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A two dimensional Minkowski space, i.e. a flat space with one time and one spatial dimension, has a two-dimensional Poincaré group IO(1,1) as its symmetry group. The respective Lie algebra is called the Poincaré algebra. It is possible to extend this algebra to a supersymmetry algebra, which is a
... | Wikipedia/Supersymmetry_algebras_in_1_+_1_dimensions |
The Poincaré group, named after Henri Poincaré (1905), was first defined by Hermann Minkowski (1908) as the isometry group of Minkowski spacetime. It is a ten-dimensional non-abelian Lie group that is of importance as a model in our understanding of the most basic fundamentals of physics.
== Overview ==
The Poincaré... | Wikipedia/Poincaré_algebra |
In mathematical physics, the 2D N = 2 superconformal algebra is an infinite-dimensional Lie superalgebra, related to supersymmetry, that occurs in string theory and two-dimensional conformal field theory. It has important applications in mirror symmetry. It was introduced by M. Ademollo, L. Brink, and A. D'Adda et al. ... | Wikipedia/N_=_2_superconformal_algebra |
In computer science, an online algorithm measures its competitiveness against different adversary models. For deterministic algorithms, the adversary is the same as the adaptive offline adversary. For randomized online algorithms competitiveness can depend upon the adversary model used.
== Common adversaries ==
The t... | Wikipedia/Adversary_(online_algorithm) |
Algorithms for calculating variance play a major role in computational statistics. A key difficulty in the design of good algorithms for this problem is that formulas for the variance may involve sums of squares, which can lead to numerical instability as well as to arithmetic overflow when dealing with large values.
... | Wikipedia/Algorithms_for_calculating_variance |
In a computer operating system that uses paging for virtual memory management, page replacement algorithms decide which memory pages to page out, sometimes called swap out, or write to disk, when a page of memory needs to be allocated. Page replacement happens when a requested page is not in memory (page fault) and a f... | Wikipedia/Page_replacement_algorithm |
In computer science, a sorting algorithm is an algorithm that puts elements of a list into an order. The most frequently used orders are numerical order and lexicographical order, and either ascending or descending. Efficient sorting is important for optimizing the efficiency of other algorithms (such as search and mer... | Wikipedia/Sorting_algorithms |
Task systems are mathematical objects used to model the set of possible configurations of online algorithms. They were introduced by Borodin, Linial and Saks (1992) to model a variety of online problems. A task system determines a set of states and costs to change states. Task systems obtain as input a sequence of requ... | Wikipedia/Metrical_task_systems |
In computer science, Ukkonen's algorithm is a linear-time, online algorithm for constructing suffix trees, proposed by Esko Ukkonen in 1995. The algorithm begins with an implicit suffix tree containing the first character of the string. Then it steps through the string, adding successive characters until the tree is co... | Wikipedia/Ukkonen's_algorithm |
Dynamic problems in computational complexity theory are problems stated in terms of changing input data. In its most general form, a problem in this category is usually stated as follows:
Given a class of input objects, find efficient algorithms and data structures to answer a certain query about a set of input object... | Wikipedia/Dynamic_algorithm |
In mathematical logic, the lambda calculus (also written as λ-calculus) is a formal system for expressing computation based on function abstraction and application using variable binding and substitution. Untyped lambda calculus, the topic of this article, is a universal machine, a model of computation that can be used... | Wikipedia/Λ-calculus |
In number theory, an arithmetic, arithmetical, or number-theoretic function is generally any function whose domain is the set of positive integers and whose range is a subset of the complex numbers. Hardy & Wright include in their definition the requirement that an arithmetical function "expresses some arithmetical pro... | Wikipedia/Number-theoretic_function |
The Schreier–Sims algorithm is an algorithm in computational group theory, named after the mathematicians Otto Schreier and Charles Sims. This algorithm can find the order of a finite permutation group, determine whether a given permutation is a member of the group, and other tasks in polynomial time. It was introdu... | Wikipedia/Schreier–Sims_algorithm |
In Boolean logic, the majority function (also called the median operator) is the Boolean function that evaluates to false when half or more arguments are false and true otherwise, i.e. the value of the function equals the value of the majority of the inputs.
== Boolean circuits ==
A majority gate is a logical gate u... | Wikipedia/Majority_function |
In operator theory, an area of mathematics, Douglas' lemma relates factorization, range inclusion, and majorization of Hilbert space operators. It is generally attributed to Ronald G. Douglas, although Douglas acknowledges that aspects of the result may already have been known. The statement of the result is as follow... | Wikipedia/Douglas'_lemma |
Brute Force or brute force may refer to:
== Techniques ==
Brute force method or proof by exhaustion, a method of mathematical proof
Brute-force attack, a cryptanalytic attack
Brute-force search, a computer problem-solving technique
== People ==
Brute Force (musician) (born 1940), American singer and songwriter
==... | Wikipedia/Brute_force_(disambiguation) |
In the study of graph algorithms, an implicit graph representation (or more simply implicit graph) is a graph whose vertices or edges are not represented as explicit objects in a computer's memory, but rather are determined algorithmically from some other input, for example a computable function.
== Neighborhood repr... | Wikipedia/Implicit_graph |
In computer science, the Floyd-Rivest algorithm is a selection algorithm developed by Robert W. Floyd and Ronald L. Rivest that has an optimal expected number of comparisons within lower-order terms. It is functionally equivalent to quickselect, but runs faster in practice on average. It has an expected running time of... | Wikipedia/Floyd–Rivest_algorithm |
In computer science, an online algorithm measures its competitiveness against different adversary models. For deterministic algorithms, the adversary is the same as the adaptive offline adversary. For randomized online algorithms competitiveness can depend upon the adversary model used.
== Common adversaries ==
The t... | Wikipedia/Adversary_model |
Elsevier ( EL-sə-veer) is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content. Its products include journals such as The Lancet, Cell, the ScienceDirect collection of electronic journals, Trends, the Current Opinion series, the online citation database Scopus, the SciVal tool ... | Wikipedia/Journal_of_Algorithms |
In computer science, a state space is a discrete space representing the set of all possible configurations of a system. It is a useful abstraction for reasoning about the behavior of a given system and is widely used in the fields of artificial intelligence and game theory.
For instance, the toy problem Vacuum World ha... | Wikipedia/State_space_(computer_science) |
In computer science, streaming algorithms are algorithms for processing data streams in which the input is presented as a sequence of items and can be examined in only a few passes, typically just one. These algorithms are designed to operate with limited memory, generally logarithmic in the size of the stream and/or ... | Wikipedia/Streaming_algorithms |
ACM Transactions on Algorithms (TALG) is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the field of algorithms. It was established in 2005 and is published by the Association for Computing Machinery. The editor-in-chief is Edith Cohen. The journal was created when the editorial board of the Journal of Algorithm... | Wikipedia/ACM_Transactions_on_Algorithms |
Paxos is a family of protocols for solving consensus in a network of unreliable or fallible processors.
Consensus is the process of agreeing on one result among a group of participants. This problem becomes difficult when the participants or their communications may experience failures.
Consensus protocols are the bas... | Wikipedia/Paxos_algorithm |
Raft is a consensus algorithm designed as an alternative to the Paxos family of algorithms. It was meant to be more understandable than Paxos by means of separation of logic, but it is also formally proven safe and offers some additional features. Raft offers a generic way to distribute a state machine across a cluster... | Wikipedia/Raft_(computer_science) |
Replication in computing refers to maintaining multiple copies of data, processes, or resources to ensure consistency across redundant components. This fundamental technique spans databases, file systems, and distributed systems, serving to improve availability, fault-tolerance, accessibility, and performance. Through ... | Wikipedia/Replication_(computer_science) |
In mathematics, the method of steepest descent or saddle-point method is an extension of Laplace's method for approximating an integral, where one deforms a contour integral in the complex plane to pass near a stationary point (saddle point), in roughly the direction of steepest descent or stationary phase. The saddle... | Wikipedia/Saddle_point_approximation |
In computability theory, the Ackermann function, named after Wilhelm Ackermann, is one of the simplest and earliest-discovered examples of a total computable function that is not primitive recursive. All primitive recursive functions are total and computable, but the Ackermann function illustrates that not all total co... | Wikipedia/Inverse_Ackermann_function |
In computational complexity theory, and more specifically in the analysis of algorithms with integer data, the transdichotomous model is a variation of the random-access machine in which the machine word size is assumed to match the problem size. The model was proposed by Michael Fredman and Dan Willard, who chose its ... | Wikipedia/Transdichotomous_model |
Merge algorithms are a family of algorithms that take multiple sorted lists as input and produce a single list as output, containing all the elements of the inputs lists in sorted order. These algorithms are used as subroutines in various sorting algorithms, most famously merge sort.
== Application ==
The merge algo... | Wikipedia/Merge_algorithm |
In computer programming, the Schwartzian transform is a technique used to improve the efficiency of sorting a list of items. This idiom is appropriate for comparison-based sorting when the ordering is actually based on the ordering of a certain property (the key) of the elements, where computing that property is an int... | Wikipedia/Schwartzian_transform |
An electoral or voting system is a set of rules used to determine the results of an election. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, nonprofit organizations and informal organisations. These rules govern all aspects of the voting process: w... | Wikipedia/Voting_systems |
In computer science, merge-insertion sort or the Ford–Johnson algorithm is a comparison sorting algorithm published in 1959 by L. R. Ford Jr. and Selmer M. Johnson. It uses fewer comparisons in the worst case than the best previously known algorithms, binary insertion sort and merge sort, and for 20 years it was the so... | Wikipedia/Ford–Johnson_algorithm |
Shuffling is a technique used to randomize a deck of playing cards, introducing an element of chance into card games. Various shuffling methods exist, each with its own characteristics and potential for manipulation.
One of the simplest shuffling techniques is the overhand shuffle, where small packets of cards are tran... | Wikipedia/Shuffling_algorithm |
The pairwise sorting network is a sorting network discovered and published by Ian Parberry in 1992 in Parallel Processing Letters. The pairwise sorting network has the same size (number of comparators) and depth as the odd–even mergesort network. At the time of publication, the network was one of several known networks... | Wikipedia/Pairwise_sorting_network |
In computer science, comparator networks are abstract devices built up of a fixed number of "wires", carrying values, and comparator modules that connect pairs of wires, swapping the values on the wires if they are not in a desired order. Such networks are typically designed to perform sorting on fixed numbers of value... | Wikipedia/Sorting_network |
In computer programming, the act of swapping two variables refers to mutually exchanging the values of the variables. Usually, this is done with the data in memory. For example, in a program, two variables may be defined thus (in pseudocode):
data_item x := 1
data_item y := 0
swap (x, y);
After swap() is performed, x... | Wikipedia/Swap_(computer_science) |
Cryptography, or cryptology (from Ancient Greek: κρυπτός, romanized: kryptós "hidden, secret"; and γράφειν graphein, "to write", or -λογία -logia, "study", respectively), is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adversarial behavior. More generally, cryptography is about const... | Wikipedia/cryptography |
The Secure Hash Algorithms are a family of cryptographic hash functions published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a U.S. Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS), including:
SHA-0: A retronym applied to the original version of the 160-bit hash function published in 1993 under the ... | Wikipedia/Secure_Hash_Algorithm |
Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand, a more common method of writing a language. The process of writing in shorthand is called stenography, from the Greek stenos (narrow) and graphein (to write). It has also been called brachygraphy, fr... | Wikipedia/Stenography |
Printer tracking dots, also known as printer steganography, DocuColor tracking dots, yellow dots, secret dots, or a machine identification code (MIC), is a digital watermark which many color laser printers and photocopiers produce on every printed page that identifies the specific device that was used to print the docu... | Wikipedia/Printer_steganography |
A mimic function changes a file
A
{\displaystyle A}
so it assumes the statistical properties of another file
B
{\displaystyle B}
. That is, if
p
(
t
,
A
)
... | Wikipedia/Mimic_function |
BPCS-steganography (Bit-Plane Complexity Segmentation steganography) is a type of digital steganography.
Digital steganography can hide confidential data (i.e. secret files) very securely by embedding them into some media data called "vessel data." The vessel data is also referred to as "carrier, cover, or dummy data"... | Wikipedia/BPCS-Steganography |
Steganographic file systems are a kind of file system first proposed by Ross Anderson, Roger Needham, and Adi Shamir. Their paper proposed two main methods of hiding data: in a series of fixed size files originally consisting of random bits on top of which 'vectors' could be superimposed in such a way as to allow leve... | Wikipedia/Steganographic_file_system |
Polygraphia is a cryptographic work written by Johannes Trithemius published in 1518 dedicated to the art of steganography.
The full title is Polygraphiae libri sex, Ioannis Trithemii abbatis Peapolitani, quondam Spanheimensis, ad Maximilianum Caesarem [Six books of polygraphy, by Johannes Trithemius, abbot at Würzbur... | Wikipedia/Polygraphia_(book) |
Steganographia is a book on steganography, written in c. 1499 by the German Benedictine abbot and polymath Johannes Trithemius.
== General ==
Trithemius' most famous work, Steganographia (written c.1499; published Frankfurt, 1606), was placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum in 1609 and removed in 1900. This book i... | Wikipedia/Steganographia |
A steganography software tool allows a user to embed hidden data inside a carrier file, such as an image or video, and later extract that data.
It is not necessary to conceal the message in the original file at all. Thus, it is not necessary to modify the original file and thus, it is difficult to detect anything. If a... | Wikipedia/Steganography_tools |
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cryptography:
Cryptography (or cryptology) – practice and study of hiding information. Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, and engineering. Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer passw... | Wikipedia/Topics_in_cryptography |
The vast majority of the National Security Agency's work on encryption is classified, but from time to time NSA participates in standards processes or otherwise publishes information about its cryptographic algorithms. The NSA has categorized encryption items into four product types, and algorithms into two suites. Th... | Wikipedia/NSA_cryptography |
The Secure Hash Algorithms are a family of cryptographic hash functions published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a U.S. Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS), including:
SHA-0: A retronym applied to the original version of the 160-bit hash function published in 1993 under the ... | Wikipedia/Secure_Hash_Algorithm_(disambiguation) |
In Euclidean geometry, an affine transformation or affinity (from the Latin, affinis, "connected with") is a geometric transformation that preserves lines and parallelism, but not necessarily Euclidean distances and angles.
More generally, an affine transformation is an automorphism of an affine space (Euclidean spaces... | Wikipedia/Affine_transformations |
Extendable-output function (XOF) is an extension of the cryptographic hash that allows its output to be arbitrarily long. In particular, the sponge construction makes any sponge hash a natural XOF: the squeeze operation can be repeated, and the regular hash functions with a fixed-size result are obtained from a sponge ... | Wikipedia/Extendable-output_function |
Cryptography was used extensively during World War II because of the importance of radio communication and the ease of radio interception. The nations involved fielded a plethora of code and cipher systems, many of the latter using rotor machines. As a result, the theoretical and practical aspects of cryptanalysis, or ... | Wikipedia/World_War_II_cryptography |
The Blum–Micali algorithm is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator. The algorithm gets its security from the difficulty of computing discrete logarithms.
Let
p
{\displaystyle p}
be an odd prime, and let
g
{\displayst... | Wikipedia/Blum–Micali_algorithm |
A cryptographic hash function (CHF) is a hash algorithm (a map of an arbitrary binary string to a binary string with a fixed size of
n
{\displaystyle n}
bits) that has special properties desirable for a cryptographic application:
the probability of a particular
... | Wikipedia/Cryptographic_hash |
The Microsoft Windows platform specific Cryptographic Application Programming Interface (also known variously as CryptoAPI, Microsoft Cryptography API, MS-CAPI or simply CAPI) is an application programming interface included with Microsoft Windows operating systems that provides services to enable developers to secure ... | Wikipedia/Cryptographic_Application_Programming_Interface |
Cryptography, or cryptology (from Ancient Greek: κρυπτός, romanized: kryptós "hidden, secret"; and γράφειν graphein, "to write", or -λογία -logia, "study", respectively), is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adversarial behavior. More generally, cryptography is about const... | Wikipedia/Cryptographer |
In computing, entropy is the randomness collected by an operating system or application for use in cryptography or other uses that require random data. This randomness is often collected from hardware sources (variance in fan noise or HDD), either pre-existing ones such as mouse movements or specially provided randomn... | Wikipedia/Entropy_(computing) |
In mathematics, a negligible function is a function
μ
:
N
→
R
{\displaystyle \mu :\mathbb {N} \to \mathbb {R} }
such that for every positive integer c there exists an integer Nc such that for all x > Nc,
... | Wikipedia/Negligible_function |
The Yarrow algorithm is a family of cryptographic pseudorandom number generators (CSPRNG) devised by John Kelsey, Bruce Schneier, and Niels Ferguson and published in 1999. The Yarrow algorithm is explicitly unpatented, royalty-free, and open source; no license is required to use it. An improved design from Ferguson and... | Wikipedia/Yarrow_algorithm |
Corporate warfare is a form of information warfare in which attacks on companies by other companies take place. Such warfare may be part of economic warfare and cyberwarfare; but can involve espionage, 'dirty' PR tactics, or physical theft. The intention is largely to destabilise or sink the value of the opposing compa... | Wikipedia/Corporate_warfare |
Industrial technology is the use of engineering and manufacturing technology to make production faster, simpler, and more efficient. The industrial technology field employs creative and technically proficient individuals who can help a company achieve efficient and profitable productivity.
Industrial technology program... | Wikipedia/Industrial_technology |
Materials science is an interdisciplinary field of researching and discovering materials. Materials engineering is an engineering field of finding uses for materials in other fields and industries.
The intellectual origins of materials science stem from the Age of Enlightenment, when researchers began to use analytical... | Wikipedia/Material_sciences |
Strategic intelligence (STRATINT) pertains to the collection, processing, analysis, and dissemination of intelligence that is required for forming policy and military plans at the national and international level. Much of the information needed for strategic reflections comes from Open Source Intelligence. Other sourc... | Wikipedia/Strategic_intelligence |
Marketing strategy refers to efforts undertaken by an organization to increase its sales and achieve competitive advantage. In other words, it is the method of advertising a company's products to the public through an established plan through the meticulous planning and organization of ideas, data, and information.
Str... | Wikipedia/Marketing_strategy |
In discrete mathematics, ideal lattices are a special class of lattices and a generalization of cyclic lattices. Ideal lattices naturally occur in many parts of number theory, but also in other areas. In particular, they have a significant place in cryptography. Micciancio defined a generalization of cyclic lattices a... | Wikipedia/Ideal_lattice_cryptography |
Symmetric-key algorithms are algorithms for cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption of ciphertext. The keys may be identical, or there may be a simple transformation to go between the two keys. The keys, in practice, represent a shared secret between two... | Wikipedia/Symmetric-key_encryption_algorithm |
In cryptography, a padded uniform random blob or PURB is a discipline for encrypted data formats designed to minimize unintended information leakage either from its encryption format metadata or from its total length.
== Properties of PURBs ==
When properly created, a PURB's content is indistinguishable from a unifor... | Wikipedia/PURB_(cryptography) |
In cryptography, encryption (more specifically, encoding) is the process of transforming information in a way that, ideally, only authorized parties can decode. This process converts the original representation of the information, known as plaintext, into an alternative form known as ciphertext. Despite its goal, encr... | Wikipedia/Encryption_algorithm |
SM9 is a Chinese national cryptography standard for Identity Based Cryptography issued by the Chinese State Cryptographic Authority in March 2016. It is represented by the Chinese National Cryptography Standard (Guomi), GM/T 0044-2016 SM9. The standard contains the following components:
(GM/T 0044.1) The Identity-Bas... | Wikipedia/SM9_(cryptography_standard) |
Advanced Network and Services, Inc. (ANS) was a United States non-profit organization formed in September, 1990 by the NSFNET partners (Merit Network, IBM, and MCI) to run the network infrastructure for the soon to be upgraded NSFNET Backbone Service. ANS was incorporated in the State of New York and had offices in Ar... | Wikipedia/Advanced_Network_and_Services |
Merit Network, Inc., is a nonprofit member-governed organization providing high-performance computer networking and related services to educational, government, health care, and nonprofit organizations, primarily in Michigan. Created in 1966, Merit operates the longest running regional computer network in the United St... | Wikipedia/Merit_Network |
RIPE NCC (Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre) is the regional Internet registry (RIR) for Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Central Asia. Its headquarters are in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, with a branch office in Dubai, UAE.
A RIR oversees the allocation and registration of Internet number resources ... | Wikipedia/RIPE_Network_Coordination_Centre |
The Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) is an organization, overseen by the Internet Architecture Board, that focuses on longer-term research issues related to the Internet. A parallel organization, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), focuses on the shorter term issues of engineering and standards making.
The ... | Wikipedia/Internet_Research_Task_Force |
The Pirate Bay, commonly abbreviated as TPB, is a free searchable online index of movies, music, video games, pornography and software. Founded in 2003 by Swedish think tank Piratbyrån, The Pirate Bay facilitates the connection among users of the peer-to-peer torrent protocol, which are able to contribute to the site t... | Wikipedia/The_Pirate_Bay |
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the network layer communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially establishes the Internet.
IP has the task of delivering packets from the source host to the destination h... | Wikipedia/Transmission_Control_Program |
Internet exchange points (IXes or IXPs) are common grounds of IP networking, allowing participant Internet service providers (ISPs) to exchange data destined for their respective networks. IXPs are generally located at places with preexisting connections to multiple distinct networks, i.e., datacenters, and operate ph... | Wikipedia/Network_Access_Point |
Abilene Network was a high-performance backbone network created by the Internet2 community in the late 1990s. In 2007 the Abilene Network was retired and the upgraded network became known as the "Internet2 Network".
== History ==
One of the aims of the Abilene project was to achieve 10 Gbit/s connectivity between eve... | Wikipedia/Abilene_Network |
The very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) came on line in April 1995 as part of a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored project to provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States. The network was engineered and operated by MCI... | Wikipedia/Very_high-speed_Backbone_Network_Service |
The Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP), organized by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), is one of the most prestigious single-track academic conferences on operating systems.
Before 2023, SOSP was held every other year, alternating with the conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementa... | Wikipedia/Symposium_on_Operating_Systems_Principles |
The Defense Data Network (DDN) was a computer networking effort of the United States Department of Defense from 1983 through 1995. It was based on ARPANET technology.
== History ==
As an experiment, from 1971 to 1977, the Worldwide Military Command and Control System (WWMCCS) purchased and operated an ARPANET-type ... | Wikipedia/Defense_Data_Network |
The Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile (GOSIP) was a specification that profiled open networking products for procurement by governments in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
== Timeline ==
1988 - GOSIP: Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile published by CCTA, an agency of UK government
1988 - UK'... | Wikipedia/Government_Open_Systems_Interconnection_Profile |
The Baconian theory of Shakespearean authorship contends that Sir Francis Bacon, philosopher, essayist and scientist, wrote the plays that are attributed to William Shakespeare. Various explanations are offered for this alleged subterfuge, most commonly that Bacon's rise to high office might have been hindered if it be... | Wikipedia/Baconian_theory |
The Cryptographic Module Validation Program (CMVP) is a joint American and Canadian security accreditation program for cryptographic modules. The program is available to any vendors who seek to have their products certified for use by the U.S. Government and regulated industries (such as financial and health-care insti... | Wikipedia/Cryptographic_Module_Validation_Program |
Kleptography is the study of stealing information securely and subliminally. The term was introduced by Adam Young and Moti Yung in the Proceedings of Advances in Cryptology – Crypto '96.
Kleptography is a subfield of cryptovirology and is a natural extension of the theory of subliminal channels that was pioneered by G... | Wikipedia/Kleptographic_attack |
A cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) or cryptographic pseudorandom number generator (CPRNG) is a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) with properties that make it suitable for use in cryptography. It is also referred to as a cryptographic random number generator (CRNG).
== Background ==
... | Wikipedia/Cryptographic_pseudo-random_number_generator |
Public-key cryptography, or asymmetric cryptography, is the field of cryptographic systems that use pairs of related keys. Each key pair consists of a public key and a corresponding private key. Key pairs are generated with cryptographic algorithms based on mathematical problems termed one-way functions. Security of pu... | Wikipedia/Asymmetric_cryptography |
Kidnapping or abduction is the unlawful abduction and confinement of a person against their will, and is a crime in many jurisdictions. Kidnapping may be accomplished by use of force or fear, or a victim may be enticed into confinement by fraud or deception. Kidnapping is distinguished from false imprisonment by the in... | Wikipedia/Kidnapping |
The Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Siły Zbrojne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, pronounced [ˈɕiwɨ ˈzbrɔjnɛ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔsˈpɔlitɛj ˈpɔlskʲɛj]; abbreviated SZ RP), also called the Polish Armed Forces and popularly called Wojsko Polskie in Poland ([ˈvɔj.skɔ ˈpɔl.skjɛ], roughly "the Polish Military"—abbreviated WP), ... | Wikipedia/Polish_Armed_Forces |
A specialist law enforcement agency is a law enforcement agency which specialises in the types of laws it enforces, or types of activities it undertakes, or geography it enforces laws in, or these in combination.
The specialisation may be imposed voluntarily by policy, consensus with other agencies, or logistical const... | Wikipedia/Specialist_law_enforcement_agency |
Internal affairs (often known as IA) is a division of a law enforcement agency that investigates incidents and possible suspicions of criminal and professional misconduct attributed to members of the parent force. It is thus a mechanism of limited self-governance, "a police force policing itself". The names used by int... | Wikipedia/Internal_affairs_(law_enforcement) |
A rapid reaction force / rapid response force (RRF), quick reaction force / quick response force (QRF), immediate reaction force (IRF), rapid deployment force (RDF), or quick maneuver force (QMF) is a military or law enforcement unit capable of responding to emergencies in a very short time frame.
== Types ==
=== Q... | Wikipedia/Rapid_reaction_force |
A territorial police force is a police service that is responsible for an area defined by sub-national boundaries, distinguished from other police services which deal with the entire country or a type of crime. In countries organized as federations, police responsible for individual sub-national jurisdictions are typic... | Wikipedia/Territorial_police_force |
A law enforcement agency (LEA) has powers, which other government subjects do not, to enable the LEA to undertake its responsibilities. These powers are generally in one of six forms:
Exemptions from laws
Intrusive powers, for search, seizure, and interception
Legal deception
Use of force and constraint of liberty
Ju... | Wikipedia/Law_enforcement_agency_powers |
Watchmen were organised groups of men, usually authorised by a state, government, city, or society, to deter criminal activity and provide law enforcement as well as traditionally perform the services of public safety, fire watch, crime prevention, crime detection, and recovery of stolen goods. Watchmen have existed si... | Wikipedia/Watchman_(law_enforcement) |
Following the historic Lindbergh kidnapping (the abduction and murder of Charles Lindbergh's toddler son), the United States Congress passed a federal kidnapping statute—known as the Federal Kidnapping Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1201(a)(1) (popularly known as the Lindbergh Law, or Little Lindbergh Law)—which was intended to let ... | Wikipedia/Federal_Kidnapping_Act |
The use of force, in the context of law enforcement, may be defined as "the amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling subject." Multiple definitions exist according to context and purpose. In practical terms, use of force amounts to any combination of threatened or actual force used for a... | Wikipedia/Use_of_force |
A law enforcement officer (LEO), or police officer or peace officer in North American English, is a public-sector or private-sector employee whose duties primarily involve the enforcement of laws, protecting life & property, keeping the peace, and other public safety related duties. Law enforcement officers are designa... | Wikipedia/Law_enforcement_officer |
Code enforcement, sometimes encompassing law enforcement, is the act of enforcing a set of rules, principles, or laws (especially written ones) and ensuring observance of a system of norms or customs. An authority usually enforces a civil code, a set of rules, or a body of laws and compel those subject to their authori... | Wikipedia/Code_enforcement |
The illegal drug trade, drug trafficking, or narcotrafficking is a global black market dedicated to the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of prohibited drugs. Most jurisdictions prohibit trade, except under license, of many types of drugs through the use of drug prohibition laws. The think tank Global Fin... | Wikipedia/Drug_smuggling |
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