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text_id stringlengths 22 22 | page_url stringlengths 31 389 | page_title stringlengths 1 250 | section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k | context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k | context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k | media list | hierachy list | category list |
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projected-00309089-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent%20personality%20disorder | Dependent personality disorder | Millon's subtypes | Dependent personality disorder (DPD) is characterized by a pervasive psychological dependence on other people. This personality disorder is a long-term condition in which people depend on others to meet their emotional and physical needs, with only a minority achieving normal levels of independence. Dependent personali... | Psychologist Theodore Millon identified five adult subtypes of dependent personality disorder. Any individual dependent may exhibit none or one of the following: | [] | [
"Epidemiology",
"Millon's subtypes"
] | [
"Cluster C personality disorders"
] |
projected-00309089-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent%20personality%20disorder | Dependent personality disorder | History | Dependent personality disorder (DPD) is characterized by a pervasive psychological dependence on other people. This personality disorder is a long-term condition in which people depend on others to meet their emotional and physical needs, with only a minority achieving normal levels of independence. Dependent personali... | The conceptualization of dependency, within classical psychoanalytic theory, is directly related to Freud's oral psychosexual stage of development. Frustration or over-gratification was said to result in an oral fixation and in an oral type of character, characterized by feeling dependent on others for nurturance and b... | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Cluster C personality disorders"
] |
projected-00309090-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | Introduction | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
] | |
projected-00309090-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | History | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | Chief Justice Coke (1552–1634) defined "gentlemen" as those who bear coat armour. From the 16th century such families were defined by the inclusion of their pedigrees within their county's heraldic visitations, which necessitated their submitting a return of their pedigree to the visiting herald at the specified locati... | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
] |
projected-00309090-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | Defined in 1586 by Fearn | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | Sir John Fearn in "Glory of Generositie" spoke of esquires by creation, birth, dignity and office, specifying several circumstances that customarily conferred the title.
Offices of justice or government in the king's palace
Advocates and procurators of the sovereign
Serjeants at the coif
Offices of sheriff, eschea... | [] | [
"History",
"Defined in 1586 by Fearn"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
] |
projected-00309090-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | Defined by Camden (d. 1623) | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | Coke followed Sir William Camden, Clarenceux King of Arms (1551–1623), who defined esquires as:
the eldest sons of knights and their eldest sons in perpetuity,
the eldest sons of younger sons of peers and their eldest sons in perpetuity,
esquires so created by the king,
esquires by office, such as justices of the ... | [] | [
"History",
"Defined by Camden (d. 1623)"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
] |
projected-00309090-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | Defined by Weever (d. 1632) | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | John Weever (d. 1632) identified five categories of esquires:
"Those who are elect for the prince's body", which he classed as the principal esquires. These were royal courtiers known as Esquires of the Body
Knights' eldest sons
Younger sons of the eldest sons of barons and other nobles of higher estate
White Spurs, a... | [] | [
"History",
"Defined by Weever (d. 1632)"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
] |
projected-00309090-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | Defined in 1830 by Burn, Chitty & Black | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | According to one typical definition, esquires in English law included:
The eldest sons of knights, and their eldest sons in perpetual succession
The eldest sons of younger sons of peers, and their eldest sons in perpetual succession (children of peers already had higher precedence)
Esquires created by letters paten... | [] | [
"History",
"Defined in 1830 by Burn, Chitty & Black"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
] |
projected-00309090-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | Defined by Boutell (d. 1877) | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | Charles Boutell (1812–1877) defined the term as | [] | [
"History",
"Defined by Boutell (d. 1877)"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
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projected-00309090-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | Defined in 1894 by James Parker | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | James Parker supplied the following definition: | [] | [
"History",
"Defined in 1894 by James Parker"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
] |
projected-00309090-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | Modern definition | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | Oxford Dictionaries provided for the following definition of esquire in 2016: | [] | [
"History",
"Modern definition"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
] |
projected-00309090-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | Misuse | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | By the end of the 16th century, the pretentious use of the title, especially in its Latin form, armiger, was being mocked by Shakespeare in his character Robert Shallow, a justice of the peace:
To which Shallow directly replies: | [] | [
"History",
"Misuse"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
] |
projected-00309090-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | Other criteria | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | Nineteenth century tables of precedence further distinguished between "esquires by birth" and "esquires by office" (and likewise for "gentleman"). Today the term "gentleman" is still found in official tables of precedence, and it means a person who is an armiger with no higher rank or a descendant of someone who has bo... | [] | [
"History",
"Other criteria"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
] |
projected-00309090-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | Modern British usage | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | The most common occurrence of the term "esquire" today is in the addition of the suffix "Esq." in order to pay an informal compliment to a male recipient by way of implying gentle birth. There remain respected protocols for identifying those to whom it is thought most proper that the suffix should be given, especially ... | [] | [
"Modern British usage"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
] |
projected-00309090-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | In Scotland | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | Esquire is historically a feudal designation in Scotland. Today, the title of esquire is defined as a social dignity that refers to people of the Scottish gentry, who hold the next position in the Order of Precedence above gentlemen. It is also used as a common courtesy in correspondence. Traditionally, this was one wh... | [] | [
"Modern British usage",
"In Scotland"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
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projected-00309090-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | Usage in the United States | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | In the United States, the term is almost exclusively reserved for lawyers; much as one with a PhD (Or similar doctorates like EdD or DBA) or M.D. is called 'Dr.' or a knight becomes 'Sir'. | [] | [
"Usage in the United States"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
] |
projected-00309090-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | In the legal profession | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | In the U.S., the title esquire is commonly encountered among members of the legal profession. The title is not allocated by the law of any state to any profession, class, or station in society. However, some state bar associations, such as the New York State Bar Association, protect the use of the term esquire, and hav... | [] | [
"Usage in the United States",
"In the legal profession"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
] |
projected-00309090-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | Diplomatic use | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | Similarly, when addressing social correspondence to a commissioned officer of the United States Foreign Service, esquire may be used as a complimentary title. While the abbreviated Esq. is correct, esquire is typically written in full when addressing a diplomat. If any other titles are used on the same line, esquire is... | [] | [
"Usage in the United States",
"Diplomatic use"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
] |
projected-00309090-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | In fraternal groups | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | Some fraternal groups use the esquire title. One appendant body in Freemasonry also uses esquire as a degree title. | [] | [
"Usage in the United States",
"In fraternal groups"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
] |
projected-00309090-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | In colonial Virginia | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | In the Colony of Virginia, during the 17th and 18th centuries, esquire was the title given to members of the Council of Virginia, the upper house of the Virginia Assembly. | [] | [
"Usage in the United States",
"In colonial Virginia"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
] |
projected-00309090-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | Use of honorifics and post-nominals | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | Honorifics are not used with courtesy titles, so John Smith, Esq. or Mr. John Smith would be correct, but Mr. John Smith, Esq. would be incorrect.
When addressing a person who has an academic degree or other post-nominal professional designation, such as a Certified Public Accountant, a writer should use either the po... | [] | [
"Usage in the United States",
"Use of honorifics and post-nominals"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
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projected-00309090-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | Usage in India | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | Before 1947, the term esquire was used by senior officers of the Indian Civil Service and other members of the government. In keeping with the criteria established centuries earlier, the title was mostly used by government officials who studied or trained in England, especially in the universities of Oxford, Cambridge,... | [] | [
"Usage in India"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
] |
projected-00309090-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | Kingdom of France | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | In the French Nobility, ('squire', ) was the lowest specific rank, to which the vast majority of untitled nobles were entitled; also called or in certain regions. | [] | [
"Kingdom of France"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
] |
projected-00309090-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | Kingdom of Belgium | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | In Belgium, (French) or its Dutch equivalent is the lowest title within the nobility system, recognised by the Court of Cassation. | [] | [
"Kingdom of Belgium"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
] |
projected-00309090-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire | Esquire | See also | Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.
In the United Kingdom, esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. Some sources cite that the title was bestowed on "ca... | English honorifics | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Gentry",
"Men's social titles",
"Professional titles and certifications",
"Honorifics in the United Kingdom",
"American lawyers"
] |
projected-00309092-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Harris%2C%203rd%20Earl%20of%20Malmesbury | James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury | Introduction | James Howard Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury, GCB, PC (25 March 1807 – 17 May 1889), styled Viscount FitzHarris from 1820 to 1841, was a British statesman of the Victorian era. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1807 births",
"1889 deaths",
"British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs",
"Lords Privy Seal",
"Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath",
"Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"British Secretaries of State",
"Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)",
"Earls of Malmesbury",... | |
projected-00309092-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Harris%2C%203rd%20Earl%20of%20Malmesbury | James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury | Background and education | James Howard Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury, GCB, PC (25 March 1807 – 17 May 1889), styled Viscount FitzHarris from 1820 to 1841, was a British statesman of the Victorian era. | James Howard Harris was born on 25 March 1807 in London, the eldest son and heir of James Harris, 2nd Earl of Malmesbury, and his wife, Harriet Susan Dashwood, daughter of Francis Bateman Dashwood, of Well Vale, Lincolnshire, and his wife, Teresa March, daughter of John March, of Willeslet Park, Cambridgeshire. Having ... | [] | [
"Background and education"
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"1807 births",
"1889 deaths",
"British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs",
"Lords Privy Seal",
"Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath",
"Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"British Secretaries of State",
"Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)",
"Earls of Malmesbury",... |
projected-00309092-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Harris%2C%203rd%20Earl%20of%20Malmesbury | James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury | Family | James Howard Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury, GCB, PC (25 March 1807 – 17 May 1889), styled Viscount FitzHarris from 1820 to 1841, was a British statesman of the Victorian era. | Harris married, firstly, on 13 May 1876, Lady Corisande Emma Bennet, daughter of Charles Augustus Bennet, 5th Earl of Tankerville, and his wife Corisanda, daughter of Antoine, duc de Gramont and sister of Agenor, duc de Gramont, who was Minister of Foreign Affairs for France in 1870. She died in 1876. After the death o... | [] | [
"Background and education",
"Family"
] | [
"1807 births",
"1889 deaths",
"British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs",
"Lords Privy Seal",
"Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath",
"Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"British Secretaries of State",
"Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)",
"Earls of Malmesbury",... |
projected-00309092-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Harris%2C%203rd%20Earl%20of%20Malmesbury | James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury | Political career | James Howard Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury, GCB, PC (25 March 1807 – 17 May 1889), styled Viscount FitzHarris from 1820 to 1841, was a British statesman of the Victorian era. | In 1841 he had only just been elected to the House of Commons for Wilton as a Conservative, when his father died and he succeeded to the peerage. Malmesbury served as Foreign Secretary under the Earl of Derby in 1852 and again from 1858 to 1859 and was also Lord Privy Seal under Derby and Benjamin Disraeli between 1866... | [] | [
"Political career"
] | [
"1807 births",
"1889 deaths",
"British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs",
"Lords Privy Seal",
"Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath",
"Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"British Secretaries of State",
"Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)",
"Earls of Malmesbury",... |
projected-00309092-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Harris%2C%203rd%20Earl%20of%20Malmesbury | James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury | Personal life | James Howard Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury, GCB, PC (25 March 1807 – 17 May 1889), styled Viscount FitzHarris from 1820 to 1841, was a British statesman of the Victorian era. | Lord Malmesbury died childless in May 1889, aged 82, and was succeeded in the earldom by his nephew, Edward Harris. | [] | [
"Personal life"
] | [
"1807 births",
"1889 deaths",
"British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs",
"Lords Privy Seal",
"Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath",
"Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"British Secretaries of State",
"Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)",
"Earls of Malmesbury",... |
projected-00309092-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Harris%2C%203rd%20Earl%20of%20Malmesbury | James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury | Bibliography | James Howard Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury, GCB, PC (25 March 1807 – 17 May 1889), styled Viscount FitzHarris from 1820 to 1841, was a British statesman of the Victorian era. | Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990. | [] | [
"References",
"Bibliography"
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"1807 births",
"1889 deaths",
"British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs",
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"Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath",
"Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"British Secretaries of State",
"Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)",
"Earls of Malmesbury",... |
projected-00309096-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Stanley%2C%2015th%20Earl%20of%20Derby | Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby | Introduction | parents = Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of DerbyEmma Caroline Bootle-Wilbraham
}}
Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby, (21 July 182621 April 1893; known as Lord Stanley from 1851 to 1869) was a British statesman. He served as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs twice, from 1866 to 1868 and from 18... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1826 births",
"1893 deaths",
"British Militia officers",
"British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs",
"Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies",
"Liberal Party (UK) hereditary peers",
"Liberal Unionist Party peers",
"Presidents of the Royal Statistical Society",
"Children of prime ... | |
projected-00309098-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford%20Northcote%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Iddesleigh | Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh | Introduction | Stafford Henry Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh (27 October 1818 – 12 January 1887), known as Sir Stafford Northcote, Bt from 1851 to 1885, was a British Conservative politician. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1874 and 1880 and as Foreign Secretary between 1885 and 1886
According to Nigel Keohane, ... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom",
"1818 births",
"1887 deaths",
"Government ministers educated at Eton College",
"Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford",
"British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs",
"British Secretaries of State",
"Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)",
"Con... | |
projected-00309098-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford%20Northcote%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Iddesleigh | Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh | Background and education | Stafford Henry Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh (27 October 1818 – 12 January 1887), known as Sir Stafford Northcote, Bt from 1851 to 1885, was a British Conservative politician. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1874 and 1880 and as Foreign Secretary between 1885 and 1886
According to Nigel Keohane, ... | Northcote (pronounced "Northcut") was born at Portland Place, London, on 27 October 1818. He was the eldest son of Henry Stafford Northcote (1792–1850), eldest son of Sir Stafford Henry Northcote, 7th Baronet. His mother was Agnes Mary (died 1840), daughter of Thomas Cockburn. His paternal ancestors had long been settl... | [] | [
"Background and education"
] | [
"Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom",
"1818 births",
"1887 deaths",
"Government ministers educated at Eton College",
"Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford",
"British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs",
"British Secretaries of State",
"Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)",
"Con... |
projected-00309098-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford%20Northcote%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Iddesleigh | Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh | Early political career | Stafford Henry Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh (27 October 1818 – 12 January 1887), known as Sir Stafford Northcote, Bt from 1851 to 1885, was a British Conservative politician. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1874 and 1880 and as Foreign Secretary between 1885 and 1886
According to Nigel Keohane, ... | In 1843 Northcote became private secretary to William Ewart Gladstone at the Board of Trade. Northcote was afterwards legal secretary to the board and, after acting as one of the secretaries to the Great Exhibition of 1851, co-operated with Sir Charles Trevelyan in framing the Northcote–Trevelyan Report, which revoluti... | [] | [
"Early political career"
] | [
"Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom",
"1818 births",
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"Government ministers educated at Eton College",
"Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford",
"British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs",
"British Secretaries of State",
"Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)",
"Con... |
projected-00309098-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford%20Northcote%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Iddesleigh | Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh | Later political career | Stafford Henry Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh (27 October 1818 – 12 January 1887), known as Sir Stafford Northcote, Bt from 1851 to 1885, was a British Conservative politician. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1874 and 1880 and as Foreign Secretary between 1885 and 1886
According to Nigel Keohane, ... | Steadily supporting his party, he became President of the Board of Trade in 1866, Secretary of State for India in 1867 and Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1874. In 1870, during the interval between the last two appointments, he was the Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, North America's oldest company (established by ... | [
"Stafford Henry Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh by Edwin Longsden Long.jpg"
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"Later political career"
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"Government ministers educated at Eton College",
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"British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs",
"British Secretaries of State",
"Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)",
"Con... |
projected-00309098-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford%20Northcote%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Iddesleigh | Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh | Other public positions | Stafford Henry Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh (27 October 1818 – 12 January 1887), known as Sir Stafford Northcote, Bt from 1851 to 1885, was a British Conservative politician. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1874 and 1880 and as Foreign Secretary between 1885 and 1886
According to Nigel Keohane, ... | Northcote was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1875 and Lord Rector of Edinburgh University in 1883, in which capacity he addressed the students on the subject of "Desultory Reading". From 1886 to 1887 he was also Lord Lieutenant of Devon. He was not a prolific or notable writer, but amongst his works were Twen... | [] | [
"Other public positions"
] | [
"Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom",
"1818 births",
"1887 deaths",
"Government ministers educated at Eton College",
"Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford",
"British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs",
"British Secretaries of State",
"Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)",
"Con... |
projected-00309098-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford%20Northcote%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Iddesleigh | Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh | Family and personal life | Stafford Henry Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh (27 October 1818 – 12 January 1887), known as Sir Stafford Northcote, Bt from 1851 to 1885, was a British Conservative politician. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1874 and 1880 and as Foreign Secretary between 1885 and 1886
According to Nigel Keohane, ... | Northcote married Cecilia Frances Farrer (died 1910), daughter of Thomas Farrer and sister of Thomas Farrer, 1st Baron Farrer, in 1843. They had seven sons and three daughters. His second son, Henry, 1st Baron Northcote, was Governor-General of Australia. Another son, Amyas, later became known as a writer of ghost stor... | [
"Portrait of Sir Stafford Northcote, Bart., Secretary to the Royal Commissioners (4670419).jpg"
] | [
"Family and personal life"
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"Government ministers educated at Eton College",
"Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford",
"British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs",
"British Secretaries of State",
"Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)",
"Con... |
projected-00309098-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford%20Northcote%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Iddesleigh | Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh | Further reading | Stafford Henry Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh (27 October 1818 – 12 January 1887), known as Sir Stafford Northcote, Bt from 1851 to 1885, was a British Conservative politician. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1874 and 1880 and as Foreign Secretary between 1885 and 1886
According to Nigel Keohane, ... | Cooke, A. B. “A Conservative Party Leader in Ulster: Sir Stafford Northcote’s Diary of a Visit to the Province, October 1883.” Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section C: Archaeology, Celtic Studies, History, Linguistics, Literature, vol. 75, (1975), pp. 61–84, online.
Iddesleigh, Stafford Henry Northcote. "Sp... | [] | [
"Further reading"
] | [
"Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom",
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"Government ministers educated at Eton College",
"Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford",
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"British Secretaries of State",
"Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)",
"Con... |
projected-00309099-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqam | Maqam | Introduction | Maqam may refer to: | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-00309099-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqam | Maqam | Musical structures | Maqam may refer to: | Arabic maqam, melodic modes in traditional Arabic music
Turkish makam, a Turkish system of melody types
Iraqi maqam, an Iraqi melodic system
Hijaz-Nahawand maqam
Muqam, a melody type from Uyghur culture
Mugham, a music tradition of Azerbaijani cultures
Shashmaqam, "six maqams" a musical genre typical of Tajikista... | [] | [
"Musical structures"
] | [] |
projected-00309099-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqam | Maqam | Other uses | Maqam may refer to: | MAQAM, a media company specializing in Arabic and Middle Eastern media
Maqaam, spiritual stages in the Sufi path
Maqam (shrine), a tomb of a Muslim holy person
Maqam, Iran, a village in Hormozgan Province, Iran
Al-Maqam Mosque, Basra, Iraq | [] | [
"Other uses"
] | [] |
projected-00309104-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wodehouse%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Kimberley | John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley | Introduction | John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley (7 January 18268 April 1902), known as The Lord Wodehouse from 1846 to 1866, was a British Liberal politician. He held office in every Liberal administration from 1852 to 1895, notably as Secretary of State for the Colonies and as Foreign Secretary. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
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"1902 deaths",
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"Lords Lieutenant of Ireland",
"Lord Presidents of the Council",
"Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"Lords Privy Seal",
"Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster",
"Liberal Party (UK) hereditary peers",... | |
projected-00309104-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wodehouse%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Kimberley | John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley | Early life and education | John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley (7 January 18268 April 1902), known as The Lord Wodehouse from 1846 to 1866, was a British Liberal politician. He held office in every Liberal administration from 1852 to 1895, notably as Secretary of State for the Colonies and as Foreign Secretary. | Kimberley was born in 1826 in Wymondham, Norfolk, the eldest son of the Hon. Henry Wodehouse (1799–1834) and grandson of John Wodehouse, 2nd Baron Wodehouse. His mother was Anne Gurdon (d. 1880), daughter of Theophilus Thornhagh Gurdon. In 1846 he succeeded his grandfather as third Baron Wodehouse. He was educated at E... | [] | [
"Early life and education"
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"Lord Presidents of the Council",
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"Lords Privy Seal",
"Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster",
"Liberal Party (UK) hereditary peers",... |
projected-00309104-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wodehouse%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Kimberley | John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley | Early career (1852–1874) | John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley (7 January 18268 April 1902), known as The Lord Wodehouse from 1846 to 1866, was a British Liberal politician. He held office in every Liberal administration from 1852 to 1895, notably as Secretary of State for the Colonies and as Foreign Secretary. | He was by inheritance a Liberal in politics, and in 1852–1856 and 1859–1861 he was Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in Lord Aberdeen's and Lord Palmerston's ministries. In the interval (1856–1858) he had been envoy-extraordinary to Russia; and in 1863 he was sent on a special mission to Copenh... | [] | [
"Early career (1852–1874)"
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"1902 deaths",
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"Lord Presidents of the Council",
"Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"Lords Privy Seal",
"Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster",
"Liberal Party (UK) hereditary peers",... |
projected-00309104-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wodehouse%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Kimberley | John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley | Later career (1875–1902) | John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley (7 January 18268 April 1902), known as The Lord Wodehouse from 1846 to 1866, was a British Liberal politician. He held office in every Liberal administration from 1852 to 1895, notably as Secretary of State for the Colonies and as Foreign Secretary. | After an interval in opposition from 1874 to 1880, Lord Kimberley returned to the Colonial Office in Gladstone's next ministry. He was in that office when responsible government was granted to Cape Colony, British Columbia was added to the Dominion of Canada and during the First Boer War. At the end of 1882 he exchange... | [
"1st Earl of Kimberley 1897.jpg"
] | [
"Later career (1875–1902)"
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"1902 deaths",
"British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs",
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"Lord Presidents of the Council",
"Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"Lords Privy Seal",
"Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster",
"Liberal Party (UK) hereditary peers",... |
projected-00309104-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wodehouse%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Kimberley | John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley | Other public positions | John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley (7 January 18268 April 1902), known as The Lord Wodehouse from 1846 to 1866, was a British Liberal politician. He held office in every Liberal administration from 1852 to 1895, notably as Secretary of State for the Colonies and as Foreign Secretary. | On 5 April 1850, he joined the Canterbury Association, formed to establish a colony (in the later Canterbury region) on the South Island of New Zealand.
Lord Kimberley took interest in education, and after being for many years a member of the senate of the University of London, he became its chancellor in 1899. | [] | [
"Other public positions"
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"1826 births",
"1902 deaths",
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"Lord Presidents of the Council",
"Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"Lords Privy Seal",
"Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster",
"Liberal Party (UK) hereditary peers",... |
projected-00309104-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wodehouse%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Kimberley | John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley | Family | John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley (7 January 18268 April 1902), known as The Lord Wodehouse from 1846 to 1866, was a British Liberal politician. He held office in every Liberal administration from 1852 to 1895, notably as Secretary of State for the Colonies and as Foreign Secretary. | Lord Kimberley married Lady Florence FitzGibbon (d. 1895), daughter of Richard FitzGibbon, 3rd Earl of Clare, on 16 August 1847. They had three children:
John Wodehouse, 2nd Earl of Kimberley (10 Dec 1848 – 7 Jan 1932)
Lady Alice Wodehouse (17 Dec 1850 – 8 Jan 1937) married Hussey Packe, son of George Hussey Packe on ... | [] | [
"Family"
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"1826 births",
"1902 deaths",
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"Lord Presidents of the Council",
"Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"Lords Privy Seal",
"Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster",
"Liberal Party (UK) hereditary peers",... |
projected-00309104-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wodehouse%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Kimberley | John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley | Memorials | John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley (7 January 18268 April 1902), known as The Lord Wodehouse from 1846 to 1866, was a British Liberal politician. He held office in every Liberal administration from 1852 to 1895, notably as Secretary of State for the Colonies and as Foreign Secretary. | The following places were named after the 1st Earl of Kimberley:
the Kimberley region of Western Australia;
Kimberley, a town in South Africa and;
Kimberley, New Zealand, a hamlet of in the Selwyn District.
Kimberley Road and Kimberley Street in Hong Kong
Kimberley Street, George Town, Penang, Malaysia
Kimberley ... | [] | [
"Memorials"
] | [
"1826 births",
"1902 deaths",
"British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs",
"Lords Lieutenant of Ireland",
"Lord Presidents of the Council",
"Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"Lords Privy Seal",
"Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster",
"Liberal Party (UK) hereditary peers",... |
projected-00309104-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wodehouse%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Kimberley | John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley | References | John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley (7 January 18268 April 1902), known as The Lord Wodehouse from 1846 to 1866, was a British Liberal politician. He held office in every Liberal administration from 1852 to 1895, notably as Secretary of State for the Colonies and as Foreign Secretary. | Burke and Burke (1847). A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain and Ireland, volume 1 (London: Henry Colburn).
Burke, J.B. (1858). A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain and Ireland (London: Harrison).
Hunter, J. and Clay, J.W. (ed.) (1895). F... | [] | [
"References"
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"1826 births",
"1902 deaths",
"British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs",
"Lords Lieutenant of Ireland",
"Lord Presidents of the Council",
"Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"Lords Privy Seal",
"Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster",
"Liberal Party (UK) hereditary peers",... |
projected-00309105-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Introduction | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] | |
projected-00309105-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Etymology and definition | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | The name Cham, together with that of the region, Chameria, is from an extinct local Slavic *čamŭ, itself from the local Greek hydronym Thyamis (Θύαμις in Greek, Kalamas in Albanian). A folk etymology attributes the name to Turkish cami (Greek tzami), literally, 'mosque-goer, mosque attendee' which presumably was used b... | [] | [
"Name",
"Etymology and definition"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Ethnic appellations | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | Cham Albanians are known primarily by the Albanian form of the name Chams (Çam or Çamë) and the Greek name Tsamides (Τσάμηδες). It can be found in English sources also as a hybrid form of both names, Tsams. Prior to 1944, Greek sources often referred to Chams as Albanophones (Greek: Αλβανόφωνοι) or simply Albanians of ... | [] | [
"Name",
"Ethnic appellations"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Distribution | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | Cham communities now mostly exist in Albania, the United States and Turkey, as a result of their expulsion from their homeland, Chameria in Greece after World War II. A minority still lives in this region. | [] | [
"Distribution"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Chameria | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | Chameria is the name applied by the Albanians to the region formerly inhabited by the Chams, along the Ionian coast from Konispol to the north to the Acheron valley south. This area corresponds to a few villages in the southern part of the Saranda district in Albania (the municipalities of Konispol, Xarrë and Markat) a... | [
"Tsamouria.Chameria.png"
] | [
"Distribution",
"Chameria"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Albania | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | After the expulsion of the Muslim Chams from Greece, they were spread throughout Albania. The majority of Muslim Chams settled in the outskirts of Vlorë, Durrës and Tirana. Several hundred Chams moved into properties along the Himara coast and to existing villages along the coast such as Borshi, or established entirely... | [
"Albanian Cham dialect 19th century-early 20th century.jpg"
] | [
"Distribution",
"Albania"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Diaspora | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | Some Chams live in Turkey and the United States. Their number is unknown, but according to some sources, they number 150,000. The first wave of this diaspora left for Turkey during the Greco-Turkish population exchange of 1923. They have populated the areas of Erenköy and Kartal in Istanbul, as well as a number of town... | [] | [
"Distribution",
"Diaspora"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Medieval era (up to 1434) | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | The first undisputed mention of Albanians as an ethnic group in historical records dates from the second half of the 11th century, where they are named as the inhabitants of Arbanon in central Albania. During this time, the earliest mention of Albanians within the region of Epirus is recorded in a Venetian document of ... | [] | [
"History",
"Medieval era (up to 1434)"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Ottoman rule (1434–1913) | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | The region of Epirus was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the early 15th century. From the establishment of Ottoman rule until 1864, the region of Chameria was included in the Eyalet of Rumelia. It was divided between the sanjaks of Delvina and Ioannina, which were second order administrative divisions. After 1864, t... | [] | [
"History",
"Ottoman rule (1434–1913)"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Islamization (16th–19th centuries) | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | Under Ottoman rule, Islamization was widespread amongst Albanians. Until the end of the 16th century, Chams were still predominantly Christian, but by the end of the 17th century the urban centers had largely adopted Islam. The growth of an Albanian Muslim elite of Ottoman officials, like pashas and beys, such as the K... | [] | [
"History",
"Ottoman rule (1434–1913)",
"Islamization (16th–19th centuries)"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Albanian National Awakening (1870s–1912) | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | As Ottoman society was founded on the religion-based millet system and not on ethnic groups, schools in Chameria, as elsewhere where Albanians lived, were conducted only in Turkish and Greek. Christian Albanians could attend Greek schools, and Muslim Albanians Turkish schools, but Albanian language schools were highly ... | [] | [
"History",
"Ottoman rule (1434–1913)",
"Albanian National Awakening (1870s–1912)"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | First years of Greek rule (1913–1923) | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | With the onset of the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), Muslim Chams were uneager to fight as part of the Ottoman army. Nonetheless, most of the Lab and Cham beys formed irregular armed groups that fought against the Greek units, burning a number of villages in the regions of Paramythia, Fanari and Filiates. On the other hand s... | [] | [
"Modern history",
"First years of Greek rule (1913–1923)"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Population exchange and appropriation of property (1923–1926) | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | At the conclusion of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), Greece and Turkey signed the Treaty of Lausanne, according to which the Muslims of Greece would be exchanged with the Orthodox Christians of Turkey, making a unique exception for the Muslims of western Thrace and the Orthodox Christian population of Istanbul. The ... | [
"Chams on Filiates 1915.jpg"
] | [
"Modern history",
"Population exchange and appropriation of property (1923–1926)"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Pangalos regime (1926) | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | An unexpected turn in Chams' fate occurred when an Arvanite general, known for his pro-Albanian feelings, became prime minister of Greece. On 24 June 1925, a group of officers, fearing that the political instability was putting the country at risk, overthrew the government in a coup and their leader, Theodoros Pangalos... | [
"Major General Theodoros Pangalos, 1920.jpg"
] | [
"Modern history",
"Pangalos regime (1926)"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Discrimination and normalization (1927–1936) | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | In August 1926, Theodoros Pangalos was deposed by a counter-coup, and Pavlos Kountouriotis was restored as President of Greece. Pangalos' actions had encouraged Albania to be more persistent in pursuing Cham claims. Pangalos' overthrow also meant a backtracking of Greece's official stance on the issue: discrimination a... | [] | [
"Modern history",
"Discrimination and normalization (1927–1936)"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Crackdown under the Metaxas regime (1936–1940) | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | The harshest period of discrimination against Cham Albanians occurred during the dictatorial regime of Ioannis Metaxas, Prime Minister of Greece from 1936 to 1941. The nationalistic character of his regime was imposed on all minorities in Greece. As with Slavic-speakers, Aromanians and Roma, Albanian-speaking minoritie... | [] | [
"Modern history",
"Crackdown under the Metaxas regime (1936–1940)"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Greek-Italian War (1940–1941) | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | At the same time, a negative influence about the position of Cham Albanians came from Albania. Following the Italian invasion of Albania, the Albanian Kingdom had become a protectorate of the Kingdom of Italy. The Italians, especially governor Francesco Jacomoni, used the Cham issue as a means to rally Albanian support... | [] | [
"Second World War and expulsion",
"Greek-Italian War (1940–1941)"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Italian occupation | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | Prior to the outbreak of World War II, 28 villages in the region were inhabited exclusively by Muslim Chams, and an additional 20 villages had mixed Greek-Cham populations. Germany was against the annexation of the region to Albania that time. Nevertheless, Fascist Italian as well as Nazi German propaganda promised tha... | [] | [
"Second World War and expulsion",
"Occupied Greece and collaboration with the Axis (1941–1944)",
"Italian occupation"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | German occupation | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | From 29 July-31 August 1943, a combined German and Cham force launched an anti-partisan sweep operation codenamed Augustus. During the subsequent operations, 600 Greek and 50 Albanian citizens were killed and 70 villages were destroyed. On 27 September, combined Nazi-Cham forces launched large scale operation in burnin... | [] | [
"German occupation"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | First expulsion | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | During the summer of 1944, the head of the local resistance organization, Napoleon Zervas, asked the Cham Albanians to join EDES in its fight against the left-wing ELAS, but their response was negative. After that and in accordance to orders given specifically to EDES by the Allied forces to push them out of the area, ... | [] | [
"First expulsion"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Resistance, Greek Civil War, repatriation by ELAS and final expulsion | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | As the end of World War II drew near, a small number of Muslim Chams became part of the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS), as well as the anti-fascist National Liberation Army of Albania. In the ELAS, a mixed Cham Albanian-Greek battalion named IV "Ali Demi" battalion was formed, named after a Cham Albanian who was... | [] | [
"Resistance, Greek Civil War, repatriation by ELAS and final expulsion"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Postwar situation (1945–1990) | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | Muslim Chams who fled to Albania were given refugee status by the communist-led Albanian government and were organized under the aegis of the Anti-Fascist Committee of Cham Immigrants (CAFC). The Albanian state gave them homes in specific areas in the south of the country, so as to dilute the local Greek element in the... | [] | [
"Postwar situation (1945–1990)"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Under the People's Republic of Albania | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | During the People's Republic of Albania (1944–1985) the country was governed by Enver Halil Hoxha. The 40-year period of Hoxha's regime was characterized by the use of Stalinist methods to destroy associates who threatened his power. The regime was increasingly conspicuous towards the Cham community. It believed that t... | [
"HODŽA druhá míza.jpg"
] | [
"Postwar situation (1945–1990)",
"Under the People's Republic of Albania"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Politics in post-communist Albania | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | Following the fall of the Communist regime, the Chameria Political Association was formed in Tirana in 1991. Since its creation, its goal is the collection and recording of personal testimonies and accounts from Chams who left Greece in 1944–45 and are now living in Albania – personal archives, documents and other data... | [
"Cham march.jpg"
] | [
"Current situation",
"Politics in post-communist Albania"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Muslims | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | The Greek census of 1951 counted a total of 127 Muslim Albanian Chams in Epirus. In more recent years (1986) 44 members of this community are found in Thesprotia, located in the settlements of Sybota, Kodra and Polyneri (previously Koutsi). Moreover, until recently the Muslim community in Polyneri was the only one in E... | [] | [
"Current situation",
"In Greece",
"Muslims"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Christian Orthodox | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | According to a study by the Euromosaic project of the European Union, Albanian speaking communities live along the border with Albania in Thesprotia prefecture, the northern part of the Preveza prefecture in the region called Thesprotiko, and a few villages in Ioannina regional unit. In northern Preveza prefecture, tho... | [] | [
"Current situation",
"In Greece",
"Christian Orthodox"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | In Turkey | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | Muslim Chams in Turkey form the second largest community of Chams, after Albania. This community was established after the two World Wars. After the First World War, Chams were forced to leave for Turkey during the population exchange, and another migration wave followed after the Second World War, when a minority of t... | [] | [
"In Turkey"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | In the United States | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | Chams in the United States are the fourth most numerous population of Chams, after Albania, Turkey and Greece. The majority of this community migrated to the United States shortly after their expulsion from Greece, because the Communist government in Albania discriminated and persecuted them. They managed to retain the... | [] | [
"In the United States"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Political positions | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | Albania demands the repatriation of the Muslim Chams who were expelled at the end of World War II, and the granting of minority rights. The Chams also demand the restoration of their properties, and reject a financial compensation. Greece on the other hand states that the expulsion of the Chams is a closed chapter in t... | [] | [
"Cham issue",
"Political positions"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Citizenship issue | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | Following their expulsion in 1944, initially only the 2,000 or so Chams who were sentenced to death as collaborators were deprived of their Greek citizenship. The remainder, who represented the vast majority, lost theirs under a special law of 1947. Orthodox Albanian speakers within the region remained in Greece and re... | [] | [
"Cham issue",
"Citizenship issue"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Property issue | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | After World War II, the properties of Cham Albanians were put under escrow by the Greek state. In 1953, the Greek parliament passed a law, that considered as "abandoned" the rural immovable properties, whose owner had left Greece without permission or passport. After three years the properties were nationalized. Homes ... | [] | [
"Cham issue",
"Property issue"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Minority issue | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | The Chams are not a recognized minority by both global and peripheral international organizations, such as the United Nations and the OSCE. The decisions of the Cham representatives in general do not have any legal dimension or commitment in international politics.
Cham organizations ask for their repatriation and min... | [] | [
"Cham issue",
"Minority issue"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Incidents | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | The Cham issue has become a dispute in both countries, and several diplomatic incidents have occurred. It had been also used by the Albanian organizations of liberation armies (Kosovo and National Liberation Army), in order to fuel the irredentist dreams of the descendants of the Chams. Moreover, there is a reported pa... | [] | [
"Cham issue",
"Incidents"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Organizations | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | Chams have created a number of organizations, such as political parties, non-governmental associations and the Chameria Institute. | [] | [
"Organizations"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Chameria Association in Albania | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | The National Political Association "Çamëria" (in Albanian: Shoqëria Politike Atdhetare "Çamëria"), a pressure group advocating the return of the Chams to Greece, receipt of compensation and greater freedom for the Orthodox Albanian speakers in Greece, was founded on 10 January 1991. This associations holds a number of ... | [] | [
"Organizations",
"Chameria Association in Albania"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Chameria Association in the US | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | Chameria Human Rights Association (Shoqëria për të drejtat e Njeriut, Çamëria) is a non-governmental organization, based in Washington, DC, United States, which protects and lobbies for the rights of Chams.
It describes as its mission: the Right of Return of Chams "to their homes in Greece and live there in peace and ... | [] | [
"Organizations",
"Chameria Association in the US"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Democratic Foundation of Chameria | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | Another organization of Cham Albanians is based in The Hague, Netherlands. The Democratic Foundation of Chameria (Fondacioni Demokratik Çamëria) was founded in 2006 and aims to resolve the Cham issue, internationalizing the question in peaceful ways. Every year it organizes protests outside the International Court of J... | [] | [
"Organizations",
"Democratic Foundation of Chameria"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-045 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Party for Justice and Unity | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | The Party for Justice and Unity is a parliamentary party in Albania which aims to protect and uphold the rights of ethnic minorities inside and outside Albania, especially concerning with the Cham issue. The party was created after the 2009 parliamentary elections, in September from two deputies of the new Albanian par... | [] | [
"Organizations",
"Party for Justice and Unity"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Party for Justice and Integration | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | The Party for Justice and Integration (Partia për Drejtësi dhe Integrim), which represents the Chams in politics was formed in Albania in 2004. The party declares in its statute that it belongs to the center right, which is the political homeland for the vast majority of Chams marginalized by the Communist regime. Sinc... | [] | [
"Organizations",
"Party for Justice and Integration"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Chameria Institute | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | In March 2004, the Institute of Cham Studies (Instituti i Studimeve Çame), also known as Chameria Institute or Institute of Studies on the Cham issue was established with a board of 7 members. The Institute’s primary aim is to attempt to "fill the huge gap in knowledge about the entire Cham issue". One of the first act... | [] | [
"Organizations",
"Chameria Institute"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Cultural Association "Bilal Xhaferri" | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | In 1993, a group of journalists and writers of Cham origin, founded in Tirana the Cultural Association "Bilal Xhaferri" (Shoqata Kulturore "Bilal Xhaferri"), nicknamed also as "the Cultural Community of Chameria" (Komuniteti Kulturor i Çamërisë). The association is a non-profit organization which aims to keep and promo... | [] | [
"Organizations",
"Cultural Association \"Bilal Xhaferri\""
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Demographics | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | According to Cham organizations, the Chams are thought to number 440,000. According to non-Cham sources, however, they are not though to exceed 170,000. The majority of them live in Albania, while other communities live in Greece, Turkey and the USA. Their religions are Islam and Orthodox Christianity. | [] | [
"Demographics"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Historical demographics | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | The population of the region of Chameria was mainly Albanian and Greek, with smaller minorities. In the early 19th century, Greek scholar and secretary of the local Ottoman Albanian ruler Ali Pasha, Athanasios Psalidas, stated that Chameria was inhabited by both Greeks and Albanians. The later were divided between Chri... | [] | [
"Demographics",
"Historical demographics"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Current demographics | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | In 1985, the Albanian population of Epirus, including Chameria and two villages in Konitsa was estimated 30,000. In 2002, according to author Miranda Vickers, in Chameria, the Orthodox Albanian population was estimated at 40,000. However the term Cham in the 20th century applies only to Muslims, while both the Orthodox... | [] | [
"Demographics",
"Current demographics"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Religion | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | Chams living today in Albania are overwhelmingly Muslim, but it is difficult to estimate their current religious affiliation: the former Communist regime had proclaimed the country "the only atheistic state in the world", and even after its fall, the majority of the population self-declared agnostic, or irreligious. Cu... | [] | [
"Demographics",
"Religion"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Language | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | Cham Albanians speak the Cham dialect (Çamërisht), which is a sub-branch of the Tosk Albanian dialect. The Cham dialect is one of the southernmost dialects of the Albanian language, the other one in Greece being the Arvanitic dialect of southern Greece, which is also a form of Tosk Albanian. As such, Arvanitika and Cha... | [
"Chamerisht.JPG"
] | [
"Language"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Literature | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | The first Albanian-language book written in the region of Chameria was the Greek-Albanian dictionary by Markos Botsaris, a Souliote captain and prominent figure of the Greek War of Independence. This dictionary was the biggest Cham Albanian dictionary of its time, with 1,484 lexemes. According to albanologist Robert El... | [
"Dictionary of Markos Botsaris.jpg"
] | [
"Literature and media",
"Literature"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Media | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | The Chams' culture and politics are represented by three local media in Albania and the United States. Due to the harsh Communist regime in Albania, Chams did not manage to publish any media in the 1945–1990 period. On the other hand, Cham emigrants in the United States established a newspaper and a magazine, both edit... | [] | [
"Literature and media",
"Media"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Music | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | Cham Albanians' music has its own features, which makes it differ from that of other Albanian music. Cham Albanian folk music can be divided into three main categories: the iso-polyphonic, the polyphonic and the folk ballads.
According to German scholar Doris Stockman, Cham music "may give an impact to further explain... | [] | [
"Traditions",
"Music"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |
projected-00309105-059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20Albanians | Cham Albanians | Dances | Cham Albanians or Chams (; , Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria. The Chams have their own particular cultural identity, which is a mixture of Albanian and Greek influences as well a... | Cham Albanian dances are well-known in Albania. The best-known is the Dance of Osman Taka.
This Dance is linked with Osman Taka, a Cham Albanian leader who fought against Ottoman forces, and who managed to escape from death by amazing Ottoman forces with this dance. It is an old Cham dance, but under this name its know... | [] | [
"Traditions",
"Dances"
] | [
"Cham Albanians",
"Muslim communities in Europe"
] |