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text_id stringlengths 22 22 | page_url stringlengths 31 389 | page_title stringlengths 1 250 | section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k | context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k | context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k | media list | hierachy list | category list |
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projected-00308961-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milice | Milice | Further reading | The Milice française (French Militia), generally called la Milice (literally the militia) (), was a political paramilitary organization created on 30 January 1943 by the Vichy regime (with German aid) to help fight against the French Resistance during World War II. The Milice's formal head was Prime Minister Pierre Lav... | Cullen, Stephen M., Stacey, Mark, (2018) World War II Vichy French Security Troops, Osprey Publishing.
Category:Far-right politics in France
Category:National security institutions
Category:Political repression in France
Category:Defunct law enforcement agencies of France
Category:French collaboration du... | [] | [
"Further reading"
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"Far-right politics in France",
"National security institutions",
"Political repression in France",
"Defunct law enforcement agencies of France",
"French collaboration during World War II",
"Military of Vichy France",
"Paramilitary organizations based in France",
"1943 establishments in France",
"19... |
projected-00308964-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Introduction | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | [] | [
"Introduction"
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"1883 births",
"1960 deaths",
"Chinese people of World War II",
"Interior Ministers of the Republic of China",
"Members of the Kuomintang",
"Politicians from Xinzhou",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... | |
projected-00308964-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Childhood | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | Yan Xishan was born during the late Qing dynasty in Wutai County, Xinzhou, Shanxi, to a family who had been bankers and merchants for generations (Shanxi was known for its many successful banks until the late 19th century). As a young man he worked for several years at his father's bank while he pursued a traditional C... | [] | [
"Early life",
"Childhood"
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"1883 births",
"1960 deaths",
"Chinese people of World War II",
"Interior Ministers of the Republic of China",
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"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Experience in Japan | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | Over the five years that Yan studied in Japan, he became impressed by the country's successful efforts at modernization. He observed the progress made by the Japanese, whom the Chinese had previously to be considered unsophisticated and backward, and began to worry about the consequences if China were to fall behind th... | [] | [
"Early life",
"Experience in Japan"
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"Interior Ministers of the Republic of China",
"Members of the Kuomintang",
"Politicians from Xinzhou",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Return to China | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | When Yan returned to China in 1909, he was assigned as a division commander of the New Army in Shanxi but secretly worked to overthrow the Qing. During the 1911 Xinhai Revolution, Yan led local revolutionary forces in driving Manchu troops from the province and proclaimed it independent of the Qing government. He justi... | [] | [
"Early life",
"Return to China"
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"1883 births",
"1960 deaths",
"Chinese people of World War II",
"Interior Ministers of the Republic of China",
"Members of the Kuomintang",
"Politicians from Xinzhou",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Conflict with Yuan Shikai | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | In 1911 Yan hoped to join forces with another prominent Shanxi revolutionary, Wu Luzhen, to undermine Yuan Shikai's control of north China, but the plans were aborted after Wu was assassinated. Yan was elected military governor by his comrades but was unable to prevent a subsequent invasion by the troops of Yuan Shikai... | [] | [
"Career in early republic",
"Conflict with Yuan Shikai"
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"1883 births",
"1960 deaths",
"Chinese people of World War II",
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"Politicians from Xinzhou",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Efforts to modernize Shanxi | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | By 1911, Shanxi was one of the poorest provinces in China. Yan believed that unless he modernized and revived Shanxi's economy and infrastructure, he would be unable to prevent Shanxi from being overrun by rival warlords. A military defeat in 1919 inflicted by a rival warlord convinced Yan that Shanxi was not sufficien... | [] | [
"Career in early republic",
"Efforts to modernize Shanxi"
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"1883 births",
"1960 deaths",
"Chinese people of World War II",
"Interior Ministers of the Republic of China",
"Members of the Kuomintang",
"Politicians from Xinzhou",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Involvement in Northern Expedition | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | To maintain Shanxi's neutrality and to free it from serious military confrontations with rival warlords, Yan developed a strategy of shifting alliances between various warring cliques and inevitably joining only winning sides. Although he was weaker than many of the warlords who surrounded him, he often held the balanc... | [
"Yen's Soldiers, Militarism In China, Here Are Specimens Of The Soldiery Who Protect The People By Dominating Them, Who Protect Property By Looting It, Liao Chow, Shansi, China (c1925) IE Oberholtzer (probable) (RESTORED) (4072600660).jpg"
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"Career in early republic",
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"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Involvement in Central Plains War | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | Yan's alliance with Chiang was interrupted in 1929 when Yan joined Chiang's enemies to establish an alternative national government in northern China. His allies included the northern warlord Feng Yuxiang, the Guangxi Clique led by Li Zongren, and the left-leaning Kuomintang faction led by Wang Jingwei. While Feng and ... | [
"Yen Hsi-shan TIME Cover.jpg"
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"Career in early republic",
"Involvement in Central Plains War"
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"1883 births",
"1960 deaths",
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"Interior Ministers of the Republic of China",
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"Politicians from Xinzhou",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Return to Shanxi | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | Yan returned to Shanxi only through a complex effort of intrigue and politicking. Much of Chiang's failure to immediately and permanently eject Yan or his subordinates from Shanxi was largely from the influence of Zhang Xueliang and the Japanese, who were anxious to prevent the extension of Chiang's authority into Manc... | [] | [
"Career in early republic",
"Return to Shanxi"
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"1883 births",
"1960 deaths",
"Chinese people of World War II",
"Interior Ministers of the Republic of China",
"Members of the Kuomintang",
"Politicians from Xinzhou",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Subsequent relationship with Nationalist government | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | After 1931, Yan continued to give nominal support to the Nanjing government while he maintained de facto control over Shanxi by alternatively co-operating with and fighting against Communist agents active in his province. Although he was not an active participant, Yan supported the 1936 Xi'an Incident in which Chiang w... | [] | [
"Career in early republic",
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"1883 births",
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"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Public policies | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | In Shanxi, Yan implemented numerous successful reforms in an effort to centralize his control over the province. Although embracing the traditional values of the landed gentry, he denounced their "oppression" of the peasantry and took steps to initiate land reform and weaken the power of landowners over the populace in... | [] | [
"Public policies"
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"1883 births",
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"Interior Ministers of the Republic of China",
"Members of the Kuomintang",
"Politicians from Xinzhou",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Military policies | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | When Yan returned from Japan in 1909, he was a firm proponent of militarism and proposed a system of national conscription along German and Japanese lines. Germany's defeat during World War I and Yan's defeat in Henan in 1919 caused him to reassess the value of militarism as a way of life. He then decreased the size of... | [] | [
"Public policies",
"Military policies"
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"1883 births",
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"Chinese people of World War II",
"Interior Ministers of the Republic of China",
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"Politicians from Xinzhou",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Attempts at social reform | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | Yan went to great lengths to eradicate social traditions that he considered antiquated. He insisted for all men in Shanxi to abandon their Qing-era queues and gave to police instructions to clip off the queues of anyone still wearing them. In one instance, Yan lured people into theatres to have his police systematicall... | [] | [
"Public policies",
"Attempts at social reform"
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"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Attempts to eradicate opium use | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | In 1916, at least 10% of Shanxi's 11 million people were addicted to opium, and Yan attempted to eradicate opium use in Shanxi after he came to power. At first, he dealt with opium dealers and addicts severely by throwing addicts in prison and exposing them and their families to public humiliation. After 1922, partly b... | [] | [
"Public policies",
"Attempts to eradicate opium use"
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"1883 births",
"1960 deaths",
"Chinese people of World War II",
"Interior Ministers of the Republic of China",
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"Politicians from Xinzhou",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Limitations of economic reforms | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | Yan's efforts to stimulate Shanxi's economy mostly consisted of state-led investment in a broad variety of industries, and he generally failed to encourage private investment and trade. Though gains were made to improve the economy of Shanxi, his efforts were limited by the fact that he himself had little formal traini... | [] | [
"Public policies",
"Limitations of economic reforms"
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"1883 births",
"1960 deaths",
"Chinese people of World War II",
"Interior Ministers of the Republic of China",
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"Politicians from Xinzhou",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Yan Xishan Thought | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | Throughout his life, Yan attempted to identify, formulate, and disseminate a comprehensive ideology that would improve the morale and loyalty of his officials and of the people of Shanxi. During his time of study in Japan, Yan became attracted to militarism and Social Darwinism, but he renounced them after World War I.... | [] | [
"Yan Xishan Thought"
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"1883 births",
"1960 deaths",
"Chinese people of World War II",
"Interior Ministers of the Republic of China",
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"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Influence of Confucianism | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | Yan was emotionally attached to Confucianism by virtue of his upbringing, and he identified its values as a historically effective solution to the chaos and disorder of his time. He justified his rule via Confucian political theories and attempted to revive Confucian virtues as being universally accepted. In his speech... | [] | [
"Yan Xishan Thought",
"Influence of Confucianism"
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"1883 births",
"1960 deaths",
"Chinese people of World War II",
"Interior Ministers of the Republic of China",
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"Politicians from Xinzhou",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Influence of Christianity | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | Yan attributed much of the West's vitality to Christianity and believed that China could resist and overtake the West only by generating an ideological tradition that was equally inspiring. He appreciated the efforts of missionaries, mostly Americans who maintained a complex of schools in Taigu, to educate and moderniz... | [] | [
"Yan Xishan Thought",
"Influence of Christianity"
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"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Influence of Chinese Nationalism | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | In 1911, Yan came to power in Shanxi as a disciple of Chinese nationalism but subsequently came to view nationalism as merely another set of ideas that could be used to achieve his own objectives. He stated that the primary goal of the Heart-Washing Society was to encourage Chinese patriotism by reviving the Confucian ... | [] | [
"Yan Xishan Thought",
"Influence of Chinese Nationalism"
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"1883 births",
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"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Influence of socialism and communism | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | In 1931 Yan returned from his exile in Dalian impressed with the apparent successes of Soviet Union's first five-year plan and attempted to reorganize the economy of Shanxi by using Soviet methods, according to a local "Ten-Year Plan" that Yan himself developed. Throughout the 1930s, Yan bluntly equated economic develo... | [] | [
"Yan Xishan Thought",
"Influence of socialism and communism"
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"1883 births",
"1960 deaths",
"Chinese people of World War II",
"Interior Ministers of the Republic of China",
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"Politicians from Xinzhou",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Extent of success | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | In spite of his efforts, Yan did not succeed in making Yan Xishan Thought widely popular in Shanxi, and most of his subjects refused to believe that his true objectives differed substantially from those of past regimes. Yan himself blamed the failure of his ideology to become popular on the faults of his officials by c... | [] | [
"Yan Xishan Thought",
"Extent of success"
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"1883 births",
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"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Early conflict with Japan | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | Yan did not come into serious conflict with the Japanese until the early 1930s. While he was in exile in Dalian in 1930, Yan became aware of Japanese plans to invade Manchuria and feigned collaboration with the Japanese to pressure Chiang Kai-shek into allowing him to return to Shanxi before warning Chiang of Japan's i... | [] | [
"Threats to rule",
"Early conflict with Japan"
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"1883 births",
"1960 deaths",
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"Interior Ministers of the Republic of China",
"Members of the Kuomintang",
"Politicians from Xinzhou",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Early conflict with Communists | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | Although Yan admired their philosophy and economic methods, he feared the threat posed by Communists almost as much as that of the Japanese. In the early 1930s, he observed that if it invaded Shanxi, the Red Army would enjoy the support of 70% of his subjects and readily be able to recruit one million men from among it... | [] | [
"Threats to rule",
"Early conflict with Communists"
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"1883 births",
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"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Invasion by Mengguguo | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | In March 1936, Manchukuo troops occupying the province in Inner Mongolia of Chahar invaded northeastern Suiyuan, which Yan controlled. The Japanese-aligned forces seized the city of Bailingmiao in northern Suiyuan, where the pro-Japanese Inner Mongolian Autonomous Political Council maintained its headquarters. Three mo... | [] | [
"Threats to rule",
"Invasion by Mengguguo"
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"1883 births",
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"Politicians from Xinzhou",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Second Sino-Japanese War | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), most regions of Shanxi were quickly overrun by the Japanese, but Yan refused to flee the province even after he had lost the provincial capital, Taiyuan. He relocated his headquarters to a remote corner of the province and effectively resisted Japanese attempts to comple... | [] | [
"Second Sino-Japanese War"
] | [
"1883 births",
"1960 deaths",
"Chinese people of World War II",
"Interior Ministers of the Republic of China",
"Members of the Kuomintang",
"Politicians from Xinzhou",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Alliance with Communists | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | After the failed attempt by the Chinese Red Army to establish bases in southern Shanxi in early 1936, the subsequent continued presence of Nationalist soldiers there, and the Japanese attempts to take Suiyuan that summer, Yan became convinced that the Communists were lesser threats to his rule than were either the Nati... | [] | [
"Second Sino-Japanese War",
"Alliance with Communists"
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"1883 births",
"1960 deaths",
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projected-00308964-029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Early campaigns | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | In July 1937, after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident had provoked the Japanese into attacking Chinese forces in and around Beijing, the Japanese sent a large number of warplanes and Manchurian soldiers to reinforce Prince De's army. That caused Yan to believe that a Japanese invasion of Shanxi was imminent and so he flew... | [] | [
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projected-00308964-030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Fall of Taiyuan | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | By executing commanders guilty of retreating, Yan succeeded in improving the morale of his forces. During the Battle of Pingxingguan, Yan's troops in Shanxi successfully resisted numerous Japanese assaults, and the Eighth Route Army harassed the Japanese from the rear and along their flanks. Other units of Yan's army s... | [
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projected-00308964-031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Re-establishment of Yan's authority | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | Shortly before losing Taiyuan, Yan moved his headquarters to Linfen, in southwestern Shanxi. Japanese forces halted their advance to focus on combating Communist guerrilla units still active in their territory and communicated to Yan that they would exterminate his forces within a year but that he and his supporters wo... | [] | [
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projected-00308964-032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Negotiations with Japanese | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | In 1940 Yan's friend, Ryūkichi Tanaka, became chief of staff of the Japanese First Army, which was stationed in Shanxi. After Yan's animosity with the Communists became apparent, Tanaka began negotiations with Yan in an effort to induce him to enter into an anti-Communist alliance with Japan. Yan agreed to send a high-... | [] | [
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projected-00308964-033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Relationship with Japanese after 1945 | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | After the surrender of Japan and the end of World War II, Yan Xishan was notable for his ability to recruit thousands of Japanese soldiers stationed in northwest Shanxi in 1945, including their commanding officers, into his army. He was known to have successfully used a variety of tactics to achieve those defections: f... | [] | [
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projected-00308964-034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Chinese Civil War | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | After the end of the Pacific War, Yan's forces, including thousands of former Japanese troops, held out against the Communists during the Chinese Civil War for four years, until April 1949, after the Nationalist government had lost control of Northern China, which allowed the Communists to encircle and besiege his forc... | [
"Yan Xishan1947.jpg"
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projected-00308964-035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Shangdang Campaign | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | The Shangdang Campaign was the first battle between Communist and Nationalist forces after World War II. It began as an attempt by Yan, who was authorized by Chiang, to re-assert control over southern Shanxi, where the Communusts were known to be especially active. Meanwhile, Yan's former general, Fu Zuoyi, had capture... | [] | [
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projected-00308964-036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Taiyuan Campaign | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | By 1948, Yan's forces had suffered a succession of serious military defeats by the Communists, lost control of southern and central Shanxi, and were surrounded on all sides by territory controlled by the Communists. Anticipating an assault on northern Shanxi, Yan prepared his armies by fortifying over 5,000 bunkers, co... | [
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projected-00308964-038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Premier of Republic of China | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | In March 1949, Yan flew to the capital of Nanjing to ask the central government for more food and ammunition. He had taken most of the provincial treasury with him and did not return before Taiyuan had fallen to Communist forces. Shortly after arriving in Nanjing, Yan insinuated himself into a quarrel between the actin... | [] | [
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projected-00308964-039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Retirement in Taiwan | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | Yan's final years were filled with disappointment and sadness. After following Chiang to Taiwan, he enjoyed the title of Chiang's "senior advisor" but in reality was utterly powerless. Chiang may have held a long-term grudge against Yan for the activities on behalf of Li in Guangdong. On more than one occasion, Yan req... | [
"Yan Xishan 1950.jpg",
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projected-00308964-040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Legacy | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | After the Chinese Civil War, Yan, like most other Nationalist generals who did not switch sides, was demonized by Communist propaganda. It was not until after 1979, with new reforms in China, that he began to be viewed more positively and thus more realistically as a pragmatic anti-Japanese hero. The contributions by Y... | [] | [
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"Tongmenghui members",
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projected-00308964-041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | See also | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | An Chang-nam, Yan Xishan's flight school principal from 1926 to 1930
Eighth Route Army
History of the Republic of China
List of Warlords
National Revolutionary Army
Shang Zhen
Shanxi clique | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"1883 births",
"1960 deaths",
"Chinese people of World War II",
"Interior Ministers of the Republic of China",
"Members of the Kuomintang",
"Politicians from Xinzhou",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308964-044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Xishan | Yan Xishan | Sources | Yan Xishan (; 8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960, ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province,... | Andrews, Bridie. The Making of Modern Chinese Medicine: 1850-1960. Vancouver: UBC Press. 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
Bonavia, David. China's Warlords. New York: Oxford University Press. 1995.
Feng Chongyi and Goodman, David S. G., eds. North China at War: The Social Ecology of Revolution, 1937-1945. Lanham, M... | [] | [
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"People of the 1911 Revolution",
"Tongmenghui members",
"Premiers of the Republic of China on T... |
projected-00308976-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20Afghanistan | Music of Afghanistan | Introduction | The music of Afghanistan comprises many varieties of classical music, folk music, and modern popular music. Afghanistan has a rich musical heritage and features a mix of Persian melodies, Indian compositional principles, and sounds from ethnic groups such as the Pashtuns, Tajiks and Hazaras. Instruments used range from... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Afghan music"
] | |
projected-00308976-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20Afghanistan | Music of Afghanistan | Religious music | The music of Afghanistan comprises many varieties of classical music, folk music, and modern popular music. Afghanistan has a rich musical heritage and features a mix of Persian melodies, Indian compositional principles, and sounds from ethnic groups such as the Pashtuns, Tajiks and Hazaras. Instruments used range from... | The Afghan concept of music is closely associated with instruments, and thus unaccompanied religious singing is not considered music. Koran recitation is an important kind of unaccompanied religious performance, as is the ecstatic Zikr ritual of the Sufis which uses songs called na't, and the Shi'a solo and group singi... | [] | [
"Folk and traditional music",
"Religious music"
] | [
"Afghan music"
] |
projected-00308976-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20Afghanistan | Music of Afghanistan | Patriotic music | The music of Afghanistan comprises many varieties of classical music, folk music, and modern popular music. Afghanistan has a rich musical heritage and features a mix of Persian melodies, Indian compositional principles, and sounds from ethnic groups such as the Pashtuns, Tajiks and Hazaras. Instruments used range from... | Many patriotic songs have been made for Afghanistan. One of the best known songs is "Da Zamong Zeba Watan" ("This is our beautiful homeland" in Pashto) by Ustad Awalmir, sung sometime in the 1970s. Another popular song is "Watan" ("Homeland") by Abdul Wahab Madadi, in Persian. Recorded in 1980, the song samples a Greek... | [] | [
"Folk and traditional music",
"Patriotic music"
] | [
"Afghan music"
] |
projected-00308976-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20Afghanistan | Music of Afghanistan | Classical | The music of Afghanistan comprises many varieties of classical music, folk music, and modern popular music. Afghanistan has a rich musical heritage and features a mix of Persian melodies, Indian compositional principles, and sounds from ethnic groups such as the Pashtuns, Tajiks and Hazaras. Instruments used range from... | There is no single tradition, but many musical traditions and styles in Afghanistan. These different traditions and styles evolved over centuries in the context of a society with highly diverse ethnic, linguistic, regional, religious, and class distinctions. Afghan music can be classified in a number of ways. Although ... | [
"Minstrels, Herat, 1973.jpg",
"Afghan musicians - Herat, 1973.jpg",
"Musicians in Herat, 1973.jpg",
"Afghan musicians.jpg"
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"Classical"
] | [
"Afghan music"
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projected-00308976-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20Afghanistan | Music of Afghanistan | Rubab | The music of Afghanistan comprises many varieties of classical music, folk music, and modern popular music. Afghanistan has a rich musical heritage and features a mix of Persian melodies, Indian compositional principles, and sounds from ethnic groups such as the Pashtuns, Tajiks and Hazaras. Instruments used range from... | The rubab is a common lute-like instrument in Afghanistan, and is a forerunner of the Indian sarod. The rubab is sometimes considered the national instrument of Afghanistan, and is called the "lion of instruments"; one reviewer claims it sounds like "a Middle Eastern predecessor to the blues that popped up in the Piedm... | [
"Afghan rubab.jpg"
] | [
"Classical",
"Rubab"
] | [
"Afghan music"
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projected-00308976-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20Afghanistan | Music of Afghanistan | Dombura | The music of Afghanistan comprises many varieties of classical music, folk music, and modern popular music. Afghanistan has a rich musical heritage and features a mix of Persian melodies, Indian compositional principles, and sounds from ethnic groups such as the Pashtuns, Tajiks and Hazaras. Instruments used range from... | The dombura, dambura or dambora is a popular folk instrument among Hazaras, Uzbeks, Turkmens and Tajiks. Notable dombura players in Afghanistan include Dilagha Surood, Naseer Parwani, Dawood Sarkhosh, Mir Maftoon, Safdar Tawakoli and Rajab Haideri. The dombura is played with much banging and scratching on the instrumen... | [] | [
"Classical",
"Dombura"
] | [
"Afghan music"
] |
projected-00308976-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20Afghanistan | Music of Afghanistan | Ghichak | The music of Afghanistan comprises many varieties of classical music, folk music, and modern popular music. Afghanistan has a rich musical heritage and features a mix of Persian melodies, Indian compositional principles, and sounds from ethnic groups such as the Pashtuns, Tajiks and Hazaras. Instruments used range from... | Ghichak is a string instrument made by the Hazaras and Tajiks of Afghanistan. | [] | [
"Classical",
"Ghichak"
] | [
"Afghan music"
] |
projected-00308976-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20Afghanistan | Music of Afghanistan | Pop music | The music of Afghanistan comprises many varieties of classical music, folk music, and modern popular music. Afghanistan has a rich musical heritage and features a mix of Persian melodies, Indian compositional principles, and sounds from ethnic groups such as the Pashtuns, Tajiks and Hazaras. Instruments used range from... | In 1925, Afghanistan began radio broadcasting, but its station was destroyed in 1929. Broadcasting did not resume until Radio Kabul opened in 1940.
As Radio Afghanistan reached the entire country, popular music grew more important. In 1951, Parwin became the first Afghan woman to sing live on the radio. Farida Mahwash,... | [
"Farhad Darya's Peace Concert 2010.jpg",
"Naghma 2010.jpg"
] | [
"Pop music"
] | [
"Afghan music"
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projected-00308976-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20Afghanistan | Music of Afghanistan | History of pop | The music of Afghanistan comprises many varieties of classical music, folk music, and modern popular music. Afghanistan has a rich musical heritage and features a mix of Persian melodies, Indian compositional principles, and sounds from ethnic groups such as the Pashtuns, Tajiks and Hazaras. Instruments used range from... | Pop music emerged in Afghanistan during the 1950s, and became very popular until the late 1970s. What helped the emergence of pop music in Afghanistan were amateur singers from non-traditional music backgrounds who wanted to showcase their talents in the studio Radio Kabul. These singers were from middle- to upper-clas... | [] | [
"Pop music",
"History of pop"
] | [
"Afghan music"
] |
projected-00308976-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20Afghanistan | Music of Afghanistan | Hip hop and rap | The music of Afghanistan comprises many varieties of classical music, folk music, and modern popular music. Afghanistan has a rich musical heritage and features a mix of Persian melodies, Indian compositional principles, and sounds from ethnic groups such as the Pashtuns, Tajiks and Hazaras. Instruments used range from... | Afghan hip hop is a type of music popular among Afghanistan's youth and immigrant community. It inherits much of the style of traditional hip hop, but puts added emphasis on rare cultural sounds. Afghan hip hop is mostly sung in Dari (Persian), Pashto, and English. One popular hip hop artist is DJ Besho (Bezhan Zafarma... | [] | [
"Hip hop and rap"
] | [
"Afghan music"
] |
projected-00308976-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20Afghanistan | Music of Afghanistan | See also | The music of Afghanistan comprises many varieties of classical music, folk music, and modern popular music. Afghanistan has a rich musical heritage and features a mix of Persian melodies, Indian compositional principles, and sounds from ethnic groups such as the Pashtuns, Tajiks and Hazaras. Instruments used range from... | Afghanistan National Institute of Music
List of Afghan singers
List of Pashto-language singers | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Afghan music"
] |
projected-00308976-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20Afghanistan | Music of Afghanistan | References | The music of Afghanistan comprises many varieties of classical music, folk music, and modern popular music. Afghanistan has a rich musical heritage and features a mix of Persian melodies, Indian compositional principles, and sounds from ethnic groups such as the Pashtuns, Tajiks and Hazaras. Instruments used range from... | Doubleday, Veronica. "Red Light at the Crossroads". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific, pp 3–8. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Afghan music"
] |
projected-00308977-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress%20of%20Lushnj%C3%AB | Congress of Lushnjë | Introduction | The Congress of Lushnjë (), historically documented by the name Mbledhja Kombiare Lushnje, was a conference of Albanian political leaders held from January 28 to January 31, 1920 in Lushnjë, Albania.
Its objective was to deal with the issues arising from the military control of the country by mainly Italian and second... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1920 in Albania",
"Modern history of Albania",
"1920 conferences",
"Congresses of Albania"
] | |
projected-00308977-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress%20of%20Lushnj%C3%AB | Congress of Lushnjë | Background | The Congress of Lushnjë (), historically documented by the name Mbledhja Kombiare Lushnje, was a conference of Albanian political leaders held from January 28 to January 31, 1920 in Lushnjë, Albania.
Its objective was to deal with the issues arising from the military control of the country by mainly Italian and second... | After the end of the First World War in Albania, a new political and organizational process began for the re-establishment of the country's institutions. Political ideas were concluded with the organization of the Congress of Durrës on 25 December 1918 and the creation of the Provisional Government of Turhan Pashë Përm... | [
"Approximative zones according to the secret Treaty of London (April 26th 1915) - (Albania) LOC 88694279.tif"
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"History",
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projected-00308977-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress%20of%20Lushnj%C3%AB | Congress of Lushnjë | Preparations | The Congress of Lushnjë (), historically documented by the name Mbledhja Kombiare Lushnje, was a conference of Albanian political leaders held from January 28 to January 31, 1920 in Lushnjë, Albania.
Its objective was to deal with the issues arising from the military control of the country by mainly Italian and second... | At the Paris Peace Conference, aside from the diaspora organizations, the Albanian side was represented by Foreign Minister Mehmed Konica, Mihal Turtulli, Luigj Gurakuqi, Luigj Bumçi, Gjergj Fishta, Mustafa Kruja and Mid'hat Frashëri. But the latter was refused a passport by the Italian Government as the Albanian state... | [] | [
"History",
"Preparations"
] | [
"1920 in Albania",
"Modern history of Albania",
"1920 conferences",
"Congresses of Albania"
] |
projected-00308977-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress%20of%20Lushnj%C3%AB | Congress of Lushnjë | Efforts to prevent the convening | The Congress of Lushnjë (), historically documented by the name Mbledhja Kombiare Lushnje, was a conference of Albanian political leaders held from January 28 to January 31, 1920 in Lushnjë, Albania.
Its objective was to deal with the issues arising from the military control of the country by mainly Italian and second... | The government of Durrës did its best to prevent the holding of the Congress of Lushnjë, and there is no way it could be otherwise given that the latter aimed precisely at its dismissal from power. The movements started early with attempts to sabotage it. At a time when delegates were gathering in Lushnjë, on 15 Januar... | [] | [
"History",
"Efforts to prevent the convening"
] | [
"1920 in Albania",
"Modern history of Albania",
"1920 conferences",
"Congresses of Albania"
] |
projected-00308977-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress%20of%20Lushnj%C3%AB | Congress of Lushnjë | Participants | The Congress of Lushnjë (), historically documented by the name Mbledhja Kombiare Lushnje, was a conference of Albanian political leaders held from January 28 to January 31, 1920 in Lushnjë, Albania.
Its objective was to deal with the issues arising from the military control of the country by mainly Italian and second... | Members of the initiatory commission are listed below: | [] | [
"Participants"
] | [
"1920 in Albania",
"Modern history of Albania",
"1920 conferences",
"Congresses of Albania"
] |
projected-00308977-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress%20of%20Lushnj%C3%AB | Congress of Lushnjë | Decisions | The Congress of Lushnjë (), historically documented by the name Mbledhja Kombiare Lushnje, was a conference of Albanian political leaders held from January 28 to January 31, 1920 in Lushnjë, Albania.
Its objective was to deal with the issues arising from the military control of the country by mainly Italian and second... | The Congress was also concerned with the Government of Durrës that had the backing of the invading Italian army. It was alleged that Abdyl Ypi, the initiator of the Congress, had been assassinated by members of the Government of Durrës, who wanted to scare off the other delegates to the Congress. During its first sessi... | [] | [
"Decisions"
] | [
"1920 in Albania",
"Modern history of Albania",
"1920 conferences",
"Congresses of Albania"
] |
projected-00308977-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress%20of%20Lushnj%C3%AB | Congress of Lushnjë | Aftermath | The Congress of Lushnjë (), historically documented by the name Mbledhja Kombiare Lushnje, was a conference of Albanian political leaders held from January 28 to January 31, 1920 in Lushnjë, Albania.
Its objective was to deal with the issues arising from the military control of the country by mainly Italian and second... | The Congress of Lushnje was the most important meeting of Albanian political leaders after the Declaration of Independence on November 28, 1912. It was essential for the territorial integrity of newly formed state of Albania. Tirana became the new capital and a new government under Sulejman Delvina was created. | [] | [
"Aftermath"
] | [
"1920 in Albania",
"Modern history of Albania",
"1920 conferences",
"Congresses of Albania"
] |
projected-00308977-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress%20of%20Lushnj%C3%AB | Congress of Lushnjë | Legacy | The Congress of Lushnjë (), historically documented by the name Mbledhja Kombiare Lushnje, was a conference of Albanian political leaders held from January 28 to January 31, 1920 in Lushnjë, Albania.
Its objective was to deal with the issues arising from the military control of the country by mainly Italian and second... | The Congress of Lushnje was the most important meeting of Albanian political leaders after the Declaration of Independence on November 28, 1912. It was essential for the territorial integrity of newly formed state of Albania. The other powers, mainly Italian troops were a real danger. The decisions made in the Congress... | [] | [
"Legacy"
] | [
"1920 in Albania",
"Modern history of Albania",
"1920 conferences",
"Congresses of Albania"
] |
projected-00308977-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress%20of%20Lushnj%C3%AB | Congress of Lushnjë | See also | The Congress of Lushnjë (), historically documented by the name Mbledhja Kombiare Lushnje, was a conference of Albanian political leaders held from January 28 to January 31, 1920 in Lushnjë, Albania.
Its objective was to deal with the issues arising from the military control of the country by mainly Italian and second... | Congress of Durrës
Albanian Congress of Trieste
Congress of Dibër
League of Prizren | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"1920 in Albania",
"Modern history of Albania",
"1920 conferences",
"Congresses of Albania"
] |
projected-00308979-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Zhi%20%28ROC%29 | Liu Zhi (ROC) | Introduction | Liu Zhi (; 30 June 1892 – 15 January 1971) was a prominent Kuomintang military and political leader in the Republic of China. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Chinese people of World War II",
"National Revolutionary Army generals from Jiangxi",
"Politicians of Taiwan",
"1892 births",
"1971 deaths",
"Baoding Military Academy cadets",
"Recipients of the Order of Blue Sky and White Sun",
"Politicians from Ji'an",
"Republic of China politicians from Jiangxi"... | |
projected-00308979-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Zhi%20%28ROC%29 | Liu Zhi (ROC) | Biography | Liu Zhi (; 30 June 1892 – 15 January 1971) was a prominent Kuomintang military and political leader in the Republic of China. | Liu was born into a peasant family in Jiangxi province in 1892. His parents died when he was young and he was raised by his grandfather. He was educated in a local school before traveling to Japan to receive advanced education. When the Japanese government started to expel Chinese students on behalf of the Manchurian i... | [] | [
"Biography"
] | [
"Chinese people of World War II",
"National Revolutionary Army generals from Jiangxi",
"Politicians of Taiwan",
"1892 births",
"1971 deaths",
"Baoding Military Academy cadets",
"Recipients of the Order of Blue Sky and White Sun",
"Politicians from Ji'an",
"Republic of China politicians from Jiangxi"... |
projected-00308979-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Zhi%20%28ROC%29 | Liu Zhi (ROC) | Rise and fall in the KMT government | Liu Zhi (; 30 June 1892 – 15 January 1971) was a prominent Kuomintang military and political leader in the Republic of China. | He was instrumental in defeating Chiang's rival warlords in the Central Plains War and expanding KMT military power throughout the 1930s by defeating Chinese Communist forces in Henan Province. Chiang Kai-shek rewarded him by appointing him governor of Henan Province and naming a county after him. When the Second Sino-... | [] | [
"Rise and fall in the KMT government"
] | [
"Chinese people of World War II",
"National Revolutionary Army generals from Jiangxi",
"Politicians of Taiwan",
"1892 births",
"1971 deaths",
"Baoding Military Academy cadets",
"Recipients of the Order of Blue Sky and White Sun",
"Politicians from Ji'an",
"Republic of China politicians from Jiangxi"... |
projected-00308979-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Zhi%20%28ROC%29 | Liu Zhi (ROC) | Exile | Liu Zhi (; 30 June 1892 – 15 January 1971) was a prominent Kuomintang military and political leader in the Republic of China. | Liu first fled to British Hong Kong, and later on made a living in Indonesia as a Chinese language teacher. In 1953, he was ordered to return to Kuomingtang-controlled Taiwan as a political adviser to Chiang Kai-shek. He was decorated with the Order of Blue Sky and White Sun. He died in Taiwan in 1972. | [] | [
"Exile"
] | [
"Chinese people of World War II",
"National Revolutionary Army generals from Jiangxi",
"Politicians of Taiwan",
"1892 births",
"1971 deaths",
"Baoding Military Academy cadets",
"Recipients of the Order of Blue Sky and White Sun",
"Politicians from Ji'an",
"Republic of China politicians from Jiangxi"... |
projected-00308979-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Zhi%20%28ROC%29 | Liu Zhi (ROC) | Evaluation | Liu Zhi (; 30 June 1892 – 15 January 1971) was a prominent Kuomintang military and political leader in the Republic of China. | General Liu Zhi's early military career was full of victories and successes, but he lost his aggressiveness in combat skills after the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Many of his colleagues called him The Long-legged General or President Chiang's Lucky General to ridicule his battlefield ineffectiveness and a... | [] | [
"Evaluation"
] | [
"Chinese people of World War II",
"National Revolutionary Army generals from Jiangxi",
"Politicians of Taiwan",
"1892 births",
"1971 deaths",
"Baoding Military Academy cadets",
"Recipients of the Order of Blue Sky and White Sun",
"Politicians from Ji'an",
"Republic of China politicians from Jiangxi"... |
projected-00308979-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Zhi%20%28ROC%29 | Liu Zhi (ROC) | See also | Liu Zhi (; 30 June 1892 – 15 January 1971) was a prominent Kuomintang military and political leader in the Republic of China. | History of the Republic of China | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Chinese people of World War II",
"National Revolutionary Army generals from Jiangxi",
"Politicians of Taiwan",
"1892 births",
"1971 deaths",
"Baoding Military Academy cadets",
"Recipients of the Order of Blue Sky and White Sun",
"Politicians from Ji'an",
"Republic of China politicians from Jiangxi"... |
projected-00308979-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Zhi%20%28ROC%29 | Liu Zhi (ROC) | References | Liu Zhi (; 30 June 1892 – 15 January 1971) was a prominent Kuomintang military and political leader in the Republic of China. | US Naval War College
Ministry of National Defense R.O.C
Category:Chinese people of World War II
Category:National Revolutionary Army generals from Jiangxi
Category:Politicians of Taiwan
Category:1892 births
Category:1971 deaths
Category:Baoding Military Academy cadets
Category:Recipients of the Order of Blue Sky and ... | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Chinese people of World War II",
"National Revolutionary Army generals from Jiangxi",
"Politicians of Taiwan",
"1892 births",
"1971 deaths",
"Baoding Military Academy cadets",
"Recipients of the Order of Blue Sky and White Sun",
"Politicians from Ji'an",
"Republic of China politicians from Jiangxi"... |
projected-00308981-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestigiality | Vestigiality | Introduction | Vestigiality is the retention, during the process of evolution, of genetically determined structures or attributes that have lost some or all of the ancestral function in a given species. Assessment of the vestigiality must generally rely on comparison with homologous features in related species. The emergence of vesti... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Evolutionary biology concepts"
] | |
projected-00308981-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestigiality | Vestigiality | Overview | Vestigiality is the retention, during the process of evolution, of genetically determined structures or attributes that have lost some or all of the ancestral function in a given species. Assessment of the vestigiality must generally rely on comparison with homologous features in related species. The emergence of vesti... | Vestigial features may take various forms; for example, they may be patterns of behavior, anatomical structures, or biochemical processes. Like most other physical features, however functional, vestigial features in a given species may successively appear, develop, and persist or disappear at various stages within the ... | [
"Darwin-s-tubercle.jpg",
"Rudimentary hindlegs spurs in Boa constrictor snake.jpg"
] | [
"Overview"
] | [
"Evolutionary biology concepts"
] |
projected-00308981-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestigiality | Vestigiality | History | Vestigiality is the retention, during the process of evolution, of genetically determined structures or attributes that have lost some or all of the ancestral function in a given species. Assessment of the vestigiality must generally rely on comparison with homologous features in related species. The emergence of vesti... | Vestigial structures have been noticed since ancient times, and the reason for their existence was long speculated upon before Darwinian evolution provided a widely accepted explanation. In the 4th century BC, Aristotle was one of the earliest writers to comment, in his History of Animals, on the vestigial eyes of mol... | [
"Blindmaus-drawing.jpg"
] | [
"History"
] | [
"Evolutionary biology concepts"
] |
projected-00308981-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestigiality | Vestigiality | Common descent and evolutionary theory | Vestigiality is the retention, during the process of evolution, of genetically determined structures or attributes that have lost some or all of the ancestral function in a given species. Assessment of the vestigiality must generally rely on comparison with homologous features in related species. The emergence of vesti... | Vestigial structures are often homologous to structures that are functioning normally in other species. Therefore, vestigial structures can be considered evidence for evolution, the process by which beneficial heritable traits arise in populations over an extended period of time. The existence of vestigial traits can b... | [] | [
"Common descent and evolutionary theory"
] | [
"Evolutionary biology concepts"
] |
projected-00308981-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestigiality | Vestigiality | Non-human animals | Vestigiality is the retention, during the process of evolution, of genetically determined structures or attributes that have lost some or all of the ancestral function in a given species. Assessment of the vestigiality must generally rely on comparison with homologous features in related species. The emergence of vesti... | Vestigial characters are present throughout the animal kingdom, and an almost endless list could be given. Darwin said that "it would be impossible to name one of the higher animals in which some part or other is not in a rudimentary condition."
The wings of ostriches, emus and other flightless birds are vestigial; th... | [
"Whale skeleton.png",
"Journal.pone.0079155.g003 Clamps in various genera of Protomicrocotylidae.png"
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"Examples",
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projected-00308981-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestigiality | Vestigiality | Humans | Vestigiality is the retention, during the process of evolution, of genetically determined structures or attributes that have lost some or all of the ancestral function in a given species. Assessment of the vestigiality must generally rely on comparison with homologous features in related species. The emergence of vesti... | Human vestigiality is related to human evolution, and includes a variety of characters occurring in the human species. Many examples of these are vestigial in other primates and related animals, whereas other examples are still highly developed. The human caecum is vestigial, as often is the case in omnivores, being re... | [
"Gray906.png"
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"Examples",
"Humans"
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"Evolutionary biology concepts"
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projected-00308981-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestigiality | Vestigiality | Plants and fungi | Vestigiality is the retention, during the process of evolution, of genetically determined structures or attributes that have lost some or all of the ancestral function in a given species. Assessment of the vestigiality must generally rely on comparison with homologous features in related species. The emergence of vesti... | Plants also have vestigial parts, including functionless stipules and carpels, leaf reduction of Equisetum, paraphyses of Fungi. Well known examples are the reductions in floral display, leading to smaller and/or paler flowers, in plants that reproduce without outcrossing, for example via selfing or obligate clonal rep... | [] | [
"Examples",
"Plants and fungi"
] | [
"Evolutionary biology concepts"
] |
projected-00308981-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestigiality | Vestigiality | See also | Vestigiality is the retention, during the process of evolution, of genetically determined structures or attributes that have lost some or all of the ancestral function in a given species. Assessment of the vestigiality must generally rely on comparison with homologous features in related species. The emergence of vesti... | Atavism
Dewclaw
Exaptation
Human vestigiality
Maladaptation
Plantaris muscle
Recessive refuge
Spandrel (biology)
Vestigial response | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Evolutionary biology concepts"
] |
projected-00308983-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Zhi | Liu Zhi | Introduction | Liu Zhi (Liu Chih in Wade–Giles) may refer to:
Liu Zhi (prince) (劉祉), Eastern Han Dynasty prince
Liu Zhi (Boxian) (劉植; died 26), style name Boxian (伯先), Eastern Han Dynasty general
Emperor Huan of Han (132–168), name Liu Zhi (劉志), Eastern Han Dynasty emperor
Liu Zhi (historian) (劉秩), style name Zuoqing (柞卿), Tang ... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-00308984-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTOL | CTOL | Introduction | A conventional take-off and landing (CTOL), also known as horizontal take-off and landing (HTOL) is the process whereby conventional fixed-wing aircraft (such as passenger aircraft) take off and land, involving the use of runways.
During takeoff, the aircraft will accelerate along the runway, resting on its wheels, un... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Types of take-off and landing"
] | |
projected-00308984-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTOL | CTOL | See also | A conventional take-off and landing (CTOL), also known as horizontal take-off and landing (HTOL) is the process whereby conventional fixed-wing aircraft (such as passenger aircraft) take off and land, involving the use of runways.
During takeoff, the aircraft will accelerate along the runway, resting on its wheels, un... | Takeoff and landing | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Types of take-off and landing"
] |
projected-00308984-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTOL | CTOL | References | A conventional take-off and landing (CTOL), also known as horizontal take-off and landing (HTOL) is the process whereby conventional fixed-wing aircraft (such as passenger aircraft) take off and land, involving the use of runways.
During takeoff, the aircraft will accelerate along the runway, resting on its wheels, un... | Category:Types of take-off and landing | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Types of take-off and landing"
] |
projected-00308985-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Introduction | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | [] | [
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"Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge",
"British Secretaries of State",
"Chancellors of the University of Cambridge",
"Dukes of Newcastle-upon-Tyne",
"Dukes of Newcastle-under-Lyne",
"Earls of Clare",
"Knights of the Garter",
"Lord-Lieutenan... | |
projected-00308985-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Early life | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | Thomas Pelham was born in London on 21 July 1693 the eldest son of Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham, by his second wife, the former Lady Grace Holles, younger sister of John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. He studied at Westminster School and was admitted a fellow-commoner at Clare College, Cambridge, in 1710. ... | [
"NewcastleHouseJohnBowles1754.jpg"
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"Dukes of Newcastle-upon-Tyne",
"Dukes of Newcastle-under-Lyne",
"Earls of Clare",
"Knights of the Garter",
"Lord-Lieutenan... |
projected-00308985-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Early political career | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | Newcastle vigorously sustained the Whigs at Queen Anne's death and had much influence in making the Londoners accept King George I, even organising so-called 'Newcastle mobs' to fight with rival Jacobites in the street.
His services were too great to be neglected by the new Hanoverian king, and in 1714, he was created... | [
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"Knights of the Garter",
"Lord-Lieutenan... |
projected-00308985-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Lord Chamberlain | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | In 1717, at 23, Newcastle first attained high political office as Lord Chamberlain of the Household and was given the responsibility of overseeing theatres. Plays were often extremely political, and Newcastle was tasked with suppressing any plays or playwrights that he believed to be too critical of the Hanoverian succ... | [
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"Dukes of Newcastle-under-Lyne",
"Earls of Clare",
"Knights of the Garter",
"Lord-Lieutenan... |
projected-00308985-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Appointment | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | In 1724, Newcastle was chosen by Walpole to be Secretary of State for the Southern Department in place of Lord Carteret, a move largely engineered by Townshend. He had been for some time considered the third most important man in the government, behind Walpole and Townshend, which was confirmed by his new position. New... | [] | [
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"Dukes of Newcastle-under-Lyne",
"Earls of Clare",
"Knights of the Garter",
"Lord-Lieutenan... |
projected-00308985-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | The French Alliance | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | Since the Treaty of Utrecht, which had ended the last major European war, Britain had been an ally of France, a strong reversal in policy, as France had previously been considered the premier enemy of Britain. The reasons for the alliance were complex, and many had doubted the détente could last long, but when Newcastl... | [
"1stDukeOfNewcastleYoung.jpg"
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"Dukes of Newcastle-under-Lyne",
"Earls of Clare",
"Knights of the Garter",
"Lord-Lieutenan... |
projected-00308985-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Domestic crisis | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | The administration faced a crisis in 1727, when George I died unexpectedly, and his son George II succeeded to the throne. The new king had previously had exceptionally bad relations with Walpole and Newcastle and, during one altercation between them, George's poor English had made Newcastle think that he had challenge... | [] | [
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"Earls of Clare",
"Knights of the Garter",
"Lord-Lieutenan... |
projected-00308985-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Peace policy | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | Together, Newcastle and Walpole managed to drive a wedge between Spain and Austria, making an ally of the latter and directing their future efforts against Spain. Subsequently, however, it turned out that Britain's long-term major rival was neither but France, which had been considered a close ally. The increasingly-co... | [
"George II of Great Britain - 1730-50.jpg"
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"Earls of Clare",
"Knights of the Garter",
"Lord-Lieutenan... |
projected-00308985-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Jenkins' Ear and Spanish America | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | The growing tension between Britain and Spain came to a head in 1731 during an incident known as Jenkins' Ear, when a British merchant captain was captured for illegal trading off the coast of Cuba by a Spanish privateer, and in punishment for his alleged breach of the strict laws forbidding foreign commerce with Spani... | [
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"Dukes of Newcastle-under-Lyne",
"Earls of Clare",
"Knights of the Garter",
"Lord-Lieutenan... |
projected-00308985-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Fall of Walpole | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | In the wake of the Cartagena disaster, Britain held a general election. The result reduced Walpole's former dominance of the House to an unworkable majority. Within months, he had been forced out of office and succeeded by Lord Wilmington. Though Newcastle stayed with Walpole to the end, he was later accused by many of... | [] | [
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"Dukes of Newcastle-under-Lyne",
"Earls of Clare",
"Knights of the Garter",
"Lord-Lieutenan... |
projected-00308985-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | War of the Austrian Succession | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | In 1740, shortly after the declaration of war with Spain, a separate war had broken out simultaneously in Europe into which the War of Jenkins' Ear soon became submerged. In a dispute over the throne of the Austria, both France and Prussia had invaded Austria and planned to remove Empress Maria Theresa and replace her ... | [
"Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg"
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"Earls of Clare",
"Knights of the Garter",
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projected-00308985-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Jacobite Rising | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | In 1745, the Jacobite Rising broke out in Scotland and soon spread to northern England. Newcastle feared an attack from the north by Bonnie Prince Charlie, who had already gathered 5,000 men in Derby, and a French invasion of southern England. In the panic, a number of false rumours circulated around London, including ... | [] | [
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projected-00308985-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | On the Continent, the British continued the war effort, but they were now under pressure from the Dutch Republic to make peace with the French. The Dutch feared that the French would soon launch a devastating onslaught and overrun their country. Newcastle considered that any peace that would be made would be extremely ... | [] | [
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projected-00308985-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Newcastle System | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | Following the peace, Newcastle began to put in practice a policy that he had been developing for a very long time. He believed that the stately quadrille, which had seen states continually shifting alliances, had been unstable and led to repeated wars. He wanted instead to use vigorous diplomacy to create a lasting pea... | [] | [
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"Knights of the Garter",
"Lord-Lieutenan... |
projected-00308985-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Prime Minister – first term | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | Newcastle's first task was to select someone to represent the government in the Commons. To great surprise, he rejected the favourites, William Pitt and Henry Fox, and chose Sir Thomas Robinson, who had barely even been considered a candidate by most. Newcastle was largely instrumental in appointing men considered slig... | [
"Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland by John Giles Eccardt.jpg"
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"Prime Minister – first term"
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"Earls of Clare",
"Knights of the Garter",
"Lord-Lieutenan... |
projected-00308985-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | America | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | The rivalry between Britain and France in North America had been growing for some time. Both coveted the Ohio Country, which offered enormous potential for a new wealthy colony to be founded. Both nations sent military forces to occupy the territory. While the British set up the first initial post, they were driven out... | [] | [
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"Earls of Clare",
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"Lord-Lieutenan... |
projected-00308985-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Loss of Menorca | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | While Newcastle had been paying attention to the American campaign, more pressing events in Europe demanded his attention.
Austria had been growing increasingly tense because of a longstanding belief that the British would abandon it at a crucial moment. Newcastle's worst fears were confirmed in 1756, when Austria con... | [
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"Dukes of Newcastle-under-Lyne",
"Earls of Clare",
"Knights of the Garter",
"Lord-Lieutenan... |
projected-00308985-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Interlude: Devonshire Prime Ministership | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | Between November 1756 and June 1757, the Duke of Devonshire replaced Newcastle as Prime Minister although Pitt is widely credited as the main influence on policy. | [] | [
"Interlude: Devonshire Prime Ministership"
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"Earls of Clare",
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"Lord-Lieutenan... |
projected-00308985-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Return | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | In July 1757, he again became prime minister since Pitt could not gain enough support in Parliament. It is often incorrectly stated that Pitt was Prime Minister during the war, but Newcastle actually held the office. Their relationship grew into a fruitful partnership and provided a determined leadership that some felt... | [
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"Lord-Lieutenan... |
projected-00308985-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Seven Years' War | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | Ultimately British policies were formed of a mixture of these two views. Newcastle insisted on British involvement on the continent to tie down French troops and to authorise a number of expeditions against French colonies. As they were successful, the expeditions began to grow in number and size. Pitt largely took ove... | [] | [
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