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In crystallography, a crystallographic point group is a three-dimensional point group whose symmetry operations are compatible with a three-dimensional crystallographic lattice. According to the crystallographic restriction it may only contain one-, two-, three-, four- and sixfold rotations or rotoinversions. This redu... | Wikipedia/Crystallographic_point_groups |
Radiography is an imaging technique using X-rays, gamma rays, or similar ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation to view the internal form of an object. Applications of radiography include medical ("diagnostic" radiography and "therapeutic radiography") and industrial radiography. Similar techniques are used in ... | Wikipedia/X-ray_radiography |
Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) is a form of X-ray crystallography developed for use at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs). Single pulses at free-electron lasers are bright enough to generate resolvable Bragg diffraction from sub-micron crystals. However, these pulses also destroy the crystals, meaning that a ... | Wikipedia/Serial_femtosecond_crystallography |
Orientations of Proteins in Membranes (OPM) database provides spatial positions of membrane protein structures with respect to the lipid bilayer. Positions of the proteins are calculated using an implicit solvation model of the lipid bilayer. The results of calculations were verified against experimental studies of sp... | Wikipedia/Orientations_of_Proteins_in_Membranes_database |
Le Bail analysis is a whole diffraction pattern profile fitting technique used to characterize the properties of crystalline materials, such as structure. It was invented by Armel Le Bail around 1988.
== Background ==
The Le Bail method extracts intensities (Ihkl) from powder diffraction data. This is done in order t... | Wikipedia/Le_Bail_method |
In crystallography, the R-factor (sometimes called residual factor or reliability factor or the R-value or RWork) is a measure of the disagreement between the crystallographic model and the experimental X-ray diffraction data - lower the R value lower is the disagreement or better is the agreement. In other words, it i... | Wikipedia/R-factor_(crystallography) |
The Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (German: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften) is an independent public institution, located in Munich. It appoints scholars whose research has contributed considerably to the increase of knowledge within their subject. The general goal of the academy is the promotion o... | Wikipedia/Bavarian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities |
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a largely manual classification of protein structural domains based on similarities of their structures and amino acid sequences. A motivation for this classification is to determine the evolutionary relationship between proteins. Proteins with the same sha... | Wikipedia/Structural_Classification_of_Proteins |
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptors, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), form a large group of evolutionarily related proteins that are cell surface receptors that detect molecules outside the cell... | Wikipedia/G_protein-coupled_receptor |
In crystallography, direct methods are a family of methods for estimating the phases of the Fourier transform of the scattering density from the corresponding magnitudes. The methods generally exploit constraints or statistical correlations between the phases of different Fourier components that result from the fact t... | Wikipedia/Hauptman-Karle_method |
Energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) is an analytical technique for characterizing materials. It differs from conventional X-ray diffraction by using polychromatic photons as the source and is usually operated at a fixed angle. With no need for a goniometer, EDXRD is able to collect full diffraction patterns ver... | Wikipedia/Energy-dispersive_X-ray_diffraction |
The Scherrer equation, in X-ray diffraction and crystallography, is a formula that relates the size of sub-micrometre crystallites in a solid to the broadening of a peak in a diffraction pattern. It is often referred to, incorrectly, as a formula for particle size measurement or analysis. It is named after Paul Scherre... | Wikipedia/Scherrer_equation |
Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (French pronunciation: [kɔ̃t ʁɑ̃dy də lakademi de sjɑ̃s], Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences), or simply Comptes rendus, is a French scientific journal published since 1835. It is the proceedings of the French Academy of Sciences. It is currently split into seven sections, ... | Wikipedia/Comptes_rendus_hebdomadaires_des_séances_de_l'Académie_des_sciences |
X-ray fluorescence holography (XFH) is a holography method with atomic resolution based on atomic fluorescence. It is a relatively new technique that benefits greatly from the coherent high-power X-rays available from synchrotron sources, such as the Japanese SPring-8 facility.
== Imaging ==
Fluorescent X-rays are sc... | Wikipedia/X-ray_fluorescence_holography |
Ptychography (/t(a)ɪˈkɒgrəfi/ t(a)i-KO-graf-ee) is a computational microscopy method and a major advance of coherent diffractive imaging (CDI), which was first experimentally demonstrated in 1999 using synchrotron X-rays and iterative phase retrieval. It unifies principles from microscopy and crystallography to reconst... | Wikipedia/Ptychography |
The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) is a non-profit organisation based in Cambridge, England. Its primary activity is the compilation and maintenance of the Cambridge Structural Database, a database of small molecule crystal structures. They also perform analysis on the database for the benefit of the sci... | Wikipedia/Cambridge_Crystallographic_Data_Centre |
X-ray lithography is a process used in semiconductor device fabrication industry to selectively remove parts of a thin film of photoresist. It uses X-rays to transfer a geometric pattern from a mask to a light-sensitive chemical photoresist, or simply "resist," on the substrate to reach extremely small topological siz... | Wikipedia/X-ray_lithography |
X-ray diffraction computed tomography is an experimental technique that combines X-ray diffraction with the computed tomography data acquisition approach. X-ray diffraction (XRD) computed tomography (CT) was first introduced in 1987 by Harding et al. using a laboratory diffractometer and a monochromatic X-ray pencil be... | Wikipedia/X-ray_diffraction_computed_tomography |
A panoramic radiograph is a panoramic scanning dental X-ray of the upper and lower jaw. It shows a two-dimensional view of a half-circle from ear to ear. Panoramic radiography is a form of focal plane tomography; thus, images of multiple planes are taken to make up the composite panoramic image, where the maxilla and m... | Wikipedia/Panoramic_radiograph |
In cell biology, protein kinase C, commonly abbreviated to PKC (EC 2.7.11.13), is a family of protein kinase enzymes that are involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues on these proteins, or a member of this family. P... | Wikipedia/Protein_kinase_C |
Druglikeness is a qualitative concept used in drug design for how "druglike" a substance is with respect to factors like bioavailability. It is estimated from the molecular structure before the substance is even synthesized and tested. A druglike molecule has properties such as:
Solubility in both water and fat, as an... | Wikipedia/Druglikeness |
Inorganic chemistry deals with synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds. This field covers chemical compounds that are not carbon-based, which are the subjects of organic chemistry. The distinction between the two disciplines is far from absolute, as there is much overlap in the subdiscipline of... | Wikipedia/inorganic_chemistry |
Iron–sulfur proteins are proteins characterized by the presence of iron–sulfur clusters containing sulfide-linked di-, tri-, and tetrairon centers in variable oxidation states. Iron–sulfur clusters are found in a variety of metalloproteins, such as the ferredoxins, as well as NADH dehydrogenase, hydrogenases, coenzyme... | Wikipedia/Iron–sulfur_protein |
Materials science is an interdisciplinary field of researching and discovering materials. Materials engineering is an engineering field of finding uses for materials in other fields and industries.
The intellectual origins of materials science stem from the Age of Enlightenment, when researchers began to use analytical... | Wikipedia/Materials_chemistry |
Isocitric acid is a structural isomer of citric acid. Since citric acid and isocitric acid are structural isomers, they share similar physical and chemical properties. Due to these similar properties, it is difficult to separate the isomers. Salts and esters of isocitric acid are known as isocitrates. The isocitrate an... | Wikipedia/Isocitrate |
Metalloprotein is a generic term for a protein that contains a metal ion cofactor. A large proportion of all proteins are part of this category. For instance, at least 1000 human proteins (out of ~20,000) contain zinc-binding protein domains although there may be up to 3000 human zinc metalloproteins.
== Abundance ==... | Wikipedia/Metalloprotein |
Ammonium ferric citrate (also known as ferric ammonium citrate or ammoniacal ferrous citrate) has the formula [NH4]y[Fex(C6H4O7)]. The iron in this compound is trivalent. All three carboxyl groups and the central hydroxyl group of citric acid are deprotonated. A distinguishing feature of this compound is that it is ver... | Wikipedia/Ammonium_ferric_citrate |
Ferrous citrate, also known as iron(II) citrate or iron(2+) citrate, describes coordination complexes containing citrate anions with Fe2+ formed in aqueous solution. Although a number of complexes are possible (or even likely), only one complex has been crystallized. That complex is the coordination polymer with the ... | Wikipedia/Iron(II)_citrate |
In biochemistry, the iron–sulfur cluster biosynthesis describes the components and processes involved in the biosynthesis of iron–sulfur proteins. The topic is of interest because these proteins are pervasive. The iron sulfur proteins contain iron–sulfur clusters, some with elaborate structures, that feature iron and... | Wikipedia/Iron-sulfur_cluster_biosynthesis_protein_family |
Trends is a series of 16 review journals in a range of areas of biology and chemistry published under its Cell Press imprint by Elsevier. The publisher in lieu is Danielle Loughlin.
The Trends series was established in 1976 with Trends in Biochemical Sciences, rapidly followed by Trends in Neurosciences, Trends in Phar... | Wikipedia/Trends_in_Biochemical_Sciences |
A membrane transport protein is a membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules, such as another protein, across a biological membrane. Transport proteins are integral transmembrane proteins; that is they exist permanently within and span the membrane across which they transport... | Wikipedia/Carrier_protein |
Disodium tetracarbonylferrate is the organoiron compound with the formula Na2[Fe(CO)4]. It is always used as a solvate, e.g., with tetrahydrofuran or dimethoxyethane, which bind to the sodium cation. An oxygen-sensitive colourless solid, it is a reagent in organometallic and organic chemical research. The dioxane sol... | Wikipedia/Disodium_tetracarbonylferrate |
Potassium ferrate is an inorganic compound with the formula K2FeO4. It is the potassium salt of ferric acid. Potassium ferrate is a powerful oxidizing agent with applications in green chemistry, organic synthesis, and cathode technology.
== Synthesis ==
Generally, there are three ways to produce hexavalent iron: dry ... | Wikipedia/Potassium_ferrate |
Barium ferrate is the chemical compound of formula BaFeO4. This is a rare compound containing iron in the +6 oxidation state. The ferrate(VI) ion has two unpaired electrons, making it paramagnetic. It is isostructural with BaSO4, and contains the tetrahedral [FeO4]2− anion.
== Structure ==
The ferrate(VI) anion is pa... | Wikipedia/Barium_ferrate |
Ferrocenium tetrafluoroborate is an organometallic compound with the formula [Fe(C5H5)2]BF4. This salt is composed of the cation [Fe(C5H5)2]+ and the tetrafluoroborate anion (BF−4). The related hexafluorophosphate is also a popular reagent with similar properties. The ferrocenium cation is often abbreviated Fc+ or C... | Wikipedia/Ferrocenium_tetrafluoroborate |
Iron(II) perchlorate is the inorganic compound with the formula Fe(ClO4)2·6H2O. A green, water-soluble solid, it is produced by the reaction of iron metal with dilute perchloric acid followed by evaporation of the solution:
Fe + 2 HClO4 + 6 H2O → Fe(ClO4)2·6H2O + H2
Although the ferrous cation is a reductant a... | Wikipedia/Iron(II)_perchlorate |
Iron-binding proteins are carrier proteins and metalloproteins that are important in iron metabolism and the immune response. Iron is required for life.
Iron-dependent enzymes catalyze a variety of biochemical reactions and can be divided into three broad classes depending on the structure of their active site: non-hem... | Wikipedia/Iron-binding_proteins |
Iron(III) stearate (ferric stearate) is a metal-organic compound, a salt of iron and stearic acid with the chemical formula Fe(C17H35COO)3.
The compound is classified as a metallic soap, i.e. a metal derivative of a fatty acid.
== Synthesis ==
Reacting stearic acid with iron oxide.
Treating stearic acid with iron chl... | Wikipedia/Ferric_stearate |
Rieske proteins are iron–sulfur protein (ISP) components of cytochrome bc1 complexes and cytochrome b6f complexes and are responsible for electron transfer in some biological systems. John S. Rieske and co-workers first discovered the protein and in 1964 isolated an acetylated form of the bovine mitochondrial protein. ... | Wikipedia/Rieske_protein |
In quantum mechanics, an energy level is degenerate if it corresponds to two or more different measurable states of a quantum system. Conversely, two or more different states of a quantum mechanical system are said to be degenerate if they give the same value of energy upon measurement. The number of different states c... | Wikipedia/Degenerate_orbital |
Inverted ligand field theory (ILFT) describes a phenomenon in the bonding of coordination complexes where the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital is primarily of ligand character. This is contrary to the traditional ligand field theory or crystal field theory picture and arises from the breaking down of the assumption ... | Wikipedia/Inverted_ligand_field_theory |
The Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson model is a model in organometallic chemistry that explains the chemical bonding in transition metal alkene complexes. The model is named after Michael J. S. Dewar, Joseph Chatt and L. A. Duncanson.
The alkene donates electron density into a π-acid metal d-orbital from a σ-symmetry bonding orbi... | Wikipedia/Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson_model |
Ammonium tetrachloroaurate is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula NH4AuCl4.
== Synthesis ==
Ammonium tetrachloroaurate can be obtained by reacting a saturated solution of gold(III) chloride with ammonium chloride in hydrochloric acid.
== Physical properties ==
The compound is slightly soluble i... | Wikipedia/Ammonium_tetrachloroaurate |
Guanidine nitrate is the chemical compound with the formula [C(NH2)3]NO3. It is a colorless, water-soluble salt. It is produced on a large scale and finds use as precursor for nitroguanidine, fuel in pyrotechnics and gas generators. Its correct name is guanidinium nitrate, but the colloquial term guanidine nitrate ... | Wikipedia/Guanidine_nitrate |
Ammonium perchlorate ("AP") is an inorganic compound with the formula NH4ClO4. It is a colorless or white solid that is soluble in water. It is a powerful oxidizer. Combined with a fuel, it can be used as a rocket propellant called ammonium perchlorate composite propellant. Its instability has involved it in accidents... | Wikipedia/Ammonium_perchlorate |
Ammonium chlorate is an inorganic compound with the formula NH4ClO3.
It is obtained by neutralizing chloric acid with either ammonia or ammonium carbonate, or by precipitating barium, strontium or calcium chlorates with ammonium carbonate or ammonium sulfate, producing the respective carbonate or sulfate precipitate an... | Wikipedia/Ammonium_chlorate |
Ammonium laurate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NH4C6H7O6.This is an organic ammonium salt of lauric acid.
== Synthesis ==
Ammonium laurate can be prepared by mixing dry ammonia with an aquous solution of pure lauric acid. This industrial method requires introducing ammonia gas into a lauric acid so... | Wikipedia/Ammonium_laurate |
Potassium chlorate is the inorganic compound with the molecular formula KClO3. In its pure form, it is a white solid. After sodium chlorate, it is the second most common chlorate in industrial use. It is a strong oxidizing agent and its most important application is in safety matches. In other applications it is mostly... | Wikipedia/Potassium_chlorate |
Ammonium valerate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)3COONH4. This is an organic ammonium salt of valeric acid.
== Synthesis ==
Ammonium valerate can be prepared by reacting valeric acid and ammonium hydroxide.
== Physical properties ==
Ammonium valerate is very readily soluble in water and al... | Wikipedia/Ammonium_valerate |
Methylammonium nitrate is an explosive chemical with the molecular formula CH6N2O3, alternately CH3NH3+NO3−. It is the salt formed by the neutralization of methylamine with nitric acid. This substance is also known as methylamine nitrate and monomethylamine nitrate, not to be confused with methyl nitramine or monomethy... | Wikipedia/Methylammonium_nitrate |
Ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2[Ce(NO3)6]. This orange-red, water-soluble cerium salt is a specialised oxidizing agent in organic synthesis and a standard oxidant in quantitative analysis.
== Preparation, properties, and structure ==
The anion [Ce(NO3)6]2− is generated b... | Wikipedia/Ceric_ammonium_nitrate |
Ammonium butyrate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula C3H7COONH4. This is an organic ammonium salt of butyric acid.
== Synthesis ==
The compound can be prepared by reacting dry ammonia gas with butyric acid in ether:
NH3 + C3H7COOH → C3H7COONH4↓
== Chemical properties ==
It can react with ammonia to ... | Wikipedia/Ammonium_butyrate |
Hydroxylammonium nitrate or hydroxylamine nitrate (HAN) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula [NH3OH]+[NO3]−. It is a salt derived from hydroxylamine and nitric acid. In its pure form, it is a colourless hygroscopic solid. It has potential to be used as a rocket propellant either as a solution in monoprope... | Wikipedia/Hydroxylammonium_nitrate |
Calcium ammonium nitrate or CAN, also known as nitro-limestone or nitrochalk, is a widely used inorganic fertilizer, accounting for 4% of all nitrogen fertilizer used worldwide in 2007.
== Production ==
The term "calcium ammonium nitrate" is applied to multiple different, but closely related formulations. One variety... | Wikipedia/Calcium_ammonium_nitrate |
When heated, ammonium nitrate decomposes non-explosively into nitrous oxide and water vapor; however, it can be induced to decompose explosively by detonation into oxygen, nitrogen, and water vapor. Large stockpiles of the material can be a major fire risk due to their supporting oxidation, and may also detonate, as ha... | Wikipedia/Ammonium_nitrate_disasters |
Ammonium stearate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)16COONH4.This is an organic ammonium salt of stearic acid.
== Synthesis ==
The compound can be prepared by reacting stearic acid and excess 28-30% NH3 solution. Also by reacting stearic acid and ammonium carbonate or ammonium hydroxide.
== P... | Wikipedia/Ammonium_stearate |
Chlorate is the common name of the ClO−3 anion, whose chlorine atom is in the +5 oxidation state. The term can also refer to chemical compounds containing this anion, with chlorates being the salts of chloric acid. Other oxyanions of chlorine can be named "chlorate" followed by a Roman numeral in parentheses denoting t... | Wikipedia/Chlorate |
Ammonium neodymium nitrate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula Nd(NH4)2(NO3)5. The compound is classified as a rare earth metal salt, belonging to nitrates.
== Synthesis ==
The compound can be prepared by the reaction of neodymium oxide, nitric acid, and ammonium nitrate.
Also, it can be made by a react... | Wikipedia/Ammonium_neodymium_nitrate |
Ammonium tartrate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (NH4)2C4H4O6. This is an organic ammonium salt of tartaric acid.
== Synthesis ==
Ammonium tartrate can be prepared by the reaction of tartaric acid and ammonium carbonate.
== Physical properties ==
Ammonium tartrate forms colorless crystals that slo... | Wikipedia/Ammonium_tartrate |
Biochemistry, or biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields: structural biology, enzymology, and metabolism. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has b... | Wikipedia/biochemistry |
In biochemistry and nutrition, a polyunsaturated fat is a fat that contains a polyunsaturated fatty acid (abbreviated PUFA), which is a subclass of fatty acid characterized by a backbone with two or more carbon–carbon double bonds.
Some polyunsaturated fatty acids are essentials. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are precurs... | Wikipedia/Polyunsaturated_fatty_acid |
An industrial park, also known as industrial estate or trading estate, is an area zoned and planned for the purpose of industrial development. An industrial park can be thought of as a more heavyweight version of a business park or office park, which has offices and light industry, rather than heavy industry. Industria... | Wikipedia/Biotechnology_industrial_park |
1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid (1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate or 1,3BPG) is a 3-carbon organic molecule present in most, if not all, living organisms. It primarily exists as a metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis during respiration and the Calvin cycle during photosynthesis. 1,3BPG is a transitional stage between glycerate... | Wikipedia/1,3-bisphosphoglycerate |
Sickle cell disease (SCD), also simply called sickle cell, is a group of inherited haemoglobin-related blood disorders. The most common type is known as sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell anemia results in an abnormality in the oxygen-carrying protein haemoglobin found in red blood cells. This leads to the red blood cells... | Wikipedia/Sickle-cell_disease |
In chemistry, the term substrate is highly context-dependent. Broadly speaking, it can refer either to a chemical species being observed in a chemical reaction, or to a surface on which other chemical reactions or microscopy are performed.
In the former sense, a reagent is added to the substrate to generate a product t... | Wikipedia/Substrate_(biochemistry) |
This enzyme is not to be confused with Bisphosphoglycerate mutase which catalyzes the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
Phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) is any enzyme that catalyzes step 8 of glycolysis - the internal transfer of a phosphate group from C-3 to C-2 which results in the conver... | Wikipedia/Phosphoglycerate_mutase |
Water (H2O) is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, which is nearly colorless apart from an inherent hint of blue. It is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the "universal solvent" and the "solvent of life". It is the most abundant substance o... | Wikipedia/Water_molecule |
Phosphoglycerate kinase (EC 2.7.2.3) (PGK 1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) to ADP producing 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG) and ATP :
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP ⇌ glycerate 3-phosphate + ATP
Like all kinases it is a transferase. PGK is a ma... | Wikipedia/Phosphoglycerate_kinase |
Proteinogenic amino acids are amino acids that are incorporated biosynthetically into proteins during translation from RNA. The word "proteinogenic" means "protein creating". Throughout known life, there are 22 genetically encoded (proteinogenic) amino acids, 20 in the standard genetic code and an additional 2 (selenoc... | Wikipedia/Proteinogenic_amino_acid |
The plug flow reactor model (PFR, sometimes called continuous tubular reactor, CTR, or piston flow reactors) is a model used to describe chemical reactions in continuous, flowing systems of cylindrical geometry. The PFR model is used to predict the behavior of chemical reactors of such design, so that key reactor varia... | Wikipedia/Plug_flow_reactor_model |
A protein family is a group of evolutionarily related proteins. In many cases, a protein family has a corresponding gene family, in which each gene encodes a corresponding protein with a 1:1 relationship. The term "protein family" should not be confused with family as it is used in taxonomy.
Proteins in a family descen... | Wikipedia/Protein_family |
3-Phosphoglyceric acid (3PG, 3-PGA, or PGA) is the conjugate acid of 3-phosphoglycerate or glycerate 3-phosphate (GP or G3P). This glycerate is a biochemically significant metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis and the Calvin-Benson cycle. The anion is often termed as PGA when referring to the Calvin-Benson cycle. ... | Wikipedia/3-phosphoglycerate |
Cellular respiration is the process of oxidizing biological fuels using an inorganic electron acceptor, such as oxygen, to drive production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which stores chemical energy in a biologically accessible form. Cellular respiration may be described as a set of metabolic reactions and processes... | Wikipedia/Cell_energy |
Pest control is the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest; such as any animal, plant or fungus that impacts adversely on human activities or environment. The human response depends on the importance of the damage done and will range from tolerance, through deterrence and management, to attempts to com... | Wikipedia/Pest_control |
Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services. Specialists in the field are known as biotechnologists.
The term biotechnology was first used by Károly Erek... | Wikipedia/Industrial_biotechnology |
Gene therapy is medical technology that aims to produce a therapeutic effect through the manipulation of gene expression or through altering the biological properties of living cells.
The first attempt at modifying human DNA was performed in 1980, by Martin Cline, but the first successful nuclear gene transfer in human... | Wikipedia/Gene_therapy |
A drug carrier or drug vehicle is a substrate used in the process of drug delivery which serves to improve the selectivity, effectiveness, and/or safety of drug administration. Drug carriers are primarily used to control the release of drugs into systemic circulation. This can be accomplished either by slow release of ... | Wikipedia/Drug_carrier |
Modelling biological systems is a significant task of systems biology and mathematical biology. Computational systems biology aims to develop and use efficient algorithms, data structures, visualization and communication tools with the goal of computer modelling of biological systems. It involves the use of computer si... | Wikipedia/Computational_biomodeling |
In biochemistry and nutrition, a polyunsaturated fat is a fat that contains a polyunsaturated fatty acid (abbreviated PUFA), which is a subclass of fatty acid characterized by a backbone with two or more carbon–carbon double bonds.
Some polyunsaturated fatty acids are essentials. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are precurs... | Wikipedia/Polyunsaturated_fat |
An industrial park, also known as industrial estate or trading estate, is an area zoned and planned for the purpose of industrial development. An industrial park can be thought of as a more heavyweight version of a business park or office park, which has offices and light industry, rather than heavy industry. Industria... | Wikipedia/Industrial_park |
In molecular biology, the protein domain YTH refers to a member of the YTH family that has been shown to selectively remove transcripts of meiosis-specific genes expressed in mitotic cells. They also play a role in the epitranscriptome as reader proteins for m6A.
This protein domain, the YTH-domain, is conserved across... | Wikipedia/YTH_protein_domain |
A chromoprotein is a conjugated protein that contains a pigmented prosthetic group (or cofactor). A common example is haemoglobin, which contains a heme cofactor, which is the iron-containing molecule that makes oxygenated blood appear red. Other examples of chromoproteins include other hemochromes, cytochromes, phytoc... | Wikipedia/Chromoprotein |
A domain of unknown function (DUF) is a protein domain that has no characterised function. These families have been collected together in the Pfam database using the prefix DUF followed by a number, with examples being DUF2992 and DUF1220. As of 2019, there are almost 4,000 DUF families within the Pfam database represe... | Wikipedia/Domain_of_unknown_function |
In biochemistry, globular proteins or spheroproteins are spherical ("globe-like") proteins and are one of the common protein types (the others being fibrous, disordered and membrane proteins). Globular proteins are somewhat water-soluble (forming colloids in water), unlike the fibrous or membrane proteins. There are mu... | Wikipedia/Globular_protein |
Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.2), also known as glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (GAR Tfase), is an enzyme with systematic name 10-formyltetrahydrofolate:5'-phosphoribosylglycinamide N-formyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
10-formyltetrahydrofolate + ... | Wikipedia/GAR_transformylase |
Families of Structurally Similar Proteins or FSSP is a database of structurally superimposed proteins generated using the "Distance-matrix ALIgnment" (DALI) algorithm.The database currently contains an extended structural family for each of 330 representative protein chains. Each data set contains structural alignments... | Wikipedia/Families_of_structurally_similar_proteins |
Phycobiliproteins are water-soluble proteins present in cyanobacteria and certain algae (rhodophytes, cryptomonads, glaucocystophytes). They capture light energy, which is then passed on to chlorophylls during photosynthesis. Phycobiliproteins are formed of a complex between proteins and covalently bound phycobilins t... | Wikipedia/Phycobiliprotein |
A protein family is a group of evolutionarily related proteins. In many cases, a protein family has a corresponding gene family, in which each gene encodes a corresponding protein with a 1:1 relationship. The term "protein family" should not be confused with family as it is used in taxonomy.
Proteins in a family descen... | Wikipedia/Protein_families |
Protein subfamily is a level of protein classification, based on their close evolutionary relationship. It is below the larger levels of protein superfamily and protein family.
Proteins typically share greater sequence and function similarities with other subfamily members than they do with members of their wider fami... | Wikipedia/Protein_subfamily |
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a largely manual classification of protein structural domains based on similarities of their structures and amino acid sequences. A motivation for this classification is to determine the evolutionary relationship between proteins. Proteins with the same sha... | Wikipedia/Structural_Classification_of_Proteins_database |
Photoreceptor proteins are light-sensitive proteins involved in the sensing and response to light in a variety of organisms. Some examples are rhodopsin in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebrate retina, phytochrome in plants, and bacteriorhodopsin and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria. They mediate light respons... | Wikipedia/Photoreceptor_protein |
Biliproteins are pigment protein compounds that are located in photosynthesising organisms such as algae, and sometimes also in certain insects. They refer to any protein that contains a bilin chromophore. In plants and algae, the main function of biliproteins is to make the process of light accumulation required for p... | Wikipedia/Biliprotein |
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations within or outside the cell. Proteins can be targeted to the inner space of an organelle, different intracellular membranes, the plasma membrane, or to the exterior of the cell via secreti... | Wikipedia/Protein_targeting |
Kelch proteins (and Kelch-like proteins) are a widespread group of proteins that contain multiple Kelch motifs. The kelch domain generally occurs as a set of five to seven kelch tandem repeats that form a β-propeller tertiary structure. Kelch-repeat β-propellers are generally involved in protein–protein interactions, t... | Wikipedia/Kelch_protein |
In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is the process by which a cell interacts with itself, other cells, and the environment. Cell signaling is a fundamental property of all cellular life in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Typically, the signaling process involves three components: the signal... | Wikipedia/Signaling_protein |
In biochemistry, a protein dimer is a macromolecular complex or multimer formed by two protein monomers, or single proteins, which are usually non-covalently bound. Many macromolecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids, form dimers. The word dimer has roots meaning "two parts", di- + -mer. A protein dimer is a type of... | Wikipedia/Protein_dimer |
A protein superfamily is the largest grouping (clade) of proteins for which common ancestry can be inferred (see homology). Usually this common ancestry is inferred from structural alignment and mechanistic similarity, even if no sequence similarity is evident. Sequence homology can then be deduced even if not apparent... | Wikipedia/Protein_superfamily |
Fusion proteins or chimeric (kī-ˈmir-ik) proteins (literally, made of parts from different sources) are proteins created through the joining of two or more genes that originally coded for separate proteins. Translation of this fusion gene results in a single or multiple polypeptides with functional properties derived f... | Wikipedia/Chimera_(protein) |
This list of protein structure prediction software summarizes notable used software tools in protein structure prediction, including homology modeling, protein threading, ab initio methods, secondary structure prediction, and transmembrane helix and signal peptide prediction.
== Software list ==
Below is a list whi... | Wikipedia/Protein_structure_prediction_software |
An array of protein tandem repeats is defined as several (at least two) adjacent copies having the same or similar sequence motifs. These periodic sequences are generated by internal duplications in both coding and non-coding genomic sequences. Repetitive units of protein tandem repeats are considerably diverse, rangin... | Wikipedia/Protein_tandem_repeats |
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