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In computing, a hardware random number generator (HRNG), true random number generator (TRNG), non-deterministic random bit generator (NRBG), or physical random number generator is a device that generates random numbers from a physical process capable of producing entropy, unlike a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) t... | Wikipedia/Entropy_pool |
A mask generation function (MGF) is a cryptographic primitive similar to a cryptographic hash function except that while a hash function's output has a fixed size, a MGF supports output of a variable length. In this respect, a MGF can be viewed as a extendable-output function (XOF): it can accept input of any length an... | Wikipedia/Mask_generation_function |
In cryptography, a key signature is the result of a third-party applying a cryptographic signature to a representation of a cryptographic key. This is usually done as a form of assurance or verification: If "Alice" has signed "Bob's" key, it can serve as an assurance to another party, say "Eve", that the key actually b... | Wikipedia/Key_signature_(cryptography) |
A cryptographic key is a string of data that is used to lock or unlock cryptographic functions, including authentication, authorization and encryption. Cryptographic keys are grouped into cryptographic key types according to the functions they perform.
== Description ==
Consider a keyring that contains a variety of k... | Wikipedia/Cryptographic_key_types |
In computer security, a key server is a computer that receives and then serves existing cryptographic keys to users or other programs. The users' programs can be running on the same network as the key server or on another networked computer.
The keys distributed by the key server are almost always provided as part of a... | Wikipedia/Key_server_(cryptographic) |
The Chemical Biological Incident Response Force (CBIRF) is a Marine Corps unit responsible for countering the effects of a chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or high-yield explosive (CBRNE) incident, support counter CBRN terrorism, and urban search and rescue when CBRN incident. They were activated in April 1... | Wikipedia/Chemical_Biological_Incident_Response_Force |
The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the principal in-house research agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). ARS is one of four agencies in USDA's Research, Education and Economics mission area. ARS is charged with extending the nation's scientific knowledge and solving agricultural problems... | Wikipedia/Foreign_Disease_Weed_Science_Research_Unit |
The G7-led Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction (Global Partnership) is an international security initiative announced at the 2002 G8 summit in Kananaskis, Canada, in response to the September 11 attacks. It is the primary multilateral group that coordinates funding and in-... | Wikipedia/Global_Partnership_Against_the_Spread_of_Weapons_and_Materials_of_Mass_Destruction |
The Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security (abbreviated CHS) is an independent, nonprofit organization of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. The center works to protect people's health from epidemics and pandemics and ensures that communities are resilient to major challenges. The center is also con... | Wikipedia/Johns_Hopkins_Center_for_Civilian_Biodefense_Strategies |
Real-time outbreak and disease surveillance system (RODS) is a syndromic surveillance system developed by the University of Pittsburgh, Department of Biomedical Informatics. It is "prototype developed at the University of Pittsburgh where real-time clinical data from emergency departments within a geographic region c... | Wikipedia/Real-time_outbreak_and_disease_surveillance |
The Laboratory Response Network (LRN) is a collaborative effort within the US federal government involving the Association of Public Health Laboratories and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Most state public health laboratories participate as reference laboratories (formerly level B/C) of the LRN. ... | Wikipedia/Laboratory_Response_Network_(US) |
Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of a mixture. In preparative chromat... | Wikipedia/Gas_chromatograph |
Blue Coat Systems, Inc., was a company that provided hardware, software, and services designed for cybersecurity and network management. In 2016 it was acquired by and folded into Symantec and in 2019 as part of Symantec’s Enterprise Security business it was sold to Broadcom.
The company was known as CacheFlow until 20... | Wikipedia/Blue_Coat_Systems |
In information science, profiling refers to the process of construction and application of user profiles generated by computerized data analysis.
This is the use of algorithms or other mathematical techniques that allow the discovery of patterns or correlations in large quantities of data, aggregated in databases. When... | Wikipedia/Profile_(information_science) |
Corporate surveillance describes the practice of businesses monitoring and extracting information from their users, clients, or staff. This information may consist of online browsing history, email correspondence, phone calls, location data, and other private details. Acts of corporate surveillance frequently look to b... | Wikipedia/Corporate_surveillance |
The Digital Collection System Network (DCSNet) is the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)'s point-and-click surveillance system that can perform instant wiretaps on almost any telecommunications device in the United States.
It allows access to cellphone, landline, SMS communications anywhere in the US from a point-an... | Wikipedia/Digital_Collection_System_Network |
Mail Isolation Control and Tracking (MICT) is an imaging system employed by the United States Postal Service (USPS) that takes photographs of the exterior of every piece of mail that is processed in the United States. The Postmaster General has stated that the system is primarily used for mail sorting, though it also e... | Wikipedia/Mail_Isolation_Control_and_Tracking |
Network monitoring is the use of a system that constantly monitors a computer network for slow or failing components and that notifies the network administrator (via email, SMS or other alarms) in case of outages or other trouble. Network monitoring is part of network management.
== Details ==
While an intrusion dete... | Wikipedia/Network_monitoring |
The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (Pub. L. 90–351, 82 Stat. 197, enacted June 19, 1968, codified at 34 U.S.C. § 10101 et seq.) was legislation passed by the Congress of the United States and signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson that established the Law Enforcement Assistance Administratio... | Wikipedia/Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968 |
The Directorate-General for External Security (French: Direction générale de la Sécurité extérieure, pronounced [diʁɛksjɔ̃ ʒeneʁal də la sekyʁite ɛksteʁjœʁ], DGSE) is France's foreign intelligence agency, equivalent to the British MI6 and the American CIA, established on 27 November 1943. The DGSE safeguards French nat... | Wikipedia/Directorate-General_for_External_Security |
In computing, bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transfer across a given path. Bandwidth may be characterized as network bandwidth, data bandwidth, or digital bandwidth.
This definition of bandwidth is in contrast to the field of signal processing, wireless communications, modem data transmission, digital communicat... | Wikipedia/Network_bandwidth |
The Jindalee Operational Radar Network (JORN) is an over-the-horizon radar (OHR) network operated by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) that can monitor air and sea movements across 37,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi). It has a normal operating range of 1,000–3,000 kilometres (620–1,860 mi). The network is used ... | Wikipedia/Jindalee_Operational_Radar_Network |
Application security (short AppSec) includes all tasks that introduce a secure software development life cycle to development teams. Its final goal is to improve security practices and, through that, to find, fix and preferably prevent security issues within applications. It encompasses the whole application life cycle... | Wikipedia/Web_application_security |
Public-key cryptography, or asymmetric cryptography, is the field of cryptographic systems that use pairs of related keys. Each key pair consists of a public key and a corresponding private key. Key pairs are generated with cryptographic algorithms based on mathematical problems termed one-way functions. Security of pu... | Wikipedia/Asymmetric-key_cryptography |
In cryptography, differential equations of addition (DEA) are one of the most basic equations related to differential cryptanalysis that mix additions over two different groups (e.g. addition modulo 232 and addition over GF(2)) and where input and output differences are expressed as XORs.
== Examples ==
Differential... | Wikipedia/Differential_equations_of_addition |
A cryptographic
n
{\displaystyle n}
-multilinear map is a kind of multilinear map, that is, a function
e
:
G
1
×
⋯
×
G
... | Wikipedia/Cryptographic_multilinear_map |
Functional encryption (FE) is a generalization of public-key encryption in which possessing a secret key allows one to learn a function of what the ciphertext is encrypting.
== Formal definition ==
More precisely, a functional encryption scheme for a given functionality
f
{\dis... | Wikipedia/Functional_encryption |
In mathematics, a set B of elements of a vector space V is called a basis (pl.: bases) if every element of V can be written in a unique way as a finite linear combination of elements of B. The coefficients of this linear combination are referred to as components or coordinates of the vector with respect to B. The elem... | Wikipedia/Basis_(algebra) |
Nettle is a cryptographic library designed to fit easily in a wide range of toolkits and applications. It began as a collection of low-level cryptography functions from lsh in 2001. Since June 2009 (version 2.0) Nettle is a GNU package.
== Features ==
Since version 3, nettle provides the AES block cipher (a subset ... | Wikipedia/Nettle_(cryptographic_library) |
A cryptographic hash function (CHF) is a hash algorithm (a map of an arbitrary binary string to a binary string with a fixed size of
n
{\displaystyle n}
bits) that has special properties desirable for a cryptographic application:
the probability of a particular
... | Wikipedia/Cryptographic_hash_functions |
Group-based cryptography is a use of groups to construct cryptographic primitives. A group is a very general algebraic object and most cryptographic schemes use groups in some way. In particular Diffie–Hellman key exchange uses finite cyclic groups. So the term group-based cryptography refers mostly to cryptographic ... | Wikipedia/Braid_group_cryptography |
The GeForce RTX 40 series is a family of consumer graphics processing units (GPUs) developed by Nvidia as part of its GeForce line of graphics cards, succeeding the GeForce RTX 30 series. The series was announced on September 20, 2022, at the GPU Technology Conference, and launched on October 12, 2022, starting with it... | Wikipedia/GeForce_40_series |
In cryptography, key size or key length refers to the number of bits in a key used by a cryptographic algorithm (such as a cipher).
Key length defines the upper-bound on an algorithm's security (i.e. a logarithmic measure of the fastest known attack against an algorithm), because the security of all algorithms can be v... | Wikipedia/Cryptographic_key_length |
In mathematics, the graph of a function
f
{\displaystyle f}
is the set of ordered pairs
(
x
,
y
)
{\displaystyle (x,y)}
, where
f
(
x
)
=
... | Wikipedia/Graph_of_a_function_of_two_variables |
In cryptography, a Feistel cipher (also known as Luby–Rackoff block cipher) is a symmetric structure used in the construction of block ciphers, named after the German-born physicist and cryptographer Horst Feistel, who did pioneering research while working for IBM; it is also commonly known as a Feistel network. A larg... | Wikipedia/Feistel_network |
Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA; formerly known as Trans-European Trunked Radio), a European standard for a trunked radio system, is a professional mobile radio and two-way transceiver specification. TETRA was specifically designed for use by government agencies, emergency services, (police forces, fire departments, a... | Wikipedia/Terrestrial_Trunked_Radio |
The Secure Hash Algorithms are a family of cryptographic hash functions published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a U.S. Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS), including:
SHA-0: A retronym applied to the original version of the 160-bit hash function published in 1993 under the ... | Wikipedia/SHA_hash_functions |
Public-key cryptography, or asymmetric cryptography, is the field of cryptographic systems that use pairs of related keys. Each key pair consists of a public key and a corresponding private key. Key pairs are generated with cryptographic algorithms based on mathematical problems termed one-way functions. Security of pu... | Wikipedia/Asymmetric_key_algorithm |
Nigel Smart is a professor at COSIC at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and Chief Academic Officer at Zama. He is a cryptographer with interests in the theory of cryptography and its application in practice.
== Education ==
Smart received a BSc degree in mathematics from the University of Reading in 1989. He then o... | Wikipedia/Nigel_Smart_(cryptographer) |
Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) is a public technology initiative launched by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Government of India to foster decentralized open e-commerce model and is led by a private non-profit Section 8 company. It was incorporated on 31 December 2021 with... | Wikipedia/Open_Network_for_Digital_Commerce |
In cryptography, a pseudorandom function family, abbreviated PRF, is a collection of efficiently-computable functions which emulate a random oracle in the following way: no efficient algorithm can distinguish (with significant advantage) between a function chosen randomly from the PRF family and a random oracle (a func... | Wikipedia/Pseudorandom_function_family |
Multivariate cryptography is the generic term for asymmetric cryptographic primitives based on multivariate polynomials over a finite field
F
{\displaystyle F}
. In certain cases, those polynomials could be defined over both a ground and an extension field. If the polynomials ... | Wikipedia/Multivariate_cryptography |
In mathematics, the supersingular isogeny graphs are a class of expander graphs that arise in computational number theory and have been applied in elliptic-curve cryptography. Their vertices represent supersingular elliptic curves over finite fields and their edges represent isogenies between curves.
== Definition an... | Wikipedia/Supersingular_isogeny_graph |
Network switching subsystem (NSS) (or GSM core network) is the component of a GSM system that carries out call out and mobility management functions for mobile phones roaming on the network of base stations. It is owned and deployed by mobile phone operators and allows mobile devices to communicate with each other and... | Wikipedia/Network_switching_subsystem |
In cryptanalysis, gardening is the act of encouraging a target to use known plaintext in an encrypted message, typically by performing some action the target is sure to report. It was a term used during World War II at the British Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park, England, for schemes to entice the ... | Wikipedia/Gardening_(cryptography) |
A progressive web application (PWA), or progressive web app, is a type of web app that can be installed on a device as a standalone application. PWAs are installed using the offline cache of the device's web browser.
PWAs were introduced from 2016 as an alternative to native (device-specific) applications, with the ad... | Wikipedia/Progressive_web_application |
Tor is a free overlay network for enabling anonymous communication. It is built on free and open-source software run by over seven thousand volunteer-operated relays worldwide, as well as by millions of users who route their Internet traffic via random paths through these relays.
Using Tor makes it more difficult to tr... | Wikipedia/Tor_(anonymity_network) |
MARS is a block cipher that was IBM's submission to the Advanced Encryption Standard process. MARS was selected as an AES finalist in August 1999, after the AES2 conference in March 1999, where it was voted as the fifth and last finalist algorithm.
The MARS design team included Don Coppersmith, who had been involved in... | Wikipedia/MARS_(cryptography) |
One-key MAC (OMAC) is a family of message authentication codes constructed from a block cipher much like the CBC-MAC algorithm. It may be used to provide assurance of the authenticity and, hence, the integrity of data. Two versions are defined:
The original OMAC of February 2003, which is rarely used. The preferred na... | Wikipedia/OMAC_(cryptography) |
A cryptographic hash function (CHF) is a hash algorithm (a map of an arbitrary binary string to a binary string with a fixed size of
n
{\displaystyle n}
bits) that has special properties desirable for a cryptographic application:
the probability of a particular
... | Wikipedia/One-way_hash_function |
The basic study of system design is the understanding of component parts and their subsequent interaction with one another.
Systems design has appeared in a variety of fields, including sustainability, computer/software architecture, and sociology.
== Product Development ==
If the broader topic of product development... | Wikipedia/System_designer |
Symmetric-key algorithms are algorithms for cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption of ciphertext. The keys may be identical, or there may be a simple transformation to go between the two keys. The keys, in practice, represent a shared secret between two... | Wikipedia/Private_key_cryptography |
In cryptography, a distributed point function is a cryptographic primitive that allows two distributed processes to share a piece of information, and compute functions of their shared information, without revealing the information itself to either process. It is a form of secret sharing.
Given any two values
... | Wikipedia/Distributed_point_function |
Malleability is a property of some cryptographic algorithms. An encryption algorithm is "malleable" if it is possible to transform a ciphertext into another ciphertext which decrypts to a related plaintext. That is, given an encryption of a plaintext
m
{\displaystyle m}
, it i... | Wikipedia/Malleability_(cryptography) |
NaSHA is a hash function accepted as a first round SHA-3 candidate for the NIST hash function competition.
NaSHA was designed by Smile Markovski and Aleksandra Mileva with contributions by Simona Samardziski (programmer) and Boro Jakimovski (programmer). NaSHA supports internal state sizes of 1024 and 2048 bits, and a... | Wikipedia/NaSHA_(hash_function) |
Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization is a program and competition by NIST to update their standards to include post-quantum cryptography. It was announced at PQCrypto 2016. 23 signature schemes and 59 encryption/KEM schemes were submitted by the initial submission deadline at the end of 2017 of which 69 total were... | Wikipedia/Post-Quantum_Cryptography_Standardization |
Pairing-based cryptography is the use of a pairing between elements of two cryptographic groups to a third group with a mapping
e
:
G
1
×
G
2
→
... | Wikipedia/Pairing-based_cryptography |
Hyperelliptic curve cryptography is similar to elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) insofar as the Jacobian of a hyperelliptic curve is an abelian group in which to do arithmetic, just as we use the group of points on an elliptic curve in ECC.
== Definition ==
An (imaginary) hyperelliptic curve of genus
... | Wikipedia/Hyperelliptic_curve_cryptography |
Network coding has been shown to optimally use bandwidth in a network, maximizing information flow but the scheme is very inherently vulnerable to pollution attacks by malicious nodes in the network. A node injecting garbage can quickly affect many receivers. The pollution of network packets spreads quickly since the ... | Wikipedia/Homomorphic_signatures_for_network_coding |
Kleptography is the study of stealing information securely and subliminally. The term was introduced by Adam Young and Moti Yung in the Proceedings of Advances in Cryptology – Crypto '96.
Kleptography is a subfield of cryptovirology and is a natural extension of the theory of subliminal channels that was pioneered by G... | Wikipedia/Kleptographic |
In cryptography, Tiger is a cryptographic hash function designed by Ross Anderson and Eli Biham in 1995 for efficiency on 64-bit platforms. The size of a Tiger hash value is 192 bits. Truncated versions (known as Tiger/128 and Tiger/160) can be used for compatibility with protocols assuming a particular hash size. Unli... | Wikipedia/Tiger_(cryptography) |
The MD2 Message-Digest Algorithm is a cryptographic hash function developed by Ronald Rivest in 1989. The algorithm is optimized for 8-bit computers. MD2 is specified in IETF RFC 1319. The "MD" in MD2 stands for "Message Digest".
Even though MD2 is not yet fully compromised, the IETF retired MD2 to "historic" status i... | Wikipedia/MD2_(cryptography) |
The Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Russian: Доклады Академии Наук СССР, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (DAN SSSR), French: Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de l'URSS [kɔ̃t ʁɑ̃dy də lakademi de sjɑ̃s də ly.ɛʁ.ɛs.ɛs]) was a Soviet journal that was dedicated to publishing original, academic research pap... | Wikipedia/Proceedings_of_the_USSR_Academy_of_Sciences |
Geometric cryptography is an area of cryptology where messages and ciphertexts are represented by geometric quantities such as angles or intervals and where computations are performed by ruler and compass constructions. The difficulty or impossibility of solving certain geometric problems like trisection of an angle u... | Wikipedia/Geometric_cryptography |
In theoretical computer science and cryptography, a trapdoor function is a function that is easy to compute in one direction, yet difficult to compute in the opposite direction (finding its inverse) without special information, called the "trapdoor". Trapdoor functions are a special case of one-way functions and are wi... | Wikipedia/Trapdoor_one-way_function |
The Cryptographic Modernization Program is a Department of Defense directed, NSA Information Assurance Directorate led effort to transform and modernize Information Assurance capabilities for the 21st century. It has three phases:
Replacement- All at risk devices to be replaced.
Modernization- Integrate modular (prog... | Wikipedia/Cryptographic_Modernization_Program |
NSA Suite A Cryptography is NSA cryptography which "contains classified algorithms that will not be released." "Suite A will be used for the protection of some categories of especially sensitive information (a small percentage of the overall national security-related information assurance market)."
Incomplete list of S... | Wikipedia/NSA_Suite_A_Cryptography |
In computer science and cryptography, Whirlpool (sometimes styled WHIRLPOOL) is a cryptographic hash function. It was designed by Vincent Rijmen (co-creator of the Advanced Encryption Standard) and Paulo S. L. M. Barreto, who first described it in 2000.
The hash has been recommended by the NESSIE project. It has also... | Wikipedia/Whirlpool_(cryptography) |
The Java Cryptography Extension (JCE) is an officially released Standard Extension to the Java Platform and part of Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA). JCE provides a framework and implementation for encryption, key generation and key agreement, and Message Authentication Code (MAC) algorithms. JCE supplements the ... | Wikipedia/Java_Cryptography_Extension |
In computing, the Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) is a framework for working with cryptography using the Java programming language. It forms part of the Java security API, and was first introduced in JDK 1.1 in the java.security package.
The JCA uses a "provider"-based architecture and contains a set of APIs for ... | Wikipedia/Java_Cryptography_Architecture |
A cryptographic protocol is an abstract or concrete protocol that performs a security-related function and applies cryptographic methods, often as sequences of cryptographic primitives. A protocol describes how the algorithms should be used and includes details about data structures and representations, at which point ... | Wikipedia/Cryptographic_protocols |
Information theory is the mathematical study of the quantification, storage, and communication of information. The field was established and formalized by Claude Shannon in the 1940s, though early contributions were made in the 1920s through the works of Harry Nyquist and Ralph Hartley. It is at the intersection of ele... | Wikipedia/Information_Theory |
Export control is legislation that regulates the export of goods, software and technology. Some items could potentially be useful for purposes that are contrary to the interest of the exporting country. These items are considered to be controlled. The export of controlled item is regulated to restrict the harmful use ... | Wikipedia/Export_control |
In cryptography, security level is a measure of the strength that a cryptographic primitive — such as a cipher or hash function — achieves. Security level is usually expressed as a number of "bits of security" (also security strength), where n-bit security means that the attacker would have to perform 2n operations to ... | Wikipedia/Cryptographic_strength |
A backdoor is a typically covert method of bypassing normal authentication or encryption in a computer, product, embedded device (e.g. a home router), or its embodiment (e.g. part of a cryptosystem, algorithm, chipset, or even a "homunculus computer"—a tiny computer-within-a-computer such as that found in Intel's AMT t... | Wikipedia/Backdoor_(cryptography) |
Atomic energy or energy of atoms is energy carried by atoms. The term originated in 1903 when Ernest Rutherford began to speak of the possibility of atomic energy. H. G. Wells popularized the phrase "splitting the atom", before discovery of the atomic nucleus.
Atomic energy includes:
Nuclear binding energy, the en... | Wikipedia/Atomic_energy |
In cryptography, a public key certificate, also known as a digital certificate or identity certificate, is an electronic document used to prove the validity of a public key. The certificate includes the public key and information about it, information about the identity of its owner (called the subject), and the digita... | Wikipedia/Certificate_(cryptography) |
Differential cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers, but also to stream ciphers and cryptographic hash functions. In the broadest sense, it is the study of how differences in information input can affect the resultant difference at the output. In the case of a block ciphe... | Wikipedia/Differential_Cryptanalysis |
End-to-end auditable or end-to-end voter verifiable (E2E) systems are voting systems with stringent integrity properties and strong tamper resistance. E2E systems use cryptographic techniques to provide voters with receipts that allow them to verify their votes were counted as cast, without revealing which candidates a... | Wikipedia/End-to-end_auditable_voting_systems |
The Dolev–Yao model, named after its authors Danny Dolev and Andrew Yao, is a formal model used to prove properties of interactive cryptographic protocols.
== The network ==
The network is represented by a set of abstract machines that can exchange messages.
These messages consist of formal terms. These terms reveal... | Wikipedia/Dolev–Yao_model |
Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols are used in quantum key distribution. The first protocol of that kind was BB84, introduced in 1984 by Charles H. Bennett and Gilles Brassard. After that, many other protocols have been defined.
== List of quantum key distribution protocols ==
BB84 (1984) is a quantum key dist... | Wikipedia/Quantum_cryptographic_protocol |
In computing, a database is an organized collection of data or a type of data store based on the use of a database management system (DBMS), the software that interacts with end users, applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze the data. The DBMS additionally encompasses the core facilities provided t... | Wikipedia/database |
In database systems, isolation is one of the ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) transaction properties. It determines how transaction integrity is visible to other users and systems. A lower isolation level increases the ability of many users to access the same data at the same time, but also increase... | Wikipedia/Isolation_(database_systems) |
Anchor modeling is an agile database modeling technique suited for information that changes over time both in structure and content. It provides a graphical notation used for conceptual modeling similar to that of entity-relationship modeling, with extensions for working with temporal data. The modeling technique invol... | Wikipedia/Anchor_modeling |
This is a comparison of object–relational database management systems (ORDBMSs). Each system has at least some features of an object–relational database; they vary widely in their completeness and the approaches taken.
The following tables compare general and technical information; please see the individual products' ... | Wikipedia/Comparison_of_object–relational_database_management_systems |
In database systems, atomicity (; from Ancient Greek: ἄτομος, romanized: átomos, lit. 'undividable') is one of the ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) transaction properties. An atomic transaction is an indivisible and irreducible series of database operations such that either all occur, or none occur.... | Wikipedia/Atomicity_(database_systems) |
In computing, the network model is a database model conceived as a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships. Its distinguishing feature is that the schema, viewed as a graph in which object types are nodes and relationship types are arcs, is not restricted to being a hierarchy or lattice.
The networ... | Wikipedia/Network_database_model |
William H. Inmon (born 1945) is an American computer scientist, recognized by many as the father of the data warehouse. Inmon wrote the first book, held the first conference (with Arnie Barnett), wrote the first column in a magazine and was the first to offer classes in data warehousing. Inmon created the accepted defi... | Wikipedia/Corporate_information_factory |
An application server is a server that hosts applications or software that delivers a business application through a communication protocol. For a typical web application, the application server sits behind the web servers.
An application server framework is a service layer model. It includes software components availa... | Wikipedia/Application_server |
In computer science, a consistency model specifies a contract between the programmer and a system, wherein the system guarantees that if the programmer follows the rules for operations on memory, memory will be consistent and the results of reading, writing, or updating memory will be predictable. Consistency models ar... | Wikipedia/Consistency_model |
The ACM Symposium on Principles of Database Systems (PODS) is an international research conference on database theory, and has been held yearly since 1982. It is sponsored by three Association for Computing Machinery SIGs, SIGAI, SIGACT, and SIGMOD. Since 1991, PODS has been held jointly with the ACM SIGMOD Conference,... | Wikipedia/Symposium_on_Principles_of_Database_Systems |
In computer science, ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) is a set of properties of database transactions intended to guarantee data validity despite errors, power failures, and other mishaps. In the context of databases, a sequence of database operations that satisfies the ACID properties (which can be... | Wikipedia/ACID_(computer_science) |
An application programming interface (API) is a connection between computers or between computer programs. It is a type of software interface, offering a service to other pieces of software. A document or standard that describes how to build such a connection or interface is called an API specification. A computer syst... | Wikipedia/Application_program_interface |
A bibliographic database is a database of bibliographic records. This is an organised online collection of references to published written works like journal and newspaper articles, conference proceedings, reports, government and legal publications, patents and books. In contrast to library catalogue entries, a majori... | Wikipedia/Bibliographic_database |
In database systems, durability is the ACID property that guarantees that the effects of transactions that have been committed will survive permanently, even in cases of failures, including incidents and catastrophic events. For example, if a flight booking reports that a seat has successfully been booked, then the sea... | Wikipedia/Durability_(database_systems) |
Datavault or data vault modeling is a database modeling method that is designed to provide long-term historical storage of data coming in from multiple operational systems. It is also a method of looking at historical data that deals with issues such as auditing, tracing of data, loading speed and resilience to change ... | Wikipedia/Data_vault_modeling |
In database systems, consistency (or correctness) refers to the requirement that any given database transaction must change affected data only in allowed ways. Any data written to the database must be valid according to all defined rules, including constraints, cascades, triggers, and any combination thereof. This doe... | Wikipedia/Consistency_(database_systems) |
According to Ralph Kimball, in a data warehouse, a degenerate dimension is a dimension key (primary key for a dimension table) in the fact table that does not have its own dimension table, because all the interesting attributes have been placed in analytic dimensions. The term "degenerate dimension" was originated by R... | Wikipedia/Degenerate_dimension |
A data control language (DCL) is a syntax similar to a computer programming language used to control access to data stored in a database (authorization). In particular, it is a component of Structured Query Language (SQL). Data Control Language is one of the logical group in SQL Commands. SQL is the standard language f... | Wikipedia/Data_control_language |
Proof-of-payment (POP) or proof-of-fare (POF) is an honor-based fare collection system used on many public transportation systems. Instead of checking each passenger as they enter a fare control zone, passengers are required to carry a paper ticket, transit pass, transit smartcard — or open payment methods such as cont... | Wikipedia/Ticket_controller_(transportation) |
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