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projected-00308868-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | The Rue des Nations | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | The pavilion of Turkey was covering . It was designed by a French architect, Adrien-René Dubuisson, and was a mixture of copies of Islamic architecture from mosques in Istanbul and elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire.
The United States pavilion was modest, a variation on the United States Capitol Building designed by Char... | [] | [
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projected-00308868-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | Nations located elsewhere | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | Russia had an imposing presence on the Trocadéro hill. The Russian pavilion, designed by Robert Meltzer, was inspired by the towers of the Kremlin and had exhibits and architecture presenting artistic treasures from Samarkand, Bukhara and other Russian dependencies in Central Asia.
The Chinese pavilion, designed by Lo... | [] | [
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projected-00308868-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | Colonial pavilions | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | An area of several dozen hectares on the hill of the Trocadéro Palace was set aside for the pavilions of the colonies and protectorates of France, the Netherlands, Great Britain, and Portugal.
The largest space was for the French colonies in Africa, the Caribbean, the Pacific and Southeast Asia. These pavilions featur... | [] | [
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projected-00308868-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | Attractions | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | Besides its official scientific, industrial and artistic palaces, the Exposition offered an extraordinary variety of attractions, amusements and diversions. | [] | [
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projected-00308868-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | Eiffel Tower | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | The Eiffel Tower, that was built as the main entrance of the 1889 Exposition, was the main and central attraction of the 1900 Exposition. For this Exposition, it was repainted in shaded tones from yellow-orange at the base to light yellow at the top, and was fitted with 7,000 electric lamps. At the same time, the lifts... | [] | [
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projected-00308868-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | The Grande Roue de Paris | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | The Grande Roue de Paris was a very popular attraction. It was a gigantic ferris wheel high, which took its name from a similar wheel created by George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. It could carry 1,600 passengers in its forty cars in a single voyage. The cost of a rid... | [] | [
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projected-00308868-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | The moving sidewalk, electric train and electrobus | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | The Rue de l'Avenir () moving sidewalk was a very popular and useful attraction, given the large size of the Exposition. It ran along the edge of the Exposition, from the esplanade of Les Invalides to the Champ de Mars, passing through nine stations along the way, where passengers could board. The fare was an average o... | [] | [
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projected-00308868-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | The Globe Céleste | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | The Globe Céleste was an immense globe-shaped planetarium which offered a presentation on the night sky. The globe, designed by Napoléon de Tédesco, was in diameter, and the blue and gold exterior was painted with the constellations and the signs of the zodiac. It was placed atop a masonry support high, supported by ... | [] | [
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projected-00308868-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | Motion Pictures | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | The Lumière brothers, who had made the first public projections of a motion picture in 1895, presented their films on a colossal screen, by , in the Gallery of Machines. Another innovation in motion pictures was presented at the Exposition at the Phono-Cinema Theater; a primitive talking motion picture, where the imag... | [] | [
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projected-00308868-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | World live recreations | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | L'Andalousie au temps des Maures () was a Spanish-themed open air attraction with folkloric live performances at Quai Debilly, at the western end of Trocadéro, on the right bank of the Seine, featuring full-scale moorish architecture reproductions from the Alhambra, Córdoba, Toledo, the Alcázar of Seville and a tall ... | [] | [
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projected-00308868-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | Theatres and Music Halls | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | The Exposition had several large theatres and music halls, the largest of which was the Palais des Fêtes, which had fifteen thousand seats, and offered programs of music, ballet, historical recreations and diverse spectacles. A separate thoroughfare of the Exposition, the Rue de Paris, was lined with amusements, includ... | [] | [
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projected-00308868-023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | Events | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | Many international congresses and other events were held in Paris in 1900 within the framework of the Exposition. A large area within the Bois de Vincennes was set aside for sporting events, which included, among others, many of the events of the 1900 Summer Olympics. A chess tournament was also held. | [] | [
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projected-00308868-024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | 1900 Summer Olympics Games | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | The 1900 Summer Olympics were the second modern Olympics games held, and the first ones held outside Greece. Between 14 May and 28 October 1900, an enormous number of sporting activities were held along the Exposition. The sporting events rarely used the term of "Olympic". Indeed, the term "Olympic Games" was replaced ... | [] | [
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projected-00308868-025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | Banquet des maires | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | Another special event at the Exposition was a gigantic banquet hosted by the French President, Émile Loubet, for 20,777 mayors of France, Algeria and towns in French colonies, hosted on 22 September 1900 in the Tuileries Gardens, inside two enormous tents. The dinner was prepared in eleven kitchens and served to 606 ta... | [] | [
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projected-00308868-026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | Medals and Awards ceremony | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | The organizers of the Exposition were not miserly in recognizing the 83,047 exhibitors of products, about half of whom came from France, and 7,161 from the United States. The awards ceremony was held on 18 August 1900, and was attended by 11,500 persons. 3,156 grand prizes were handed out, 8,889 gold medals, 13,300 sil... | [
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projected-00308868-027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | Admission charges and cost | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | The cost of an admission ticket was one Franc. At the time, the average hourly wage for Paris workers was between 40 and 50 centimes. In addition, most popular attractions charged an admission fee, usually between fifty centimes and Franc. The average cost of a simple meal at the Exposition was 2.50 Francs, the half-da... | [
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projected-00308868-028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | Art Nouveau at the Exposition | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | The Art Nouveau ("New Art") style began to appear in Belgium and France in the 1880s and became fashionable in Europe and the United States during the 1890s. It was highly decorative and took its inspiration from the natural world, particularly from the curving lines of plants and flowers and other vegetal forms. The a... | [] | [
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projected-00308868-029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | Legacy | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | Most of the palaces and buildings constructed for the Exposition Universelle were demolished after the conclusion of the Exposition and all items and materials that could be salvaged were sold or recycled. They were built largely of wood and covered with staff, which was formed into columns, statuary, walls, stairs. A ... | [] | [
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projected-00308868-030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | Criticism | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | The Exposition had numerous critics from different points of view. | [] | [
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projected-00308868-031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | The Porte Monumentale | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | Response to the monumental gateway was mixed, with some critics comparing it to a pot-bellied stove. It was described as "lacking in taste" and was considered by some critics to be the ugliest of all the exhibits. La Parisienne, made by Moreau-Vauthier, was referred to by some as "the triumph of prostitution" because o... | [] | [
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projected-00308868-032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | Motion picture footage | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | Short silent actuality films documenting the Exposition by French director Georges Méliès and by Edison Manufacturing Company producer James H. White, have survived. | [
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projected-00308868-033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | See also | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | Art Nouveau in Paris
French Colonial Empire
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Mexico at the 1900 Universal Exhibition in Paris | [] | [
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projected-00308868-035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | Bibliography | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | Ageorges, Sylvain (2006), Sur les traces des Expositions Universelles (in French), Parigramme.
Dymond, Anne (2011), "Embodying the Nation: Art, Fashion and Allegorical Women at the 1900 Exposition Universelle," RACAR, v. 36, no. 2, 1-14.
Fahr-Becker, Gabriele (2015). L'Art Nouveau (in French). H.F. Ullmann. .
Laho... | [] | [
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projected-00308868-036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition%20Universelle%20%281900%29 | Exposition Universelle (1900) | Further reading | The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ d... | Alexander C. T. Geppert: Fleeting Cities. Imperial Expositions in Fin-de-Siècle Europe, Basingstoke/New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
Richard D. Mandell, Paris 1900: The great world's fair (1967) | [] | [
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projected-00308870-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-opening%20polymerization | Ring-opening polymerization | Introduction | In polymer chemistry, ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is a form of chain-growth polymerization, in which the terminus of a polymer chain attacks cyclic monomers to form a longer polymer (see figure). The reactive center can be radical, anionic or cationic. Some cyclic monomers such as norbornene or cyclooctadiene can... | [] | [
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projected-00308870-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-opening%20polymerization | Ring-opening polymerization | Monomers | In polymer chemistry, ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is a form of chain-growth polymerization, in which the terminus of a polymer chain attacks cyclic monomers to form a longer polymer (see figure). The reactive center can be radical, anionic or cationic. Some cyclic monomers such as norbornene or cyclooctadiene can... | Cyclic monomers that are amenable to ROP include epoxides, cyclic trisiloxanes, some lactones, lactides, cyclic carbonates, and amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides. Many strained cycloalkenes, e.g norbornene, are suitable monomers via ring-opening metathesis polymerization. | [] | [
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projected-00308870-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-opening%20polymerization | Ring-opening polymerization | History | In polymer chemistry, ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is a form of chain-growth polymerization, in which the terminus of a polymer chain attacks cyclic monomers to form a longer polymer (see figure). The reactive center can be radical, anionic or cationic. Some cyclic monomers such as norbornene or cyclooctadiene can... | Ring-opening polymerization has been used since the beginning of the 1900s to produce polymers. Synthesis of polypeptides which has the oldest history of ROP, dates back to the work in 1906 by Leuchs. Subsequently, the ROP of anhydro sugars provided polysaccharides, including synthetic dextran, xanthan gum, welan gum,... | [] | [
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projected-00308870-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-opening%20polymerization | Ring-opening polymerization | Mechanisms | In polymer chemistry, ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is a form of chain-growth polymerization, in which the terminus of a polymer chain attacks cyclic monomers to form a longer polymer (see figure). The reactive center can be radical, anionic or cationic. Some cyclic monomers such as norbornene or cyclooctadiene can... | Ring-opening polymerization can proceed via radical, anionic, or cationic polymerization as described below. Additionally, radical ROP is useful in producing polymers with functional groups incorporated in the backbone chain that cannot otherwise be synthesized via conventional chain-growth polymerization of vinyl mon... | [] | [
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projected-00308870-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-opening%20polymerization | Ring-opening polymerization | Anionic ring-opening polymerization (AROP) | In polymer chemistry, ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is a form of chain-growth polymerization, in which the terminus of a polymer chain attacks cyclic monomers to form a longer polymer (see figure). The reactive center can be radical, anionic or cationic. Some cyclic monomers such as norbornene or cyclooctadiene can... | Anionic ring-opening polymerizations (AROP) involve nucleophilic reagents as initiators. Monomers with a three-member ring structure - such as epoxides, aziridines, and episulfides - undergo anionic ROP.
A typical example of anionic ROP is that of ε-caprolactone, initiated by an alkoxide. | [
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projected-00308870-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-opening%20polymerization | Ring-opening polymerization | Cationic ring-opening polymerization | In polymer chemistry, ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is a form of chain-growth polymerization, in which the terminus of a polymer chain attacks cyclic monomers to form a longer polymer (see figure). The reactive center can be radical, anionic or cationic. Some cyclic monomers such as norbornene or cyclooctadiene can... | Cationic initiators and intermediates characterize cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP). Examples of cyclic monomers that polymerize through this mechanism include lactones, lactams, amines, and ethers. CROP proceeds through an SN1 or SN2 propagation, chain-growth process. The mechanism is affected by the stab... | [
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projected-00308870-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-opening%20polymerization | Ring-opening polymerization | Ring-opening metathesis polymerization | In polymer chemistry, ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is a form of chain-growth polymerization, in which the terminus of a polymer chain attacks cyclic monomers to form a longer polymer (see figure). The reactive center can be radical, anionic or cationic. Some cyclic monomers such as norbornene or cyclooctadiene can... | Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) produces unsaturated polymers from cycloalkenes or bicycloalkenes. It requires organometallic catalysts.
The mechanism for ROMP follows similar pathways as olefin metathesis. The initiation process involves the coordination of the cycloalkene monomer to the metal alkylid... | [
"Romp mechanism.png"
] | [
"Mechanisms",
"Ring-opening metathesis polymerization"
] | [
"Polymerization reactions"
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projected-00308870-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-opening%20polymerization | Ring-opening polymerization | Thermodynamics | In polymer chemistry, ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is a form of chain-growth polymerization, in which the terminus of a polymer chain attacks cyclic monomers to form a longer polymer (see figure). The reactive center can be radical, anionic or cationic. Some cyclic monomers such as norbornene or cyclooctadiene can... | > -TΔSp is required). Therefore, the higher the ring strain, the lower the resulting monomer concentration at equilibrium. | [] | [
"Thermodynamics"
] | [
"Polymerization reactions"
] |
projected-00308870-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-opening%20polymerization | Ring-opening polymerization | See also | In polymer chemistry, ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is a form of chain-growth polymerization, in which the terminus of a polymer chain attacks cyclic monomers to form a longer polymer (see figure). The reactive center can be radical, anionic or cationic. Some cyclic monomers such as norbornene or cyclooctadiene can... | Ring opening metathesis polymerization
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Polymerization reactions"
] |
projected-00308870-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-opening%20polymerization | Ring-opening polymerization | Additional reading | In polymer chemistry, ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is a form of chain-growth polymerization, in which the terminus of a polymer chain attacks cyclic monomers to form a longer polymer (see figure). The reactive center can be radical, anionic or cationic. Some cyclic monomers such as norbornene or cyclooctadiene can... | </ref>
</ref> | [] | [
"Additional reading"
] | [
"Polymerization reactions"
] |
projected-00308870-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-opening%20polymerization | Ring-opening polymerization | References | In polymer chemistry, ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is a form of chain-growth polymerization, in which the terminus of a polymer chain attacks cyclic monomers to form a longer polymer (see figure). The reactive center can be radical, anionic or cationic. Some cyclic monomers such as norbornene or cyclooctadiene can... | Category:Polymerization reactions | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Polymerization reactions"
] |
projected-00308872-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezri%20Dax | Ezri Dax | Introduction | Ezri Dax () is a fictional character who appears in the seventh and final season of the American science fiction TV series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. Portrayed by Nicole de Boer, she is a counselor aboard the Bajoran space station Deep Space Nine. The character is a member of the Trill species, and is formed of both a... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
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"Fictional women soldiers and warriors",
"Starfleet officers",
"Fictional psychologists",
"Starfleet ensigns",
"Starfleet lieutenants",
"Merged fictional characters",
"LGBT Star Trek ... | |
projected-00308872-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezri%20Dax | Ezri Dax | Concept and development | Ezri Dax () is a fictional character who appears in the seventh and final season of the American science fiction TV series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. Portrayed by Nicole de Boer, she is a counselor aboard the Bajoran space station Deep Space Nine. The character is a member of the Trill species, and is formed of both a... | Terry Farrell had portrayed the character of Jadzia Dax from the pilot episode "Emissary" through to "Tears of the Prophets", the final episode of season six. The actress had decided not to renew her contract for the seventh season, and so the character was killed off in her final appearance. Due to the character's sym... | [
"Praha, Lhotka, KC Novodvorská, CzechTREK 2013 (26).jpg"
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"Fictional women soldiers and warriors",
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"Starfleet ensigns",
"Starfleet lieutenants",
"Merged fictional characters",
"LGBT Star Trek ... |
projected-00308872-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezri%20Dax | Ezri Dax | Background | Ezri Dax () is a fictional character who appears in the seventh and final season of the American science fiction TV series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. Portrayed by Nicole de Boer, she is a counselor aboard the Bajoran space station Deep Space Nine. The character is a member of the Trill species, and is formed of both a... | Ezri Tigan was born in 2354; she is a member of the indigenous species of the planet Trill. She grew up in the Sappora system with her family, who were shown on the series in the episode "Prodigal Daughter". She enrolled in Starfleet Academy in 2372 in the medical program, with a specialization in psychology. Two years... | [] | [
"Appearances",
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] | [
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"Starfleet officers",
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"Starfleet ensigns",
"Starfleet lieutenants",
"Merged fictional characters",
"LGBT Star Trek ... |
projected-00308872-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezri%20Dax | Ezri Dax | Star Trek: Deep Space Nine | Ezri Dax () is a fictional character who appears in the seventh and final season of the American science fiction TV series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. Portrayed by Nicole de Boer, she is a counselor aboard the Bajoran space station Deep Space Nine. The character is a member of the Trill species, and is formed of both a... | Ezri Dax made her first appearance on the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine series in the premiere episode of season seven, "Image in the Sand". She had travelled to Earth to find Captain Benjamin Sisko (Avery Brooks), an old friend of both Jadzia and Curzon Dax — two former hosts of the symbiont. She leaves with him, Jake Si... | [] | [
"Appearances",
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"Starfleet ensigns",
"Starfleet lieutenants",
"Merged fictional characters",
"LGBT Star Trek ... |
projected-00308872-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezri%20Dax | Ezri Dax | Depiction after the series | Ezri Dax () is a fictional character who appears in the seventh and final season of the American science fiction TV series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. Portrayed by Nicole de Boer, she is a counselor aboard the Bajoran space station Deep Space Nine. The character is a member of the Trill species, and is formed of both a... | In Pocket Books' non-canon DS9 Relaunch novels, Ezri remains on Deep Space Nine but moves from counseling to command, and received a promotion to Lieutenant to become executive officer of the USS Defiant. Following a mission on the Trill homeworld, she and Bashir end their romance but decide to remain close friends. In... | [] | [
"Appearances",
"Depiction after the series"
] | [
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"Fictional women soldiers and warriors",
"Starfleet officers",
"Fictional psychologists",
"Starfleet ensigns",
"Starfleet lieutenants",
"Merged fictional characters",
"LGBT Star Trek ... |
projected-00308872-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezri%20Dax | Ezri Dax | Reception and commentary | Ezri Dax () is a fictional character who appears in the seventh and final season of the American science fiction TV series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. Portrayed by Nicole de Boer, she is a counselor aboard the Bajoran space station Deep Space Nine. The character is a member of the Trill species, and is formed of both a... | The general fan reaction to the character was positive, and the fans appreciated de Boer's performances. One negative issue that was raised was that the number of Ezri-centric episodes reduced the number of those available to close up the story arcs involving other characters. The actress had been concerned that the fa... | [] | [
"Reception and commentary"
] | [
"Star Trek alien characters",
"Star Trek: Deep Space Nine characters",
"Television characters introduced in 1998",
"Fictional women soldiers and warriors",
"Starfleet officers",
"Fictional psychologists",
"Starfleet ensigns",
"Starfleet lieutenants",
"Merged fictional characters",
"LGBT Star Trek ... |
projected-00308872-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezri%20Dax | Ezri Dax | Mirror version | Ezri Dax () is a fictional character who appears in the seventh and final season of the American science fiction TV series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. Portrayed by Nicole de Boer, she is a counselor aboard the Bajoran space station Deep Space Nine. The character is a member of the Trill species, and is formed of both a... | The mirror version of Ezri, as seen in the episode "The Emperor's New Cloak", was not joined to the Dax symbiont, and was both a mercenary and a lesbian. Previously when Star Trek had dealt with issues relating to homosexuality, it had received complaints from the fanbase. This had occurred during the fifth season of S... | [] | [
"Reception and commentary",
"Mirror version"
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"Star Trek alien characters",
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"Fictional women soldiers and warriors",
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"Starfleet ensigns",
"Starfleet lieutenants",
"Merged fictional characters",
"LGBT Star Trek ... |
projected-00308876-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa%20Universalis | Europa Universalis | Introduction | Europa Universalis is a grand strategy video game developed by Paradox Development Studio and published in 2000 by Strategy First. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"2000 video games",
"Age of Discovery video games",
"Grand strategy video games",
"Paradox Interactive games",
"Real-time strategy video games",
"Video games based on board games",
"Video games developed in Sweden",
"Video games set in the 15th century",
"Video games set in the 16th century",
"Vid... | |
projected-00308876-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa%20Universalis | Europa Universalis | Development | Europa Universalis is a grand strategy video game developed by Paradox Development Studio and published in 2000 by Strategy First. | The game was originally based on a French board game of the same name by Philippe Thibaut that was released in 1993. To facilitate the new game, a new proprietary software engine, known as the Europa Engine, was developed. The game went gold on January 23, 2001. | [] | [
"Development"
] | [
"2000 video games",
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"Grand strategy video games",
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"Real-time strategy video games",
"Video games based on board games",
"Video games developed in Sweden",
"Video games set in the 15th century",
"Video games set in the 16th century",
"Vid... |
projected-00308876-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa%20Universalis | Europa Universalis | Gameplay | Europa Universalis is a grand strategy video game developed by Paradox Development Studio and published in 2000 by Strategy First. | Europa Universalis lets the player take control of one of seven European nations (others are available in different scenarios) from 1492 to 1801, expanding its power through military might, diplomacy, and colonial wealth. The game takes place on a map divided into 3,633 provinces, and proceeds in a pausable real time f... | [] | [
"Gameplay"
] | [
"2000 video games",
"Age of Discovery video games",
"Grand strategy video games",
"Paradox Interactive games",
"Real-time strategy video games",
"Video games based on board games",
"Video games developed in Sweden",
"Video games set in the 15th century",
"Video games set in the 16th century",
"Vid... |
projected-00308876-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa%20Universalis | Europa Universalis | Reception | Europa Universalis is a grand strategy video game developed by Paradox Development Studio and published in 2000 by Strategy First. | John Lee reviewed the PC version of the game for Next Generation, rating it three stars out of five, and stated that "a full-bodied simulation of European turmoil and global expansion between the 15th and 18th centuries, Europa Universalis isn't all that original, but if historic realism is your passion, you'll like wh... | [] | [
"Reception"
] | [
"2000 video games",
"Age of Discovery video games",
"Grand strategy video games",
"Paradox Interactive games",
"Real-time strategy video games",
"Video games based on board games",
"Video games developed in Sweden",
"Video games set in the 15th century",
"Video games set in the 16th century",
"Vid... |
projected-00308876-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa%20Universalis | Europa Universalis | Legacy | Europa Universalis is a grand strategy video game developed by Paradox Development Studio and published in 2000 by Strategy First. | Europa Universalis was the first in the series, followed by Europa Universalis II, Europa Universalis III, Europa Universalis: Rome and Europa Universalis IV. | [] | [
"Legacy"
] | [
"2000 video games",
"Age of Discovery video games",
"Grand strategy video games",
"Paradox Interactive games",
"Real-time strategy video games",
"Video games based on board games",
"Video games developed in Sweden",
"Video games set in the 15th century",
"Video games set in the 16th century",
"Vid... |
projected-00308876-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa%20Universalis | Europa Universalis | See also | Europa Universalis is a grand strategy video game developed by Paradox Development Studio and published in 2000 by Strategy First. | List of grand strategy video games
List of Paradox Interactive games
Wargame (video games) | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"2000 video games",
"Age of Discovery video games",
"Grand strategy video games",
"Paradox Interactive games",
"Real-time strategy video games",
"Video games based on board games",
"Video games developed in Sweden",
"Video games set in the 15th century",
"Video games set in the 16th century",
"Vid... |
projected-00308882-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Recording%20Industry%20Association | Australian Recording Industry Association | Introduction | The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) is a trade association representing the Australian recording industry which was established in the 1970s by six major record companies, EMI, Festival, CBS, RCA, WEA and Universal replacing the Association of Australian Record Manufacturers (AARM) which was formed in ... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Australian Recording Industry Association",
"Australian music industry",
"Business organisations based in Australia",
"Communications and media organisations based in Australia",
"Mass media companies of Australia",
"Music industry associations",
"Music organisations based in Australia"
] | |
projected-00308882-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Recording%20Industry%20Association | Australian Recording Industry Association | History | The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) is a trade association representing the Australian recording industry which was established in the 1970s by six major record companies, EMI, Festival, CBS, RCA, WEA and Universal replacing the Association of Australian Record Manufacturers (AARM) which was formed in ... | In 1956, the Association of Australian Record Manufacturers (AARM) was formed by Australia's major record companies. It was replaced in the 1970s by the Australian Recording Industry Association, which was established by the six major record companies operating in Australia, EMI (now part of Universal Music Group), Fes... | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Australian Recording Industry Association",
"Australian music industry",
"Business organisations based in Australia",
"Communications and media organisations based in Australia",
"Mass media companies of Australia",
"Music industry associations",
"Music organisations based in Australia"
] |
projected-00308882-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Recording%20Industry%20Association | Australian Recording Industry Association | ARIA charts | The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) is a trade association representing the Australian recording industry which was established in the 1970s by six major record companies, EMI, Festival, CBS, RCA, WEA and Universal replacing the Association of Australian Record Manufacturers (AARM) which was formed in ... | The ARIA Charts is the main Australian music sales charts, issued weekly by the Australian Recording Industry Association. The charts are a record of the highest selling singles and albums in various genres. All charts are compiled from data of both physical and digital sales from retailers in Australia.
The first pri... | [] | [
"ARIA charts"
] | [
"Australian Recording Industry Association",
"Australian music industry",
"Business organisations based in Australia",
"Communications and media organisations based in Australia",
"Mass media companies of Australia",
"Music industry associations",
"Music organisations based in Australia"
] |
projected-00308882-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Recording%20Industry%20Association | Australian Recording Industry Association | Current Accreditation Levels | The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) is a trade association representing the Australian recording industry which was established in the 1970s by six major record companies, EMI, Festival, CBS, RCA, WEA and Universal replacing the Association of Australian Record Manufacturers (AARM) which was formed in ... | A music single or album qualifies for a platinum certification if it exceeds 70,000 copies shipped to retailers and a gold certification for 35,000 copies shipped. The diamond certification was created in November 2015 to mark 500,000 sales/shipments. The diamond award includes an aggregation of sales of albums plus th... | [] | [
"ARIA certifications",
"Current Accreditation Levels"
] | [
"Australian Recording Industry Association",
"Australian music industry",
"Business organisations based in Australia",
"Communications and media organisations based in Australia",
"Mass media companies of Australia",
"Music industry associations",
"Music organisations based in Australia"
] |
projected-00308882-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Recording%20Industry%20Association | Australian Recording Industry Association | Former Accreditation Levels | The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) is a trade association representing the Australian recording industry which was established in the 1970s by six major record companies, EMI, Festival, CBS, RCA, WEA and Universal replacing the Association of Australian Record Manufacturers (AARM) which was formed in ... | On 1 January 1977, the Australian Record Industry Association announced major revisions in its accreditation awards system. No longer were awards based on dollar terms but rather unit sales. Gold records will be awarded to singles selling 50,000 units, EPs selling 30,000 units and albums selling 20,000 units.
At the s... | [] | [
"ARIA certifications",
"Former Accreditation Levels"
] | [
"Australian Recording Industry Association",
"Australian music industry",
"Business organisations based in Australia",
"Communications and media organisations based in Australia",
"Mass media companies of Australia",
"Music industry associations",
"Music organisations based in Australia"
] |
projected-00308882-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Recording%20Industry%20Association | Australian Recording Industry Association | ARIA No. 1 Chart Awards | The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) is a trade association representing the Australian recording industry which was established in the 1970s by six major record companies, EMI, Festival, CBS, RCA, WEA and Universal replacing the Association of Australian Record Manufacturers (AARM) which was formed in ... | The ARIA No. 1 Chart Awards were established in 2002 to recognise Australian recording artists, who reached number one on the ARIA albums, singles and music DVDs charts. | [] | [
"ARIA Awards",
"ARIA No. 1 Chart Awards"
] | [
"Australian Recording Industry Association",
"Australian music industry",
"Business organisations based in Australia",
"Communications and media organisations based in Australia",
"Mass media companies of Australia",
"Music industry associations",
"Music organisations based in Australia"
] |
projected-00308882-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Recording%20Industry%20Association | Australian Recording Industry Association | ARIA Music Awards | The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) is a trade association representing the Australian recording industry which was established in the 1970s by six major record companies, EMI, Festival, CBS, RCA, WEA and Universal replacing the Association of Australian Record Manufacturers (AARM) which was formed in ... | The ARIA Music Awards is an annual series of awards nights celebrating the Australian music industry. The event has been held annually since 1987; it encompasses the general genre-specific and popular awards known as the ARIA Awards, as well as the Fine Arts Awards and Artisan Awards (held separately from 2004), Lifeti... | [] | [
"ARIA Awards",
"ARIA Music Awards"
] | [
"Australian Recording Industry Association",
"Australian music industry",
"Business organisations based in Australia",
"Communications and media organisations based in Australia",
"Mass media companies of Australia",
"Music industry associations",
"Music organisations based in Australia"
] |
projected-00308882-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Recording%20Industry%20Association | Australian Recording Industry Association | Criticisms | The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) is a trade association representing the Australian recording industry which was established in the 1970s by six major record companies, EMI, Festival, CBS, RCA, WEA and Universal replacing the Association of Australian Record Manufacturers (AARM) which was formed in ... | Like most recording industry associations, ARIA has been criticised for fighting copyright infringement matters aggressively, although in Australia this has largely taken the form of aggressive advertising campaigns particularly in cinemas directly preceding movies. This criticism is stauncher in Australia due to the a... | [] | [
"Criticisms"
] | [
"Australian Recording Industry Association",
"Australian music industry",
"Business organisations based in Australia",
"Communications and media organisations based in Australia",
"Mass media companies of Australia",
"Music industry associations",
"Music organisations based in Australia"
] |
projected-00308882-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Recording%20Industry%20Association | Australian Recording Industry Association | See also | The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) is a trade association representing the Australian recording industry which was established in the 1970s by six major record companies, EMI, Festival, CBS, RCA, WEA and Universal replacing the Association of Australian Record Manufacturers (AARM) which was formed in ... | Music of Australia | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Australian Recording Industry Association",
"Australian music industry",
"Business organisations based in Australia",
"Communications and media organisations based in Australia",
"Mass media companies of Australia",
"Music industry associations",
"Music organisations based in Australia"
] |
projected-00308884-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersity | Dispersity | Introduction | In chemistry, the dispersity is a measure of the heterogeneity of sizes of molecules or particles in a mixture. A collection of objects is called uniform if the objects have the same size, shape, or mass. A sample of objects that have an inconsistent size, shape and mass distribution is called non-uniform. The objects ... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Copolymers",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Colloidal chemistry",
"Colloids"
] | |
projected-00308884-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersity | Dispersity | Overview | In chemistry, the dispersity is a measure of the heterogeneity of sizes of molecules or particles in a mixture. A collection of objects is called uniform if the objects have the same size, shape, or mass. A sample of objects that have an inconsistent size, shape and mass distribution is called non-uniform. The objects ... | A uniform polymer (often referred to as a monodisperse polymer) is composed of molecules of the same mass. Nearly all natural polymers are uniform. Synthetic near-uniform polymer chains can be made by processes such as anionic polymerization, a method using an anionic catalyst to produce chains that are similar in leng... | [] | [
"Overview"
] | [
"Copolymers",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Colloidal chemistry",
"Colloids"
] |
projected-00308884-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersity | Dispersity | Effect of polymerization mechanism | In chemistry, the dispersity is a measure of the heterogeneity of sizes of molecules or particles in a mixture. A collection of objects is called uniform if the objects have the same size, shape, or mass. A sample of objects that have an inconsistent size, shape and mass distribution is called non-uniform. The objects ... | Typical dispersities vary based on the mechanism of polymerization and can be affected by a variety of reaction conditions. In synthetic polymers, it can vary greatly due to reactant ratio, how close the polymerization went to completion, etc. For typical addition polymerization, Đ can range around 5 to 20. For typical... | [] | [
"Effect of polymerization mechanism"
] | [
"Copolymers",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Colloidal chemistry",
"Colloids"
] |
projected-00308884-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersity | Dispersity | Effect of reactor type | In chemistry, the dispersity is a measure of the heterogeneity of sizes of molecules or particles in a mixture. A collection of objects is called uniform if the objects have the same size, shape, or mass. A sample of objects that have an inconsistent size, shape and mass distribution is called non-uniform. The objects ... | The reactor polymerization reactions take place in can also affect the dispersity of the resulting polymer. For bulk radical polymerization with low (<10%) conversion, anionic polymerization, and step growth polymerization to high conversion (>99%), typical dispersities are in the table below.
With respect to batch an... | [] | [
"Effect of reactor type"
] | [
"Copolymers",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Colloidal chemistry",
"Colloids"
] |
projected-00308884-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersity | Dispersity | Determination methods | In chemistry, the dispersity is a measure of the heterogeneity of sizes of molecules or particles in a mixture. A collection of objects is called uniform if the objects have the same size, shape, or mass. A sample of objects that have an inconsistent size, shape and mass distribution is called non-uniform. The objects ... | Gel permeation chromatography (also known as size-exclusion chromatography)
Light scattering measurements such as dynamic light scattering
Direct measurement via mass spectrometry, using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) or electrospray ionization with tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) | [] | [
"Determination methods"
] | [
"Copolymers",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Colloidal chemistry",
"Colloids"
] |
projected-00308891-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag%20system | Tag system | Introduction | A tag system is a deterministic computational model published by Emil Leon Post in 1943 as a simple form of a Post canonical system. A tag system may also be viewed as an abstract machine, called a Post tag machine (not to be confused with Post–Turing machines)—briefly, a finite-state machine whose only tape is a FIFO ... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Models of computation"
] | |
projected-00308891-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag%20system | Tag system | Definitions | A tag system is a deterministic computational model published by Emil Leon Post in 1943 as a simple form of a Post canonical system. A tag system may also be viewed as an abstract machine, called a Post tag machine (not to be confused with Post–Turing machines)—briefly, a finite-state machine whose only tape is a FIFO ... | A tag system is a triplet (m, A, P), where
m is a positive integer, called the deletion number.
A is a finite alphabet of symbols, one of which is a special halting symbol. All finite (possibly empty) strings on A are called words.
P is a set of production rules, assigning a word P(x) (called a production) to each ... | [] | [
"Definitions"
] | [
"Models of computation"
] |
projected-00308891-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag%20system | Tag system | Example: A simple 2-tag illustration | A tag system is a deterministic computational model published by Emil Leon Post in 1943 as a simple form of a Post canonical system. A tag system may also be viewed as an abstract machine, called a Post tag machine (not to be confused with Post–Turing machines)—briefly, a finite-state machine whose only tape is a FIFO ... | This is merely to illustrate a simple 2-tag system that uses a halting symbol.
2-tag system
Alphabet: {a,b,c,H}
Production rules:
a --> ccbaH
b --> cca
c --> cc
Computation
Initial word: baa
acca
caccbaH
c... | [] | [
"Definitions",
"Example: A simple 2-tag illustration"
] | [
"Models of computation"
] |
projected-00308891-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag%20system | Tag system | Example: Computation of Collatz sequences | A tag system is a deterministic computational model published by Emil Leon Post in 1943 as a simple form of a Post canonical system. A tag system may also be viewed as an abstract machine, called a Post tag machine (not to be confused with Post–Turing machines)—briefly, a finite-state machine whose only tape is a FIFO ... | This simple 2-tag system is adapted from [De Mol, 2008]. It uses no halting symbol, but halts on any word of length less than 2, and computes a slightly modified version of the Collatz sequence.
In the original Collatz sequence, the successor of n is either (for even n) or 3n + 1 (for odd n). The value 3n + 1 is cl... | [] | [
"Definitions",
"Example: Computation of Collatz sequences"
] | [
"Models of computation"
] |
projected-00308891-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag%20system | Tag system | Turing-completeness of m-tag systems | A tag system is a deterministic computational model published by Emil Leon Post in 1943 as a simple form of a Post canonical system. A tag system may also be viewed as an abstract machine, called a Post tag machine (not to be confused with Post–Turing machines)—briefly, a finite-state machine whose only tape is a FIFO ... | For each m > 1, the set of m-tag systems is Turing-complete; i.e., for each m > 1, it is the case that for any given Turing machine T, there is an m-tag system that emulates T. In particular, a 2-tag system can be constructed to emulate a Universal Turing machine, as was done by Wang 1963 and by Cocke & Minsky 1964.
C... | [] | [
"Turing-completeness of m-tag systems"
] | [
"Models of computation"
] |
projected-00308891-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag%20system | Tag system | The 2-tag halting problem | A tag system is a deterministic computational model published by Emil Leon Post in 1943 as a simple form of a Post canonical system. A tag system may also be viewed as an abstract machine, called a Post tag machine (not to be confused with Post–Turing machines)—briefly, a finite-state machine whose only tape is a FIFO ... | This version of the halting problem is among the simplest, most-easily described undecidable decision problems:
Given an arbitrary positive integer n and a list of n+1 arbitrary words P1,P2,...,Pn,Q on the alphabet {1,2,...,n}, does repeated application of the tag operation t: ijX → XPi eventually convert Q into a wor... | [] | [
"The 2-tag halting problem"
] | [
"Models of computation"
] |
projected-00308891-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag%20system | Tag system | Historical note on the definition of tag system | A tag system is a deterministic computational model published by Emil Leon Post in 1943 as a simple form of a Post canonical system. A tag system may also be viewed as an abstract machine, called a Post tag machine (not to be confused with Post–Turing machines)—briefly, a finite-state machine whose only tape is a FIFO ... | The above definition differs from that of Post 1943, whose tag systems use no halting symbol, but rather halt only on the empty word, with the tag operation t being defined as follows:
If x denotes the leftmost symbol of a nonempty word S, then t(S) is the operation consisting of first appending the word P(x) to the ... | [] | [
"Historical note on the definition of tag system"
] | [
"Models of computation"
] |
projected-00308891-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag%20system | Tag system | Origin of the name "tag" | A tag system is a deterministic computational model published by Emil Leon Post in 1943 as a simple form of a Post canonical system. A tag system may also be viewed as an abstract machine, called a Post tag machine (not to be confused with Post–Turing machines)—briefly, a finite-state machine whose only tape is a FIFO ... | According to a footnote in Post 1943, B. P. Gill suggested the name for an earlier variant of the problem in which the first m symbols are left untouched, but rather a check mark indicating the current position moves to the right by m symbols every step. The name for the problem of determining whether or not the check ... | [] | [
"Historical note on the definition of tag system",
"Origin of the name \"tag\""
] | [
"Models of computation"
] |
projected-00308891-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag%20system | Tag system | Cyclic tag systems | A tag system is a deterministic computational model published by Emil Leon Post in 1943 as a simple form of a Post canonical system. A tag system may also be viewed as an abstract machine, called a Post tag machine (not to be confused with Post–Turing machines)—briefly, a finite-state machine whose only tape is a FIFO ... | A cyclic tag system is a modification of the original tag system. The alphabet consists of only two symbols, 0 and 1, and the production rules comprise a list of productions considered sequentially, cycling back to the beginning of the list after considering the "last" production on the list. For each production, the... | [] | [
"Cyclic tag systems"
] | [
"Models of computation"
] |
projected-00308891-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag%20system | Tag system | Example | A tag system is a deterministic computational model published by Emil Leon Post in 1943 as a simple form of a Post canonical system. A tag system may also be viewed as an abstract machine, called a Post tag machine (not to be confused with Post–Turing machines)—briefly, a finite-state machine whose only tape is a FIFO ... | Cyclic Tag System
Productions: (010, 000, 1111)
Computation
Initial Word: 11001
Production Word
---------- --------------
010 11001
000 1001010
1111 001010000
010 01010000
000 1010000
... | [] | [
"Cyclic tag systems",
"Example"
] | [
"Models of computation"
] |
projected-00308891-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag%20system | Tag system | Emulation of tag systems by cyclic tag systems | A tag system is a deterministic computational model published by Emil Leon Post in 1943 as a simple form of a Post canonical system. A tag system may also be viewed as an abstract machine, called a Post tag machine (not to be confused with Post–Turing machines)—briefly, a finite-state machine whose only tape is a FIFO ... | An m-tag system with alphabet {a1, ..., an} and corresponding productions {P1, ..., Pn} is emulated by a cyclic tag system with m*n productions (Q1, ..., Qn, -, -, ..., -), where all but the first n productions are the empty string (denoted by ''). The Qk are encodings of the respective Pk, obtained by replacing each ... | [] | [
"Emulation of tag systems by cyclic tag systems"
] | [
"Models of computation"
] |
projected-00308891-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag%20system | Tag system | Example | A tag system is a deterministic computational model published by Emil Leon Post in 1943 as a simple form of a Post canonical system. A tag system may also be viewed as an abstract machine, called a Post tag machine (not to be confused with Post–Turing machines)—briefly, a finite-state machine whose only tape is a FIFO ... | This is a very small example to illustrate the emulation technique.
2-tag system
Production rules: (a --> bb, b --> abH, H --> H)
Alphabet encoding: a = 100, b = 010, H = 001
Production encodings: (bb = 010 010, abH = 100 010 001, H = 001)
Cyclic tag system
Productions: (010 010, 100 010 001, 001, -,... | [] | [
"Emulation of tag systems by cyclic tag systems",
"Example"
] | [
"Models of computation"
] |
projected-00308891-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag%20system | Tag system | See also | A tag system is a deterministic computational model published by Emil Leon Post in 1943 as a simple form of a Post canonical system. A tag system may also be viewed as an abstract machine, called a Post tag machine (not to be confused with Post–Turing machines)—briefly, a finite-state machine whose only tape is a FIFO ... | Queue automaton | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Models of computation"
] |
projected-00308891-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag%20system | Tag system | References | A tag system is a deterministic computational model published by Emil Leon Post in 1943 as a simple form of a Post canonical system. A tag system may also be viewed as an abstract machine, called a Post tag machine (not to be confused with Post–Turing machines)—briefly, a finite-state machine whose only tape is a FIFO ... | Marvin Minsky 1961, Recursive Unsolvability of Post's Problem of "Tag" and other Topics in Theory of Turing Machines", the Annals of Mathematics, 2nd ser., Vol. 74, No. 3. (Nov., 1961), pp. 437–455. .
In a chapter 14 titled "Very Simple Bases for Computability", Minsky presents a very readable (and exampled) subsec... | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Models of computation"
] |
projected-00308894-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20%C5%BDelezn%C3%BD | Jan Železný | Introduction | Jan Železný (; born 16 June 1966) is a Czech former track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw. He is a World and Olympic champion and holds the world record with a throw of . Widely considered to be the greatest javelin thrower of the modern era, he also has the fourth, fifth and sixth best performances... | [] | [
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"1966 births",
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"Sportspeople from Mladá Boleslav",
"Czechoslovak male javelin throwers",
"Czech male javelin throwers",
"Czech athletics coaches",
"Olympic athletes of Czechoslovakia",
"Olympic silver medalists for Czechoslovakia",
"Olympic gold medalists for Czechoslovakia",
"Ath... | |
projected-00308894-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20%C5%BDelezn%C3%BD | Jan Železný | Biography | Jan Železný (; born 16 June 1966) is a Czech former track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw. He is a World and Olympic champion and holds the world record with a throw of . Widely considered to be the greatest javelin thrower of the modern era, he also has the fourth, fifth and sixth best performances... | Železný was born in Mladá Boleslav, Czechoslovakia. He won the silver medal in the 1988 Olympics and the gold medal at the 1992, 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympic Games. He won World Championship titles in 1993, 1995 and 2001.
Železný holds the world record of , set in 1996, and the World Championships record of , set in 2... | [] | [
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"1966 births",
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"Sportspeople from Mladá Boleslav",
"Czechoslovak male javelin throwers",
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"Olympic silver medalists for Czechoslovakia",
"Olympic gold medalists for Czechoslovakia",
"Ath... |
projected-00308894-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20%C5%BDelezn%C3%BD | Jan Železný | See also | Jan Železný (; born 16 June 1966) is a Czech former track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw. He is a World and Olympic champion and holds the world record with a throw of . Widely considered to be the greatest javelin thrower of the modern era, he also has the fourth, fifth and sixth best performances... | List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event
List of European records in athletics | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"1966 births",
"Living people",
"Sportspeople from Mladá Boleslav",
"Czechoslovak male javelin throwers",
"Czech male javelin throwers",
"Czech athletics coaches",
"Olympic athletes of Czechoslovakia",
"Olympic silver medalists for Czechoslovakia",
"Olympic gold medalists for Czechoslovakia",
"Ath... |
projected-00308894-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20%C5%BDelezn%C3%BD | Jan Železný | References | Jan Železný (; born 16 June 1966) is a Czech former track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw. He is a World and Olympic champion and holds the world record with a throw of . Widely considered to be the greatest javelin thrower of the modern era, he also has the fourth, fifth and sixth best performances... | Category:1966 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Mladá Boleslav
Category:Czechoslovak male javelin throwers
Category:Czech male javelin throwers
Category:Czech athletics coaches
Category:Olympic athletes of Czechoslovakia
Category:Olympic silver medalists for Czechoslovakia
Category:Olympic gold m... | [] | [
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"1966 births",
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"Sportspeople from Mladá Boleslav",
"Czechoslovak male javelin throwers",
"Czech male javelin throwers",
"Czech athletics coaches",
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"Olympic silver medalists for Czechoslovakia",
"Olympic gold medalists for Czechoslovakia",
"Ath... |
projected-00308898-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Fish%20Called%20Wanda | A Fish Called Wanda | Introduction | A Fish Called Wanda is a 1988 heist comedy film directed by Charles Crichton and written by Crichton and John Cleese. It stars Cleese, Jamie Lee Curtis, Kevin Kline, and Michael Palin. The film follows a gang of diamond thieves who double-cross one another to find stolen diamonds hidden by the gang leader. A barrister ... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1988 films",
"1988 comedy films",
"1980s crime comedy films",
"1980s heist films",
"American crime comedy films",
"American heist films",
"British crime comedy films",
"British heist films",
"1980s English-language films",
"Films about con artists",
"Films about fish",
"Films directed by Char... | |
projected-00308898-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Fish%20Called%20Wanda | A Fish Called Wanda | Plot | A Fish Called Wanda is a 1988 heist comedy film directed by Charles Crichton and written by Crichton and John Cleese. It stars Cleese, Jamie Lee Curtis, Kevin Kline, and Michael Palin. The film follows a gang of diamond thieves who double-cross one another to find stolen diamonds hidden by the gang leader. A barrister ... | London-based gangster George Thomason plans a jewel heist with his right-hand man, Ken Pile, an animal lover with a stutter. They bring in two Americans: con artist Wanda Gershwitz and weapons expert Otto West, an ignorant and mean-spirited anglophobe. Wanda and Otto are lovers, but pretend to be siblings, so Wanda can... | [] | [
"Plot"
] | [
"1988 films",
"1988 comedy films",
"1980s crime comedy films",
"1980s heist films",
"American crime comedy films",
"American heist films",
"British crime comedy films",
"British heist films",
"1980s English-language films",
"Films about con artists",
"Films about fish",
"Films directed by Char... |
projected-00308898-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Fish%20Called%20Wanda | A Fish Called Wanda | Cast | A Fish Called Wanda is a 1988 heist comedy film directed by Charles Crichton and written by Crichton and John Cleese. It stars Cleese, Jamie Lee Curtis, Kevin Kline, and Michael Palin. The film follows a gang of diamond thieves who double-cross one another to find stolen diamonds hidden by the gang leader. A barrister ... | John Cleese as Archie Leach
Jamie Lee Curtis as Wanda Gershwitz
Kevin Kline as Otto West
Michael Palin as Ken Pile
Maria Aitken as Wendy Leach
Tom Georgeson as George Thomason
Patricia Hayes as Mrs Eileen Coady
Geoffrey Palmer as Judge
Cynthia Cleese as Portia Leach
Ken Campbell as Bartlett
Al Ashton as Warde... | [] | [
"Cast"
] | [
"1988 films",
"1988 comedy films",
"1980s crime comedy films",
"1980s heist films",
"American crime comedy films",
"American heist films",
"British crime comedy films",
"British heist films",
"1980s English-language films",
"Films about con artists",
"Films about fish",
"Films directed by Char... |
projected-00308898-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Fish%20Called%20Wanda | A Fish Called Wanda | Production | A Fish Called Wanda is a 1988 heist comedy film directed by Charles Crichton and written by Crichton and John Cleese. It stars Cleese, Jamie Lee Curtis, Kevin Kline, and Michael Palin. The film follows a gang of diamond thieves who double-cross one another to find stolen diamonds hidden by the gang leader. A barrister ... | Cleese and Crichton had attempted to make a film together in 1969. Although the project never entered development, they promised each other that they would eventually collaborate on a film. In June 1983, the two began writing the script for Wanda, and, for the next two and half years, they met three times a month to wo... | [] | [
"Production"
] | [
"1988 films",
"1988 comedy films",
"1980s crime comedy films",
"1980s heist films",
"American crime comedy films",
"American heist films",
"British crime comedy films",
"British heist films",
"1980s English-language films",
"Films about con artists",
"Films about fish",
"Films directed by Char... |
projected-00308898-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Fish%20Called%20Wanda | A Fish Called Wanda | Reception | A Fish Called Wanda is a 1988 heist comedy film directed by Charles Crichton and written by Crichton and John Cleese. It stars Cleese, Jamie Lee Curtis, Kevin Kline, and Michael Palin. The film follows a gang of diamond thieves who double-cross one another to find stolen diamonds hidden by the gang leader. A barrister ... | On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 96% approval rating, based on 67 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Smartly written, smoothly directed, and solidly cast, A Fish Called Wanda offers a classic example of a brainy comedy with widespread appeal." On Metacritic, the film ho... | [] | [
"Reception"
] | [
"1988 films",
"1988 comedy films",
"1980s crime comedy films",
"1980s heist films",
"American crime comedy films",
"American heist films",
"British crime comedy films",
"British heist films",
"1980s English-language films",
"Films about con artists",
"Films about fish",
"Films directed by Char... |
projected-00308898-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Fish%20Called%20Wanda | A Fish Called Wanda | Death of Ole Bentzen | A Fish Called Wanda is a 1988 heist comedy film directed by Charles Crichton and written by Crichton and John Cleese. It stars Cleese, Jamie Lee Curtis, Kevin Kline, and Michael Palin. The film follows a gang of diamond thieves who double-cross one another to find stolen diamonds hidden by the gang leader. A barrister ... | During the initial run of the film, a Danish audiologist named Ole Bentzen died while laughing during a screening, which led newspapers to report that he had died from laughter. The official cause of death was heart fibrillation, which may have been caused by an increased heart rate due to extended laughter. Cleese con... | [] | [
"Reception",
"Death of Ole Bentzen"
] | [
"1988 films",
"1988 comedy films",
"1980s crime comedy films",
"1980s heist films",
"American crime comedy films",
"American heist films",
"British crime comedy films",
"British heist films",
"1980s English-language films",
"Films about con artists",
"Films about fish",
"Films directed by Char... |
projected-00308898-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Fish%20Called%20Wanda | A Fish Called Wanda | Accolades | A Fish Called Wanda is a 1988 heist comedy film directed by Charles Crichton and written by Crichton and John Cleese. It stars Cleese, Jamie Lee Curtis, Kevin Kline, and Michael Palin. The film follows a gang of diamond thieves who double-cross one another to find stolen diamonds hidden by the gang leader. A barrister ... | The film is number 27 on Bravo's "100 Funniest Movies". It is also included in the Reader's Digest "100 Funniest Films" list.
In 1999, it was voted 39th on the BFI Top 100 British films list compiled by the British Film Institute
Also in 2000, the American Film Institute placed the film on its 100 Years...100 Laughs ... | [] | [
"Reception",
"Accolades"
] | [
"1988 films",
"1988 comedy films",
"1980s crime comedy films",
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"American crime comedy films",
"American heist films",
"British crime comedy films",
"British heist films",
"1980s English-language films",
"Films about con artists",
"Films about fish",
"Films directed by Char... |
projected-00308898-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Fish%20Called%20Wanda | A Fish Called Wanda | Sequels and adaptations | A Fish Called Wanda is a 1988 heist comedy film directed by Charles Crichton and written by Crichton and John Cleese. It stars Cleese, Jamie Lee Curtis, Kevin Kline, and Michael Palin. The film follows a gang of diamond thieves who double-cross one another to find stolen diamonds hidden by the gang leader. A barrister ... | The principal cast reunited in 1997 for Fierce Creatures (dubbed an "equal" rather than a sequel or prequel, by Kline), playing different roles. Fierce Creatures was not as well received by critics or audiences as A Fish Called Wanda.
The novelization of Fierce Creatures, written by Iain Johnstone, who co-wrote the fi... | [] | [
"Sequels and adaptations"
] | [
"1988 films",
"1988 comedy films",
"1980s crime comedy films",
"1980s heist films",
"American crime comedy films",
"American heist films",
"British crime comedy films",
"British heist films",
"1980s English-language films",
"Films about con artists",
"Films about fish",
"Films directed by Char... |
projected-00308898-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Fish%20Called%20Wanda | A Fish Called Wanda | See also | A Fish Called Wanda is a 1988 heist comedy film directed by Charles Crichton and written by Crichton and John Cleese. It stars Cleese, Jamie Lee Curtis, Kevin Kline, and Michael Palin. The film follows a gang of diamond thieves who double-cross one another to find stolen diamonds hidden by the gang leader. A barrister ... | BFI Top 100 British films
Michael Palin Centre for Stammering | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"1988 films",
"1988 comedy films",
"1980s crime comedy films",
"1980s heist films",
"American crime comedy films",
"American heist films",
"British crime comedy films",
"British heist films",
"1980s English-language films",
"Films about con artists",
"Films about fish",
"Films directed by Char... |
projected-00308905-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign%20relations%20of%20Sierra%20Leone | Foreign relations of Sierra Leone | Introduction | Sierra Leone maintains formal relations with many Western nations. It also maintains diplomatic relations with the former Soviet Bloc countries as well as with the People's Republic of China.
The government maintains 16 embassies and high commissions around the world. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Foreign relations of Sierra Leone",
"Government of Sierra Leone",
"Politics of Sierra Leone",
"Sierra Leone and the Commonwealth of Nations"
] | |
projected-00308905-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign%20relations%20of%20Sierra%20Leone | Foreign relations of Sierra Leone | Multilateral membership | Sierra Leone maintains formal relations with many Western nations. It also maintains diplomatic relations with the former Soviet Bloc countries as well as with the People's Republic of China.
The government maintains 16 embassies and high commissions around the world. | Former President Stevens' government had sought closer relations with West African countries under the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The present government is continuing this effort.
Sierra Leone is a member of the United Nations and its specialized agencies, the Commonwealth, the African Union, ... | [] | [
"Multilateral membership"
] | [
"Foreign relations of Sierra Leone",
"Government of Sierra Leone",
"Politics of Sierra Leone",
"Sierra Leone and the Commonwealth of Nations"
] |
projected-00308905-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign%20relations%20of%20Sierra%20Leone | Foreign relations of Sierra Leone | International disputes | Sierra Leone maintains formal relations with many Western nations. It also maintains diplomatic relations with the former Soviet Bloc countries as well as with the People's Republic of China.
The government maintains 16 embassies and high commissions around the world. | Large UN peacekeeping presence ended civil war, however rebel gang fighting, ethnic rivalries, illegal diamond trading, corruption, and refugees spill over into neighboring states that are beset with their own civil disorders, refugees, and violence. | [] | [
"International disputes"
] | [
"Foreign relations of Sierra Leone",
"Government of Sierra Leone",
"Politics of Sierra Leone",
"Sierra Leone and the Commonwealth of Nations"
] |
projected-00308905-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign%20relations%20of%20Sierra%20Leone | Foreign relations of Sierra Leone | See also | Sierra Leone maintains formal relations with many Western nations. It also maintains diplomatic relations with the former Soviet Bloc countries as well as with the People's Republic of China.
The government maintains 16 embassies and high commissions around the world. | List of diplomatic missions in Sierra Leone
List of diplomatic missions of Sierra Leone | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Foreign relations of Sierra Leone",
"Government of Sierra Leone",
"Politics of Sierra Leone",
"Sierra Leone and the Commonwealth of Nations"
] |
projected-00308906-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid | Humanoid | Introduction | A humanoid (; from English human and -oid "resembling") is a non-human entity with human form or characteristics. The earliest recorded use of the term, in 1870, referred to indigenous peoples in areas colonized by Europeans. By the 20th century, the term came to describe fossils which were morphologically similar, but... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Humanoids",
"1870s neologisms"
] | |
projected-00308906-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid | Humanoid | In theoretical convergent evolution | A humanoid (; from English human and -oid "resembling") is a non-human entity with human form or characteristics. The earliest recorded use of the term, in 1870, referred to indigenous peoples in areas colonized by Europeans. By the 20th century, the term came to describe fossils which were morphologically similar, but... | Although there are no known humanoid species outside the genus Homo, the theory of convergent evolution speculates that different species may evolve similar traits, and in the case of a humanoid these traits may include intelligence and bipedalism and other humanoid skeletal changes, as a result of similar evolutionar... | [
"Dinosauroid.jpg"
] | [
"In theoretical convergent evolution"
] | [
"Humanoids",
"1870s neologisms"
] |
projected-00308906-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid | Humanoid | In robotics | A humanoid (; from English human and -oid "resembling") is a non-human entity with human form or characteristics. The earliest recorded use of the term, in 1870, referred to indigenous peoples in areas colonized by Europeans. By the 20th century, the term came to describe fossils which were morphologically similar, but... | A humanoid robot is a robot that is based on the general structure of a human, such as a robot that walks on two legs and has an upper torso, or a robot that has two arms, two legs and a head. A humanoid robot does not necessarily look convincingly like a real person, for example, the ASIMO humanoid robot has a helmet ... | [
"HONDA ASIMO.jpg"
] | [
"In robotics"
] | [
"Humanoids",
"1870s neologisms"
] |
projected-00308906-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid | Humanoid | In mythology | A humanoid (; from English human and -oid "resembling") is a non-human entity with human form or characteristics. The earliest recorded use of the term, in 1870, referred to indigenous peoples in areas colonized by Europeans. By the 20th century, the term came to describe fossils which were morphologically similar, but... | Deities are often imagined in human shape (also known as "anthropotheism"), sometimes as hybrids (especially the gods of Ancient Egyptian religion).
A fragment by the Greek poet Xenophanes describes this tendency,
In animism in general, the spirits innate in certain objects (like the Greek nymphs) are typically depi... | [] | [
"In mythology"
] | [
"Humanoids",
"1870s neologisms"
] |
projected-00308906-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid | Humanoid | In science fiction | A humanoid (; from English human and -oid "resembling") is a non-human entity with human form or characteristics. The earliest recorded use of the term, in 1870, referred to indigenous peoples in areas colonized by Europeans. By the 20th century, the term came to describe fossils which were morphologically similar, but... | With regard to extraterrestrials in fiction, the term humanoid is most commonly used to refer to alien beings with a body plan that is generally like that of a human, including upright stance and bipedalism, as well as intelligence.
In much of science fiction, humanoid aliens are abundant. One explanation is that auth... | [] | [
"In science fiction"
] | [
"Humanoids",
"1870s neologisms"
] |
projected-00308906-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid | Humanoid | In ufology | A humanoid (; from English human and -oid "resembling") is a non-human entity with human form or characteristics. The earliest recorded use of the term, in 1870, referred to indigenous peoples in areas colonized by Europeans. By the 20th century, the term came to describe fossils which were morphologically similar, but... | In the field of ufology, humanoid refers to any of the claimed extraterrestrials which abduct human victims, such as the Greys, the Reptilians, Nordics, and Martians. | [] | [
"In ufology"
] | [
"Humanoids",
"1870s neologisms"
] |
projected-00308906-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid | Humanoid | In fantasy | A humanoid (; from English human and -oid "resembling") is a non-human entity with human form or characteristics. The earliest recorded use of the term, in 1870, referred to indigenous peoples in areas colonized by Europeans. By the 20th century, the term came to describe fossils which were morphologically similar, but... | In fantasy settings the term humanoid is used to refer to a human-like fantastical creature, such as a dwarf, elf, gnome, halfling, goblin, troll, orc or an ogre, and Bigfoot. In some cases, such as older versions of the game Dungeons & Dragons, a distinction is made between demi-humans, which are relatively similar to... | [] | [
"In fantasy"
] | [
"Humanoids",
"1870s neologisms"
] |