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text_id stringlengths 22 22 | page_url stringlengths 31 389 | page_title stringlengths 1 250 | section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k | context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k | context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k | media list | hierachy list | category list |
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projected-00311067-028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20of%20Brazil | Culture of Brazil | Sports | The culture of Brazil is primarily Western, being derived from Portuguese culture, as well as the cultural and ethnic mixing that occurred between the Indigenous peoples, Portuguese colonizers and Africans. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Italians, Spaniards, Germans, Austrians, Arabs, Armenians, Japanese, C... | Football is the most popular sport in Brazil. Many Brazilian players such as Pelé, Ronaldo, Kaká, Ronaldinho, and Neymar are among the most well known players in the sport. The Brazil national football team (Seleção) is currently among the best in the world, according to the FIFA World Rankings. They have been victorio... | [
"Maracana Stadium June 2013.jpg"
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projected-00311067-029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20of%20Brazil | Culture of Brazil | Family and social class | The culture of Brazil is primarily Western, being derived from Portuguese culture, as well as the cultural and ethnic mixing that occurred between the Indigenous peoples, Portuguese colonizers and Africans. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Italians, Spaniards, Germans, Austrians, Arabs, Armenians, Japanese, C... | As a society with strong traditional values, the family in Brazil is usually represented by the couple and their children. Extended family is also an important aspect with strong ties being often maintained. Accompanying a world trend, the structure of the Brazilian family has seen major changes over the past few deca... | [
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projected-00311067-030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20of%20Brazil | Culture of Brazil | Social customs | The culture of Brazil is primarily Western, being derived from Portuguese culture, as well as the cultural and ethnic mixing that occurred between the Indigenous peoples, Portuguese colonizers and Africans. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Italians, Spaniards, Germans, Austrians, Arabs, Armenians, Japanese, C... | In Brazilian culture, living in a community is vital due to the fact Brazilians are very involved with one another. "Brazilians organize their lives around and about others, maintain a high level of social involvement, and consider personal relations of primary importance in all human interactions. In fact, being with ... | [] | [
"Family and social class",
"Social customs"
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"Brazilian culture"
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projected-00311067-031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20of%20Brazil | Culture of Brazil | Beauty | The culture of Brazil is primarily Western, being derived from Portuguese culture, as well as the cultural and ethnic mixing that occurred between the Indigenous peoples, Portuguese colonizers and Africans. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Italians, Spaniards, Germans, Austrians, Arabs, Armenians, Japanese, C... | According to the anthropologist Alvaro Jarrin, "Beauty is constantly lived, breathed and incorporated as a social category in southeastern Brazil. The talk of beauty is pervasive in all kinds of media, from television to song lyrics, and it is a daily concern of people of all incomes and backgrounds. Remarking about a ... | [
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"Beauty"
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"Brazilian culture"
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projected-00311067-033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20of%20Brazil | Culture of Brazil | See also | The culture of Brazil is primarily Western, being derived from Portuguese culture, as well as the cultural and ethnic mixing that occurred between the Indigenous peoples, Portuguese colonizers and Africans. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Italians, Spaniards, Germans, Austrians, Arabs, Armenians, Japanese, C... | Latin American culture
Tourism in Brazil
Brazilian tea culture | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Brazilian culture"
] |
projected-00311077-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevfik%20Esen%C3%A7 | Tevfik Esenç | Introduction | Tevfik Esenç (1904 – 7 October 1992) was a Turkish citizen of Circassian origin, known for being the last speaker of the Ubykh language. He was fluent in Ubykh, Adyghe and Turkish. After his death in 1992, the Ubykh language went extinct despite the efforts and work of numerous linguists to revive it. Nevertheless, Ese... | [] | [
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"People from Manyas",
"Turkish people of Ubykh descent",
"Last known speakers of a language",
"Ubykh language",
"Mayors of places in Turkey"
] | |
projected-00311077-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevfik%20Esen%C3%A7 | Tevfik Esenç | Biography | Tevfik Esenç (1904 – 7 October 1992) was a Turkish citizen of Circassian origin, known for being the last speaker of the Ubykh language. He was fluent in Ubykh, Adyghe and Turkish. After his death in 1992, the Ubykh language went extinct despite the efforts and work of numerous linguists to revive it. Nevertheless, Ese... | Esenç was raised by his Ubykh-speaking grandparents for a time in the village of Hacıosman (Ubykh: Lak°'ạ́ṡ°a; Adyghe: Hundjahabl) in Turkey, and he served a term as the muhtar (mayor) of that village, before receiving a post in the civil service of Istanbul. There, he was able to do a great deal of work with the Frenc... | [
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projected-00311078-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Mons%20Graupius | Battle of Mons Graupius | Introduction | The Battle of Mons Graupius was, according to Tacitus, a Roman military victory in what is now Scotland, taking place in AD 83 or, less probably, 84. The exact location of the battle is a matter of debate. Historians have long questioned some details of Tacitus's account of the fight, suggesting that he exaggerated Rom... | [] | [
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"Military history of Roman Britain",
"Scotland in the Roman era",
"1st century in Scotland",
"80s in the Roman Empire",
"80s conflicts"
] | |
projected-00311078-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Mons%20Graupius | Battle of Mons Graupius | Background | The Battle of Mons Graupius was, according to Tacitus, a Roman military victory in what is now Scotland, taking place in AD 83 or, less probably, 84. The exact location of the battle is a matter of debate. Historians have long questioned some details of Tacitus's account of the fight, suggesting that he exaggerated Rom... | Tacitus states that Gnaeus Julius Agricola, who was the Roman governor and Tacitus's father-in-law, had sent his fleet ahead to panic the Caledonians, and, with light infantry reinforced with British auxiliaries, reached the site, which he found occupied by the enemy.
Even though the Romans were outnumbered in their c... | [] | [
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"80s in the Roman Empire",
"80s conflicts"
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projected-00311078-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Mons%20Graupius | Battle of Mons Graupius | Location | The Battle of Mons Graupius was, according to Tacitus, a Roman military victory in what is now Scotland, taking place in AD 83 or, less probably, 84. The exact location of the battle is a matter of debate. Historians have long questioned some details of Tacitus's account of the fight, suggesting that he exaggerated Rom... | The Battle of Mons Graupius has been a constant motif in the study of Roman Scotland. In the 19th century, it was identified with almost every principal Roman site in Perth and Kinross from Dalginross to Blairgowrie. With the advent of aerial photography and the interpretation of crop markings in the 20th century, the ... | [] | [
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projected-00311078-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Mons%20Graupius | Battle of Mons Graupius | Battle | The Battle of Mons Graupius was, according to Tacitus, a Roman military victory in what is now Scotland, taking place in AD 83 or, less probably, 84. The exact location of the battle is a matter of debate. Historians have long questioned some details of Tacitus's account of the fight, suggesting that he exaggerated Rom... | According to Tacitus, 8,000 allied auxiliary infantry formed the centre, while 3,000 cavalry were on the flanks, with the Roman legionaries as a reserve in front of their camp. Estimates for the size of the Roman army range from 17,000 to 30,000; although Tacitus says that 11,000 auxiliaries were engaged, along with a ... | [] | [
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"1st century in Scotland",
"80s in the Roman Empire",
"80s conflicts"
] |
projected-00311078-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Mons%20Graupius | Battle of Mons Graupius | Criticisms of Tacitus's account | The Battle of Mons Graupius was, according to Tacitus, a Roman military victory in what is now Scotland, taking place in AD 83 or, less probably, 84. The exact location of the battle is a matter of debate. Historians have long questioned some details of Tacitus's account of the fight, suggesting that he exaggerated Rom... | The decisive victory reported by Tacitus has been criticized by some historians, however, who believe no engagement occurred. One author has suggested that the emperor Domitian may have been informed of the fraudulence of Agricola's claims to have won a significant victory. Despite these claims, Agricola was awarded tr... | [] | [
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"1st century in Scotland",
"80s in the Roman Empire",
"80s conflicts"
] |
projected-00311078-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Mons%20Graupius | Battle of Mons Graupius | Aftermath | The Battle of Mons Graupius was, according to Tacitus, a Roman military victory in what is now Scotland, taking place in AD 83 or, less probably, 84. The exact location of the battle is a matter of debate. Historians have long questioned some details of Tacitus's account of the fight, suggesting that he exaggerated Rom... | Following this final battle, it was proclaimed that Agricola had finally subdued all the tribes of Britain. Soon afterwards he was recalled to Rome, and his post passed to Sallustius Lucullus. It is likely that Rome intended to continue the conflict, but that military requirements elsewhere in the empire necessitated a... | [] | [
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"1st century in Scotland",
"80s in the Roman Empire",
"80s conflicts"
] |
projected-00311078-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Mons%20Graupius | Battle of Mons Graupius | See also | The Battle of Mons Graupius was, according to Tacitus, a Roman military victory in what is now Scotland, taking place in AD 83 or, less probably, 84. The exact location of the battle is a matter of debate. Historians have long questioned some details of Tacitus's account of the fight, suggesting that he exaggerated Rom... | Scotland during the Roman Empire | [] | [
"See also"
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"Battles involving the Roman Empire",
"Battles involving the Picts",
"Flavian military campaigns",
"History of the Scottish Highlands",
"Military history of Roman Britain",
"Scotland in the Roman era",
"1st century in Scotland",
"80s in the Roman Empire",
"80s conflicts"
] |
projected-00311078-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Mons%20Graupius | Battle of Mons Graupius | Further reading | The Battle of Mons Graupius was, according to Tacitus, a Roman military victory in what is now Scotland, taking place in AD 83 or, less probably, 84. The exact location of the battle is a matter of debate. Historians have long questioned some details of Tacitus's account of the fight, suggesting that he exaggerated Rom... | James E. Fraser, The Roman Conquest Of Scotland: The Battle Of Mons Graupius AD 84
Duncan B. Campbell, Mons Graupius AD 83, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2010.
A.J. Woodman (with C. Kraus), Tacitus: Agricola, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Duncan B. Campbell, 'A note on the Battle of Mons Graupius', Classica... | [] | [
"Further reading"
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"Scotland in the Roman era",
"1st century in Scotland",
"80s in the Roman Empire",
"80s conflicts"
] |
projected-00311079-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary%20Benn | Hilary Benn | Introduction | Hilary James Wedgwood Benn (born 26 November 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Leeds Central since a by-election in 1999. He served in the Cabinet from 2003 to 2010, under both Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. He also served as Shadow Foreign Secretary from 2015 to 2... | [] | [
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"Labour Party (UK) councillors",
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projected-00311079-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary%20Benn | Hilary Benn | Early life and education | Hilary James Wedgwood Benn (born 26 November 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Leeds Central since a by-election in 1999. He served in the Cabinet from 2003 to 2010, under both Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. He also served as Shadow Foreign Secretary from 2015 to 2... | Born in Hammersmith, London, he is the second son of former Labour Cabinet Minister Tony Benn and American-born educationalist Caroline Benn (née DeCamp). Benn is a fourth-generation MP – his father, his paternal grandfather Lord Stansgate, and his great-grandfathers Daniel Holmes and Sir John Benn were all Members of ... | [] | [
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"English people of Scottish descent",
"Labour Party (UK) councillors",
"Labour P... |
projected-00311079-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary%20Benn | Hilary Benn | Early political career | Hilary James Wedgwood Benn (born 26 November 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Leeds Central since a by-election in 1999. He served in the Cabinet from 2003 to 2010, under both Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. He also served as Shadow Foreign Secretary from 2015 to 2... | After graduation, Benn became a research officer with ASTMS. During the 1975 referendum on British membership of the European Economic Community, he served on the research team for the National Referendum Campaign, which argued for a No vote.
In 1980, he was seconded to the Labour Party to act as a joint secretary to ... | [] | [
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projected-00311079-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary%20Benn | Hilary Benn | Labour government (1999–2010) | Hilary James Wedgwood Benn (born 26 November 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Leeds Central since a by-election in 1999. He served in the Cabinet from 2003 to 2010, under both Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. He also served as Shadow Foreign Secretary from 2015 to 2... | In 1999, Benn was selected as the Labour candidate for a by-election in Leeds Central following the untimely death of Foreign Office Minister Derek Fatchett at the age of 53 years old. During the by-election campaign, he described himself as "a Benn, but not a Bennite".
Benn won the Leeds Central by-election on 10 Jun... | [] | [
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"English people of Scottish descent",
"Labour Party (UK) councillors",
"Labour P... |
projected-00311079-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary%20Benn | Hilary Benn | Early ministerial career (2001–2003) | Hilary James Wedgwood Benn (born 26 November 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Leeds Central since a by-election in 1999. He served in the Cabinet from 2003 to 2010, under both Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. He also served as Shadow Foreign Secretary from 2015 to 2... | Following the 2001 general election, Benn was appointed as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department for International Development. In 2002 reshuffle, he become the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Prisons and Probation in the Home Office, serving as a deputy to Lord Falconer as Minister of S... | [] | [
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"Labour Party (UK) councillors",
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projected-00311079-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary%20Benn | Hilary Benn | Secretary of State for International Development (2003–2007) | Hilary James Wedgwood Benn (born 26 November 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Leeds Central since a by-election in 1999. He served in the Cabinet from 2003 to 2010, under both Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. He also served as Shadow Foreign Secretary from 2015 to 2... | In 2003, Benn was promoted to the cabinet from his position as Minister of State to become Secretary of State for International Development, after Baroness Amos was appointed as Leader of the House of Lords. When he informed his family, his father Tony said that "the house rocked with delight". Following his first Depa... | [] | [
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"English people of Scottish descent",
"Labour Party (UK) councillors",
"Labour P... |
projected-00311079-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary%20Benn | Hilary Benn | Labour Party Deputy Leadership election, 2007 | Hilary James Wedgwood Benn (born 26 November 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Leeds Central since a by-election in 1999. He served in the Cabinet from 2003 to 2010, under both Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. He also served as Shadow Foreign Secretary from 2015 to 2... | In late October 2006, Benn announced that he would be standing in the 2007 Labour Party Deputy Leadership election. One of his earliest backers was Dennis Skinner, and it was also announced that Ian McCartney would play an important role in his campaign. On 6 December, an open letter was published in The Guardian signe... | [] | [
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"English people of Scottish descent",
"Labour Party (UK) councillors",
"Labour P... |
projected-00311079-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary%20Benn | Hilary Benn | Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2007–2010) | Hilary James Wedgwood Benn (born 26 November 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Leeds Central since a by-election in 1999. He served in the Cabinet from 2003 to 2010, under both Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. He also served as Shadow Foreign Secretary from 2015 to 2... | In 2007, Benn was appointed as the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, following the election of Gordon Brown as Party Leader, and the promotion of David Miliband to Foreign Secretary. As Secretary of State for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, he introduced and implemented the UK's Clima... | [] | [
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"English people of Scottish descent",
"Labour Party (UK) councillors",
"Labour P... |
projected-00311079-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary%20Benn | Hilary Benn | In opposition (2010–present) | Hilary James Wedgwood Benn (born 26 November 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Leeds Central since a by-election in 1999. He served in the Cabinet from 2003 to 2010, under both Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. He also served as Shadow Foreign Secretary from 2015 to 2... | Benn served as Shadow Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs in 2010 during Harriet Harman's interim leadership of the Labour Party. In the Shadow Cabinet of Ed Miliband, announced on 8 October 2010, he was appointed Shadow Leader of the House of Commons. When Miliband reshuffled his cabinet on 7 Oc... | [] | [
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"English people of Scottish descent",
"Labour Party (UK) councillors",
"Labour P... |
projected-00311079-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary%20Benn | Hilary Benn | Shadow Foreign Secretary | Hilary James Wedgwood Benn (born 26 November 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Leeds Central since a by-election in 1999. He served in the Cabinet from 2003 to 2010, under both Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. He also served as Shadow Foreign Secretary from 2015 to 2... | After the 2015 UK general election, in the Second Shadow Cabinet of Harriet Harman, Benn was named Shadow Foreign Secretary, after the incumbent, Douglas Alexander, lost his seat to Mhairi Black of the SNP. On 17 June, Benn deputised for Harriet Harman at Prime Minister's Questions, when David Cameron was overseas in E... | [
"Barack Obama and Opposition leader Jeremy Corbyn.jpg"
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projected-00311079-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary%20Benn | Hilary Benn | Select committee chairman | Hilary James Wedgwood Benn (born 26 November 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Leeds Central since a by-election in 1999. He served in the Cabinet from 2003 to 2010, under both Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. He also served as Shadow Foreign Secretary from 2015 to 2... | In September 2016, Benn announced his intention to stand for chairman of the new Exiting the European Union Select Committee, a House of Commons select committee. He stated that his intention was to "get the best deal for the British people". His bid was supported by former Labour leader Ed Miliband, as well as other s... | [] | [
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"Labour Party (UK) councillors",
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projected-00311079-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary%20Benn | Hilary Benn | Political views | Hilary James Wedgwood Benn (born 26 November 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Leeds Central since a by-election in 1999. He served in the Cabinet from 2003 to 2010, under both Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. He also served as Shadow Foreign Secretary from 2015 to 2... | Benn supports the maintenance of a nuclear-armed strategic force by the United Kingdom. He supported both the 2011 military intervention in Libya and the Iraq War, and also military intervention against Syria.
Benn supported the Remain campaign in the 2016 Brexit referendum and also supported the People's Vote campaig... | [] | [
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"Commission for Africa members",
"Councillors in the London Borough of Ealing",
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"English people of Scottish descent",
"Labour Party (UK) councillors",
"Labour P... |
projected-00311079-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary%20Benn | Hilary Benn | Personal life | Hilary James Wedgwood Benn (born 26 November 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Leeds Central since a by-election in 1999. He served in the Cabinet from 2003 to 2010, under both Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. He also served as Shadow Foreign Secretary from 2015 to 2... | In 1973, whilst at university, Benn married fellow student Rosalind Caroline Retey. She died of cancer, aged 26, in 1979. Benn subsequently married Sally Christina Clark in 1982, and the couple have four children.
Like his father, who died in March 2014, he is a teetotaller and vegetarian. | [] | [
"Personal life"
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"Commission for Africa members",
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"English people of Scottish descent",
"Labour Party (UK) councillors",
"Labour P... |
projected-00311079-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary%20Benn | Hilary Benn | Awards | Hilary James Wedgwood Benn (born 26 November 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Leeds Central since a by-election in 1999. He served in the Cabinet from 2003 to 2010, under both Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. He also served as Shadow Foreign Secretary from 2015 to 2... | Benn was shortlisted for the Grassroot Diplomat Initiative Award in 2015 for his work on increasing aid at DfID, and remains in the directory of the Grassroot Diplomat Who's Who publication.
Benn has won the Channel 4 Political Awards Politicians’ Politician 2006, Spectator Parliamentarian of the Year 2016 and the Pol... | [] | [
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"English people of Scottish descent",
"Labour Party (UK) councillors",
"Labour P... |
projected-00311086-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20Mitchell | Charlotte Mitchell | Introduction | Charlotte Mitchell (born Edna Winifred Mitchell; 23 July 1926 – 2 May 2012) was an English actress and poet. | [
"Tony Maiden as Albert Clifton (left), Charlotte Mitchell (1926–2012) as Amy Winthrop (middle) and Roderick Shaw as Kevin Gordon (right) in the episode \"The Ponies\" of the first series of \"The Adventures of Black Beauty\".png"
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projected-00311086-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20Mitchell | Charlotte Mitchell | Biography | Charlotte Mitchell (born Edna Winifred Mitchell; 23 July 1926 – 2 May 2012) was an English actress and poet. | In the 1950s she provided lyrics, sketches, and occasionally acted in revues on London's West End. She was especially successful in her ventures providing lyrics for Madeleine Dring in Airs on a Shoestring (1953), Pay the Piper (1954), and Fresh Airs (1956), all productions of Laurier Lister.
She was once (allegedly) ... | [] | [
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projected-00311086-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20Mitchell | Charlotte Mitchell | Death | Charlotte Mitchell (born Edna Winifred Mitchell; 23 July 1926 – 2 May 2012) was an English actress and poet. | She died in Chiswick, London, on 2 May 2012, aged 85 from pneumonia. She had previously battled breast cancer and myeloma. | [] | [
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projected-00311086-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20Mitchell | Charlotte Mitchell | Films | Charlotte Mitchell (born Edna Winifred Mitchell; 23 July 1926 – 2 May 2012) was an English actress and poet. | The Romantic Age (1949, Naughty Arlette 1950 in the US) – Charlotte (uncredited)
The Happiest Days of Your Life (1950) – Ethel (uncredited)
Laughter in Paradise (1951) – Ethel
The Man in the White Suit (1951) – Mill Girl
Lady Godiva Rides Again (1951) – Lucille
Curtain Up (1952) – Daphne Ray
Time Bomb (1953) – Bu... | [] | [
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projected-00311086-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20Mitchell | Charlotte Mitchell | Television | Charlotte Mitchell (born Edna Winifred Mitchell; 23 July 1926 – 2 May 2012) was an English actress and poet. | Not in Front of the Children (1967–1970) – Mary
Dombey and Son (1969) - Polly "Richards" Toodle
Persuasion (1971) – Mrs. Clay
The Adventures of Black Beauty (1972–1974) – Amy Winthrop
The Kids from 47A (1973, Writer)
...And Mother Makes Five (1974–1976) – Monica Spencer
In This House of Brede (1975, TV Movie) – M... | [] | [
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projected-00311086-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20Mitchell | Charlotte Mitchell | Further reading | Charlotte Mitchell (born Edna Winifred Mitchell; 23 July 1926 – 2 May 2012) was an English actress and poet. | Brister, Wanda. Madeleine Dring: The Lady Composer | [] | [
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projected-00311092-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Kurtz | Paul Kurtz | Introduction | Paul Kurtz (December 21, 1925 – October 20, 2012) was an American scientific skeptic and secular humanist. He has been called "the father of secular humanism". He was Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo, having previously also taught at Vassar, Trinity, and Union colleges, an... | [] | [
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projected-00311092-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Kurtz | Paul Kurtz | Early years | Paul Kurtz (December 21, 1925 – October 20, 2012) was an American scientific skeptic and secular humanist. He has been called "the father of secular humanism". He was Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo, having previously also taught at Vassar, Trinity, and Union colleges, an... | Kurtz was born in Newark, New Jersey, into a Jewish family, the son of Sara Lasser and Martin Kurtz. Kurtz received his bachelor's degree from New York University, and the master's degree and Doctor of Philosophy degree from Columbia University. Kurtz was left-wing in his youth, but has said that serving in the United ... | [
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projected-00311092-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Kurtz | Paul Kurtz | Secular humanism | Paul Kurtz (December 21, 1925 – October 20, 2012) was an American scientific skeptic and secular humanist. He has been called "the father of secular humanism". He was Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo, having previously also taught at Vassar, Trinity, and Union colleges, an... | Kurtz was largely responsible for the secularization of humanism. Before Kurtz embraced the term "secular humanism," which had received wide publicity through fundamentalist Christians in the 1980s, humanism was more widely perceived as a religion (or a pseudoreligion) that did not include the supernatural. This can be... | [] | [
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projected-00311092-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Kurtz | Paul Kurtz | Critique of the paranormal | Paul Kurtz (December 21, 1925 – October 20, 2012) was an American scientific skeptic and secular humanist. He has been called "the father of secular humanism". He was Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo, having previously also taught at Vassar, Trinity, and Union colleges, an... | Another aspect in Kurtz's legacy is his critique of the paranormal. In 1976, CSICOP started Skeptical Inquirer, its official journal. Like Martin Gardner, Carl Sagan, Isaac Asimov, James Randi, Ray Hyman and others, Kurtz has popularized scientific skepticism and critical thinking about claims of the paranormal.
Conce... | [
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projected-00311092-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Kurtz | Paul Kurtz | Eupraxsophy | Paul Kurtz (December 21, 1925 – October 20, 2012) was an American scientific skeptic and secular humanist. He has been called "the father of secular humanism". He was Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo, having previously also taught at Vassar, Trinity, and Union colleges, an... | Kurtz coined the term eupraxsophy (originally eupraxophy) to refer to philosophies or life stances such as secular humanism, Confucianism and Taoism that do not rely on belief in the transcendent or supernatural. A eupraxsophy is a nonreligious life stance or worldview emphasizing the importance of living an ethical an... | [] | [
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projected-00311092-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Kurtz | Paul Kurtz | The Paul Kurtz Lecture Series | Paul Kurtz (December 21, 1925 – October 20, 2012) was an American scientific skeptic and secular humanist. He has been called "the father of secular humanism". He was Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo, having previously also taught at Vassar, Trinity, and Union colleges, an... | In June 2010, the State University of New York at Buffalo announced the establishment of the Paul Kurtz Lecture Series. The series will bring notable speakers to the university's campus in Amherst, New York, to speak on topics relevant to the philosophy of humanism and philosophical naturalism. Kurtz had made the beque... | [] | [
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projected-00311092-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Kurtz | Paul Kurtz | Paul Kurtz Institute for Science and Human Values | Paul Kurtz (December 21, 1925 – October 20, 2012) was an American scientific skeptic and secular humanist. He has been called "the father of secular humanism". He was Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo, having previously also taught at Vassar, Trinity, and Union colleges, an... | Paul Kurtz conceived of the Institute for Science and Human Values in 2009 as yet another branch of the umbrella group, the Center for Inquiry. Upon his resignation from the Center for Inquiry he launched the Institute for Science and Human Values as a separate entity. In ISHV's first press release Kurtz said ISHV hop... | [] | [
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projected-00311092-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Kurtz | Paul Kurtz | Honors | Paul Kurtz (December 21, 1925 – October 20, 2012) was an American scientific skeptic and secular humanist. He has been called "the father of secular humanism". He was Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo, having previously also taught at Vassar, Trinity, and Union colleges, an... | The asteroid 6629 Kurtz was named in his honor.
At a meeting of the executive council of CSI in Denver, Colorado in April 2011, Kurtz was selected for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics. The Pantheon of Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy of deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions to the c... | [] | [
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projected-00311092-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Kurtz | Paul Kurtz | Bibliography | Paul Kurtz (December 21, 1925 – October 20, 2012) was an American scientific skeptic and secular humanist. He has been called "the father of secular humanism". He was Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo, having previously also taught at Vassar, Trinity, and Union colleges, an... | The Humanist Alternative (Paul Kurtz, editor), 1973, Prometheus Books,
Exuberance: An Affirmative Philosophy of Life 1978, Prometheus Books,
A Secular Humanist Declaration 1980,
Sidney Hook: Philosopher of Democracy and Humanism 1983,
In Defense of Secular Humanism 1983, Prometheus Books,
The Transcendental T... | [] | [
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projected-00311092-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Kurtz | Paul Kurtz | See also | Paul Kurtz (December 21, 1925 – October 20, 2012) was an American scientific skeptic and secular humanist. He has been called "the father of secular humanism". He was Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo, having previously also taught at Vassar, Trinity, and Union colleges, an... | American philosophy
Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
Council for Secular Humanism
Critical thinking
Free Inquiry (magazine)
Prometheus Books
Secular humanism
Scientific skepticism
List of American philosophers | [] | [
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projected-00311092-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Kurtz | Paul Kurtz | References | Paul Kurtz (December 21, 1925 – October 20, 2012) was an American scientific skeptic and secular humanist. He has been called "the father of secular humanism". He was Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo, having previously also taught at Vassar, Trinity, and Union colleges, an... | Madigan, Timothy J. (ed.). Promethean love: Paul Kurtz and the humanistic perspective on love. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Press, 2006. xii, 327 p. | [] | [
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projected-00311094-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%20parte%20Garland | Ex parte Garland | Introduction | Ex parte Garland, 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 333 (1866), was an important United States Supreme Court case involving the disbarment of former Confederate officials. | [] | [
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projected-00311094-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%20parte%20Garland | Ex parte Garland | Background | Ex parte Garland, 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 333 (1866), was an important United States Supreme Court case involving the disbarment of former Confederate officials. | In January 1865, the US Congress passed a law that effectively disbarred former members of the Confederate government by requiring a loyalty oath to be recited by any federal court officer that affirmed that the officer had never served in the Confederate government.
Augustus Hill Garland, an attorney and a former Co... | [] | [
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projected-00311094-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%20parte%20Garland | Ex parte Garland | Decision | Ex parte Garland, 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 333 (1866), was an important United States Supreme Court case involving the disbarment of former Confederate officials. | In a 5–4 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the law was both a bill of attainder and an ex post facto law. The court also ruled that the president can exercise the pardon power at any time after the commission of the crime, and that Garland was beyond the reach of punishment of any kind because of his prior preside... | [] | [
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projected-00311098-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith%20Bunker | Edith Bunker | Introduction | Edith Bunker is a fictional character on the 1970s sitcom All in the Family (and occasionally Archie Bunker's Place), played by Jean Stapleton. She is the wife of Archie Bunker, mother of Gloria Stivic, mother-in-law of Michael "Meathead" Stivic, and grandmother of Joey Stivic. Her cousin is Maude Findlay (Bea Arthur),... | [
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projected-00311098-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith%20Bunker | Edith Bunker | Character and background | Edith Bunker is a fictional character on the 1970s sitcom All in the Family (and occasionally Archie Bunker's Place), played by Jean Stapleton. She is the wife of Archie Bunker, mother of Gloria Stivic, mother-in-law of Michael "Meathead" Stivic, and grandmother of Joey Stivic. Her cousin is Maude Findlay (Bea Arthur),... | Edith Bunker is an undereducated but kind, cheery and loving woman. She is less politically opinionated than the rest of the family. Her main role is that of the matriarch who keeps her family intact. Archie once described Edith's father as a man "with no chin and a 'go funny' eye." A native of Scranton, Pennsylvania, ... | [] | [
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projected-00311098-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith%20Bunker | Edith Bunker | Death | Edith Bunker is a fictional character on the 1970s sitcom All in the Family (and occasionally Archie Bunker's Place), played by Jean Stapleton. She is the wife of Archie Bunker, mother of Gloria Stivic, mother-in-law of Michael "Meathead" Stivic, and grandmother of Joey Stivic. Her cousin is Maude Findlay (Bea Arthur),... | Beneath his crusty, irascible exterior, Archie is intensely protective of Edith and becomes upset at the mere thought of losing her. In the episode "Too Good Edith," the 209th and final episode of All in the Family, Edith becomes seriously ill while frantically helping Archie cook a large Irish dinner for a St. Patrick... | [] | [
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projected-00311098-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith%20Bunker | Edith Bunker | Cultural impact | Edith Bunker is a fictional character on the 1970s sitcom All in the Family (and occasionally Archie Bunker's Place), played by Jean Stapleton. She is the wife of Archie Bunker, mother of Gloria Stivic, mother-in-law of Michael "Meathead" Stivic, and grandmother of Joey Stivic. Her cousin is Maude Findlay (Bea Arthur),... | Edith and Archie's chairs have been noted as famous pieces of history by their inclusion in the National Museum of American History. In 2009, Edith Bunker was included in Yahoo!'s Top 10 TV Moms from Six Decades of Television for the decade 1971–1979. | [] | [
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projected-00311099-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genipa%20americana | Genipa americana | Introduction | Genipa americana () is a species of trees in the family Rubiaceae. It is native to the tropical forests of North and South America, as well as the Caribbean. | [] | [
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projected-00311099-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genipa%20americana | Genipa americana | Description | Genipa americana () is a species of trees in the family Rubiaceae. It is native to the tropical forests of North and South America, as well as the Caribbean. | Genipa americana trees are up to 30 m tall and up to 60 cm dbh. Their bark is smooth with little fissures. The leaves are opposite, obovate, or obovate oblong, 10–35 cm long, 6–13 cm wide, and glossy dark green, with entire margin, acute or acuminate apex, and attenuated base. The inflorescences are cymes up to 10 cm l... | [] | [
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projected-00311099-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genipa%20americana | Genipa americana | Distribution and habitat | Genipa americana () is a species of trees in the family Rubiaceae. It is native to the tropical forests of North and South America, as well as the Caribbean. | Genipa americana is native to the tropical forests of the Americas, from tropical Florida south to Argentina. It is present from sea level up to 1200 m of elevation, although some argue the original native range as being northern South America. | [] | [
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projected-00311099-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genipa%20americana | Genipa americana | Vernacular names | Genipa americana () is a species of trees in the family Rubiaceae. It is native to the tropical forests of North and South America, as well as the Caribbean. | In English, the tree is known as the genip tree and the fruit as genipap .
Colombia: jagua, caruto, huito; Brazil: jenipapo, formerly genipapo; Costa Rica: guaitil, tapaculo; Nicaragua: tapaculo, yigualtí; Mexico: shagua, xagua, maluco; Perú: huito, vito, jagua; Argentina: ñandipá; Bolivia: bí
Its name has been reco... | [] | [
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projected-00311099-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genipa%20americana | Genipa americana | Chemical compounds | Genipa americana () is a species of trees in the family Rubiaceae. It is native to the tropical forests of North and South America, as well as the Caribbean. | The following compounds have been isolated from G. americana: genipic acid, genipinic acid, genipin (all three from the fruit) and geniposidic acid (leaves). | [] | [
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projected-00311099-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genipa%20americana | Genipa americana | Uses | Genipa americana () is a species of trees in the family Rubiaceae. It is native to the tropical forests of North and South America, as well as the Caribbean. | The unripe fruit of G. americana yields a liquid used as a dye for tattoos, skin painting and insect repellent.
This species is also cultivated for its edible fruits, which are eaten in preserves or made into drinks, jelly, or ice cream.
The wood is reported to be resistant, strong, and easily worked; it is used in t... | [] | [
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projected-00311099-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genipa%20americana | Genipa americana | See also | Genipa americana () is a species of trees in the family Rubiaceae. It is native to the tropical forests of North and South America, as well as the Caribbean. | Jagua tattoo | [] | [
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projected-00311099-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genipa%20americana | Genipa americana | References | Genipa americana () is a species of trees in the family Rubiaceae. It is native to the tropical forests of North and South America, as well as the Caribbean. | Category:Gardenieae
Category:Trees of South America
Category:Trees of North America
Category:Trees of the Caribbean
Category:Plants described in 1759
Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status | [] | [
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projected-00311102-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Roberts | Jane Roberts | Introduction | Dorothy Jane Roberts (May 8, 1929 – September 5, 1984) was an American author, poet, psychic, and spirit medium, who channeled a personality who called himself "Seth." Her publication of the Seth texts, known as the Seth Material, established her as one of the preeminent figures in the world of paranormal phenomena. | [] | [
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projected-00311102-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Roberts | Jane Roberts | Early life and career | Dorothy Jane Roberts (May 8, 1929 – September 5, 1984) was an American author, poet, psychic, and spirit medium, who channeled a personality who called himself "Seth." Her publication of the Seth texts, known as the Seth Material, established her as one of the preeminent figures in the world of paranormal phenomena. | Roberts was born in Albany, New York and grew up in nearby Saratoga Springs, New York. Her parents, Delmer Hubbell Roberts and Marie Burdo, divorced when she was two years old. With her only child, the young Marie then returned to her own parents, and the home that the family had rented for a number of years: half of a... | [] | [
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projected-00311102-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Roberts | Jane Roberts | Seth Material | Dorothy Jane Roberts (May 8, 1929 – September 5, 1984) was an American author, poet, psychic, and spirit medium, who channeled a personality who called himself "Seth." Her publication of the Seth texts, known as the Seth Material, established her as one of the preeminent figures in the world of paranormal phenomena. | On a September evening in 1963, Roberts sat down at her table to work on poetry; Butts was in his back-room studio, painting. "It was very domestic, very normal, very unpsychedelic," she would later remember. And then "Between one normal minute and the next, a fantastic avalanche of radical, new ideas burst into my hea... | [] | [
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projected-00311102-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Roberts | Jane Roberts | Reception and influence | Dorothy Jane Roberts (May 8, 1929 – September 5, 1984) was an American author, poet, psychic, and spirit medium, who channeled a personality who called himself "Seth." Her publication of the Seth texts, known as the Seth Material, established her as one of the preeminent figures in the world of paranormal phenomena. | Seth's effect upon New Age thinkers has been profound. The title jacket of "The Nature of Personal Reality, A Seth Book," republished in 1994 (Amber-Allen/New World Library), contains testimonials from some of the most notable thinkers and writers within the movement. Marianne Williamson, Deepak Chopra, Shakti Gawain, ... | [] | [
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projected-00311102-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Roberts | Jane Roberts | Quotes | Dorothy Jane Roberts (May 8, 1929 – September 5, 1984) was an American author, poet, psychic, and spirit medium, who channeled a personality who called himself "Seth." Her publication of the Seth texts, known as the Seth Material, established her as one of the preeminent figures in the world of paranormal phenomena. | Jane Roberts's corpus advocates panpsychism and reality creation outside corporeal time. She advises scientists to look beyond evolution with the ideal "the cells precognate," and she asks troubled people to cure themselves by believing that "the point of power is in the present" and "beliefs create reality." In the la... | [] | [
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projected-00311102-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Roberts | Jane Roberts | Criticism | Dorothy Jane Roberts (May 8, 1929 – September 5, 1984) was an American author, poet, psychic, and spirit medium, who channeled a personality who called himself "Seth." Her publication of the Seth texts, known as the Seth Material, established her as one of the preeminent figures in the world of paranormal phenomena. | Roberts and the Seth Material have attracted critiques from outside the paranormal community. The poet Charles Upton, in his collection of essays titled The System of Antichrist, posited that Roberts multiplied the self due to a fear of death. His opinion was that the Seth texts are based on a misunderstanding of both... | [] | [
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projected-00311102-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Roberts | Jane Roberts | Complete writings | Dorothy Jane Roberts (May 8, 1929 – September 5, 1984) was an American author, poet, psychic, and spirit medium, who channeled a personality who called himself "Seth." Her publication of the Seth texts, known as the Seth Material, established her as one of the preeminent figures in the world of paranormal phenomena. | Books:
Roberts, Jane (1966). How To Develop Your ESP Power. Publisher: Federick Fell. (Later retitled and reprinted as The Coming of Seth.) .
Roberts, Jane (1970). The Seth Material. Reprinted, 2001 by New Awareness Network. .
Roberts, Jane (1972). Seth Speaks: The Eternal Validity of the Soul. Reprinted 19... | [] | [
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"Channellers",
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projected-00311102-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Roberts | Jane Roberts | See also | Dorothy Jane Roberts (May 8, 1929 – September 5, 1984) was an American author, poet, psychic, and spirit medium, who channeled a personality who called himself "Seth." Her publication of the Seth texts, known as the Seth Material, established her as one of the preeminent figures in the world of paranormal phenomena. | Stewart Edward White
New Thought | [] | [
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projected-00311103-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | Introduction | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | [] | [
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projected-00311103-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | Description | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | Like other right whales, the North Atlantic right whale, also known as the northern right whale or black right whale, is readily distinguished from other cetaceans by the absence of a dorsal fin on its broad back, short, paddle-like pectoral flippers and a long arching mouth that begins above the eye. Its coloration is... | [
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projected-00311103-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | Surface activities | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | Aside from mating activities performed by groups of single female and several males, so called SAG (Surface Active Group), North Atlantic right whales seem less active compared to subspecies in southern hemisphere. However, this could be due to intense difference in number of surviving individuals especially calves tha... | [
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projected-00311103-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | Vocalization | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | North Atlantic right whales recordings are available online. Many effective automated methods, such as signal processing, data mining, and machine learning techniques are used to detect and classify their calls. | [] | [
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projected-00311103-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | Reproduction | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | North Atlantic right whales are promiscuous breeders. They first give birth at age nine or ten after a year-long gestation; the interval between births seems to have increased since the 1990s, and now averages three to six years. Calves are long at birth and weigh approximately . | [] | [
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projected-00311103-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | Feeding | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | Right whales feed mainly on copepods and other small invertebrates such as krill, pteropods, and larval barnacles, generally by slowly skimming through patches of concentrated prey at or below the ocean surface. Sei whales and basking sharks (sometimes minke whales as well) are in positions as food competitors and are ... | [] | [
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projected-00311103-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | Taxonomy | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | The whale's scientific name is Eubalaena glacialis, which means "good, or true, whale of the ice".
The cladogram is a tool for visualizing and comparing the evolutionary relationships between taxa. The point where a node branches off is analogous to an evolutionary branching – the diagram can be read left-to-right, mu... | [
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projected-00311103-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | Whaling | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | As the "right" whale continued to float long after being killed, it was possible to 'flense' or strip the whale of blubber without having to take it on board ship. Combined with the right whale's lack of speed through water, feeding habits, and coastal habitat, they were easy to catch, even for whalers equipped only wi... | [
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projected-00311103-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | Threats | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | For the period 1970 to October 2006, humans have been responsible for 48% of the 73 documented deaths of the North Atlantic right whale. A 2001 forecast showed a declining population trend in the late 1990s, and indicated a high probability that North Atlantic right whales would go extinct within 200 years if the then... | [] | [
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projected-00311103-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | Ship strikes | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | The single greatest danger to this species is injury sustained from ship strikes. Between 1970 and October 2006, 37% of all recorded North Atlantic right whale deaths were attributed to collisions. During the years 1999–2003, incidents of mortality and serious injury attributed to ship strikes averaged 1 per year. For ... | [
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projected-00311103-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | Fishing gear entanglement | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | The next greatest source of human-induced mortality is entanglement in fixed fishing gear such as bottom-set groundfish gillnet gear, cod traps and lobster pots. Between 1970 and October 2006, there have been 8 instances where entanglements have been the direct cause of death of North Atlantic right whales. This repr... | [
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projected-00311103-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | Noise | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | A 2011 analysis of data collected in the Bay of Fundy has shown that exposure to low-frequency ship noise may be associated with chronic physiological stress in North Atlantic right whales. | [] | [
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projected-00311103-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | Naval training near calving grounds | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | The US Navy proposed plans to build a new undersea naval sonar training range immediately adjacent to northern right whale calving grounds in shallow waters off the Florida/Georgia border. In September 2012, legal challenges by 12 environmental groups were denied in federal court, allowing the Navy to proceed. | [] | [
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projected-00311103-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | Climate change | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | Climate change poses a threat to the North Atlantic right whale as global temperatures increase and ocean processes change. Long migratory periods, gestations, and time gaps between calves results in slow-growing right whale populations. A brief change in food availability (in particular Calanus finmarchicus) can affec... | [] | [
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projected-00311103-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | 2017 Unusual Mortality Event | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | As defined by the Marine Mammal Protection Act an Unusual Mortality Event (UME) demands immediate response and is characterized by a stranding that is unexpected or involves a significant die-off of any marine mammal population. In 2017, a UME began in the North Atlantic right whale population. 2017 saw the population ... | [] | [
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projected-00311103-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | Population and distribution | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | It is not known how many populations of North Atlantic right whales existed prior to whaling, but the majority of studies usually consider that there were historically two populations, one each in the eastern and western North Atlantic. There are however two other hypotheses which claim, respectively, one super-populat... | [] | [
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projected-00311103-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | Western population | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | In spring, summer and autumn, the western North Atlantic population feeds in a range stretching from Massachusetts to Newfoundland. Particularly popular feeding areas are the Bay of Fundy, the Gulf of Maine and Cape Cod Bay. In winter, they head south towards Georgia and Florida to give birth. According to census of in... | [
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projected-00311103-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | Eastern population | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | In the eastern North Atlantic, the right whale population probably numbers in the low double digits at best, with little information known about their distribution and migration pattern. Scientists believe that this population may be functionally extinct. The last catch occurred in February 1967 from a pod of three ani... | [] | [
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projected-00311103-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | Sightings and confirmations in recent years | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | There have been a few sightings further east over the past few decades, with several sightings close to Iceland in 2003. There was speculation that these could be the remains of a virtually extinct Eastern Atlantic stock, but examination of old whalers' records suggest that they are more likely to be strays from furthe... | [
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projected-00311103-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | Vagrants from the Western Population | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | Some eastern sightings have been officially confirmed to be of vagrants from the western population. A right whale seen off Cape Cod in May 1999 was later seen in the Kvænangen fjord in Troms, Northern Norway in September 1999. This individual was later confirmed to be "Porter", an adult male in the catalog (No.1133). ... | [] | [
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"Mammals described in 1776"
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projected-00311103-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | Possible central population | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | Several biologists have mentioned the possibility that a third population exists, which ranges from near Iceland or Greenland in the north to Bermuda or the Bahamas in the south. Some right whales are now said to live primarily in Icelandic waters, occasionally joining up with the western population. In July 2003, a re... | [] | [
"Possible central population"
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"Endangered animals",
"Cetaceans of the Atlantic Ocean",
"Mammals of North America",
"Mammals of the United States",
"Mammals of Canada",
"Mammals of Europe",
"Baleen whales",
"ESA endangered species",
"Mammals described in 1776"
] |
projected-00311103-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | Conservation status | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | In the United States, this species is listed as “endangered” by the NMFS under the Endangered Species Act. It is also listed as "depleted" under the Marine Mammal Protection Act.
In Canada the species is federally protected under the Species at Risk Act (SARA).
On a global level, the Convention on the Conservation ... | [
"Eubalaena glacialis.jpg",
"Metal whale statue in fountain, West Edmonton Mall (2005).jpg"
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"Conservation status"
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"Endangered animals",
"Cetaceans of the Atlantic Ocean",
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"Mammals of the United States",
"Mammals of Canada",
"Mammals of Europe",
"Baleen whales",
"ESA endangered species",
"Mammals described in 1776"
] |
projected-00311103-023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | Whale watching | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | Either land based or organized whale watching activities are available along east coasts from Canada in north to Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Florida to south. Stellwagen Bank Sanctuary has also been designated for watching this species. Onlookers lucky enough can spot them from shores time to time on whales' mig... | [
"Moira Brown - MWB 0195-NEA-S4.jpg"
] | [
"Whale watching"
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"Balaenidae",
"Endangered animals",
"Cetaceans of the Atlantic Ocean",
"Mammals of North America",
"Mammals of the United States",
"Mammals of Canada",
"Mammals of Europe",
"Baleen whales",
"ESA endangered species",
"Mammals described in 1776"
] |
projected-00311103-024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20right%20whale | North Atlantic right whale | See also | The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is a baleen whale, one of three right whale species belonging to the genus Eubalaena, all of which were formerly classified as a single species. Because of their docile nature, their slow surface-skimming feeding behaviors, their tendencies to stay close to the coast... | List of Georgia state symbols
List of South Carolina state symbols
List of mammals of Massachusetts (Right whale is the State Marine Animal)
List of mammals of Georgia (U.S. state)
List of marine mammal species
List of cetaceans
Moira Brown | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Balaenidae",
"Endangered animals",
"Cetaceans of the Atlantic Ocean",
"Mammals of North America",
"Mammals of the United States",
"Mammals of Canada",
"Mammals of Europe",
"Baleen whales",
"ESA endangered species",
"Mammals described in 1776"
] |
projected-00311104-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Pacific%20right%20whale | North Pacific right whale | Introduction | The North Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonica) is a very large, thickset baleen whale species that is extremely rare and endangered.
The Northeast Pacific population, which summers in the southeastern Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska, may have no more than 40 animals. A western population that summers near the Comman... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Balaenidae",
"Cetaceans of the Pacific Ocean",
"Mammals of Asia",
"Mammals of Canada",
"Mammals of North America",
"Mammals of the United States",
"ESA endangered species",
"Mammals described in 1818"
] | |
projected-00311104-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Pacific%20right%20whale | North Pacific right whale | Taxonomy | The North Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonica) is a very large, thickset baleen whale species that is extremely rare and endangered.
The Northeast Pacific population, which summers in the southeastern Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska, may have no more than 40 animals. A western population that summers near the Comman... | Since 2000, scientists have considered the right whales in the North Pacific and nearby seas to be a separate species, Eubalaena japonica, the North Pacific right whale. Genetic differences between E. japonica and E. australis are much smaller than other baleen whales represent among different ocean basins.
Before 200... | [] | [
"Taxonomy"
] | [
"Balaenidae",
"Cetaceans of the Pacific Ocean",
"Mammals of Asia",
"Mammals of Canada",
"Mammals of North America",
"Mammals of the United States",
"ESA endangered species",
"Mammals described in 1818"
] |
projected-00311104-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Pacific%20right%20whale | North Pacific right whale | Description | The North Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonica) is a very large, thickset baleen whale species that is extremely rare and endangered.
The Northeast Pacific population, which summers in the southeastern Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska, may have no more than 40 animals. A western population that summers near the Comman... | E. japonica is a very large, thickset baleen whale. It very closely resembles the North Atlantic right whale (E. glacialis) the southern right whale (E. australis), so much so they were long thought to be just one species. Indeed, without knowing which ocean an individual came from, the physical similarities are so ext... | [
"North Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonica) - John Durban (NOAA).jpg",
"081012 scan 27.jpg"
] | [
"Description"
] | [
"Balaenidae",
"Cetaceans of the Pacific Ocean",
"Mammals of Asia",
"Mammals of Canada",
"Mammals of North America",
"Mammals of the United States",
"ESA endangered species",
"Mammals described in 1818"
] |
projected-00311104-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Pacific%20right%20whale | North Pacific right whale | Feeding | The North Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonica) is a very large, thickset baleen whale species that is extremely rare and endangered.
The Northeast Pacific population, which summers in the southeastern Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska, may have no more than 40 animals. A western population that summers near the Comman... | Like right whales in other oceans, North Pacific right whales feed primarily on copepods, mainly the species Calanus marshallae. They also have been reported off Japan and in the Gulf of Alaska, feeding on copepods of the genus Neocalanus with a small quantity of euphausiid larvae, Euphausia pacifica.
Like other right... | [] | [
"Ecology and behavior",
"Feeding"
] | [
"Balaenidae",
"Cetaceans of the Pacific Ocean",
"Mammals of Asia",
"Mammals of Canada",
"Mammals of North America",
"Mammals of the United States",
"ESA endangered species",
"Mammals described in 1818"
] |
projected-00311104-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Pacific%20right%20whale | North Pacific right whale | Behavior | The North Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonica) is a very large, thickset baleen whale species that is extremely rare and endangered.
The Northeast Pacific population, which summers in the southeastern Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska, may have no more than 40 animals. A western population that summers near the Comman... | There have been very few, short visual observations of right whale behavior in the North Pacific. The mid-19th century whaling onslaught occurred before there was much scientific interest in whale behavior, and included no scientific observation. By the time scientific interest in this species developed, very few whale... | [
"081013 JScarff-21.jpg"
] | [
"Ecology and behavior",
"Behavior"
] | [
"Balaenidae",
"Cetaceans of the Pacific Ocean",
"Mammals of Asia",
"Mammals of Canada",
"Mammals of North America",
"Mammals of the United States",
"ESA endangered species",
"Mammals described in 1818"
] |
projected-00311104-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Pacific%20right%20whale | North Pacific right whale | Vocalizations | The North Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonica) is a very large, thickset baleen whale species that is extremely rare and endangered.
The Northeast Pacific population, which summers in the southeastern Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska, may have no more than 40 animals. A western population that summers near the Comman... | Right whales in the Southern Hemisphere and the North Atlantic make a variety of vocalizations that have been researched extensively in the last decade. Because the numbers of right whales in the North Pacific are so small, and the whales are located in more remote areas, the study of North Pacific right whale vocaliza... | [
"Nprighwhaleupcall-suemoore.jpg"
] | [
"Ecology and behavior",
"Behavior",
"Vocalizations"
] | [
"Balaenidae",
"Cetaceans of the Pacific Ocean",
"Mammals of Asia",
"Mammals of Canada",
"Mammals of North America",
"Mammals of the United States",
"ESA endangered species",
"Mammals described in 1818"
] |
projected-00311104-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Pacific%20right%20whale | North Pacific right whale | Habitat preferences | The North Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonica) is a very large, thickset baleen whale species that is extremely rare and endangered.
The Northeast Pacific population, which summers in the southeastern Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska, may have no more than 40 animals. A western population that summers near the Comman... | Right whales' habitat preferences vary depending on the time of year. In spring, summer and fall, the right whales are seeking concentrations of food. In winter, in the North Atlantic and Southern Hemisphere, pregnant females and their calves generally seek out shallow, protected bays in which to give birth and raise t... | [] | [
"Habitat preferences"
] | [
"Balaenidae",
"Cetaceans of the Pacific Ocean",
"Mammals of Asia",
"Mammals of Canada",
"Mammals of North America",
"Mammals of the United States",
"ESA endangered species",
"Mammals described in 1818"
] |