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This is a list of special elections to the Minnesota Senate. Such elections are called by the governor of Minnesota to fill vacancies that occur when a member of the Minnesota Senate dies or resigns before the next general election. Winners of these elections serve the remainder of the term and are usually candidates in the next election for their districts.
General elections are held in November of the second year following the decennial United States Census and every four years thereafter. New Legislatures convene on the first Tuesday following the first Monday of the following year.
List of special elections
See also
List of special elections to the Minnesota House of Representatives
References
External links
Results of Special Elections for the Minnesota Legislature, 1971-present Minnesota Legislative Reference Library
Minnesota Senate special elections
Minnesota Senate special elections | wiki |
An electrostatic loudspeaker (ESL) is a loudspeaker design in which sound is generated by the force exerted on a membrane suspended in an electrostatic field.
Design and functionality
The speakers use a thin flat diaphragm usually consisting of a plastic sheet coated with a conductive material such as graphite sandwiched between two electrically conductive grids, with a small air gap between the diaphragm and grids. For low distortion operation, the diaphragm must operate with a constant charge on its surface, rather than with a constant voltage. This is accomplished by either or both of two techniques: the diaphragm's conductive coating is chosen and applied in a manner to give it a very high surface resistivity, and/or a large value resistor is placed in series between the EHT (Extra High Tension or Voltage) power supply and the diaphragm (resistor not shown in the diagram here). However, the latter technique will still allow distortion as the charge will migrate across the diaphragm to the point closest to the "grid" or electrode thereby increasing the force moving the diaphragm; this will occur at audio frequency so the diaphragm requires a high resistance (megohms) to slow the movement of charge for a practical speaker.
The diaphragm is usually made from a polyester film (thickness 2–20 µm) with exceptional mechanical properties, such as PET film. By means of the conductive coating and an external high voltage supply the diaphragm is held at a DC potential of several kilovolts with respect to the grids. The grids are driven by the audio signal; front and rear grid are driven in antiphase. As a result, a uniform electrostatic field proportional to the audio signal is produced between both grids. This causes a force to be exerted on the charged diaphragm, and its resulting movement drives the air on either side of it.
In virtually all electrostatic loudspeakers the diaphragm is driven by two grids, one on either side, because the force exerted on the diaphragm by a single grid will be unacceptably non-linear, thus causing harmonic distortion. Using grids on both sides cancels out voltage dependent part of non-linearity but leaves charge (attractive force) dependent part. The result is near complete absence of harmonic distortion. In one recent design, the diaphragm is driven with the audio signal, with the static charge located on the grids (Transparent Sound Solutions).
The grids must be able to generate as uniform an electric field as possible, while still allowing for sound to pass through. Suitable grid constructions are therefore perforated metal sheets, a frame with tensioned wire, wire rods, etc.
To generate a sufficient field strength, the audio signal on the grids must be of high voltage. The electrostatic construction is in effect a capacitor, and current is only needed to charge the capacitance created by the diaphragm and the stator plates (previous paragraphs referred to as grids or electrodes). This type of speaker is therefore a high-impedance device. In contrast, a modern electrodynamic cone loudspeaker is a low impedance device, with higher current requirements. As a result, impedance matching is necessary in order to use a normal amplifier. Most often a transformer is used to this end. Construction of this transformer is critical as it must provide a constant (often high) transformation ratio over the entire audible frequency range (i.e. large bandwidth) and so avoid distortion. The transformer is almost always specific to a particular electrostatic speaker. To date, Acoustat built the only commercial "transformer-less" electrostatic loudspeaker. In this design, the audio signal is applied directly to the stators from a built-in high-voltage valve amplifier (as valves are also high impedance devices), without use of a step-up transformer.
Advantages
Advantages of electrostatic loudspeakers include:
levels of distortion one to two orders of magnitude lower than conventional cone drivers in a box
the extremely light weight of the diaphragm which is driven across its whole surface
exemplary frequency response (both in amplitude and phase) because the principle of generating force and pressure is almost free from resonances unlike the more common electrodynamic driver.
Musical transparency can be better than in electrodynamic speakers because the radiating surface has much less mass than most other drivers and is therefore far less capable of storing energy to be released later. For example, typical dynamic speaker drivers can have moving masses of tens or hundreds of grams whereas an electrostatic membrane only weighs a few milligrams, several times less than the very lightest of electrodynamic tweeters. The concomitant air load, often insignificant in dynamic speakers, is usually tens of grams because of the large coupling surface, thus contributing to the damping of resonance buildup by the air itself to a significant, though not complete, degree. Electrostatics can also be executed as full-range designs, lacking the usual crossover filters and enclosures that could color or distort the sound.
Since many electrostatic speakers are tall and thin designs without an enclosure, they act as a vertical dipole line source. This makes for rather different acoustic behavior in rooms compared to conventional electrodynamic loudspeakers. Generally speaking, a large-panel dipole radiator is more demanding of a proper physical placement within a room when compared to a conventional box speaker, but, once there, it is less likely to excite bad-sounding room resonances, and its direct-to-reflected sound ratio is higher by some 4–5 decibels. This in turn leads to more accurate stereo reproduction of recordings that contain proper stereo information and venue ambience. Planar (flat) drivers tend to be very directional giving them good imaging qualities, on the condition that they have been carefully placed relative to the listener and the sound-reflecting surfaces in the room. Curved panels have been built, making the placement requirements a bit less stringent, but sacrificing imaging precision somewhat.
Disadvantages
Typical disadvantages include sensitivity to ambient humidity levels and a lack of bass response, due to phase cancellation from a lack of enclosure, but these are not shared by all designs. The bass rolloff 3db point occurs when the narrowest panel dimension equals a quarter wavelength of the radiated frequency for dipole radiators, so for a Quad ESL-63, which is 0.66 meters wide, this occurs at around 129 Hz, comparable to many box speakers (calculated with the speed of sound taken as 343 m/s). There is also the difficult physical challenge of reproducing low frequencies with a vibrating taut film with little excursion amplitude; however, as most diaphragms have a very large surface area compared to cone drivers, only small amplitude excursions are required to put relatively large amounts of energy out. While bass is lacking quantitatively (due to lower excursion than cone drivers) it can be of better quality ('tighter' and without 'booming') than that of electrodynamic (cone) systems. Phase cancellation can be somewhat compensated for by electronic equalization (a so-called shelving circuit that boosts the region inside the audio band where the generated sound pressure drops because of phase cancellation). Nevertheless maximum bass levels cannot be augmented because they are ultimately limited by the membrane's maximum permissible excursion before it comes too close to the high-voltage stators, which may produce electrical arcing and burn holes through it. Recent, technically more advanced solutions for perceived lack of bass include the use of large, curved panels (Sound-Lab, MartinLogan CLS), electrostatic subwoofer panels (Audiostatic, Quad), and long-throw electrostatic elements allowing large diaphragm excursions (Audiostatic). Another trick often practiced is to step up the bass (20–80 Hz) with a higher transformation ratio than the mid and treble.
This relative lack of loud bass is often remedied with a hybrid design using a dynamic loudspeaker, e.g. a subwoofer, to handle lower frequencies, with the electrostatic diaphragm handling middle and high frequencies. Many feel that the best low frequency unit for hybrids are cone drivers mounted on open baffles as dipoles, transmission line woofers or horns, since they possess roughly the same qualities (at least in the bass) as electrostatic speakers, i.e. good transient response, little box coloration, and (ideally) flat frequency response. However, there is often a problem with integrating such a woofer with the electrostatics. This is because most electrostatics are line sources, the sound pressure level of which decreases by 3 dB for each doubling of distance. A cone speaker's sound pressure level, on the other hand, decreases by 6 dB for each doubling of distance because it behaves as a point source. This can be overcome by the theoretically more elegant solution of using conventional cone woofers in an open baffle, or a push-pull arrangement, which produces a bipolar radiation pattern similar to that of the electrostatic membrane. This is still subject to phase cancellation, but cone woofers can be driven to far higher levels due to their longer excursion, thus making equalization to a flat response easier, and they add distortion thereby increasing the area (and therefore the power) under the frequency response graph, making the total low frequency energy higher but the fidelity to the signal lower.
An alternative is to enclose the electrostatic elements and operate them as "monopoles." This avoids the many disadvantages of dipole operation, most importantly a great reduction in room reflections and thus also in adulteration of the recorded ambiance. Since there's no attempt at making the speaker visually see-through, it also allows the application of materials to the rear of the panel to impart full damping of the membrane resonance, which improves transient response. In addition, using relatively small elements with a relatively high crossover frequency, such as 500 Hz, has a number of advantages. It reduces directivity to a degree that offers a reasonably wide sweet spot. It allows more of the 3 dB/octave increase in SPL with frequency to be used, increasing the sensitivity. It does not act as a true line array, so woofers are easier to integrate. Lastly, most of the remaining 3 dB roll-up can be counteracted by filtering the high frequencies from the signal to half or more of the width, which coincidentally widens the dispersion and thus the sweet spot. JansZen speakers incorporate all these alternative features. They also use acoustic suspension woofers (sealed enclosures), which have the lowest group delay of all configurations and thus the best chance of seamlessly integrating with the electrostatics. The panels are also well protected from collecting airborne contaminants, avoiding the need for periodic repairs.
The directionality of electrostatics can also be a disadvantage in that it means the 'sweet spot' where proper stereo imaging can be heard is relatively small, limiting the number of people who can fully enjoy the advantages of the speakers simultaneously. In 1992 Critical Mass introduced the first electrostatic speakers for use in the mobile environment (car audio). Critical Mass engineer and CEO Wayde Alfarone's design capitalized on the directional nature of electrostatics by creating separate sound fields for different seating locations in the vehicle.
Because of their tendency to attract dust, insects, conductive particles, and moisture, electrostatic speaker diaphragms will gradually deteriorate and need periodic replacement. They also need protection measures to physically isolate their high voltage parts from accidental contact with humans and pets. Cost-effective repair and restoration service is available for virtually every current and discontinued electrostatic loudspeaker model.
Amateur-built speakers
Electrostatic speakers enjoy some popularity among do-it-yourself (DIY) loudspeaker builders. They are one of the few types of speakers in which the transducers themselves can be built from scratch by an amateur as basic hardware for complete ESL DIY projects can be found available online. Such supplies include resistors and capacitors for RC circuit frequency equalization, if necessary; step-up transformers; perforated metal sheets or grids and insulating plastics for the stators; polymer film and conductive paint (e.g. a liquid graphite suspension) for the membrane; simple tensioning equipment for proper membrane tuning; and a frame, usually of wood, to hold everything together. A widely read resource by ESL enthusiasts is The Electrostatic Loudspeaker Design Cookbook () by notable ESL specialist Roger Sanders.
Commercial speakers
Arthur Janszen was granted in 1953 for an electrostatic loudspeaker. He had worked in the Navy to develop a low-distortion, high-frequency source for targeting torpedoes. After the war, he developed manufacturing technique for electrostatic speakers, to be used with conventional cone woofers, known as electrostatic hybrids. He licensed Neshaminy Electric to make these speakers. In the early 1970s, Electronic Industries of Minneapolis took over the license and rights to make JansZen electrostatic speakers. In 1974, Electronic Industries introduced a new wire wrap around ESL tweeter that great lowered the cost to manufacture. It also has proven to be totally reliable. Several large arrays of these tweeters were actually used as public address systems in concerts in Minneapolis. Ownership changed again in the late 1970s, and the company was bought. Plans were made to offer electrostatic speakers in cars, but never came into production. Dave Wilson of Wilson audio, used JansZen tweeters in his famous, WAMM, Wilson Audio MOdulator Monitor. That speaker sold for $220,000 pair when it was discontinued. The developers of the Tri-Ergon sound-on-film sound film system had developed a primitive design of electrostatic loudspeaker as early as 1919. David JansZen, son of Arthur JansZen, using his father's papers and designs introduced his own version of electrostatic hybrid speakers. His company, still in business, was not connected to Electronic Industries JansZen speakers. Mr. Janszen's company, JansZen still makes an evolved version of his original design. The KLH Nine was designed in the mid-1950s by Arthur A. Janszen, and thousands were sold after the design was brought over to KLH in 1959 and put into regular production.
Quad Electroacoustics
The first fully successful full-range electrostatic speaker, and also among the most influential, was produced in 1957: the Quad Electrostatic Loudspeaker (Quad ESL, later known as the ESL-57) from Quad Electroacoustics, of Huntingdon, England. These were shaped somewhat like a home electric radiator curved slightly on the vertical axis. They were widely admired for their clarity and precision, but can be difficult to run while achieving low frequency bass output.
The Quad ESLs were designed by Peter Walker, founder of the company, and David Williamson. The first in the series was the ESL-57, influenced by developed by Edward W. Kellogg for General Electric in 1934. It was introduced in 1955, put into commercial production in 1957, and discontinued only in 1985.
In 1981, Quad introduced the ESL-63 as a successor to the ESL-57. It attempted to address both the deficiency in bass reproduction of the ESL-57 and its extreme directionality at high frequencies. The latter goal is achieved by splitting the stators into eight concentric rings, each fed with a slight time delay compared to the ring immediately inwards, thereby attempting to emulate a point source.
Although the ESL-63 was discontinued in 1999, Quad maintains production of electrostatic speakers. Quad introduced the ESL-988 and its larger variant the ESL-989 in 1999, the ESL-2805 and ESL-2905 in 2005, and the ESL-2812 and ESL-2912 in 2017, that incorporate electronic and transducer refinements.
Other manufacturers
Popular manufacturers of electrostatic speakers include MartinLogan, KEF, Quad, SoundLab. Manufacturers who only make electrostatic-type speakers include SoundLab, Audiostatic, JansZen and Sanders Sound Systems (previously Innersound).
Other manufacturers currently producing electrostatic loudspeakers include Solosound, King's Audio, Panphonics, Cadence Audio, T+A and Silberstatic, Blanko.nu. BenQ produces a portable electrostatic Bluetooth speaker. Audiostatic claim to make the only full range electrostatic loudspeaker.
MartinLogan, JansZen, Metrum Acoustics, Sanders Sound Systems, and Sound-Lab, and others build hybrid designs with conventional woofers or subwoofers.
Among electrostatic full-range speakers that are no longer made is the KLH 9, the earliest US full-range design, AHL Tolteque, Acoustat, Servo-Statik and Immersion from Australia.
See also
Magnetostatic loudspeaker
References
Electrostatic motors
Loudspeakers | wiki |
Lampanyctus omostigma is a species of lanternfish.
References
omostigma
Fish described in 1908 | wiki |
Lex Luthor is a DC Comics supervillain and Superman's archenemy.
Luthor may also refer to related fictional characters:
Alexander Luthor Jr., from an alternate universe
Clark Luthor, an alter ego of Ultraman
Lena Luthor, Lex's younger sister, half-sister, or daughter, depending on the version
Lenny Luthor, Lex's nephew in the movie Superman IV: The Quest for Peace
Lionel Luthor, Lex's father in the television series Smallville
Alexis Luthor, a 31st-century descendant of Lex Luthor and a villain in the TV series Legion of Super Heroes
Alexis Luthor, the daughter of Lex Luthor on Earth-16 who has appeared in The Multiversity
"Luthors", an episode of the TV series Supergirl
See also
Luther (disambiguation) | wiki |
Lampanyctus parvicauda is a species of lanternfish.
References
Lampanyctus
Fish described in 1931 | wiki |
The Hyp-Doctor was an 18th-century weekly paper edited and produced by John 'Orator Henley'. It was a pro-Walpole newspaper established in opposition to another periodical of the period, entitled the Craftsman.
The first number of The Hyp-Doctor appeared on 15 December 1730, and it ceased publication in 1741.
References
Defunct newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Publications established in 1730
Year of disestablishment missing
1730 establishments in Great Britain | wiki |
Blue Waters is an American supercomputer.
Blue waters or Bluewaters may also refer to:
Blue waters, the global deep oceans
Blue Waters, Christ Church, Barbados, a populated place in the parish of Christ Church, Barbados
Blue Waters F.C., a Namibian football club
Bluewaters Island, Dubai, UAE
Battle of Blue Waters
See also
Bluewater (disambiguation) | wiki |
Lampanyctus pusillus is a species of lanternfish.
References
Lampanyctus
Fish described in 1890 | wiki |
Chinese chess primarily refers to xiangqi, a two-player Chinese game in a family of strategic board games of which Western chess, Indian chaturanga, Japanese shogi, and the more similar Korean janggi are also members. This may also refer to:
Chess in China (international, western, chess)
Chinese Chess Association
See also
Chinese checkers
Wei qi (Go)
Chess (disambiguation) | wiki |
Lampanyctus simulator is a species of lanternfish.
References
Lampanyctus
Fish described in 1971 | wiki |
Shutter may refer to:
Architecture
Window shutter, a solid window covering used for light control, privacy, security, protection against weather, and to enhance the aesthetics of a building
Roller shutter, a type of door or window shutter mainly used in retail shops, warehouses, and other facilities
Science and technology
Shutter (photography), a photographic device that administers the exposure by limiting the time over which light is admitted
Shutter, a device used to manipulate pulses of light in a signal lamp
Movie projector shutter, used to interrupt the emitted light during the time the film is advanced to the next frame
Remote shutter, in a selfie stick
Stage lighting shutter, used to modify the light cast by a theatre light
Bradbury–Nielsen shutter, a type of electrical ion gate that is used in the field of mass spectrometry
Films
Shutter (2004 film), a horror film from Thailand
Shutter, a 2007 short film starring Sonja Bennett
Shutter (2008 film), an American remake of the 2004 film, starring Joshua Jackson
Shutter (2012 film), an Indian thriller film
Shutter (2014 film), a Marathi-language thriller film
People
Rick Shutter, American drummer and percussionist
See also
Shuttering (disambiguation)
Shudder (disambiguation) | wiki |
General Dawnay may refer to:
David Dawnay (1903–1971), British Army major general
Guy Dawnay (British Army officer) (1878–1952), British Army major general
Hugh Dawnay, 8th Viscount Downe (1844–1924), British Army major general | wiki |
General Day may refer to:
Allan Day (fl. 1980s–2020s), U.S. Air Force major general
Hannibal Day (1804–1891), U.S. Army brigadier general
James L. Day (1925–1998), U.S. Marine Corps major general
Karl S. Day (1896–1973), U.S. Marine Corps lieutenant general | wiki |
Lampanyctus tenuiformis is a species of lanternfish.
References
Lampanyctus
Fish described in 1906 | wiki |
An electrician is a tradesperson specializing in electrical wiring of buildings, transmission lines, stationary machines, and related equipment. Electricians may be employed in the installation of new electrical components or the maintenance and repair of existing electrical infrastructure. Electricians may also specialize in wiring ships, airplanes, and other mobile platforms, as well as data and cable lines.
Terminology
Electricians were originally people who demonstrated or studied the principles of electricity, often electrostatic generators of one form or another.
In the United States, electricians are divided into two primary categories: lineperson, who work on electric utility company distribution systems at higher voltages, and wiremen, who work with the lower voltages utilized inside buildings. Wiremen are generally trained in one of five primary specialties: commercial, residential, light industrial, industrial, and low-voltage wiring, more commonly known as Voice-Data-Video, or VDV. Other sub-specialties such as control wiring and fire-alarm may be performed by specialists trained in the devices being installed, or by inside wiremen.
Electricians are trained to one of three levels: Apprentice, Journeyperson, and Master Electrician. In the US and Canada, apprentices work and receive a reduced compensation while learning their trade. They generally take several hundred hours of classroom instruction and are contracted to follow apprenticeship standards for a period of between three and six years, during which time they are paid as a percentage of the Journeyperson's pay. Journeymen are electricians who have completed their Apprenticeship and who have been found by the local, State, or National licensing body to be competent in the electrical trade. Master Electricians have performed well in the trade for a period of time, often seven to ten years, and have passed an exam to demonstrate superior knowledge of the National Electrical Code, or NEC.
Service electricians are tasked to respond to requests for isolated repairs and upgrades. They have skills troubleshooting wiring problems, installing wiring in existing buildings, and making repairs. Construction electricians primarily focus on larger projects, such as installing all new electrical system for an entire building, or upgrading an entire floor of an office building as part of a remodeling process. Other specialty areas are marine electricians, research electricians and hospital electricians. "Electrician" is also used as the name of a role in stagecraft, where electricians are tasked primarily with hanging, focusing, and operating stage lighting. In this context, the Master Electrician is the show's chief electrician. Although theater electricians routinely perform electrical work on stage lighting instruments and equipment, they are not part of the electrical trade and have a different set of skills and qualifications from the electricians that work on building wiring.
In the film industry and on a television crew the head electrician is referred to as a Gaffer.
Electrical contractors are businesses that employ electricians to design, install, and maintain electrical systems. Contractors are responsible for generating bids for new jobs, hiring tradespeople for the job, providing material to electricians in a timely manner, and communicating with architects, electrical and building engineers, and the customer to plan and complete the finished product.
Training and regulation of trade
Many jurisdictions have regulatory restrictions concerning electrical work for safety reasons due to the many hazards of working with electricity. Such requirements may be testing, registration or licensing. Licensing requirements vary between jurisdictions.
Australia
An electrician's license entitles the holder to carry out all types of electrical installation work in Australia without supervision. However, to contract, or offer to contract, to carry out electrical installation work, a licensed electrician must also be registered as an electrical contractor. Under Australian law, electrical work that involves fixed wiring is strictly regulated and must almost always be performed by a licensed electrician or electrical contractor. A local electrician can handle a range of work including air conditioning, light fittings and installation, safety switches, smoke alarm installation, inspection and certification and testing and tagging of electrical appliances.
To provide data, structured cabling systems, home automation & theatre, LAN, WAN and VPN data solutions or phone points, an installer must be licensed as a Telecommunications Cable Provider under a scheme controlled by Australian Communications and Media Authority
Electrical licensing in Australia is regulated by the individual states. In Western Australia, the Department of Commerce tracks licensee's and allows the public to search for individually named/licensed Electricians.
Currently in Victoria the apprenticeship lasts for four years, during three of those years the apprentice attends trade school in either a block release of one week each month or one day each week. At the end of the apprenticeship the apprentice is required to pass three examinations, one of which is theory based with the other two practically based. Upon successful completion of these exams, providing all other components of the apprenticeship are satisfactory, the apprentice is granted an A Class licence on application to Energy Safe Victoria (ESV).
An A Class electrician may perform work unsupervised but is unable to work for profit or gain without having the further qualifications necessary to become a Registered Electrical Contractor (REC) or being in the employment of a person holding REC status. However, some exemptions do exist.
In most cases a certificate of electrical safety must be submitted to the relevant body after any electrical works are performed.
Safety equipment used and worn by electricians in Australia (including insulated rubber gloves and mats) needs to be tested regularly to ensure it is still protecting the worker. Because of the high risk involved in this trade, this testing needs to be performed regularly and regulations vary according to state. Industry best practice is the Queensland Electrical Safety Act 2002, and requires six-monthly testing.
Canada
Training of electricians follows an apprenticeship model, taking four or five years to progress to fully qualified journeyperson level. Typical apprenticeship programs consists of 80-90% hands-on work under the supervision of journeymen and 10-20% classroom training. Training and licensing of electricians is regulated by each province, however professional licenses are valid throughout Canada under Agreement on Internal Trade. An endorsement under the Red Seal Program provides additional competency assurance to industry standards.
In order for individuals to become a licensed electricians, they need to have 9000 hours of practical, on the job training. They also need to attend school for 4 terms and pass a provincial exam. This training enables them to become journeyperson electricians. Furthermore, in British Columbia, an individual can go a step beyond that and become a “FSR”, or field safety representative. This credential gives the ability to become a licensed electrical contractor and to pull permits. Notwithstanding this, some Canadian provinces only grant "permit pulling privileges" to current Master Electricians, that is, a journeyperson who has been engaged in the industry for three years and has passed the Master's examination (i.e. Alberta). The various levels of field safety representatives are A,B and C. The only difference between each class is that they are able to do increasingly higher voltage and current work.
United Kingdom
The two qualification awarding organisations are City and Guilds and EAL. Electrical competence is required at Level 3 to practice as a 'qualified electrician' in the UK. Once qualified and demonstrating the required level of competence an Electrician can apply to register for a Joint Industry Board Electrotechnical Certification Scheme card in order to work on building sites or other controlled areas.
Although partly covered during Level 3 training, more in depth knowledge and qualifications can be obtained covering subjects such as Design and Verification or Testing and Inspection among others. These additional qualifications can be listed on the reverse of the JIB card. Beyond this level is additional training and qualifications such as EV charger installations or training and working in specialist areas such as street furniture or within industry.
The Electricity at Work Regulations are a statutory document that covers the use and proper maintenance of electrical equipment and installations within businesses and other organisations such as charities. Parts of the Building Regulations cover the legal requirements of the installation of electrical technical equipment with Part P outlining most of the regulations covering dwellings
Information regarding design, selection, installation and testing of electrical structures is provided in the non-statutory publication 'Requirements for Electrical Installations, IET Wiring Regulations, Eighteenth Edition, BS 7671:2018' otherwise known as the Wiring Regulations or 'Regs'. Usual amendments are published on an ad hoc bases when minor changes occur. The first major update of the 18th Edition were published during February 2020 mainly covering the section covering Electric vehicles charger installations although an addendum was published during December 2019 correcting some minor mistakes and adding some small changes. The IET also publish a series of 'Guidance Notes' in book form that provide further in-depth knowledge.
With the exception of the work covered by Part P of the Building Regulations, such as installing consumer units, new circuits or work in bathrooms, there are no laws that prevent anyone from carrying out some basic electrical work in the UK.
In British English, an electrician is colloquially known as a "spark".
United States
The United States does not offer nationwide licensing and electrical licenses are issued by individual states. There are variations in licensing requirements, however, all states recognize three basic skill categories: level electricians. Journeyperson electricians can work unsupervised provided that they work according to a master's direction. Generally, states do not offer journeyperson permits, and journeyperson electricians and other apprentices can only work under permits issued to a master electrician. Apprentices may not work without direct supervision.
Before electricians can work unsupervised, they are usually required to serve an apprenticeship lasting three to five years under the general supervision of a master electrician and usually the direct supervision of a journeyperson electrician. Schooling in electrical theory and electrical building codes is required to complete the apprenticeship program. Many apprenticeship programs provide a salary to the apprentice during training. A journeyperson electrician is a classification of licensing granted to those who have met the experience requirements for on the job training (usually 4,000 to 6,000 hours) and classroom hours (about 144 hours). Requirements include completion of two to six years of apprenticeship training and passing a licensing exam.
Reciprocity
An electrician's license is valid for work in the state where the license was issued. In addition, many states recognize licenses from other states, sometimes called interstate reciprocity participation, although there can be conditions imposed. For example, California reciprocates with Arizona, Nevada, and Utah on the condition that licenses are in good standing and have been held at the other state for five years. Nevada reciprocates with Arizona, California, and Utah. Maine reciprocates with New Hampshire and Vermont at the master level, and the state reciprocates with New Hampshire, North Dakota, Idaho, Oregon, Vermont, and Wyoming at the journeyperson level. Colorado maintains a journeyperson alliance with Alaska, Arkansas, the Dakotas, Idaho, Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Utah, and Wyoming.
Tools
Electricians use a range of hand and power tools and instruments.
Some of the more common tools are:
Conduit Bender: Bender used to bend various types of Electrical Conduit. These come in many variations including hand, electrical, and hydraulic powered.
Non-Contact Voltage Testers
Lineperson's Pliers: Heavy-duty pliers for general use in cutting, bending, crimping and pulling wire.
Diagonal Pliers (also known as side cutters or Dikes): Pliers consisting of cutting blades for use on smaller gauge wires, but sometimes also used as a gripping tool for removal of nails and staples.
Needle-Nose Pliers: Pliers with a long, tapered gripping nose of various size, with or without cutters, generally smaller and for finer work (including very small tools used in electronics wiring).
Wire Strippers: Plier-like tool available in many sizes and designs featuring special blades to cut and strip wire insulation while leaving the conductor wire intact and without nicks. Some wire strippers include cable strippers among their multiple functions, for removing the outer cable jacket.
Cable Cutters: Highly leveraged pliers for cutting larger cable.
Armored Cable Cutters: Commonly referred to by the trademark 'Roto-Split' , is a tool used to cut the metal sleeve on MC (Metal Clad) cable.
Multimeter: An instrument for electrical measurement with multiple functions. It is available as analog or digital display. Common features include: voltage, resistance, and current. Some models offer additional functions.
Unibit or Step-Bit: A metal-cutting drill bit with stepped-diameter cutting edges to enable convenient drilling holes in preset increments in stamped/rolled metal up to about 1.6mm (1/16 inch) thick. Commonly used to create custom knock-outs in a breaker panel or junction box.
Cord, Rope or Fish Tape. Used to manipulate cables and wires through cavities. The fishing tool is pushed, dropped, or shot into the installed raceway, stud-bay or joist-bay of a finished wall or in a floor or ceiling. Then the wire or cable is attached and pulled back.
Crimping Tools: Used to apply terminals or splices. These may be hand or hydraulic powered. Some hand tools have ratchets to insure proper pressure. Hydraulic units achieve cold welding, even for aluminum cable.
Insulation Resistance Tester: Commonly referred to as a Megger, these testers apply several hundred to several thousand volts to cables and equipment to determine the insulation resistance value.
Knockout Punch: For punching holes into boxes, panels, switchgear, etc. for inserting cable & pipe connectors.
GFI/GFCI Testers: Used to test the functionality of Ground-Fault Interrupting receptacles.
Voltmeter: An electrician's tool used to measure electrical potential difference between two points in an electric circuit.
Other general-use tools include screwdrivers, hammers, reciprocating saws, drywall saws, flashlights, chisels, tongue and groove pliers (Commonly referred to as 'Channellock®' pliers, a famous manufacturer of this tool) and drills.
Safety
In addition to the workplace hazards generally faced by industrial workers, electricians are also particularly exposed to injury by electricity. An electrician may experience electric shock due to direct contact with energized circuit conductors or due to stray voltage caused by faults in a system. An electric arc exposes eyes and skin to hazardous amounts of heat and light. Faulty switchgear may cause an arc flash incident with a resultant blast. Electricians are trained to work safely and take many measures to minimize the danger of injury. Lockout and tagout procedures are used to make sure that circuits are proven to be de-energized before work is done. Limits of approach to energized equipment protect against arc flash exposure; specially designed flash-resistant clothing provides additional protection; grounding (earthing) clamps and chains are used on line conductors to provide a visible assurance that a conductor is de-energized. Personal protective equipment provides electrical insulation as well as protection from mechanical impact; gloves have insulating rubber liners, and work boots and hard hats are specially rated to provide protection from shock. If a system cannot be de-energized, insulated tools are used; even high-voltage transmission lines can be repaired while energized, when necessary.
Electrical workers, which includes electricians, accounted for 34% of total electrocutions of construction trades workers in the United States between 1992 and 2003.
Working conditions
Working conditions for electricians vary by specialization. Generally an electrician's work is physically demanding such as climbing ladders and lifting tools and supplies. Occasionally an electrician must work in a cramped space or on scaffolding, and may frequently be bending, squatting or kneeling, to make connections in awkward locations. Construction electricians may spend much of their days in outdoor or semi-outdoor loud and dirty work sites. Industrial electricians may be exposed to the heat, dust, and noise of an industrial plant. Power systems electricians may be called to work in all kinds of adverse weather to make emergency repairs.
Trade organizations
Some electricians are union members and work under their union's policies.
Australia
Electricians can choose to be represented by the Electrical Trade Union (ETU). Electrical Contractors can be represented by the National Electrical & Communications Association or Master Electricians Australia.
North America
Some electricians are union members. Some examples of electricians' unions include the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Canadian Union of Public Employees, and the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers.The International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers provides its own apprenticeships through its National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee and the National Electrical Contractors Association. Many merit shop training and apprenticeship programs also exist, including those offered by such as trade associations as Associated Builders and Contractors and Independent Electrical Contractors. These organizations provide comprehensive training, in accordance with U.S. Department of Labor regulations.
United Kingdom/Ireland
In the United Kingdom, electricians are represented by several unions including Unite the Union
In the Republic of Ireland there are two self-regulation/self certification bodies RECI Register of Electrical Contractors of Ireland and ECSSA.
Auto electrician
An auto electrician is a tradesperson specializing in electrical wiring of motor vehicles. Auto electricians may be employed in the installation of new electrical components or the maintenance and repair of existing electrical components. Auto electricians specialize in cars and commercial vehicles. The auto electrical trade is generally more difficult than the electrical trade due to the confined spaces, engineering complexity of modern automotive electrical systems, and working conditions (often roadside breakdowns or on construction sites, mines, quarries to repair machinery etc.) Also the presence of high-current DC electricity makes injury from burns and arc-flash injury possible.
See also
Lineperson (Technician)
Gaffer (Term used in film and television)
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
List of electricians, notable individuals who have worked as electricians
References
External links
Occupational Outlook Handbook
Electrician fault and detections issue
Electric power
Construction trades workers
Electrical wiring
Industrial occupations
Technicians | wiki |
Aleksije II. Trapezuntski
Aleksije II. Komnen
Aleksije II. (patrijarh moskovski) | wiki |
Lampanyctus vadulus is a species of lanternfish.
References
Lampanyctus
Taxa named by P. Alexander Hulley
Fish described in 1981 | wiki |
Radiative Auger effect is a decay channel of an inner-shell atomic vacancy state, in which an x-ray photon is emitted accompanying simultaneous promotion of an electron into either a bound or a continuum state. Thus the transition energy is shared between the photon and the electron.
The effect was first observed by F. Bloch and P. A. Ross, with initial theoretical explanation by F. Bloch.
Later the effect has also been observed on defects in the solid-state, semiconductor quantum emitters, as well as two-dimensional electron gases. In the latter case, the effect is typically referred to as shake-up.
See also
Auger effect
Radiative transition
References
Atomic physics | wiki |
General Dayton may refer to:
Elias Dayton (1737–1807), New Jersey Militia brigadier general in the American Revolutionary War
Keith Dayton (born 1949), U.S. Army lieutenant general
Oscar Veniah Dayton (1827–1898), Union Army brevet brigadier general of volunteers | wiki |
General Donaldson may refer to:
Hay Frederick Donaldson (1856–1916), British Army brigadier general
James Lowry Donaldson (1814–1885), Union Army brigadier general
John W. Donaldson (1924–2008), U.S. Army brigadier general | wiki |
Little black dress, een kledingstuk
Little Black Dress, een nummer van One Direction uit 2013
Little Black Dress (film), een kortfilm uit 2005 | wiki |
Bread flavored with cracklings is found in several cuisines:
Crackling bread, in the cuisine of the Southern United States is a cornbread incorporating cracklings.
Pompe aux grattons or brioche aux griaudes, in the cuisine of central France, is a bread, tart, or brioche incorporating cracklings. It is a specialty of the Bourbonnais.
Pan de chicharrones, in the cuisine of Argentina and the cuisine of Uruguay, is a wheat flour bread incorporating beef cracklings and tallow.
In American literature
Crackling bread is mentioned in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird. It is the narrator Scout's favorite snack. Calpurnia, the family's cook, prepared it for Scout after her first day at school. "It was not often that she made crackling bread, she said she never had time, but with both of us at school today had been an easy one for her. She knew I loved crackling bread." Calpurnia and Scout had had an argument during lunch and to try to repair the bond between them she made crackling bread.
References
Cuisine of the Southern United States
Soul food
Argentine cuisine
American pork dishes
French breads | wiki |
General Dunn may refer to:
Peter Dunn (general) (born 1947), Australian Army major general
Thomas W. Dunn (1908–1983), U.S. Army lieutenant general
Troy E. Dunn (fl. 1990s–2020s), U.S. Air Force major general
William McKee Dunn (1814–1887), U.S. Army brigadier general
See also
Francis Plunkett Dunne (died 1874), British Army major general
Martyn Dunne (born 1950), New Zealand Army major general | wiki |
A Clean Air Zone (CAZ) is an area in the United Kingdom where targeted action is taken to improve air quality. A CAZ can be non-charging or charging.
Whether a vehicle is charged when entering or moving through a CAZ depends on the type of vehicle and the Euro standard of the vehicle. The amount charged is up to the local authority responsible for the CAZ. Ultra-low-emission vehicles are not charged when entering or moving through a Clean Air Zone.
Classes of charging Clean Air Zone
List of Clean Air Zones
See also
Congestion charge – a related concept for tackling congestion
London low emission zone
References
External links
Nitrogen Dioxide Emissions - Euro 6 vs Older Euro Standard Engines
Carbon Monoxide Emissions - Euro 6 vs Older Euro Standard Engines
Environmental law in the United Kingdom
Air pollution in the United Kingdom
Motoring taxation in the United Kingdom
Electronic toll collection
Road congestion charge schemes in the United Kingdom
Transport policy in the United Kingdom | wiki |
West Cape is a headland in New Zealand.
West Cape may also refer to:
West Cape, Prince Edward Island, a headland in Canada
West Cape (South Australia), a headland
See also
Western Cape, a province of South Africa | wiki |
Munga-Thirri may refer to:
Munga-Thirri National Park, Queensland, Australia
Munga-Thirri–Simpson Desert National Park, South Australia
Munga-Thirri–Simpson Desert Regional Reserve, a former regional reserve, now part of Munga-Thirri–Simpson Desert National Park | wiki |
Life of Crime may refer to:
Life of Crime (album), a 1990 album by Laughing Hyenas
Life of Crime (TV series), a 2013 British television police procedural
Life of Crime (film), a 2013 crime comedy-drama, starring Jennifer Aniston
"Life of Crime", an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants
Kingpin: Life of Crime, a 1999 first-person action video game developed by Xatrix Entertainment | wiki |
María Luisa Fernández may refer to:
María Luisa Fernández (gymnast) (born 1943), Spanish Olympic gymnast
María Luisa Fernández (swimmer) (born 1969), Spanish Olympic swimmer
María Luisa Fernández (writer) (1870–1938), Chilean writer | wiki |
It's Gonna Rain is a composition by Steve Reich
It's Gonna Rain may also refer to:
"It's Gonna Rain", song by Sonny and Cher, B-side
"It's Gonna Rain", 1970 song by Bobby Womack
"It's Gonna Rain", song and single by Violent Femmes
"It's Gonna Rain!", Japanese song by Bonnie Pink
"It's Gonna Rain", a song by Take 6 first released on their 1994 album, Join the Band | wiki |
A family meal or staff meal is a group meal that a restaurant serves its staff outside of peak business hours. The restaurant provides the meal free of charge, as a perk of employment. Typically the meal is served to the entire staff at once, with all staff being treated equally, like a "family". The restaurant's own chefs (traditionally, but not always, the lowest in the pecking order) prepare the meal, often using leftover or unused ingredients. As a result usually the meals don't involve dishes on the restaurant's regular menu. Chefs may also use the family meal to experiment with new recipes, or simply whip up something from their own ethnic backgrounds.
Several cookbooks have been published describing family meals at well-known restaurants. Examples include:
The Family Meal: Home Cooking with Ferran Adria by Ferran Adrià of elBulli (2011)
Staff Meals from Chanterelle by David Waltuck (2000)
Off the Menu: Staff Meals from America's Top Restaurants by Marissa Guggiana (2011)
Come In, We're Closed: An Invitation to Staff Meals at the World's Best Restaurants by Christine Carroll and Jody Eddy (2012)
See also
List of restaurant terminology
References
External links
Family Meal - A chef describes his experiences preparing staff meals early in his career
Restaurant terminology
Employment compensation | wiki |
{{DISPLAYTITLE:5-HT1D receptor agonist}}
5-HT1D receptor agonists are pharmaceutical drugs for the treatment of migraine. They include:
Triptans (which additionally act as 5-HT1B receptor agonists)
Ergotamine (which also has other mechanisms of action)
Dihydroergotamine, a derivative of the former
Alniditan
5-HT1D agonists | wiki |
Head (HTML)
head (program)
Brian "Head" Welch
Head (przedsiębiorstwo) | wiki |
This is a list of Pakistani sweets and desserts. Many different
desserts exist in Pakistani cuisine. Some sweets are the same or are similar to Indian sweets, due to the two countries' shared cultural heritage. Please see the List of Indian sweets and desserts for more details.
Pakistani sweets and desserts
See also
List of desserts
South Asian sweets
References
External links
Pakistani
Sweets | wiki |
Lupinus smithianus is a species of legume in the family Fabaceae. It is found only in Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.
References
smithianus
Endemic flora of Ecuador
Data deficient plants
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
Cliff Brown may refer to:
Cliff Brown (American football) (1952–2012), former American football quarterback for the University of Notre Dame
Cliff Brown (soccer) (born 1956), American soccer goalkeeper | wiki |
Sarah Morton may refer to:
Sarah Morton (playwright), American playwright, actor, educator and activist
Sarah Wentworth Apthorp Morton (1759–1846), American poet
Sarah Morton (footballer) (born 1998), New Zealand footballer
Sarah Morton, lead character played by Charlotte Rampling in Swimming Pool, 2003
Sarah Morton (basketball) with Wolfenbüttel Wildcats
Sarah Morton, a passenger of the Little James in 1623 | wiki |
This is a list of the longest animated feature films by running time.
Individual films
Films with a running time of 120 minutes (2 hours) or more are included here. Note: Some releases are extended cuts or director's cuts and are ranked according to the longest verified running time.
Films released in separate parts
This section lists films conceived as an artistic unity and produced simultaneously, or consecutively with no significant interruption or change of production team, despite being released with separate premieres.
See also
List of longest films
Lists of animated feature films
References
longest
Longest animated
Longest animated films
F | wiki |
This is a list of mayors of Toledo, Ohio.
References
External links
Toledo, Ohio | wiki |
Untold: The Greatest Sports Stories Never Told is an original one-hour documentary series featuring some of sports' most compelling figures and the challenges they've endured. It was hosted by Marv Albert. The series aired on Spike TV from 2004 to 2005.
Opening sequence
Episode list
"Terry Bradshaw" – November 12, 2004
"Bo Jackson" – November 19, 2004
"Darryl Strawberry" – December 3, 2004
"Harwood Dreams: Ten Years Later" – December 10, 2004
"Ricky Williams" – January 7, 2005
"The Smashing Machine" – January 14, 2005
"Testosterone Boys" – January 28, 2005
"Laird Hamilton" – February 4, 2005
"Isiah Thomas" – February 11, 2005
External links
American sports television series
2004 American television series debuts
2005 American television series endings
2000s American documentary television series
Spike (TV network) original programming | wiki |
Non finito is a sculpting technique meaning that the work is unfinished. Italian in etymology, it literally means "not finished". Non finito sculptures appear unfinished because the artist only sculpts part of the block, the figure sometimes appearing to be stuck within the block of material. It was pioneered by Donatello during the Renaissance and was also used by Michelangelo among others.
The philosophic origins of non finito practice come from antiquity and the theories of Plato. Platonic philosophy states that any work of art, or otherwise, never completely resembles its heavenly counterpart. The act of leaving a work unfinished is sometimes a neo-Platonic homage to this. In the case of the ancient Romans, artists would sign their work with the verb faciebat (third-person singular imperfect active indicative of faciō). This verb, following their name, would identify them as the artist, but the work as unfinished (non finito). Some artists, however, signed their work this way even if the work had been refined to the highest degree, as when Michelangelo famously signed his sculpture Pietá, the only sculpture he ever signed.
References
Sculpture techniques | wiki |
Clinical professor, sometimes known as professor of practice, is an academic appointment made to a member of a profession who is associated with a university or other academic body, and engages in practical (clinical) instruction of students (e.g., medical students, engineering students). Titles in this category may include clinical instructor, assistant clinical professor, associate clinical professor, and clinical professor. Clinical professorship generally does not offer a "tenure track," but can be either full- or part-time, and is typically noted for its emphasis on practical skills training as opposed to theoretical matters. Thus, most members of such faculty are expected to have considerable practical experience in their respective fields of expertise; unlike with most other faculty, this is deemed at least as important as educational credentials. For administrative purposes, some universities classify such a designation as equivalent to "adjunct professor." Clinical professors may be salaried or may teach as a volunteer.
In the field of medicine, the usage of the terms (in ascending order of rank) clinical instructor, clinical assistant professor, clinical associate professor, and clinical professor (as opposed to the same titles without the clinical modifier) are not well standardized. In some institutions clinical faculty may receive a designation of rank with the clinical modifier as a courtesy, often on the basis of involvement in education of medical (or other) students. In such a context, ascending rank may acknowledge seniority and/or reputation. Medical faculty working full time as an academic medical center with involvement in scholarly pursuits are typically assigned a rank without the clinical modifier of instructor, assistant professor, associate professor, or professor with or without tenure depending upon the institution. The assistant clinical professor position may be almost entirely honorary. In Canada, doctors who teach are called "preceptors."
Examples of clinical professor
Clinical Professor of Medicine
Clinical Professor of Nursing
Clinical Professor of Psychology
Clinical Professor of Law
Clinical Professor of Business
Clinical Professor of Economics
Clinical Professor of Pharmacy
Professor of Professional Practice (various professional fields)
References
Medical education | wiki |
The Girl of the West – film del 1911 diretto da Gilbert M. 'Broncho Billy' Anderson
The Girl of the West – film del 1925 diretto da Alan James | wiki |
Stalker vision or monster vision is a cinema technique used to convey a sense of being watched. Often used in horror movies to inspire dread of what one is watching, this shot-framing incorporates a few techniques for effect.
A point-of-view shot is used to convey a clear sense of distance between the viewpoint and the subject. The subject is shown from the perspective of the stalker, and cover (such as foliage) is often shown in the periphery to demonstrate that the viewer is hiding. Another aspect of stalker vision is that it usually shows an everyday action that is not usually public.
Also, one of the mainstays of stalker vision is that the victim is watched over a period of time. Often Telescopes, binoculars, or other observation equipment are combined with a tree stand or some other place of watching.
Stalker vision often features a fairly helpless target, usually the female protagonist or a child in a horror movie. This tendency of the stalker or monster to prey upon the weak is used to create hatred and dislike for the viewer, and worry for the victim.
See also
Horror movies
Thriller
Monster movie
Cinematography
Cinematic techniques | wiki |
The following is a list of the 195 communes of the Haute-Vienne department of France.
The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):
Communauté urbaine Limoges Métropole
Communauté de communes Briance-Combade
Communauté de communes Briance Sud Haute-Vienne
Communauté de communes Élan Limousin Avenir Nature
Communauté de communes Gartempe Saint-Pardoux
Communauté de communes Haut-Limousin en Marche
Communauté de communes de Noblat
Communauté de communes Ouest Limousin
Communauté de communes Pays de Nexon-Monts de Châlus
Communauté de communes du Pays de Saint-Yrieix (partly)
Communauté de communes Porte Océane du Limousin
Communauté de communes des Portes de Vassivière
Communauté de communes du Val de Vienne
References
Haute-Vienne | wiki |
uname (skrót od unix name) – uniksowe polecenie wypisujące informacje o systemie operacyjnym. W systemie GNU ten program jest w pakiecie GNU Coreutils. Pojawiło się po raz pierwszy w systemie PWB/UNIX wydanym w 1977 roku.
Linki zewnętrzne
Polecenia Unix | wiki |
Tiffany Taylor puede referirse a:
Tiffany Taylor (1977-), modelo y playmate estadounidense.
Tiffany Taylor (1980-), actriz porno estadounidense. | wiki |
Water's Journey: The Hidden Rivers of Florida is a documentary film by Wes Skiles that tracks the path of water through the Floridan aquifer, where a team reveals the journey of water above and within the earth. Viewers are transported through a world that reveals how their lives are intertwined with the water they drink.
Synopsis
The documentary features footage of cave diving to document the path of water. Its purpose is to educate on water conservation.
American documentary films
2003 films
2003 documentary films
Films shot in Florida
Documentary films about water and the environment
Documentary films about Florida
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
English-language documentary films | wiki |
Village is a historical-themed euro-style board game with focus on resource management for 2-4 players, released in 2011. It is designed by Inka Brand and Markus Brand.
The game won the 2012 Deutscher Spiele Preis and Kennerspiel des Jahres awards.
References
External links
Board games introduced in 2011
Board games about history
Deutscher Spiele Preis winners
Worker placement board games
Kennerspiel des Jahres winners | wiki |
Western Rite or Western liturgical rite can refer to:
Latin liturgical rites, liturgical rites of the Latin Church, also known as the Western Church, which is the main part of the Catholic Church
Western Rite Orthodoxy, designation for Christian communities within Eastern Orthodoxy or Oriental Orthodoxy, that use traditional western liturgies
any other liturgical rite of western origin or use in Christian liturgy
Western Syriac Rite, western variant of the Syriac Rite, itself belonging to the family of Eastern liturgical rites
See also
Eastern Rite (disambiguation) | wiki |
The Attack on Anzac Cove can refer to;
First attack on Anzac Cove 25 April 1915
Second attack on Anzac Cove 27–28 April 1915
Third attack on Anzac Cove 19 May 1915 | wiki |
OB stars are hot, massive stars of spectral types O or early-type B that form in loosely organized groups called OB associations. They are short lived, and thus do not move very far from where they formed within their life. During their lifetime, they will emit much ultraviolet radiation. This radiation rapidly ionizes the surrounding interstellar gas of the giant molecular cloud, forming an H II region or Strömgren sphere.
In lists of spectra the "spectrum of OB" refers to "unknown, but belonging to an OB association so thus of early type".
See also
O-type main-sequence star
B-type main-sequence star
Stellar kinematics
References
External links
Bouy, Hervé and Alves, João: Cosmography of OB Stars in the Solar Neighborhood Astronomy & Astrophysics (December 2015). A three-dimensional map of OB star density within 500 pc of the Sun.
— Scientia Astrophysical Organization's star classification page
Philippe Stee's homepage: Hot and Active Stars Research
O-type stars
B-type stars | wiki |
Higher good is a "good" that is shared and beneficial for all (or most) members of a given community. An example might be an art collector donating their collections to a public museum so all could enjoy the artwork rather than just those privileged enough to see it in private. This is also how the higher good is broadly defined in philosophy, ethics, and political science.
Related
Good and evil
Notes
Concepts in ethics
Value (ethics) | wiki |
Lamping, or Spotlighting, is a method of hunting nocturnal animals with high-powered lights.
Lamping may also refer to:
John Lamping, an American politician
Mark Lamping, an American sports executive
Lamping Peak, in Antarctica
See also
Lamp (disambiguation) | wiki |
The National Maximum Speed Limit (NMSL) was a provision of the federal government of the United States 1974 Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act that effectively prohibited speed limits higher than . It was drafted in response to oil price spikes and supply disruptions during the 1973 oil crisis and remained the law until 1995.
While federal officials hoped gasoline consumption would fall by 2.2%, the actual savings were estimated at between 0.5% and 1%.
The law was widely disregarded by motorists nationwide, and some states opposed the law, but many jurisdictions discovered it to be a major source of revenue. Actions ranged from proposing deals for an exemption to de-emphasizing speed limit enforcement. The NMSL was modified in 1987 and 1988 to allow up to limits on certain limited-access rural roads. Congress repealed the NMSL in 1995, fully returning speed limit-setting authority to the individual states.
The law's safety benefit is disputed as research found conflicting results.
The power to set speed limits historically belonged to the states. Prior to the NMSL, the sole exception to this occurred during World War II, when the U.S. Office of Defense Transportation established a national maximum "Victory Speed Limit" of , in addition to gasoline and tire rationing, to help conserve fuel and rubber for the American war effort. Although it was widely disregarded by many motorists, the Victory Speed Limit lasted from May 1942 to August 14, 1945, when the war ended. Immediately before the NMSL became effective, speed limits were as high as . (Kansas had lowered its turnpike speed limit from before 1974.) Montana and Nevada generally posted no speed limits on highways, limiting drivers to only whatever was safe for conditions.
1973—55 mph National Speed Limit
As of November 20, 1973, several states had modified speed limits:
: Rhode Island, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Vermont, and Washington
: North Carolina and Oregon
California lowered some limits to .
In late November 1973, Texas Governor Dolph Briscoe recommended adoption of a statewide limit. On December 4, the Texas Highway Commission, with a 3–0 vote, adopted this speed limit, citing unsafe speed differentials between the flow of traffic and people driving too slowly to comply with Nixon's and Briscoe's requests for voluntary slowdowns. The legality of the measure was questioned, and two Texas legislators threatened to sue to block the limit. By December 6, Texas Attorney General John Hill ruled that the speed reduction "'was in excess' of the commissioners' legal power," citing that a 1943 Texas Attorney General's opinion held that the legislature holds the power to set the statewide speed limit and the Commission's authority was limited to changing it in specific locales where safety factors required lower limits.
As an emergency response to the 1973 oil crisis, on November 26, 1973, President Richard Nixon proposed a national speed limit for passenger vehicles and a 55 mph (90 km/h) speed limit for trucks and buses. Also proposed were a ban on ornamental lighting, no gasoline sales on Sunday, and a 15% cut in gasoline production to reduce total gas consumption by 200,000 barrels a day, representing a 2.2% drop from annualized 1973 gasoline consumption levels. Nixon partly based that on a belief that cars achieve maximum efficiency between and that trucks and buses were most efficient at .
The California Trucking Association, the largest trucking association in the United States, opposed differential speed limits on grounds that they are "not wise from a safety standpoint."
Enactment
The Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act was a bill in the U.S. Congress that included the National Maximum Speed Limit. States had to agree to the limit if they desired to receive federal funding for highway repair. The uniform speed limit was signed into law by Nixon on January 2, 1974, and became effective 60 days later, by requiring the limit as a condition of each state receiving highway funds, a use of the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution.
The legislation required speed limits on all four-lane divided highways unless the road had a lower limit before November 1, 1973. In some cases, like the New York State Thruway, the speed limit had to be raised to comply with the law. The law capped speed limits at on all other roads.
A survey by the Associated Press found that, as of Wednesday, January 2, 1974:
12 states already had maximum speed limits of .
9 states had maximum speed limits of .
29 states had to lower limits.
That includes some states that voluntarily lowered their limits in advance of the federal requirement.
On May 12, 1974, the United States Senate defeated a proposal by Senator Bob Dole to raise the speed limit to .
The 55 mph (90 km/h) National Maximum Speed Limit was made permanent when Congress enacted and President Gerald Ford signed into law the Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974 on January 4, 1975.
Safety impact
The limit's effect on highway safety is unclear. Both during the time the law was enacted and after it was repealed, automobile fatalities decreased, which was widely attributed mainly to automobile safety improvements, owing to an increase in the safety of cars themselves, and the passage of mandatory seat belt legislation by all states except New Hampshire from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s. This decrease in fatalities from automobile accidents makes figuring out the actual impact of the law difficult. Although the vast majority of states reported fewer traffic deaths in 1974 compared with 1973, there were in fact three states where traffic deaths actually increased in 1974, 1975 and 1976, compared to 1973, notwithstanding the 55 mph (90 km/h) speed limit: Alaska, New Hampshire and Wyoming.
According to the National Research Council, there was a decrease in fatalities of about 3,000 to 5,000 lives in 1974, and about 2,000 to 4,000 lives saved annually thereafter through 1983 because of slower and more uniform traffic speeds since the law took effect. Later, the National Academies wrote that there is "a strong link between vehicle speed and crash severity [which] supports the need for setting maximum limits on high-speed roads" but that "the available data do not provide an adequate basis for precisely quantifying the effects that changes in speed limits have on driving speeds, safety, and travel time on different kinds of roads." The Academies report also observed that on rural interstates, the free-flowing traffic speed should be the major determinant of the speed limit: "Drivers typically can anticipate appropriate driving speeds." This is due, in part, to the strong access control in these areas but also is an acknowledgement of the difficulty of enforcing the 55 mph (90 km/h) speed limit in these areas.
A Cato Institute report showed that the safety record worsened in the first few months of the new speed limits, suggesting that the fatality drop found by the NRC was a statistical anomaly that regressed to the mean by 1978. After the oil crisis abated, the NMSL was retained mainly due to the possible safety aspect.
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety analysts wrote three papers that argue that increase from on rural roads led to a 25% to 30% increase in deaths (1/3 from increased travel, 2/3 from increased speed) while the full repeal in 1995 led to a further 15% increase in fatalities. In contrast, researchers at University of California Transportation Science Center argue that the interstates in question are only part of the equation, one also must account for traffic moving off the relatively more dangerous country roads and onto the relatively safer interstates. Accounting for this they find that raising rural speed limits to caused a 3.4% to 5.1% decrease in fatalities.
Fuel savings
In 1998, the Transportation Research Board footnoted an estimate that the NMSL reduced fuel consumption by 0.2 to 1.0 percent. Rural interstates, the roads most visibly affected by the NMSL, accounted for 9.5% of the U.S.’s vehicle-miles-traveled in 1973, but such free-flowing roads typically provide more fuel-efficient travel than conventional roads.
Opposition and noncompliance
Despite federal compliance standards mandated by Congress that no more than 50 percent of free-flowing traffic on 55 mph-posted highways exceed 55 mph from 1981 onwards, which required up to a 10 percent reduction in federal highway funding for states in noncompliance, by the 1980s traffic surveys showed the NMSL was widely violated:
The speed limit had very low compliance, contrary to the commonly accepted engineering practice that says that the speed limit should criminalize only the fastest 15% of drivers:
From April to June 1982, speed was monitored on New York's Interstate highways, and an 83% noncompliance rate was found despite extreme penalties ranging from $100 (1982 dollars, equal to $ today) or 30 days jail on a first offense to $500 (1982 dollars, equal to $ today), up to 180 days in jail, and a six-month driver's license revocation upon third conviction in 18 months.
In the fourth quarter of 1988, 85% of drivers violated the speed limits on Connecticut rural interstates.
In 1985, the Texas's State Department of Highways and Public Transportation surveyed motorist speeds at 101 locations on six types of urban and rural roads. It found that 82.2% of motorists violated the speed limit on rural interstates, 67.2% violated speed limits on urban interstates, and 61.6% violated speed limits on all roads.
Western states began to reduce fines in the 1980s, effectively minimizing the impact of the 55 mph (90 km/h) limit:
Arizona, Idaho, Montana, and Nevada replaced traditional speeding fines with $5–$15 energy wasting fines as long as drivers did not exceed the speed limit in effect before the 55 mph (90 km/h) federal requirement.
Nevada's energy wasting fine was enacted on April 15, 1981, when signed by Governor Robert List. Motorists not exceeding 70 mph (110 km/h) in zones could be issued $5 "energy wasting" fines. However, standard speeding tickets were still allowed and "troopers were directed not to take the new law as a signal to stop writing tickets.",
In 1986, North Dakota's fine for speeding up to over the limit was only $15 and had no license points.
South Dakota cut speeding fines in 1985 and stopped assessing points for being or less above the speed limit in 1986.
On August 1, 1986, Minnesota, which normally suspended licenses after three tickets, stopped counting speeding tickets for no more than .
The 1980 Republican Party platform called for the repeal of the 55 mph National Maximum Speed Limit. In its section on Rural Transportation, it stated: "We believe the federal 55 miles per hour speed limit is counterproductive, and contributes to the high costs of goods and services to all communities, particularly in rural America. The most effective, no-cost federal assistance program available would be for each state to set its own speed limit."
In 1981, 33 state legislatures debated measures to oppose the NMSL.
In 1985, the U.S. Department of Transportation found the states of Arizona, Maryland (designated a "Strict Enforcement Area" by the American Automobile Association), and Vermont were out of compliance with the 55 mph (90 km/h) national speed limit, according to speed monitoring data collected and submitted by these states, showing that over 50 percent of their highway traffic exceeded 55 mph (90 km/h) in Fiscal Year 1984; the House Public Works and Transportation Subcommittee on Surface Transportation held hearings on July 23, 1985, to discuss proposals to revise the federal compliance requirements for 55 mph (90 km/h) on the basis of recommendations made by the National Research Council, to help these and other states come into compliance and avoid sanctions.
Some law enforcement officials openly questioned the speed limit. In 1986, Jerry Baum, director of the South Dakota Highway Patrol, said "Why must I have a trooper stationed on an interstate, at 10 in the morning, worried about a guy driving 60 mph (100 km/h) on a system designed to be traveled at 70? He could be out on a Friday night watching for drunken drivers."
Even organizations supporting the NMSL, such as the American Automobile Association (AAA) provided lists of locations where the limit was strictly enforced.
On June 1, 1986, Nevada challenged the NMSL by posting a 70 mph (110 km/h) limit on of Interstate 80. The Nevada statute authorizing that speed limit included language that invalidated itself if the federal government suspended transportation funding. As it happened, the Federal Highway Administration immediately withheld highway funding, which automatically invalidated the statute by its own terms.
Finally, on September 24, 1986, the U.S. Senate voted in favor of an amendment to pending federal highway legislation, introduced by Senator Steve Symms (R-ID) and supported by President Ronald Reagan, to allow states to increase speed limits on rural Interstate highways to 65 mph. Both the amendment and the highway bill died in a House-Senate conference committee before Congress adjourned for that year.
1987 to 1995 — rural 65 mph to total repeal
In the April 2, 1987, Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act, Congress permitted states to raise speed limits to on rural Interstate highways. In a bill that passed in mid-December 1987, Congress allowed certain non-Interstate rural roads built to Interstate standards to have the higher speed limits. As of December 29, 1987, the states of California, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, and Oklahoma had applied for and been accepted into this program. The program was originally slated to last four years. A total of 40 states raised their speed limits to 65 mph on rural Interstate highway and non-Interstate rural roads built to Interstate standards by 1988, joined by Massachusetts (Turnpike only) in 1992, and by Maryland, New York and Pennsylvania in the summer of 1995.
The higher speed limit on most rural Interstates and similar non-Interstate roads was vehemently opposed by highway safety advocates, including the National Safety Council, Public Citizen, Mothers Against Drunk Driving, American Trucking Associations, and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, all ardent, long-time supporters of 55 mph (90 km/h). On the other hand, the new 65 mph speed limit for rural Interstates was welcomed by the California Highway Patrol, National Motorists Association (nee Citizens' Coalition for Rational Traffic Laws), a motorists' advocacy group, American Motorcyclist Association, Owner-Operator Independent Drivers Association (OOIDA), the automotive enthusiast magazines Motor Trend, Road & Track,
Car and Driver, and the late automotive journalist Brock Yates (1934-2016)--perhaps the most outspoken published opponent of the 55 mph National Maximum Speed Limit.
Under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991, passed by Congress and signed by President George H. W. Bush on December 18, 1991, the 65 mph speed limit was made permanent for rural non-Interstate highways built to Interstate standards. It also declared a moratorium on Federal sanctions against states in noncompliance with the 55 mph (90 km/h) national speed limit for fiscal years 1990 and 1991, and directed the U.S. Department of Transportation to promulgate new compliance standards for the 65 mph rural freeways, as well as for all 55 mph (90 km/h) highways. As required by ISTEA, they were published in the Code of Federal Regulations 23 CFR Part 1260, but no further action was taken by USDOT against the states for speed limit noncompliance for the last few years the NMSL was still in effect until it was repealed in 1995.
Reclassified roads
A few roads that were not Interstate Highways but had been built to Interstate standards were redesignated as Interstate Highways to qualify for the increased speed limit:
Kansas petitioned the Federal Highway Administration on May 14, 1987, to "designate the turnpike as an Interstate Highway between Topeka and Emporia." This Kansas Turnpike segment had existed since 1956 without a numerical designation. Interstate status was granted, Interstate 335 was designated, and the 65 mph speed limit signs went up.
Interstate 88 in Illinois had previously been designated as Illinois Route 5.
of the Maine Turnpike between Portland and West Gardiner were designated as Interstate 495 in 1988. The designation for this segment was changed in 2004 to Interstate 95 to simplify the Interstate numbering scheme in Maine.
1995 repeal
Congress lifted all federal speed limit controls in the National Highway System Designation Act of 1995, returning all speed limit determination authority to the states effective December 8, 1995. Several states immediately reverted to already existing laws. For example, most Texas rural limits that were above in 1974 immediately reverted to 70 mph (110 km/h), causing some legal confusion before the new signs were posted. Montana reverted to non-numerical speed limits on most rural highways, but its legislature adopted as a limit in 1999; as a result, according to Insurance Institute for Highway Safety researcher Anne McCartt, "What's impressive is the huge drop in the percent of vehicles going very fast.... The proportion of vehicles exceeding 75 mph, the limit set [by Montana] in 1999, tumbled 45 percent. The proportion surpassing 80 mph plummeted 85 percent. Large trucks slowed, too." (She did not mention that the IIHS survey of traffic speeds on Interstate highways in 2006 she referred to, found Montana, as compared with New Mexico and Nevada, had the highest compliance with the 75 mph speed limit on rural interstates: 76 percent.) Hawaii was the last state to raise its speed limit when, in response to public outcry after an experiment with traffic enforcement cameras in 2002, it raised the maximum speed limit on parts of Interstates H-1 and H-3 to 60 mph (100 km/h).
Despite the repeal of federal speed limit controls, the 2011 maximum speed limits were on average lower than those of 1974:
States with same speed limit as pre-1974: 25
States with higher speed limit than pre-1974: 8
States with lower speed limits than pre-1974: 17 The introduction to 70 or 75 mph speed limits was in effect that year. The introduction to 80 mph limits was in about 2005, and Texas introduced 85 mph in 2011.
Although traffic deaths and death rates generally declined in the United States between 1989 and 2009, highway safety advocates have long continued to assert that increases in state speed limits after the repeal of the National Maximum Speed Law have had a detrimental effect on highway safety, and they have conducted many studies including statistical analyses that claim to support this argument. For example, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety declared that "each 5 mph increase in the maximum speed limit resulted in a 4 percent increase in fatalities. The increase on Interstates and freeways... was 8 percent. Comparing the annual number of fatalities in the 41 states [studied] with the number that would have been expected if each state's maximum speed limit had remained unchanged since 1993, [we] arrived at the estimate of 33,000 additional fatalities over the 20-year period [from 1993 to 2013]."
Speedometers
Effective September 1, 1979, in a FMVSS that also regulated speedometer and odometer accuracy, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) required speedometers to have special emphasis on the number 55 and a maximum speed of 85 mph (140 km/h). Some manufacturers circumvented the rule by including extra lines beyond 85 to show higher speeds. However, on March 25, 1982, NHTSA revoked that Standard (FMVSS 127) entirely, eliminating speedometer and odometer rules because they were "unlikely to yield significant safety benefits" and "[a] highlighted '55' on a speedometer scale adds little to the information provided to the driver by a roadside speed limit sign."
In popular culture
The number 55 became a popular shorthand for the 55 mph speed limit. For example, a hand with a pair of fives in Texas hold'em poker is referred to as a "speed limit". Rock musician Sammy Hagar released "I Can't Drive 55", a hit single protesting the rule. The title of Minutemen's critically acclaimed double album Double Nickels on the Dime refers to the NMSL, and in jest, to the Sammy Hagar single. Films such as Smokey and the Bandit and The Cannonball Run were popular and humorous jabs at the NMSL.
One of a series of advertising campaigns for the 55 mph speed limit offered, "Speed limit 55. It's not just a good idea. It's the law.". This was parodied with a more absolute statement based on the speed of light: "186,000 miles per second. It's not just a good idea, it's the law."
Annotations
References
Further reading
Transportation Research Board (1984). "55: A Decade of Experience." Special Report 204. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. Accessed from http://nap.edu/11373.
Rask, Mark. "American Autobahn: The Road To An Interstate Freeway With No Speed Limit." Minneapolis, MN: Vanguard, 1999. . LCCN: 98-90867.
"Report to Congress: The Effect of Increased Speed Limits in the Post-NMSL Era." DOT HS 808 637. Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, February 1998. Accessed from https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/808637.
Baxter, James J. "Thirty Years Down, Many More to Go." Driving Freedoms, Vol. 23, Issue 1, Winter 2012. National Motorists Association Foundation, Waunakee, WI. Retrieved from http://www.motorists.org/newsletter/.
"The 20th Anniversary of the Repeal of the 55 mph National Maximum Speed Limit: A look at the impact of the NMA's defining achievement in motorists' rights." Driving Freedoms, Vol. 26, Issue 3, Summer 2015, pp 6–7. National Motorists Association Foundation, Waunakee, WI. Retrieved from http://www.motorists.org/newsletter/.
External links
Road transportation in the United States
United States federal transportation legislation
Repealed United States legislation
Road speed limit | wiki |
The Petit ministère of 1851 governed France from 24 January 1851 to 10 April 1851 during the French Second Republic, replacing the Cabinet of Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul.
It was a compromise cabinet formed by President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte after the National Legislative Assembly had refused to accept a cabinet dominated by Bonapartists, and had no president.
It was replaced by the Cabinet of Léon Faucher on 10 April 1851.
The ministers were:
References
Sources
French governments
1851 establishments in France
1851 disestablishments in France
Cabinets established in 1851
Cabinets disestablished in 1851 | wiki |
Futurama is an American animated science fiction sitcom created by Matt Groening.
Futurama may also refer to:
Futurama (New York World's Fair), an exhibit/ride at the 1939 New York World's Fair
Futurama (Be-Bop Deluxe album), 1975
Futurama (Supercar album), a 2000 album from the Japanese rock group Supercar
Futurama (video game), a 2003 3D platform game based on the science fiction cartoon series
A United Kingdom guitar brand, known as "Kent" in the United States | wiki |
Eventos
Nascimentos
Falecimentos
Prémios
Medalha Copley
Friedrich Wöhler
1872 na ciência | wiki |
A sniggle is a type of fish hook used for catching eels (known as snigs), using the method of sniggling.
A typical method of sniggling is to tie a fishing line to the middle of a large needle or fish hook. The needle is then inserted along the body of an earthworm which is used as bait. The needle is then stuck into a slender sniggling pole such as a hazel wand, eight to ten feet long. This is used to insert the bait into promising holes or crannies in which eels tend to lurk. When an eel takes the bait then, after a minute or two, the bait will have been swallowed whole and the line is then pulled to rotate the needle or hook within the body of the eel so snagging and catching it. Eels of two or three pounds weight may be caught by this method but may require a protracted tug of war to pull them from their hole. This provides better sport and amusement than the use of traps or clod-fishing and is a good alternative for the angler when game fish such as trout will not rise.
References
Eels
Fishing equipment | wiki |
Mercimek köftesi is a lentil based salad or meze found in Turkish cuisine.
Regional mercimek köftesi styles
South-central:
Gaziantep mercimek köftesi (or Malhıtalı/Maltıkalı Küfte in the regional Turkish dialect)
Osmaniye mercimek köftesi
Southeastern:
Diyarbakır Belluh
Mardin Belloğ
See also
List of salads
Eetch
Tabbouleh
Çiğ köfte
References
External links
Salads
Turkish words and phrases
Turkish cuisine
Lentil dishes
Assyrian cuisine | wiki |
In music, a coda () (Italian for "tail", plural code) is a passage that brings a piece (or a movement) to an end. It may be as simple as a few measures, or as complex as an entire section.
In classical music
The presence of a coda as a structural element in a movement is especially clear in works written in particular musical forms. Codas were commonly used in both sonata form and variation movements during the Classical era. In a sonata form movement, the recapitulation section will, in general, follow the exposition in its thematic content, while adhering to the home key. The recapitulation often ends with a passage that sounds like a termination, paralleling the music that ended the exposition; thus, any music coming after this termination will be perceived as extra material, i.e., as a coda. In works in variation form, the coda occurs following the last variation and will be very noticeable as the first music not based on the theme.
One of the ways that Beethoven extended and intensified Classical practice was to expand the coda sections, producing a final section sometimes of equal musical weight to the foregoing exposition, development, and recapitulation sections and completing the musical argument. For one famous example, see the finale of Symphony No. 8 (Beethoven).
Musical purpose
Charles Burkhart suggests that the reason codas are common, even necessary, is that, in the climax of the main body of a piece, a "particularly effortful passage", often an expanded phrase, is often created by "working an idea through to its structural conclusions" and that, after all this momentum is created, a coda is required to "look back" on the main body, allow listeners to "take it all in", and "create a sense of balance."
Codetta
Codetta (Italian for "little tail", the diminutive form) has a similar purpose to the coda, but on a smaller scale, concluding a section of a work instead of the work as a whole. A typical codetta concludes the exposition and recapitulation sections of a work in sonata form, following the second (modulated) theme, or the closing theme (if there is one). Thus, in the exposition, it usually appears in the secondary key, but, in the recapitulation, in the primary key. The codetta ordinarily closes with a perfect cadence in the appropriate key, confirming the tonality. If the exposition is repeated, the codetta is likewise repeated. Sometimes it has its ending slightly changed, depending on whether it leads back to the exposition or into the development sections.
History
Cauda, a Latin word meaning "tail", "edge" or "trail" is the root of coda and is used in the study of conductus of the 12th and 13th centuries. The cauda was a long melisma on one of the last syllables of the text, repeated in each strophe. Conducti were traditionally divided into two groups, conductus cum cauda and conductus sine cauda (Latin: "conductus with cauda", "conductus without cauda"), based on the presence of the melisma. Thus, the cauda provided a conclusionary role, similar to the modern coda.
In popular music
Many songs in rock and other genres of popular music have sections identifiable as codas. A coda in these genres is sometimes referred to as an "outro", while in jazz, modern church music and barbershop arranging it is commonly called a "tag". One of the most famous codas is found in the 1968 single "Hey Jude" by the Beatles. The coda lasted nearly four minutes, making the song's full length at just over the seven-minute mark.
In music notation
In music notation, the coda symbol, which resembles a set of crosshairs, is used as a navigation marker, similar to the dal segno sign. It is used where the exit from a repeated section is within that section rather than at the end. The instruction "To Coda" indicates that, upon reaching that point during the final repetition, the performer is to jump immediately to the separate section headed with the coda symbol. The symbol can be used to provide a special ending for the final verse of a song.
The coda sign is encoded in the Musical Symbols block of Unicode as U+1D10C MUSICAL SYMBOL CODA: 𝄌
See also
Coda (ballet)
Da capo
Epilogue
Fade (audio engineering)
Repeat sign
Transition (music)
Notes
References
Auxiliary members
Italian words and phrases
Musical notation
Formal sections in music analysis
Musical terminology | wiki |
Orbitel may be:
Orbitel (Bulgarian company), a wireline telecommunications and Internet service provider with national licences for voice and data
Orbitel (Colombian company), the international business unit of UNE EPM Telecomunicaciones | wiki |
The Houston Bowl was an NCAA-sanctioned Division I-A college football bowl game that was played annually in Houston, Texas, from 2000 to 2005. For its first two years, the game was known as the galleryfurniture.com Bowl, named for the website of the sponsor, a Houston furniture chain operated by Jim McIngvale, better known as "Mattress Mack". In 2002, the Houston Bowl was born and later named the EV1.net Houston Bowl, after sponsor EV1.net, for the remainder of the game's existence.
History
The bowl played in two locations during its tenure. For the 2000 and 2001 games, Houston's Astrodome was the venue. In 2002, the game moved to Reliant Stadium, the home of the NFL's Houston Texans.
The bowl initially had tie-ins with the Big 12 Conference and Conference USA. The Big 12 extended their commitment in 2002 and again in 2005. Big 12 teams played in each of the six bowls, compiling a 4–2 record.
After the 2005 game, the bowl failed to return EV1.net as a sponsor. Game management was turned over to the Texans, and the NFL Network changed the game's name to the Texas Bowl. While the 2006 playing of the Texas Bowl maintained continuity of having a Houston-based bowl game, NCAA records treat the Texas Bowl and Houston Bowl as separate games.
Game results
MVPs
Appearances by team
Appearances by conference
References
External links
History of the Houston Bowl
Defunct college football bowls | wiki |
Clouded tiger may refer to:
Clouded leopard, Neofelis nebulosa
Marbled cat, Pardofelis marmorata
Calico cat, a domestic cat of any breed with a tri-color coat
Tortoiseshell cat, a domestic cat coat coloring named for its similarity to tortoiseshell material
References | wiki |
Holy Week lemonade or, as it's known in Spain, Leonese lemonade
is a traditional drink from León made out of wine, lemons, sugar and cinnamon (sometimes, fruits such as raisins and figs are also included). It can take from three to eight days to prepare, depending on the recipe. Traditionally, it was drunk at any festive event, although nowadays it's customarily served during Holy Week.
See also
Lemonade
Sangria, or wine lemonade
List of lemonade topics
References
Lemonade
Leonese cuisine
Holy Week | wiki |
A handplane or handboard is used by bodysurfers to enhance their speed, lift and control whilst riding a wave.
A handplane is generally worn on a bodysurfer's leading hand.
Materials
Wood
Handplanes have traditionally been made out of wood. To preserve the handplanes' lifetime, a number of manufacturers tend to prefer Paulownia or White Cedar.
Fiberglass
A number of handplane makers upcycle old broken surfboards to create handplanes out of foam with a fiberglass coating. Foam handplanes tend to have more buoyancy than ones made of wood or plastic.
Plastic
Plastic offers durability in the event of a dropped handplane or hitting rocks on entry/exit of a reef break. Some companies are now making handplanes from recycled ocean plastics.
History
Bodysurfers would use any item with a flat surface, such as fast food trays, clipboards, or flip flops, to aid their ride. The first modern handboard, The Hand Surfa hardboard, was produced by an Australian company in the 1960s. In the 1990s, many new handboard manufacturers entered the market including Slyde Handboards, who created handboards from foam. and WAW Handplanes, who create handplanes from recycled plastics.
References
Surfing equipment | wiki |
Strong Heart may refer to:
Strong Heart (album), a 2000 album by Patty Loveless
Strong Heart (Mai Kuraki song)
Strong Heart (T.G. Sheppard song)
Strong Heart (TV series), a South Korean talk show
See also
Strongheart, male German Shepherd and early canine star of films | wiki |
Cameron Hughes may refer to the following:
Cameron Hughes (ice hockey) (born 1996), Canadian ice hockey player
Cameron Hughes (sports entertainer), Canadian sports entertainer | wiki |
Cet article recense les zones humides du Kirghizistan concernées par la convention de Ramsar.
Statistiques
La convention de Ramsar est entrée en vigueur au Kirghizistan le .
En , le pays compte 3 sites Ramsar, couvrant une superficie de .
Liste
Annexes
Références
Articles connexes
Convention de Ramsar
Liste des zones humides d'importance internationale de la convention de Ramsar
Environnement au Kirghizistan
Liens externes
Liste en rapport avec le Kirghizistan | wiki |
Greg Behrendt's Wake-Up Call was an American reality television series that premiered on SoapNet on January 8, 2009. The series was hosted by stand-up comedian and author Greg Behrendt.
The series, like Behrendt's previous effort (a daily syndicated talk show), specialized in dealing with couples and their relationship problems. The major difference between Wake-Up Call and The Greg Behrendt Show was that the relationships were dealt with in person rather than in a television studio.
Originally, Wake-Up Call was supposed to air on ABC in the 2006–2007 season, as the six-episode series was scheduled to be a midseason replacement. However, ABC never aired the episodes and the series sat unaired for two years until corporate sibling SoapNet began airing the series. The final episode aired on February 12.
References
2000s American reality television series
2009 American television series debuts
2009 American television series endings
Soapnet original programming | wiki |
Cet article recense les zones humides de Syrie concernées par la convention de Ramsar.
Statistiques
La convention de Ramsar est entrée en vigueur en Syrie le .
En , le pays compte 1 site Ramsar, couvrant une superficie de .
Liste
Annexes
Références
Articles connexes
Convention de Ramsar
Liste des zones humides d'importance internationale de la convention de Ramsar
Environnement en Syrie
Liens externes
Liste en rapport avec la Syrie | wiki |
USS Farragut may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy:
, a torpedo boat, commissioned on 5 June 1899
was a commissioned on 4 June 1920
, the lead ship of her class of destroyers, was commissioned on 18 June 1934
, again the lead ship of her class of destroyers, was commissioned on 10 December 1960
is a Flight IIa Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyer, commissioned on 10 June 2006
United States Navy ship names
USS | wiki |
Will is a historical fiction novel by Christopher Rush, published in 2007. It is told from the perspective of William Shakespeare as he writes his will. The book's film right were sold to Ben Kingsley's SBK pictures in 2007.
References
2007 British novels
English novels
Novels about William Shakespeare | wiki |
Lionhead may refer to
Lionhead (goldfish), a variety of goldfish
Lionhead cichlid (Steatocranus casuarius), a fish
Lionhead rabbit, a breed of domestic rabbit
Lionhead Studios, a computer game development company
Lionhead Unit, a campground at Priest Lake in Northern Idaho
The head of a lion
See also
Lion's Head (disambiguation) | wiki |
Protomyctophum luciferum is a species of lanternfish.
References
Lampanyctus
Fish described in 1981 | wiki |
The 2005–06 season was Futbol Club Barcelona's 107th season in existence and 77th consecutive season in the top flight of Spanish football, La Liga. It was manager Frank Rijkaard's third season in charge of the club, a season in which he managed to successfully retain the La Liga title, as well as winning the UEFA Champions League and Spanish Super Cup. The squad was largely unchanged from the previous season, with only two players – Santiago Ezquerro and Mark van Bommel – joining the club. Gerard left on a free transfer during the summer.
Samuel Eto'o was once again the top scorer for the team, improving on his tally of 29 goals from the 2004–05 season by five goals, including one in the Champions League final. Ronaldinho and Eto'o were selected in the 2005–06 FIFPro XI at the end of the season.
Squad
Squad at end of season
Coaching staff
Transfers
In
Total spending: €0
Out
Total income: €10,000,000
{|
Competitions
Supercopa
La Liga
League table
Results by round
Matches
Copa del Rey
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Champions League
Group stage
Group C
Knockout stage
Round Of 16
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
Friendlies
Statistics
Start formations
Players statistics
Notes
References
External links
FCBarcelonaweb.co.uk English Speaking FC Barcelona Supporters
ESPNsoccernet: Barcelona Team Page
FC Barcelona (Spain) profile
uefa.com - UEFA Champions League
Web Oficial de la Liga de Fútbol Profesional
FC Barcelona seasons
Barcelona
UEFA Champions League-winning seasons
Spanish football championship-winning seasons | wiki |
Indigenous New Zealanders can refer to:
Māori people, the native population of the main islands of New Zealand.
Cook Islanders
The Moriori people, of the Chatham Islands | wiki |
Esophageal can refer to:
The esophagus
Esophageal arteries
Esophageal glands
Esophageal cancer | wiki |
Clemente Mejía (23 November 1928 – 28 March 1978) was a Mexican swimmer who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics and in the 1952 Summer Olympics.
References
1928 births
1978 deaths
Sportspeople from Acapulco
Mexican male swimmers
Male backstroke swimmers
Olympic swimmers of Mexico
Swimmers at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1951 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1955 Pan American Games
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Mexico
Competitors at the 1946 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 1950 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 1959 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1951 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1955 Pan American Games
20th-century Mexican people | wiki |
Karen Dianne Baldwin, née le à London (Ontario) est Miss Canada 1982 ainsi que Miss Univers la même année.
Biographie
Elle a été la première Canadienne à avoir été élue Miss Univers. Elle a été couronnée à Lima au Pérou. Elle a remis sa couronne l’année suivante aux États-Unis à Lorraine Downes (Miss Nouvelle-Zélande).
Plus tard, elle a été responsable de The New You, un programme de la télévision canadienne spécialisé dans la mode et la vie quotidienne.
Karen et Natalie Glebova, la seconde Miss Univers canadienne élue en 2005, ont toutes deux été élèves de la London Central Secondary School à London, Ontario.
Karen Baldwin a été l'épouse de l'acteur Jack Scalia avec qui elle a eu deux filles.
Gagnante de Miss Univers
Participante à Miss Univers 1982
Naissance en septembre 1963
Naissance à London (Ontario)
Gagnante de Miss Canada | wiki |
This is a sortable list of countries and their total length of pipelines, mostly based on the CIA World Factbook, accessed in November 2015.
* indicates "Pipelines in COUNTRY or TERRITORY" links.
References
Pipelines | wiki |
This is a list of utilities for performing disk partitioning.
List
Disk partitioning software
Lists of software | wiki |
Periplanone B is a pheromone produced by the female American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. It is a sexual attractant to male cockroaches, especially at short ranges.
History
The activity of this pheromone was first described in 1952, but it was not until 25 years later that Persoons et al. reported the gross structure of periplanones A and B. The stereochemical configuration and first total synthesis were reported by W. Clark Still's group at Columbia University in 1979.
References
Insect pheromones
Epoxides
Sesquiterpenes
Spiro compounds
Ketones
Dienes
Oxygen heterocycles
Vinylidene compounds | wiki |
There are numerous awards for a best song, including:
Academy Award for Best Original Song
Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Song
Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song
Grammy Award for Best Rock Song
Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media
Grammy Award for Best Country Song
Grammy Award for Best R&B Song
MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song
Zee Cine Award for Best Track of the Year | wiki |
Continence may refer to:
Fecal continence, the ability to control defecation, see Fecal incontinence
Urinary continence, the ability to control urination, see Urinary incontinence, the involuntary excretion of urine
Sexual continence, a synonym of Coitus reservatus
Sexual abstinence
Incontinence (philosophy), a lack of self-control (Greek: ἀκρασία) | wiki |
Alice in Murderland may refer to:
Alice in Murderland (manga), a Japanese manga series by Kaori Yuki that began in 2014
Alice in Murderland (film), a 2010 American horror film | wiki |
The University of Arkansas Community College at Batesville (UACCB) is a public community college in Batesville, Arkansas.
History
The University of Arkansas Community College at Batesville (UACCB) was originally opened in September of 1975 as Gateway Vocational Technical School, designed to provide vocational training to the area. In 1991, the facility was organized as Gateway Technical College, offering courses in electrician and mechanical fields. In 1997, Gateway merged with the University of Arkansas system, and a few months later renamed it as the University of Arkansas Community College at Batesville with the passage of a county sales tax in March 1998. UACCB offered both vocational courses as well as courses towards associate degrees and college courses toward "core" requirements at four-year schools.
In the years since its reorganization, UACCB has undergone several campus renovations. The first major renovation, completed in 1999, added an Arts and Sciences building, as well as various landscaping and parking additions. The next phase of construction, completed in 2001, added a auditorium and conference facility named Independence Hall (after Independence County, of which Batesville is the county seat). In 2002, the college acquired adjacent of unimproved land and constructed a Physical Plant.
Ground was broken in early 2010 for a new facility for Nursing and Allied Health. In 2020, construction was completed on the state-of-the-art Workforce Training Center at the far corner of campus. UACCB has a bright future and will strive to provide even greater educational opportunities for the citizens it serves.
References
External links
Official website
Arkansas Community
Buildings and structures in Batesville, Arkansas
Education in Independence County, Arkansas
Community colleges in Arkansas
1991 establishments in Arkansas | wiki |
On February 5, 1982, a Republic of Korea Air Force Fairchild C-123J crashed while on approach to Jeju International Airport, Jeju, South Korea. All 47 passengers and 6 crew were killed in the impact. It remains the fourth-worst accident in South Korean aviation history. The aircraft was engaged in a training mission and encountered bad weather before crashing near to Mount Halla, a dormant volcano.
The 47 soldiers belonged to the army's elite 707th Special Mission Battalion, making the accident the single costliest day in the unit's history.
References
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1982
Aviation accidents and incidents in South Korea
1982 in South Korea
Accidents and incidents involving military aircraft
Republic of Korea Air Force
February 1982 events in Asia | wiki |
Strategic Plans Division Force or (SPD Force) () is Pakistan's agency responsible for the protection of its tactical and strategic nuclear weapons stockpile and the strategic assets. It is the security branch of the National Command Authority (NCA), the department currently has 170 nuclear stockpiles and many strategic and tactical delivery systems ( missiles), for target acquisition reconnaissance and surveillance BeiDou satellite navigation system and many UAVs and UCAVs ( i.e NESCOM-BURRAQ, GIDS-Shahpar, GIDS Uqab etc) are used. SPD Force has a three star general as its DG and is under direct command of Strategic Plans Division.
Role
The force's primary task is provision of security to country's strategic infrastructure such as nuclear and missile research and production sites, space installations etc such as, KRL, PAEC, PNRA, NESCOM and SUPARCO.
Organization
SPD is commanded by serving Lieutenant General of Pakistan Army who acts as Director General of Strategic Plans Division. The force (SPD force)is commanded by serving Major General of Pakistan Army who acts as Director General of Strategic Plans Division Force.There are four security directorates for each strategic organization and each directorate is led by Brigadier.
Initially, manpower for security of country's strategic assets was provided by Pakistan's Armed Forces but now SPD has started hiring its own personnel. The selection standards in terms of intelligence and physical standards for these candidates are even higher than army due to very sensitive nature of their duty. At start, these recruits were trained at Pakistan Army's training centers but since 2012 SPD has been training these recruits in its own academy known as Pakistan’s Centre of Excellence for Nuclear Security (PCENS) located in Chakri near Rawalpindi. This training facility is modeled on US National Nuclear Security Administration's academy.
Special Response Force
Special Response Force (SRF) is the special forces unit of SPD Force with the strength of 25,000 personnel. SRF is based on training techniques of SSG and has retired SSG commandos as training staff.
Weapons
SPD Force's primary weapons are G3, Type 56 and Type 81 assault rifles.
Director Generals SPD
References
Nuclear safety and security
Pakistan Army
Strategic forces of Pakistan
Nuclear security agencies | wiki |
Perigee is a type of apsis: an extreme point in an object's orbit.
Perigee may also refer to:
Perigee: Publication for the Arts, a quarterly literary journal
Holcomb Perigee, a prototype sportsplane
Perigee Books, a former imprint of Penguin Group, now part of TarcherPerigee
See also
Apogee (disambiguation)
Argument of periapsis
Perigea, a genus of moths
Perigean spring tide
Perigee moon or supermoon
Perigeo, an Italian progressive rock group | wiki |
Smart Ones is a brand of frozen food products which is promoted based on wholesome ingredients, taste, and convenience, especially for consumers who are managing their weight via portion control.
Smart Ones products, including frozen breakfasts, snacks, entrées, and desserts, are produced in the U.S. and sold in the U.S. and Canada by The Kraft Heinz Company.
Overview and history
The Smart Ones brand was launched by the H.J Heinz Company in 1992 as a sub-brand of the Weight Watchers line of frozen entrées and desserts. At the time, Heinz owned Weight Watchers International, known for its well-known weight-loss program and services. At launch, the Smart Ones line was notable for containing only "ONE gram of fat". Later, the meal offerings were expanded significantly and are no longer limited to only one gram of fat.
In 1999, Heinz sold Weight Watchers International but retained a license to use the Weight Watchers trademarks in connection with various food products. In 2015, Oprah Winfrey joined Weight Watchers as an investor and member. Oprah has previously called out Smart Ones on her website as a healthy frozen meal option.
Timeline
1992: Weight Watchers Smart Ones line launched as a sub-brand of Weight Watchers® frozen meals.
1998: Heinz consolidates the Weight Watchers frozen meals under the Weight Watchers® Smart Ones® brand name. The line includes breakfasts, entrées and desserts.
2004: Weight Watchers Smart Ones introduces frozen pizzas.
2007: Weight Watchers Smart Ones introduces frozen pizza snacks.
2008: Weight Watchers Smart Ones re-launches frozen breakfasts.
2011: Weight Watchers Smart Ones introduces Satisfying Selections, larger portioned frozen meals sold in bags which were later discontinued in 2014.
2013: Weight Watchers Smart Ones introduces frozen oatmeals and frozen soups.
2015: Weight Watchers Smart Ones launches frozen smoothies.
External links
Official website
Heinz brands
Frozen food brands | wiki |
Love Stinks – album dei The J. Geils Band del 1980
Love Stinks – film del 1999 diretto da Jeff Franklin | wiki |
A utility vault is an underground room providing access to subterranean public utility equipment, such as valves for water or natural gas pipes, or switchgear for electrical or telecommunications equipment. A vault is often accessible directly from a street, sidewalk or other outdoor space, thereby distinct from a basement of a building.
Utility vaults are commonly constructed out of reinforced concrete boxes, poured concrete or brick. Small ones are usually entered through a manhole or grate on the topside and closed up by a manhole cover. Such vaults are considered confined spaces and can be hazardous to enter. Large utility vaults are similar to mechanical or electrical rooms in design and content.
See also
Dartford Cable Tunnel
Telecommunications pedestal
Utility cut
Utility tunnel
References
External links
Underground Utility Vaults - National Precast Concrete Association
Building engineering
Rooms
Subterranea (geography) | wiki |
Starlight Theatre is now the only theatre operated by Rock Valley College in Rockford, Illinois; operations of Rock Valley College Studio Theatre, an indoor blackbox theatre, have been suspended.
Starlight Theatre performs in the outdoor Bengt Sjostrom Theatre, an award-winning structure designed by Jeanne Gang and Studio Gang Architects that features a unique, one-of-a-kind movable roof. Starlight has transformed itself into a popular destination for the Northern Illinois region. The theatre is situated on 217 acres that were purchased by the college in 1965 from Dr. J.J. Rogers.
Starlight Theatre History
In the fall of 1966 a group of Rock Valley College students approached Dean of Community Services Rueben Johnson about creating a theatre program. The following year, they performed an outdoor musical near the farm pond that had been purchased in 1965 from Dr. J.J. Rogers. Community members watched the first performance on lawn chairs. Starlight Theatre has performed more than 125 productions since its founding in 1967.
1967: Finian's Rainbow (Dir. Donald Meisenholder)
1968: Patience & Waiting for Godot (Dir. Donald Colucci)
1969: Oklahoma! (Dir. John Pearce)
1970: Man of LaMancha (Dir. Ted Bacino)
1971: Oliver & Fiddler on the Roof (Dir. Ted Bacino)
1972: 1776 & The King & I (Dir. Ted Bacino)
1973: My Fair Lady & Promises, Promises (Dir. Ted Bacino)
1974: How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying & No, No Nanette (Dir. Ted Bacino)
1975: Godspell & Jesus Christ Superstar (Dir. Ted Bacino)
1976: Of Thee I Sing, A Little Night Music (Dir. Kirk Denmark & Once Upon a Mattress Dir. Jim Smith)
1977: The Sound of Music & The Music Man (Dir. Jim Crow)
1978: Camelot & Show Boat (Dir. Jim Crow)
1979: West Side Story & Hello, Dolly! (Dir. Jim Crow)
1980: Carnival & Funny Girl (Dir. Jim Crow)
1981: Wizard of Oz & HMS Pinafore (Dir. A. Neil Thackaberry)
1982: Grease (Dir. Dominic Messimi), Jacques Brel & South Pacific (Dir. A. Neil Thackaberry)
1983: Man of LaMancha (Dir Dominic Messimi), Pirates of Penzance & Guys & Dolls (Dir. A. Neil Thackaberry)
1984: Carousel (Dir. A. Neil Thackaberry), George M Dir. Victoria Bussert & My Fair Lady (Dir. A. Neil Thackaberry)
1985: Caberet (Dir. Rod & Ginny MacDonald), Oklahoma! (Dir. Thom Sobota) & Evita (Dir. Michael P. Webb)
1986: Barum (Dir. Michael P. Webb), Music Man (Dir. Leslie Robbins) & Fiddler on the Roof (Dir. Michael P. Webb)
1987: Peter Pan, 1776 & Candide (Dir. Michael P. Webb)
1988: Camelot, Annie Get Your Gun & 42nd Street (Dir. Michael P. Webb)
1989: Oliver, Jesus Christ Superstar & Anything Goes (Dir. Michael P. Webb)
1990: The King & I, Student Prince & My One and Only (Dir. Michael P. Webb)
1991: West Side Story, Shenendoah & A Chorus Line (Dir. Michael P. Webb)
1992: Hello, Dolly, Big River & Into the Woods (Dir. Michael P. Webb)
1993: Kiss Me Kate, Rags & City of Angels (Dir. Michael P. Webb)
1994: Meet Me in St. Louis, My Fair Lady & Evita (Dir. Michael P. Webb)
1995: Seven Brides for Seven Brothers, The New Pirates of Penzance & Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat (Dir. Michael P. Webb)
1996: Bye, Bye Birdie, Pippin, Crazy For You & Joseph (Dir. Michael P. Webb)
1997: Guys & Dolls, Children of Eden & Sound of Music (Dir. Michael P. Webb)
1998: Secret Garden, Cinderella & Western Star (Dir. Michael P. Webb)
1999: Annie, Once on this Island & Fiddler on the Roof (Dir. Michael P. Webb)
2000: Godspell, A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum & Hans Christian Andersen, The Storyteller's Story (Dir. Michael P. Webb)
2001: The Music Man, Grease & Rebels (Dir. Michael P. Webb)
2002: South Pacific, Honk & 42nd Street (Dir. Michael P. Webb)
2003: Big River, Just So & Children of Eden (Dir. Michael P. Webb)
2004: Show Boat, You're A Good Man Charlie Brown, The Hot Mikado & Seussical the Musical (Dir. Michael P. Webb)
2005: Oklahoma!, Jesus Christ Superstar, Chess & Disney's Beauty & the Beast (Dir. Michael P. Webb)
2006: Cats!, State Fair, Miss Saigon & Joseph (Dir. Michael P. Webb)
2007: Peter Pan, Disney's Geppetto & Son, Jekyll & Hyde & Ragtime. (Dir. by Michael P. Webb)
2008: Jonah- An Old Testament Yarn, The Wiz, Little Shop of Horrors & Thoroughly Modern Millie (Dir. by Michael P. Webb)
2009: David the King, Evita, The King and I, The Producers (Dir. by Michael P. Webb)
2010: Chicago, Aida, Annie, Rent (Dir. by Michael P. Webb)
2011: The Phantom of the Opera, After Dark, The Drowsy Chaperone, Hairspray (Dir. by Michael P. Webb)
2012: Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street!, Little Women, Into the Woods, 9 to 5: The Musical (Dir. by Michael P. Webb)
2013: Andrew Lloyd Webber's Starlight Express, Xanadu, The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee, Les Misérables (Dir. by Michael P. Webb)
2014: The Sound of Music, Tintypes, Honk!, Spamalot, Angel (Dir. by Michael P. Webb)
2015: Mary Poppins, The Last Five Years, Memphis, Young Frankenstein (Dir. by Michael P. Webb)
References
Buildings and structures in Rockford, Illinois
Theatres in Illinois
Tourist attractions in Rockford, Illinois
University and college theatres in the United States
Rock Valley College | wiki |
The Bōhyō Heights () are a small, rocky elevation that overlooks the coast of Queen Maud Land east-southeast of Cape Hinode. They were mapped from surveys and from air photos by the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE), 1957–62, and the name "Bōhyō-dai" (ice view heights) was given by JARE Headquarters in 1973.
References
Mountains of Queen Maud Land
Prince Olav Coast | wiki |
The Lone Wolf Returns is a 1923 crime novel by Louis Joseph Vance which was the basis of two movies:
The Lone Wolf Returns (1926 film), featuring Bert Lytell
The Lone Wolf Returns (1935 film), starring Melvyn Douglas | wiki |
Planet Rock may refer to:
"Planet Rock" (song), a 1982 song by Afrika Bambaataa and the Soulsonic Force
Planet Rock: The Album, a 1986 album containing the song
Planet Rock (radio station), DAB radio station in the United Kingdom broadcasting classic rock music | wiki |
Disorder may refer to randomness, non-order, or no intelligible pattern.
Disorder may also refer to:
Healthcare
Disorder (medicine), a functional abnormality or disturbance
Mental disorder or psychological disorder, a psychological pattern associated with distress or disability that occurs in an individual and is not a part of normal development or culture:
Anxiety disorder, different forms of abnormal and pathological fear and anxiety
Conversion disorder, neurological symptoms such as numbness, blindness, paralysis, or fits, where no neurological explanation is possible
Obsessive–compulsive disorder, an anxiety disorder characterized by repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing anxiety
Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder, obsession with perfection, rules, and organization
Personality disorder, an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the culture of the individual who exhibits it
Law enforcement
Civil disorder, one or more forms of disturbance caused by a group of people
Lawlessness, a lack of laws or law enforcement
Science
Crystallographic disorder, disordered atom locations in crystals
Order and disorder
Arts, entertainment, and media
Films
Disorder (1962 film), a film by Franco Brusati
Disorder (2009 film), a Chinese documentary
Disorder (2015 film), a French film
Music
Disorder (band), a Bristol-based hardcore punk band
Disorder (album), an album by The Gazette
Disorder (EP), an EP by Front Line Assembly
"Disorder", a song by Joy Division from the 1979 album Unknown Pleasures
Other uses
Dis-order, the mail order service of Displeased Records
See also
Chaos
Order | wiki |
Aquacade may refer to:
Billy Rose's Aquacade, aquatic show
Rhyolite/Aquacade, US reconnaissance satellite program
Aquacade (show) | wiki |
Subjective may refer to:
Subjectivity, a subject's personal perspective, feelings, beliefs, desires or discovery, as opposed to those made from an independent, objective, point of view
Subjective experience, the subjective quality of conscious experience
Subjectivism, a philosophical tenet that accords primacy to subjective experience as fundamental of all measure and law
Subjective case, grammatical case for a noun
Subject (philosophy), who has subjective experiences or a relationship with another entity
Subjective theory of value, an economic theory of value
A school of bayesian probability stating that the state of knowledge corresponds to personal belief
Subjectivity (journal), an academic journal
See also
Subjectivist fallacy
Subjunctive
Objective (disambiguation) | wiki |
The second season of the TV Land's original sitcom The Exes premiered on June 20, 2012. A total of 12 episodes were produced for the second season. The series stars Donald Faison, Wayne Knight, Kristen Johnston, David Alan Basche and Kelly Stables.
Cast
Donald Faison as Phil Chase
Wayne Knight as Haskell Lutz
David Alan Basche as Stuart Gardner
Kelly Stables as Eden Konkler
Kristen Johnston as Holly Franklin
Production
On February 2, 2012, TV Land renewed The Exes for a second season, set to premiere on June 20, 2012, at 10:30pm following The Soul Man. Season two was set to have 12 episodes, to coincide with the first season of The Soul Man.
In April 2012, People magazine reported that Kelly Stables (Eden) and husband Kurt Patino were expecting their first child, due in the fall. TV Land stated that her pregnancy will be written into the show. Guest stars for season two include, Kathleen Rose Perkins as Dr. Carol Thomas, Garcelle Beauvais as Kendra, James Morrison as Mr. Hubner, Holly's boss, Erin Matthews as Joan, Mr. Hubner's wife, Maksim Chmerkovskiy as Don, Janet Varney as Lorna, Stuart's ex-wife, Paula Jai Parker as Amelia, Michael Voltaggio as himself, Dot-Marie Jones, Amanda Detmer as Jill, Holly's sister, Zach Braff as Chuck Feeney, and Todd Stashwick as Grant, Phil's pretentious boss. Guest stars returning from the first season include: Diedrich Bader as Paul, Holly's co-worker/romantic interest, and Judith Light as Marjorie, Holly's mother.
Episodes
References
External links
2012 American television seasons | wiki |
Subsets and Splits
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