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text_id stringlengths 22 22 | page_url stringlengths 31 389 | page_title stringlengths 1 250 | section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k | context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k | context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k | media list | hierachy list | category list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
projected-00308781-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20of%20Croatia | President of Croatia | Foreign affairs | The president of Croatia, officially the President of the Republic of Croatia (), is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military and chief representative of the Republic of Croatia both within the country and abroad. The president is the holder of the highest office in Croatia. However, the president is not t... | The president of Croatia and the Government cooperate in the formulation and implementation of Croatia's foreign policy. This provision of the constitution is an occasional source of conflict between the president and the government. The president decides on the establishment of diplomatic missions and consular offices... | [] | [
"Powers, duties and responsibilities",
"Foreign affairs"
] | [
"Presidents of Croatia",
"Politics of Croatia",
"Government of Croatia",
"Modern history of Croatia",
"1990 establishments in Croatia"
] |
projected-00308781-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20of%20Croatia | President of Croatia | National security and defense | The president of Croatia, officially the President of the Republic of Croatia (), is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military and chief representative of the Republic of Croatia both within the country and abroad. The president is the holder of the highest office in Croatia. However, the president is not t... | The president of Croatia is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the Republic of Croatia and appoints and relieves military commanders of duty, esp. the chief of general staff, conforming to applicable legislation. The President confers ranks on (and promotes) commissioned officers and generals/admirals, upon ... | [
"Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of Croatia.png"
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"Powers, duties and responsibilities",
"National security and defense"
] | [
"Presidents of Croatia",
"Politics of Croatia",
"Government of Croatia",
"Modern history of Croatia",
"1990 establishments in Croatia"
] |
projected-00308781-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20of%20Croatia | President of Croatia | War and State of Emergency | The president of Croatia, officially the President of the Republic of Croatia (), is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military and chief representative of the Republic of Croatia both within the country and abroad. The president is the holder of the highest office in Croatia. However, the president is not t... | Pursuant to decisions of the parliament, the president declares war and concludes peace. In cases of immediate threats to the independence, unity and existence of the state, the president may order the use of armed forces, even if no state of war is declared, provided that such an order is countersigned by the prime mi... | [] | [
"Powers, duties and responsibilities",
"National security and defense",
"War and State of Emergency"
] | [
"Presidents of Croatia",
"Politics of Croatia",
"Government of Croatia",
"Modern history of Croatia",
"1990 establishments in Croatia"
] |
projected-00308781-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20of%20Croatia | President of Croatia | Dissolution of Parliament | The president of Croatia, officially the President of the Republic of Croatia (), is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military and chief representative of the Republic of Croatia both within the country and abroad. The president is the holder of the highest office in Croatia. However, the president is not t... | The president of Croatia may dissolve Parliament upon the request of the government if the government proposes a confidence motion to Parliament and the majority of all deputies adopt a motion of no confidence or if Parliament fails to approve government budget 120 days after the budget is proposed in the parliament. T... | [] | [
"Dissolution of Parliament"
] | [
"Presidents of Croatia",
"Politics of Croatia",
"Government of Croatia",
"Modern history of Croatia",
"1990 establishments in Croatia"
] |
projected-00308781-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20of%20Croatia | President of Croatia | Office of the President | The president of Croatia, officially the President of the Republic of Croatia (), is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military and chief representative of the Republic of Croatia both within the country and abroad. The president is the holder of the highest office in Croatia. However, the president is not t... | The Office of the President of the Republic () consists of the immediate staff of the president of Croatia, as well as support staff reporting to the president. As of May 2008, the office employed 170 staff, with the maximum staffing level set at 191 by the Regulation on Internal Organisation of the Office of the Presi... | [
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"Politics of Croatia",
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projected-00308781-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20of%20Croatia | President of Croatia | Presidential Palace | The president of Croatia, officially the President of the Republic of Croatia (), is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military and chief representative of the Republic of Croatia both within the country and abroad. The president is the holder of the highest office in Croatia. However, the president is not t... | The Presidential Palace (, also referred to by the metonym Pantovčak) in Zagreb is the official workplace of the president. The president does not actually live in the building, as it is used as the Office of the President of Croatia rather than as a residence. The structure covers . It had been used as the official re... | [
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"Modern history of Croatia",
"1990 establishments in Croatia"
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projected-00308781-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20of%20Croatia | President of Croatia | Election and taking office | The president of Croatia, officially the President of the Republic of Croatia (), is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military and chief representative of the Republic of Croatia both within the country and abroad. The president is the holder of the highest office in Croatia. However, the president is not t... | The president is elected on the basis of universal suffrage, through a secret ballot, for a five-year term. If no candidate in the elections secures more than 50% of the votes, a runoff election is held in 14 days. The Constitution of Croatia sets a limit to a maximum of two terms in office and requires election dates ... | [] | [
"Election and taking office"
] | [
"Presidents of Croatia",
"Politics of Croatia",
"Government of Croatia",
"Modern history of Croatia",
"1990 establishments in Croatia"
] |
projected-00308781-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20of%20Croatia | President of Croatia | Presidential elections | The president of Croatia, officially the President of the Republic of Croatia (), is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military and chief representative of the Republic of Croatia both within the country and abroad. The president is the holder of the highest office in Croatia. However, the president is not t... | Presidential elections were held in Croatia for the first time on 2 August 1992, simultaneously with the 1992 parliamentary elections. Voter turnout was 74.9%. The result was a victory for Franjo Tuđman of the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), who received 57.8% of the vote in the first round of the elections, ahead of ... | [
"Josipovic election night.jpg"
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"Election and taking office",
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"Politics of Croatia",
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"1990 establishments in Croatia"
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projected-00308781-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20of%20Croatia | President of Croatia | History | The president of Croatia, officially the President of the Republic of Croatia (), is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military and chief representative of the Republic of Croatia both within the country and abroad. The president is the holder of the highest office in Croatia. However, the president is not t... | The Socialist Republic of Croatia within SFR Yugoslavia was led by a group of communist party officials, who formed a collective Presidency with the president of the Presidency at its head. The first democratic elections of 1990 did not elect members of the Presidency directly. Rather, the parliament was tasked with fi... | [
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"Politics of Croatia",
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"Modern history of Croatia",
"1990 establishments in Croatia"
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projected-00308781-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20of%20Croatia | President of Croatia | Immunity and impeachment | The president of Croatia, officially the President of the Republic of Croatia (), is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military and chief representative of the Republic of Croatia both within the country and abroad. The president is the holder of the highest office in Croatia. However, the president is not t... | The President of Croatia enjoys immunity—the president may not be arrested, nor can any criminal proceedings be instituted against the president without prior consent from the Constitutional Court. The only case in which immunity does not apply is if the president has been caught in the act of committing a criminal off... | [] | [
"Immunity and impeachment"
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"Presidents of Croatia",
"Politics of Croatia",
"Government of Croatia",
"Modern history of Croatia",
"1990 establishments in Croatia"
] |
projected-00308781-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20of%20Croatia | President of Croatia | Vacancy or incapacity | The president of Croatia, officially the President of the Republic of Croatia (), is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military and chief representative of the Republic of Croatia both within the country and abroad. The president is the holder of the highest office in Croatia. However, the president is not t... | In the case of brief incapacitation to execute the office of the President of Croatia due to absence, illness or vacations, the president may transfer his powers to the Speaker of the Croatian Parliament to act as a deputy. The president decides on the revocation of this authority and his return to the office. If the p... | [] | [
"Vacancy or incapacity"
] | [
"Presidents of Croatia",
"Politics of Croatia",
"Government of Croatia",
"Modern history of Croatia",
"1990 establishments in Croatia"
] |
projected-00308781-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20of%20Croatia | President of Croatia | Symbols | The president of Croatia, officially the President of the Republic of Croatia (), is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military and chief representative of the Republic of Croatia both within the country and abroad. The president is the holder of the highest office in Croatia. However, the president is not t... | Legislation defines the appearance and use of the Presidential Standard of Croatia as a symbol of the President of Croatia, and the appearance and use of the presidential sash as a symbol of honour of the office of the president. The presidential standard is a square, blue field with a thin border of alternating red an... | [
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"Symbols"
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"Politics of Croatia",
"Government of Croatia",
"Modern history of Croatia",
"1990 establishments in Croatia"
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projected-00308781-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20of%20Croatia | President of Croatia | Post-presidency | The president of Croatia, officially the President of the Republic of Croatia (), is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military and chief representative of the Republic of Croatia both within the country and abroad. The president is the holder of the highest office in Croatia. However, the president is not t... | Former presidents of the Republic of Croatia are provided with an office and two staff members paid by the state once they leave the office. In addition, former presidents are assigned a driver, an official car and bodyguards. The government of Croatia is required to provide these benefits within 30 days following the ... | [] | [
"Post-presidency"
] | [
"Presidents of Croatia",
"Politics of Croatia",
"Government of Croatia",
"Modern history of Croatia",
"1990 establishments in Croatia"
] |
projected-00308781-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20of%20Croatia | President of Croatia | See also | The president of Croatia, officially the President of the Republic of Croatia (), is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military and chief representative of the Republic of Croatia both within the country and abroad. The president is the holder of the highest office in Croatia. However, the president is not t... | List of presidents of Croatia
Prime Minister of Croatia
List of cabinets of Croatia
Speaker of the Croatian Parliament
Politics of the Socialist Republic of Croatia#Executive
Secretary of the League of Communists of Croatia
List of heads of state of Yugoslavia
Prime Minister of Yugoslavia | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Presidents of Croatia",
"Politics of Croatia",
"Government of Croatia",
"Modern history of Croatia",
"1990 establishments in Croatia"
] |
projected-00308785-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%20John%3A%20A%20Book%20About%20Men | Iron John: A Book About Men | Introduction | Iron John: A Book About Men is a book by American poet Robert Bly, and an exegesis of Iron John, a parable belonging to the Grimms' Fairy Tales (1812) by German folklorists Brothers Grimm about a boy maturing into adulthood with help of the wild man.
Published in 1990 by Addison-Wesley, the book is Bly's best-known w... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
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"Books by Robert Bly",
"Da Capo Press books",
"Gender studies books",
"Men's movement in the United States",
"Mythopoeia",
"Sociology books",
"Works based on Grimms' Fairy Tales"
] | |
projected-00308785-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%20John%3A%20A%20Book%20About%20Men | Iron John: A Book About Men | Analysis | Iron John: A Book About Men is a book by American poet Robert Bly, and an exegesis of Iron John, a parable belonging to the Grimms' Fairy Tales (1812) by German folklorists Brothers Grimm about a boy maturing into adulthood with help of the wild man.
Published in 1990 by Addison-Wesley, the book is Bly's best-known w... | Bly used Jungian psychology applied to myths, legends, and fairy tales to analyze Iron John, so as to find lessons especially meaningful to men and the men's movement.
Bly believed that the fairy tale of Iron John contained lessons from the past of great importance to modern men, which could provide positive images of... | [] | [
"Analysis"
] | [
"1990 non-fiction books",
"Addison-Wesley books",
"Books by Robert Bly",
"Da Capo Press books",
"Gender studies books",
"Men's movement in the United States",
"Mythopoeia",
"Sociology books",
"Works based on Grimms' Fairy Tales"
] |
projected-00308785-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%20John%3A%20A%20Book%20About%20Men | Iron John: A Book About Men | Origins and development | Iron John: A Book About Men is a book by American poet Robert Bly, and an exegesis of Iron John, a parable belonging to the Grimms' Fairy Tales (1812) by German folklorists Brothers Grimm about a boy maturing into adulthood with help of the wild man.
Published in 1990 by Addison-Wesley, the book is Bly's best-known w... | Bly built upon material in "What Do Men Really Want?: A New Age Interview With Robert Bly" by Keith Thompson, New Age Journal, May 1982, and which first appeared as a series of pamphlets. The cover of his book was illustrated by Bruce Waldman; while the 2004 edition (, Da Capo Press), comes with a new preface by the au... | [] | [
"Origins and development"
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"1990 non-fiction books",
"Addison-Wesley books",
"Books by Robert Bly",
"Da Capo Press books",
"Gender studies books",
"Men's movement in the United States",
"Mythopoeia",
"Sociology books",
"Works based on Grimms' Fairy Tales"
] |
projected-00308785-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%20John%3A%20A%20Book%20About%20Men | Iron John: A Book About Men | Criticism | Iron John: A Book About Men is a book by American poet Robert Bly, and an exegesis of Iron John, a parable belonging to the Grimms' Fairy Tales (1812) by German folklorists Brothers Grimm about a boy maturing into adulthood with help of the wild man.
Published in 1990 by Addison-Wesley, the book is Bly's best-known w... | Charles Upton considered Bly's approach self-defeating in its efforts to redefine masculinity by a regressive return to the primitive "wild" self. Hepzibah Anderson, writing in 2019, thought the book had not aged well: "its flaws have been magnified by the passage of time. Utterly devoid of irony and blinkered by his o... | [] | [
"Criticism"
] | [
"1990 non-fiction books",
"Addison-Wesley books",
"Books by Robert Bly",
"Da Capo Press books",
"Gender studies books",
"Men's movement in the United States",
"Mythopoeia",
"Sociology books",
"Works based on Grimms' Fairy Tales"
] |
projected-00308790-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20of%20Cardinals | College of Cardinals | Introduction | The College of Cardinals, or more formally the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church. its current membership is , of whom are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope. Cardinals are appointed by the pope for life. Changes in life expectancy partly account for the i... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"College of Cardinals"
] | |
projected-00308790-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20of%20Cardinals | College of Cardinals | History | The College of Cardinals, or more formally the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church. its current membership is , of whom are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope. Cardinals are appointed by the pope for life. Changes in life expectancy partly account for the i... | The word cardinal is derived from the Latin cardō, meaning "hinge". The office of cardinal as it is known today slowly evolved during the first millennium from the clergy of Rome. "The first time that the term cardinal appears in the Liber Pontificalis is in the biography of Pope Stephen III when in the Roman Synod of ... | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"College of Cardinals"
] |
projected-00308790-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20of%20Cardinals | College of Cardinals | Size of the College | The College of Cardinals, or more formally the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church. its current membership is , of whom are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope. Cardinals are appointed by the pope for life. Changes in life expectancy partly account for the i... | The conclave capitulation of the 1352 papal conclave limited the size of the college to twenty, and decreed that no new cardinals could be created until the size of the college had dropped to 16; however, Pope Innocent VI declared the capitulation invalid the following year.
By the end of the 14th century, the practic... | [] | [
"History",
"Size of the College"
] | [
"College of Cardinals"
] |
projected-00308790-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20of%20Cardinals | College of Cardinals | Maximum number of electors | The College of Cardinals, or more formally the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church. its current membership is , of whom are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope. Cardinals are appointed by the pope for life. Changes in life expectancy partly account for the i... | The total size of the College lost its significance when Paul VI decided to allow only cardinals under the age of 80 to vote in a conclave from 1971 onward. Then, in 1975, Paul set the maximum number of those under 80, the cardinal electors, at 120. His next consistory in 1976 brought the number of cardinal electors to... | [] | [
"History",
"Maximum number of electors"
] | [
"College of Cardinals"
] |
projected-00308790-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20of%20Cardinals | College of Cardinals | Orders | The College of Cardinals, or more formally the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church. its current membership is , of whom are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope. Cardinals are appointed by the pope for life. Changes in life expectancy partly account for the i... | Other changes to the College in the 20th century affected specific orders. The 1917 Code of Canon Law decreed that from then on only those who were priests or bishops could be chosen as cardinals, thus officially closing the historical period in which some cardinals could be clergy who had only received first tonsure a... | [] | [
"History",
"Orders"
] | [
"College of Cardinals"
] |
projected-00308790-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20of%20Cardinals | College of Cardinals | Other modifications | The College of Cardinals, or more formally the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church. its current membership is , of whom are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope. Cardinals are appointed by the pope for life. Changes in life expectancy partly account for the i... | Pope Francis adjusted the rules regarding the Dean in December 2019, so they now serve for a term of 5 years which can be renewed by the Pope. No change was made regarding the Vice-Dean.
The resignation or removal of members has been a relatively rare phenomenon. Between 1791 and 2018, only one was removed from the Co... | [] | [
"History",
"Other modifications"
] | [
"College of Cardinals"
] |
projected-00308790-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20of%20Cardinals | College of Cardinals | Historical data | The College of Cardinals, or more formally the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church. its current membership is , of whom are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope. Cardinals are appointed by the pope for life. Changes in life expectancy partly account for the i... | For the Middle Ages, sources concerning the size of the College of Cardinals are most frequently those relating to papal elections and conclaves. | [] | [
"History",
"Historical data"
] | [
"College of Cardinals"
] |
projected-00308790-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20of%20Cardinals | College of Cardinals | Functions | The College of Cardinals, or more formally the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church. its current membership is , of whom are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope. Cardinals are appointed by the pope for life. Changes in life expectancy partly account for the i... | A function of the college is to advise the pope about church matters when he summons them to an ordinary consistory, a term derived from the Roman Emperor's crown council. It also attends various functions as a matter of protocol, for example, during the canonization process.
It also convenes on the death or resignati... | [] | [
"Functions"
] | [
"College of Cardinals"
] |
projected-00308790-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20of%20Cardinals | College of Cardinals | Officials | The College of Cardinals, or more formally the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church. its current membership is , of whom are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope. Cardinals are appointed by the pope for life. Changes in life expectancy partly account for the i... | In the Catholic church, the Dean of the College of Cardinals and the Cardinal Vice-Dean are the president and vice-president of the college. Both are elected by and from the cardinal bishops (cardinals of the highest order, including those holding suburbicarian dioceses), but the election requires papal confirmation. E... | [] | [
"Functions",
"Officials"
] | [
"College of Cardinals"
] |
projected-00308790-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20of%20Cardinals | College of Cardinals | Electing the pope | The College of Cardinals, or more formally the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church. its current membership is , of whom are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope. Cardinals are appointed by the pope for life. Changes in life expectancy partly account for the i... | Under the terms of Pope Paul VI's 1970 motu proprio Ingravescentem aetatem, cardinals who reached the age of 80 before a conclave opened had no vote in papal elections. Pope John Paul II's Universi Dominici gregis of 22 February 1996 modified that rule slightly, so that cardinals who have reached the age of 80 before t... | [] | [
"Functions",
"Electing the pope"
] | [
"College of Cardinals"
] |
projected-00308790-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20of%20Cardinals | College of Cardinals | See also | The College of Cardinals, or more formally the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church. its current membership is , of whom are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope. Cardinals are appointed by the pope for life. Changes in life expectancy partly account for the i... | Bishop (Catholic Church)
Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals
Catholic Church by country
Catholic Church hierarchy
Index of Vatican City-related articles
List of the creations of the cardinals
List of titular churches
Palatinus (Roman Catholic Church)
Papabile
Protopriest | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"College of Cardinals"
] |
projected-00308790-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20of%20Cardinals | College of Cardinals | Sources | The College of Cardinals, or more formally the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church. its current membership is , of whom are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope. Cardinals are appointed by the pope for life. Changes in life expectancy partly account for the i... | Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003. Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. Palgrave Macmillan. .
Broderick, J.F. 1987. "The Sacred College of Cardinals: Size and Geographical Composition (1099–1986)." Archivum historiae Pontificiae, 25: 7–71.
Levillain, Philippe, ed. 2002. The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. Rout... | [] | [
"References",
"Sources"
] | [
"College of Cardinals"
] |
projected-00308792-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibylla%2C%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem | Introduction | Sibylla (; 1159 – 25 July 1190) was Queen of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1190. She reigned alongside her husband Guy of Lusignan, to whom she was unwaveringly attached despite his unpopularity among the barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Sibylla was the eldest daughter of King Amalric and the only daughter of Agnes of Co... | [] | [
"Introduction"
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"12th-century women rulers",
"Women in war in the Middle East"
] | |
projected-00308792-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibylla%2C%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem | Childhood | Sibylla (; 1159 – 25 July 1190) was Queen of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1190. She reigned alongside her husband Guy of Lusignan, to whom she was unwaveringly attached despite his unpopularity among the barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Sibylla was the eldest daughter of King Amalric and the only daughter of Agnes of Co... | Sibylla was the elder of the two children of the count of Jaffa and Ascalon, Amalric, and his first wife, Agnes of Courtenay. She was born between 1157, when her parents married, and 1161, when her brother, Baldwin, was born. On her father's side, Sibylla was the niece of the then-reigning King Baldwin III and granddau... | [] | [
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"12th-century women rulers",
"Women in war in the Middle East"
] |
projected-00308792-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibylla%2C%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem | Heir presumptive | Sibylla (; 1159 – 25 July 1190) was Queen of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1190. She reigned alongside her husband Guy of Lusignan, to whom she was unwaveringly attached despite his unpopularity among the barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Sibylla was the eldest daughter of King Amalric and the only daughter of Agnes of Co... | When King Amalric died of dysentery in July 1174, the High Court met to discuss who should succeed him. Sibylla's 13-year-old brother, Baldwin, would have been the obvious successor had there not been for fears of his incipient leprosy. The only serious alternative to him was Sibylla, then aged about 15. Female success... | [
"Amalric smrt.jpg"
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"Heir presumptive"
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"12th-century women rulers",
"Women in war in the Middle East"
] |
projected-00308792-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibylla%2C%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem | Marriage | Sibylla (; 1159 – 25 July 1190) was Queen of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1190. She reigned alongside her husband Guy of Lusignan, to whom she was unwaveringly attached despite his unpopularity among the barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Sibylla was the eldest daughter of King Amalric and the only daughter of Agnes of Co... | Count Raymond of Tripoli, who was by then also prince of Galilee in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, became regent for the young king due to being the nearest male relative. He allowed Sibylla and Baldwin's mother, Agnes, to return to court. The siblings came to be strongly influenced by their mother in the following years. B... | [] | [
"Heir presumptive",
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"12th-century women rulers",
"Women in war in the Middle East"
] |
projected-00308792-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibylla%2C%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem | Countess | Sibylla (; 1159 – 25 July 1190) was Queen of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1190. She reigned alongside her husband Guy of Lusignan, to whom she was unwaveringly attached despite his unpopularity among the barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Sibylla was the eldest daughter of King Amalric and the only daughter of Agnes of Co... | Around April 1177, shortly after he and Sibylla conceived a child, William fell critically ill. He died in June, by which time her pregnancy was known. Sibylla was left as the suo jure countess of Jaffa and Ascalon. Sibylla and Baldwin's first cousin Count Philip I of Flanders arrived in Jerusalem soon after, but decli... | [
"1187 Kingdom Of Jerusalem based on 1889 map.svg"
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projected-00308792-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibylla%2C%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem | Remarriage | Sibylla (; 1159 – 25 July 1190) was Queen of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1190. She reigned alongside her husband Guy of Lusignan, to whom she was unwaveringly attached despite his unpopularity among the barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Sibylla was the eldest daughter of King Amalric and the only daughter of Agnes of Co... | Things took an unexpected turn during the Holy Week in 1180. The brewing conflict in France that followed the accession of King Philip II prevented Hugh from leaving his domain. Contemporary chroniclers Ernoul and William of Tyre relate the events differently. According to Ernoul, Sibylla wrote to Baldwin of Ibelin whe... | [
"Lettrine-Sibylle-betrothal&marriage.jpg"
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"12th-century women rulers",
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] |
projected-00308792-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibylla%2C%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem | Disinheritance | Sibylla (; 1159 – 25 July 1190) was Queen of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1190. She reigned alongside her husband Guy of Lusignan, to whom she was unwaveringly attached despite his unpopularity among the barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Sibylla was the eldest daughter of King Amalric and the only daughter of Agnes of Co... | Baldwin IV's leprosy progressed quickly; in 1183 he lost his sight and could no longer walk unsupported or use his hands. Having developed a life-threatening fever, the king summoned the High Court in June and made Guy regent. Baldwin retained only the royal title and the city of Jerusalem. But Guy proved far too unpop... | [
"Français 2824, fol. 162v, Raymond de Tripoli nommé régent.jpeg"
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"12th-century women rulers",
"Women in war in the Middle East"
] |
projected-00308792-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibylla%2C%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem | Accession | Sibylla (; 1159 – 25 July 1190) was Queen of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1190. She reigned alongside her husband Guy of Lusignan, to whom she was unwaveringly attached despite his unpopularity among the barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Sibylla was the eldest daughter of King Amalric and the only daughter of Agnes of Co... | Sibylla's son died in Acre in August 1186. Her mother had died by then too. Raymond summoned the High Court to Nablus. It was attended by half-sister Isabella; Isabella's husband Humphrey and her stepfamily, the Ibelins; and likely by Raymond's stepsons. Contemporaries believed that Raymond intended to claim the throne... | [
"Balduins tomb.jpg"
] | [
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"12th-century women rulers",
"Women in war in the Middle East"
] |
projected-00308792-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibylla%2C%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem | Coronation | Sibylla (; 1159 – 25 July 1190) was Queen of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1190. She reigned alongside her husband Guy of Lusignan, to whom she was unwaveringly attached despite his unpopularity among the barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Sibylla was the eldest daughter of King Amalric and the only daughter of Agnes of Co... | On the advice of Heraclius and Gerard, Sibylla sent an invitation to the nobles at Nablus to attend her coronation. Possibly in an attempt to appease Raymond and his party, Guy was not mentioned in it; Sibylla proclaimed that the kingdom had passed to her by right of inheritance. They nevertheless refused to attend, ar... | [
"Français 9082, fol. 274v, Couronnement de Sibylle de Jérusalem.jpg"
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"12th-century women rulers",
"Women in war in the Middle East"
] |
projected-00308792-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibylla%2C%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem | Fall of Jerusalem | Sibylla (; 1159 – 25 July 1190) was Queen of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1190. She reigned alongside her husband Guy of Lusignan, to whom she was unwaveringly attached despite his unpopularity among the barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Sibylla was the eldest daughter of King Amalric and the only daughter of Agnes of Co... | Sibylla was well-positioned to wield power because Guy's authority was entirely dependent on her. She was associated with her husband in public acts in the first months of their reign, but this was cut short by Saladin's invasion. In an act of continued defiance, Raymond had retired to his fief of Galilee, allied with ... | [
"Lusignan Tyr.jpg"
] | [
"Reign",
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"12th-century women rulers",
"Women in war in the Middle East"
] |
projected-00308792-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibylla%2C%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem | Death | Sibylla (; 1159 – 25 July 1190) was Queen of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1190. She reigned alongside her husband Guy of Lusignan, to whom she was unwaveringly attached despite his unpopularity among the barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Sibylla was the eldest daughter of King Amalric and the only daughter of Agnes of Co... | The Third Crusade was launched in 1189, and Sibylla accompanied Guy to the siege of Acre along with Humphrey, Isabella, Maria, and Balian. An epidemic struck the crusaders' camp in 1190. Sibylla died on 25 July, a few days after her remaining daughters, Alice and Maria. The Itinerarium recorded accusations of foul play... | [] | [
"Death"
] | [
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"1190 deaths",
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"French noble families",
"Queens regnant of Jerusalem",
"Women in 12th-century warfare",
"12th-century women rulers",
"Women in war in the Middle East"
] |
projected-00308792-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibylla%2C%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem | Assessment | Sibylla (; 1159 – 25 July 1190) was Queen of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1190. She reigned alongside her husband Guy of Lusignan, to whom she was unwaveringly attached despite his unpopularity among the barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Sibylla was the eldest daughter of King Amalric and the only daughter of Agnes of Co... | Historian Bernard Hamilton disagrees with Ernoul's characterization of Sibylla as fickle, foolish, and sentimental, arguing that the portrayal "bears little relation to the known facts". Influenced by the prevailing medieval perception of ideal queenship, Sibylla's contemporaries and near-contemporaneous chroniclers we... | [] | [
"Assessment"
] | [
"1160s births",
"1190 deaths",
"12th-century kings of Jerusalem",
"Counts of Jaffa and Ascalon",
"French noble families",
"Queens regnant of Jerusalem",
"Women in 12th-century warfare",
"12th-century women rulers",
"Women in war in the Middle East"
] |
projected-00308792-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibylla%2C%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem | See also | Sibylla (; 1159 – 25 July 1190) was Queen of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1190. She reigned alongside her husband Guy of Lusignan, to whom she was unwaveringly attached despite his unpopularity among the barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Sibylla was the eldest daughter of King Amalric and the only daughter of Agnes of Co... | Kingdom of Heaven – film portraying Sibylla as an orientalized princess who loves Balian rather than Guy | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"1160s births",
"1190 deaths",
"12th-century kings of Jerusalem",
"Counts of Jaffa and Ascalon",
"French noble families",
"Queens regnant of Jerusalem",
"Women in 12th-century warfare",
"12th-century women rulers",
"Women in war in the Middle East"
] |
projected-00308792-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibylla%2C%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem | Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem | Bibliography | Sibylla (; 1159 – 25 July 1190) was Queen of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1190. She reigned alongside her husband Guy of Lusignan, to whom she was unwaveringly attached despite his unpopularity among the barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Sibylla was the eldest daughter of King Amalric and the only daughter of Agnes of Co... | |-
Category:1160s births
Category:1190 deaths
Category:12th-century kings of Jerusalem
Category:Counts of Jaffa and Ascalon
Category:French noble families
Category:Queens regnant of Jerusalem
Category:Women in 12th-century warfare
Category:12th-century women rulers
Category:Women in war in the Middle East | [] | [
"References",
"Bibliography"
] | [
"1160s births",
"1190 deaths",
"12th-century kings of Jerusalem",
"Counts of Jaffa and Ascalon",
"French noble families",
"Queens regnant of Jerusalem",
"Women in 12th-century warfare",
"12th-century women rulers",
"Women in war in the Middle East"
] |
projected-00308793-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneuploidy | Aneuploidy | Introduction | Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. It does not include a difference of one or more complete sets of chromosomes. A cell with any number of complete chromosome sets is called a euploid cell.
An extra or... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Chromosomal abnormalities",
"Cytogenetics"
] | |
projected-00308793-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneuploidy | Aneuploidy | Chromosomes | Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. It does not include a difference of one or more complete sets of chromosomes. A cell with any number of complete chromosome sets is called a euploid cell.
An extra or... | Most cells in the human body have 23 pairs of chromosomes, or a total of 46 chromosomes. (The sperm and egg, or gametes, each have 23 unpaired chromosomes, and red blood cells at first in bone marrow have nucleus but those red blood cells that are active in blood lose their nucleus and thus they have no nucleus and no ... | [
"Human male karyotype.gif"
] | [
"Chromosomes"
] | [
"Chromosomal abnormalities",
"Cytogenetics"
] |
projected-00308793-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneuploidy | Aneuploidy | Mechanisms | Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. It does not include a difference of one or more complete sets of chromosomes. A cell with any number of complete chromosome sets is called a euploid cell.
An extra or... | Aneuploidy arises from errors in chromosome segregation, which can go wrong in several ways.
Nondisjunction usually occurs as the result of a weakened mitotic checkpoint, as these checkpoints tend to arrest or delay cell division until all components of the cell are ready to enter the next phase. For example, if a che... | [] | [
"Mechanisms"
] | [
"Chromosomal abnormalities",
"Cytogenetics"
] |
projected-00308793-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneuploidy | Aneuploidy | Somatic mosaicism in the nervous system | Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. It does not include a difference of one or more complete sets of chromosomes. A cell with any number of complete chromosome sets is called a euploid cell.
An extra or... | Mosaicism for aneuploid chromosome content may be part of the constitutional make-up of the mammalian brain. In the normal human brain, brain samples from six individuals ranging from 2–86 years of age had mosaicism for chromosome 21 aneuploidy (average of 4% of neurons analyzed). This low-level aneuploidy appears to a... | [] | [
"Somatic mosaicism in the nervous system"
] | [
"Chromosomal abnormalities",
"Cytogenetics"
] |
projected-00308793-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneuploidy | Aneuploidy | Somatic mosaicism in cancer | Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. It does not include a difference of one or more complete sets of chromosomes. A cell with any number of complete chromosome sets is called a euploid cell.
An extra or... | Aneuploidy is consistently observed in virtually all cancers. The German biologist Theodor Boveri was first to propose a causative role for aneuploidy in cancer. However, the theory of Boveri was forgotten until the molecular biologist Peter Duesberg reappraised it. Understanding through what mechanisms it can affect t... | [] | [
"Somatic mosaicism in cancer"
] | [
"Chromosomal abnormalities",
"Cytogenetics"
] |
projected-00308793-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneuploidy | Aneuploidy | Partial aneuploidy | Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. It does not include a difference of one or more complete sets of chromosomes. A cell with any number of complete chromosome sets is called a euploid cell.
An extra or... | The terms "partial monosomy" and "partial trisomy" are used to describe an imbalance of genetic material caused by loss or gain of part of a chromosome. In particular, these terms would be used in the situation of an unbalanced translocation, where an individual carries a derivative chromosome formed through the breaka... | [] | [
"Partial aneuploidy"
] | [
"Chromosomal abnormalities",
"Cytogenetics"
] |
projected-00308793-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneuploidy | Aneuploidy | Aneugens | Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. It does not include a difference of one or more complete sets of chromosomes. A cell with any number of complete chromosome sets is called a euploid cell.
An extra or... | Agents capable of causing aneuploidy are called aneugens. Many mutagenic carcinogens are aneugens. X-rays, for example, may cause aneuploidy by fragmenting the chromosome; it may also target the spindle apparatus. Other chemicals such as colchicine can also produce aneuploidy by affecting microtubule polymerization.
E... | [] | [
"Aneugens"
] | [
"Chromosomal abnormalities",
"Cytogenetics"
] |
projected-00308793-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneuploidy | Aneuploidy | Diagnosis | Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. It does not include a difference of one or more complete sets of chromosomes. A cell with any number of complete chromosome sets is called a euploid cell.
An extra or... | Germline aneuploidy is typically detected through karyotyping, a process in which a sample of cells is fixed and stained to create the typical light and dark chromosomal banding pattern and a picture of the chromosomes is analyzed. Other techniques include fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), quantitative PCR of ... | [
"Trisomy Detection in GeneMarker.jpg"
] | [
"Diagnosis"
] | [
"Chromosomal abnormalities",
"Cytogenetics"
] |
projected-00308793-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneuploidy | Aneuploidy | Terminology | Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. It does not include a difference of one or more complete sets of chromosomes. A cell with any number of complete chromosome sets is called a euploid cell.
An extra or... | In the strict sense, a chromosome complement having a number of chromosomes other than 46 (in humans) is considered heteroploid while an exact multiple of the haploid chromosome complement is considered euploid. | [] | [
"Terminology"
] | [
"Chromosomal abnormalities",
"Cytogenetics"
] |
projected-00308793-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneuploidy | Aneuploidy | See also | Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. It does not include a difference of one or more complete sets of chromosomes. A cell with any number of complete chromosome sets is called a euploid cell.
An extra or... | Chromosome abnormality
Chromosome segregation
Nondisjunction
Ploidy
Robertsonian translocation | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Chromosomal abnormalities",
"Cytogenetics"
] |
projected-00308801-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourimbah%2C%20New%20South%20Wales | Ourimbah, New South Wales | Introduction | Ourimbah () is a small township in the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia, located about north of the Sydney CBD. Ourimbah is located approximately halfway between Sydney and Newcastle. The township today consists of small scattered local shops and businesses along the Pacific Highway, as well as the C... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Suburbs of the Central Coast (New South Wales)",
"Towns in New South Wales"
] | |
projected-00308801-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourimbah%2C%20New%20South%20Wales | Ourimbah, New South Wales | History | Ourimbah () is a small township in the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia, located about north of the Sydney CBD. Ourimbah is located approximately halfway between Sydney and Newcastle. The township today consists of small scattered local shops and businesses along the Pacific Highway, as well as the C... | The Aboriginal word "Oorin" meaning "Belt of manhood" in which a stone axe was carried on hunting expeditions, and "Oorinbah" which is the bora ring or ceremonial ground in which the initiation ceremony of conferring the "belt of manhood" was carried out is where the name for Ourimbah originates from. Ourimbah was also... | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Suburbs of the Central Coast (New South Wales)",
"Towns in New South Wales"
] |
projected-00308801-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourimbah%2C%20New%20South%20Wales | Ourimbah, New South Wales | Education | Ourimbah () is a small township in the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia, located about north of the Sydney CBD. Ourimbah is located approximately halfway between Sydney and Newcastle. The township today consists of small scattered local shops and businesses along the Pacific Highway, as well as the C... | Ourimbah Public School is the oldest school on the Central Coast, opening in 1863 as Blue Gum Flat School.
It continues to grow and change from its once small stable rural environment to its present rapidly expanding urban environment.
The University of Newcastle has a campus at Ourimbah through a multi-sector co-loca... | [
"Central Coast Campus-Entrance toward library.jpg"
] | [
"Education"
] | [
"Suburbs of the Central Coast (New South Wales)",
"Towns in New South Wales"
] |
projected-00308801-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourimbah%2C%20New%20South%20Wales | Ourimbah, New South Wales | Historical sites and heritage listed buildings | Ourimbah () is a small township in the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia, located about north of the Sydney CBD. Ourimbah is located approximately halfway between Sydney and Newcastle. The township today consists of small scattered local shops and businesses along the Pacific Highway, as well as the C... | Sawmill (R. Brownlee & Co.) – Brownlee Street
Utility Structure – No. 1A Jaques Street
Dwelling – No. 23 Chittaway Road
Dwelling (Former Post Office) – Ourimbah Creek Road
Primary School – No. 121 Pacific Highway
Railway Station – Pacific Highway
Shop – No. 21 Pacific Highway
World War 1 Monument – Pacific Highw... | [] | [
"Historical sites and heritage listed buildings"
] | [
"Suburbs of the Central Coast (New South Wales)",
"Towns in New South Wales"
] |
projected-00308801-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourimbah%2C%20New%20South%20Wales | Ourimbah, New South Wales | Transport | Ourimbah () is a small township in the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia, located about north of the Sydney CBD. Ourimbah is located approximately halfway between Sydney and Newcastle. The township today consists of small scattered local shops and businesses along the Pacific Highway, as well as the C... | Ourimbah railway station is situated on the Main Northern railway line. The Pacific Highway runs through its centre. It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area.
Major upgrades to the Pacific Highway occurred in 2007 by Roads & Maritime Services.
Stage 1 – Lisarow to Ourimbah
Upgrading the intersect... | [] | [
"Transport"
] | [
"Suburbs of the Central Coast (New South Wales)",
"Towns in New South Wales"
] |
projected-00308801-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourimbah%2C%20New%20South%20Wales | Ourimbah, New South Wales | Symbol of Ourimbah | Ourimbah () is a small township in the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia, located about north of the Sydney CBD. Ourimbah is located approximately halfway between Sydney and Newcastle. The township today consists of small scattered local shops and businesses along the Pacific Highway, as well as the C... | The magpie is commonly used as a symbol for Ourimbah. The black and white bird is featured in the logo of Ourimbah Public School. The school song references the magpie in its first verse, "Here lies Ourimbah nestled in a valley,/ Home of the magpie and blue gum tree" and in its repeating chorus, "home of the magpie col... | [] | [
"Symbol of Ourimbah"
] | [
"Suburbs of the Central Coast (New South Wales)",
"Towns in New South Wales"
] |
projected-00308801-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourimbah%2C%20New%20South%20Wales | Ourimbah, New South Wales | Historical images | Ourimbah () is a small township in the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia, located about north of the Sydney CBD. Ourimbah is located approximately halfway between Sydney and Newcastle. The township today consists of small scattered local shops and businesses along the Pacific Highway, as well as the C... | Looking South at Ourimbah, 1910
Ourimbah Public School, 1910
Peach Orchard Road, Ourimbah, 1912
Ourimbah Sawmill, 1902
Ourimbah Public School, 1910
Burns Store, 1915
Illustration of formed roads in and about Ourimbah, 1920 | [] | [
"Historical images"
] | [
"Suburbs of the Central Coast (New South Wales)",
"Towns in New South Wales"
] |
projected-00308801-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourimbah%2C%20New%20South%20Wales | Ourimbah, New South Wales | Further reading | Ourimbah () is a small township in the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia, located about north of the Sydney CBD. Ourimbah is located approximately halfway between Sydney and Newcastle. The township today consists of small scattered local shops and businesses along the Pacific Highway, as well as the C... | 'Ourimbah Recollections' Historical anecdotes of Ourimbah 1829 to 1994. Published by Ourimbah Public School | [] | [
"Further reading"
] | [
"Suburbs of the Central Coast (New South Wales)",
"Towns in New South Wales"
] |
projected-00308803-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot%27s%20theorem%20%28thermodynamics%29 | Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics) | Introduction | In thermodynamics, Carnot's theorem, developed in 1824 by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, also called Carnot's rule, is a principle that specifies limits on the maximum efficiency that any heat engine can obtain.
Carnot's theorem states that all heat engines operating between the same two thermal or heat reservoirs can't... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Laws of thermodynamics",
"Physics theorems",
"Thought experiments in physics"
] | |
projected-00308803-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot%27s%20theorem%20%28thermodynamics%29 | Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics) | Proof | In thermodynamics, Carnot's theorem, developed in 1824 by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, also called Carnot's rule, is a principle that specifies limits on the maximum efficiency that any heat engine can obtain.
Carnot's theorem states that all heat engines operating between the same two thermal or heat reservoirs can't... | The proof of the Carnot theorem is a proof by contradiction or reductio ad absurdum (a method to prove a statement by assuming its falsity and logically deriving a false or contradictory statement from this assumption), based on a situation like the right figure where two heat engines with different efficiencies are op... | [
"Carnot theorem paradox.jpg"
] | [
"Proof"
] | [
"Laws of thermodynamics",
"Physics theorems",
"Thought experiments in physics"
] |
projected-00308803-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot%27s%20theorem%20%28thermodynamics%29 | Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics) | Reversible engines | In thermodynamics, Carnot's theorem, developed in 1824 by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, also called Carnot's rule, is a principle that specifies limits on the maximum efficiency that any heat engine can obtain.
Carnot's theorem states that all heat engines operating between the same two thermal or heat reservoirs can't... | To see that every reversible engine operating between reservoirs at temperatures and must have the same efficiency, assume that two reversible heat engines have different efficiencies, and let the relatively more efficient engine drive the relatively less efficient engine as a heat pump. As the right figure shows, ... | [] | [
"Proof",
"Reversible engines"
] | [
"Laws of thermodynamics",
"Physics theorems",
"Thought experiments in physics"
] |
projected-00308803-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot%27s%20theorem%20%28thermodynamics%29 | Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics) | Irreversible engines | In thermodynamics, Carnot's theorem, developed in 1824 by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, also called Carnot's rule, is a principle that specifies limits on the maximum efficiency that any heat engine can obtain.
Carnot's theorem states that all heat engines operating between the same two thermal or heat reservoirs can't... | Let's think two engines, one is that is relatively more efficient irreversible engine while the other is that is relatively less efficient reversible engine, and we construct a machine described in the right figure ( drives as a heat pump). Then this machine violates the second law of thermodynamics. Since a Carnot ... | [] | [
"Proof",
"Irreversible engines"
] | [
"Laws of thermodynamics",
"Physics theorems",
"Thought experiments in physics"
] |
projected-00308803-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot%27s%20theorem%20%28thermodynamics%29 | Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics) | Definition of thermodynamic temperature | In thermodynamics, Carnot's theorem, developed in 1824 by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, also called Carnot's rule, is a principle that specifies limits on the maximum efficiency that any heat engine can obtain.
Carnot's theorem states that all heat engines operating between the same two thermal or heat reservoirs can't... | The efficiency of a heat engine is the work done by the engine divided by the heat introduced to the engine per engine cycle or
where is the work done by the engine, is the heat to the cold reservoir from the engine, and is the heat to the engine from the hot reservoir, per cycle. Thus, the efficiency depends only ... | [] | [
"Definition of thermodynamic temperature"
] | [
"Laws of thermodynamics",
"Physics theorems",
"Thought experiments in physics"
] |
projected-00308803-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot%27s%20theorem%20%28thermodynamics%29 | Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics) | Applicability to fuel cells and batteries | In thermodynamics, Carnot's theorem, developed in 1824 by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, also called Carnot's rule, is a principle that specifies limits on the maximum efficiency that any heat engine can obtain.
Carnot's theorem states that all heat engines operating between the same two thermal or heat reservoirs can't... | Since fuel cells and batteries can generate useful power when all components of the system are at the same temperature (), they are clearly not limited by Carnot's theorem, which states that no power can be generated when . This is because Carnot's theorem applies to engines converting thermal energy to work, whereas f... | [] | [
"Applicability to fuel cells and batteries"
] | [
"Laws of thermodynamics",
"Physics theorems",
"Thought experiments in physics"
] |
projected-00308803-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot%27s%20theorem%20%28thermodynamics%29 | Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics) | See also | In thermodynamics, Carnot's theorem, developed in 1824 by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, also called Carnot's rule, is a principle that specifies limits on the maximum efficiency that any heat engine can obtain.
Carnot's theorem states that all heat engines operating between the same two thermal or heat reservoirs can't... | Chambadal–Novikov efficiency
Heating and cooling efficiency bounds | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Laws of thermodynamics",
"Physics theorems",
"Thought experiments in physics"
] |
projected-00308803-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot%27s%20theorem%20%28thermodynamics%29 | Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics) | References | In thermodynamics, Carnot's theorem, developed in 1824 by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, also called Carnot's rule, is a principle that specifies limits on the maximum efficiency that any heat engine can obtain.
Carnot's theorem states that all heat engines operating between the same two thermal or heat reservoirs can't... | Category:Laws of thermodynamics
Category:Physics theorems
Category:Thought experiments in physics | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Laws of thermodynamics",
"Physics theorems",
"Thought experiments in physics"
] |
projected-00308804-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamite | Catamite | Introduction | In ancient Greece and Rome, a catamite (Latin: catamitus) was a pubescent boy who was the intimate companion of an older male, usually in a pederastic relationship. It was generally a term of affection and literally means "Ganymede" in Latin, but it was also used as a term of insult when directed toward a grown man. T... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Ancient LGBT history",
"Pederasty in ancient Greece",
"Sexuality in ancient Rome"
] | |
projected-00308804-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamite | Catamite | References in literature and popular culture | In ancient Greece and Rome, a catamite (Latin: catamitus) was a pubescent boy who was the intimate companion of an older male, usually in a pederastic relationship. It was generally a term of affection and literally means "Ganymede" in Latin, but it was also used as a term of insult when directed toward a grown man. T... | In Plato's dialogue Gorgias (at 494e), Socrates uses the phrase κιναίδων βίος in a conversation with Callicles contrasting appetites and contentment.
The word appears widely but not necessarily frequently in the Latin literature of antiquity, from Plautus to Ausonius. It is sometimes a synonym for puer delicatus, "del... | [] | [
"References in literature and popular culture"
] | [
"Ancient LGBT history",
"Pederasty in ancient Greece",
"Sexuality in ancient Rome"
] |
projected-00308804-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamite | Catamite | See also | In ancient Greece and Rome, a catamite (Latin: catamitus) was a pubescent boy who was the intimate companion of an older male, usually in a pederastic relationship. It was generally a term of affection and literally means "Ganymede" in Latin, but it was also used as a term of insult when directed toward a grown man. T... | Greek love
Faggot (slang)
Sexuality in ancient Rome | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Ancient LGBT history",
"Pederasty in ancient Greece",
"Sexuality in ancient Rome"
] |
projected-00308807-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespearean%20history | Shakespearean history | Introduction | In the First Folio, the plays of William Shakespeare were grouped into three categories: comedies, histories, and tragedies. The histories—along with those of contemporary Renaissance playwrights—help define the genre of history plays. The Shakespearean histories are biographies of English kings of the previous four c... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Plays by William Shakespeare",
"Shakespearean histories"
] | |
projected-00308807-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespearean%20history | Shakespearean history | English histories | In the First Folio, the plays of William Shakespeare were grouped into three categories: comedies, histories, and tragedies. The histories—along with those of contemporary Renaissance playwrights—help define the genre of history plays. The Shakespearean histories are biographies of English kings of the previous four c... | As they are in the First Folio, the plays are listed here in the sequence of their action, rather than the order of the plays' composition. Short forms of the full titles are used.
King John
Edward III
Richard II
Henry IV, Part 1
Henry IV, Part 2
Henry V
Henry VI, Part 1
Henry VI, Part 2
Henry VI, Part 3
Rich... | [] | [
"List of Shakespeare's histories",
"English histories"
] | [
"Plays by William Shakespeare",
"Shakespearean histories"
] |
projected-00308807-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespearean%20history | Shakespearean history | Roman histories | In the First Folio, the plays of William Shakespeare were grouped into three categories: comedies, histories, and tragedies. The histories—along with those of contemporary Renaissance playwrights—help define the genre of history plays. The Shakespearean histories are biographies of English kings of the previous four c... | As noted above, the First Folio groups these with the tragedies.
Coriolanus
Julius Caesar
Antony and Cleopatra
Set in ancient Rome, Titus Andronicus dramatises a fictional story and is therefore excluded as a Roman history. | [] | [
"List of Shakespeare's histories",
"Roman histories"
] | [
"Plays by William Shakespeare",
"Shakespearean histories"
] |
projected-00308807-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespearean%20history | Shakespearean history | Other histories | In the First Folio, the plays of William Shakespeare were grouped into three categories: comedies, histories, and tragedies. The histories—along with those of contemporary Renaissance playwrights—help define the genre of history plays. The Shakespearean histories are biographies of English kings of the previous four c... | As with the Roman plays, the First Folio groups these with the tragedies. Although they are connected with regional royal biography, and based on similar sources, they are usually not considered part of Shakespeare's English histories.
King Lear
Macbeth
Hamlet | [] | [
"List of Shakespeare's histories",
"Other histories"
] | [
"Plays by William Shakespeare",
"Shakespearean histories"
] |
projected-00308807-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespearean%20history | Shakespearean history | Sources | In the First Folio, the plays of William Shakespeare were grouped into three categories: comedies, histories, and tragedies. The histories—along with those of contemporary Renaissance playwrights—help define the genre of history plays. The Shakespearean histories are biographies of English kings of the previous four c... | The source for most of the English history plays, as well as for Macbeth and King Lear, is the well-known Raphael Holinshed's Chronicle of English history. The source for the Roman history plays is Plutarch's Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans Compared Together, in the translation made by Sir Thomas North in 1579. ... | [] | [
"Sources"
] | [
"Plays by William Shakespeare",
"Shakespearean histories"
] |
projected-00308807-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespearean%20history | Shakespearean history | Politics in the English history plays | In the First Folio, the plays of William Shakespeare were grouped into three categories: comedies, histories, and tragedies. The histories—along with those of contemporary Renaissance playwrights—help define the genre of history plays. The Shakespearean histories are biographies of English kings of the previous four c... | Shakespeare was living in the reign of Elizabeth I, the last monarch of the House of Tudor, and his history plays are often regarded as Tudor propaganda because they show the dangers of civil war and celebrate the founders of the Tudor dynasty. In particular, Richard III depicts the last member of the rival House of Yo... | [] | [
"Politics in the English history plays"
] | [
"Plays by William Shakespeare",
"Shakespearean histories"
] |
projected-00308807-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespearean%20history | Shakespearean history | Lancaster, York, and Tudor myths | In the First Folio, the plays of William Shakespeare were grouped into three categories: comedies, histories, and tragedies. The histories—along with those of contemporary Renaissance playwrights—help define the genre of history plays. The Shakespearean histories are biographies of English kings of the previous four c... | Shakespeare made use of the Lancaster and York myths, as he found them in the chronicles, as well as the Tudor myth. The 'Lancaster myth' regarded Richard II's overthrow and Henry IV's reign as providentially sanctioned, and Henry V's achievements as a divine favour. The 'York myth' saw Edward IV's deposing of the in... | [
"Henry VII Crowned at Bosworth.jpg"
] | [
"Politics in the English history plays",
"Lancaster, York, and Tudor myths"
] | [
"Plays by William Shakespeare",
"Shakespearean histories"
] |
projected-00308807-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespearean%20history | Shakespearean history | Shakespeare's double tetralogy | In the First Folio, the plays of William Shakespeare were grouped into three categories: comedies, histories, and tragedies. The histories—along with those of contemporary Renaissance playwrights—help define the genre of history plays. The Shakespearean histories are biographies of English kings of the previous four c... | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||}
The above tables include both the Quarto and the Folio versions of Henry V and Henry VI Parts 2 and 3, because the Quartos may preserve early versions of these three plays (as opposed to 'corrupted' texts). They ... | [
"Falstaff (1893).jpg",
"Henry6th2shot.jpg"
] | [
"Interpretations",
"Shakespeare's double tetralogy"
] | [
"Plays by William Shakespeare",
"Shakespearean histories"
] |
projected-00308810-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoeven | Hoeven | Introduction | Hoeven is a village in the municipality of Halderberge in the Netherlands. The name Hoeven originated from the purchase of a certain amount of ground in 1282 by the abbey of Cistercians of St. Bernard. This amount was equal to 100 "hoeven", a local measure of area in those days. A hoeve is approximately 12 bunder. A... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 1997",
"Populated places in North Brabant",
"Former municipalities of North Brabant",
"Halderberge"
] | |
projected-00308810-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoeven | Hoeven | Municipality of Hoeven | Hoeven is a village in the municipality of Halderberge in the Netherlands. The name Hoeven originated from the purchase of a certain amount of ground in 1282 by the abbey of Cistercians of St. Bernard. This amount was equal to 100 "hoeven", a local measure of area in those days. A hoeve is approximately 12 bunder. A... | Hoeven was a separate municipality until 1997 including the three villages of Bosschenhoofd, Hoeven and Kruisstraat. In 1997 the municipality of Hoeven became a part of Halderberge. | [] | [
"Municipality of Hoeven"
] | [
"Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 1997",
"Populated places in North Brabant",
"Former municipalities of North Brabant",
"Halderberge"
] |
projected-00308810-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoeven | Hoeven | Different names | Hoeven is a village in the municipality of Halderberge in the Netherlands. The name Hoeven originated from the purchase of a certain amount of ground in 1282 by the abbey of Cistercians of St. Bernard. This amount was equal to 100 "hoeven", a local measure of area in those days. A hoeve is approximately 12 bunder. A... | Though the village officially is named Hoeven, most civilians use and pronounce it as "Oeve" or "d'Oeve" as 'Hoeven' is pronounced in the local dialect, Brabants. Remarkable in the southern parts of the Netherlands, where they officially celebrate carnival, is that during this period all places change names during this... | [] | [
"Different names"
] | [
"Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 1997",
"Populated places in North Brabant",
"Former municipalities of North Brabant",
"Halderberge"
] |
projected-00308810-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoeven | Hoeven | Flag | Hoeven is a village in the municipality of Halderberge in the Netherlands. The name Hoeven originated from the purchase of a certain amount of ground in 1282 by the abbey of Cistercians of St. Bernard. This amount was equal to 100 "hoeven", a local measure of area in those days. A hoeve is approximately 12 bunder. A... | The official flag of Hoeven is composed of two color in a diagonal line from left under to right above. Remarkable point is that the border line between those points isn't straight but wave-shaped which is a rare sight in this area. The lowest part of the flag is yellow while the highest part is blue. In this blue par... | [] | [
"Flag"
] | [
"Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 1997",
"Populated places in North Brabant",
"Former municipalities of North Brabant",
"Halderberge"
] |
projected-00308810-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoeven | Hoeven | Symbol | Hoeven is a village in the municipality of Halderberge in the Netherlands. The name Hoeven originated from the purchase of a certain amount of ground in 1282 by the abbey of Cistercians of St. Bernard. This amount was equal to 100 "hoeven", a local measure of area in those days. A hoeve is approximately 12 bunder. A... | The symbol of Hoeven is "de Peejenzaaier" (the carrotsower). Which is pictured as a bronze statue at the main square in the center of the village. | [] | [
"Symbol"
] | [
"Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 1997",
"Populated places in North Brabant",
"Former municipalities of North Brabant",
"Halderberge"
] |
projected-00308810-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoeven | Hoeven | Location | Hoeven is a village in the municipality of Halderberge in the Netherlands. The name Hoeven originated from the purchase of a certain amount of ground in 1282 by the abbey of Cistercians of St. Bernard. This amount was equal to 100 "hoeven", a local measure of area in those days. A hoeve is approximately 12 bunder. A... | Hoeven is situated between the bigger cities of Roosendaal and Breda, near the smaller city Etten-Leur. The center street of Hoeven is built on a small hill called the "Halderberg". Which is remarkable since the rest of the areas landscape is extremely flat. To the north Hoeven finds a natural border with the river "De... | [] | [
"Location"
] | [
"Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 1997",
"Populated places in North Brabant",
"Former municipalities of North Brabant",
"Halderberge"
] |
projected-00308810-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoeven | Hoeven | Sights | Hoeven is a village in the municipality of Halderberge in the Netherlands. The name Hoeven originated from the purchase of a certain amount of ground in 1282 by the abbey of Cistercians of St. Bernard. This amount was equal to 100 "hoeven", a local measure of area in those days. A hoeve is approximately 12 bunder. A... | Great seminar Bovendonk
The great seminar Bovendonk is located in the center of Hoeven. In the year 1282 the abbey "Sint Bernardus" in Antwerp (Modern day Belgium) founded a new "garden" in Hoeven. In 1570 this garden became the property of the Bishop of Antwerp. In 1646 it lost his function as a Catholic church and i... | [] | [
"Sights"
] | [
"Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 1997",
"Populated places in North Brabant",
"Former municipalities of North Brabant",
"Halderberge"
] |
projected-00308810-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoeven | Hoeven | Events | Hoeven is a village in the municipality of Halderberge in the Netherlands. The name Hoeven originated from the purchase of a certain amount of ground in 1282 by the abbey of Cistercians of St. Bernard. This amount was equal to 100 "hoeven", a local measure of area in those days. A hoeve is approximately 12 bunder. A... | Carnaval
As in all towns in the two southern provinces of the Netherlands carnival is also celebrated in Hoeven. Remarkable is that every town has its own rituals and happenings during this seven-day celebration. Very special is that Hoeven is the only village in the Netherlands that has a (legal) private radio station... | [] | [
"Events"
] | [
"Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 1997",
"Populated places in North Brabant",
"Former municipalities of North Brabant",
"Halderberge"
] |
projected-00308810-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoeven | Hoeven | Famous citizens born in Hoeven | Hoeven is a village in the municipality of Halderberge in the Netherlands. The name Hoeven originated from the purchase of a certain amount of ground in 1282 by the abbey of Cistercians of St. Bernard. This amount was equal to 100 "hoeven", a local measure of area in those days. A hoeve is approximately 12 bunder. A... | Janus Hellemons (1912–1999), professional cyclist | [] | [
"Famous citizens born in Hoeven"
] | [
"Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 1997",
"Populated places in North Brabant",
"Former municipalities of North Brabant",
"Halderberge"
] |
projected-00308810-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoeven | Hoeven | References | Hoeven is a village in the municipality of Halderberge in the Netherlands. The name Hoeven originated from the purchase of a certain amount of ground in 1282 by the abbey of Cistercians of St. Bernard. This amount was equal to 100 "hoeven", a local measure of area in those days. A hoeve is approximately 12 bunder. A... | Category:Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 1997
Category:Populated places in North Brabant
Category:Former municipalities of North Brabant
Category:Halderberge | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 1997",
"Populated places in North Brabant",
"Former municipalities of North Brabant",
"Halderberge"
] |
projected-00308812-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCC%20v.%20Pacifica%20Foundation | FCC v. Pacifica Foundation | Introduction | Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation, 438 U.S. 726 (1978), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court that defined the power of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) over indecent material as applied to broadcasting. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Censorship of broadcasting in the United States",
"Obscenity law",
"Federal Communications Commission litigation",
"Pacifica Foundation",
"United States Supreme Court cases",
"United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court",
"United States Free Speech Clause case law",
"1978 in United States c... | |
projected-00308812-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCC%20v.%20Pacifica%20Foundation | FCC v. Pacifica Foundation | Facts | Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation, 438 U.S. 726 (1978), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court that defined the power of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) over indecent material as applied to broadcasting. | On October 30, 1973, FM radio station WBAI in New York City aired a broadcast that included a segment which featured the George Carlin routine "Filthy Words" as part of a program about societal attitudes toward language. A few weeks later, John Douglas (an active member of Morality in Media) stated in a complaint filed... | [
"Seven Dirty Words WBAI.jpg"
] | [
"Facts"
] | [
"Censorship of broadcasting in the United States",
"Obscenity law",
"Federal Communications Commission litigation",
"Pacifica Foundation",
"United States Supreme Court cases",
"United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court",
"United States Free Speech Clause case law",
"1978 in United States c... |
projected-00308812-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCC%20v.%20Pacifica%20Foundation | FCC v. Pacifica Foundation | Holding | Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation, 438 U.S. 726 (1978), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court that defined the power of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) over indecent material as applied to broadcasting. | The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the FCC's actions in 1978, by a vote of 5 to 4, ruling that the routine was "indecent but not obscene". The Court recognized the government had strong interests in:
Shielding children from potentially offensive material, and
Ensuring that unwanted speech does not intrude on the privacy o... | [] | [
"Holding"
] | [
"Censorship of broadcasting in the United States",
"Obscenity law",
"Federal Communications Commission litigation",
"Pacifica Foundation",
"United States Supreme Court cases",
"United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court",
"United States Free Speech Clause case law",
"1978 in United States c... |
projected-00308812-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCC%20v.%20Pacifica%20Foundation | FCC v. Pacifica Foundation | Impact | Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation, 438 U.S. 726 (1978), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court that defined the power of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) over indecent material as applied to broadcasting. | At first, despite the resounding win in Pacifica, the FCC used its new regulatory powers sparingly. In the 1990s, however, the FCC ramped up sanctions for indecent broadcasts. By the early 2000s, the FCC began to levy more sanctions with higher dollar amounts—with fines of up to $500,000 for some offenses.
In 1997, Pa... | [] | [
"Impact"
] | [
"Censorship of broadcasting in the United States",
"Obscenity law",
"Federal Communications Commission litigation",
"Pacifica Foundation",
"United States Supreme Court cases",
"United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court",
"United States Free Speech Clause case law",
"1978 in United States c... |
projected-00308812-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCC%20v.%20Pacifica%20Foundation | FCC v. Pacifica Foundation | See also | Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation, 438 U.S. 726 (1978), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court that defined the power of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) over indecent material as applied to broadcasting. | List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 438
Federal Communications Commission v. Fox Television Stations (2009)
Federal Communications Commission v. Fox Television Stations (2012)
Miller v. California 413 U.S. 15 (1973). | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Censorship of broadcasting in the United States",
"Obscenity law",
"Federal Communications Commission litigation",
"Pacifica Foundation",
"United States Supreme Court cases",
"United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court",
"United States Free Speech Clause case law",
"1978 in United States c... |
projected-00308815-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection%20%28mathematics%29 | Connection (mathematics) | Introduction | In geometry, the notion of a connection makes precise the idea of transporting local geometric objects, such as tangent vectors or tensors in the tangent space, along a curve or family of curves in a parallel and consistent manner. There are various kinds of connections in modern geometry, depending on what sort of dat... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Connection (mathematics)",
"Differential geometry",
"Differential topology"
] | |
projected-00308815-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection%20%28mathematics%29 | Connection (mathematics) | Motivation: the unsuitability of coordinates | In geometry, the notion of a connection makes precise the idea of transporting local geometric objects, such as tangent vectors or tensors in the tangent space, along a curve or family of curves in a parallel and consistent manner. There are various kinds of connections in modern geometry, depending on what sort of dat... | Consider the following problem. Suppose that a tangent vector to the sphere S is given at the north pole, and we are to define a manner of consistently moving this vector to other points of the sphere: a means for parallel transport. Naively, this could be done using a particular coordinate system. However, unless p... | [
"Connection-on-sphere.png"
] | [
"Motivation: the unsuitability of coordinates"
] | [
"Connection (mathematics)",
"Differential geometry",
"Differential topology"
] |
projected-00308815-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection%20%28mathematics%29 | Connection (mathematics) | Resolution | In geometry, the notion of a connection makes precise the idea of transporting local geometric objects, such as tangent vectors or tensors in the tangent space, along a curve or family of curves in a parallel and consistent manner. There are various kinds of connections in modern geometry, depending on what sort of dat... | The problem observed above is that the usual directional derivative of vector calculus does not behave well under changes in the coordinate system when applied to the components of vector fields. This makes it quite difficult to describe how to translate vector fields in a parallel manner, if indeed such a notion make... | [] | [
"Motivation: the unsuitability of coordinates",
"Resolution"
] | [
"Connection (mathematics)",
"Differential geometry",
"Differential topology"
] |
projected-00308815-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection%20%28mathematics%29 | Connection (mathematics) | Historical survey of connections | In geometry, the notion of a connection makes precise the idea of transporting local geometric objects, such as tangent vectors or tensors in the tangent space, along a curve or family of curves in a parallel and consistent manner. There are various kinds of connections in modern geometry, depending on what sort of dat... | Historically, connections were studied from an infinitesimal perspective in Riemannian geometry. The infinitesimal study of connections began to some extent with Elwin Christoffel. This was later taken up more thoroughly by Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro and Tullio Levi-Civita who observed in part that a connection in th... | [] | [
"Historical survey of connections"
] | [
"Connection (mathematics)",
"Differential geometry",
"Differential topology"
] |