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This article contains the number of confirmed COVID-19 deaths per population as of 24 May 2025, by country. It also has cumulative death totals by country. For these numbers over time see the tables, graphs, and maps at COVID-19 pandemic deaths and COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory.
This data is for entire po... | Wikipedia/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country |
Vaccine hesitancy is a delay in acceptance, or refusal of vaccines despite availability and supporting evidence. The term covers refusals to vaccinate, delaying vaccines, accepting vaccines but remaining uncertain about their use, or using certain vaccines but not others. Although adverse effects associated with vaccin... | Wikipedia/Vaccine_controversies |
The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) is one of six main centers for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which is a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The current Director of CBER is Vinay Prasad, M.D., M.P.H. CBER is responsible for assuring the safety, purity, potency... | Wikipedia/Vaccines_and_Related_Biological_Products_Advisory_Committee |
In epidemiology, incidence reflects the number of new cases of a given medical condition in a population within a specified period of time.
== Incidence proportion ==
Incidence proportion (IP), also known as cumulative incidence, is defined as the probability that a particular event, such as occurrence of a particul... | Wikipedia/Incidence_rate |
Clinical death is the medical term for cessation of blood circulation and breathing, the two criteria necessary to sustain the lives of human beings and of many other organisms. It occurs when the heart stops beating in a regular rhythm, a condition called cardiac arrest. The term is also sometimes used in resuscitatio... | Wikipedia/Clinical_death |
Mortuary science is the study of deceased bodies through mortuary work. The term is most often applied to a college curriculum in the United States that prepares a student for a career as a mortician or funeral director. Many also study embalming to supplement their mortuary science studies. Some states require fune... | Wikipedia/Mortuary_science |
The risk adjusted mortality rate (RAMR) is a mortality rate that is adjusted for predicted risk of death. It is usually utilized to observe and/or compare the performance of certain institution(s) or person(s), e.g., hospitals or surgeons.
It can be found as:
RAMR = (Observed Mortality Rate/Predicted Mortality Rate)* O... | Wikipedia/Risk_adjusted_mortality_rate |
Ebola, also known as Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates, caused by ebolaviruses. Symptoms typically start anywhere between two days and three weeks after infection. The first symptoms are usually fever, sore throat, muscle pain, and hea... | Wikipedia/Ebola_virus_disease |
Whole-cell vaccines are a type of vaccine that has been prepared in the laboratory from entire cells. Such vaccines simultaneously contain multiple antigens to activate the immune system. They induce antigen-specific T-cell responses.
Whole-cell vaccines have been researched in the fields of bacterial infectious diseas... | Wikipedia/Whole-cell_vaccines |
Vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD), or simply enhanced respiratory disease (ERD), is an adverse event where an exacerbated course of respiratory disease occurs with higher incidence in the vaccinated population than in the control group. It is a barrier against vaccine development that can lead to ... | Wikipedia/Vaccine-associated_enhanced_respiratory_disease |
Fusion glycoprotein F0 of the human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a critical fusion glycoprotein that facilitates entry of the virus into host cells by mediating the fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. This class I fusion protein is synthesized as an inactive precursor (F0), which undergoes cleavage to f... | Wikipedia/RSV_fusion_(F)_protein |
The Drug Industry Documents Archive (DIDA) is a digital archive of pharmaceutical industry documents created and maintained by the University of California, San Francisco, Library and Center for Knowledge Management. DIDA is a part of the larger UCSF Industry Documents Library which includes the Truth Tobacco Industry... | Wikipedia/Drug_Industry_Documents_Archive |
Human Genome Sciences (HGS) was a biopharmaceutical corporation founded in 1992 by Craig Venter, Alan Walton and Wally Steinberg. It uses the human DNA sequence to develop protein and antibody drugs. It had drugs under development to treat such diseases as hepatitis C, systemic lupus erythmatosis, anthrax, and cancer. ... | Wikipedia/Human_Genome_Sciences |
An attenuated vaccine (or a live attenuated vaccine, LAV) is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable (or "live"). Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent. These vaccines contrast to those produced by "killing" the pa... | Wikipedia/Attenuated_vaccines |
Caltrate is a brand name calcium supplement sold by Haleon.
The brand was originally owned by Pfizer (formerly Wyeth) and GSK and in Japan by Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical.
The Caltrate brand is supplied in many different formulas; calcium carbonate (NOT calcium citrate) is the common ingredient serving as the calcium suppl... | Wikipedia/Caltrate |
Eno is an over-the-counter antacid brand produced by Haleon. It is mostly composed of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and citric acid.
== History ==
Eno was first marketed by James Crossley Eno (1827–1915). Legend has it that his idea for the product arose while he was working at the pharmacy of an infirmary ... | Wikipedia/Eno_(drug) |
Block Drug Company was a pharmaceutical company based in Jersey City, New Jersey, United States, that specialized in dental care products. Its most popular products included Polident denture cleanser, Poli-Grip denture adhesive, Dentu-Creme denture toothpaste, Nytol sleeping pill, Tegrin medicated shampoo for psoriasis... | Wikipedia/Block_Drug |
Vaccination of dogs is the practice of animal vaccination applied to dogs. Programs in this field have contributed both to the health of dogs and to the public health. In countries where routine rabies vaccination of dogs is practiced, for example, rabies in humans is reduced to a very rare event.
Currently, there are ... | Wikipedia/Dog_vaccine |
Jeryl Lynn are strains of mumps virus used in the Mumpsvax mumps vaccine made by Merck. The strains are named after Jeryl Lynn Hilleman. In 1963, Jeryl's father, Maurice Hilleman, was leading efforts to produce a mumps vaccine for Merck. He cultured the mumps virus from her throat, and in 1967 a vaccine was produced... | Wikipedia/Jeryl_Lynn_Vaccine |
The DPT vaccine or DTP vaccine is a class of combination vaccines to protect
against three infectious diseases in humans: diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus (lockjaw). The vaccine components include diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, and either killed whole cells of the bacterium that causes pertussis or... | Wikipedia/Tdap_vaccine |
The Janssen COVID‑19 vaccine, (Ad26.COV2.S) sold under the brand name Jcovden, is a COVID‑19 vaccine that was developed by Janssen Vaccines in Leiden, Netherlands, and its Belgian parent company Janssen Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of American company Johnson & Johnson.
It is a viral vector vaccine based on a human ad... | Wikipedia/Johnson_&_Johnson_vaccine |
The Vaccine Research Center (VRC), is an intramural division of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The mission of the VRC is to discover and develop both vaccines and antibody-based product... | Wikipedia/Vaccine_Research_Center |
The Moderna COVID‑19 vaccine, sold under the brand name Spikevax, is a COVID-19 vaccine developed by the American company Moderna, the United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA). Depending on the jurisdiction, it is... | Wikipedia/Moderna_COVID‑19_vaccine |
Suicide cases have remained constant or decreased since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. According to a study done on twenty-one high and upper-middle-income countries in April–July 2020, the number of suicides has remained static. These results were attributed to a variety of factors, including the composition o... | Wikipedia/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_suicide_rates |
Cell-based vaccines are developed from mammalian or more rarely avian or insect cell lines rather than the more common method which uses the cells in embryonic chicken eggs to develop the antigens. The potential use of cell culture techniques in developing viral vaccines has been widely investigated in the 2000s as a c... | Wikipedia/Cell-based_vaccine |
Jennifer Anne Doudna (; born February 19, 1964) is an American biochemist who has pioneered work in CRISPR gene editing, and made other fundamental contributions in biochemistry and genetics. She received the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, with Emmanuelle Charpentier, "for the development of a method for genome editi... | Wikipedia/Jennifer_A._Doudna |
The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) is a United States program for vaccine safety, co-managed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). VAERS is a postmarketing surveillance program, collecting information about adverse events (possible harmf... | Wikipedia/Vaccine_Adverse_Events_Reporting_System |
The use of fetal tissue in vaccine development is the practice of researching, developing, and producing vaccines through growing viruses in cultured (laboratory-grown) cells that were originally derived from human fetal tissue. Since the cell strains in use originate from abortions, there has been opposition to the pr... | Wikipedia/Use_of_fetal_tissue_in_vaccine_development |
Emergent BioSolutions Inc. is an American multinational specialty biopharmaceutical company headquartered in Gaithersburg, Maryland. It develops vaccines and antibody therapeutics for infectious diseases and opioid overdoses, and it provides medical devices for biodefense purposes.
Among the company's products are the ... | Wikipedia/Emergent_BioSolutions |
The phases of clinical research are the stages in which scientists conduct experiments with a health intervention to obtain sufficient evidence for a process considered effective as a medical treatment. For drug development, the clinical phases start with testing for drug safety in a few human subjects, then expand to ... | Wikipedia/Phase_III_trials |
Ortho Clinical Diagnostics (now QuidelOrtho) is an in vitro diagnostics company that made products and diagnostic equipment for blood testing. Ortho served two primary industries in the medical field: clinical laboratories, by producing platforms and assays that test for a variety of diseases, conditions, and substanc... | Wikipedia/Ortho_Clinical_Diagnostics |
Janssen Vaccines, formerly Crucell, is a biotechnology company specializing in vaccines and biopharmaceutical technologies.
It was formed when Johnson & Johnson acquired the Dutch biotech company Crucell. Janssen Vaccines is part of Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine business segment.
== History ==
In 1993 Introge... | Wikipedia/Janssen_Vaccines |
A COVID‑19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19).
Knowledge about the structure and function of previous coronaviruses causing diseases like severe acute respiratory syndr... | Wikipedia/COVID‑19_vaccine |
Abiraterone acetate, sold under the brand name Zytiga among others, is a medication used to treat prostate cancer. Specifically it is used together with a corticosteroid for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and metastatic high-risk castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC). It should either be... | Wikipedia/Abiraterone |
The Janssen COVID‑19 vaccine, (Ad26.COV2.S) sold under the brand name Jcovden, is a COVID‑19 vaccine that was developed by Janssen Vaccines in Leiden, Netherlands, and its Belgian parent company Janssen Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of American company Johnson & Johnson.
It is a viral vector vaccine based on a human ad... | Wikipedia/Johnson_&_Johnson_COVID-19_vaccine |
Studies have shown that Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients are at an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. AD is the most common cause of dementia worldwide and is clinically defined by amyloid beta plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and activation of the brain's immun... | Wikipedia/Alzheimer's_disease_and_COVID-19 |
Citric acid is an organic compound with the formula C6H8O7. It is a colorless weak organic acid. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In biochemistry, it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms.
More than two million tons of citric acid are manufactured ever... | Wikipedia/Citric_acid_monohydrate |
Trisodium citrate is a chemical compound with the molecular formula Na3C6H5O7. It is sometimes referred to simply as "sodium citrate", though sodium citrate can refer to any of the three sodium salts of citric acid. It possesses a saline, mildly tart taste, and is a mild base.
== Uses ==
=== Foods ===
Sodium citrat... | Wikipedia/Trisodium_citrate |
The theory of reasoned action (TRA or ToRA) aims to explain the relationship between attitudes and behaviors within human action. It is mainly used to predict how individuals will behave based on their pre-existing attitudes and behavioral intentions. An individual's decision to engage in a particular behavior is base... | Wikipedia/Theory_of_reasoned_action |
Expectancy–value theory has been developed in many different fields including education, health, communications, marketing and economics. Although the model differs in its meaning and implications for each field, the general idea is that there are expectations as well as values or beliefs that affect subsequent behavio... | Wikipedia/Expectancy-value_theory |
Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control is a psychology book written by Albert Bandura in 1997 on self-efficacy, i.e. a person's belief in their own competence. The book addresses issues ranging from theoretical discussions to developmental analyses. Translations have been published in Chinese, French, Italian, and Kore... | Wikipedia/Self-efficacy:_The_exercise_of_control |
Nucleoproteins are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids (either DNA or RNA). Typical nucleoproteins include ribosomes, nucleosomes and viral nucleocapsid proteins.
== Structures ==
Nucleoproteins tend to be positively charged, facilitating interaction with the negatively charged nucleic acid chains. The tertiary ... | Wikipedia/Nucleoprotein |
The Public Health (Infectious Diseases) Regulations 1988, created by the Department of Health and Social Care, came into force on 1 October 1988 and was associated with the previous Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984. 24 more diseases were added, indicating exact control powers that could be applied to individ... | Wikipedia/Public_Health_(Infectious_Diseases)_Regulations_1988 |
Titer (American English) or titre (British English) is a way of expressing concentration. Titer testing employs serial dilution to obtain approximate quantitative information from an analytical procedure that inherently only evaluates as positive or negative. The titer corresponds to the highest dilution factor that st... | Wikipedia/Antibody_titer |
The London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases was a collaborative disease eradication programme launched on 30 January 2012 in London. It was inspired by the World Health Organization roadmap to eradicate or prevent transmission for neglected tropical diseases by the year 2020. Officials from WHO, the World Ban... | Wikipedia/London_Declaration_on_Neglected_Tropical_Diseases |
The MMR vaccine is a vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella (German measles), abbreviated as MMR. The first dose is generally given to children around 9 months to 15 months of age, with a second dose at 15 months to 6 years of age, with at least four weeks between the doses. After two doses, 97% of people are prot... | Wikipedia/MR_vaccine |
The Meningitis Vaccine Project is an effort to eliminate the meningitis epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa by developing a new meningococcal vaccine. The meningitis problem in that area is caused by a strain of meningitis called "meningitis A", which is present only in the African meningitis belt. In June 2010 various so... | Wikipedia/Meningitis_Vaccine_Project |
Haemophilus influenzae (formerly called Pfeiffer's bacillus or Bacillus influenzae) is a Gram-negative, non-motile, coccobacillary, facultatively anaerobic, capnophilic pathogenic bacterium of the family Pasteurellaceae. The bacteria are mesophilic and grow best at temperatures between 35 and 37 °C.
H. influenzae was f... | Wikipedia/Hib_disease |
Anthrax vaccine adsorbed, sold under the brand name Biothrax among others, is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against Bacillus anthracis.
Anthrax vaccine adsorbed originated in studies done in the 1950s and was first licensed for use in humans in 1970. In the US, the principal purchasers of the vaccine ... | Wikipedia/Anthrax_Vaccine_Adsorbed |
Anthrax vaccine adsorbed, sold under the brand name Biothrax among others, is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against Bacillus anthracis.
Anthrax vaccine adsorbed originated in studies done in the 1950s and was first licensed for use in humans in 1970. In the US, the principal purchasers of the vaccine ... | Wikipedia/Anthrax_vaccine_adsorbed |
Vaccine-induced seropositivity (VISP) is the phenomenon wherein a person who has received a vaccine against a disease would thereafter give a positive or reactive test result for having that disease when tested for it, despite not actually having the disease. This happens because many vaccines encourage the body to pr... | Wikipedia/Vaccine-induced_seropositivity |
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic medication used to treat certain bacterial infections. It is administered intravenously (injection into a vein) to treat complicated skin infections, bloodstream infections, endocarditis, bone and joint infections, and meningitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aur... | Wikipedia/Red_man_syndrome_(Drug_eruption) |
The Office of Special Masters of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims, popularly known as "vaccine court", administers a no-fault system for litigating vaccine injury claims. These claims against vaccine manufacturers cannot normally be filed in state or federal civil courts, but instead must be heard in the U.S. Court of ... | Wikipedia/Vaccine_court |
Claims of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism have been extensively investigated and found to be false. The link was first suggested in the early 1990s and came to public notice largely as a result of the 1998 Lancet MMR autism fraud, characterised as "perhaps the most damaging medical hoax of the last 100 years"... | Wikipedia/MMR_vaccine_controversy |
The Informed Consent Action Network (ICAN) is one of the main anti-vaccination groups in the United States. Founded in 2016 by Del Bigtree, it spreads misinformation about the risks of vaccines and contributes to vaccine hesitancy, which has been identified by the World Health Organization as one of the top ten global ... | Wikipedia/Informed_Consent_Action_Network |
Fixed drug reactions are common and so named because they recur at the same site with each exposure to a particular medication. Medications inducing fixed drug eruptions are usually those taken intermittently.
== Signs and symptoms ==
A painful and itchy reddish/purple patch of skin that occurs in the same location w... | Wikipedia/Fixed_drug_reaction |
A vaccine vial monitor (VVM) is a thermochromic label put on vials containing vaccines which gives a visual indication of whether the vaccine has been kept at a temperature which preserves its potency. The labels were designed in response to the problem of delivering vaccines to developing countries where the cold cha... | Wikipedia/Vaccine_vial_monitor |
Generalized bullous fixed drug eruption (GBFDE) most commonly refers to a drug reaction in the erythema multiforme group.: 129 These are uncommon reactions to medications, with an incidence of 0.4 to 1.2 per million person-years for toxic epidermal necrolysis and 1.2 to 6.0 per million person-years for Stevens–Johnson... | Wikipedia/Generalized_bullous_fixed_drug_eruption |
The MMR vaccine is a vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella (German measles), abbreviated as MMR. The first dose is generally given to children around 9 months to 15 months of age, with a second dose at 15 months to 6 years of age, with at least four weeks between the doses. After two doses, 97% of people are prot... | Wikipedia/Measles-mumps-rubella_vaccine |
CEASE (Complete Elimination of Autistic Spectrum Expression) therapy is a pseudoscientific practice used by naturopaths (particularly homeopaths) who claim that it can treat or even cure people with autism, claims which have been adjudicated by the UK's Advertising Standards Authority as "bogus". It involves a mixture... | Wikipedia/CEASE_therapy |
One of the most prevalent forms of adverse drug reactions is cutaneous reactions, with drug-induced urticaria ranking as the second most common type, preceded by drug-induced exanthems. Urticaria, commonly known as hives, manifests as weals, itching, burning, redness, swelling, and angioedema—a rapid swelling of lower ... | Wikipedia/Drug-induced_urticaria |
HIV disease–related drug reaction is an adverse drug reaction caused by drugs used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS.
Drug reactions are a major cause of mortality and morbidity around the world. Special populations of people, such as those who are HIV-positive, can be up to a hundred times more susceptible to immune-medi... | Wikipedia/HIV_disease-related_drug_reaction |
Drug induced pigmentation may take on many different appearances, one of the most common being a change in the color, or pigmentation, of the skin.
== Presentation ==
== Cause ==
Drug-induced pigmentation of the skin may occur as a consequence of drug administration, and the mechanism may be postinflammatory hyperp... | Wikipedia/Drug-induced_pigmentation |
The Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005 (S. 1873), nicknamed "Bioshield Two" and sponsored by Senator Richard Burr (R-North Carolina), aimed to shorten the pharmaceutical development process for new vaccines and drugs in case of a pandemic, and to protect vaccine makers and the pharmaceutic... | Wikipedia/Biodefense_and_Pandemic_Vaccine_and_Drug_Development_Act_of_2005 |
A Vaccine Information Statement (VIS) is a document designed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to provide information to a patient receiving a vaccine in the United States. The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act requires that medical professionals provide a VIS to patients before receiving cert... | Wikipedia/Vaccine_Information_Statement |
Vaccine shedding is a form of viral shedding which can occasionally occur following a viral infection caused by an attenuated (or "live virus") vaccine. Illness in others resulting from transmission through this type of viral shedding is rare. The idea of shedding is a popular anti-vaccination myth. However, most vacci... | Wikipedia/Vaccine_shedding |
A COVID‑19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19).
Knowledge about the structure and function of previous coronaviruses causing diseases like severe acute respiratory syndr... | Wikipedia/Covid-19_vaccines |
Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease that affects the skin, nails, hair, and mucous membranes. It is not an actual lichen, but is named for its appearance. It is characterized by polygonal, flat-topped, violaceous papules and plaques with overlying, reticulated, fine white scale (Wickham'... | Wikipedia/Drug-induced_lichenoid_reaction |
The Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis (OPV AIDS) is a largely discredited hypothesis which argued the AIDS pandemic originated from live polio vaccines prepared in chimpanzee tissue cultures, accidentally contaminated with simian immunodeficiency virus and then administered to up to one million Africans between 1957 a... | Wikipedia/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis |
The side effects of penicillin are bodily responses to penicillin and closely related antibiotics that do not relate directly to its effect on bacteria. A side effect is an effect that is not intended with normal dosing. Some of these reactions are visible and some occur in the body's organs or blood. Penicillins are ... | Wikipedia/Penicillin_drug_reaction |
Texans for Vaccine Choice (TFVC) is an anti-vaccine Facebook group turned political action committee in Texas which advocates for personal belief exemptions to vaccination requirements, based on "a collection of fake news, half- truths, and conspiracy theories". Andrew Wakefield, the disgraced former medical researcher... | Wikipedia/Texans_for_Vaccine_Choice |
Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration (SIRVA) is "shoulder pain and limited range of motion occurring after the administration of a vaccine intended for intramuscular administration in the upper arm... thought to occur as a result of unintended injection of vaccine antigen or trauma from the needle into and... | Wikipedia/Shoulder_injury_related_to_vaccine_administration |
A vaccine-associated sarcoma (VAS) or feline injection-site sarcoma (FISS) is a type of malignant tumor found in cats (and, often, dogs and ferrets) which has been linked to certain vaccines. VAS has become a concern for veterinarians and cat owners alike and has resulted in changes in recommended vaccine protocols. ... | Wikipedia/Vaccine-associated_sarcoma |
Drug-induced angioedema is a known complication of the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II antagonists (ARBs), and Angiotensin-Neprilysin Inhibitor LCZ969.: 120 The angioedema appears to be dose dependent as it may resolve with decreased dose.: 120
== Presentation ==
Angioedema pr... | Wikipedia/Drug-induced_angioedema |
A nail disease or onychosis is a disease or deformity of the nail. Although the nail is a structure produced by the skin and is a skin appendage, nail diseases have a distinct classification as they have their own signs and symptoms which may relate to other medical conditions. Some nail conditions that show signs of ... | Wikipedia/Drug-induced_nail_changes |
The Healthcare Systems Bureau is part of the U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) in the Department of Health and Human Services. The bureau oversees the nation's organ and tissue donation and transplantation systems, poison control and vaccine injury compensation programs, and a drug discount prog... | Wikipedia/Healthcare_Systems_Bureau |
Bladder cancer is the abnormal growth of cells in the bladder. These cells can grow to form a tumor, which eventually spreads, damaging the bladder and other organs. Most people with bladder cancer are diagnosed after noticing blood in their urine. Those suspected of having bladder cancer typically have their bladder i... | Wikipedia/BCG_as_a_treatment_for_bladder_cancer |
A therapeutic vaccine is a vaccine which is administered after a disease or infection has already occurred. A therapeutic vaccine works by activating the immune system of a patient to fight an infection. A therapeutic vaccine differs from a prophylactic vaccine in that prophylactic vaccines are administered to individu... | Wikipedia/Therapeutic_vaccine |
An attenuated vaccine (or a live attenuated vaccine, LAV) is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable (or "live"). Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent. These vaccines contrast to those produced by "killing" the pa... | Wikipedia/Live_vaccine |
Intravesical drug delivery is the delivery of medications directly into the bladder by urinary catheter. This method of drug delivery is used to directly target diseases of the bladder such as interstitial cystitis and bladder cancer, but currently faces obstacles such as low drug retention time due to washing out with... | Wikipedia/Intravesical_drug_delivery |
Science in the ancient world encompasses the earliest history of science from the protoscience of prehistory and ancient history to late antiquity. In ancient times, culture and knowledge were passed through oral tradition. The development of writing further enabled the preservation of knowledge and culture, allowing i... | Wikipedia/Ancient_science |
Process engineering is a field of study focused on the development and optimization of industrial processes. It consists of the understanding and application of the fundamental principles and laws of nature to allow humans to transform raw material and energy into products that are useful to society, at an industrial l... | Wikipedia/Process_systems_engineering |
Multimethodology or multimethod research includes the use of more than one method of data collection or research in a research study or set of related studies. Mixed methods research is more specific in that it includes the mixing of qualitative and quantitative data, methods, methodologies, and/or paradigms in a resea... | Wikipedia/Mixed-methods_research |
Data modeling in software engineering is the process of creating a data model for an information system by applying certain formal techniques. It may be applied as part of broader Model-driven engineering (MDE) concept.
== Overview ==
Data modeling is a process used to define and analyze data requirements needed to ... | Wikipedia/Data_modelling |
Cartesian doubt is a form of methodological skepticism associated with the writings and methodology of René Descartes (March 31, 1596–February 11, 1650).: 88 Cartesian doubt is also known as Cartesian skepticism, methodic doubt, methodological skepticism, universal doubt, systematic doubt, or hyperbolic doubt.
Cartesi... | Wikipedia/Methodological_skepticism |
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition (in a broad sense). Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include perception, memory, attention, reasoning, language, and emotion. To understand the... | Wikipedia/Cognitive_sciences |
The stimulus–response model is a conceptual framework in psychology that describes how individuals react to external stimuli. According to this model, an external stimulus triggers a reaction in an organism, often without the need for conscious thought. This model emphasizes the mechanistic aspects of behavior, suggest... | Wikipedia/Stimulus–response_model |
The Good Judgment Project (GJP) is an organization dedicated to "harnessing the wisdom of the crowd to forecast world events". It was co-created by Philip E. Tetlock (author of Superforecasting: The Art and Science of Prediction and Expert Political Judgment), decision scientist Barbara Mellers, and Don Moore, all prof... | Wikipedia/Superforecasting:_The_Art_and_Science_of_Prediction |
The rare disease assumption is a mathematical assumption in epidemiologic case-control studies where the hypothesis tests the association between an exposure and a disease. It is assumed that, if the prevalence of the disease is low, then the odds ratio (OR) approaches the relative risk (RR). The idea was first demonst... | Wikipedia/Rare_disease_assumption |
In epidemiology, a rate ratio, sometimes called an incidence density ratio or incidence rate ratio, is a relative difference measure used to compare the incidence rates of events occurring at any given point in time.
It is defined as:
Rate Ratio
=
... | Wikipedia/Incidence_rate_ratio |
The Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (or ViCPS) is a typhoid vaccine recommended by the World Health Organization for the prevention of typhoid (another is Ty21a). The vaccine was first licensed in the US in 1994 and is made from the purified Vi capsular polysaccharide from the Ty2 Salmonella Typhi strain; it is a su... | Wikipedia/Typhoid_conjugate_vaccine |
Vaccine-naive is a lack of immunity, or immunologic memory, to a disease because the person has not been vaccinated. There are a variety of reasons why a person may not have received a vaccination, including contraindications due to preexisting medical conditions, lack of resources, previous vaccination failure, religi... | Wikipedia/Vaccine-naive |
CNA (an initialism of Channel NewsAsia) is a Singapore-based multinational news channel owned by Mediacorp, the country's state-owned media conglomerate. The network is broadcast in Singapore on free-to-air terrestrial television and Mediacorp's streaming service meWatch, and is distributed internationally via televisi... | Wikipedia/CNA_(TV_network) |
Chronic liver disease in the clinical context is a disease process of the liver that involves a process of progressive destruction and regeneration of the liver parenchyma leading to fibrosis and cirrhosis. "Chronic liver disease" refers to disease of the liver which lasts over a period of six months. It consists of a ... | Wikipedia/Chronic_liver_disease |
Anti-vaccine activism, which collectively constitutes the "anti-vax" movement, is a set of organized activities expressing opposition to vaccination, and these collaborating networks have often sought to increase vaccine hesitancy by disseminating vaccine misinformation and/or forms of active disinformation. As a socia... | Wikipedia/Anti-vaccine |
Autism's False Prophets: Bad Science, Risky Medicine, and the Search for a Cure is a 2008 book by Paul Offit, a vaccine expert and chief of infectious diseases at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. The book focuses on the controversy surrounding the now-discredited link between vaccines and autism. The scientific con... | Wikipedia/Autism's_False_Prophets:_Bad_Science,_Risky_Medicine,_and_the_Search_for_a_Cure |
The Greater Los Angeles County Vector Control District (GLACVCD) is a public health agency created in 1952 by the State of California's Health and Safety Code.
GLACVCD is an independent government entity called a special district. The organization covers over 1,000 square miles and 6 million residents in Los Angeles Co... | Wikipedia/Greater_Los_Angeles_County_Vector_Control_District |
The 2009 swine flu pandemic vaccines were influenza vaccines developed to protect against the pandemic H1N1/09 virus. These vaccines either contained inactivated (killed) influenza virus, or weakened live virus that could not cause influenza. The killed virus was injected, while the live virus was given as a nasal spra... | Wikipedia/Swine_flu_vaccine |
H5N1 clinical trials are clinical trials concerning H5N1 vaccines, which are intended to provide immunization to influenza A virus subtype H5N1. They are intended to discover pharmacological effects and identify any adverse reactions the vaccines may achieve in humans.
== Current status of H5N1 candidate vaccines ==
... | Wikipedia/H5N1_clinical_trials |
A nasal vaccine is a vaccine administered through the nose that stimulates an immune response without an injection. It induces immunity through the inner surface of the nose, a surface that naturally comes in contact with many airborne microbes. Nasal vaccines are emerging as an alternative to injectable vaccines becau... | Wikipedia/Nasal_vaccine |
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