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In mathematics, and especially gauge theory, Seiberg–Witten invariants are invariants of compact smooth oriented 4-manifolds introduced by Edward Witten (1994), using the Seiberg–Witten theory studied by Nathan Seiberg and Witten (1994a, 1994b) during their investigations of Seiberg–Witten gauge theory.
Seiberg–Witten... | Wikipedia/Seiberg–Witten_equations |
In mathematics and theoretical physics, and especially gauge theory, the deformed Hermitian Yang–Mills (dHYM) equation is a differential equation describing the equations of motion for a D-brane in the B-model (commonly called a B-brane) of string theory. The equation was derived by Mariño-Minasian-Moore-Strominger in ... | Wikipedia/Deformed_Hermitian_Yang–Mills_equation |
In mathematics, and especially gauge theory, Donaldson theory is the study of the topology of smooth 4-manifolds using moduli spaces of anti-self-dual instantons. It was started by Simon Donaldson (1983) who proved Donaldson's theorem restricting the possible quadratic forms on the second cohomology group of a compact ... | Wikipedia/Donaldson_theory |
In differential geometry and gauge theory, the Nahm equations are a system of ordinary differential equations introduced by Werner Nahm in the context of the Nahm transform – an alternative to Ward's twistor construction of monopoles. The Nahm equations are formally analogous to the algebraic equations in the ADHM cons... | Wikipedia/Nahm_equations |
In mathematics, a vector-valued differential form on a manifold M is a differential form on M with values in a vector space V. More generally, it is a differential form with values in some vector bundle E over M. Ordinary differential forms can be viewed as R-valued differential forms.
An important case of vector-value... | Wikipedia/Vector_valued_differential_form |
In mathematics, and in particular differential geometry and gauge theory, Hitchin's equations are a system of partial differential equations for a connection and Higgs field on a vector bundle or principal bundle over a Riemann surface, written down by Nigel Hitchin in 1987. Hitchin's equations are locally equivalent t... | Wikipedia/Hitchin's_equations |
In mathematics, and in particular gauge theory and complex geometry, a Hermitian Yang–Mills connection (or Hermite–Einstein connection) is a Chern connection associated to an inner product on a holomorphic vector bundle over a Kähler manifold that satisfies an analogue of Einstein's equations: namely, the contraction o... | Wikipedia/Hermitian_Yang–Mills_equations |
In mathematics, and especially gauge theory, the Bogomolny equation for magnetic monopoles is the equation
F
A
=
⋆
d
A
Φ
,
{\display... | Wikipedia/Bogomolny_equations |
In general relativity, a vacuum solution is a Lorentzian manifold whose Einstein tensor vanishes identically. According to the Einstein field equation, this means that the stress–energy tensor also vanishes identically, so that no matter or non-gravitational fields are present. These are distinct from the electrovacuu... | Wikipedia/Vacuum_solutions |
In physics and mathematics, and especially differential geometry and gauge theory, the Yang–Mills equations are a system of partial differential equations for a connection on a vector bundle or principal bundle. They arise in physics as the Euler–Lagrange equations of the Yang–Mills action functional. They have also fo... | Wikipedia/Yang–Mills_functional |
In theoretical physics, the Weyl transformation, named after German mathematician Hermann Weyl, is a local rescaling of the metric tensor:
g
a
b
→
e
−
2
ω
... | Wikipedia/Weyl_transformation |
The Kelvin transform is a device used in classical potential theory to extend the concept of a harmonic function, by allowing the definition of a function which is 'harmonic at infinity'. This technique is also used in the study of subharmonic and superharmonic functions.
In order to define the Kelvin transform f* of a... | Wikipedia/Kelvin_transform |
In mathematics, subharmonic and superharmonic functions are important classes of functions used extensively in partial differential equations, complex analysis and potential theory.
Intuitively, subharmonic functions are related to convex functions of one variable as follows. If the graph of a convex function and a lin... | Wikipedia/Subharmonic_function |
In mathematics, mathematical physics and the theory of stochastic processes, a harmonic function is a twice continuously differentiable function
f
:
U
→
R
,
{\displaystyle f\colon U\to \mathbb {R} ,}
where U is an op... | Wikipedia/Harmonic_functions |
The method of images (or method of mirror images) is a mathematical tool for solving differential equations, in which boundary conditions are satisfied by combining a solution not restricted by the boundary conditions with its possibly weighted mirror image. Generally, original singularities are inside the domain of i... | Wikipedia/Method_of_images |
Bessel functions, named after Friedrich Bessel who was the first to systematically study them in 1824, are canonical solutions y(x) of Bessel's differential equation
x
2
d
... | Wikipedia/Hankel_function_of_the_first_kind |
The adiabatic theorem is a concept in quantum mechanics. Its original form, due to Max Born and Vladimir Fock (1928), was stated as follows:
A physical system remains in its instantaneous eigenstate if a given perturbation is acting on it slowly enough and if there is a gap between the eigenvalue and the rest of the H... | Wikipedia/Adiabatic_process_(quantum_mechanics) |
An adiabatic process (adiabatic from Ancient Greek ἀδιάβατος (adiábatos) 'impassable') is a type of thermodynamic process that occurs without transferring heat between the thermodynamic system and its environment. Unlike an isothermal process, an adiabatic process transfers energy to the surroundings only as work and/... | Wikipedia/Adiabatic_approximation |
In statistical mechanics, an Ursell function or connected correlation function, is a cumulant of a random variable. It can often be obtained by summing over connected Feynman diagrams (the sum over all Feynman diagrams gives the correlation functions).
The Ursell function was named after Harold Ursell, who introduced i... | Wikipedia/Connected_correlation_function |
In mathematics, an nth root of a number x is a number r which, when raised to the power of n, yields x:
r
n
=
r
×
r
×
... | Wikipedia/Nth_root_algorithm |
The calculus of variations (or variational calculus) is a field of mathematical analysis that uses variations, which are small changes in functions
and functionals, to find maxima and minima of functionals: mappings from a set of functions to the real numbers. Functionals are often expressed as definite integrals invol... | Wikipedia/Variational_methods |
A multiresolution analysis (MRA) or multiscale approximation (MSA) is the design method of most of the practically relevant discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) and the justification for the algorithm of the fast wavelet transform (FWT). It was introduced in this context in 1988/89 by Stephane Mallat and Yves Meyer and ha... | Wikipedia/Multiresolution_analysis |
In numerical analysis, mortar methods are discretization methods for partial differential equations, which use separate finite element discretization on nonoverlapping subdomains. The meshes on the subdomains do not match on the interface, and the equality of the solution is enforced by Lagrange multipliers, judiciousl... | Wikipedia/Mortar_method |
In numerical mathematics, relaxation methods are iterative methods for solving systems of equations, including nonlinear systems.
Relaxation methods were developed for solving large sparse linear systems, which arose as finite-difference discretizations of differential equations. They are also used for the solution of ... | Wikipedia/Relaxation_method |
The Hitchin functional is a mathematical concept with applications in string theory that was introduced by the British mathematician Nigel Hitchin. Hitchin (2000) and Hitchin (2001) are the original articles of the Hitchin functional.
As with Hitchin's introduction of generalized complex manifolds, this is an example o... | Wikipedia/Hitchin_functional |
In differential geometry, the Atiyah–Singer index theorem, proved by Michael Atiyah and Isadore Singer (1963), states that for an elliptic differential operator on a compact manifold, the analytical index (related to the dimension of the space of solutions) is equal to the topological index (defined in terms of some to... | Wikipedia/Index_theory |
In mathematics, the associated graded ring of a ring R with respect to a proper ideal I is the graded ring:
gr
I
R
=
⨁
n
=
0
... | Wikipedia/Associated_graded_algebra |
In mathematics, a generalized Clifford algebra (GCA) is a unital associative algebra that generalizes the Clifford algebra, and goes back to the work of Hermann Weyl, who utilized and formalized these clock-and-shift operators introduced by J. J. Sylvester (1882), and organized by Cartan (1898) and Schwinger.
Cloc... | Wikipedia/Generalized_Clifford_algebra |
In mathematics and physics CCR algebras (after canonical commutation relations) and CAR algebras (after canonical anticommutation relations) arise from the quantum mechanical study of bosons and fermions, respectively. They play a prominent role in quantum statistical mechanics and quantum field theory.
== CCR and CA... | Wikipedia/CCR_and_CAR_algebras |
Algorithm is the first studio album from My Heart to Fear. Solid State Records released the album on July 9, 2013.
== Critical reception ==
Awarding the album three stars from Alternative Press, Jason Schreurs writes, "As is the case with the bulk of this musical style, the vocals bring it back down to a near-medioc... | Wikipedia/Algorithm_(My_Heart_to_Fear_album) |
"Algorithm" is a song by English rock band Muse. It was released as the first track from the band's eighth studio album, Simulation Theory, on 9 November 2018. "Algorithm" is a retro-futuristic and industrial sounding song, in common with the overall theme of Simulation Theory.
== Release ==
The name of the song was ... | Wikipedia/Algorithm_(song) |
The Algorithm is the musical project of French musician Rémi Gallego (born 7 October 1989) from Perpignan. His style is characterised by an unusual combination of electronic music with progressive metal. Gallego chose the name The Algorithm to highlight the music's complex and electronic nature.
== History ==
=== E... | Wikipedia/The_Algorithm |
Algorithmic may refer to:
Algorithm, step-by-step instructions for a calculation
Algorithmic art, art made by an algorithm
Algorithmic composition, music made by an algorithm
Algorithmic trading, trading decisions made by an algorithm
Algorithmic patent, an intellectual property right in an algorithm
Algorithmics, the... | Wikipedia/Algorithmic_(disambiguation) |
Snoop Dogg Presents Algorithm (or simply titled Algorithm) is a compilation album by American rapper Snoop Dogg. Some publications described the recording as a compilation album, but the rapper's official website describes it as a studio album. Released on November 19, 2021 by Doggy Style Records and Def Jam Recordings... | Wikipedia/Snoop_Dogg_Presents_Algorithm |
A recommender system (RecSys), or a recommendation system (sometimes replacing system with terms such as platform, engine, or algorithm) and sometimes only called "the algorithm" or "algorithm", is a subclass of information filtering system that provides suggestions for items that are most pertinent to a particular use... | Wikipedia/Recommendation_algorithm |
Algorithms is a monthly peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal of mathematics, covering design, analysis, and experiments on algorithms. The journal is published by MDPI and was established in 2008. The founding editor-in-chief was Kazuo Iwama (Kyoto University). From May 2014 to September 2019, the editor-in-chi... | Wikipedia/Algorithms_(journal) |
In the C++ Standard Library, the algorithms library provides various functions that perform algorithmic operations on containers and other sequences, represented by Iterators.
The C++ standard provides some standard algorithms collected in the <algorithm> standard header. A handful of algorithms are also in the <numeri... | Wikipedia/Algorithm_(C++) |
The Algorithm is the eighth studio album by American rock band Filter. It was released on August 25, 2023. Originally conceived in 2018 as a follow-up to the band's first album, Short Bus (1995), titled Rebus, the project changed course due to the collapse of the PledgeMusic crowd funding platform. Despite this, some ... | Wikipedia/The_Algorithm_(Filter_album) |
In Einstein's theory of general relativity, the Schwarzschild metric (also known as the Schwarzschild solution) is an exact solution to the Einstein field equations that describes the gravitational field outside a spherical mass, on the assumption that the electric charge of the mass, angular momentum of the mass, and... | Wikipedia/Schwarzschild_solution |
In ring theory, a branch of mathematics, an idempotent element or simply idempotent of a ring is an element a such that a2 = a. That is, the element is idempotent under the ring's multiplication. Inductively then, one can also conclude that a = a2 = a3 = a4 = ... = an for any positive integer n. For example, an idempot... | Wikipedia/Idempotent_(ring_theory) |
In the calculus of variations and classical mechanics, the Euler–Lagrange equations are a system of second-order ordinary differential equations whose solutions are stationary points of the given action functional. The equations were discovered in the 1750s by Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler and Italian mathematicia... | Wikipedia/Euler-Lagrange_equations |
In physical cosmology, cosmological perturbation theory is the theory by which the evolution of structure is understood in the Big Bang model. Cosmological perturbation theory may be broken into two categories: Newtonian or general relativistic. Each case uses its governing equations to compute gravitational and pressu... | Wikipedia/Cosmological_perturbation_theory |
In mathematics, an eigenvalue perturbation problem is that of finding the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of a system
A
x
=
λ
x
{\displaystyle Ax=\lambda x}
that is perturbed from one with known eigenvectors and eigenvalues
... | Wikipedia/Eigenvalue_perturbation |
In mathematics, the method of dominant balance approximates the solution to an equation
by solving a simplified form of the equation containing 2 or more of the equation's terms that most influence (dominate) the solution and excluding terms contributing only small modifications to this approximate solution. Following... | Wikipedia/Method_of_dominant_balance |
The wave equation is a second-order linear partial differential equation for the description of waves or standing wave fields such as mechanical waves (e.g. water waves, sound waves and seismic waves) or electromagnetic waves (including light waves). It arises in fields like acoustics, electromagnetism, and fluid dynam... | Wikipedia/Linear_wave_equation |
The lossy count algorithm is an algorithm to identify elements in a data stream whose frequency exceeds a user-given threshold. The algorithm works by dividing the data stream into buckets for frequent items, but fill as many buckets as possible in main memory one time. The frequency computed by this algorithm is not a... | Wikipedia/Lossy_Count_Algorithm |
In computer science, an online algorithm is one that can process its input piece-by-piece in a serial fashion, i.e., in the order that the input is fed to the algorithm, without having the entire input available from the start. In contrast, an offline algorithm is given the whole problem data from the beginning and is ... | Wikipedia/Online_algorithms |
Misra and Gries defined the heavy-hitters problem
(though they did not introduce the term heavy-hitters) and described the first algorithm
for it in the paper Finding repeated elements. Their algorithm
extends the Boyer-Moore majority finding algorithm
in a significant way.
One version of the heavy-hitters problem is... | Wikipedia/Misra–Gries_heavy_hitters_algorithm |
Robert Morris (July 25, 1932 – June 26, 2011) was an American cryptographer and computer scientist. His name sometimes apppears with a middle initial H that he adopted informally.
== Family and education ==
Morris was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His parents were Walter W. Morris, a salesman, and Helen Kelly Morris... | Wikipedia/Robert_Morris_(cryptographer) |
In computing, a one-pass algorithm or single-pass algorithm is a streaming algorithm which reads its input exactly once. It does so by processing items in order, without unbounded buffering; it reads a block into an input buffer, processes it, and moves the result into an output buffer for each step in the process. A o... | Wikipedia/One-pass_algorithm |
In mathematics, a Poisson superalgebra is a Z2-graded generalization of a Poisson algebra. Specifically, a Poisson superalgebra is an (associative) superalgebra A together with a second product, a Lie superbracket
[
⋅
,
⋅
]
:
A
⊗
A
... | Wikipedia/Poisson_superalgebra |
In computer programming, digraphs and trigraphs are sequences of two and three characters, respectively, that appear in source code and, according to a programming language's specification, should be treated as if they were single characters.
Various reasons exist for using digraphs and trigraphs: keyboards may not ha... | Wikipedia/Digraph_(computing) |
In computer engineering, an execution unit (E-unit or EU) is a part of a processing unit that performs the operations and calculations forwarded from the instruction unit. It may have its own internal control sequence unit (not to be confused with a CPU's main control unit), some registers, and other internal units suc... | Wikipedia/Functional_unit |
PJW hash function is a non-cryptographic hash function created by Peter J. Weinberger of AT&T Bell Labs.
== Other versions ==
A variant of PJW hash had been used to create ElfHash or Elf64 hash that is used in Unix object files with ELF format.
Allen Holub has created a portable version of PJW hash algorithm that had... | Wikipedia/PJW_hash_function |
In computer science, a perfect hash function h for a set S is a hash function that maps distinct elements in S to a set of m integers, with no collisions. In mathematical terms, it is an injective function.
Perfect hash functions may be used to implement a lookup table with constant worst-case access time. A perfect ha... | Wikipedia/Perfect_hash_function |
In Boolean algebra, a parity function is a Boolean function whose value is one if and only if the input vector has an odd number of ones. The parity function of two inputs is also known as the XOR function.
The parity function is notable for its role in theoretical investigation of circuit complexity of Boolean functi... | Wikipedia/Parity_function |
Random number generation is a process by which, often by means of a random number generator (RNG), a sequence of numbers or symbols is generated that cannot be reasonably predicted better than by random chance. This means that the particular outcome sequence will contain some patterns detectable in hindsight but imposs... | Wikipedia/Randomization_function |
In cryptography, key size or key length refers to the number of bits in a key used by a cryptographic algorithm (such as a cipher).
Key length defines the upper-bound on an algorithm's security (i.e. a logarithmic measure of the fastest known attack against an algorithm), because the security of all algorithms can be v... | Wikipedia/Key_space_(cryptography) |
In mathematics, the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method (or Fehlberg method) is an algorithm in numerical analysis for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. It was developed by the German mathematician Erwin Fehlberg and is based on the large class of Runge–Kutta methods.
The novelty of Fehlberg's method i... | Wikipedia/Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg_method |
In mathematics, the Parker–Sochacki method is an algorithm for solving systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), developed by G. Edgar Parker and James Sochacki, of the James Madison University Mathematics Department. The method produces Maclaurin series solutions to systems of differential equations, with the... | Wikipedia/Parker–Sochacki_method |
In mathematics numerical analysis, the Nyström method or quadrature method seeks the numerical solution of an integral equation by replacing the integral with a representative weighted sum. The continuous problem is broken into
n
{\displaystyle n}
discrete intervals; quadrat... | Wikipedia/Nyström_method |
In numerical analysis, the shooting method is a method for solving a boundary value problem by reducing it to an initial value problem. It involves finding solutions to the initial value problem for different initial conditions until one finds the solution that also satisfies the boundary conditions of the boundary val... | Wikipedia/Shooting_method |
In mathematics and computational science, the Euler method (also called the forward Euler method) is a first-order numerical procedure for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with a given initial value. It is the most basic explicit method for numerical integration of ordinary differential equations and is t... | Wikipedia/Forward_Euler_method |
In numerical analysis, the Runge–Kutta methods (English: RUUNG-ə-KUUT-tah) are a family of implicit and explicit iterative methods, which include the Euler method, used in temporal discretization for the approximate solutions of simultaneous nonlinear equations. These methods were developed around 1900 by the German ... | Wikipedia/Implicit_Runge–Kutta_methods |
OpenModelica is a free and open source environment based on the Modelica modeling language for modeling, simulating, optimizing and analyzing complex dynamic systems. This software is actively developed by Open Source Modelica Consortium, a non-profit, non-governmental organization. The Open Source Modelica Consortium ... | Wikipedia/OpenModelica |
Linear multistep methods are used for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. Conceptually, a numerical method starts from an initial point and then takes a short step forward in time to find the next solution point. The process continues with subsequent steps to map out the solution. Single-step met... | Wikipedia/Multistep_method |
In computer simulations of mechanical systems, energy drift is the gradual change in the total energy of a closed system over time. According to the laws of mechanics, the energy should be a constant of motion and should not change. However, in simulations the energy might fluctuate on a short time scale and increase ... | Wikipedia/Energy_drift |
In numerical analysis, leapfrog integration is a method for numerically integrating differential equations of the form
x
¨
=
d
... | Wikipedia/Leapfrog_method |
The quantized state systems (QSS) methods are a family of numerical integration solvers based on the idea of state quantization, dual to the traditional idea of time discretization.
Unlike traditional numerical solution methods, which approach the problem by discretizing time and solving for the next (real-valued) stat... | Wikipedia/Quantized_state_systems_methods |
In mathematics, extrapolation is a type of estimation, beyond the original observation range, of the value of a variable on the basis of its relationship with another variable. It is similar to interpolation, which produces estimates between known observations, but extrapolation is subject to greater uncertainty and a ... | Wikipedia/Extrapolation_method |
In numerical analysis, the Bulirsch–Stoer algorithm is a method for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations which combines three powerful ideas: Richardson extrapolation, the use of rational function extrapolation in Richardson-type applications, and the modified midpoint method, to obtain numerical s... | Wikipedia/Bulirsch–Stoer_algorithm |
Linear multistep methods are used for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. Conceptually, a numerical method starts from an initial point and then takes a short step forward in time to find the next solution point. The process continues with subsequent steps to map out the solution. Single-step met... | Wikipedia/Adams–Bashforth_methods |
Runge–Kutta methods are methods for the numerical solution of the ordinary differential equation
d
y
d
t
=
f
(
t
,
... | Wikipedia/Explicit_Runge–Kutta_methods |
In mathematics, differential inclusions are a generalization of the concept of ordinary differential equation of the form
d
x
d
t
(
t
... | Wikipedia/Differential_inclusion |
In numerical analysis, finite-difference methods (FDM) are a class of numerical techniques for solving differential equations by approximating derivatives with finite differences. Both the spatial domain and time domain (if applicable) are discretized, or broken into a finite number of intervals, and the values of the ... | Wikipedia/Finite_Difference_Method |
In mathematics, the Euclidean algorithm, or Euclid's algorithm, is an efficient method for computing the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two integers, the largest number that divides them both without a remainder. It is named after the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid, who first described it in his Elements (c. 300 ... | Wikipedia/Euclid's_algorithm |
Kyma is a visual programming language for sound design used by musicians, researchers, and sound designers. In Kyma, a user programs a multiprocessor digital signal processor (DSP) by graphically connecting modules on the display of a Macintosh or Windows computer.
== Background ==
Kyma has characteristics of both ob... | Wikipedia/Kyma_(sound_design_language) |
A MIDI controller is any hardware or software that generates and transmits Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) data to MIDI-enabled devices, typically to trigger sounds and control parameters of an electronic music performance. They most often use a musical keyboard to send data about the pitch of notes to play... | Wikipedia/MIDI_controller |
Fortune's algorithm is a sweep line algorithm for generating a Voronoi diagram from a set of points in a plane using O(n log n) time and O(n) space. It was originally published by Steven Fortune in 1986 in his paper "A sweepline algorithm for Voronoi diagrams."
== Algorithm description ==
The algorithm maintains both... | Wikipedia/Fortune's_algorithm |
In computational geometry, the Bentley–Ottmann algorithm is a sweep line algorithm for listing all crossings in a set of line segments, i.e. it finds the intersection points (or, simply, intersections) of line segments. It extends the Shamos–Hoey algorithm, a similar previous algorithm for testing whether or not a set ... | Wikipedia/Bentley–Ottmann_algorithm |
Empirical research is research using empirical evidence. It is also a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation or experience. Empiricism values some research more than other kinds. Empirical evidence (the record of one's direct observations or experiences) can be analyzed quantitatively or q... | Wikipedia/Empirical_methods |
In computer science, the Krauss wildcard-matching algorithm is a pattern matching algorithm. Based on the wildcard syntax in common use, e.g. in the Microsoft Windows command-line interface, the algorithm provides a non-recursive mechanism for matching patterns in software applications, based on syntax simpler than tha... | Wikipedia/Krauss_matching_wildcards_algorithm |
In database management, an aggregate function or aggregation function is a function where multiple values are processed together to form a single summary statistic.
Common aggregate functions include:
Average (i.e., arithmetic mean)
Count
Maximum
Median
Minimum
Mode
Range
Sum
Others include:
Nanmean (mean ignoring N... | Wikipedia/Aggregate_function |
In object-oriented computer programming, an extension method is a method added to an object after the original object was compiled. The modified object is often a class, a prototype, or a type. Extension methods are features of some object-oriented programming languages. There is no syntactic difference between calli... | Wikipedia/Extension_methods |
In computer programming, a function object is a construct allowing an object to be invoked or called as if it were an ordinary function, usually with the same syntax (a function parameter that can also be a function). In some languages, particularly C++, function objects are often called functors (not related to the fu... | Wikipedia/Function_object |
In computer programming, an anamorphism is a function that generates a sequence by repeated application of the function to its previous result. You begin with some value A and apply a function f to it to get B. Then you apply f to B to get C, and so on until some terminating condition is reached. The anamorphism is the... | Wikipedia/Unfold_(higher-order_function) |
In mathematics, an iterated binary operation is an extension of a binary operation on a set S to a function on finite sequences of elements of S through repeated application. Common examples include the extension of the addition operation to the summation operation, and the extension of the multiplication operation to ... | Wikipedia/Iterated_binary_operation |
In computer science, divide and conquer is an algorithm design paradigm. A divide-and-conquer algorithm recursively breaks down a problem into two or more sub-problems of the same or related type, until these become simple enough to be solved directly. The solutions to the sub-problems are then combined to give a solut... | Wikipedia/Divide-and-conquer_method |
In computer science, the Tak function is a recursive function, named after Ikuo Takeuchi. It is defined as follows:
τ
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
=
{
τ... | Wikipedia/Tak_(function) |
Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN) was the division of Microsoft responsible for managing the firm's relationship with developers and testers, such as hardware developers interested in the operating system (OS), and software developers developing on the various OS platforms or using the API or scripting languages of Mi... | Wikipedia/Microsoft_Developer_Network |
In computer science, functional programming is a programming paradigm where programs are constructed by applying and composing functions. It is a declarative programming paradigm in which function definitions are trees of expressions that map values to other values, rather than a sequence of imperative statements which... | Wikipedia/Functional_language |
How to Design Programs (HtDP) is a textbook by Matthias Felleisen, Robert Bruce Findler, Matthew Flatt, and Shriram Krishnamurthi on the systematic design of computer programs. MIT Press published the first edition in 2001, and the second edition in 2018, which is freely available online and in print. The book introduc... | Wikipedia/How_to_Design_Programs |
In computer science, functional programming is a programming paradigm where programs are constructed by applying and composing functions. It is a declarative programming paradigm in which function definitions are trees of expressions that map values to other values, rather than a sequence of imperative statements which... | Wikipedia/Functional_languages |
A wrapper function is a function (another word for a subroutine) in a software library or a computer program whose main purpose is to call a second subroutine or a system call with little or no additional computation. Wrapper functions simplify writing computer programs by abstracting the details of a subroutine's impl... | Wikipedia/Wrapper_function |
In computer science, a stream is a sequence of potentially unlimited data elements made available over time. A stream can be thought of as items on a conveyor belt being processed one at a time rather than in large batches. Streams are processed differently from batch data.
Normal functions cannot operate on streams as... | Wikipedia/Stream_(computer_science) |
A number of countries have attempted to restrict the import of cryptography tools.
== Rationale ==
Countries may wish to restrict import of cryptography technologies for a number of reasons:
Imported cryptography may have backdoors or security holes (e.g. the FREAK vulnerability), intentional or not, which allows th... | Wikipedia/Restrictions_on_the_import_of_cryptography |
There are many variants of the counter machine, among them those of Hermes, Ershov, Péter, Minsky, Lambek, Shepherdson and Sturgis, and Schönhage. These are explained below.
== The models in more detail ==
=== 1954: Hermes' model ===
Shepherdson & Sturgis (1963) observe that "the proof of this universality [of digi... | Wikipedia/Counter-machine_model |
In mathematics and mathematical logic, Boolean algebra is a branch of algebra. It differs from elementary algebra in two ways. First, the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted by 1 and 0, whereas in elementary algebra the values of the variables are numbers. Second, Boolean algebr... | Wikipedia/Boolean_equation |
In mathematical logic and computer science, a general recursive function, partial recursive function, or μ-recursive function is a partial function from natural numbers to natural numbers that is "computable" in an intuitive sense – as well as in a formal one. If the function is total, it is also called a total recursi... | Wikipedia/Mu_recursive_function |
In supergravity and supersymmetric representation theory, Adinkra symbols are a graphical representation of supersymmetric algebras. Mathematically they can be described as colored finite connected simple graphs, that are bipartite and n-regular. Their name is derived from Adinkra symbols of the same name, and they we... | Wikipedia/Adinkra_symbols_(physics) |
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