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In systems engineering, software engineering, and computer science, a function model or functional model is a structured representation of the functions (activities, actions, processes, operations) within the modeled system or subject area.
A function model, similar with the activity model or process model, is a graph... | Wikipedia/Function_modeling |
A bus functional model (BFM), also known as a transaction verification model (TVM) is a non-synthesizable software model of an integrated circuit component having one or more external buses. The emphasis of the model is on simulating system bus transactions prior to building and testing the actual hardware. BFMs are u... | Wikipedia/Bus_Functional_Model |
A reference model—in systems, enterprise, and software engineering—is an abstract framework or domain-specific ontology consisting of an interlinked set of clearly defined concepts produced by an expert or body of experts to encourage clear communication. A reference model can represent the component parts of any cons... | Wikipedia/Reference_model |
A functional software architecture (FSA) is an architectural model that identifies enterprise functions, interactions and corresponding IT needs. These functions can be used as a reference by different domain experts to develop IT-systems as part of a co-operative information-driven enterprise. In this way, both softwa... | Wikipedia/Functional_Software_Architecture |
A business process, business method, or business function is a collection of related, structured activities or tasks performed by people or equipment in which a specific sequence produces a service or product (that serves a particular business goal) for a particular customer or customers. Business processes occur at al... | Wikipedia/Business_function |
Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) is a graphical representation for specifying business processes in a business process model.
Originally developed by the Business Process Management Initiative (BPMI), BPMN has been maintained by the Object Management Group (OMG) since the two organizations merged in 2005. Ver... | Wikipedia/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation |
The input–process–output (IPO) model, or input-process-output pattern, is a widely used approach in systems analysis and software engineering for describing the structure of an information processing program or other process. Many introductory programming and systems analysis texts introduce this as the most basic str... | Wikipedia/IPO_Model |
Structured analysis and design technique (SADT) is a systems engineering and software engineering methodology for describing systems as a hierarchy of functions. SADT is a structured analysis modelling language, which uses two types of diagrams: activity models and data models. It was developed in the late 1960s by Dou... | Wikipedia/Structured_analysis_and_design_technique |
Structured analysis and design technique (SADT) is a systems engineering and software engineering methodology for describing systems as a hierarchy of functions. SADT is a structured analysis modelling language, which uses two types of diagrams: activity models and data models. It was developed in the late 1960s by Dou... | Wikipedia/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique |
In software engineering, a software development process or software development life cycle (SDLC) is a process of planning and managing software development. It typically involves dividing software development work into smaller, parallel, or sequential steps or sub-processes to improve design and/or product management.... | Wikipedia/Software_engineering_methodology |
Business reference model (BRM) is a reference model, concentrating on the functional and organizational aspects of the core business of an enterprise, service organization or government agency.
In enterprise engineering a business reference model is part of an Enterprise Architecture Framework or Architecture Framework... | Wikipedia/Business_reference_model |
Decomposition in computer science, also known as factoring, is breaking a complex problem or system into parts that are easier to conceive, understand, program, and maintain.
== Overview ==
Different types of decomposition are defined in computer sciences:
In structured programming, algorithmic decomposition breaks... | Wikipedia/Decomposition_(computer_science) |
Dynamic enterprise modeling (DEM) is an enterprise modeling approach developed by the Baan company, and used for the Baan enterprise resource planning system which aims "to align and implement it in the organizational architecture of the end-using company".
According to Koning (2008), Baan introduced dynamic enterprise... | Wikipedia/Dynamic_Enterprise_Modeling |
Axiomatic design is a systems design methodology using matrix methods to systematically analyze the transformation of customer needs into functional requirements, design parameters, and process variables. Specifically, a set of functional requirements(FRs) are related to a set of design parameters (DPs) by a Design Ma... | Wikipedia/Axiomatic_design |
The function block diagram (FBD) is a graphical language for programmable logic controller design, that can describe the function between input variables and output variables. A function is described as a set of elementary blocks. Input and output variables are connected to blocks by connection lines.
== Design ==
I... | Wikipedia/Function_Block_Diagram |
Multilevel Flow Modeling (MFM) is a framework for modeling industrial processes.
MFM is a kind of functional modeling employing the concepts of abstraction, decomposition, and functional representation. The approach regards the purpose, rather than the physical behavior of a system as its defining element. MFM hierarc... | Wikipedia/Multilevel_Flow_Modeling |
A functional block diagram, in systems engineering and software engineering, is a block diagram that describes the functions and interrelationships of a system.
The functional block diagram can picture:
functions of a system pictured by blocks
input and output elements of a block pictured with lines
the relationships... | Wikipedia/Functional_block_diagram |
Building information modeling (BIM) is an approach involving the generation and management of digital representations of the physical and functional characteristics of buildings or other physical assets and facilities. BIM is supported by various tools, processes, technologies and contracts. Building information model... | Wikipedia/Informative_modelling |
Analogical modeling (AM) is a formal theory of exemplar based analogical reasoning, proposed by Royal Skousen, professor of Linguistics and English language at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. It is applicable to language modeling and other categorization tasks. Analogical modeling is related to connectionism a... | Wikipedia/Analogical_modeling |
A goal model is an element of requirements engineering that may also be used more widely in business analysis. Related elements include stakeholder analysis, context analysis, and scenarios, among other business and technical areas.
== Principles ==
Goals are objectives which a system should achieve through cooperati... | Wikipedia/Goal_modeling |
Modeling and simulation (M&S) is the use of models (e.g., physical, mathematical, behavioral, or logical representation of a system, entity, phenomenon, or process) as a basis for simulations to develop data utilized for managerial or technical decision making.
In the computer application of modeling and simulation a ... | Wikipedia/Modelling_and_simulation |
Modelling biological systems is a significant task of systems biology and mathematical biology. Computational systems biology aims to develop and use efficient algorithms, data structures, visualization and communication tools with the goal of computer modelling of biological systems. It involves the use of computer si... | Wikipedia/Modeling_biological_systems |
Empirical modelling refers to any kind of (computer) modelling based on empirical observations rather than on mathematically describable relationships of the system modelled.
== Empirical Modelling ==
=== Empirical Modelling as a variety of empirical modelling ===
Empirical modelling is a generic term for activitie... | Wikipedia/Empirical_modelling |
Predictive intake modelling uses mathematical modelling strategies to estimate intake of food, personal care products, and their formulations.
== Definition ==
Predictive intake modelling seeks to estimate intake of products and/or their constituents which may enter the body through various routes such as ingestion, ... | Wikipedia/Predictive_intake_modelling |
Continuous modelling is the mathematical practice of applying a model to continuous data (data which has a potentially infinite number, and divisibility, of attributes). They often use differential equations and are converse to discrete modelling.
Modelling is generally broken down into several steps:
Making assumptio... | Wikipedia/Continuous_modelling |
Econometric models are statistical models used in econometrics. An econometric model specifies the statistical relationship that is believed to hold between the various economic quantities pertaining to a particular economic phenomenon. An econometric model can be derived from a deterministic economic model by allowing... | Wikipedia/Econometric_model |
Models of scientific inquiry have two functions: first, to provide a descriptive account of how scientific inquiry is carried out in practice, and second, to provide an explanatory account of why scientific inquiry succeeds as well as it appears to do in arriving at genuine knowledge. The philosopher Wesley C. Salmon d... | Wikipedia/Models_of_scientific_inquiry |
Water quality modeling involves water quality based data using mathematical simulation techniques. Water quality modeling helps people understand the eminence of water quality issues and models provide evidence for policy makers to make decisions in order to properly mitigate water. Water quality modeling also helps de... | Wikipedia/Water_quality_modelling |
A computational model uses computer programs to simulate and study complex systems using an algorithmic or mechanistic approach and is widely used in a diverse range of fields spanning from physics, engineering, chemistry and biology to economics, psychology, cognitive science and computer science.
The system under stu... | Wikipedia/Computational_models |
The Joint Program in Design (also called the Graduate Design Program or simply the Design Program) was a graduate program jointly offered by the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Department of Art & Art History at Stanford University. It was discontinued with the last cohort of students graduating in Spring ... | Wikipedia/Stanford_Joint_Program_in_Design |
Agile modeling (AM) is a methodology for modeling and documenting software systems based on best practices. It is a collection of values and principles that can be applied on an (agile) software development project. This methodology is more flexible than traditional modeling methods, making it a better fit in a fast-ch... | Wikipedia/Agile_modeling |
The following tables provide a comparison of computer algebra systems (CAS). A CAS is a package comprising a set of algorithms for performing symbolic manipulations on algebraic objects, a language to implement them, and an environment in which to use the language. A CAS may include a user interface and graphics capabi... | Wikipedia/Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems |
Financial modeling is the task of building an abstract representation (a model) of a real world financial situation. This is a mathematical model designed to represent (a simplified version of) the performance of a financial asset or portfolio of a business, project, or any other investment.
Typically, then, financial ... | Wikipedia/Financial_modeling |
ReScience C is a journal created in 2015 by Nicolas Rougier and Konrad Hinsen with the aim of publishing researchers' attempts to replicate computations made by other authors, using independently written, free and open-source software (FOSS), with an open process of peer review. The journal states that requiring the re... | Wikipedia/ReScience_C |
Optical projection tomography is a form of tomography involving optical microscopy. The OPT technique is sometimes referred to as optical computed tomography (optical-CT) and optical emission computed tomography (optical-ECT) in the literature, to address the fact that the technique bears similarity to X-ray computed t... | Wikipedia/Optical_projection_tomography |
Computational Engineering is an emerging discipline that deals with the development and application of computational models for engineering, known as Computational Engineering Models or CEM. Computational engineering uses computers to solve engineering design problems important to a variety of industries. At this time,... | Wikipedia/Computational_science_and_engineering |
In mathematics, an integral is the continuous analog of a sum, which is used to calculate areas, volumes, and their generalizations. Integration, the process of computing an integral, is one of the two fundamental operations of calculus, the other being differentiation. Integration was initially used to solve problems ... | Wikipedia/Methods_of_integration |
ATL (ATLAS Transformation Language) is a model transformation language and toolkit developed and maintained by OBEO and AtlanMod. It was initiated by the AtlanMod team (previously called ATLAS Group). In the field of Model-Driven Engineering (MDE), ATL provides ways to produce a set of target models from a set of sourc... | Wikipedia/ATLAS_Transformation_Language |
Generic Eclipse Modeling System (GEMS) is a configurable toolkit for creating domain-specific modeling and program synthesis environments for Eclipse. The project aims to bridge the gap between the communities experienced with visual metamodeling tools like those built around the Eclipse modeling technologies, such as ... | Wikipedia/Generic_Eclipse_Modeling_System |
Application lifecycle management (ALM) is the product lifecycle management (governance, development, and maintenance) of computer programs. It encompasses requirements management, software architecture, computer programming, software testing, software maintenance, change management, continuous integration, project mana... | Wikipedia/Application_lifecycle_management |
The Graphical Modeling Framework (GMF) is a framework within the Eclipse platform. It provides a generative component and runtime infrastructure for developing graphical editors based on the Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF) and Graphical Editing Framework (GEF). The project aims to provide these components, in addition... | Wikipedia/Graphical_Modeling_Framework |
Model-driven architecture (MDA) is a software design approach for the development of software systems. It provides a set of guidelines for the structuring of specifications, which are expressed as models. Model Driven Architecture is a kind of domain engineering, and supports model-driven engineering of software system... | Wikipedia/Model-Driven_Architecture |
Modeling Maturity Levels is a classification system defined by Anneke Kleppe and Jos Warmer in their book MDA Explained (published by Addison-Wesley). The levels characterize the role of modeling in a software project.
The concept shows resemblance to the way software processes are rated with the Capability Maturity Mo... | Wikipedia/Modeling_Maturity_Level |
Sparx Systems is an Australian software company founded by Geoffrey Sparks in 1996 in Creswick, Victoria in Australia, known for the development of the Unified Modeling Language tool Enterprise Architect.
Sparx Systems specializes in the development of visual tools for planning, design and development of software inte... | Wikipedia/Sparx_Systems |
Grady Booch (born February 27, 1955) is an American software engineer, best known for developing the Unified Modeling Language (UML) with Ivar Jacobson and James Rumbaugh. He is recognized internationally for his innovative work in software architecture, software engineering, and collaborative development environments.... | Wikipedia/Booch_method |
In software engineering, a domain model is a conceptual model of the domain that incorporates both behavior and data. In ontology engineering, a domain model is a formal representation of a knowledge domain with concepts, roles, datatypes, individuals, and rules, typically grounded in a description logic.
== Overview... | Wikipedia/Domain_model |
Real-Time Object-Oriented Modeling (ROOM) is a domain-specific language.
ROOM was developed in the early 1990s for modeling real-time systems. The initial focus was on telecommunications, even though ROOM can be applied to any event-driven real-time system.
ROOM was supported by ObjecTime Developer (commercial) and is ... | Wikipedia/Real-Time_Object-Oriented_Modeling |
Open ModelSphere was a data, process and UML modeling tool written in Java and distributed as free software under the GPL License. It provided support for forward and reverse engineering between UML and relational schemas.
== History ==
Open ModelSphere has SILVERRUN PerfectO for an ancestor, proprietary software dev... | Wikipedia/Open_ModelSphere |
The Shlaer–Mellor method, also known as object-oriented systems analysis (OOSA) or object-oriented analysis (OOA) is an object-oriented software development methodology introduced by Sally Shlaer and Stephen Mellor in 1988. The method makes the documented analysis so precise that it is possible to implement the analysi... | Wikipedia/Shlaer–Mellor_method |
Software Ideas Modeler is a CASE and an UML tool. The modeler supports all 14 diagram types specified in UML 2.5. It also supports among others the following diagrams and standards:
ER diagrams
BPMN 2.0
CMMN
SysML 1.5
ArchiMate 3
JSD
CRC
flowcharts
data flow diagram
Infographics
Wireframes
Mind maps
User Stories
Roadm... | Wikipedia/Software_Ideas_Modeler |
SAP PowerDesigner (or PowerDesigner) is a collaborative enterprise modelling tool produced by Sybase, currently owned by SAP. It can run either under Microsoft Windows as a native application or in an Eclipse environment through a plugin. It supports model-driven architecture software design, and stores models using a ... | Wikipedia/PowerDesigner |
ModelCenter, developed by Phoenix Integration, is a software package that aids in the design and optimization of systems. It enables users to conduct trade studies, as well as optimize designs. It interacts with other common modeling tools, including Systems Tool Kit, PTC Integrity Modeler, IBM Rhapsody, No Magic, Ma... | Wikipedia/ModelCenter |
The common warehouse metamodel (CWM) defines a specification for modeling metadata for relational, non-relational, multi-dimensional, and most other objects found in a data warehousing environment. The specification is released and owned by the Object Management Group, which also claims a trademark in the use of "CWM"... | Wikipedia/Common_Warehouse_Metamodel |
Domain-specific multimodeling is a software development paradigm where each view is made explicit as a separate domain-specific language (DSL).
Successful development of a modern enterprise system requires the convergence of multiple views. Business analysts, domain experts, interaction designers, database experts, and... | Wikipedia/Domain-specific_multimodeling |
Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF) is an Eclipse-based modeling framework and code generation facility for building tools and other applications based on a structured data model.
From a model specification described in XML Metadata Interchange (XMI), EMF provides tools and runtime support to produce a set of Java classes... | Wikipedia/Eclipse_Modeling_Framework |
Story-driven modeling is an object-oriented modeling technique. Other forms of object-oriented modeling focus on class diagrams.
Class diagrams describe the static structure of a program, i.e. the building blocks of a program and how they relate to each other.
Class diagrams also model data structures, but with an em... | Wikipedia/Story-driven_modeling |
In cryptography, a one-way compression function is a function that transforms two fixed-length inputs into a fixed-length output. The transformation is "one-way", meaning that it is difficult given a particular output to compute inputs which compress to that output. One-way compression functions are not related to conv... | Wikipedia/One-way_compression_function |
In cryptography, cryptographic hash functions can be divided into two main categories. In the first category are those functions whose designs are based on mathematical problems, and whose security thus follows from rigorous mathematical proofs, complexity theory and formal reduction. These functions are called provabl... | Wikipedia/Provably_secure_cryptographic_hash_function |
The non-cryptographic hash functions (NCHFs) are hash functions intended for applications that do not need the rigorous security requirements of the cryptographic hash functions (e.g., preimage resistance) and therefore can be faster and less resource-intensive. Typical examples of CPU-optimized non-cryptographic hashe... | Wikipedia/Non-cryptographic_hash_function |
In cryptography, cryptographic hash functions can be divided into two main categories. In the first category are those functions whose designs are based on mathematical problems, and whose security thus follows from rigorous mathematical proofs, complexity theory and formal reduction. These functions are called provabl... | Wikipedia/Security_of_cryptographic_hash_functions |
In probability theory and related fields, a stochastic () or random process is a mathematical object usually defined as a family of random variables in a probability space, where the index of the family often has the interpretation of time. Stochastic processes are widely used as mathematical models of systems and phen... | Wikipedia/Random_function |
A graphics processing unit (GPU) is a specialized electronic circuit designed for digital image processing and to accelerate computer graphics, being present either as a discrete video card or embedded on motherboards, mobile phones, personal computers, workstations, and game consoles. GPUs were later found to be usefu... | Wikipedia/Graphics_processor |
A fundamental problem in distributed computing and multi-agent systems is to achieve overall system reliability in the presence of a number of faulty processes. This often requires coordinating processes to reach consensus, or agree on some data value that is needed during computation. Example applications of consensus... | Wikipedia/Consensus_(computer_science) |
Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, "hidden", and analýein, "to analyze") refers to the process of analyzing information systems in order to understand hidden aspects of the systems. Cryptanalysis is used to breach cryptographic security systems and gain access to the contents of encrypted messages, even if the cry... | Wikipedia/Cryptographic_attack |
The Lightning Network (LN) is a payment protocol built on the bitcoin blockchain. It is intended to enable fast transactions among participating nodes (independently run members of the network) and has been proposed as a solution to the bitcoin scalability problem.
== History ==
Joseph Poon and Thaddeus Dryja publish... | Wikipedia/Lightning_Network |
Hedera Hashgraph, commonly known as Hedera, is a distributed ledger which uses a variant of proof of stake to reach consensus. The native cryptocurrency of the Hedera Hashgraph system is HBAR.
== History ==
Hashgraph was invented in the mid-2010s by the American computer scientist Leemon Baird. Baird is the co-founde... | Wikipedia/Hashgraph |
A hash function is any function that can be used to map data of arbitrary size to fixed-size values, though there are some hash functions that support variable-length output. The values returned by a hash function are called hash values, hash codes, (hash/message) digests, or simply hashes. The values are usually used... | Wikipedia/Hash_algorithm |
Tor is a free overlay network for enabling anonymous communication. It is built on free and open-source software run by over seven thousand volunteer-operated relays worldwide, as well as by millions of users who route their Internet traffic via random paths through these relays.
Using Tor makes it more difficult to tr... | Wikipedia/Tor_(network) |
TON, also known as The Open Network (previously Telegram Open Network), is a decentralized layer-1 blockchain. TON was originally developed by Nikolai Durov who is also known for his role in creating the messaging platform, Telegram.
Telegram had planned to use TON to launch its own cryptocurrency (Gram), but was force... | Wikipedia/The_Open_Network |
In cryptography a universal one-way hash function (UOWHF, often pronounced "woof") is a type of universal hash function of particular importance to cryptography. UOWHFs are proposed as an alternative to collision-resistant hash functions (CRHFs). CRHFs have a strong collision-resistance property: that it is hard, given... | Wikipedia/Universal_one-way_hash_function |
A decentralised application (DApp, dApp, Dapp, or dapp) is an application that can operate autonomously, typically through the use of smart contracts, that run on a decentralized computing, blockchain or other distributed ledger system. Like traditional applications, DApps provide some function or utility to its users.... | Wikipedia/Decentralized_application |
Bouncy Castle is a collection of APIs used for implementing cryptography in computer programs. It includes APIs for both the Java and the C# programming languages. The APIs are supported by a registered Australian charitable organization: Legion of the Bouncy Castle Inc.
Bouncy Castle is Australian in origin and theref... | Wikipedia/Bouncy_Castle_(cryptography) |
The Helium Network is a wireless system composed of two distinct networks: one for Internet of things (IoT) devices using LoRaWAN and another for mobile phone coverage using Wi-Fi hotspots.
Both the IoT and Mobile networks are tied to the cryptocurrency Helium Network Token (symbol HNT). Nodes on the networks may be ow... | Wikipedia/Helium_Network |
Nervos Network is a proof-of-work blockchain platform which consists of multiple blockchain layers that are designed for different functions. The native cryptocurrency of this layer is called CKB. Smart contracts and decentralized applications can be deployed on the Nervos blockchain. The Nervos Network was founded in ... | Wikipedia/Nervos_Network |
In cryptography, the Double Ratchet Algorithm (previously referred to as the Axolotl Ratchet) is a key management algorithm that was developed by Trevor Perrin and Moxie Marlinspike in 2013. It can be used as part of a cryptographic protocol to provide end-to-end encryption for instant messaging. After an initial key e... | Wikipedia/Double_Ratchet_Algorithm |
In cryptographic protocol design, cryptographic agility or crypto-agility is the ability to switch between multiple cryptographic primitives.
A cryptographically agile system implementing a particular standard can choose which combination of primitives to use. The primary goal of cryptographic agility is to enable rapi... | Wikipedia/Cryptographic_agility |
Below is a timeline of notable events related to cryptography.
== B.C. ==
36th century – The Sumerians develop cuneiform writing and the Egyptians develop hieroglyphic writing.
16th century – The Phoenicians develop an alphabet
600-500 – Hebrew scholars make use of simple monoalphabetic substitution ciphers (such ... | Wikipedia/Timeline_of_cryptography |
Network Security Services (NSS) is a collection of cryptographic computer libraries designed to support cross-platform development of security-enabled client and server applications with optional support for hardware TLS/SSL acceleration on the server side and hardware smart cards on the client side. NSS provides a com... | Wikipedia/Network_Security_Services |
Skein is a cryptographic hash function and one of five finalists in the NIST hash function competition. Entered as a candidate to become the SHA-3 standard, the successor of SHA-1 and SHA-2, it ultimately lost to NIST hash candidate Keccak.
The name Skein refers to how the Skein function intertwines the input, similar ... | Wikipedia/Skein_hash_function |
Stellar, or Stellar Lumens (XLM) is a cryptocurrency protocol which allows transactions between any pair of currencies.
The Stellar protocol is supported by the nonprofit Stellar Development Foundation (though this organization does not have 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status) which was founded in 2014. The for profit arm, ... | Wikipedia/Stellar_(payment_network) |
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a modeling language used by software developers. UML can be used to develop diagrams and provide users (programmers) with ready-to-use, expressive modeling examples. Some UML tools generate program language code from UML. UML can be used for modeling a system independent of a platform... | Wikipedia/Applications_of_UML |
The Graphical Kernel System (GKS) is a 2D computer graphics system using vector graphics, introduced in 1977. It was suitable for making line and bar charts and similar tasks. A key concept was cross-system portability, based on an underlying coordinate system that could be represented on almost any hardware. GKS is be... | Wikipedia/Graphical_Kernel_System |
DOT is a graph description language, developed as a part of the Graphviz project. DOT graphs are typically stored as files with the .gv or .dot filename extension — .gv is preferred, to avoid confusion with the .dot extension used by versions of Microsoft Word before 2007. dot is also the name of the main program to pr... | Wikipedia/DOT_(graph_description_language) |
Computer Graphics Metafile (CGM) is a free and open international standard file format for 2D vector graphics, raster graphics, and text, and is defined by ISO/IEC 8632.
== Overview ==
All graphical elements can be specified in a textual source file that can be compiled into a binary file or one of two text represent... | Wikipedia/Computer_Graphics_Metafile |
Object-oriented role analysis and modeling (OOram) is a method, based on the concept of role, for performing object-oriented modeling.
Originally (1989) coined Object Oriented Role Analysis, Synthesis and Structuring (OORASS), the method focuses on describing patterns of interaction without connecting the interaction t... | Wikipedia/Object-oriented_role_analysis_and_modeling |
Knowledge Discovery Metamodel (KDM) is a publicly available specification from the Object Management Group (OMG). KDM is a common intermediate representation for existing software systems and their operating environments, that defines common metadata required for deep semantic integration of Application Lifecycle Manag... | Wikipedia/Knowledge_Discovery_Metamodel |
GQL (Graph Query Language) is a standardized query language for property graphs first described in ISO/IEC 39075, released in April 2024 by ISO/IEC.
== History ==
The GQL project is the culmination of converging initiatives dating back to 2016, particularly a private proposal from Neo4j to other database vendors in J... | Wikipedia/Graph_Query_Language |
The C4 model is a lean graphical notation technique for modeling the architecture of software systems. It is based on a structural decomposition (a hierarchical tree structure) of a system into containers and components and relies on existing modelling techniques such as Unified Modeling Language (UML) or entity–relati... | Wikipedia/C4_model |
In software engineering, a software development process or software development life cycle (SDLC) is a process of planning and managing software development. It typically involves dividing software development work into smaller, parallel, or sequential steps or sub-processes to improve design and/or product management.... | Wikipedia/Software_development_methodologies |
The input–process–output (IPO) model, or input-process-output pattern, is a widely used approach in systems analysis and software engineering for describing the structure of an information processing program or other process. Many introductory programming and systems analysis texts introduce this as the most basic str... | Wikipedia/IPO_model |
A conglomerate () is a type of multi-industry company that consists of several different and unrelated business entities that operate in various industries. A conglomerate usually has a parent company that owns and controls many subsidiaries, which are legally independent but financially and strategically dependent on ... | Wikipedia/Business_conglomerate |
Business is the practice of making one's living or making money by producing or buying and selling products (such as goods and services). It is also "any activity or enterprise entered into for profit."
A business entity is not necessarily separate from the owner and the creditors can hold the owner liable for debts th... | Wikipedia/Business_systems |
Joint application design is a term originally used to describe a software development process pioneered and deployed during the mid-1970s by the New York Telephone Company's Systems Development Center under the direction of Dan Gielan. Following a series of implementations of this methodology, Gielan lectured extensive... | Wikipedia/Joint_applications_development |
Auction theory is a branch of applied economics that deals with how bidders act in auctions and researches how the features of auctions incentivise predictable outcomes. Auction theory is a tool used to inform the design of real-world auctions. Sellers use auction theory to raise higher revenues while allowing buyers t... | Wikipedia/Auction_Theory |
In computer science and operations research, approximation algorithms are efficient algorithms that find approximate solutions to optimization problems (in particular NP-hard problems) with provable guarantees on the distance of the returned solution to the optimal one. Approximation algorithms naturally arise in the f... | Wikipedia/Approximation_ratio |
A reputation system is a program or algorithm that allow users of an online community to rate each other in order to build trust through reputation. Some common uses of these systems can be found on E-commerce websites such as eBay, Amazon.com, and Etsy as well as online advice communities such as Stack Exchange. These... | Wikipedia/Reputation_systems |
A multi-agent system (MAS or "self-organized system") is a computerized system composed of multiple interacting intelligent agents. Multi-agent systems can solve problems that are difficult or impossible for an individual agent or a monolithic system to solve. Intelligence may include methodic, functional, procedural a... | Wikipedia/Multi-agent_systems |
Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory (also known as VC theory) was developed during 1960–1990 by Vladimir Vapnik and Alexey Chervonenkis. The theory is a form of computational learning theory, which attempts to explain the learning process from a statistical point of view.
== Introduction ==
VC theory covers at least four part... | Wikipedia/VC_theory |
Stability, also known as algorithmic stability, is a notion in computational learning theory of how a machine learning algorithm output is changed with small perturbations to its inputs. A stable learning algorithm is one for which the prediction does not change much when the training data is modified slightly. For in... | Wikipedia/Stability_(learning_theory) |
In machine learning (ML), boosting is an ensemble metaheuristic for primarily reducing bias (as opposed to variance). It can also improve the stability and accuracy of ML classification and regression algorithms. Hence, it is prevalent in supervised learning for converting weak learners to strong learners.
The concept ... | Wikipedia/Boosting_(meta-algorithm) |
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