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train · 28.5M rows

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text_id stringlengths 22 22	page_url stringlengths 31 389	page_title stringlengths 1 250	section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k	context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k	context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k	media list	hierachy list	category list
projected-00308224-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Peterson	David Peterson	Fiscal policy	David Robert Peterson (born December 28, 1943) is a Canadian lawyer and former politician who served as the 20th premier of Ontario from 1985 to 1990. He was the first Liberal officeholder in 42 years, ending the so-called Tory dynasty.	The Peterson administration also developed a reputation for fiscal prudence, under the management of Treasurer Robert Nixon. The Liberal government was able to introduce a balanced budget for 1989–90 following several years of deficit spending in Ontario, at a time when deficit spending was commonplace in most of Nort...	[]	[ "Politics", "Premier of Ontario", "Fiscal policy" ]	[ "1943 births", "Canadian King's Counsel", "Canadian university and college chancellors", "Chancellors of the University of Toronto", "Commanders of the Order of St John", "Lawyers in Ontario", "Leaders of the Ontario Liberal Party", "Living people", "Ontario Liberal Party MPPs", "Members of the Ki...
projected-00308224-008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Peterson	David Peterson	Defeat in the 1990 provincial election	David Robert Peterson (born December 28, 1943) is a Canadian lawyer and former politician who served as the 20th premier of Ontario from 1985 to 1990. He was the first Liberal officeholder in 42 years, ending the so-called Tory dynasty.	Notwithstanding all of this, Peterson's Liberal Party still retained a comfortable lead over the Progressive Conservatives and NDP in mid-1990 public opinion polls, as their party leaders Mike Harris and Bob Rae, respectively, were not expected to be strong challengers. The PC Party was broke after the 1987 election, a...	[]	[ "Politics", "Premier of Ontario", "Defeat in the 1990 provincial election" ]	[ "1943 births", "Canadian King's Counsel", "Canadian university and college chancellors", "Chancellors of the University of Toronto", "Commanders of the Order of St John", "Lawyers in Ontario", "Leaders of the Ontario Liberal Party", "Living people", "Ontario Liberal Party MPPs", "Members of the Ki...
projected-00308224-009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Peterson	David Peterson	Post provincial politics	David Robert Peterson (born December 28, 1943) is a Canadian lawyer and former politician who served as the 20th premier of Ontario from 1985 to 1990. He was the first Liberal officeholder in 42 years, ending the so-called Tory dynasty.	Peterson has continued to organize and fund-raise for the federal and Ontario provincial Liberals. In May 2005, he played the central role in persuading Belinda Stronach, a federal Conservative MP, to cross the floor to the ruling Liberal Party, days before a crucial confidence motion on the federal budget of Paul Mar...	[]	[ "Post provincial politics" ]	[ "1943 births", "Canadian King's Counsel", "Canadian university and college chancellors", "Chancellors of the University of Toronto", "Commanders of the Order of St John", "Lawyers in Ontario", "Leaders of the Ontario Liberal Party", "Living people", "Ontario Liberal Party MPPs", "Members of the Ki...
projected-00308224-010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Peterson	David Peterson	After politics	David Robert Peterson (born December 28, 1943) is a Canadian lawyer and former politician who served as the 20th premier of Ontario from 1985 to 1990. He was the first Liberal officeholder in 42 years, ending the so-called Tory dynasty.	Since 2003, Peterson has been contracted by the federal government to be its chief negotiator in talks with the government of the Northwest Territories and aboriginal leaders to transfer federal powers over lands and resources. Peterson served as Chancellor of the University of Toronto for two terms from July 1, 2006 ...	[ "UofT Grad David Peterson (3640957832).jpg" ]	[ "After politics" ]	[ "1943 births", "Canadian King's Counsel", "Canadian university and college chancellors", "Chancellors of the University of Toronto", "Commanders of the Order of St John", "Lawyers in Ontario", "Leaders of the Ontario Liberal Party", "Living people", "Ontario Liberal Party MPPs", "Members of the Ki...
projected-00308230-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20best-selling%20singles%20in%20the%20United%20States	List of best-selling singles in the United States	Introduction		This is a list of best-selling singles in the United States, some of which have been certified by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In music, a single is a song considered commercially viable enough by the artist and record company to be released separately from an album, usually featured on an albu...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Lists of best-selling singles", "American music-related lists", "American music industry" ]
projected-00308230-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20best-selling%20singles%20in%20the%20United%20States	List of best-selling singles in the United States	Physical singles	This is a list of best-selling singles in the United States, some of which have been certified by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In music, a single is a song considered commercially viable enough by the artist and record company to be released separately from an album, usually featured on an albu...	All of these physical singles have sold over four million copies according to either reliable third-party claims or RIAA multi-platinum certifications.	[ "Elton John 2011 Shankbone 2.JPG" ]	[ "Physical singles" ]	[ "Lists of best-selling singles", "American music-related lists", "American music industry" ]
projected-00308230-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20best-selling%20singles%20in%20the%20United%20States	List of best-selling singles in the United States	Digital singles	This is a list of best-selling singles in the United States, some of which have been certified by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In music, a single is a song considered commercially viable enough by the artist and record company to be released separately from an album, usually featured on an albu...	All of these digital singles been certified at least 6× platinum by the RIAA or have sold more than 6 million copies. Digital singles are listed according to certifications first, and then according to actual sales figures. Since May 2013, RIAA certification for digital singles include downloads and on-demand streaming...	[]	[ "Digital singles" ]	[ "Lists of best-selling singles", "American music-related lists", "American music industry" ]
projected-00308230-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20best-selling%20singles%20in%20the%20United%20States	List of best-selling singles in the United States	Diamond certification	This is a list of best-selling singles in the United States, some of which have been certified by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In music, a single is a song considered commercially viable enough by the artist and record company to be released separately from an album, usually featured on an albu...	Adapted from the RIAA website.	[]	[ "Digital singles", "Diamond certification" ]	[ "Lists of best-selling singles", "American music-related lists", "American music industry" ]
projected-00308230-009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20best-selling%20singles%20in%20the%20United%20States	List of best-selling singles in the United States	Achievements	This is a list of best-selling singles in the United States, some of which have been certified by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In music, a single is a song considered commercially viable enough by the artist and record company to be released separately from an album, usually featured on an albu...	Bruno Mars is the first and only artist to have six singles surpass 10 million units. As of October 2022, Eminem is RIAA's top awarded digital singles artist.Rihanna was the first artist to cross 100 million cumulative singles sales in 2015. She held the title as the only artist with over 100 million cumulative single...	[]	[ "Achievements" ]	[ "Lists of best-selling singles", "American music-related lists", "American music industry" ]
projected-00308230-010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20best-selling%20singles%20in%20the%20United%20States	List of best-selling singles in the United States	See also	This is a list of best-selling singles in the United States, some of which have been certified by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In music, a single is a song considered commercially viable enough by the artist and record company to be released separately from an album, usually featured on an albu...	RIAA certification List of highest-certified music artists in the United States List of best-selling singles List of best-selling singles of 2014 in the United States List of best-selling albums in the United States	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Lists of best-selling singles", "American music-related lists", "American music industry" ]
projected-00308234-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt%20University%20of%20Berlin	Humboldt University of Berlin	Introduction		Humboldt University of Berlin (, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a German public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin. It was established by Frederick William III on the initiative of Wilhelm von Humboldt, Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher as the University of Berlin ()...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Humboldt University of Berlin", "Educational institutions established in 1810", "Universities and colleges in Berlin", "Rebuilt buildings and structures in Berlin", "1810 establishments in Prussia", "Universities established in the 19th century", "Alexander von Humboldt" ]
projected-00308234-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt%20University%20of%20Berlin	Humboldt University of Berlin	Main building	Humboldt University of Berlin (, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a German public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin. It was established by Frederick William III on the initiative of Wilhelm von Humboldt, Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher as the University of Berlin ()...	The main building of Humboldt University is the Prinz-Heinrich-Palais (English: Prince Henry's Palace) on Unter den Linden boulevard in the historic centre of Berlin. It was erected from 1748 to 1753 for Prince Henry of Prussia, the brother of Frederick the Great, according to plans by Johann Boumann in Baroque style. ...	[]	[ "History", "Main building" ]	[ "Humboldt University of Berlin", "Educational institutions established in 1810", "Universities and colleges in Berlin", "Rebuilt buildings and structures in Berlin", "1810 establishments in Prussia", "Universities established in the 19th century", "Alexander von Humboldt" ]
projected-00308234-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt%20University%20of%20Berlin	Humboldt University of Berlin	Early history	Humboldt University of Berlin (, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a German public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin. It was established by Frederick William III on the initiative of Wilhelm von Humboldt, Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher as the University of Berlin ()...	The University of Berlin was established on 16 August 1809, on the initiative of the liberal Prussian educational politician Wilhelm von Humboldt by King Friedrich Wilhelm III, similar to University of Bonn, during the period of the Prussian Reform Movement. The university was located in a palace constructed from 1748 ...	[ "Wilhelm von Humboldt Denkmal - Humboldt Universität zu Berlin.jpg", "Berlin Universitaet um 1850.jpg" ]	[ "History", "Early history" ]	[ "Humboldt University of Berlin", "Educational institutions established in 1810", "Universities and colleges in Berlin", "Rebuilt buildings and structures in Berlin", "1810 establishments in Prussia", "Universities established in the 19th century", "Alexander von Humboldt" ]
projected-00308234-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt%20University%20of%20Berlin	Humboldt University of Berlin	Enlargement	Humboldt University of Berlin (, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a German public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin. It was established by Frederick William III on the initiative of Wilhelm von Humboldt, Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher as the University of Berlin ()...	In addition to the strong anchoring of traditional subjects, such as science, law, philosophy, history, theology and medicine, the university developed to encompass numerous new scientific disciplines. Alexander von Humboldt, brother of the founder William, promoted the new learning. The construction of modern research...	[ "Alexander von Humboldt Denkmal - Humboldt Universität zu Berlin.jpg", "Berlin Universität um 1900.jpg" ]	[ "History", "Enlargement" ]	[ "Humboldt University of Berlin", "Educational institutions established in 1810", "Universities and colleges in Berlin", "Rebuilt buildings and structures in Berlin", "1810 establishments in Prussia", "Universities established in the 19th century", "Alexander von Humboldt" ]
projected-00308234-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt%20University%20of%20Berlin	Humboldt University of Berlin	Third Reich	Humboldt University of Berlin (, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a German public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin. It was established by Frederick William III on the initiative of Wilhelm von Humboldt, Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher as the University of Berlin ()...	After 1933, like all German universities, Friedrich Wilhelm University was affected by the Nazi regime. The rector during this period was Eugen Fischer. It was from the university's library that some 20,000 books by "degenerates" and opponents of the regime were taken to be burned on May 10 of that year in the Opernpla...	[ "Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2006-0130, Berlin, Humboldt Universität.jpg" ]	[ "History", "Third Reich" ]	[ "Humboldt University of Berlin", "Educational institutions established in 1810", "Universities and colleges in Berlin", "Rebuilt buildings and structures in Berlin", "1810 establishments in Prussia", "Universities established in the 19th century", "Alexander von Humboldt" ]
projected-00308234-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt%20University%20of%20Berlin	Humboldt University of Berlin	Cold War	Humboldt University of Berlin (, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a German public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin. It was established by Frederick William III on the initiative of Wilhelm von Humboldt, Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher as the University of Berlin ()...	During the Cold War, the university was located in East Berlin. It reopened in 1946 as the University of Berlin, but faced repression from the Soviet Military Administration in Germany, including the persecution of liberal and social democrat students. Almost immediately, the Soviet occupiers started persecuting non-co...	[ "Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S92636, Berlin, Humboldt-Universität, Hauptgebäude, Ruine.jpg", "Berlin Humboldt Uni 1964 day.jpg" ]	[ "History", "Cold War" ]	[ "Humboldt University of Berlin", "Educational institutions established in 1810", "Universities and colleges in Berlin", "Rebuilt buildings and structures in Berlin", "1810 establishments in Prussia", "Universities established in the 19th century", "Alexander von Humboldt" ]
projected-00308234-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt%20University%20of%20Berlin	Humboldt University of Berlin	Modern Germany	Humboldt University of Berlin (, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a German public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin. It was established by Frederick William III on the initiative of Wilhelm von Humboldt, Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher as the University of Berlin ()...	After the German reunification, the university was radically restructured under the Structure and Appointment Commissions, which were presided by West German professors. For departments on social sciences and humanities, the faculty was subjected to a "liquidation" process, in which contracts of employees were terminat...	[ "Frontansicht des Hauptgebäudes der Humboldt-Universität in Berlin.jpg" ]	[ "History", "Modern Germany" ]	[ "Humboldt University of Berlin", "Educational institutions established in 1810", "Universities and colleges in Berlin", "Rebuilt buildings and structures in Berlin", "1810 establishments in Prussia", "Universities established in the 19th century", "Alexander von Humboldt" ]
projected-00308234-008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt%20University%20of%20Berlin	Humboldt University of Berlin	Organization	Humboldt University of Berlin (, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a German public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin. It was established by Frederick William III on the initiative of Wilhelm von Humboldt, Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher as the University of Berlin ()...	These are the nine faculties into which the university is divided: Faculty of Law Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (Geography, Computer Science, Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics) Faculty of Life Sciences (Agriculture and Horticulture, Biology, Psychology) Charité – Berlin University of Medicine (jointly w...	[ "Naturkundemuseum Berlin.jpg" ]	[ "Organization" ]	[ "Humboldt University of Berlin", "Educational institutions established in 1810", "Universities and colleges in Berlin", "Rebuilt buildings and structures in Berlin", "1810 establishments in Prussia", "Universities established in the 19th century", "Alexander von Humboldt" ]
projected-00308234-009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt%20University%20of%20Berlin	Humboldt University of Berlin	Student representation	Humboldt University of Berlin (, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a German public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin. It was established by Frederick William III on the initiative of Wilhelm von Humboldt, Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher as the University of Berlin ()...	}	[]	[ "Organization", "Student representation" ]	[ "Humboldt University of Berlin", "Educational institutions established in 1810", "Universities and colleges in Berlin", "Rebuilt buildings and structures in Berlin", "1810 establishments in Prussia", "Universities established in the 19th century", "Alexander von Humboldt" ]
projected-00308234-010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt%20University%20of%20Berlin	Humboldt University of Berlin	Library	Humboldt University of Berlin (, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a German public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin. It was established by Frederick William III on the initiative of Wilhelm von Humboldt, Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher as the University of Berlin ()...	When the Royal Library proved insufficient, a new library was founded in 1831, first located in several temporary sites. In 1871–1874 a library building was constructed, following the design of architect Paul Emanuel Spieker. In 1910 the collection was relocated to the building of the Berlin State Library. During the ...	[ "Berlin-Mitte Bebelplatz1 05-2014.jpg" ]	[ "Library" ]	[ "Humboldt University of Berlin", "Educational institutions established in 1810", "Universities and colleges in Berlin", "Rebuilt buildings and structures in Berlin", "1810 establishments in Prussia", "Universities established in the 19th century", "Alexander von Humboldt" ]
projected-00308234-012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt%20University%20of%20Berlin	Humboldt University of Berlin	Rankings	Humboldt University of Berlin (, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a German public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin. It was established by Frederick William III on the initiative of Wilhelm von Humboldt, Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher as the University of Berlin ()...	Measured by the number of top managers in the German economy, Humboldt University ranked 53rd in 2019. In 2020 the British QS World University Rankings ranked Humboldt University 117th overall in the world and 4th best in Germany. Its global subject rankings were: 15th in Arts & Humanities, 13th in Philosophy and 7th ...	[]	[ "Academics", "Rankings" ]	[ "Humboldt University of Berlin", "Educational institutions established in 1810", "Universities and colleges in Berlin", "Rebuilt buildings and structures in Berlin", "1810 establishments in Prussia", "Universities established in the 19th century", "Alexander von Humboldt" ]
projected-00308234-013	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt%20University%20of%20Berlin	Humboldt University of Berlin	International partnerships	Humboldt University of Berlin (, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a German public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin. It was established by Frederick William III on the initiative of Wilhelm von Humboldt, Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher as the University of Berlin ()...	HU students can study abroad for a semester or a year at partner institutions such as the University of Warwick, Princeton University, and the University of Vienna.	[]	[ "Academics", "International partnerships" ]	[ "Humboldt University of Berlin", "Educational institutions established in 1810", "Universities and colleges in Berlin", "Rebuilt buildings and structures in Berlin", "1810 establishments in Prussia", "Universities established in the 19th century", "Alexander von Humboldt" ]
projected-00308234-015	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt%20University%20of%20Berlin	Humboldt University of Berlin	See also	Humboldt University of Berlin (, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a German public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin. It was established by Frederick William III on the initiative of Wilhelm von Humboldt, Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher as the University of Berlin ()...	History of European universities Friedrich Althoff List of split up universities	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Humboldt University of Berlin", "Educational institutions established in 1810", "Universities and colleges in Berlin", "Rebuilt buildings and structures in Berlin", "1810 establishments in Prussia", "Universities established in the 19th century", "Alexander von Humboldt" ]
projected-00308234-017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt%20University%20of%20Berlin	Humboldt University of Berlin	Further reading	Humboldt University of Berlin (, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a German public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin. It was established by Frederick William III on the initiative of Wilhelm von Humboldt, Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher as the University of Berlin ()...	Ash, Mitchell G. , "Bachelor of What, Master of Whom? The Humboldt Myth and Historical Transformations of Higher Education in German‐Speaking Europe and the U.S." European Journal of Education 41.2 (2006): 245-267 online. McClelland, Charles E. Berlin, the Mother of All Research Universities, 1860–1918 (Lexington Book...	[]	[ "Further reading" ]	[ "Humboldt University of Berlin", "Educational institutions established in 1810", "Universities and colleges in Berlin", "Rebuilt buildings and structures in Berlin", "1810 establishments in Prussia", "Universities established in the 19th century", "Alexander von Humboldt" ]
projected-00308237-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXL	XXL	Introduction		XXL may refer to: XXL (club), in London, UK XXL (magazine), an American hip-hop magazine Penny Market XXL, a Romanian hypermarket chain XXL Sport & Villmark, a Norwegian sporting goods retailer	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[]
projected-00308237-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXL	XXL	Film and television	XXL may refer to: XXL (club), in London, UK XXL (magazine), an American hip-hop magazine Penny Market XXL, a Romanian hypermarket chain XXL Sport & Villmark, a Norwegian sporting goods retailer	XXL (film), a 1997 French comedy XXL (French TV channel), an adult TV station	[]	[ "Film and television" ]	[]
projected-00308237-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXL	XXL	Music	XXL may refer to: XXL (club), in London, UK XXL (magazine), an American hip-hop magazine Penny Market XXL, a Romanian hypermarket chain XXL Sport & Villmark, a Norwegian sporting goods retailer	XXL (album), by Gordon Goodwin's Big Phat Band "XXL" (Keith Anderson song) "XXL" (Mylène Farmer song), a 1995 song recorded by French singer-songwriter Mylène Farmer XXL (Macedonian band), a girl group which took part in the Eurovision Song Contest 2000 Xiu Xiu Larsen, a combined project of the bands Xiu Xiu and La...	[]	[ "Music" ]	[]
projected-00308237-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXL	XXL	See also	XXL may refer to: XXL (club), in London, UK XXL (magazine), an American hip-hop magazine Penny Market XXL, a Romanian hypermarket chain XXL Sport & Villmark, a Norwegian sporting goods retailer	Plus-size clothing XXX (disambiguation), the correct Roman numeral for 30	[]	[ "See also" ]	[]
projected-00308242-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20recording%20certification	Music recording certification	Introduction		Music recording certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped, sold, or streamed a certain number of units. The threshold quantity varies by type (such as album, single, music video) and by nation or territory (see List of music recording certifications). Almost all countries follow variat...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Music industry", "Music recording certifications" ]
projected-00308242-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20recording%20certification	Music recording certification	History	Music recording certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped, sold, or streamed a certain number of units. The threshold quantity varies by type (such as album, single, music video) and by nation or territory (see List of music recording certifications). Almost all countries follow variat...	The original gold and silver record awards were presented to artists by their own record companies to publicize their sales achievements. The first silver disc was awarded by Regal Zonophone to George Formby in December 1937 for sales of 100,000 copies of "The Window Cleaner". The first gold disc was awarded by RCA Vic...	[]	[ "History" ]	[ "Music industry", "Music recording certifications" ]
projected-00308242-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20recording%20certification	Music recording certification	RIAA certification	Music recording certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped, sold, or streamed a certain number of units. The threshold quantity varies by type (such as album, single, music video) and by nation or territory (see List of music recording certifications). Almost all countries follow variat...	The first official designation of a "gold record" by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) was established for singles in 1958, and the RIAA also trademarked the term "gold record" in the United States. On 14 March 1958, the RIAA certified its first gold record, Perry Como's hit single "Catch a Falling S...	[ "Artie's Gold Record.jpg" ]	[ "History", "RIAA certification" ]	[ "Music industry", "Music recording certifications" ]
projected-00308242-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20recording%20certification	Music recording certification	Digital media certification	Music recording certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped, sold, or streamed a certain number of units. The threshold quantity varies by type (such as album, single, music video) and by nation or territory (see List of music recording certifications). Almost all countries follow variat...	In most countries, certifications no longer apply solely to physical media but now also include sales awards recognizing digital downloads (in the US and UK since 2004). In June 2006, the RIAA also certified the ringtone downloads of songs. Streaming from on-demand services such as Apple Music, Spotify, Tidal and Napst...	[]	[ "History", "Digital media certification" ]	[ "Music industry", "Music recording certifications" ]
projected-00308242-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20recording%20certification	Music recording certification	IFPI certification	Music recording certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped, sold, or streamed a certain number of units. The threshold quantity varies by type (such as album, single, music video) and by nation or territory (see List of music recording certifications). Almost all countries follow variat...	The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) was founded in 1996, and grants the IFPI Platinum Europe Award for album sales over one million within Europe and (as of October 2009) the Middle East. Multi-platinum Europe Awards are presented for sales in subsequent multiples of one million. Eligibilit...	[]	[ "History", "IFPI certification" ]	[ "Music industry", "Music recording certifications" ]
projected-00308242-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20recording%20certification	Music recording certification	IMPALA certification	Music recording certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped, sold, or streamed a certain number of units. The threshold quantity varies by type (such as album, single, music video) and by nation or territory (see List of music recording certifications). Almost all countries follow variat...	The Independent Music Companies Association (IMPALA) was founded in April 2000 to grow the independent music sector and promote independent music in the interests of artistic, entrepreneurial and cultural diversity. IMPALA launched sales awards in 2005 as the first sales awards recognising that success on a pan-Europea...	[]	[ "History", "IMPALA certification" ]	[ "Music industry", "Music recording certifications" ]
projected-00308242-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20recording%20certification	Music recording certification	Certification thresholds	Music recording certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped, sold, or streamed a certain number of units. The threshold quantity varies by type (such as album, single, music video) and by nation or territory (see List of music recording certifications). Almost all countries follow variat...	Below are certification thresholds for the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and France. The numbers in the tables are in terms of "units", where a unit represents one sale or one shipment of a given medium. Certification is often awarded cumulatively, and it is possible for a single album to be certified silver, g...	[ "De Dannan, How the West Was Won, Irish Recorded Music Association.jpg" ]	[ "Certification thresholds" ]	[ "Music industry", "Music recording certifications" ]
projected-00308242-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20recording%20certification	Music recording certification	Manufacture of awards	Music recording certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped, sold, or streamed a certain number of units. The threshold quantity varies by type (such as album, single, music video) and by nation or territory (see List of music recording certifications). Almost all countries follow variat...	The plaques themselves contain various items under the glass. Modern awards often use CDs instead of records. Most gold and platinum records are actually vinyl records which have been vacuum metallized and tinted, while trimmed and plated metal "masters", "mothers", or "stampers" (metal parts used for pressing records ...	[ "Saadoaliw1.jpg" ]	[ "Manufacture of awards" ]	[ "Music industry", "Music recording certifications" ]
projected-00308242-008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20recording%20certification	Music recording certification	See also	Music recording certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped, sold, or streamed a certain number of units. The threshold quantity varies by type (such as album, single, music video) and by nation or territory (see List of music recording certifications). Almost all countries follow variat...	List of best-selling albums List of best-selling singles Art release YouTube Creator Awards	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Music industry", "Music recording certifications" ]
projected-00308247-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Sparkman	John Sparkman	Introduction		John Jackson Sparkman (December 20, 1899 – November 16, 1985) was an American jurist and politician from the state of Alabama. A Southern Democrat, Sparkman served in the United States House of Representatives from 1937 to 1946 and the United States Senate from 1946 until 1979. He was the Democratic Party's nominee for...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "1899 births", "1985 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "Methodists from Alabama", "Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees", "Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama", "Democratic Party United States senators from Alabama", "P...
projected-00308247-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Sparkman	John Sparkman	Early life and education	John Jackson Sparkman (December 20, 1899 – November 16, 1985) was an American jurist and politician from the state of Alabama. A Southern Democrat, Sparkman served in the United States House of Representatives from 1937 to 1946 and the United States Senate from 1946 until 1979. He was the Democratic Party's nominee for...	Sparkman, a son of Whitten Joseph and Julia Mitchell (Kent) Sparkman, was born on a farm near Hartselle, in Morgan County, Alabama. He grew up in a four-room cabin with his eleven brothers and sisters. His father was a tenant farmer and doubled as the county's deputy sheriff. As a child, John Sparkman worked on his fat...	[]	[ "Early life and education" ]	[ "1899 births", "1985 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "Methodists from Alabama", "Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees", "Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama", "Democratic Party United States senators from Alabama", "P...
projected-00308247-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Sparkman	John Sparkman	Legal career	John Jackson Sparkman (December 20, 1899 – November 16, 1985) was an American jurist and politician from the state of Alabama. A Southern Democrat, Sparkman served in the United States House of Representatives from 1937 to 1946 and the United States Senate from 1946 until 1979. He was the Democratic Party's nominee for...	Sparkman briefly worked as a high school teacher before he was admitted to the Alabama State Bar in 1925. He commenced his practice in Huntsville. He was also an instructor at Huntsville College from 1925 to 1928. He was appointed as a U.S. Commissioner (magistrate judge) for Alabama's northern judicial district, servi...	[ "President Harry Truman, Adlai Stevenson, and John Sparkman2.gif" ]	[ "Legal career" ]	[ "1899 births", "1985 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "Methodists from Alabama", "Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees", "Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama", "Democratic Party United States senators from Alabama", "P...
projected-00308247-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Sparkman	John Sparkman	Political career	John Jackson Sparkman (December 20, 1899 – November 16, 1985) was an American jurist and politician from the state of Alabama. A Southern Democrat, Sparkman served in the United States House of Representatives from 1937 to 1946 and the United States Senate from 1946 until 1979. He was the Democratic Party's nominee for...	After Representative Archibald Hill Carmichael announced his retirement in 1936, Sparkman ran in the Democratic primary for the open seat. A teacher of the Big Brother Class at the First Methodist Church in Huntsville, his campaign was launched through fundraising, campaigning and advertising by students in his Sunday ...	[ "VonBraunBrewerSparkman.jpg" ]	[ "Political career" ]	[ "1899 births", "1985 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "Methodists from Alabama", "Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees", "Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama", "Democratic Party United States senators from Alabama", "P...
projected-00308247-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Sparkman	John Sparkman	Later elections	John Jackson Sparkman (December 20, 1899 – November 16, 1985) was an American jurist and politician from the state of Alabama. A Southern Democrat, Sparkman served in the United States House of Representatives from 1937 to 1946 and the United States Senate from 1946 until 1979. He was the Democratic Party's nominee for...	In 1960, Sparkman defeated the Republican Julian E. Elgin of Montgomery, who received 164,868 votes (29.8 percent) in the Senate contest. Six years later, Elgin ran again against Sparkman as an Independent but polled few votes. In 1966, Sparkman defeated another Republican, John Grenier, the former state GOP chairman ...	[]	[ "Political career", "Later elections" ]	[ "1899 births", "1985 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "Methodists from Alabama", "Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees", "Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama", "Democratic Party United States senators from Alabama", "P...
projected-00308247-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Sparkman	John Sparkman	Death	John Jackson Sparkman (December 20, 1899 – November 16, 1985) was an American jurist and politician from the state of Alabama. A Southern Democrat, Sparkman served in the United States House of Representatives from 1937 to 1946 and the United States Senate from 1946 until 1979. He was the Democratic Party's nominee for...	On November 16, 1985, Sparkman died of a heart attack at Big Springs Manor Nursing Home in Huntsville, Alabama, a month before his 86th birthday. Survived by his wife and daughter, he was interred in Huntsville at the historic Maple Hill Cemetery. Sparkman High School in Harvest, Alabama, Sparkman Park in Hartselle, A...	[]	[ "Death" ]	[ "1899 births", "1985 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "Methodists from Alabama", "Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees", "Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama", "Democratic Party United States senators from Alabama", "P...
projected-00308247-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Sparkman	John Sparkman	Electoral history	John Jackson Sparkman (December 20, 1899 – November 16, 1985) was an American jurist and politician from the state of Alabama. A Southern Democrat, Sparkman served in the United States House of Representatives from 1937 to 1946 and the United States Senate from 1946 until 1979. He was the Democratic Party's nominee for...	1972 Alabama United States Senatorial Election 1966 Alabama United States Senatorial Election 1960 Alabama United States Senatorial Election 1954 Alabama United States Senatorial Election 1952 United States Presidential Election (Vice President's seat) 1948 Alabama United States Senatorial Election 1946 Alabama U...	[]	[ "Electoral history" ]	[ "1899 births", "1985 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "Methodists from Alabama", "Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees", "Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama", "Democratic Party United States senators from Alabama", "P...
projected-00308247-008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Sparkman	John Sparkman	Writings by Sparkman	John Jackson Sparkman (December 20, 1899 – November 16, 1985) was an American jurist and politician from the state of Alabama. A Southern Democrat, Sparkman served in the United States House of Representatives from 1937 to 1946 and the United States Senate from 1946 until 1979. He was the Democratic Party's nominee for...	Sparkman, John. "Checks and balances in American foreign policy." Ind. LJ 52 (1976): 433. online Sparkman, John. "The Problems of Multi-State Taxation of Interstate Commerce Income." American Bar Association Journal (1960): 375-378. Sparkman, John. "Multinational Corporation and Foreign Investment, The." Mercer L. Re...	[]	[ "Writings by Sparkman" ]	[ "1899 births", "1985 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "Methodists from Alabama", "Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees", "Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama", "Democratic Party United States senators from Alabama", "P...
projected-00308249-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20W.%20Bricker	John W. Bricker	Introduction		John William Bricker (September 6, 1893March 22, 1986) was an American politician and attorney who served as a United States senator and the 54th governor of Ohio. He was also the Republican nominee for Vice President in 1944. Born in Madison County, Ohio, Bricker attended Ohio State University and began a legal pract...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "1893 births", "1986 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "Burials at Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio)", "Governors of Ohio", "Lawyers from Columbus, Ohio", "Military personnel from Ohio", "Ohio State University Moritz College of Law alumni", "Ohio Attorneys General", "Ohio Republican...
projected-00308249-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20W.%20Bricker	John W. Bricker	Early life and education	John William Bricker (September 6, 1893March 22, 1986) was an American politician and attorney who served as a United States senator and the 54th governor of Ohio. He was also the Republican nominee for Vice President in 1944. Born in Madison County, Ohio, Bricker attended Ohio State University and began a legal pract...	Bricker was born on a farm near Mount Sterling in Madison County in south central Ohio. He was the son of Laura (née King) and Lemuel Spencer Bricker. He attended Ohio State University at Columbus, where he divided his time between the debating team, the varsity baseball team, and the Delta Chi Fraternity. After gradua...	[]	[ "Early life and education" ]	[ "1893 births", "1986 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "Burials at Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio)", "Governors of Ohio", "Lawyers from Columbus, Ohio", "Military personnel from Ohio", "Ohio State University Moritz College of Law alumni", "Ohio Attorneys General", "Ohio Republican...
projected-00308249-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20W.%20Bricker	John W. Bricker	Public service	John William Bricker (September 6, 1893March 22, 1986) was an American politician and attorney who served as a United States senator and the 54th governor of Ohio. He was also the Republican nominee for Vice President in 1944. Born in Madison County, Ohio, Bricker attended Ohio State University and began a legal pract...	During World War I, Bricker served as first lieutenant and chaplain in the United States Army in 1917 and 1918. He was subsequently the solicitor for Grandview Heights, Ohio, from 1920 to 1928, assistant Attorney General of Ohio from 1923 to 1927, a member of the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio from 1929 to 1932, ...	[]	[ "Public service" ]	[ "1893 births", "1986 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "Burials at Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio)", "Governors of Ohio", "Lawyers from Columbus, Ohio", "Military personnel from Ohio", "Ohio State University Moritz College of Law alumni", "Ohio Attorneys General", "Ohio Republican...
projected-00308249-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20W.%20Bricker	John W. Bricker	Professional life and death	John William Bricker (September 6, 1893March 22, 1986) was an American politician and attorney who served as a United States senator and the 54th governor of Ohio. He was also the Republican nominee for Vice President in 1944. Born in Madison County, Ohio, Bricker attended Ohio State University and began a legal pract...	In 1945, Bricker founded the Columbus law firm now known as Bricker & Eckler. The firm now has additional offices in Cleveland, Cincinnati, Dayton, Marietta, Barnesville, and Lebanon. It is now one of the ten largest firms in the state of Ohio. The firm has maintained an office and conference room in Bricker's honor in...	[]	[ "Professional life and death" ]	[ "1893 births", "1986 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "Burials at Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio)", "Governors of Ohio", "Lawyers from Columbus, Ohio", "Military personnel from Ohio", "Ohio State University Moritz College of Law alumni", "Ohio Attorneys General", "Ohio Republican...
projected-00308249-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20W.%20Bricker	John W. Bricker	Miscellaneous	John William Bricker (September 6, 1893March 22, 1986) was an American politician and attorney who served as a United States senator and the 54th governor of Ohio. He was also the Republican nominee for Vice President in 1944. Born in Madison County, Ohio, Bricker attended Ohio State University and began a legal pract...	Bricker Hall on the Ohio State University campus is named for him. The building currently serves as the home of many of the university administrative units, including the Office of the Board of Trustees and President Dr. Michael V. Drake. Bricker was a member of the OSU Board of Trustees from 1948 to 1969. The Bricker...	[]	[ "Miscellaneous" ]	[ "1893 births", "1986 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "Burials at Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio)", "Governors of Ohio", "Lawyers from Columbus, Ohio", "Military personnel from Ohio", "Ohio State University Moritz College of Law alumni", "Ohio Attorneys General", "Ohio Republican...
projected-00308255-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford%20Granada	Ford Granada	Introduction		Ford Granada was a name used by the Ford Motor Company for two unrelated vehicles sold in different markets: Ford Granada (Europe), built and marketed in Europe from 1972 to 1994 Ford Granada (North America), built and marketed in North America from 1975 to 1982	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[]
projected-00308262-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyong%2C%20New%20South%20Wales	Wyong, New South Wales	Introduction		Wyong () is a town in the Central Coast of New South Wales, located approximately 63 km SSW of Newcastle and 89 km NNE of Sydney. Established in 1888, it is one of the two administrative centres for the local government area.	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Wyong, New South Wales", "Suburbs of the Central Coast (New South Wales)", "Towns in New South Wales" ]
projected-00308262-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyong%2C%20New%20South%20Wales	Wyong, New South Wales	History	Wyong () is a town in the Central Coast of New South Wales, located approximately 63 km SSW of Newcastle and 89 km NNE of Sydney. Established in 1888, it is one of the two administrative centres for the local government area.	Wyong is an indigenous word meaning either 'an edible yam' or 'place of running water'. William Cape was the first European settler to settle in the area and bring cattle and sheep into the district, on a land grant bordering Jilliby Creek in 1825. Cape had two sons who also held land grants.	[]	[ "History" ]	[ "Wyong, New South Wales", "Suburbs of the Central Coast (New South Wales)", "Towns in New South Wales" ]
projected-00308262-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyong%2C%20New%20South%20Wales	Wyong, New South Wales	Historical sites	Wyong () is a town in the Central Coast of New South Wales, located approximately 63 km SSW of Newcastle and 89 km NNE of Sydney. Established in 1888, it is one of the two administrative centres for the local government area.	Alison Homestead, Cape Road, Wyong, built by Charles Alison, ; destroyed by arson 3 December 2011. Chapmans Store, Cnr Alison Road & Hely Street, Wyong, opened in 1901. Court House, Alison Road, Wyong, built in 1924. This building is built on the site of the first Post Office which opened in 1892. St Cecilia's Churc...	[]	[ "History", "Historical sites" ]	[ "Wyong, New South Wales", "Suburbs of the Central Coast (New South Wales)", "Towns in New South Wales" ]
projected-00308262-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyong%2C%20New%20South%20Wales	Wyong, New South Wales	Wyong Plaza Work-In	Wyong () is a town in the Central Coast of New South Wales, located approximately 63 km SSW of Newcastle and 89 km NNE of Sydney. Established in 1888, it is one of the two administrative centres for the local government area.	In May 1974, 67 BLF-affiliated construction workers at the shopping centre construction site responded to the dismissal of a labourer by announcing from the jib of the crane that they would remain there until the job was reopened for all workers. They practiced workers' control for 6 six weeks and only ended after the ...	[]	[ "History", "Wyong Plaza Work-In" ]	[ "Wyong, New South Wales", "Suburbs of the Central Coast (New South Wales)", "Towns in New South Wales" ]
projected-00308262-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyong%2C%20New%20South%20Wales	Wyong, New South Wales	Population	Wyong () is a town in the Central Coast of New South Wales, located approximately 63 km SSW of Newcastle and 89 km NNE of Sydney. Established in 1888, it is one of the two administrative centres for the local government area.	According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 4,326 people in Wyong. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 6.3% of the population. 73.9% of people were born in Australia. The next most common country of birth was England at 3.6%. 82.3% of people spoke only English at home. The most comm...	[]	[ "Population" ]	[ "Wyong, New South Wales", "Suburbs of the Central Coast (New South Wales)", "Towns in New South Wales" ]
projected-00308262-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyong%2C%20New%20South%20Wales	Wyong, New South Wales	Facilities	Wyong () is a town in the Central Coast of New South Wales, located approximately 63 km SSW of Newcastle and 89 km NNE of Sydney. Established in 1888, it is one of the two administrative centres for the local government area.	Wyong has an efficient and compact town centre, housing the Wyong Shire's Council Chambers, Village Central Wyong Shopping Centre, Hunter Institute of TAFE Wyong Campus, Wyong Police Station, Wyong Local Court House, The Art House Wyong Performing Arts and Conference Centre, and banks, government offices, local busines...	[]	[ "Facilities" ]	[ "Wyong, New South Wales", "Suburbs of the Central Coast (New South Wales)", "Towns in New South Wales" ]
projected-00308262-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyong%2C%20New%20South%20Wales	Wyong, New South Wales	See also	Wyong () is a town in the Central Coast of New South Wales, located approximately 63 km SSW of Newcastle and 89 km NNE of Sydney. Established in 1888, it is one of the two administrative centres for the local government area.	Tuggerah Lake for a map of locations near Wyong.	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Wyong, New South Wales", "Suburbs of the Central Coast (New South Wales)", "Towns in New South Wales" ]
projected-00308262-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyong%2C%20New%20South%20Wales	Wyong, New South Wales	Notable people	Wyong () is a town in the Central Coast of New South Wales, located approximately 63 km SSW of Newcastle and 89 km NNE of Sydney. Established in 1888, it is one of the two administrative centres for the local government area.	Notable people who are from or who have lived in Wyong include: Dale Buggins, motorcycle stunt rider Steve Carter, Australian rugby league player Roy Ferguson, Australian rugby league player Noel Miller, Australian cricketer Mark Skaife. race car driver	[]	[ "Notable people" ]	[ "Wyong, New South Wales", "Suburbs of the Central Coast (New South Wales)", "Towns in New South Wales" ]
projected-00308272-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet%20Baker	Chet Baker	Introduction		Chesney Henry "Chet" Baker Jr. (December 23, 1929 – May 13, 1988) was an American jazz trumpeter and vocalist. He is known for major innovations in cool jazz that led him to be nicknamed the "Prince of Cool". Baker earned much attention and critical praise through the 1950s, particularly for albums featuring his vocal...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Chet Baker", "1929 births", "1988 deaths", "Jazz musicians from Oklahoma", "People from Milpitas, California", "People from Payne County, Oklahoma", "20th-century American singers", "20th-century trumpeters", "Accidental deaths from falls", "Accidental deaths in the Netherlands", "American jazz...
projected-00308272-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet%20Baker	Chet Baker	Early years	Chesney Henry "Chet" Baker Jr. (December 23, 1929 – May 13, 1988) was an American jazz trumpeter and vocalist. He is known for major innovations in cool jazz that led him to be nicknamed the "Prince of Cool". Baker earned much attention and critical praise through the 1950s, particularly for albums featuring his vocal...	Baker was born and raised in a musical household in Yale, Oklahoma on 23 December 1929. His father, Chesney Baker Sr., was a professional guitarist, and his mother, Vera Moser, was a pianist who worked in a perfume factory. His maternal grandmother was Norwegian. Baker said that owing to the Great Depression, his fathe...	[]	[ "Biography", "Early years" ]	[ "Chet Baker", "1929 births", "1988 deaths", "Jazz musicians from Oklahoma", "People from Milpitas, California", "People from Payne County, Oklahoma", "20th-century American singers", "20th-century trumpeters", "Accidental deaths from falls", "Accidental deaths in the Netherlands", "American jazz...
projected-00308272-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet%20Baker	Chet Baker	Career	Chesney Henry "Chet" Baker Jr. (December 23, 1929 – May 13, 1988) was an American jazz trumpeter and vocalist. He is known for major innovations in cool jazz that led him to be nicknamed the "Prince of Cool". Baker earned much attention and critical praise through the 1950s, particularly for albums featuring his vocal...	Baker performed with Vido Musso and Stan Getz before being chosen by Charlie Parker for a series of West Coast engagements. In 1952, Baker joined the Gerry Mulligan Quartet and attracted considerable attention. Rather than playing identical melody lines in unison like Parker and Dizzy Gillespie, Baker and Mulligan com...	[ "Chet Baker (1955 portrait).jpg" ]	[ "Biography", "Career" ]	[ "Chet Baker", "1929 births", "1988 deaths", "Jazz musicians from Oklahoma", "People from Milpitas, California", "People from Payne County, Oklahoma", "20th-century American singers", "20th-century trumpeters", "Accidental deaths from falls", "Accidental deaths in the Netherlands", "American jazz...
projected-00308272-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet%20Baker	Chet Baker	Drug addiction and decline	Chesney Henry "Chet" Baker Jr. (December 23, 1929 – May 13, 1988) was an American jazz trumpeter and vocalist. He is known for major innovations in cool jazz that led him to be nicknamed the "Prince of Cool". Baker earned much attention and critical praise through the 1950s, particularly for albums featuring his vocal...	Soon after signing on with Riverside Records, Baker was arrested twice; the first arrest involving a stay at a Lexington hospital, then imprisonment at Riker's island for four months on drug charges. Baker said he began using heroin in 1957. However, author Jeroen de Valk and pianist Russ Freeman said that Baker starte...	[]	[ "Biography", "Drug addiction and decline" ]	[ "Chet Baker", "1929 births", "1988 deaths", "Jazz musicians from Oklahoma", "People from Milpitas, California", "People from Payne County, Oklahoma", "20th-century American singers", "20th-century trumpeters", "Accidental deaths from falls", "Accidental deaths in the Netherlands", "American jazz...
projected-00308272-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet%20Baker	Chet Baker	Comeback	Chesney Henry "Chet" Baker Jr. (December 23, 1929 – May 13, 1988) was an American jazz trumpeter and vocalist. He is known for major innovations in cool jazz that led him to be nicknamed the "Prince of Cool". Baker earned much attention and critical praise through the 1950s, particularly for albums featuring his vocal...	After developing a new embouchure resulting from dentures, Baker returned to the straight-ahead jazz that began his career. He moved to New York City and began performing and recording again, including with guitarist Jim Hall. Baker returned to Europe in the 1970s where his friend, Diane Vavra, whom he had an on-again,...	[ "Getz&BakerSandvika1983x.jpg" ]	[ "Biography", "Comeback" ]	[ "Chet Baker", "1929 births", "1988 deaths", "Jazz musicians from Oklahoma", "People from Milpitas, California", "People from Payne County, Oklahoma", "20th-century American singers", "20th-century trumpeters", "Accidental deaths from falls", "Accidental deaths in the Netherlands", "American jazz...
projected-00308272-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet%20Baker	Chet Baker	Death	Chesney Henry "Chet" Baker Jr. (December 23, 1929 – May 13, 1988) was an American jazz trumpeter and vocalist. He is known for major innovations in cool jazz that led him to be nicknamed the "Prince of Cool". Baker earned much attention and critical praise through the 1950s, particularly for albums featuring his vocal...	Early on May 13, 1988, Baker was found dead on the street below his room in Hotel Prins Hendrik, Amsterdam, with serious wounds to his head, apparently having fallen from the second-story window. Heroin and cocaine were found in his room and in his body. No evidence of a struggle was found, and the death was ruled an a...	[ "Chetbakermonument.jpg" ]	[ "Biography", "Death" ]	[ "Chet Baker", "1929 births", "1988 deaths", "Jazz musicians from Oklahoma", "People from Milpitas, California", "People from Payne County, Oklahoma", "20th-century American singers", "20th-century trumpeters", "Accidental deaths from falls", "Accidental deaths in the Netherlands", "American jazz...
projected-00308272-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet%20Baker	Chet Baker	Personal life	Chesney Henry "Chet" Baker Jr. (December 23, 1929 – May 13, 1988) was an American jazz trumpeter and vocalist. He is known for major innovations in cool jazz that led him to be nicknamed the "Prince of Cool". Baker earned much attention and critical praise through the 1950s, particularly for albums featuring his vocal...	Baker was married three times, to Charlaine Souder, Halema Alli, and Carol Jackson. He had four children: Chesney III with Halema; and Dean, Paul, and Melissa with Carol. Ruth Young was Baker's common-law wife from 1973 to the time of his death in 1988. Baker was fluent in Italian.	[]	[ "Personal life" ]	[ "Chet Baker", "1929 births", "1988 deaths", "Jazz musicians from Oklahoma", "People from Milpitas, California", "People from Payne County, Oklahoma", "20th-century American singers", "20th-century trumpeters", "Accidental deaths from falls", "Accidental deaths in the Netherlands", "American jazz...
projected-00308272-008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet%20Baker	Chet Baker	Compositions	Chesney Henry "Chet" Baker Jr. (December 23, 1929 – May 13, 1988) was an American jazz trumpeter and vocalist. He is known for major innovations in cool jazz that led him to be nicknamed the "Prince of Cool". Baker earned much attention and critical praise through the 1950s, particularly for albums featuring his vocal...	Some of Baker's notable compositions include "Chetty's Lullaby", "Freeway", "Early Morning Mood", "Two a Day", "So che ti perderò" ("I Know I Will Lose You"), "Il mio domani" ("My Tomorrow"), "Motivo su raggio di luna" ("Contemplate on a Moonbeam"), "The Route", "Skidaddlin'", "New Morning Blues" (with Duke Jordan), "B...	[]	[ "Compositions" ]	[ "Chet Baker", "1929 births", "1988 deaths", "Jazz musicians from Oklahoma", "People from Milpitas, California", "People from Payne County, Oklahoma", "20th-century American singers", "20th-century trumpeters", "Accidental deaths from falls", "Accidental deaths in the Netherlands", "American jazz...
projected-00308272-009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet%20Baker	Chet Baker	Legacy	Chesney Henry "Chet" Baker Jr. (December 23, 1929 – May 13, 1988) was an American jazz trumpeter and vocalist. He is known for major innovations in cool jazz that led him to be nicknamed the "Prince of Cool". Baker earned much attention and critical praise through the 1950s, particularly for albums featuring his vocal...	Baker was photographed by William Claxton for his book Young Chet: The Young Chet Baker. An Academy Award-nominated 1988 documentary about Baker, Let's Get Lost, portrays him as a cultural icon of the 1950s but juxtaposes this with his later image as a drug addict. The film, directed by fashion photographer Bruce Weber...	[]	[ "Legacy" ]	[ "Chet Baker", "1929 births", "1988 deaths", "Jazz musicians from Oklahoma", "People from Milpitas, California", "People from Payne County, Oklahoma", "20th-century American singers", "20th-century trumpeters", "Accidental deaths from falls", "Accidental deaths in the Netherlands", "American jazz...
projected-00308272-010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet%20Baker	Chet Baker	Awards and honors	Chesney Henry "Chet" Baker Jr. (December 23, 1929 – May 13, 1988) was an American jazz trumpeter and vocalist. He is known for major innovations in cool jazz that led him to be nicknamed the "Prince of Cool". Baker earned much attention and critical praise through the 1950s, particularly for albums featuring his vocal...	Big Band and Jazz Hall of Fame induction, 1987 DownBeat magazine Jazz Hall of Fame, 1989 Oklahoma Jazz Hall of Fame, 1991 Grammy Hall of Fame Award for Chet Baker Sings (1956), inducted 2001 Chet Baker Day proclaimed by Oklahoma Governor Brad Henry and the Oklahoma House of Representatives, 2005 Chet Baker Jazz Fe...	[]	[ "Awards and honors" ]	[ "Chet Baker", "1929 births", "1988 deaths", "Jazz musicians from Oklahoma", "People from Milpitas, California", "People from Payne County, Oklahoma", "20th-century American singers", "20th-century trumpeters", "Accidental deaths from falls", "Accidental deaths in the Netherlands", "American jazz...
projected-00308272-012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet%20Baker	Chet Baker	Filmography	Chesney Henry "Chet" Baker Jr. (December 23, 1929 – May 13, 1988) was an American jazz trumpeter and vocalist. He is known for major innovations in cool jazz that led him to be nicknamed the "Prince of Cool". Baker earned much attention and critical praise through the 1950s, particularly for albums featuring his vocal...	(1955) Hell's Horizon, by Tom Gries: actor (1959) Audace colpo dei soliti ignoti, by Nanni Loy: music (1960) Howlers in the Dock, by Lucio Fulci: actor (1963) Ore rubate ["stolen hours"], by Daniel Petrie: music (1963) Tromba Fredda, by Enzo Nasso: actor and music (1963) Le concerto de la peur, by José Bénazéraf:...	[]	[ "Filmography" ]	[ "Chet Baker", "1929 births", "1988 deaths", "Jazz musicians from Oklahoma", "People from Milpitas, California", "People from Payne County, Oklahoma", "20th-century American singers", "20th-century trumpeters", "Accidental deaths from falls", "Accidental deaths in the Netherlands", "American jazz...
projected-00308272-014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet%20Baker	Chet Baker	Further reading	Chesney Henry "Chet" Baker Jr. (December 23, 1929 – May 13, 1988) was an American jazz trumpeter and vocalist. He is known for major innovations in cool jazz that led him to be nicknamed the "Prince of Cool". Baker earned much attention and critical praise through the 1950s, particularly for albums featuring his vocal...	Baker, Chet; Carol Baker. As Though I Had Wings: The Lost Memoir. St Martins Press, 1997. De Valk, Jeroen. Chet Baker: His Life and Music. Berkeley Hills Books, 2000. . Updated and expanded edition: Chet Baker: His Life and Music. Uitgeverij Aspekt, 2017. . Gavin, James. Deep in a Dream: The Long Night of Chet Baker. N...	[]	[ "Further reading" ]	[ "Chet Baker", "1929 births", "1988 deaths", "Jazz musicians from Oklahoma", "People from Milpitas, California", "People from Payne County, Oklahoma", "20th-century American singers", "20th-century trumpeters", "Accidental deaths from falls", "Accidental deaths in the Netherlands", "American jazz...
projected-00308274-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%20Shi	Su Shi	Introduction		Su Shi (; 8 January 1037 – 24 August 1101), courtesy name Zizhan (), art name Dongpo (), was a Chinese calligrapher, essayist, gastronomer, pharmacologist, poet, politician, and travel writer during the Song dynasty. A major personality of the Song era, at times holding high-level political positions, Su Shi was also a...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Su Shi", "12th-century Chinese poets", "1037 births", "1101 deaths", "11th-century Chinese calligraphers", "11th-century Chinese painters", "11th-century Chinese poets", "12th-century Chinese calligraphers", "12th-century Chinese painters", "Biologists from Sichuan", "Buddhist artists", "Chem...
projected-00308274-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%20Shi	Su Shi	Life	Su Shi (; 8 January 1037 – 24 August 1101), courtesy name Zizhan (), art name Dongpo (), was a Chinese calligrapher, essayist, gastronomer, pharmacologist, poet, politician, and travel writer during the Song dynasty. A major personality of the Song era, at times holding high-level political positions, Su Shi was also a...	Su Shi was born in Meishan, near Mount Emei today the Sichuan province. His brother Su Zhe and his father Su Xun were both famous scholar-bureaucrats. His given name, Shi (), refers to the crossbar railing at the front of a chariot; Su Xun felt that the railing was a humble, but indispensable, part of a carriage. Su S...	[]	[ "Life" ]	[ "Su Shi", "12th-century Chinese poets", "1037 births", "1101 deaths", "11th-century Chinese calligraphers", "11th-century Chinese painters", "11th-century Chinese poets", "12th-century Chinese calligraphers", "12th-century Chinese painters", "Biologists from Sichuan", "Buddhist artists", "Chem...
projected-00308274-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%20Shi	Su Shi	Family	Su Shi (; 8 January 1037 – 24 August 1101), courtesy name Zizhan (), art name Dongpo (), was a Chinese calligrapher, essayist, gastronomer, pharmacologist, poet, politician, and travel writer during the Song dynasty. A major personality of the Song era, at times holding high-level political positions, Su Shi was also a...	Su Shi had three wives. His first wife was Wang Fu (, 1039–1065), an astute, quiet lady from Sichuan who married him at the age of sixteen. She died 13 years later in 1065, on the second day of the fifth Chinese lunar month (Gregorian calendar 14 June), after bearing him a son, Su Mai (). Heartbroken, Su Shi wrote a me...	[ "Su Shi.jpg" ]	[ "Family" ]	[ "Su Shi", "12th-century Chinese poets", "1037 births", "1101 deaths", "11th-century Chinese calligraphers", "11th-century Chinese painters", "11th-century Chinese poets", "12th-century Chinese calligraphers", "12th-century Chinese painters", "Biologists from Sichuan", "Buddhist artists", "Chem...
projected-00308274-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%20Shi	Su Shi	Poetry	Su Shi (; 8 January 1037 – 24 August 1101), courtesy name Zizhan (), art name Dongpo (), was a Chinese calligrapher, essayist, gastronomer, pharmacologist, poet, politician, and travel writer during the Song dynasty. A major personality of the Song era, at times holding high-level political positions, Su Shi was also a...	Around 2,700 of Su Shi's poems have survived, along with 800 written letters. Su Shi excelled in the shi, ci and fu forms of poetry, as well as prose, calligraphy and painting. Some of his notable works include the First and Second Chibifu ( The Red Cliffs, written during his first exile), Nian Nu Jiao: Chibi Huai Gu (...	[ "Su shi-calligraphy.jpg" ]	[ "Work", "Poetry" ]	[ "Su Shi", "12th-century Chinese poets", "1037 births", "1101 deaths", "11th-century Chinese calligraphers", "11th-century Chinese painters", "11th-century Chinese poets", "12th-century Chinese calligraphers", "12th-century Chinese painters", "Biologists from Sichuan", "Buddhist artists", "Chem...
projected-00308274-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%20Shi	Su Shi	Travel record literature	Su Shi (; 8 January 1037 – 24 August 1101), courtesy name Zizhan (), art name Dongpo (), was a Chinese calligrapher, essayist, gastronomer, pharmacologist, poet, politician, and travel writer during the Song dynasty. A major personality of the Song era, at times holding high-level political positions, Su Shi was also a...	Su Shi also wrote of his travel experiences in 'daytrip essays', which belonged in part to the popular Song era literary category of 'travel record literature' (youji wenxue) that employed the use of narrative, diary, and prose styles of writing. Although other works in Chinese travel literature contained a wealth of c...	[ "Dongpo-memorial.JPG" ]	[ "Work", "Travel record literature" ]	[ "Su Shi", "12th-century Chinese poets", "1037 births", "1101 deaths", "11th-century Chinese calligraphers", "11th-century Chinese painters", "11th-century Chinese poets", "12th-century Chinese calligraphers", "12th-century Chinese painters", "Biologists from Sichuan", "Buddhist artists", "Chem...
projected-00308274-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%20Shi	Su Shi	A memorial concerning the iron industry	Su Shi (; 8 January 1037 – 24 August 1101), courtesy name Zizhan (), art name Dongpo (), was a Chinese calligrapher, essayist, gastronomer, pharmacologist, poet, politician, and travel writer during the Song dynasty. A major personality of the Song era, at times holding high-level political positions, Su Shi was also a...	While acting as Governor of Xuzhou, Su Shi in 1078 CE wrote a memorial to the imperial court about problems faced in the Liguo Industrial Prefecture which was under his watch and administration. In an interesting and revealing passage about the Chinese iron industry during the latter half of the 11th century, Su Shi wr...	[ "Yuan Dynasty - waterwheels and smelting.png" ]	[ "Work", "A memorial concerning the iron industry" ]	[ "Su Shi", "12th-century Chinese poets", "1037 births", "1101 deaths", "11th-century Chinese calligraphers", "11th-century Chinese painters", "11th-century Chinese poets", "12th-century Chinese calligraphers", "12th-century Chinese painters", "Biologists from Sichuan", "Buddhist artists", "Chem...
projected-00308274-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%20Shi	Su Shi	Technical issues of hydraulic engineering	Su Shi (; 8 January 1037 – 24 August 1101), courtesy name Zizhan (), art name Dongpo (), was a Chinese calligrapher, essayist, gastronomer, pharmacologist, poet, politician, and travel writer during the Song dynasty. A major personality of the Song era, at times holding high-level political positions, Su Shi was also a...	During the ancient Han dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE) of China, the sluice gate and canal lock of the flash lock had been known. By the 10th century the latter design was improved upon in China with the invention of the canal pound lock, allowing different adjusted levels of water along separated and gated segments of a ca...	[]	[ "Work", "Technical issues of hydraulic engineering" ]	[ "Su Shi", "12th-century Chinese poets", "1037 births", "1101 deaths", "11th-century Chinese calligraphers", "11th-century Chinese painters", "11th-century Chinese poets", "12th-century Chinese calligraphers", "12th-century Chinese painters", "Biologists from Sichuan", "Buddhist artists", "Chem...
projected-00308274-008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%20Shi	Su Shi	Gastronome	Su Shi (; 8 January 1037 – 24 August 1101), courtesy name Zizhan (), art name Dongpo (), was a Chinese calligrapher, essayist, gastronomer, pharmacologist, poet, politician, and travel writer during the Song dynasty. A major personality of the Song era, at times holding high-level political positions, Su Shi was also a...	Su is called one of the four classical gastronomes. The other three are Ni Zan (1301–74), Xu Wei (1521–93), and Yuan Mei (1716–97). There is a legend, for which there is no evidence, that by accident he invented Dongpo pork, a famous dish in later centuries. Lin Hsiang Ju and Lin Tsuifeng in their scholarly Chinese Ga...	[ "Dongpo pork by superturtle.jpg" ]	[ "Work", "Gastronome" ]	[ "Su Shi", "12th-century Chinese poets", "1037 births", "1101 deaths", "11th-century Chinese calligraphers", "11th-century Chinese painters", "11th-century Chinese poets", "12th-century Chinese calligraphers", "12th-century Chinese painters", "Biologists from Sichuan", "Buddhist artists", "Chem...
projected-00308274-009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%20Shi	Su Shi	See also	Su Shi (; 8 January 1037 – 24 August 1101), courtesy name Zizhan (), art name Dongpo (), was a Chinese calligrapher, essayist, gastronomer, pharmacologist, poet, politician, and travel writer during the Song dynasty. A major personality of the Song era, at times holding high-level political positions, Su Shi was also a...	Chinese literature Chinese poetry Classical Chinese poetry Crow Terrace Poetry Trial Culture of the Song Dynasty History of the Song Dynasty Shen Kuo Song poetry Tao Yuanming Su Shi's destiny quote Technology of the Song Dynasty Wang Shen	[ "Su Shi-Vieil arbre et rocher étrange.jpg" ]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Su Shi", "12th-century Chinese poets", "1037 births", "1101 deaths", "11th-century Chinese calligraphers", "11th-century Chinese painters", "11th-century Chinese poets", "12th-century Chinese calligraphers", "12th-century Chinese painters", "Biologists from Sichuan", "Buddhist artists", "Chem...
projected-00308274-011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%20Shi	Su Shi	Translations	Su Shi (; 8 January 1037 – 24 August 1101), courtesy name Zizhan (), art name Dongpo (), was a Chinese calligrapher, essayist, gastronomer, pharmacologist, poet, politician, and travel writer during the Song dynasty. A major personality of the Song era, at times holding high-level political positions, Su Shi was also a...	Watson, Burton (translator). Selected Poems of Su Tung-p'o (English only) (Copper Canyon Press, 1994) Xu Yuanchong (translator). Selected Poems of Su Shi. (Chinese with English translations). Hunan: Hunan People's Publishing House, 2007.	[]	[ "Translations" ]	[ "Su Shi", "12th-century Chinese poets", "1037 births", "1101 deaths", "11th-century Chinese calligraphers", "11th-century Chinese painters", "11th-century Chinese poets", "12th-century Chinese calligraphers", "12th-century Chinese painters", "Biologists from Sichuan", "Buddhist artists", "Chem...
projected-00308274-012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%20Shi	Su Shi	Bibliography	Su Shi (; 8 January 1037 – 24 August 1101), courtesy name Zizhan (), art name Dongpo (), was a Chinese calligrapher, essayist, gastronomer, pharmacologist, poet, politician, and travel writer during the Song dynasty. A major personality of the Song era, at times holding high-level political positions, Su Shi was also a...	Ebrey, Walthall, Palais (2006). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. . Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (hardback); (paperback). Egan, Ronald. Word, Image, and Deed in the Life of Su Sh...	[]	[ "Bibliography" ]	[ "Su Shi", "12th-century Chinese poets", "1037 births", "1101 deaths", "11th-century Chinese calligraphers", "11th-century Chinese painters", "11th-century Chinese poets", "12th-century Chinese calligraphers", "12th-century Chinese painters", "Biologists from Sichuan", "Buddhist artists", "Chem...
projected-00308274-013	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%20Shi	Su Shi	Further reading	Su Shi (; 8 January 1037 – 24 August 1101), courtesy name Zizhan (), art name Dongpo (), was a Chinese calligrapher, essayist, gastronomer, pharmacologist, poet, politician, and travel writer during the Song dynasty. A major personality of the Song era, at times holding high-level political positions, Su Shi was also a...	Jacques, Rob. Adagio for Su Tung-p'o: Poems on How Consciousness Uses Flesh to Float through Space/Time. (Fernwood Press, 2019) . Using lines from Su Shi's poems as epigraphs, Jacques explores the 11th Century Chinese poet's metaphysical views on life, love and eternity from a 21st Century perspective. Wang, Yugen. "...	[]	[ "Further reading" ]	[ "Su Shi", "12th-century Chinese poets", "1037 births", "1101 deaths", "11th-century Chinese calligraphers", "11th-century Chinese painters", "11th-century Chinese poets", "12th-century Chinese calligraphers", "12th-century Chinese painters", "Biologists from Sichuan", "Buddhist artists", "Chem...
projected-00308279-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ill%C3%A1n%20de%20Vacas	Illán de Vacas	Introduction		Illán de Vacas is a town in the province of Toledo, in Castile–La Mancha, Spain. The surface area of the municipality is 9 km², it has a total population of 1 inhabitant, making it the least populated municipality in Spain. Illán de Vacas belongs to the "comarca" of Torrijos. It is bordered on the north by the municip...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Municipalities in the Province of Toledo" ]
projected-00308279-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ill%C3%A1n%20de%20Vacas	Illán de Vacas	Toponymy	Illán de Vacas is a town in the province of Toledo, in Castile–La Mancha, Spain. The surface area of the municipality is 9 km², it has a total population of 1 inhabitant, making it the least populated municipality in Spain. Illán de Vacas belongs to the "comarca" of Torrijos. It is bordered on the north by the municip...	The word Illán derives from the Latin Iulianus. The town’s name stems from the worship of San Illán or San Julián (“Saint Julian”). The word de simply means “of”. The last word, Vacas, despite its current meaning in Spanish – namely “cows” – apparently has an Arabic origin, deriving from a word Wakka. In a document fro...	[]	[ "Toponymy" ]	[ "Municipalities in the Province of Toledo" ]
projected-00308279-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ill%C3%A1n%20de%20Vacas	Illán de Vacas	Demographics	Illán de Vacas is a town in the province of Toledo, in Castile–La Mancha, Spain. The surface area of the municipality is 9 km², it has a total population of 1 inhabitant, making it the least populated municipality in Spain. Illán de Vacas belongs to the "comarca" of Torrijos. It is bordered on the north by the municip...	The following table shows the population development between 1996 and 2007 according to data from the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE). With 5 inhabitants, according to the INE's 2011 census, Illán de Vacas is one of Spain's two smallest municipalities by population. At one point (1991), it even temporarily beca...	[]	[ "Demographics" ]	[ "Municipalities in the Province of Toledo" ]
projected-00308279-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ill%C3%A1n%20de%20Vacas	Illán de Vacas	History	Illán de Vacas is a town in the province of Toledo, in Castile–La Mancha, Spain. The surface area of the municipality is 9 km², it has a total population of 1 inhabitant, making it the least populated municipality in Spain. Illán de Vacas belongs to the "comarca" of Torrijos. It is bordered on the north by the municip...	In the past, the town was tied to Los Cerralbos with its beginnings as a workhouse. Illán de Vacas appears in a 1512 document that indicates that three soldiers were captured here. In the 17th century, this hamlet was repopulated with 37 families. In the mid 19th century, it had 22 houses and the municipal budget rose ...	[]	[ "History" ]	[ "Municipalities in the Province of Toledo" ]
projected-00308280-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara%20Collet	Clara Collet	Introduction		Clara Collet (10 September 1860 – 3 August 1948) was an economist and British civil servant. She was one of the first women graduates from the University of London and was pivotal in many reforms which greatly improved working conditions and pay for women during the early part of the twentieth century. She is also note...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "1860 births", "1948 deaths", "Alumni of the University of London", "Alumni of University College London", "British sociologists", "British economists", "British women economists", "British statisticians", "British civil servants", "British philanthropists", "British social reformers", "Women ...
projected-00308280-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara%20Collet	Clara Collet	Education	Clara Collet (10 September 1860 – 3 August 1948) was an economist and British civil servant. She was one of the first women graduates from the University of London and was pivotal in many reforms which greatly improved working conditions and pay for women during the early part of the twentieth century. She is also note...	Her Unitarian father, Collet Dobson Collet, sent her to the North London Collegiate School close to where she lived, which was one of the most liberated schools for girls at that time. When finishing her education at the Collegiate School in 1878, she was recommended by the founder of the school, Frances Buss, to work ...	[]	[ "Education" ]	[ "1860 births", "1948 deaths", "Alumni of the University of London", "Alumni of University College London", "British sociologists", "British economists", "British women economists", "British statisticians", "British civil servants", "British philanthropists", "British social reformers", "Women ...
projected-00308280-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara%20Collet	Clara Collet	Documenting women's work	Clara Collet (10 September 1860 – 3 August 1948) was an economist and British civil servant. She was one of the first women graduates from the University of London and was pivotal in many reforms which greatly improved working conditions and pay for women during the early part of the twentieth century. She is also note...	After completion of her master's degree she worked for Charles Booth helping in his great investigative work on the conditions prevailing in late nineteenth century London. To this end she took up residency in the East End during the autumn of 1888. She was working on a chapter on women's work in Booth's survey Life an...	[ "Booth map of Whitechapel.jpg" ]	[ "Documenting women's work" ]	[ "1860 births", "1948 deaths", "Alumni of the University of London", "Alumni of University College London", "British sociologists", "British economists", "British women economists", "British statisticians", "British civil servants", "British philanthropists", "British social reformers", "Women ...
projected-00308280-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara%20Collet	Clara Collet	Civil service career	Clara Collet (10 September 1860 – 3 August 1948) was an economist and British civil servant. She was one of the first women graduates from the University of London and was pivotal in many reforms which greatly improved working conditions and pay for women during the early part of the twentieth century. She is also note...	Collet joined the Civil Service and worked with the Board of Trade to introduce many reforms, including the introduction of the Old Age Pension and labour exchanges (employment bureaux). During these years she worked with well-known politicians such as David Lloyd George, Ramsay MacDonald, William Beveridge and Winston...	[]	[ "Civil service career" ]	[ "1860 births", "1948 deaths", "Alumni of the University of London", "Alumni of University College London", "British sociologists", "British economists", "British women economists", "British statisticians", "British civil servants", "British philanthropists", "British social reformers", "Women ...
projected-00308280-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara%20Collet	Clara Collet	Private life	Clara Collet (10 September 1860 – 3 August 1948) was an economist and British civil servant. She was one of the first women graduates from the University of London and was pivotal in many reforms which greatly improved working conditions and pay for women during the early part of the twentieth century. She is also note...	Her family became acquainted with Karl Marx and Clara became especially friendly with his daughter Eleanor Marx. Collet was a friend of George Gissing during the last ten years of his life (they first met in July 1893), and she offered to act as guardian to his two sons when it became clear his second wife, Edith, woul...	[]	[ "Private life" ]	[ "1860 births", "1948 deaths", "Alumni of the University of London", "Alumni of University College London", "British sociologists", "British economists", "British women economists", "British statisticians", "British civil servants", "British philanthropists", "British social reformers", "Women ...
projected-00308280-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara%20Collet	Clara Collet	Publications	Clara Collet (10 September 1860 – 3 August 1948) was an economist and British civil servant. She was one of the first women graduates from the University of London and was pivotal in many reforms which greatly improved working conditions and pay for women during the early part of the twentieth century. She is also note...	For Charles Booth's survey Life and Labour of the People of London Collet authored Secondary Education; Girls, West End Tailoring (Women), Women's Work and Report on the Money Wages of Indoor Domestic Servants. Collet remained interested in the study of women's work for the rest of her life and published articles on th...	[]	[ "Publications" ]	[ "1860 births", "1948 deaths", "Alumni of the University of London", "Alumni of University College London", "British sociologists", "British economists", "British women economists", "British statisticians", "British civil servants", "British philanthropists", "British social reformers", "Women ...
projected-00308285-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20M.%20La%20Follette%20Jr.	Robert M. La Follette Jr.	Introduction		Robert Marion "Young Bob" La Follette Jr. (February 6, 1895 – February 24, 1953) was an American politician serving as a U.S. Senator from Wisconsin from 1925 to 1947. A member of the La Follette family, he was a son of U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator and Wisconsin Governor Robert M. La Follette Sr., and father of Wi...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "1895 births", "1953 suicides", "20th-century American politicians", "American politicians who committed suicide", "Burials in Wisconsin", "La Follette family", "Politicians from Madison, Wisconsin", "Republican Party United States senators from Wisconsin", "Suicides by firearm in Washington, D.C.",...
projected-00308285-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20M.%20La%20Follette%20Jr.	Robert M. La Follette Jr.	Background	Robert Marion "Young Bob" La Follette Jr. (February 6, 1895 – February 24, 1953) was an American politician serving as a U.S. Senator from Wisconsin from 1925 to 1947. A member of the La Follette family, he was a son of U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator and Wisconsin Governor Robert M. La Follette Sr., and father of Wi...	La Follette was born in Madison, Wisconsin, to Robert M. "Fighting Bob" La Follette Sr., and Belle Case La Follette. He had three siblings, including Philip La Follette and Fola La Follette. La Follette attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison from 1913 to 1917 but he did not graduate because of a severe streptoco...	[]	[ "Background" ]	[ "1895 births", "1953 suicides", "20th-century American politicians", "American politicians who committed suicide", "Burials in Wisconsin", "La Follette family", "Politicians from Madison, Wisconsin", "Republican Party United States senators from Wisconsin", "Suicides by firearm in Washington, D.C.",...
projected-00308285-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20M.%20La%20Follette%20Jr.	Robert M. La Follette Jr.	Career	Robert Marion "Young Bob" La Follette Jr. (February 6, 1895 – February 24, 1953) was an American politician serving as a U.S. Senator from Wisconsin from 1925 to 1947. A member of the La Follette family, he was a son of U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator and Wisconsin Governor Robert M. La Follette Sr., and father of Wi...	La Follette served as his father's private secretary between 1919 and 1925.	[]	[ "Career" ]	[ "1895 births", "1953 suicides", "20th-century American politicians", "American politicians who committed suicide", "Burials in Wisconsin", "La Follette family", "Politicians from Madison, Wisconsin", "Republican Party United States senators from Wisconsin", "Suicides by firearm in Washington, D.C.",...
projected-00308285-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20M.%20La%20Follette%20Jr.	Robert M. La Follette Jr.	Republican	Robert Marion "Young Bob" La Follette Jr. (February 6, 1895 – February 24, 1953) was an American politician serving as a U.S. Senator from Wisconsin from 1925 to 1947. A member of the La Follette family, he was a son of U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator and Wisconsin Governor Robert M. La Follette Sr., and father of Wi...	On September 29, 1925, La Follette was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of his father. "Young Bob", as he was called, was a champion of organized labor. He gained national prominence between 1936 and 1940 as chairman of a special Senate investigating committee,...	[]	[ "Career", "Republican" ]	[ "1895 births", "1953 suicides", "20th-century American politicians", "American politicians who committed suicide", "Burials in Wisconsin", "La Follette family", "Politicians from Madison, Wisconsin", "Republican Party United States senators from Wisconsin", "Suicides by firearm in Washington, D.C.",...
projected-00308285-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20M.%20La%20Follette%20Jr.	Robert M. La Follette Jr.	Progressive, Isolationist	Robert Marion "Young Bob" La Follette Jr. (February 6, 1895 – February 24, 1953) was an American politician serving as a U.S. Senator from Wisconsin from 1925 to 1947. A member of the La Follette family, he was a son of U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator and Wisconsin Governor Robert M. La Follette Sr., and father of Wi...	With his brother Philip, he formed the Wisconsin Progressive Party in 1934, and for a time the party was dominant in Wisconsin. He was reelected with the Progressive Party in 1934 and 1940. One of the Senate's leading isolationists, La Follette helped found the America First Committee in 1940. In April 1943 a confiden...	[]	[ "Career", "Progressive, Isolationist" ]	[ "1895 births", "1953 suicides", "20th-century American politicians", "American politicians who committed suicide", "Burials in Wisconsin", "La Follette family", "Politicians from Madison, Wisconsin", "Republican Party United States senators from Wisconsin", "Suicides by firearm in Washington, D.C.",...
projected-00308285-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20M.%20La%20Follette%20Jr.	Robert M. La Follette Jr.	Republican	Robert Marion "Young Bob" La Follette Jr. (February 6, 1895 – February 24, 1953) was an American politician serving as a U.S. Senator from Wisconsin from 1925 to 1947. A member of the La Follette family, he was a son of U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator and Wisconsin Governor Robert M. La Follette Sr., and father of Wi...	When the Wisconsin Progressive Party dissolved, La Follette returned to the Republican Party in 1946. He helped to draft and win passage of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 that modernized the legislative process in Congress.	[]	[ "Career", "Republican" ]	[ "1895 births", "1953 suicides", "20th-century American politicians", "American politicians who committed suicide", "Burials in Wisconsin", "La Follette family", "Politicians from Madison, Wisconsin", "Republican Party United States senators from Wisconsin", "Suicides by firearm in Washington, D.C.",...
projected-00308285-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20M.%20La%20Follette%20Jr.	Robert M. La Follette Jr.	Defeat	Robert Marion "Young Bob" La Follette Jr. (February 6, 1895 – February 24, 1953) was an American politician serving as a U.S. Senator from Wisconsin from 1925 to 1947. A member of the La Follette family, he was a son of U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator and Wisconsin Governor Robert M. La Follette Sr., and father of Wi...	La Follette was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection as a Republican in 1946. He ran an isolationist campaign against the United Nations and was critical of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin; he ended up narrowly losing to Joseph McCarthy in the Republican primary, by 207,935 votes to 202,557. While La Follette initial...	[ "Photograph of Collier's Congressional Award presentation ceremony at the White House, (from left to right) Senator... - NARA - 199587.jpg" ]	[ "Career", "Defeat" ]	[ "1895 births", "1953 suicides", "20th-century American politicians", "American politicians who committed suicide", "Burials in Wisconsin", "La Follette family", "Politicians from Madison, Wisconsin", "Republican Party United States senators from Wisconsin", "Suicides by firearm in Washington, D.C.",...