Passenger ships of the Great Lakes
Steamships | wiki |
Cutlet (derived from French côtelette, côte, "rib") refers to:
a thin slice of meat from the leg or ribs of mutton, veal, pork, or chicken
a dish made of such slice, often breaded (also known in various languages as a cotoletta, Kotelett, kotlet or kotleta)
a croquette or cutlet-shaped patty made of ground meat
a kind of fish cut where the fish is sliced perpendicular to the spine, rather than parallel (as with fillets); often synonymous with steak
a prawn or shrimp with its head and outer shell removed, leaving only the flesh and tail
a mash of vegetables (usually potatoes) fried with bread
History
Cutlet were a typical starter in French cuisine, as a variation of Croquettes with a shape of small rib (côtelette in French). The bone was simulated by a piece of fried bread or pasta. The recipe became popular in all Europe due to the influence of French cuisine.
American and Canadian cuisines
From the late 1700s until about 1900, virtually all recipes for "cutlets" in English-language cookbooks referenced veal cutlets. Then pork cutlets began to appear. More recently, in American and Canadian cuisine, cutlets have also been made using chicken, although this was also imported from Europe. The cutlet is usually coated with flour, egg and bread crumbs, then fried in a pan with some oil.
Austrian cuisine
Australian cuisine
Australians eat lamb cutlets battered with egg yolk and breadcrumbs. Chicken cutlets are also very popular, but known as chicken schnitzel. Both lamb cutlets and chicken schnitzel are a staple of Australian children's cuisine. Amongst most Australians of Italian descent, the term schnitzel is replaced by the term cutlet. Cutlets amongst this population are usually veal or chicken.
British cuisine
In British cuisine a cutlet is usually unbreaded and can also be called a chop. If referring to beef, more than one piece together would be generally called a rib of beef or a rib joint, whilst lamb ribs are called a rack, or rack of lamb. Lamb racks can also be tied into a circular shape before cooking, with the ribs on the outside, giving a crown shape, leading to the name "crown of lamb".
French cuisine
In France, cutlets can be made with any of the Salpicons of poultry, game, fish and shellfish, mixed with the necessary amount of forcemeat in keeping with the main ingredient; the consistency should be adjusted with a little well-reduced sauce which should also be in keeping with the ingredients.
These cutlets should be egg and crumbed and they should be shallow fried and coloured in clarified butter instead of being deep fried.
Hong Kong cuisine
In Hong Kong, the cutlet was introduced during the period of British colonial occupation along with other cooking influences. It is seen as "sai chaan" or Western cuisine. Veal, pork and chicken are battered and deep fried for lunch. Seafood such as shrimp or scallop that is battered or breaded and deep fried can also be known as 'cutlet' in Hong Kong. It is usually served alongside rice or spaghetti noodles.
Indian cuisine
In Indian cuisine, a cutlet specifically refers to mashed vegetables (potato, carrot, beans) or cooked meat (beef, mutton, chicken or fish) stuffing that is fried with a batter/covering. The meat itself is cooked with spices - onion, cardamom, cloves, cinnamon, coriander (cilantro), green chillies, lemon and salt. This is then dipped in an egg mix or Corn starch and then in Bread crumbs (also see breaded cutlet), and fried in ghee or vegetable oil. Mostly chicken and mutton cutlets are very popular snacks in the eastern part of India specially in Kolkata.
The vegetarian version has no meat in it, instead the filling is a combination of mashed potatoes, onion, green chillies, spices and salt, cooked for a bit together. This version is more popular with the vegetarian Indian population. This should not be confused with grilled patties such as Aloo Tikki. A cutlet is traditionally deep-fried.
Iranian cuisine
In Iran, cutlet (Persian: کتلت) is a popular hamburger-like thin layered mixture of fried ground beef or pea flour, mashed or grated potatoes, eggs, onions, spices and bread crumbs.
Italian cuisine
The use of the cutlet (cotoletta) is quite widespread in Italian cuisine in many different variations. The most famous variant is the Milanese cutlet (cotoletta alla milanese), a veal cutlet covered in bread crumbs and fried in butter. It should not be mistaken for the Wiener schnitzel (which should be referred as a scaloppina alla viennese, or as fettina impanata in Italian), because it's a different cut of meat; the Milanese cutlet cut includes the bone, whereas the Wienerschnitzel doesn't. It is disputed whether the cotoletta alla milanese originated the Wienerschnitzel, or vice versa.
Japanese cuisine
The cutlet was introduced to Japan during the Meiji period, in a Western cuisine restaurant in the fashionable Ginza district of Tokyo. The Japanese pronunciation of cutlet is katsuretsu.
In Japanese cuisine, katsuretsu or shorter katsu is actually the name for a Japanese version of the Wiener schnitzel, a breaded cutlet. Dishes with katsu include tonkatsu and katsudon.
Polish cuisine
The Polish pork cutlet, kotlet schabowy, is a pork chop coated with breadcrumbs. Kotlet schabowy can be served with mashed potatoes, home fries, fried mushrooms, cooked vegetables (cabbage), with salads or with coleslaw. Kotlet z kurczaka is a chicken cutlet coated with breadcrumbs. Kotlet z indyka is a turkey cutlet coated with breadcrumbs.
Cuisines of Russia, Ukraine and other countries of former Soviet Union
In modern Russian, the word kotleta (котлета) refers almost exclusively to pan-fried minced meat croquettes / cutlet-shaped patties. Bread soaked in milk, onions, garlic, and herbs is usually present in the recipe. When in a hurry, a "cutlet" can be eaten between bread slices like a hamburger, but this fast meal is rarely served in restaurants. It is usually served with pan-fried potatoes, mashed potatoes, pasta, etc.
In the middle of the 20th century, industrially produced, semi-processed ground meat cutlets were introduced in the USSR. Colloquially known as Mikoyan cutlets (named after Soviet politician Anastas Mikoyan, who served as a minister of food industry for a long time and was responsible for introducing a lot of industrial-made products into the Soviet food chain), these were cheap pork or beef cutlet-shaped patties which resembled American burgers.
In Ukrainian cuisine, a variety called sichenyk () is made of minced meat or fish and vegetables and covered with bread crumbs.
A particular form of the Russian kotleta known as Pozharsky cutlet is an elaborated version of minced poultry kotleta covered with breadcrumbs or small croutons. A distinct feature of this cutlet is that butter is added to minced meat, which results in an especially juicy and tender consistency.
Another Russian version of a cutlet, called otbivnaya kotleta (), meaning "beaten cutlet", is a fried slice of meat, usually pork or beef, beaten flat with a tenderizing hammer or knife handle and covered with beaten eggs, dough or breadcrumbs. The recipe is similar to those of escalopes, schnitzel, Polish, or American cutlets. Today, this dish is simply called otbivnaya, with the word kotleta reserved for minced meat patties.
Chicken Kiev is called kotleta po-kievski () in Russian and similarly kotleta po-kyivski () in Ukrainian, which means "Kiev-style cutlet".
Sri Lankan cuisine
In Sri Lankan cuisine cutlets almost always refer to fish (usually tuna or mackerel) and potato croquettes. Usually the fish and potatoes are mixed with spices, green chilies and onions and dipped in a batter made of flour and eggs before being crumbed and fried.
References
Meat
Cuts of meat
World cuisine
Types of food | wiki |
General Bliss may refer to:
Stephen M. Bliss (fl. 1960s–2010s), U.S. Army brigadier general
Tasker H. Bliss (1853–1930), U.S. Army general
Zenas Bliss (1835–1900), Union Army major general | wiki |
Canoe polo at the 2005 World Games.
Medalists
See also
Canoe polo at the World Games
References
2005 World Games | wiki |
This is a list of rice dishes from all over the world, arranged alphabetically. Rice is the seed of the monocot plants Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia and the West Indies. It is the grain with the second-highest worldwide production, after maize (corn), according to data for 2010.
Rice dishes
Unsorted
Aiwowo
Bagoong fried rice
Buttered rice
Kanika
Mutabbaq samak
Sayadieh
See also
Arabic rice – a pilaf preparation using rice and vermicelli noodles
List of fried rice dishes
List of rice beverages
List of rice varieties
List of tortilla-based dishes
Pakistani rice dishes
References
Rice dishes
Rice dishes
Rice dishes
Rice dishes | wiki |
In management, information technology consulting (also called IT consulting, computer consultancy, business and technology services, computing consultancy, technology consulting, and IT advisory) is a field of activity which focuses on advising organizations on how best to use information technology (IT) in achieving their business objectives, but it can also refer more generally to IT outsourcing.
Once a business owner defines the needs to take a business to the next level, a decision maker will define a scope, cost and a time frame of the project. The role of the IT consultancy company is to support and nurture the company from the very beginning of the project until the end, and deliver the project not only in the scope, time and cost but also with complete customer satisfaction.
See also
List of major IT consulting firms
Consultant
Outsourcing
References
Software industry | wiki |
Turn-by-turn Navigation is a feature of some satellite navigation devices where directions for a selected route are continually presented to the user in the form of spoken or visual instructions. The system keeps the user up-to-date about the best route to the destination, and is often updated according to changing factors such as traffic and road conditions. Turn-by-turn systems typically use an electronic voice to inform the user whether to turn left or right, the street name, and the distance to the next turn.
Mathematically, turn by turn navigation is based on the shortest path problem within graph theory, which examines how to identify the path that best meets some criteria (shortest, cheapest, fastest, etc.) between two points in a large network.
History
Real-time turn-by-turn navigation instructions by computer was first developed at the MIT Media Laboratory by James Raymond Davis and Christopher M. Schmandt in 1988. Their system, Backseat Driver, monitored the car's position using a system developed by NEC that communicated over a cellular modem with software running on a Symbolics LISP Machine at the Media Lab. The computer then used a speech synthesizer to compute appropriate directions and spoke them to the driver using a second cellular phone.
Devices and services
Major mapping services that offer turn-by-turn navigation, grouped by map data provider:
HERE Technologies:
HERE WeGo, a free online and offline navigation app for Android, Fire OS and iOS
Garmin, road portable navigation devices, car built-in navigation devices
Genius Maps, a paid online and offline turn-by-turn navigation app for Android, HarmonyOS and iOS
Google:
Google Maps, a free online navigation app for Android, iOS and KaiOS
TomTom:
TomTom car, motorcycle and truck portable navigation devices, car and truck built-in navigation devices, Android and iOS smartphones and tablets online and offline through AmiGO
Apple Maps, a free online navigation app for iPhone and ipad using iOS 6 or later
Petal Maps, a free online and offline navigation app for Android 7 or later, HarmonyOS and iOS
Windows Maps, a free online and offline navigation app for Windows
OpenStreetMap. Offline-capable applications that use volunteer-contributed data:
Karta GPS, a free online and offline navigation app for Android and iOS
Locus Map, a free online and offline navigation app for Android
Magic Earth, a free online and offline navigation app for Android, Fire OS and iOS
MAPS.ME, a free offline and open-source app for Android and iOS
Mapy.cz, a free online and offline navigation app for Android, iOS and Windows
OsmAnd, a free online and offline navigation app for Android, Fire OS and iOS
Scout GPS Link for Android and iOS
Other:
smartphones and tablets with iOS 5 or earlier using various commercial software
Sygic GPS Navigation, a paid offline turn-by-turn navigation app for Android and iOS (map data based on Here, TomTom, OpenStreetMap and Sygic Maps)
Waze, a free app providing turn-by-turn navigation on Android, iOS and Windows
References | wiki |
Flow cups are designed to accurately measure the viscosity of paints, inks, varnishes and similar products.
The process of flow through an orifice can often be used as a relative measurement and classification of viscosity.
This measured kinematic viscosity is generally expressed in seconds of flow time which can be converted into centistokes (cSt) using a viscosity calculator.
Flow cups are manufactured using high grade aluminium alloy with stainless steel orifices (where indicated), flow cups are available with a range of UKAS / ISO 17025 certified standard oils to confirm the flow cup is measuring within specification.
See also
Flow measurement
Viscometer
Zahn cup
Ford cup
Notes and references
References
Fluid dynamics
Viscosity meters | wiki |
The stamen (plural stamina or stamens) is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium.
Morphology and terminology
A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filament and an anther which contains microsporangia. Most commonly anthers are two-lobed and are attached to the filament either at the base or in the middle area of the anther. The sterile tissue between the lobes is called the connective, an extension of the filament containing conducting strands. It can be seen as an extension on the dorsal side of the anther. A pollen grain develops from a microspore in the microsporangium and contains the male gametophyte.
The stamens in a flower are collectively called the androecium. The androecium can consist of as few as one-half stamen (i.e. a single locule) as in Canna species or as many as 3,482 stamens which have been counted in the saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea). The androecium in various species of plants forms a great variety of patterns, some of them highly complex. It generally surrounds the gynoecium and is surrounded by the perianth. A few members of the family Triuridaceae, particularly Lacandonia schismatica and Lacandonia braziliana, along with a few species of Trithuria (family Hydatellaceae) are exceptional in that their gynoecia surround their androecia.
Etymology
Stamen is the Latin word meaning "thread" (originally thread of the warp, in weaving).
Filament derives from classical Latin filum, meaning "thread"
Anther derives from French anthère, from classical Latin anthera, meaning "medicine extracted from the flower" in turn from Ancient Greek ἀνθηρά (), feminine of ἀνθηρός () meaning "flowery", from ἄνθος () meaning "flower"
Androecium (plural androecia) derives from Ancient Greek ἀνήρ () meaning "man", and οἶκος () meaning "house" or "chamber/room".
Variation in morphology
Depending on the species of plant, some or all of the stamens in a flower may be attached to the petals or to the floral axis. They also may be free-standing or fused to one another in many different ways, including fusion of some but not all stamens. The filaments may be fused and the anthers free, or the filaments free and the anthers fused. Rather than there being two locules, one locule of a stamen may fail to develop, or alternatively the two locules may merge late in development to give a single locule. Extreme cases of stamen fusion occur in some species of Cyclanthera in the family Cucurbitaceae and in section Cyclanthera of genus Phyllanthus (family Euphorbiaceae) where the stamens form a ring around the gynoecium, with a single locule. Plants having a single stamen are referred to as "monandrous."
Pollen production
A typical anther contains four microsporangia. The microsporangia form sacs or pockets (locules) in the anther (anther sacs or pollen sacs). The two separate locules on each side of an anther may fuse into a single locule. Each microsporangium is lined with a nutritive tissue layer called the tapetum and initially contains diploid pollen mother cells. These undergo meiosis to form haploid spores. The spores may remain attached to each other in a tetrad or separate after meiosis. Each microspore then divides mitotically to form an immature microgametophyte called a pollen grain.
The pollen is eventually released when the anther forms openings (dehisces). These may consist of longitudinal slits, pores, as in the heath family (Ericaceae), or by valves, as in the barberry family (Berberidaceae). In some plants, notably members of Orchidaceae and Asclepiadoideae, the pollen remains in masses called pollinia, which are adapted to attach to particular pollinating agents such as birds or insects. More commonly, mature pollen grains separate and are dispensed by wind or water, pollinating insects, birds or other pollination vectors.
Pollen of angiosperms must be transported to the stigma, the receptive surface of the carpel, of a compatible flower, for successful pollination to occur. After arriving, the pollen grain (an immature microgametophyte) typically completes its development. It may grow a pollen tube and undergoing mitosis to produce two sperm nuclei.
Sexual reproduction in plants
In the typical flower (that is, in the majority of flowering plant species) each flower has both carpels and stamens. In some species, however, the flowers are unisexual with only carpels or stamens. (monoecious = both types of flowers found on the same plant; dioecious = the two types of flower found only on different plants). A flower with only stamens is called androecious. A flower with only carpels is called gynoecious.
A flower having only functional stamens and lacking functional carpels is called a staminate flower, or (inaccurately) male. A plant with only functional carpels is called pistillate, or (inaccurately) female.
An abortive or rudimentary stamen is called a staminodium or staminode, such as in Scrophularia nodosa.
The carpels and stamens of orchids are fused into a column. The top part of the column is formed by the anther, which is covered by an anther cap.
Terminology
Stamen
Stamens can also be adnate (fused or joined from more than one whorl):
epipetalous: adnate to the corolla
epiphyllous: adnate to undifferentiated tepals (as in many Liliaceae)
They can have different lengths from each other:
didymous: two equal pairs
didynamous: occurring in two pairs, a long pair and a shorter pair
tetradynamous: occurring as a set of six stamens with four long and two shorter ones
or respective to the rest of the flower (perianth):
exserted: extending beyond the corolla
included: not extending beyond the corolla
They may be arranged in one of two different patterns:
spiral; or
whorled: one or more discrete whorls (series)
They may be arranged, with respect to the petals:
diplostemonous: in two whorls, the outer alternating with the petals, while the inner is opposite the petals.
haplostemenous: having a single series of stamens, equal in number to the proper number of petals and alternating with them
obdiplostemonous: in two whorls, with twice the number of stamens as petals, the outer opposite the petals, inner opposite the sepals, e.g. Simaroubaceae (see diagram)
Connective
Where the connective is very small, or imperceptible, the anther lobes are close together, and the connective is referred to as discrete, e.g. Euphorbia pp., Adhatoda zeylanica. Where the connective separates the anther lobes, it is called divaricate, e.g. Tilia, Justicia gendarussa. The connective may also be a long and stalk-like, crosswise on the filament, this is a distractile connective, e.g. Salvia. The connective may also bear appendages, and is called appendiculate, e.g. Nerium odorum and some other species of Apocynaceae. In Nerium, the appendages are united as a staminal corona.
Filament
A column formed from the fusion of multiple filaments is known as an androphore. Stamens can be connate (fused or joined in the same whorl) as follows:
extrorse: anther dehiscence directed away from the centre of the flower. Cf. introrse, directed inwards, and latrorse towards the side.
monadelphous: fused into a single, compound structure
declinate: curving downwards, then up at the tip (also – declinate-descending)
diadelphous: joined partially into two androecial structures
pentadelphous: joined partially into five androecial structures
synandrous: only the anthers are connate (such as in the Asteraceae). The fused stamens are referred to as a synandrium.
Anther
Anther shapes are variously described by terms such as linear, rounded, sagittate, sinuous, or reniform.
The anther can be attached to the filament's connective in two ways:
basifixed: attached at its base to the filament
pseudobasifixed: a somewhat misnomer configuration where connective tissue extends in a tube around the filament tip
dorsifixed: attached at its center to the filament, usually versatile (able to move)
Gallery
References
Bibliography
External links
Plant anatomy
Plant morphology
Plant sexuality
Plant reproductive system
Pollination | wiki |
Trakai Castle might refer to three separate castles in Lithuania:
Trakai Island Castle, located on an island in Lake Galvė
Trakai Peninsula Castle, located on a peninsula of Lake Galvė
Senieji Trakai Castle, located in Senieji Trakai, 4 km southeast from Trakai | wiki |
Samuel David Silvey was a British statistician. Among his contributions are the Lagrange multiplier test, and the use of eigenvalues of the moment matrix for the detection of multicollinearity.
References
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
British statisticians | wiki |
Toes are the digits of the foot of a human or animal.
Toes or TOES may also refer to:
"Toes" (Zac Brown Band song), 2009
"Toes" (Lights song), 2011
"Toes", a song by Glass Animals from the 2014 album Zaba.
"Toes", a song by DaBaby featuring Lil Baby and Moneybagg Yo from the 2019 album Kirk
The Other Economic Summit, a counter-summit to the annual G7 summits
See also
Toe (disambiguation)
Toos (disambiguation)
Tows | wiki |
The tables below compare general and technical information for some notable active microblogging services, and also social network services that have status updates.
General information
Features
An overview of integral features. Extras may be provided by third party applications/services, but are not listed here.
Posting and reading
Communication methods supported by the services. Extras may be provided by third party applications/services, but are not listed here.
See also
Microblogging
OpenMicroBlogging
Microblogging in China
References
Microblogging services
Microblogging | wiki |
String or strings may refer to:
String (structure), a long flexible structure made from threads twisted together, which is used to tie, bind, or hang other objects
Arts, entertainment, and media
Films
Strings (1991 film), a Canadian animated short
Strings (2004 film), a film directed by Anders Rønnow Klarlund
Strings (2011 film), an American dramatic thriller film
Strings (2012 film), a British film by Rob Savage
Bravetown (2015 film), an American drama film originally titled Strings
The String (2009), a French film
Music
Instruments
String (music), the flexible element that produces vibrations and sound in string instruments
String instrument, a musical instrument that produces sound through vibrating strings
List of string instruments
String piano, a pianistic extended technique in which sound is produced by direct manipulation of the strings, rather than striking the piano's keys
Types of groups
String band, musical ensemble composed mostly or entirely of string instruments, common in bluegrass, jazz, and country music
String orchestra, orchestra composed solely or primarily of instruments from the string family
String quartet, musical ensemble of four string players, common in chamber music ensembles
String section ("the strings"), section of a larger symphony orchestra composed of string musicians
Genres
String (Thai pop), a genre of Thai pop music
Performers
Strings (band), a pop rock band from Pakistan
String Sisters, band
Recordings
Strings (EP), an EP by Kristin Hersh
Strings (Strings album), the debut album by Strings
Strings!, a 1967 album by jazz guitarist Pat Martino
"Strings", by Blink-182 from Buddha, 1994
"Strings", by Shawn Mendes from Handwritten, 2015
"Strings, Strings", by Gerald Levert from G, 2000
Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
"String", a Monty Python sketch about a marketing campaign for string, appearing initially on their Contractual Obligation Album
String, a character controlled by Marik in the Yu-Gi-Oh! Japanese manga
Silly String, a child's toy, also known as aerosol string
Fashion
String bikini
Thong, C-string, G-string, V-string
Foods and cooking
String of a bean, in cooking, is the hard fibrous spine that runs the length of the pod in all but stringless varieties
String bean, a name for several different varieties of bean
String cheese, a common name for several different types of cheese
String hopper, a rice noodle dish
Mathematics
String graph, an intersection graph of curves in the plane; each curve is called a "string"
String group, in group theory
Science and technology
Bioinformatics
STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins), a database and web resource of known and predicted protein-protein interactions
Computer sciences
String (computer science), sequence of alphanumeric text or other symbols in computer programming
String (C++), a class in the C++ Standard Library
Strings (Unix), a Unix program for finding character strings in binary files
C string handling, a header in the C standard library
String literal, the notation for representing a string value within the text of a computer program
Connection string, a string that specifies information about a data source and the means of connecting to it
Deployment environment, one in a series of computing environments in which new software is deployed, either in sequence or in parallel
Drilling
Casing string
Drill string
Production string
Medicine
Brock string, an instrument used in vision therapy
String galvanometer, an instrument that provided the first practical electrocardiogram (ECG)
String sign, a medical term used in diagnosing hypertrophy pyloric stenosis
Physics
Cosmic string, a hypothetical 1-dimensional (spatially) topological defect in various fields
Dirac string, a fictitious one-dimensional curve in space, stretching between two magnetic monopoles
String theory, a popular grand unified theory
String (physics), one of the main objects of study in string theory
Black string is a higher-dimensional (more than 4-dimensional) generalization of a black hole
Other uses in science and technology
Yaw string, also known as a slip string, a simple device for indicating a slip or skid in an aircraft in flight
String bog, a bog consisting of slightly elevated ridges and islands, with woody plants, alternating with flat, wet sedge mat areas
String potentiometer, a transducer used to detect and measure linear position and velocity using a flexible cable and spring-loaded spool
Sports
String, a series of consecutive wins in baseball jargon
Strings (tennis), the part of a tennis racket which makes contact with the ball
Other uses
Pushing on a string, metaphor
String of cash coins (currency unit), in the Far East
String Lake, a lake in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, United States.
String Publishing, an imprint of the German group VDM Publishing devoted to the reproduction of Wikipedia content
String puzzle, any mechanical puzzle whose emphasis is on manipulating one or more pieces of string or rope
String ribbon, ribbon made of string
String trimmer, a device for cutting grass and other small plants
Strings, the nickname of the Swedish musician Robert Dahlqvist
See also
Chain (disambiguation)
Heart Strings (disambiguation)
Red string (disambiguation)
Strine (disambiguation)
String of pearls (disambiguation) | wiki |
A full-course dinner is a dinner consisting of multiple dishes, or courses. In its simplest form, it can consist of three or four courses; for example: first course, a main course, and dessert.
Basics
A multicourse meal or full-course dinner is a meal of multiple courses, almost invariably eaten in the evening or afternoon. Most Western-world multicourse meals follow a standard sequence, influenced by traditional French haute cuisine. Each course is supposed to be designed with a particular size and genre that befits its place in the sequence. There are variations depending on location and custom. The following is a common sequence for multicourse meals:
The meal begins with an hors d'oeuvre or appetizer, a small serving that usually does not include red meat. In Italian custom, antipasto is served, usually finger food that does not contain pasta or any starch.
This may be followed by a variety of dishes, including a possible fish course or other light fare. The number and size of these intermittent courses is entirely dependent on local custom.
Following these is the main course. This is the most important course and is usually the largest.
Next comes the salad course, although salad may often refer to a cooked vegetable, rather than the greens most people associate with the word. Note that in America since around 1960, the salad course (usually a small, simple green salad lightly dressed) is served at some point before the main course. Sometimes, the salad also accompanies the cheese course.
The meal may carry on with a cheese selection, accompanied by an appropriate selection of wine. In many countries cheeses will be served before the meal, and in the United States often between the main course and dessert, just like in most European countries. In the UK, more typically the cheese course will follow dessert. Nuts are also a popular after-meal selection (thus the saying "from soup to nuts", meaning from beginning to end ).
The meal will often culminate with a dessert, either hot or cold, sometimes followed with a final serving of hot or cold fruit and accompanied by a suitable dessert wine.
Meals like this are generally very formal as well as very expensive.
In formal dining, a full-course dinner can consist of 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, or 16 courses, and, in its extreme form, has been known to have 21 courses. In these more formalized dining events, the courses are carefully planned to complement each other gastronomically. The courses are smaller and spread out over a long evening, up to three, four or five hours. They follow conventions of menu planning that have been established over many years. Most courses (excluding some light courses such as sorbets) in the most formal full-course dinners are usually paired with a different wine, beer, liqueur, or other spirit.
In one modern version of service à la russe, courses are brought to the table in sequence. Only empty plates are set in front of each guest and guests make selections from a variety of dishes and fill their own plate. In another, common in restaurants, a filled plate is placed in front of a guest, pre-portioned away from the table. Often the meat is pre-portioned, but diners serve themselves with vegetables and side-dishes. In an American formal dining course, typically each course is served sequentially. Guests are served plates already filled with food in individual portions. Often, guests have an opportunity to choose between vegetarian or meat main course. There is no opportunity to request something different or to ask for more than a single serving.
In service à la française, food is served "family-style", with all courses on the table at the same time. Guests serve themselves so that all dishes are not served at their optimum temperatures. Alternatively, buffet style is a variation of the French service where all food is available at the correct temperature in a serving space other than the dining table. Guests commute to the buffet to be served or sometimes serve themselves and then carry their plates back to the table.
Table setting
Table settings can be elaborate. More formal settings sometimes include all silverware and glassware that will be needed for the entire meal, and lay out the silverware so that the outermost tools are used for the dishes appearing earliest on the menu. In this scheme, when diners are served the first course, they can depend on finding the correct implement at the outermost edge of the arrangement.
A 13 course place setting includes multiple utensils, receptacles, and vessels. The plate is flanked by a caviar spoon, cocktail fork, escargot fork, bouillon spoon, fish fork and knife, lobster pick, bone marrow spoon, entrée knife and fork, relevé knife and fork, saladé knife and fork. Above the place setting are laid a bread knife (on a knife rest) and plate with personal butter dish, fish bone dish, sorbet spoon, cheese knife, nut pick, and a dessert fork and spoon. To the right of the plate a salt cellar and spoon with pepper is supplied. Glassware includes a water goblet, champagne flute, white wine, red wine, dessert/sherry, and port glasses.
An alternative scheme arranges the place setting so that only the implements needed for the first one or two courses appear in the table setting. As the dinner progresses and new courses arrive, used implements are removed with the dishes, and new silverware is placed next to the plates. This scheme is commonly used when dinners are offered à la carte, so that the most appropriate implement is selected for a given course. For example, some diners may order clear, thin soups and others may order thick, creamy soups. As each of these soups has its own unique spoon, it would be considered improper and impractical to lay out a spoon that may not be needed.
Course composition
Single course meal
Main dish only
Two-course meal
Soup or Salad for Lunch/Dinner
Main course
or
Main course
Dessert
Three-course meal
Appetizer
Main course (sometimes called Entree in North America)
Dessert
Four-course meal
Soup/Bread
Salad
Main Course
Dessert
Five-course meal
Appetizer
Soup
Main course
Dessert
Cheese
Six-course meal
Hors d'oeuvres
Soup
Fish
Main Course
Salad
Coffee
Dessert
or
Amuse-bouche
Soup
Hors d'oeuvres
Main course
Salad
Dessert
Example meal
The first class passengers aboard the ill-fated ocean liner were served the following eleven-course meal in the first class dining saloon on the night of April 14, 1912:
The full course meal is also often provided as an in home dining service consisting of 7 consecutive courses, 2 appetisers or canapés & 5 plated courses - 2 entrees, 2 mains and 1 dessert.
First course—hors d'oeuvre
Canapés à l'Amiral (made with shrimps)
Oysters à la Russe
White Bordeaux, white Burgundy or chablis (especially with oysters)
Second course—soups
Consommé Olga
Cream of barley soup
Madeira or sherry
Third course—fish
Poached salmon with mousseline sauce
Dry Rhine or moselle
Fourth course—main
Filet mignon Lili
Chicken Lyonnaise
Vegetable marrow farci (that is, stuffed)
Red Bordeaux
Fifth course—removes
Lamb with mint sauce
Calvados-glazed roast duckling with apple sauce
Roast sirloin of beef forestière
Château potatoes
Minted green pea timbales
Creamed carrots
Boiled rice
Parmentier and boiled new potatoes
Red Burgundy or beaujolais
Sixth course—punch or sorbet
Punch Romaine (made with rum)
Seventh course—roast
Roasted squab on Wilted cress
Red Burgundy
Eighth course—salad
Asparagus salad with champagne-saffron vinaigrette
Ninth course—cold dish
Pâté de foie gras
Celery
Sauterne or sweet Rhine wine
Tenth course—sweets
Waldorf pudding
Peaches in chartreuse jelly
Chocolate Painted Eclairs with French vanilla cream
French vanilla ice cream
Sweet dessert wines (muscatel, tokay, sauterne)
Eleventh course—dessert
Assorted fresh fruit and cheese
Sweet dessert wines, champagne, or sparkling wine
After dinner
Coffee, cigars
Port or cordials
See also
Table d'hôte
Kaiseki
Italian meal structure
References
Courses (food)
Dinner | wiki |
Cabo Rojo (Spanish for "Red Cape") (21°47'N 97°35'W) is a barrier of quartzite sand deposited adjacent to the coast of the Mexican state of Veracruz, about south of the city of Tampico, Tamaulipas. It encloses the brackish lagoon called Laguna de Tamiahua. It is located in the municipalities of Ozuluama de Mascareñas and Tamiahua.
As one of the few protruding features on this part of the coast, it may be regarded as the
boundary between the western coasts of the Bay of Campeche and the Gulf of Mexico proper, and is frequently used by the authorities as a breakpoint for tropical cyclone warnings and watches.
Rojo
Landforms of Veracruz | wiki |
The Women's 800 metre freestyle competition of the 2021 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) was held on 17 and 18 December 2021.
Records
Prior to the competition, the existing world and championship records were as follows.
The following new records were set during this competition:
Results
Heats
The heats were started on 17 December at 11:14.
Final
The final was held on 18 December at 19:41.
References
Women's 800 metre freestyle
2021 in women's swimming | wiki |
3I or 3-I may refer to:
Iniziative Industriali Italiane
3I Sky Arrow
3i London-based private equity and venture capital company
3-I League, see Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
3i Infrastructure, an investment business headquartered in Jersey
3i Infotech Limited, an Indian IT company
ESX Server 3i, a version of VMware ESX
See also
I3 (disambiguation) | wiki |
"Hang the DJ" is a 2017 episode of the television series Black Mirror.
Hang the DJ may also refer to:
Hang the DJ (film), a 1998 music documentary
The Sound of The Smiths or Hang the DJ: The Very Best of The Smiths, a 2008 compilation album
See also
"Panic" (The Smiths song), a 1986 song that features the phrase "Hang the DJ" in its lyrics | wiki |
A library technician or library assistant is a skilled library and information paraprofessional trained to perform the day-to-day functions of a library, and assists librarians in the acquisition, preparation, and organization of information. They also assist library patrons in finding information. The widespread use of computerized information storage and retrieval systems has resulted in library technicians assisting in the handling of technical services (such as cataloguing) that were once performed exclusively by librarians. Especially in small village libraries, a library technician may be the only person (or one of only a few) staffing the library. In larger libraries, they may help run certain departments and supervise library clerks, aides, and volunteers. Because libraries are increasingly using new technologies (such as automated databases, CD-ROM, the Internet, and virtual libraries), the role of the library technician is expanding and evolving accordingly.
Qualifications
Library technicians differ from librarians in terms of education and main duties. Library technicians typically require a diploma, or, ideally, an associate degree in library technology from a community college or other similar institution, whereas librarians require a master's degree in library science from an accredited university-based graduate school of library and information science. Typically a librarian will have had an undergraduate baccalaureate degree in either library science or a field in which they wish to specialize, like history, prior to graduate study. However, for varying reasons, not all librarians are trained yet at the graduate level as professional societies and legal statutes would prefer, and so, as indicated above, sometimes technicians or other individuals with enough training must fill the role.
Tasks
Library technicians will often carry out the practical tasks involved in daily library operation, whereas librarians generally perform the managerial, supervisory and administrative functions. For example, a librarian may be responsible for creating a library's collection development policies, which would include selection criteria for purchasing of items. A library technician would then purchase items based on these criteria. Library technicians may also be graduates of a four-year college, or institute. They could also be holders of a certificate, associate degree, or bachelor's degree. Because the education of the library technician is practical, broad, and skills-based, they are job-ready upon graduation; the only training they may require is that which is specific to their particular place of employment. Duties can vary with the type and size of the library but can include: cataloguing and classification of materials, data input to assist in acquiring print and nonprint materials, assisting in the provision of reference services, and circulation procedures. In a larger library in government or academia, senior library technicians with specialized and more extensive training (at the baccalaureate degree level) are often responsible for other technicians, clerical staff, student workers, and volunteers in a certain section or department. In smaller libraries, where the foundations of organization and operation are already established, such paraprofessionals sometimes serve as the manager or even the sole staff member.
Other duties of library technicians
Shelve material returned and in order in the correct areas.
Shelf read to make sure items are in the correct area.
Sort items and arrange for later use.
Pull materials from stacks.
Register new patrons and update patron information when needed.
Renew patron loans.
Inspect equipment and materials for damage upon return.
Route interlibrary loan materials as needed.
Make sure item request are properly entered into the circulation system.
Keep availability of reserve items.
Prepare overdue notice reports for administration as directed.
Deliver incoming mail.
Answer and route all incoming phone calls.
Maintain photocopy and computer equipment.
Perform physical maintenance of premises.
Library associate/manager
A library technician who regularly supervises or serves as library manager and has advanced training is more properly known as a library associate. In the United States, the average salary for an experienced library technician (an associate degree with three to five years of experience) is (in 2017) around $41,000 per year in a good-paying district; those experienced technicians who serve as supervisors or library associates/managers and/or have a baccalaureate degree can earn slightly more.
Using the latest information technologies, the goal of library technicians is to bring together people, information, and materials and meet the challenges of a constantly changing information environment. Library technicians work in environments as diverse as business corporations, professional firms, financial institutions, cultural organizations, public libraries, and schools.
See also
Archivist
Curator
Technician
References
Library occupations | wiki |
Eric Dooley (born July 14, 1965) is an American football coach and former player. He is the head football coach at Southern University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, a position he has held since the 2022 season. Dooley served as the head football coach at Prairie View A&M University in Prairie View, Texas from 2018 to 2021.
A former Grambling State University player, Dooley also spent one season in the Arena Football League with the Arizona Rattlers in 1993.
Head coaching record
References
External links
Southern profile
1965 births
Living people
American football defensive backs
American football wide receivers
Arizona Rattlers players
Arkansas–Pine Bluff Golden Lions football coaches
Grambling State Tigers football coaches
Grambling State Tigers football players
Prairie View A&M Panthers football coaches
Southern Jaguars football coaches
Southern University at New Orleans alumni
Southern University alumni
African-American coaches of American football
African-American players of American football
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American sportspeople | wiki |
The 2021 World Armwrestling Championship was the 42nd edition of the World Armwrestling Championship held in Bucharest, Romania from 24 November to 3 December.
The event was supposed to be held from 18 to 27 September 2020 in Batumi, Georgia. It was later postponed and then moved to another location. Georgian Armwrestling Federation was disqualified by the WAF Executive Board because of failing to organize the 2021 World Armwrestling Championship.
Medal summary
Medal table
Medalists
Men
Left arm
Right arm
Women
Left arm
Right arm
External links
Results Book
References
2021 in Romanian sport
World Armwrestling
World Amwrestling
2021
Sports competitions in Bucharest | wiki |
The 1915–16 North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball team (variously "North Carolina", "Carolina" or "Tar Heels") was the sixth varsity college basketball team to represent the University of North Carolina.
Roster and schedule
|+ Schedule
|-
!colspan=6 style="background:#4B9CD3; color:#FFFFFF;"| Regular season
References
Footnotes
Citations
Bibliography
North Carolina
North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball seasons
North Carolina Tar Heels Men's Basketball
North Carolina Tar Heels Men's Basketball | wiki |
Tracer () is a 2022 South Korean television series starring Im Si-wan, Go Ah-sung, Son Hyun-joo and Park Yong-woo. The series revolves around the people working at the National Tax Service. It is an original drama of OTT media service Wavve and is available for streaming on its platform. It also aired on MBC TV from January 7 to March 25, 2022.
Series overview
Streaming
Television broadcast
Cast
Main
Im Si-wan as Hwang Dong-joo, a former accountant who is now the head of the National Tax Service's Central Branch Tax Bureau.
Park Min-soo as young Hwang Dong-joo
Go Ah-sung as Seo Hye-young, a team member of the 5th Bureau of Taxation.
Son Hyun-joo as In Tae-joon, the head of the Central Regional Tax Service.
Park Yong-woo as Oh Young, the manager of the 5th Bureau of Taxation.
Supporting
Chu Sang-mi as Min So-jeong, deputy commissioner of the National Tax Service Headquarters.
Park Ji-il as Baek Seung-ryong, commissioner of the National Tax Service Headquarters.
Choi Jun-young as In Do-hoon, Tae-joon's son who is the director of Inspection Division of the Central Regional Tax Office.
Kim Do-hyun as Cho Jin-gi
Kim Gook-hee as Noh Sun-joo
Yoo Dong-hun
Jang Seong-yoon
Moon Su-in as Kim Han-bin
Lee Jung-shik as Kim Young-tae
Yeon Je-wook as Park Seong-ho
Moon Won-joo as Ko Dong-won
Shin Hyun-jong
Song Duk-ho as Lee Choong-ho
Kang Seung-ho as Han Kyung-mo
Jeon Bae-soo as Jang Jeong-il
Special appearances
Park Ho-san as Hwang Chul-min, Dong-joo's father.
Woo Hyun as Yang Young-soon, a non-tax payer of one billion won in clone funds.
Im Seon-woo as Shin Da-hye, the director of Oz Foods who is being investigated for tax evasion by the five tax bureaus.
Kim Tae-baek as Batnam, a whistleblower who accuses the unjust and brutal act of loan sharks.
Kim Young-seong as the chief of Gold Cash.
Lee Chang-hoon as Ryu Yong-shin, the financial director of PQ Group.
Kim Soo-hyung as Hye-young's older sister.
Jo Jun-hyung
Original soundtrack
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6
Viewership
Awards and nominations
Notes
References
External links
at Wavve
at MBC
Korean-language television shows
MBC TV television dramas
South Korean action television series
South Korean thriller television series
2022 South Korean television series debuts
2022 South Korean television series endings
Wavve original programming | wiki |
The Winchester Model 62 is a slide-action repeating rifle produced by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company in the early 20th century.
The gun replaced the Model 1906. It was a take-down rifle that was able to accept most .22 caliber rimfire cartridges, specifically .22 Short, .22 Long, and .22 Long Rifle.
Around serial number 98000 (1940) minor changes in the mechanism lead to the model designation 62A. They remained in production until 1958.
References
Winchester Repeating Arms Company firearms
Rifles of the United States | wiki |
Shorts are a garment worn over the pelvic area, circling the waist and splitting to cover the upper part of the legs, sometimes extending down to the knees but not covering the entire length of the leg. They are called "shorts" because they are a shortened version of trousers, which cover the entire leg, but not the foot. Shorts are typically worn in warm weather or in an environment where comfort and airflow are more important than the protection of the legs.
There are a variety of shorts, ranging from knee-length short trousers that can in some situations be worn as formal clothes to beachwear and athletic shorts. Some types of shorts are typically worn by women, such as culottes, which are a divided skirt resembling a pair of loose-cut shorts.
Terminological differences
The British English term, short trousers, is used, only for shorts that are a short version of ordinary trousers (i.e., pants or slacks in American English). For example: tailored shorts, often lined, as typically worn as part of a school uniform for boys up to their early teens, and by servicemen and policemen in tropical climates. Shorts, used unqualified in British English, refers to sports shorts, athletic shorts, or casual shorts; the last nowadays commonplace in warm weather in the UK. Shorts are also known as "half pants" in India.
The dated American English term, short pants, is probably the nearest equivalent in the U.S., where they might now be called dress shorts, a term that has not gained much currency in Britain.
A somewhat similar garment worn by men in Australia is called stubbies.
The term, boxer shorts, is an American coinage for a particular kind of men's underwear, and is now also common in Britain. However, boxer shorts are often referred to merely as boxers in the USA. Moreover, whereas the American English usage of the word pants refers to outerwear (i.e., trousers in British English), the usage of pants in British English refers to the garment worn under one's trousers, such as boxers; such a garment, however, is referred to as underpants in American English (note the qualification of the word pants by the word under). Alongside the term
boxer shorts, undershorts or simply shorts were synonyms for underpants during the time of this coinage; while jockey shorts was a synonym for men's briefs.
Sociology
Europe and America
In much of Europe and the Americas during the 19th and early 20th centuries, shorts were worn as outerwear only by young boys until they reached a certain height or maturity. When boys got older, typically around puberty, they would receive their first pair of long trousers. This produced the perception that shorts were only for young boys. Because of this, men would not wear shorts to avoid looking immature, even when the weather is hot. Women tended not to wear shorts in most cultures, due to social mores: they were expected to wear dresses, or skirts and blouses.
In the 1890s, knee pants (an early type of short pants) became the standard wear for American boys. Many urban school portraits from the 1890s show all but the oldest boys wearing knee pants. North American boys normally wore knee pants with short stockings. This began to change after the 1900s when North American boys began wearing knickerbockers during the winter, while short pants became more popular in Europe. In the 1930s, shorts started to be worn for casual comfort (e.g. outdoor and athletic activities) by both men and women. However, it was still taboo to wear shorts outside of certain activities.
Since about the time of World War II, when many soldiers served in tropical locations, adult men have worn shorts more often, especially in summer weather, but the perception of shorts as being only for young boys took several decades to change, and to some extent still exists in certain circles. By the late 20th century it had become more common for men to wear shorts as casual wear in summer, but much less so in cooler seasons.
Worldwide
Adults are also commonly seen wearing shorts, however wearing shorts is less common among women in traditional eastern countries than in the West, although this varies widely by region - women more often wear shorts in large, cosmopolitan cities. In some countries adult women can be seen wearing loose-fitting shorts that end at or just below the knee, as these are seen as sufficiently modest.
In many countries there are still many settings where wearing shorts would not be acceptable, as they are considered too casual. Notable exceptions where men may wear short trousers to the office or at a formal gathering are South Africa, Bermuda, Australia and New Zealand . Since the 1990s, casual office dress has grown to include formal shorts in some U.K. and U.S. businesses, but by no means universally.
Styles
See also
Capri pants
Sleeveless shirt
References
External links
21st-century fashion
History of fashion
Sports culture | wiki |
Live It Up! was a Canadian lifestyle, entertainment and consumer awareness television program, which aired nationally on CTV from 1978 to 1990. Reruns of the show aired on talktv until January 2005.
The program's hosts included Jack McGaw, Alan Edmonds, Mary Lou Finlay, Liz Grogan, Dianne Buckner and Sharon Seto. Live It Up! featured a mix of serious consumer-affairs topics and lighter consumer topics, mostly delivered in a tongue-in-cheek style. Regular segments included the Watchdog (played by Ron Carlyle, a man whose face is never shown while testing different brands of a product), "What bugs you?" (concerned consumers talk about problems with household products, and those involved in those products explain why those problems occur and/or mentions how they are improving them; segments began and end with a person (Miss Judy) in a bug costume flying around, saying "What bugs you?" in a high-pitched voice), "The Legal Beagle" with lawyer, Jonathan Rudin explaining unusual Canadian laws in humorous sketches performed by the Live It Up Players (notably Tracie Tighe and Art Szoczi) and "The Great Canadian Joke-Off" (a nationwide search to find the funniest joke in Canada, with each segment ending with an annoyed monkey). Segments were mainly filmed at first, but moved permanently to videotape in 1987.
References
External links
1970s Canadian television news shows
CTV Television Network original programming
1978 Canadian television series debuts
1990 Canadian television series endings
1980s Canadian television news shows
Television series by Bell Media
Television news program articles using incorrect naming style
1990s Canadian television news shows | wiki |
Baking powder is a dry chemical leavening agent, a mixture of a carbonate or bicarbonate and a weak acid. The base and acid are prevented from reacting prematurely by the inclusion of a buffer such as cornstarch. Baking powder is used to increase the volume and lighten the texture of baked goods. It works by releasing carbon dioxide gas into a batter or dough through an acid–base reaction, causing bubbles in the wet mixture to expand and thus leavening the mixture. The first single-acting baking powder, which releases carbon dioxide at room temperature as soon as it is dampened, was developed by food manufacturer Alfred Bird in England in 1843. The first double-acting baking powder, which releases some carbon dioxide when dampened, and later releases more of the gas when heated by baking, was first developed by Eben Norton Horsford in the U.S. in the 1860s.
Baking powder is used instead of yeast for end-products where fermentation flavors would be undesirable,
where the batter lacks the elastic structure to hold gas bubbles for more than a few minutes, and to speed the production of baked goods. Because carbon dioxide is released at a faster rate through the acid-base reaction than through fermentation, breads made by chemical leavening are called quick breads. The introduction of baking powder was revolutionary in minimizing the time and labor required to make breadstuffs. It led to the creation of new types of cakes, cookies, biscuits, and other baked goods.
Formulation and mechanism
Baking powder is made up of a base, an acid, and a buffering material to prevent the acid and base from reacting before their intended use.
Most commercially available baking powders are made up of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, also known as baking soda or bicarbonate of soda) and one or more acid salts.
Acid-base reactions
When combined with water, the sodium bicarbonate and acid salts react to produce gaseous carbon dioxide.
Whether commercially or domestically prepared, the principles behind baking powder formulations remain the same. The acid-base reaction can be generically represented as shown:
NaHCO3 + H+ → Na+ + CO2 + H2O
The real reactions are more complicated because the acids are complicated. For example, starting with baking soda and monocalcium phosphate, the reaction produces carbon dioxide by the following stoichiometry:
14 NaHCO3 + 5 Ca(H2PO4)2 → 14 CO2 + Ca5(PO4)3OH + 7 Na2HPO4 + 13 H2O
A typical formulation (by weight) could call for 30% sodium bicarbonate, 5–12% monocalcium phosphate, and 21–26% sodium aluminium sulfate.
Alternately, a commercial baking powder might use sodium acid pyrophosphate as one of the two acidic components instead of sodium aluminium sulfate.
Another typical acid in such formulations is cream of tartar (KC4H5O6), a derivative of tartaric acid.
Single- and double-acting baking powders
The use of two acidic components is the basis of the term "double acting".
The acid in a baking powder can be either fast-acting or slow-acting.
A fast-acting acid reacts in a wet mixture with baking soda at room temperature, and a slow-acting acid does not react until heated. When the chemical reactions in baking powders involve both fast- and slow-acting acids, they are known as "double-acting"; those that contain only one acid are "single-acting".
By providing a second rise in the oven, double-acting baking powders increase the reliability of baked goods by rendering the time elapsed between mixing and baking less critical. This is the type of baking powder most widely available to consumers today. Double-acting baking powders work in two phases; once when cold, and once when hot.
For example, Rumford Baking Powder is a double-acting product that contains only monocalcium phosphate as a leavening acid. With this acid, about two-thirds of the available gas is released within about two minutes of mixing at room temperature. It then becomes dormant because an intermediate species, dicalcium phosphate, is generated during the initial mixing. A further release of gas requires the batter to be heated above 140 °F (60 °C).
Common low-temperature acid salts include cream of tartar and monocalcium phosphate (also called calcium acid phosphate). High-temperature acid salts include sodium aluminium sulfate, sodium aluminium phosphate, and sodium acid pyrophosphate.
Starch component
Baking powders also include components to improve their stability and consistency. Cornstarch, flour, or potato starch are often used as buffers.
An inert starch serves several functions in baking powder. Primarily it is used to absorb moisture, and so prolong shelf life of the compound by keeping the powder's alkaline and acidic components dry so as not to react with each other prematurely. A dry powder also flows and mixes more easily. Finally, the added bulk allows for more accurate measurements.
Commonly used bases and acids
Baking powder is made of two main components: an acid and a bicarbonate base. When they are hydrated, an acid–base reaction occurs, releasing carbon dioxide. Commonly used acids and bases for baking powders are:
Bases
Sodium bicarbonate
Ammonium bicarbonate
Potassium bicarbonate
Acids
Potassium acid tartrate (cream of tartar)
Monocalcium phosphate (MCP)
Sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP)
Sodium aluminium phosphate (SALP)
Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate
Sodium aluminium sulfate
Glucono delta-lactone (GDL)
Fumaric acid
Dimagnesium phosphate (DMP)
Neutralizing value
The neutralizing value (NV) is defined as the amount of baking soda required to neutralize 100 parts of a leavening acid (by weight).
Neutralizing value can be expressed through the following formula:
NV = g of NaHCO3 neutralized by 100 g leavening acid
Rate of reaction
The rate of reaction (ROR) is represented by the percentage of carbon dioxide released by the acid-base reaction.
Other subcategories exist to classify the reaction rated during mixing and holding called “Dough Reaction Rate (DRR)” and during baking at a given temperature denominated “Batter Reaction Rate (BRR)”.
The ROR of baking powders is impacted by many factors, including:
Acid type: moisture and/or heat reactivity are influenced by its physicochemical properties, such as solubility and dissociation extent.
Granulometry
Temperature of dough or batter
Concentration of leavening acid and base
Hydration
Presence of water-binding ingredients (e.g. sugars, alcohols, starches, gums, salt)
Presence of cations (calcium)
History
Before baking powder
When Amelia Simmons published American Cookery (1792), the first American cookbook, the recipes she included used three possible types of leavening: baker's yeast, emptins (from the leavings of brewer's yeast), and pearlash.
At that time, the mechanisms underlying the action of yeasts and other leavenings were not understood, and reliable commercial products were not available. Bakers obtained yeasts from brewers or distillers or made their own by exposing mixtures of flour and water to the open air. If lucky, they could capture useful wild yeast and keep some alive, regularly feeding it for ongoing use and trying to avoid contamination. Women who made their own ale could use the brewing dregs or "emptins" in their baking.
The effectiveness of such leavenings varied widely. Resulting baked goods often had a sour or bitter taste. Breads were made of grain, water, yeast, and sometimes salt. Cooks also made yeast, sponge and pound cakes. Yeast cakes were similar to breads but included fancier ingredients, like sugar, spices, fruits or nuts. Sponge cakes used beaten egg whites for leavening. Pound cakes combined butter, sugar, and flour and eggs, and were particularly dense. Making cakes was even more laborious than making bread: to prepare a cake, a manservant might have to beat the ingredients together as long as an hour.
Pearlash
The third type of leavening, pearlash, was the precursor to modern baking powder. Pearlash was a purified form of potash. It was first used as a leavening agent by Native Americans and was the subject of the first patent in the United States, issued in April 1790. Its preparation was time-consuming, but could be accomplished by a housewife with a cast-iron kettle: it involved soaking fireplace ashes in water to make lye, and then boiling the lye to remove water and obtain "salts".
The active ingredient in pearlash was potassium carbonate (K2CO3). Combining it with an acidic ingredient like sour milk or lemon juice resulted in a chemical reaction that produced carbon dioxide.
Once prepared, the white powder was much more stable than yeast. Small amounts could be used on a daily basis, rather than baking a week or two weeks' worth of bread at one time. American Cookery was the first cookbook to call for its use, but by no means the last. With pearlash, cooks were able to create new recipes for new types of cakes, cookies, and biscuits that were quicker and easier to make than yeast-based recipes.
Experimentation
Between the publication of American Cookery in 1796, and the mid-1800s, cooks experimented with a variety of acids, alkalis, and mineral salts as possible chemical leaveners. Many were already available in households as medicinal, cleaning or solvent products. Smelling salts, hartshorn, and sal volatile were all ammonia inhalants, containing forms of ammonium carbonate. The term "saleratus" was applied confusingly to both potassium bicarbonate and to sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, what we now call baking soda). Baking soda and cream of tartar were relatively new ingredients for cooks: Soda may have been introduced to American cooking by female Irish immigrants who found work as kitchen help. Cream of tartar, also known as tartaric acid or potassium bitartrate, was a by-product of wine-making and had to be imported from France and Italy.
In 1846, the first edition of Catherine Beecher's cookbook Domestic Recipe Book (1846) included a recipe for an early prototype of baking powder biscuits that used both baking soda and cream of tartar.
Several recipes in the compilation cookbook Practical American Cookery (1855) used baking soda and cream of tartar to form new types of dough. There were recipes for a "crust" similar to modern dumplings or cobbler, several for cakes, and one for "soda doughnuts". When the third edition of Miss Beecher's Domestic Receipt Book appeared in 1858, it included 8 types of leaveners, only two of which could be made at home.
Baking soda and cream of tartar were sold by chemists rather than in grocery stores. Pharmacists purchased the materials in bulk and then dispensed them individually in small amounts in paper packaging. At least one contributor to Practical American Cookery provided instructions on how to handle baking soda and cream of tartar. Even with instructions, early leaveners could be difficult to obtain, awkward to store, unstandardized, and unpredictable to use.
The chemical leavening effects were accomplished by the activating of a base such as baking soda in the presence of liquid(s) and an acid such as sour milk, vinegar, lemon juice, or cream of tartar. Because these acidulants react with baking soda quickly, retention of gas bubbles was dependent on batter viscosity. It was critical for the batter to be baked quickly, before the gas escaped. The next step, the development of baking powder, created a system where the gas-producing reactions could be delayed until needed.
The rise of baking powder
The creation of shelf-stable chemical combinations of sodium bicarbonate and cream of tartar is seen as marking the true introduction of baking powder. Although cooks had used both sodium bicarbonate and cream of tartar in recipes, they had to purchase the ingredients individually and store them separately to prevent them from spoiling or reacting prematurely. As chemists developed more uniform constituents, they also began to experiment with ways of combining them. In the mid-late 1800s, chemists introduced the first modern baking powders.
Alfred Bird
The first to create a form of baking powder was English chemist and food manufacturer Alfred Bird in 1843. Bird was motivated to develop a yeast-free leavener because his wife Elizabeth was allergic to eggs and yeast. His formulation included bicarbonate of soda and tartaric acid, mixed with starch to absorb moisture and prevent the other ingredients from reacting. A single-action form of baking powder, Alfred Bird's Baking Powder reacted as soon as it became damp.
Bird focused on selling his baking powder to the British Army during the Crimean War, and to explorers like Captain Sir Francis Leopold McClintock, rather than the domestic market.
Nonetheless, Bird's creation of baking powder enabled cooks to take recipes for cakes such as the patriotically named Victoria sponge and make them rise higher.
He did not patent his discovery, and others such as Henry Jones of Bristol soon produced and patented similar products. In 1845, Jones patented "A new preparation of flour" (self-raising flour) that included sodium bicarbonate and tartaric acid to obtain a leavening effect.
Eben Norton Horsford
In America, Eben Norton Horsford, a student of Justus von Liebig, set out to create a flour fortifier and leavening agent. In 1856, he was awarded a patent for "pulverulent phosphoric acid", a process for extracting monocalcium pyrophosphate extracted from bones. Combined with baking soda, monocalcium pyrophosphate provided a double-acting form of leavening. Its initial reaction, when exposed to water, released carbon dioxide and produced dicalcium phosphate, which then reacted under heat to release second-stage carbon dioxide.
In 1859, Horsford and George Wilson formed the Rumford Chemical Works, named in honor of Count Rumford. In 1861, Horsford published The theory and art of breadmaking: A new process without the use of ferment, describing his innovations. In 1864, he obtained a patent for a self-rising flour or "Bread preparation" in which calcium acid phosphate and sodium bicarbonate acted as a leavener.
Horsford's research was interrupted by the American Civil War, but in 1869 Horsford finally created an already-mixed leavening agent by using cornstarch as a buffer. Rumford Chemical Works then began the manufacture of what can be considered a true baking powder. Throughout his career, Horsford continued to experiment extensively with possible techniques and preparations for baking powder. Horsford's leavening products were marketed originally as "Horsford's Yeast Powder" and later as "Rumford Baking Powder". They were packaged in glass bottles and later in metal cans. In 2006 the Rumford Chemical Works in East Providence, Rhode Island were designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark in recognition of baking powder's impact in making baking easier, quicker, and more reliable.
In the 1860s, Horsford shared his formula for baking powder with his former teacher, Justus von Liebig, who in turn shared it with Ludwig Clamor Marquart and Carl Zimmer in Germany. Baking powders based on Horsford's formula were sold in England as "Horsford-Liebig Baking Powder". They were also sold by several companies in Germany, beginning with Marquart and with Zimmer. However, baking powder was not successful in Germany at that time. Much of German baking occurred in guild-based bakeries, rather than in private homes, and the guilds were not interested in replacing centuries-old craft skills with a new technology. Nonetheless, Liebig clearly saw the importance of Horsford's work, stating:
Dr. Oetker's Baking Powder
In the 1890s, the German pharmacist August Oetker began to market a baking powder directly to housewives. It became popular in Germany as "Dr. Oetker's Baking Powder" and as "Backin". Oetker started the mass production of phosphate-based baking powder in 1898 and patented his technique in 1903.
Research by Paul R. Jones in 1993 has shown that Oetker's original recipe was a descendant of Horsford's phosphate-based recipe, obtained from Louis Marquand, a son of Ludwig Clamor Marquart. Dr. Oetker Baking Powder continues to be sold, currently listing its ingredients as sodium acid pyrophosphate, sodium bicarbonate and corn starch.
Royal Baking Powder
In the U.S., in 1866, Joseph C. Hoagland and his brother Cornelius developed a baking powder product with the help of Thomas M. Biddle. They sold a single-action baking powder containing cream of tartar, bicarbonate of soda and starch. Their formula became known as Royal Baking Powder.
Initially in partnership as Biddle & Hoagland, the Hoaglands moved from Fort Wayne, Indiana, to Chicago, leaving Biddle behind, and then to New York. They incorporated there as the Royal Baking Powder Company in 1868. Various battles for control ensued between the Hoagland brothers and their one-time employee William Ziegler. Finally, on March 2, 1899, Ziegler established the New Jersey-based Royal Baking Powder Corporation which combined the three major cream of tartar baking powder companies then in existence in the United States: Dr. Price (Ziegler), Royal (Joseph Hoagland) and Cleveland (Cornelius Nevius Hoagland).
Alum-based baking powders
Cream of tartar was an expensive ingredient in the United States, since it had to be imported from France. In the 1880s, several companies developed double-action baking powders containing cheaper alternative acids known as alums, a class of compounds involving double sulfates of aluminium.
The use of various types of alum in medicines and dyes is mentioned in Pliny the Elder's Natural History.
However, the actual composition of alum was not determined until 1798, when Louis Vauquelin demonstrated that common alum is a double salt, composed of sulfuric acid, alumina, and potash. and Jean-Antoine Chaptal published the analysis of four different kinds of alum.
In 1888, William Monroe Wright (a former salesman for Dr. Price) and George Campbell Rew in Chicago introduced a new form of baking powder, which they called Calumet. Calumet Baking Powder contained baking soda, a cornstarch buffer, sodium aluminium sulfate () as a leavening agent, and albumen. In 1899, after years of experimentation with various possible formulae beginning in the 1870s, Herman Hulman of Terre Haute also introduced a baking powder made with sodium aluminium sulfate. He called his baking powder Clabber, referencing a German baking tradition in which soured milk was used for leavening.
Cream of tartar vs. alum
Sodium aluminium sulfate baking powders were double-acting, and much less expensive to produce than cream of tartar-based baking powders. Cooks also needed less alum-based baking powder to produce a comparable effect. As a result, alum-based baking powders were severe competition for Royal Baking Powder's cream of tartar-based products. William Ziegler of the Royal Baking Powder Company used a variety of tactics, ranging from false advertising and industrial espionage to bribery, to try to convince consumers and legislators that aluminium-based baking powders were harmful. He suggested (without actual evidence) that alum was unnatural and poisonous, while cream of tartar was natural and healthful. He attempted (and in Missouri briefly succeeded) in convincing legislators to ban aluminium compounds from use in baking powders. At the same time, he changed his own "Dr. Price" baking powder to an aluminium-based formula that cornered two-thirds of the baking powder market in the southern states. Eventually, after a number of legal and commercial battles that included bribery charges against Ziegler and a grand jury hearing, Royal lost the baking powder wars.
The idea that aluminium in baking powder is dangerous can be traced to Ziegler's attack advertising, and has little if any scientific support. Aluminium is a commonly-found metal that appears in trace quantities in most foods.
By the 1970s Royal had ceased to produce a cream of tartar baking powder. For those who wanted something similar, James Beard suggested combining two parts cream of tartar to one part baking soda just before using it, since the mixture would not keep.
Instead of cream of tartar, modern Royal baking powder contains a mixture of Hulman's sodium aluminium sulfate and Horsford's monocalcium phosphate.
Bakewell Baking Powder
One more type of baking powder was introduced during World War II under the brand name Bakewell. Faced with wartime shortages of cream of tartar and baking powder, Byron H. Smith, a U.S. inventor in Bangor, Maine, created substitute products for American housewives. Bakewell Cream was introduced as a replacement for cream of tartar. It contained sodium acid pyrophosphate and cornstarch and was labeled as a leavening agent. It could be substituted for cream of tartar or mixed with baking soda to replace baking powder.
Smith also sold a baking powder replacement, in which sodium acid pyrophosphate was already mixed with bicarbonate of soda and cornstarch. Somewhat confusingly, it was marketed as "Bakewell Baking Powder" or "Bakewell Cream Baking Powder". Some packaging uses the phrase "The Original Bakewell Cream". A product labelled "Bakewell Cream" may be either the cream of tartar substitute or the baking powder substitute depending on whether it is additionally identified as "Double acting" "Baking Powder". A modern version containing acid sodium pyrophosphate, sodium bicarbonate and redried starch, is sold as being both aluminium-free and gluten-free.
Original preparations
Over time, most baking powder manufacturers have experimented with their products, combining or even replacing what were once key ingredients. Information in the following table reflects the original ingredients as introduced by different individuals and companies. The ingredients used may be very different from later formulations and current products. Where an ingredient had multiple names, they are all listed together in the first occurrence, and the most common name listed thereafter.
The base for all these products is sodium bicarbonate, also known as baking soda.
The formation of a brand's current baking powder may be very different from the original formula they produced, shown above. They may now use combinations of acids, or different acids altogether.
As of 2010, the two main baking powder companies in the United States were Clabber Girl and Calumet. Calumet held about 1/3 of the American baking powder market, with Clabber Girl (which produces the Clabber Girl, Rumford, and Davis brands of baking powder, among others) dominating 2/3. (Davis baking powder is commonly found in the northeastern United States.)
How much to use
Generally, one teaspoon (5 g or 1/6 oz) of baking powder is used to raise a mixture of one cup (120 g or 4oz) of flour, one cup of liquid, and one egg. However, if the mixture is acidic, baking powder's additional acids remain unconsumed in the chemical reaction and often lend an unpleasant taste to food. High acidity can be caused by ingredients such as buttermilk, lemon juice, yogurt, citrus, or honey. When excessive acid is present, some of the baking powder should be replaced with baking soda. For example, one cup of flour, one egg, and one cup of buttermilk requires only teaspoon of baking powder—the remaining leavening is caused by buttermilk acids reacting with teaspoon of baking soda.
However, with baking powders that contain sodium acid pyrophosphate, excess alkaline substances can sometimes deprotonate the acid in two steps instead of the one that normally occurs, resulting in an offensive bitter taste to baked goods. Calcium compounds and aluminium compounds do not have that problem, though, since calcium compounds that deprotonate twice are insoluble and aluminium compounds do not deprotonate in that fashion.
Moisture and heat can cause baking powder to lose its effectiveness over time, and commercial varieties have a somewhat arbitrary expiration date printed on the container. Regardless of the expiration date, the effectiveness can be tested by placing a teaspoon of the powder into a small container of hot water. If it bubbles vigorously, it is still active and usable.
Comparisons
Different brands of baking powder can perform quite differently in the oven. Early baking powder companies published their own cookbooks, to promote their new products, to educate cooks about exactly how and when to use them, and because cooks could not easily adapt recipes that were developed using different types of baking powder. Baking powders using cream-of-tartar, phosphates, or alums could behave very differently, and required different amounts for a desired rising effect.
In 2015, Cook's Country, an American TV show and magazine, evaluated six baking powders marketed to consumers. In one test, six U.S. brands were used to bake white cake, cream biscuits, and chocolate cookies. Depending on the brand, the thickness of the cakes varied by up to 20% (from 0.89 to 1.24 in). It was also found that the lower-rising products made what were judged to be better chocolate cookies. Also, 30% of the testers (n=21) noted a metallic flavor in cream biscuits made with brands containing aluminium.
Substituting in recipes
Substitute acids
As described above, baking powder is mainly just baking soda mixed with an acid. In principle, a number of kitchen acids may be combined with baking soda to simulate commercial baking powders. Vinegar (dilute acetic acid), especially white vinegar, is also a common acidifier in baking; for example, many heirloom chocolate cake recipes call for a tablespoon or two of vinegar. Where a recipe already uses buttermilk or yogurt, baking soda can be used without cream of tartar (or with less). Alternatively, lemon juice can be substituted for some of the liquid in the recipe, to provide the required acidity to activate the baking soda. The main variable with the use of these kitchen acids is the rate of leavening.
See also
Bakewell Cream
Calumet Baking Powder Company
Clabber Girl
Dr. Oetker
Irish soda bread
References
External links
Cook's Thesaurus: Leavens Descriptions of various chemical leavening agents and substitutions.
Baking Powder Contains list of aluminium-free baking powders available in the US.
Leavening agents | wiki |
Batter or batters may refer to:
Common meanings
Batter (cooking), thin dough that can be easily poured into a pan
Batter (baseball), person whose turn it is to face the pitcher
Batter (cricket), a player who is currently batting
Batter (drum), a part of a snare drum
Batter (crime), unlawful physical actions to a person
Batter (tort), tort of bringing about an unconsented harmful or offensive contact with a person
Batter (walls), an intentional slope of walls or earthworks
People
Dave Batters (1969–2009), Canadian businessman and politician, husband of Denise
Denise Batters (born 1970), Canadian politician, wife of Dave
Doris Batter (1922–2002), British sprinter
Elmer Batters (1919–1997), pioneer fetish photographer
Jeff Batters (1970–1996), professional ice hockey player
Other uses
BATTeRS, a Japanese project to find asteroids
See also
Battered (disambiguation)
Batter up (disambiguation)
Batman (disambiguation)
Batwoman (disambiguation)
Batgirl (disambiguation)
Bat boy (disambiguation)
Bat (disambiguation) | wiki |
Dollars and Sense may refer to:
Dollars & Sense, a magazine focusing on economics
Dollars and Sense (TV series), a Canadian business affairs television series
Dollars and Sense (film), a 1920 American silent drama film | wiki |
A USB compound device contains an embedded USB hub and one or more non-removable USB devices. It may or may not have exposed downstream ports.
The internal USB hub may be a physical IC that connects to other ICs, or the hub and all functions may be implemented in software on a single IC (though it is more common to integrate them as a composite device in this case). Compound devices have separate device addresses assigned to the hub and each downstream function, while composite devices have a single address. The hub's descriptors indicate whether it is part of a compound device or a regular hub with only removable devices.
This arrangement is used by wireless receivers for cordless keyboards and mice (where the mouse and keyboard are separate devices connected to the compound device) and sometimes for printers which have memory card slots.
References
USB | wiki |
Oatmeal is a preparation of oats that have been de-husked, steamed, and flattened, or a coarse flour of hulled oat grains (groats) that have either been milled (ground) or steel-cut. Ground oats are also called white oats. Steel-cut oats are known as coarse oatmeal, Irish oatmeal, or pinhead oats. Rolled oats were traditionally thick old-fashioned oats, but can be made thinner or smaller, and may be categorized as quick oatmeal or instant oatmeal depending on the cooking time required, which is determined by the size of the oats and the amount of precooking.
Industrial preparation and varieties
The oat grains are de-husked by impact, and are then heated and cooled to stabilize the groats, the seed inside the husk. The groats may be milled to produce fine, medium, or coarse oatmeal.
Rolled oats are steamed and flattened whole oat groats. Old-fashioned oats may be thick and require longer cooking time. Quick-cooking rolled oats are cut into small pieces before being steamed and rolled. Instant oatmeal is cooked and dried, often with a sweetener and flavorings added.
Food uses
Both types of rolled oats may be eaten uncooked, as in muesli, or may be cooked with water or milk to make porridge. In some countries, rolled oats are eaten raw or toasted with milk and sugar, sometimes with raisins added, as in muesli. The term 'oatmeal' sometimes refers to a porridge made from the bran or fibrous husk as well as from the kernel or groat. Rolled oats are often used as a key ingredient in granola, in which toasted oats are blended with sugar and/or nuts and raisins, and in granola bars.
Rolled oats are also used as an ingredient in oatmeal cookies, oatcakes, British flapjack bars, and baked oatmeal dessert dishes such as Apple Brown Betty and apple crisp. Oats may also be added to foods as an accent, as in the topping on many oat bran breads and as the coating on Caboc cheese. Oatmeal is also used as a thickening agent in savory Arabic or Egyptian meat-and-vegetable soups, and sometimes as a way of adding relatively low-cost fibre and nutritional content to meatloaf.
Nutrition
Unenriched oatmeal, cooked by boiling or microwave, is 84% water, and contains 12% carbohydrates, including 2% dietary fiber, and 2% each of protein and fat (table). In a 100 gram amount, a serving of cooked oatmeal provides 71 Calories and contains 29% of the Daily Value (DV) for manganese and moderate content of phosphorus and zinc (11% DV each), with no other micronutrients in significant quantity (see table on right).
Health effects
Oatmeal and other oat products were the subject of a 1997 ruling by the Food and Drug Administration that consuming oat bran or whole rolled oats can lower the risk of heart disease when combined with a low-fat diet via the effect of oat beta-glucan to reduce levels of blood cholesterol. A similar conclusion was reached in 2010 by the European Food Safety Authority.
Regional variations
Ireland
In Ireland, stirabout () was formerly a staple food, made by stirring oatmeal into boiling water or milk to form a thin soup. It could be flavoured with cream, sugar, butter, salt, honey, seeds or fruit on top.
Because of its cheapness, and the ease with which it could be prepared in large quantities, stirabout was widely served in institutions like prisons, boarding schools, convents and workhouses. For example, in 1863, children in workhouses received stirabout for their breakfast: made of half oats and half Indian meal, each child got of meal and of milk. Similarly, in 1891, district asylum inmates got of meal in stirabout every morning. Similarly, in the 20th century, prisoner got between and of stirabout for breakfast in many Irish jails.
Scotland
Oatmeal has a long history in Scottish culinary tradition because oats are better suited than wheat to the country's low temperatures and high humidity. As a result, oats became the staple grain of Scotland. The ancient universities of Scotland had a holiday called Meal Monday to permit students to return to their farms and collect more oats for food.
Samuel Johnson referred, disparagingly, to this in his dictionary definition for oats: "A grain, which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people." His biographer, James Boswell, noted that Lord Elibank was said by Sir Walter Scott to have retorted, "Yes, and where else will you see such horses and such men?"
In Scotland, oatmeal is created by grinding oats into a coarse powder. It may be ground fine, medium, or coarse, or rolled, or the groats may be chopped in two or three pieces to make what is described as pinhead oatmeal. Ground oatmeal, rolled oats, and pinhead oatmeal, are all used (throughout Britain); one Scots manufacturer describes varieties as "Scottish Porridge Oats" (rolled), "Scottish Oatmeal" (medium ground), and "Pinhead Oatmeal". The main uses are:
Traditional porridge
Brose: a thick mixture made with uncooked oatmeal (or medium oatmeal that has been dry toasted by stirring it around in a dry pot over heat until it turns a slightly darker shade and emits a sweet, nutty fragrance) and then adding butter or cream. Quick-cooking rolled oats (distinct from "instant" variations) are often used for this purpose nowadays, because they are quicker to prepare.
Gruel, made by mixing oatmeal with cold water that is strained and heated for the benefit of infants and people recovering from illness.
as an ingredient in baking
in the manufacture of bannocks or oatcakes
as a stuffing for poultry
as a coating for Caboc cheese
as the main ingredient of the Scottish dish skirlie, or its chip-shop counterpart, the deep-fried thickly-battered mealy pudding
mixed with sheep's blood, salt, and pepper to make Highland black pudding (marag dubh).
mixed with fat, water, onions and seasoning, and boiled in a sheep's intestine to make marag geal, Outer Hebridean white pudding, served sliced with fried eggs at breakfast. A sweeter version with dried fruit is also known.
as a major component of haggis.
in sowans, not strictly made from the meal but as a porridge-like dish made from the fermented inner husks of oats
Staffordshire
Staffordshire oatcakes are a local component of the full English breakfast. It is a plate-sized pancake, made with medium oatmeal and wheatmeal (flour), along with yeast. Once the mixture has risen, it is ladled onto a griddle or bakestone and dried through. Staffordshire oatcakes are commonly paired with bacon, sausages, mushrooms, kidney, and baked beans, among others. A related oatcake is sometimes found in neighbouring Derbyshire.
The Netherlands, the Nordic countries, the Baltics and Russia
Throughout the Netherlands, the Nordic countries, the Baltic states and Russia, oatmeal porridge made from rolled oats and water or milk is a traditional breakfast staple. Known under various local names meaning "oat porridge", "oat flake porridge" or "oatmeal porridge", it is normally made either savoury or sweet by adding salt or sugar, and it is often eaten with added nuts, raisins or dried fruits as well as spices, most commonly cinnamon. Local names for the porridge include Dutch havermoutpap, Swedish havregrynsgröt, Danish havregrød, Norwegian havregrøt or havregraut, Icelandic hafragrautur, Finnish kaurapuuro, Estonian kaerahelbepuder, Latvian auzu pārslu (putra), Lithuanian avižinių dribsnių košė, Polish owsianka and Russian "овсянка" (ovsyanka).
Oatmeal porridge has a long tradition in these regions, but during the Middle Ages porridge made from rye or barley was even more common in at least some parts of the area.
United States
In the United States, oatmeal is often served as a porridge with milk or cream and a sweetener, such as brown sugar or honey. It may include additional ingredients such as peanut butter, cinnamon or various types of fruits.
Nigeria
In Nigeria, a common oatmeal dish known as Zimbuleh (Also known as Zimbeleh in the Abuja region) is eaten during the winter months. Traditionally it is sweetened with raw honey and cardamom. In the Eket and Kwa Ibo region it is often served alongside warm milk, and it is customary to pour it into the porridge just moments before eating.
Gallery
See also
List of porridges
Finnish bread
Brenntar (oat porridge)
Oatmeal raisin cookie
Congee, a rice porridge eaten in Asian countries
References
External links
Breakfast cereals
Breakfast
Cereals
Porridges
Oats
British cuisine
Scandinavian cuisine
Finnish cuisine
Icelandic cuisine
Estonian cuisine
Lithuanian cuisine
Latvian cuisine
Polish cuisine
American breakfast foods
Russian cuisine | wiki |
The music of Brazil encompasses various regional musical styles influenced by European, American, African and Amerindian forms. Brazilian music developed some unique and original styles such as forró, repente, coco de roda, axé, sertanejo, samba, bossa nova, MPB, música nativista, pagode, tropicália, choro, maracatu, embolada (coco de repente), frevo, brega, modinha and Brazilian versions of foreign musical styles, such as rock, pop music, soul, hip-hop, disco music, country music, ambient, industrial and psychedelic music, rap, classical music, fado, and gospel.
Samba has become the most known form of Brazilian music worldwide, especially because of the country's carnival, although bossa nova, which had Antônio Carlos Jobim as one of its most acclaimed composers and performers, have received much attention abroad since the 1950s, when the song "Desafinado", interpreted by João Gilberto, was first released.
The first four winners of the Shell Brazilian Music prize have each left a legacy on Brazilian music and are among the representatives of Brazilian popular music: Pixinguinha (choro), Antônio Carlos Jobim (bossa nova), Dorival Caymmi (samba and samba-canção).
Instrumental music is also largely practiced in Brazil, with styles ranging from classical to popular and jazz influenced forms. Among the later, Naná Vasconcelos, Pixinguinha, Hermeto Pascoal and Egberto Gismonti are significant figures. Notable classical composers include Heitor Villa-Lobos, Carlos Gomes and Cláudio Santoro. The country also has a growing community of modern/experimental composition, including electroacoustic music.
History
Art music
Origins
Little is known of the music of Brazil before the area's first encounter with Portuguese explorers on 22 April 1500. During the colonial period, documents detail the musical activities of the major Roman Catholic cathedrals and the parlors of the upper classes, but data about musical life outside these domains are sparse. Some information is available in writings left by such travellers as Jean de Léry, who lived in Brazil from 1557 to 1558 and produced the first known transcriptions of native American music: two chants of the Tupinambá, near Rio de Janeiro.
Further registration of musical activity in Brazil came from the activities of two Jesuit priests in 1549. Ten years later, they had already founded settlements for indigenous people (the Reduções), with a musical-educational structure.
One century later, the Reduções of the southern Brazil, which were founded by Spaniard Jesuits, had a strong cultural development, where some music schools were founded. Some of the reports of that time show the fascination of the indigenous people for European music. The indigenous people also took part in the music, with both the construction of musical instruments and practice of vocal and instrumental performance.
The 18th-century school
In the 18th century, there was intense musical activity in all the more developed regions of Brazil, with their moderately stable institutional and educational structures. The previously few private orchestras became more common and the churches presented a great variety of music.
In the first half of this century, the most outstanding works were composed by Luís Álvares Pinto, Caetano de Mello de Jesus and Antônio José da Silva ("the Jew"), who became successful in Lisbon writing librettos for comedies, which were performed also in Brazil with music by António Teixeira.
In the second part of the 18th century, there was a great flourishing in Minas Gerais, mostly in the regions of Vila Rica (currently Ouro Preto), Mariana and Arraial do Tejuco (currently Diamantina), where the mining of gold and diamonds for the Portuguese metropolis attracted a sizable population. At this time, the first outstanding Brazilian composers were revealed, most of them mulattoes. The musical pieces were mostly sacred music. Some of the noteworthy composers of this period were Lobo de Mesquita, Manoel Dias de Oliveira, Francisco Gomes da Rocha, Marcos Coelho Neto and Marcos Coelho Neto Filho. All of them were very active, but in many cases few pieces have survived until the present day. Some of the most famous pieces of this period are the Magnificat by Manoel Dias de Oliveira and the Our Lady's Antiphon by Lobo de Mesquita. In the city of Arraial do Tejuco, nowadays Diamantina, there were ten conductors in activity. In Ouro Preto about 250 musicians were active, and in all of the territory of Minas Gerais almost a thousand musicians were active.
With the impoverishment of the mines at the end of the century, the focus of the musical activity changed to other centers, specially Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, where André da Silva Gomes, a composer of Portuguese origin, released a great number of works and dynamized the musical life of the city.
Also, the oldest Orchestra of all Americas is situated in São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, called Lira Sanjoanense, conducted, today, by Modesto Flávio Fonseca.
The Classical period
A crucial factor for the changes in the musical life was the arrival of the Portuguese Royal family to Rio de Janeiro in 1808. Until then, Rio de Janeiro was musically similar to other cultural centers of Brazil but was even less important than Minas Gerais. The presence of the Portuguese Royal family, in exile, radically changed this situation, as the Capela Real of Rio de Janeiro was established.
The king John VI of Portugal brought with him to Brazil the great musical library from the House of Bragança, one of the best of Europe at that time, and ordered the arrival of musicians from Lisbon and the castrati from Italy, re-ordering the Royal Chapel. Later, John VI ordered the construction of a sumptuous theater, called the Royal Theater of São João. The secular music had the presence of Marcos Portugal, who was designated as the official composer of the household, and of Sigismund von Neukomm, who contributed with his own work and brought the works of the Austrian composers Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Joseph Haydn. The works of these composers strongly influenced the Brazilian music of this time.
José Maurício Nunes Garcia, the first of the great Brazilian composers, emerged at this time. With a large culture for his origin – he was poor and mulatto – he was one of the founders of the Irmandade de Santa Cecília, in Rio de Janeiro, teacher and mestre de capela of the Royal Chapel during the presence of John VI in Brazil. Nunes Garcia was the most prolific Brazilian composer of this time. He also composed the first opera written in Brazil, Le Due Gemelle (The Two Twins), with text in Italian, but the music is now lost.
Other important composers of this period are Gabriel Fernandes da Trindade, who composed the only Brazilian chamber music from the 19th century which has survived to the present times, and João de Deus de Castro Lobo, who lived in the cities of Mariana and Ouro Preto, which were decadent at this time.
This period, however, was brief. In 1821, John VI went back to Lisbon, taking with him the household, and the cultural life in Rio de Janeiro became empty. And, despite the love of Peter I of Brazil for the music – he was also author of some musical pieces like the Brazilian Independence Anthem – the difficult financial situation didn't allow many luxuries. The conflagration of the Royal Theater in 1824 was another symbol of decadence, which reached the most critical point when Peter I renounced the throne, going back to Portugal.
The Romantic period
The only composer who had a relevant work in this period was Francisco Manuel da Silva, disciple of Nunes Garcia, who succeeded him as kapellmeister. In spite of his few resources, he founded the Musical Conservatory of Rio de Janeiro. He was the author of the Brazilian National Anthem's melody. His work reflected the musical transition for the Romanticism, when the interest of the national composers was focused in the opera. The most outstanding Brazilian composer of this period was Antônio Carlos Gomes, who composed Italian-styled operas with national themes, such as Il Guarany (based on José de Alencar's novel O Guarani) and Lo Schiavo. These operas were very successful in European theaters, like the Teatro alla Scala, in Milan. Other important composer of this time is Elias Álvares Lobo, who wrote the opera A Noite de São João, the first Brazilian opera with text in Portuguese.
The opera in Brazil was very popular until the middle of the 20th century, and many opera houses were built at this time, like Teatro Amazonas in Manaus, Municipal Theater of Rio de Janeiro, Municipal Theater of São Paulo, and many others.
At the end of the 19th century, the greatest composers for the symphonic music were revealed. One of the most outstanding name of this period was Leopoldo Miguez, who followed the Wagnerian style and Henrique Oswald, who incorporated elements of the French Impressionism.
Nationalism
In the beginning of the 20th century, there was a movement for creating an authentically Brazilian music, with less influences of the European culture. In this sense, the folklore was the major font of inspiration for the composers. Some composers like Brasílio Itiberê da Cunha, Luciano Gallet and Alexandre Levy, despite having a European formation, included some typically Brazilian elements in their works. This trend reached the highest point with Alberto Nepomuceno, who used largely the rhythms and melodies from the Brazilian folklore. There were local cultural movements to consolidate regional identities through music as for example, José Brazilício de Souza, who wrote the state anthem of Santa Catarina and his son Álvaro Sousa, who was a noticeable musician, music educator, and composer there.
An important event, later, was the Modern Art Week, in 1922, which had a large impact on concepts of national art. In this event the composer Heitor Villa-Lobos, regarded as the most outstanding name of the Brazilian nationalism, was revealed.
Villa-Lobos did researches about the musical folklore of Brazil, and mixed elements both from classical and popular music. He explored many musical genres such as concertos, symphonies, modinhas, Fados, and other symphonic, vocal and chamber music. Some of his masterworks are the ballet Uirapuru and the two series of Chôros and Bachianas Brasileiras.
Other composers of Brazilian national music of this era include Oscar Lorenzo Fernández, Radamés Gnattali, Camargo Guarnieri, Osvaldo Lacerda, Francisco Mignone, and Ernesto Nazareth.
The avant-garde movement
As a reaction against the nationalist school, who was identified as "servile" to the centralizing politics of Getúlio Vargas, in 1939 the Movimento Música Viva (Living Music Movement) appeared, led by Hans Joachim Koellreutter and by Egídio de Castro e Silva, defending the adoption of an international style, derived from the dodecaphonism of Arnold Schoenberg. This group was integrated by composers like Cláudio Santoro, César Guerra-Peixe, Eunice Catunda and Edino Krieger. Koellreutter adopted revolutionary methodes, in respect to the individuality of each student and giving to the students the freedom of creativity before the knowledge of the traditional rules for composition. The movement edited a magazine and presented a series of radio programs showing their fundaments and works of contemporary music. Later, Guerra-Peixe and Santoro followed an independent way, centered in the regional music. Other composers, who used freely the previous styles were Marlos Nobre, Almeida Prado, and Armando Albuquerque, who created their own styles.
After 1960, the Brazilian avant-garde movement received a new wave, focusing on serial music, microtonal music, concrete music and electronic music, employing a completely new language. This movement was called Música Nova (New Music) and was led by Gilberto Mendes and Willy Corrêa de Oliveira. An important fact was the introduction of electronic music in Brazil, with the pioneering works of the carioca Jorge Antunes in 1961.
Brazilian Opera
Carlos Gomes was the first composer on non-European origin to achieve wide recognition in the classical music environment of the Golden age of Opera in Italy. Bossa Nova was created as anti-opera in a time when opera seemed to represent the art-form of the elite. [5] In recent years the style has been revived with works by Jorge Antunes, Flo Menezes, and others.
Since 2014 the International Brazilian Opera (IBOC) has been producing new works, most notably by its artistic director and resident composer Joao MacDowell.
Contemporary
Nowadays, Brazilian music follows the guidelines of both experimentalism and traditional music. Some of the contemporary Brazilian composers are Amaral Vieira, Sílvio Ferraz, Nestor de Hollanda Cavalcanti, Flo Menezes, Marcos Balter, Alexandre Lunsqui, Rodolfo Caesar, Felipe Lara, Edson Zampronha, Marcus Siqueira, Rodrigo Lima, Jorge Antunes, Roberto Victorio and João MacDowell. From the new generation of Brazilian composers, Caio Facó has achieved international recognition for his work.
Brazil has a large number of internationally recognized orchestras and performers, despite the relatively low support of the government. The most famous Brazilian orchestra is probably the São Paulo State Symphony Orchestra, currently under conductor Thierry Fischer. Other Brazilian orchestras worthy of note are the São Paulo University Symphony, the Orquestra Sinfônica Brasileira, Orquestra Filarmônica de Minas Gerais and the Petrobras Sinfônica, supported by the Brazilian state oil company Petrobras.
There are also regular operas scheduled every year in cities such as São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The state of São Paulo also hosts the Winter Festival in the city of Campos do Jordão.
Some of the most famous Brazilian conductors are Roberto Minczuk, John Neschling and Isaac Karabtchevsky. The instrumentalists include, among others: Roberto Szidon, Antonio Meneses, Cussy de Almeida, Gilberto Tinetti, Arnaldo Cohen, Nelson Freire, Eudóxia de Barros, Guiomar Novaes and Magda Tagliaferro. And some of the most famous Brazilian singers were, historically, Zola Amaro, Constantina Araújo and Bidu Sayão; living singers include Eliane Coelho, Kismara Pessatti, Maria Lúcia Godoy, Sebastião Teixeira, and others.
In the 1980s, a wave of Brazilian heavy metal bands gained public attention. The most commercially successful of these was Sepultura, founded in São Paulo in 1983, preceded by Dorsal Atlantica and followed by Sarcófago.
The intrusion of alien elements into Brazil's cultural system is not a destructive process. The return of a democratic government allowed for freedom of expression. The Brazilian music industry opened up to international styles and this has allowed for both foreign and local genres to co-exist and identify people. Each different style relates to the people socially, politically, and economically. "Brazil is a regionally divided country with a rich cultural and musical diversity among states. As such, musicians in the country choose to define their local heritage differently depending on where they come from." This shows how globalization has not robbed Brazil of its identity but instead given it the ability to represent its people both in Brazil and the rest of the world.
In recent years Brazilian artists have become more interested in Africa, the Caribbean and their own indigenous and folk music. While there are some artists who continue to perform rock and Western pop, there are now just as many contemporaries playing a fusion of African and European influences with those from across The Americas. Some artists have even become influenced by Asian music, noticing some parallels between music from the Northeast of Brazil and music from India.
Indigenous and folk music
The native peoples of the Brazilian rainforest play instruments including whistles, flutes, horns, drums and rattles. Much of the area's folk music imitates the sounds of the Amazon Rainforest. When the Portuguese arrived in Brazil, the first natives they met played an array of reed flutes and other wind and percussion instruments.
The Jesuit missionaries introduced songs which used the Tupi language with Christian lyrics, an attempt to convert the people to Christianity, and also introduced Gregorian chant and the flute, bow, and the clavichord.
Capoeira music
The Afro-Brazilian sport of capoeira is never played without its own music, which is usually considered to be a call-and-response type of folk music. The main instruments of capoeira music include the berimbau, the atabaque and the pandeiro. Capoeira songs may be improvised on the spot, or they may be popular songs written by older, and ancient mestres (teachers), and often include accounts of the history of capoeira, or the doings of great mestres.
Maracatu
This type of music is played primarily in the Recife and Olinda regions during Carnaval. It is an Afro-Brazilian tradition. The music serves as the backdrop for parade groups that evolved out of ceremonies conducted during colonial times in honour of the Kings of Congo, who were African slaves occupying symbolic leadership positions among the slave population. The music is played on large alfaia drums, large metal gonguê bells, snare drums and shakers.
An important variant is found in and around Fortaleza, Ceará (called maracatu cearense), which is different from the Recife/Olinda tradition in many respects: triangles are used instead of gonguês, surdos or zabumbas instead of alfaias. Also, important female characters are performed by cross-dressed male performers, and all African and Afrobrazilian personages are performed using blackface makeup.
Afoxé
Afoxé is the name given to a group dedicated to playing ijexá, which is a kind of religious music, part of the Candomblé tradition. In 1949, a group called Filhos de Gandhi began playing afoxé during carnaval parades in Salvador; their name translates as Sons of Gandhi, associating black Brazilian activism with Mahatma Gandhi's Indian independence movement.
The Filhos de Gandhi's 1949 appearance was also revolutionary because, until then, the Carnaval parades in Salvador were meant only for light-skinned people.
Repente
Northeastern Brazil is known for a distinctive form of literature called literatura de cordel, which are a type of ballads that include elements incorporated into music as "repentismo", an improvised lyrical contest on themes suggested by the audience.
Similar to Repentismo, appears among the Caipira culture a musical form derived from viola caipira, which is called cururu.
Popular music
Choro
Choro (literally "cry" in Portuguese, but in context a more appropriate translation would be "lament"), traditionally called chorinho ("little cry" or "little lament"). Instrumental, its origins are in 19th century Rio de Janeiro. Originally choro was played by a trio of flute, guitar and cavaquinho (a small chordophone with four strings). The young pianist Ernesto Nazareth published his first choro (Não Caio Noutra) in 1878 at the age of 14. Nazareth's choros are often listed as polkas; he also composed waltzes, schottisches, milongas and Brazilian Tangos. (He resisted the popular term maxixe to represent Brazilian tango.) Chiquinha Gonzaga was another important composer of choros and started shortly after Nazareth. Chiquinha Gonzaga composed her first success, the polka-choro "Atraente", in 1877. In the beginning, the success of choro came from informal groups of friends which played in parties, pubs (botecos), streets, home balls (forrobodós), and also the musical scores published by print houses. By the 1910s, much of the Brazilian first phonograph records are choros. The mainstream success of this style of music (By the 1930s) came from the early days of radio, when bands performed live on the air. By the 1950s and 1960s it was replaced by samba and Bossa Nova and other styles of Brazilian popular music, but was still alive in amateur circles called "rodas de choro" (informal choro gatherings in residences and botecos). However, in the late 1970s there was a successful effort to revitalize the genre carried out by some famous artists: Pixinguinha, Waldir Azevedo and Jacob do Bandolim.
Samba
In 1929, prompted by the opening of the first radio station in Rio de Janeiro, the so-called radio era began spreading songs – especially the novelty Samba in its current format – to larger masses. This period was dominated by few male interpreters – notably Almirante, Braguinha, Mário Reis, Sílvio Caldas, Francisco Alves and singer/composer Noel Rosa and even fewer chanteuses such as Aracy de Almeida and sisters Aurora Miranda and Carmen Miranda, who eventually came to Hollywood becoming a movie star.
Popular music included instruments like cuicas, tambourines, frying pans ('played' with a metal stick), flutes and guitars. Noteworthy Samba composers at this early stage included said Noel Rosa plus Lamartine Babo and, around World War II time, Ary Barroso.
MPB (Popular Brazilian Music)
MPB's early stage (from World War II to the mid-1960s) was populated by male singers such as Orlando Silva, Nelson Gonçalves, Jamelão, Agostinho dos Santos, Anísio Silva, Ataulfo Alves, Carlos Galhardo, Ciro Monteiro, Ismael Silva, João Dias, Jorge Goulart, Miltinho, Jorge Veiga and Francisco Egídio and female singers started to mushroom: Nora Ney, Dolores Duran, Ângela Maria, Emilinha Borba, Marlene, Dalva de Oliveira, Maysa Matarazzo, sisters Linda Batista and Dircinha Batista, among others.
MPB's second stage – after the split Bossa Nova (1959) / Jovem Guarda (1965) / Tropicalismo (both 1967) – refers to mainstream Brazilian pop music. Well-known MPB artists include, among many others, singers such as Elis Regina, Gal Costa, Nara Leão, Maria Bethânia, Mônica da Silva, Simone, Chico Buarque, Caetano Veloso, Roberto Carlos, Jorge Ben Jor, Milton Nascimento, Gilberto Gil, João Bosco, Ivan Lins, Djavan.
Bossa nova
The first bossa nova records by João Gilberto, in the last years of the 1950s, quickly became huge hits in Brazil. Antonio Carlos Jobim and other composers helped further develop this fusion of jazz harmonies and a smoother, often slower, samba beat, which developed at the beach neighborhoods of Ipanema and, later, the Copacabana nightclubs. Bossa nova was introduced to the rest of the world by American jazz musicians in the early 1960s, and song "The Girl from Ipanema" remains probably the best known Brazilian musical export, eventually becoming a jazz standard.
Brazilian gospel
Gospel music emerged in Brazil before the 1960s with hymnals that were brought and translated into Portuguese by American missionaries. From the late 1960s the first singers of Christian music groups emerged in Brazil, but the songs were not highly valued. Gospel music became popular in Brazil in the late 1990s, with the emergence of congregational singing and bands such as Diante do Trono, led by Ana Paula Valadão. Diante do Trono has become the largest contemporary worship music ministry in Latin America.
Brazilian rock
The musical style known in Brazil as "Brazilian rock n' roll" dates back to Nora Ney's "Ronda Das Horas", a Portuguese version of "Rock Around the Clock" in 1954. In the 1960s, young singers like Roberto Carlos and the Jovem Guarda movement were very popular. The 1960s also saw the rise of bands such as the "tropicalistas" Os Mutantes and the experimental (mixing progressive rock, jazz and Música popular brasileira) Som Imaginário.
The 1970s saw the emergence of many progressive rock and/or hard rock bands such as O Terço, A Bolha, A Barca do Sol, Som Nosso de Cada Dia, Vímana and Bacamarte, some of which attained some recognition internationally; Rita Lee, in her solo career after Os Mutantes, championed the glam-rock aesthetics in Brazil; Casa das Máquinas and Patrulha do Espaço were more bona-fide hard rock bands, and the likes of (Raul Seixas, Secos e Molhados, Novos Baianos and A Cor do Som) mixed the genre with traditional Brazilian music. In the late 1970s, the Brazilian punk rock scene kicked off mainly in São Paulo and in Brasília, booming in the 1980s, with Inocentes, Cólera, Ratos de Porão, Garotos Podres, etc.
The real commercial boom of Brazilian rock was in the 1980s, with many bands and artists like Blitz, Gang 90, Barão Vermelho, Legião Urbana, Lobão, Engenheiros do Hawaii, Titãs, Kid Abelha, Paralamas do Sucesso, and many others, and festivals like Rock in Rio and Hollywood Rock. The late 1980s and early 1990s also witnessed the beginnings of an electronica-inspired scene, with a lot more limited commercial potential but achieving some critical acclaim: Suba, Loop B, Harry, etc.
In the 1990s, the meteoric rise of Mamonas Assassinas, which sold more than 3 million copies of its only CD (a record, by Brazilian standards) came to a tragic end when the band's plane crashed, killing all five members of the band, the pilot and the co-pilot. Other commercially successful bands included Jota Quest, Raimundos and Skank, while Chico Science & Nação Zumbi and the whole Mangue Bit movement received much critical attention and accolades, but very little commercial success – success that declined after the death of one of its founders, Chico Science. It was also in the 1990s that the first seeds of what would grow into being the Brazilian indie scene were planted, with the creation of indie festivals such as Abril Pro Rock and, later in the decade, Porão do Rock. The band Pato Fu was considered by Time magazine one of the ten best bands in the world outside the United States. It is also known to re-record hits Brazilian and international versions of toy instruments.
Female singer Pitty is also very popular. The indie scene has been growing exponentially since the early 2000s, with more and more festivals taking place all around the country. However, due to several factors including but not limited to the worldwide collapse of the music industry, all the agitation in the indie scene has so far failed in translating into international success, but in Brazil they developed a real, substantial cultural movement. That scene is still much of a ghetto, with bands capturing the attention of international critics, but many playing again in Brazil when they become popular in the exterior, due to the lack of financial and material support which would allow for careers to be developed. One notable exception is CSS, an alternative electro rock outfit that has launched a successful international career, performing in festivals and venues in North America, Europe, Asia and Australia. Other unique example of success through independent music scene that made to the mainstream is the band Móveis Coloniais de Acaju. The band has its own style, somewhere between rock and folk, and is recognized as the most important independent band in Brazil. The record company Trama tries to support some bands with structure and exposure, and can be credited with early support to CSS and later to Móveis Coloniais de Acaju.
Brazilian heavy metal
Brazilian metal originated in the mid 1980s with three prominent scenes: Belo Horizonte, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The most famous Brazilian metal bands are Sepultura, Angra, Krisiun and the singer Andre Matos. Sepultura is considered an influential thrash metal band, influencing the development of death metal.
Famous bands of the 1980s include Korzus, Sarcófago, Overdose, Dorsal Atlântica, Viper, MX, PUS, Mutilator, Chakal, Vulcano and Attomica. Bands from the 1990s include Andralls, MQN, Macaco Bong, Black Drawing Chalks, Superguidis, Mental Hor, The Mist, Scars, Distraught, Torture Squad, Eterna and Silent Cry. Bands from the 2000s include It's All Red, Eyes of Shiva, Autoramas, Tuatha de Danann, Claustrofobia, Quimere, Apokalyptic Raids, Project46, Wizards and Andragonia.
There's also Massacration, a Brazilian satirical heavy metal band, self-proclaimed the "greatest band in the world". They began as a sketch on the MTV show "Hermes & Renato", but were so successful amongst fans, that the comedians decided to turn it into an actual band. Originally parodying Manowar, they eventually became a spoof of Hair Metal bands of the 1980's.
As well as Thrash metal, Brazil is also a reference in Death Metal, the main bands in the scene include Krisiun, Torture Squad, Claustrofobia, Rebaelliun, Visceral Leishmaniasis (Brazil), Obskure, Vulcano, Mental Horror and the precursors Sepultura and Sarcófago. There is a growth in the appearance of Brazilian death metal bands with women in formation, especially Nervosa, who gained a lot of prestige after their performance at Rock in Rio in 2019. The female trio were invited to participate in the Wacken Open Air festival in 2020, but the event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Brazilian Death Metal scene is spread across all regions in the country, especially in the Northeast region where it is represented by bands like Headhunter D.C., Escarnium, Decomposed God, Infested Blood, Heavenless, Torment the Skies, Pandemmy, Burning Torment, Infectos, Krenak and especially Cangaço which is a band that mixes Death metal with elements of Baião (regional rhythm of Northeast Brazil) and on 2010 was the winner of W.O.A Metal Battle Brazil and went to the finals of the Wacken Open Air festival.
Brazilian folk/folk-rock
The new Brazilian folk scene is not to be mistaken with folkloric Brazilian music. The first to break into the mainstream was internet phenomenon Mallu Magalhães, who played covers of her favourite artists in English and her own songs in both English and Portuguese (as well as other languages). Magalhães only released her first album in 2008, though by then she was already widely recognised as the voice of this sudden new Brazilian folk scene. Her ex-boyfriend Hélio Flanders is the lead singer of another Brazilian folk group called Vanguart. Though Vanguart had an album released before Mallu Magalhães, it was her emergence that consolidated them both and others as a fully recognised mainstream scene, topping charts and being featured in prime time television and advertising. Other acts emerged after the market was opened up to folk. Writing in English is more and more common among Brazilian rock and folk artists. This has been highly criticised by Portuguese language purists, though it has helped to promote Brazilian artists in other countries (CSS is a perfect example). The new Brazilian folk scene has just come to the public's attention and it continues to thrive.
Brazilian psychedelic rock
Brazil has a long tradition of psychedelic music since artists like Os Mutantes, Ronnie Von and other rock bands from the late 60s. Nowadays, there exists a revival of this psychedelic/vintage inspired music represented by artists like Jupiter Apple, Violeta de Outono, Nação Zumbi, Mundo Livre S/A, Cidadão Instigado, Otto, China, Kassin, Pata de Elefante, Orquestra Abstrata, among others.
Sertanejo
Música sertaneja or Sertanejo is a term for Brazilian country music. It originally referred to music originating among Sertão and musica caipira. (Caipira music appeared in the state of São Paulo, and some the regions of Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Paraná and Mato Grosso. Musical rhythm is very spread out in the Southeastern and southern regions of Brazil.)
The genre is extremely famous in the country, having as some of its greatest exponents Chitãozinho & Xororó, Leandro e Leonardo, Zeze Di Camargo e Luciano, Chrystian & Ralf, João Paulo & Daniel and Sérgio Reis. Additionally, over the past few years, artists such as Jorge & Mateus and Marília Mendonça have been on the rise.
Northeastern Music
North eastern music is a generic term for any popular music from the large region of Northeastern Brazil, including both coastal and inland areas. Rhythms are slower and are derived from guitars instead of percussion instruments like in the rest of Brazil—in this region, African rhythms and Portuguese melodies combined to form maracatu and forró. Most influentially, the area around the state of Pernambuco, the home of frevo and maracatu.
Gaucho music (Southern music)
Southern music, or Brazilian gaucho music () is a general term used for the music originally from the Rio Grande do Sul state, in Southern Brazil. Some of the most famous musicians of this genre are Teixeirinha, Gaúcho da Fronteira, Renato Borghetti, Yamandu Costa, Jayme Caetano Braun and Luiz Marenco, among others.
Music of Salvador: Late 60s to mid-70s
In the latter part of the 1960s, a group of black Bahians began dressing as Native Americans during the Salvadoran Carnaval, identifying with their shared struggles through history. These groups included Comanches do Pelô and Apaches de Tororó and were known for a forceful and powerful style of percussion, and frequent violent encounters with the police. Starting in 1974, a group of black Bahians called Ilê Aiyê became prominent, identifying with the Yoruba people of West Africa. Along with a policy of loosening restrictions by the Brazilian government, Ilê Aiyê's sound and message spread to groups like Grupo Cultural do Olodum, who established community centers and other philanthropic efforts.
Frevo
Frevo is a style of music from Olinda and Recife. Frevo bands always play during the Carnival.
Sambass
Sambass is a fusion of samba and Drum & Bass. The most famous sambass musicians are DJ Marky and DJ Patife whose hit Sambassim might be the most known sambass track.
Funk Carioca
Funk Carioca is a type of dance music from Rio de Janeiro, derived from and was until the late 1990s, superficially similar to Miami Bass. In Rio it is most often simply known as Funk, although it is very different musically from what Funk means in most other places and contexts. Funk Carioca, like other types of hip-hop lifts heavily from samples such as international rips or from previous funk music. Many popular funk songs sampled music from the movie Rocky. Funk was introduced to Brazil in a systematic way in the 1980s. Many funk artists have openly associated themselves with black movements and often in the lyrics of their songs, comment on race relations and openly express black pride. The genre went public with great impact in the 80s, with songs like Feira de Acari by MC Batata, with Furacão 2000, MC Marlboro and Brazilian versions of freestyle songs by the singer Latino, later turning into a more aggressive song, with an apology for violence, drugs, weapons and promiscuity in the 1990s, with precarious lyrics and several MCs with direct links with drug trafficking.
Brazilian pop music
National pop music was slow to gain popularity in Brazil. Only from 2013, with the song "Show das Poderosas", the singer Anitta became the first name of the genre in Brazil. The singer Ludmilla was also a relevant name in brazilian pop music, the singer emerged from funk carioca and passed a mix of the genres.
Ludmilla's success propelled other funk carioca singers to adopt pop music in their repertoire. Thus a new generation of singers emerged, among them, Valesca Popozuda, Pabllo Vittar, MC Biel and Melody.
The expansion of the pop genre in Brazil prompted singers of other styles to join the movement, such as Luan Santana, Banda Vingadora, Jhama, Gaby Amarantos, Tiago Iorc, among others.
Hip hop music
In São Paulo and other places in the south of Brazil, in more urban areas, hip hop music is very popular. They dress similarly to American rappers.
Brazilian hip hop is heavily associated with racial and economic issues in the country, where a lot of Afro-Brazilians live in economically disadvantaged communities, known in Brazil as favelas. São Paulo is where hip hop began in the country, but it soon spread all over Brazil, and today, almost every big Brazilian city, including Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Belo Horizonte, Recife and Brasilia, has a hip hop scene. São Paulo has gained a strong, underground Brazilian rap scene since its emergence in the late 1980s with many independent labels forming for young rappers to establish themselves on.
Brazilian bass
Brazilian bass is a subgenre of house that originated as a derivation of mainstream deep house music of early 2010s, fused with tech house elements and some minimalistic influences from bass house. The tempo typically range from 120 to 125 bpm. The genre is characterized by distinguishable deep punchy basslines, often making use of low-pitched and filtering effects. The genre was created in Brasília around the mid-2010s, but its national and international repercussion only happened in 2016 with DJs Alok, Bruno Martini and Sevenn.
Notable record labels
Far Out Recordings
Malandro Records
Mr Bongo Records
Som Livre
See also
List of Brazilian composers
List of Brazilian singers and bands of Christian music
References
Further reading
External links
Audio clips: Traditional music of Brazil. Musée d'Ethnographie de Genève. Accessed 25 November 2010.
BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Forro, coco and cowboys. Accessed 25 November 2010.
BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Candomble, Samba and Renato Rosa. Accessed 25 November 2010.
BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Rio, the samba and Mart'nalia. Accessed 25 November 2010.
BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Maracatu, ciranda and Mangue bit. Accessed 25 November 2010.
BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Coco music, the pifano flute and Sebastian Dias. Accessed 25 November 2010.
Brazilian Embassy in London – Music Section Brazilian music links
Sounds and Colours Brazil – resource dedicated to Brazilian music and culture Accessed 17 June 2014.
Brazil beyond clichés Vast archive of podcasts covering Brazilian music of all styles, regions and time periods, from vintage sambas to modern blends.
Scores and biographies by classical Brazilian composers available in Musica Brasilis website | wiki |
Little Prayers and Finite Experience is a book of prose and poetry by Paul Goodman.
Publication
Harper & Row first published 5,000 copies of Little Prayers and Finite Experience on October 11, 1972. Wildwood House distributed its British edition in November 1973.
References
External links
1972 books
Books by Paul Goodman
English-language books
American poetry collections
Harper & Row books | wiki |
Collected Poems is a book of Paul Goodman's collected poetry, edited by his literary executor Taylor Stoehr and introduced by George Dennison.
Ned Rorem, who had set Goodman's poetry to art song, felt that Goodman's revisions had weakened his originals.
References
Further reading
1974 poetry books
American poetry collections
English-language books
Vintage Books books | wiki |
Nel 1982 è stato inserito nella International Swimming Hall Of Fame.
Voci correlate
Pallanuoto ai Giochi della XVIII Olimpiade
Pallanuoto ai Giochi della XVII Olimpiade
Pallanuoto ai Giochi della XVI Olimpiade
Pallanuoto ai Giochi della XV Olimpiade
Altri progetti
Collegamenti esterni
Membri dell'International Swimming Hall of Fame | wiki |
Bloxwich United may refer to one of two English association football clubs:
Bloxwich United F.C., which existed between 2001 and 2002
Bloxwich United A.F.C., which adopted the name in 2008 | wiki |
Emin Guliyev may refer to:
Emin Quliyev (born 1977), former Azerbaijani football player and now coach
Emin Guliyev (swimmer) (born 1975), retired Azerbaijani swimmer | wiki |
The Inuit (sometimes referred to as Eskimo) are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Alaska (United States), Greenland (Kingdom of Denmark), the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Nunavik (Quebec) and Nunatsiavut (Labrador), Canada. The list has been broken down by country:
List of American Inuit
List of Canadian Inuit
List of Greenlandic Inuit
Lists of indigenous people of the Americas
Lists of people by ethnicity | wiki |
Liber Comicus is a lectionary from the Iberian Peninsula.
Liber comicus may also refer to:
Liber comicus, in a more general sense, an early liturgical book of the Roman Rite | wiki |
Prank My Mom is an American comedy television series on Lifetime. The series debuted on September 27, 2012 and was hosted by Vivica A. Fox.
Premise
The television series is a Lifetime half-an-hour comedy show that provides centers around mothers being pranked by their children, by being unknowingly put in funny situations.
Cast
Vivica A. Fox
Eliot Schwartz
Alexandra Kirr
Shelagh Ratner
Production
The series was produced by Thinkfactory Media and Peter M. Cohen Productions. The series was executive produced by Adam Reed, Cohen, Adam Freeman, Leslie Greif Rob Sharenow, Gena McCarthy and Kimberly Chessler.
Episodes
Season 1 (2012)
References
External links
English-language television shows
CollegeHumor
2012 American television series endings
American comedy | wiki |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.